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[ "Shiny things are usually rare and/or valuable. We put them with other shiny things as a show of wealth or status, like the British Crown Jewels or the Hope Diamond." ]

[ "Gemstone A gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However, certain rocks (such as lapis lazuli and opal) and occasionally organic materials that are not minerals (such as amber, jet, and pearl) are also used for jewelry and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well. Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another", "and emerald were the most highly prized, but a wide range of stones were used, with modern distinctions between precious and semi-precious stones largely ignored, and clear rock crystal, sometimes engraved, popular. Large stones were greatly valued, and many rulers and great nobles amassed collections, which were often frequently reset. Lapidaries or books listing different gems, were an extremely popular type of work in the Middle Ages, and listed the many medical and quasi-magical powers attributed to gems, as well as their religious symbolism and sometimes their astrological significance.\nAncient engraved gems were often reused among stones, which in early medieval", "and wood. For most of human history pearls were the ultimate precious beads of natural origin because of their rarity; the modern pearl-culturing process has made them far more common. Amber and jet are also of natural organic origin although both are the result of partial fossilization.\nThe natural inorganics include various types of stones, ranging from gemstones to common minerals, and metals. Of the latter, only a few precious metals occur in pure forms, but other purified base metals may as well be placed in this category along with certain naturally occurring alloys such as electrum. There are also paper", "or \"money stone\", due to a superstition that it would bring prosperity.\nCitrine was first appreciated as a golden-yellow gemstone in Greece between 300 and 150 BC, during the Hellenistic Age. The yellow quartz was used prior to that to decorate jewelry and tools but it was not highly sought after. Milky quartz Milk quartz or milky quartz is the most common variety of crystalline quartz. The white color is caused by minute fluid inclusions of gas, liquid, or both, trapped during crystal formation, making it of little value for optical and quality gemstone applications. Rose quartz Rose quartz is a", "corals. These were the produce of earth and genuine precious stones and pearls. But the Taoists melt five kinds of stones, and make five-coloured gems out of them. Their lustre, if compared with real gems, does not differ. Pearls in fishes and shells are as genuine as the jade-stones in the Tribute of Yu. Yet the Marquis of Sui made pearls from chemicals, which were as brilliant as genuine ones. This is the climax of Taoist learning and a triumph of their skill. By means of a burning-glass [陽燧] one catches fire from heaven. Of five stones liquefied on the", "have enjoyed various semi-precious and precious stones, including turquoise, coral and lapis lazuli, as well as sapphires, pearls, rubies, and diamonds.", "produced \"glitter-like substances from crushed beetles\" as well as finely ground green malachite crystal. Researchers believe Mayan temples were sometimes painted with red, green, and grey glitter paint made from mica dust, based on infrared scans of the remnants of paint still found on the structures in present-day Guatemala. Uses Prior to fabrics made with modern glitter, sequins were sewn or woven on to fabric to give it a glittering appearance. Edible glitter made from gum arabic and other ingredients is even used by culinary artists.\nGlitter is used in cosmetics to make the face and nails shiny or sparkly. Additionally,", "since ancient times for its gemstones, especially ruby and sapphire, but semi-precious stones such as spinel, lapis lazuli, garnet, moonstone, peridot and chrysoberyl are also found. The gems are found in alluvial marble gravels by means of panning, tunneling and digging pits by hand. There is little mechanization of the mining. The gravels derive from the metamorphosed limestones (marbles) of the Mogok metamorphic belt.\nGems are sold in markets in Mogok; however, foreigners require special permits to visit the town, and purchase/export of gems from Myanmar at non-government licensed dealers is illegal.\n90% of a certain version of the world's rubies come", "rock crystal, sard or carnelian, and a general term for an object made in this way. Alabaster or mineral gypsum is a soft mineral that is easy to carve for smaller works and still relatively durable. Engraved gems are small carved gems, including cameos, originally used as seal rings.\nThe copying of an original statue in stone, which was very important for ancient Greek statues, which are nearly all known from copies, was traditionally achieved by \"pointing\", along with more freehand methods. Pointing involved setting up a grid of string squares on a wooden frame surrounding the original, and then measuring", "Crystal healing Ethnography Precious stones have been thought of as objects that can aid in healing by a variety of cultures. The Hopi Native Americans of Arizona use quartz crystals to assist in diagnosing illnesses. Both Pliny the Elder and Galen claimed that certain crystals had medicinal properties. In Europe, the belief in the healing powers of crystals (and in particular crystal amulets) persisted in to the Middle Ages. The alleged medicinal properties of precious stones, as well as other powers they were believed to hold, were collected in texts known as Lapidaries, which remained popular in Medieval", "stones have the opposite effect.\"\nAnd from the ancient \" Agni Purana,\" chapter 246, slokas 7 and 8:\n\"A gem free from all impurities and radiating its characteristic internal luster should be looked upon as an escort of good luck; a gem which is cracked, fissured, devoid of luster, or appearing rough or sandy, should not be used at all.\" Contemporary ideas on gem therapy by Yogananda in Autobiography of a Yogi \"Just as a house can be fitted with a copper rod to absorb the shock of lightning, so the bodily temple can be benefited by various protective measures. Ages ago", "an \"ancient El Dorado\". Across the world, and in many cultures, gold has been highly valued as a precious metal, in part because of its rarity and also because of its properties; for instance, unlike copper it is malleable, flexible and homogenous, and can be worked by hammering, rather than having to be worked through casting, annealing or soldering. Any products made from gold do not corrode, but instead have what has been described as an \"intrinsic beauty\", with many prehistoric peoples probably ascribing gold items a \"symbolic as well as a decorative function\". Bronze Age Britain and Ireland First", "minerals and rocks are referred to as industrial minerals. For example, muscovite, a white mica, can be used for windows (sometimes referred to as isinglass), as a filler, or as an insulator. Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal. Examples are cinnabar (HgS), an ore of mercury, sphalerite (ZnS), an ore of zinc, or cassiterite (SnO₂), an ore of tin. Gems are minerals with an ornamental value, and are distinguished from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and usually, rarity. There are about 20 mineral species that qualify as gem minerals, which constitute", "nature. Common motifs included white lotuses, palm leaves, and even animals that represented the gods. Although the jewellery used by the lower class had similar motifs and designs, they were made with cheaper substitute materials. Copper was used in place of gold, and glazed glass or faience – a mix of ground quartz and colorant – to imitate precious stones. The most popular stones used were lapis lazuli, carnelian, and turquoise. Jewels were heavy and rather bulky, which would indicate an Asian influence. The lower classes wore small and simple glassware; bracelets also were heavy. They wore", "with classic stones such as diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires.", "period For thousands of years, emeralds have been mined and considered one of the world's most valuable jewels. The first ever recorded emeralds date back to ancient Egypt, where they were particularly admired by Queen Cleopatra. In addition to their aesthetic value, emeralds were highly valued in ancient times because they were believed to increase intelligence, protect marriages, ease childbirth, and thought to enable its possessor the power of predicting future events. Ancient emerald myths An ancient Colombian legend exists of two immortal human beings, a man and a woman—named Fura and Tena—created by the Muisca god Are in order", "body decorations; some of which even included genital piercings, commonly found on female prostitutes of the time. Jewellers It was common for ancient Egyptians to be covered in jewellery because they believed it made them more attractive to the Gods. The upper class Egyptians were fascinated with gold jewelry. They believe that gold is the color of the sun, and it symbolises the sun's permanent and immortality, because this metal does not corrode or oxidize with time. Accessories were often embellished with inlaid precious and semi-precious stones such as emeralds, pearls, and lapis lazuli, to create intricate patterns inspired from", "the most commonly used gemstones in the Late Antique Roman world, and the Migration Period art of the \"barbarian\" peoples who took over the territory of the Western Roman Empire. They were especially used inlaid in gold cells in the cloisonné technique, a style often just called garnet cloisonné, found from Anglo-Saxon England, as at Sutton Hoo, to the Black Sea. Thousands of Tamraparniyan gold, silver and red garnet shipments were made in the old world, including to Rome, Greece, the Middle East, Serica and Anglo Saxons; recent findings such as the Staffordshire Hoard and the pendant of the", "the United States and Europe to the idea that jewelry's value was equivalent to the preciousness of its materials. Initially, art jewelers worked in precious or semi-precious materials, but emphasized artistic expression as the most important quality of their work, linking their jewelry to modernist art movements such as biomorphism, primitivism and tachisme. In the 1960s, art jewelers began to introduce new, alternative materials into their work, such as aluminium and acrylics, breaking with the historical role of jewelry as a sign of status and economic value or portable wealth. As the focus on value gave way, other themes took", "was a popular pastime for amateurs and gemologists alike. Although not very attractive in their natural state, the stones could be cut and polished into beautiful jewelry. One such case involved a local carpenter who sent a moonstone brooch in 1911 to his fiancé living in New York City. The carpenter persuaded his fiancé to join him in Southern California as his bride as he bragged about the beautiful moonstones washing up on the local beaches. Over-harvesting and decline Builders soon found that the stones were useful for more than just jewelry. The sand and stones became", "gemstones. They also produced vessels and small sculptures from a single piece of stone, often mounted with gold, which was also a speciality of Milanese workshops. Other rulers followed their example, including Peter the Great, whose Peterhof Lapidary Works, founded in 1721, began the passion among Russian royalty and aristocrats for hardstones. Engraved gem production had already revived, centred on Venice but with artists in many countries, and gems of very high quality continued to be produced until the mid-19th century. The Mannerist court taste of the 16th century delighted in extravagant vessels for serving fruit or sweetmeats, or display", "of precious metals and gemstones, some Turkmen jewelry substitutes gems for glass beads.", "A similar case is the orthorhombic carbonate cerussite, which is so fragile (very brittle with four directions of good cleavage) and soft (hardness 3.5) that it is never seen set in jewelry, and only occasionally seen in gem collections because it is so difficult to cut. Cerussite gems have an adamantine luster, high RI (1.804–2.078), and high dispersion (0.051), making them attractive and valued collector's pieces. Aside from softness, they are easily distinguished by cerussite's high density (SG 6.51) and anisotropy with extreme birefringence (0.271).\nDue to their rarity fancy-colored diamonds are also imitated, and zircon can serve this purpose too.", "few rubies have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Wyoming.\nSpinel, another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble. Red spinels may be mistaken for rubies by those lacking experience with gems. However, the finest red spinels can have values approaching that of an average ruby. South Asia The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar (Burma) was for centuries the world's main source for rubies. That region has produced some exceptional rubies, however in recent years few good rubies have been found. In central Myanmar, the area", "tourist profits. Indeed, some pieces of jewellery have become major symbols of the Pacific's lifestyle to tourists, such as leis in Hawaii, which are now commonly associated with that area and its laid back, tourist-friendly attitude. Another example is the previously mentioned New Zealand tiki, which is generally one of the more purchased jewellery types from the country. \nAustralia is notable for its large deposits of opals, with the country being the number one supplier of opals in the world. The richest source is at Lightning Ridge Religion In some regions of the Pacific, jewellery is still very much untouched", "ancient times, as well as their quality: all are translucent with fine color in their purest forms, except for the colorless diamond, and very hard, with hardnesses of 8 to 10 on the Mohs scale. Other stones are classified by their color, translucency and hardness. The traditional distinction does not necessarily reflect modern values, for example, while garnets are relatively inexpensive, a green garnet called tsavorite can be far more valuable than a mid-quality emerald. Another unscientific term for semi-precious gemstones used in art history and archaeology is hardstone. Use of the terms 'precious' and 'semi-precious' in a", "to the ancient and medieval mind that minerals also had medical properties (and indeed many mineral-derived chemicals are still in medical use). Saint Thomas Aquinas, the dominant theologian of the Late Middle Ages, propounded the view that the whole of the natural world had ultimately been created by God for the benefit of man, leading medieval Christians to expect to find beneficial uses for all materials. Lapidaries listed the medical benefits of particular gems, with \"the most common method of medical application\" being wearing the stone on one's person in a jewellery setting, for example in a ring. ", "due to its vast deposits of large, low-inclusion quartz crystals known as \"Herkimer diamonds\", similar to \"Cape May diamonds\". Although the minerals are not true diamonds, they are sometimes used as gemstones and incorporated into jewelry. The minerals formed in Cambrian age limestone and dolomite, probably from groundwater action after the original formation of the rock in an ancient sea. According to locals, it is considered lucky to recover a crystal still partly embedded in a chunk of its host rock.\nSeveral commercial mines cater to tourists. They can break up rock or screen soil weathered from it to find", "transformation industries, and mineral riches such as deposits of iron, bauxite, manganese, talc and marble.\nMinerals of note are: gold, hematite, dolomite, tourmaline, pyrite, muscovite, topaz and imperial topaz. The imperial topaz is a stone only found in Ouro Preto.\nSoapstone handicraft items are a popular souvenir among tourists, and can be found in many shops in the town centre and street fairs. Jewelry made of local precious and semi-precious gemstones (such as hematite) can also be found in abundance for sale. The University and the Fraternities Ouro Preto is also a university town with an intense student life. The", "have recognised the value of the gems found there. Among the foreign traders, Thai (Thailand) traders are in the majority. Every day, large number of traders from suburbs and other towns gather in the town centre to sell or buy gemstones. Large-scale merchants collect gemstones from locals and sell them in the international market. Some traders go out of the city to buy gems. This includes neighboring towns like Kalawana, Bogawantalawa, and Ela-era. After the discovery of world-class alluvial sapphire deposits in the valley of Ilakaka in Madagascar, many Ratnapura merchants travel out of the country to Madagascar to buy" ]

[ "The way I learned economic growth, the ways economic growth is measured is by increasing the production capacity the country has (or, in other words, produce more stuff, which then brings in more money when the country exports it). War is famously known to help production (although it also has its downfalls), as the government wants every ounce of resources it can get to produce weaponry and other goods, and hence WWII is usually credited with officially ending the Great Depression.\n\nThere's also growth that's caused by better quality of life for the residents, such as technological advances (such as from horse-and-buggy to cars), increased literacy rates, decreased poverty rates, lower unemployment rates, better environments, etc. With these, people are more eager to spend money rather than to spend (such as the \"world is ending\" mindset many people had during the last years of the Cold War in the '80s), and of course, with more spending, there's typically a healthier economy which leads to more growth.", "Economic growth simply means an economy grew in value. Value can be expressed as GDP (Gross Domestic Product). GDP is the TOTAL value of ALL goods and services that a country produces. \n\nFor example, let's say in Year 1 the US earned $100b through selling goods and services. In year 2 they managed to earn $200b, which means they experienced economic growth.\n\nExtra: with growth, comes inflation. This is where the price level of all goods rises. This is because if an economy grows, people have more money to spend on items. Shop owners can increase their prices because they know people will continue to shop there" ]

[ "growth depends on policies to increase investment, by increasing saving, and using that investment more efficiently through technological advances.\nThe model concludes that an economy does not \"naturally\" find full employment and stable growth rates.", "key to the growth was Western Europe's ability to import and implement technology from the United States. The growth rate of a developing country will be higher than the growth rate of a developed country because the diminishing return of developing countries is much lower. If a country is trying to be industrialized, it can only be better off; it will grow much faster than countries that are already industrialized. In the process, the country creates more jobs and more capital, which means the economy's total revenue will increase more and more quickly. Limitation to catch-up growth Abramovitz's theory does", "growth should explain the development of advanced industrial countries, and the reasons that prevent the development of backward countries, include both market and planned economies, large and small, developed and developing countries, consider the impact on growth of foreign economic relations.\nHe collected and analyzed statistical indicators of economic performance of 14 countries in Europe, the U.S. and Japan for 60 years. Analysis of the materials led to the advancement of a number of hypotheses relating to various aspects of the mechanism of economic growth, concerning the level and variability of growth, structure of the GNP and distribution of labor, the", "the basic ingredients of growth.\nA fifth is related to decreased mortality and increased longevity, thus changes in the demographic structures, in advanced economies where due aging populations affecting both demand, through increased savings, and supply, through reduced innovation activities.\nAnd a sixth is that economic growth is largely related to the concept of energy returned on energy invested (EROEI), or energy surplus, which with the discovery of fossil fuels shot up to very high and historically unprecedented levels. This allowed, and in effect fueled, dramatic increases in human consumption since the Industrial Revolution and many related technological advances. Under this argument,", "is in the steady state. If productivity increases at a constant rate, output/worker also increases at a related steady-state rate. As a consequence, growth in the model can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress. But at whatever share of GDP invested, capital/worker eventually converges on the steady state, leaving the growth rate of output/worker determined only by the rate of technological progress. As a consequence, with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate, all countries have the same steady state rate of growth. Each", "over a long period of time is due to the power of exponential growth. The rule of 72, a mathematical result, states that if something grows at the rate of x% per year, then its level will double every 72/x years. For example, a growth rate of 2.5% per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 28.8 years, whilst a growth rate of 8% per year leads to a doubling of GDP within 9 years. Thus, a small difference in economic growth rates between countries can result in very different standards of living for their populations if this", "Economic growth Measurement The economic growth rate is calculated from data on GDP estimated by countries' statistical agencies. The rate of growth of GDP per capita is calculated from data on GDP and people for the initial and final periods included in the analysis of the analyst. Determinants of per capita GDP growth In national income accounting, per capita output can be calculated using the following factors: output per unit of labor input (labor productivity), hours worked (intensity), the percentage of the working age population actually working (participation rate) and the proportion of the working-age population to the total population", "– growing development population GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by mid year population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidizes not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Modern transportation European development economists have argued that the existence of modern transportation networks- such as high-speed rail infrastructure constitutes a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through", "economy is given place because of the growing importance of e-commerce and electronic businesses, also the term for a global information society as understanding of a new type of \"all-connected\" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China, Brazil, and India bring attention and interest to different from the usually dominating Western type economies and economic models. GDP The GDP (gross domestic product) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like", "real GDP, accounted for by the GDP deflator. Economic implications Traditional economic growth models represent capital growing due to economic production less consumption and depreciation. In these models, economic production is a consequence of the combined contributions of labor, capital and economic productivity. The GDP grows in response to increasing quantities of each.\nOn a purely mathematical basis, the Garrett Relation implies an alternative economic growth model. Taking the first derivative of the Garrett Relation with respect to time leads to:\nInflation-adjusted global economic production adds to global cumulative production. For real production (i.e. production beyond that needed merely to maintain existing", "modelling of sectors, including rationality of players, efficient use of market information, and imperfect competition. This has addressed a long-standing concern about inconsistent developments of the same subject.\nMacroeconomic analysis also considers factors affecting the long-term level and growth of national income. Such factors include capital accumulation, technological change and labour force growth. Growth Growth economics studies factors that explain economic growth – the increase in output per capita of a country over a long period of time. The same factors are used to explain differences in the level of output per capita between countries, in particular why some countries grow faster", "globally. But, as noted in the book, global growth of 4% is possible because several countries, such as China, can grow at a much faster rate as they \"catch up\" to more industrialized nations, while its hard for those nations already industrialized to grow at such a rate for a sustained period of time.\nAccording to a review published in The New York Times, \"The ideas in the book include lowering corporate tax rates, shifting away from taxing income to taxing consumption and property, promoting innovation by letting professors keep gains from their research, expanding free-trade pacts with Japan and", "Transnational governance Background The economic development could be defined as the increased of wealth of a country or a region and the social development could be loosely defined as the improvements of quality of living for the population. Economic and social are, or at least should be, inseparable concepts. Why reach a high economic development if the inhabitants living in the area don’t see any benefits of that improvement?\nIn the current global political and economic landscape, particularly within the backdrop of globalization, there is an increase in privatization. This means that business has started to play an important role in", "(demographics). \"The rate of change of GDP/population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products.\"\nEconomists distinguish between short-run economic changes in production and long-run economic growth. Short-run variation in economic growth is termed the business cycle. Generally, economists attribute the ups and downs in the business cycle to fluctuations in aggregate demand. In contrast, economic growth is concerned with the long-run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation. Productivity Increases in labor productivity (the ratio of the value of output to labor input) have historically", "economic growth is everywhere and always a process of continual transformation. The sort of economic progress that has been enjoyed by the richest nations since the Industrial Revolution would not have been possible if people had not undergone wrenching changes. Economies that cease to transform themselves are destined to fall off the path of economic growth. The countries that most deserve the title of “developing” are not the poorest countries of the world, but the richest. [They] need to engage in the never-ending process of economic development if they are to enjoy continued prosperity. Criticisms One of the main failings", "country has a different level of GDP/worker determined by the share of GDP it invests, but all countries have the same rate of economic growth. Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time. Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest. One important prediction of the model, mostly borne out by the data, is that of conditional convergence; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment", "Extensive growth Extensive growth, in economics, is growth in the quantity of output produced based on the expansion of the quantity of inputs used. It contrasts with intensive growth, which arises from inputs being used more productively. For example, GDP growth caused only by increases in population or territory would be extensive growth. Thus, extensive growth is likely to be subject to diminishing returns. It is therefore often viewed as having no effect on per-capita magnitudes in the long-run. \nReliance on extensive growth can be undesirable in the long-run because it exhausts resources. To maintain economic growth in the long-run,", "growth rates but relatively low economic freedom. Developing nations can have higher growth rates than developed nations, as they have cheap labor and can import investment, technology and organizational skills from rich countries.\nWhen examining the subcomponents of the index, any positive effect that a low level of taxes might have is more disputed than the importance of rule of law, lack of political corruption, low inflation, and functioning property rights. Many north European nation, such as Iceland (# 70), Denmark (# 15), Finland (# 11) and Sweden (# 39), have extensive welfare states, which are strongly opposed by advocates of", "Economic expansion An economic expansion is an increase in the level of economic activity, and of the goods and services available. It is a period of economic growth as measured by a rise in real GDP. The explanation of fluctuations in aggregate economic activity between economic expansions and contractions is one of the primary concerns of macroeconomics.\nTypically an economic expansion is marked by an upturn in production and utilization of resources. Economic recovery and prosperity are two successive phases of expansion. Expansion may be caused by factors external to the economy, such as weather conditions or technical change,", "lower redistribution, and lower redistribution (under-investment in education and infrastructure) is associated with lower economic growth. Importance of long-run growth Over long periods of time, even small rates of growth, such as a 2% annual increase, have large effects. For example, the United Kingdom experienced a 1.97% average annual increase in its inflation-adjusted GDP between 1830 and 2008. In 1830, the GDP was 41,373 million pounds. It grew to 1,330,088 million pounds by 2008. A growth rate that averaged 1.97% over 178 years resulted in a 32-fold increase in GDP by 2008.\nThe large impact of a relatively small growth rate", "developed by Ricardo Hausmann, Dani Rodrik and Andrés Velasco to determine the underlying reasons why some developing economies are not growing as fast as might be expected. The underlying assumption is that different countries experience slow growth for different reasons (compare to the Anna Karenina principle). In the handbook \"Doing Growth Diagnostics in Practice\", the origin of the term is explained:\nThe growth diagnostic approach is based on the idea that there may be many reasons why an economy does not grow, but each reason generates a distinctive set of symptoms. These symptoms can become the basis of a differential diagnostic", "impacts economic growth. This is because economic growth is determined by the needs of a free market and the entrepreneurial nature of private persons. A shortage of a product makes its price rise, and so stimulates producers to produce more and attracts new people to that line of production. An excess supply of a product (more of the product than people are willing to buy) drives prices down, and producers refocus energy and money to other areas where there is a need.\nOf the Sources of the General or Public Revenue of the Society: In his discussion of taxes in Book", "to grow economically, the result may be the conquest of the first country by the ones that continues to grow. In such conditions there is very low probability that a steady state economy can exist. Economic growth will continue what can pose problems to sustainability. Poverty A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty. It has been widely acknowledged that poverty is one source of environmental degradation. Such acknowledgment has been made by the Brundtland Commission report Our Common Future and the Millennium Development Goals. There is a growing realization in national governments and multilateral institutions that", "increase in the overall standard of living for individuals within a community\", and measures of growth such as per capita income do not necessarily correlate with improvements in quality of life.\nEconomic development is a wider concept and has qualitative dimensions.\nEconomic development implies economic growth plus progressive changes in certain important variables which determine well-being of the people,e.g: health, education.\nThe University of Iowa's Center for International Finance and Development states that:\n'Economic development' is a term that economists, politicians, and others have used frequently in the 20th century. The concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernisation,", "into consideration, then most economists agree that there are three basic sources for economic growth: an increase in labour usage, an increase in capital usage and an increase in effectiveness of the factors of production.\nJust as increases in usage or effectiveness of factors of production can cause output to go up, anything that causes labour, capital or their effectiveness to go down will cause a decline in output or at least a decline in its rate of growth.", "of development approach, which holds that different countries become wealthy via different trajectories. The pattern that a particular country will follow, in this framework, depends on its size and resources, and potentially other factors including its current income level and comparative advantages relative to other nations. Empirical analysis in this framework studies the \"sequential process through which the economic, industrial and institutional structure of an underdeveloped economy is transformed over time to permit new industries to replace traditional agriculture as the engine of economic growth.\"\nStructural-change approaches to development economics have faced criticism for their emphasis on urban development", "in which the analyst tries to distinguish among potential explanations for the observed growth rate of the economy.\nThus the growth diagnostics methodology departs from the \"symptoms\" of low growth that are visible in a country's economy—for example, low investment. Using a decision tree, all possible causes of these symptoms are inspected and if possible, eliminated. Next, the causes of these causes are scrutinized. This goes on until the most binding constraint to growth in a country is found. This is the constraint that economic policy in the country will need to address to accelerate growth. The authors argue that applying", "to be defined in relative terms. As the global economy slows, money and satisfaction will flow to nations that grow faster than peers, even if their own growth rate is slower than it was during the boom of the last decade. Analysts need to compare nations against rivals in the same per capita income class, because the challenges of growth change rapidly as a nation gets richer. So India should be compared to rivals in the class of emerging nations with average per capita income below $2500, Brazil should be compared to those with per capita incomes between $10,000 and", "savings, and facilitating and encouraging foreign capital inflows. A meta-analysis of 67 empirical studies finds that financial development is robustly associated with economic growth.\nCountries with better-developed financial systems tend to enjoy a sustained period of growth, and studies confirm the causal link between the two: financial development is not simply a result of economic growth; it is also the driver for growth.\nAdditionally, it reduces poverty and inequality by enabling and broadening access for the poor and vulnerable groups, facilitating risk management by reducing their vulnerability to shocks, and raising investment and productivity that generates higher income.\nFinancial sector development also assists", "or by factors internal to the economy, such as fiscal policies, monetary policies, the availability of credit, interest rates, regulatory policies or other impacts on producer incentives. Global conditions may influence the levels of economic activity in various countries.\nEconomic contraction and expansion relate to the overall output of all goods and services, while the terms inflation and deflation refer to increasing and decreasing prices of commodities, goods and services in relation to the value of money.\nExpansion means enlarging the scale of a company. The ways of expansion include internal expansion and integration.\nInternal expansion means a company enlarges its scale through" ]

[ "[Source](_URL_0_)\n\nThe cup (or shell) amplifies the ambient noise, which is the thing you hear.\n\nMany people believe it's an echo of your blood, this can easily be disproved. Try to exercise and put the cup to the ear. The noise is no louder, even if you hearth is beating faster.", "I believe it is the vibrations from the blood pulsing through your ear region.", "Containers reflect certain pitches of sound better than other pitches. The larger the container, the lower pitch reflected. When you put a cup to your ear, it is reflecting the medium pitch sounds from the room around you much more than the lower or higher pitches." ]

[ "there are vibrations in the air, the eardrum is stimulated. The eardrum collects these vibrations and sends them to receptor cells. The ossicles which are connected to the eardrum pass the vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. Once the vibrations reach the cochlea, the stirrup (part of the ossicles) puts pressure on the oval window. This opening allows the vibrations to move through the liquid in the cochlea where the receptive organ is able to sense it. Pitch, loudness and timbre There are many different qualities in sound stimuli including loudness, pitch and timbre.\nThe human ear is able to detect differences", "went on to answer the query with, \"No. Sound is the sensation excited in the ear when the air or other medium is set in motion.\" This seems to imply that the question is posed not from a philosophical viewpoint, but from a purely scientific one. Note that, from a scientific perspective, possible listeners would include animals (see earlier phrasing, mentioned below). The magazine Scientific American corroborated the technical aspect of this question, while leaving out the philosophic side, a year later when they asked the question slightly reworded, \"If a tree were to fall on an uninhabited island, would", "of sound unsought, (B)\n\n    That the heart of the hearer may smile if to pleasure his ear (A)\n\n        A roundel is wrought. (R)\n\n    Its jewel of music is carven of all or of aught - (B)\n\n    Love, laughter, or mourning - remembrance of rapture or fear - (A)\n\n    That fancy may fashion to hang in the ear of thought. (B)\n\n    As a bird's quick song runs round, and the hearts in us hear (A)\n\n    Pause answer to pause, and again the same strain caught, (B)\n\n    So moves the device whence, round as a pearl or tear, (A)\n\n        A roundel is wrought. (R)\nSwinburne’s poem \"A baby's death\" contains seven roundels.", "in extremely quiet conditions, he can also hear the warmer and duller quality of the echoes from wood compared to metal. Ben Underwood Ben Underwood was born on January 26, 1992 at Riverside, California. He was diagnosed with retinal cancer at the age of two and had his eyes removed at the age of three.\nHe taught himself echolocation at the age of five. He was able to detect the location of objects by making frequent clicking noises with his tongue. This case was explained in 20/20: Medical Mysteries. He used it to accomplish such feats as running, playing basketball, riding", "vibration. Operation Sound waves are created as the air vibrates in response to a person's speech or other sounds. A second person's ear collects these sound waves and converts them into nerve impulses which their brain interprets as sound. In normal speech these waves travel through the air, but with a tin can telephone the waves are transmitted through an additional medium of cups and string.\nWhen the string is pulled taut and someone speaks into one of the cans, its bottom acts as a diaphragm, converting the sound waves into longitudinal mechanical vibrations which vary the tension of the string.", "Occlusion effect The occlusion effect occurs when an object fills the outer portion of a person's ear canal, and that person perceives \"hollow\" or \"booming\" echo-like sounds of their own voice. It is caused by bone-conducted sound vibrations reverberating off the object filling the ear canal. When talking or chewing, these vibrations normally escape through an open ear canal; most people are unaware of their existence. When the ear canal is blocked, the vibrations are reflected back toward the eardrum. Compared to a completely open ear canal, the occlusion effect can boost low frequency (usually below 500 Hz) sound pressure", "is a big plus but closing the phone with only one hand is a problem as there are no mechanics to help you do this. The speaker made a nice impression as it's loud and clear, but the sound during a call is not that good, and the vibrating alert is too weak. We're glad that there is a music player but it lacks advanced functionality and is quite uncomfortable, unlike the Radio which has an easy to use interface.\"", "Sidetone Sidetone is audible feedback to someone speaking when using a handset or headset as an indication of an active transmission. The term is often used in the telecommunication field. Telephony In telephony, sidetone is the effect of sound picked up by the telephone's transmitter (mouthpiece) and instantly introduced at a low electronic signal level into the receiver (earpiece) of the same handset, a form of feedback. \nSidetone in 19th century telephones varied until the carbon transmitter was used, which produced a distinct sidetone that discouraged speaking loudly enough, and occasionally so loud as to cause the instrument to", "is simply attenuating some frequencies of the ambient noise in the environment, including air flowing within the resonator and sound originating within the human body itself, more than others.\nThe human ear picks up sounds made by the human body as well, including the sounds of blood flowing and muscles acting. These sounds are normally discarded by the brain; however, they become more obvious when louder external sounds are filtered out. This occlusion effect occurs with seashells, cups, or hands held over one's ears, and also with circumaural headphones, whose cups form a seal around the ear, raising the acoustic impedance", "the design of the jar. Some suikinkutsu do provide a bamboo tube nearby, which can amplify the sounds if one end is put on the ground near the top of the suikinkutsu and the other end is placed on the ear.\nIt is said that every suikinkutsu sounds different. Philosophy An important part of the idea behind the suikinkutsu is that the device is hidden from the view. Instead, the visitor washes his/her hands, and suddenly hears the pleasant sounds coming from underground. The act of washing the hands can also be considered as playing the suikinkutsu, and the sounds emerge", "who points at a phonograph producing a scratching noise and tells him, \"listen to the sounds\"; he then informs Cooper that \"it is in our house now\". He tells Cooper to remember \"430\" and \"Richard and Linda. Two birds with one stone.\" Cooper replies, \"I understand.\" The Fireman tells Cooper, \"You are far away,\" after which Cooper disappears. In Twin Peaks, Dr. Jacoby (Russ Tamblyn) receives a shipment of shovels from Joe (Joseph M. Auger). Joe asks Jacoby if he needs help, and Jacoby thanks him but declines.\nIn New York City, Sam Colby (Benjamin Rosenfield) watches an enormous glass box", "know what I am. I don’t know who I am. Sometimes, in rainy days, I take my shoe off and, when I press it against my ear for a while, I can talk with Jean Cocteau, Antonin Artaud or Franz Kafka. Cocteau has the voice of wet grass in spring. Kafka, nevertheless, hit by barbiturates, is almost mute, no voice at all: I’d say he is just a little feverish thread more in the nothingness. \"I am what I leave on the way\", I said one morning to some drunkard who looked at me with innocent animal eyes, thinking I’d", "pericardium and the thoracic cage may also give rise to the “Hamman’s Sign” – which is a crunching sound typically heard on auscultation of the chest, but may sometimes be heard even with the unaided ear.", "of a known volume, nearly spherical in shape, with a small neck and hole in one end and a larger hole in the other end to emit the sound.\nWhen the resonator's 'nipple' is placed inside one's ear, a specific frequency of the complex sound can be picked out and heard clearly. In Helmholtz’ book we read: When we \"apply a resonator to the ear, most of the tones produced in the surrounding air will be considerably damped; but if the proper tone of the resonator is sounded, it brays into the ear most powerfully…. The proper", "The resultant sign, audible via stethoscope, is a rhythmic, whooshing sound caused by excessively rapid blood flow through the arteries and veins. It has been given the term \"bruit\", French for noise. On some occasions, a patient with a brain AVM may become aware of the noise, which can compromise hearing and interfere with sleep in addition to causing psychological distress. Treatment Treatment for brain AVMs can be symptomatic, and patients should be followed by a neurologist for any seizures, headaches, or focal neurologic deficits. AVM-specific treatment may also involve endovascular embolization, neurosurgery or radiosurgery.\nEmbolization, that is, cutting off the", "with a sound that sticks in the ears and memory. It's ambiguous music, seemingly wondering [sic] between keys, but landing securely each time.\"", "as he sat in his chair, he commonly held his head to one side towards his right shoulder, and shook it in a tremulous manner, moving his body backwards and forwards, and rubbing his left knee in the same direction, with the palm of his hand. In the intervals of articulating he made various sounds with his mouth; sometimes giving a half whistle, sometimes making his tongue play backwards from the roof of his mouth, as if clucking like a hen, and sometimes protruding it against his upper gums in front, as if pronouncing quickly under his breath, 'Too, too,", "bombleth in the myre,\nShe leyde hir mouth un-to the water doun\nThe English 17th century physician Sir Thomas Browne disputed this claim, stating in his Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Book III, Ch.27: \"That a Bittor maketh that mugient noise, or as we term it Bumping, by putting its bill into a reed as most believe, or as Bellonius and Aldrovandus conceive, by putting the same in water or mud, and after a while retaining the air by suddenly excluding it again, is not so easily made out. For my own part, though after diligent enquiry, I could never behold them in this motion\".", "ear. This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is registered as sound.\nSound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum, and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window (the oval window) which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on the eardrum. The malleus rests on the membrane, and receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the tensor tympani", "in two sub groups, ryūsuion and suitekion. The ryūsuion is the sound of the first few water drops at the beginning of washing hands. The suitekion describes both the sound of a lot of water falling at the same time during washing hands and the slower drops at the end of the washing.\nA superior suikinkutsu has water drops originating from different spots on the surface of the jar. Unglazed jars hold moisture better, and therefore have drops originate from more spots on the surface. The impact of the water on the surface creates a sound, that is amplified by", "alleyway. The sound does not disappear and remains audible from his house. Ruth doesn’t hear it and she dismisses it, claiming that his ears are\nringing from years of loud music.\nJonas’ reaction to Simon’s ailment is much different than Ruth’s. Jonas believes Simon and, after doing some research, believes that what Simon is hearing is in fact a government experiment, which utilizes an ultrasonic auditory signal to control the minds of all who hear it. Simon, with some prodding from Ruth, goes to visit an ear doctor who informs him that his test results show Simon’s hearing to be least 6,000 Hz", "bottom edge. The Bell Plates may be dampened with the player's hand or with the mallet to quicken or immediately cut off the decay of the sound after striking.", "usage of such instruments as the Cajita, a small wooden box that opens and closes creating a distinctive sound, and the Quijada, the jawbone of a horse, donkey, or mule, that when hit creates a raspy buzz.", "sounds different at different listening positions or in different rooms.\nA significant factor in the sound of a loudspeaker system is the amount of absorption and diffusion present in the environment. Clapping one's hands in a typical empty room, without draperies or carpet, produces a zippy, fluttery echo due both to a lack of absorption and to reverberation (that is, repeated echoes) from flat reflective walls, floor, and ceiling. The addition of hard surfaced furniture, wall hangings, shelving and even baroque plaster ceiling decoration changes the echoes, primarily because of diffusion caused by reflective objects with shapes and surfaces having sizes", "is a characteristic sound made by unstable two-phase fluid flow, for example, as liquid is poured from a bottle, or during gargling.", "sound is transmitted to the inner ear by the stapes (stirrup) bone of the middle ear. This is pressed against the oval window, a membrane-covered opening on the surface of the vestibule. From here, sound waves are conducted through a short perilymphatic duct to a second opening, the round window, which equalizes pressure, allowing the incompressible fluid to move freely. Running parallel with the perilymphatic duct is a separate blind-ending duct, the lagena, filled with endolymph. The lagena is separated from the perilymphatic duct by a basilar membrane, and contains the sensory hair cells that finally translate the vibrations in", "who made honking sounds out of the horn on the top of her head instead of speaking.", "calls are honking sounds emitted after quite long intervals, but R. minuta emits paired notes, and R. proportionalis emits series of 9–17 notes.", "around two minutes to calculate the threshold. This is because the threshold is recorded when the subject first hears the tone, instead of when they respond to a certain stimulus level a certain percentage of the time. Anatomy and physiology of the basilar membrane The human ear is made up of three areas: the outer, middle and inner ear. Within the inner ear sits the cochlea. The cochlea is a snail-shaped formation that enables sound transmission via a sensorineural route, rather than through a conductive pathway. The cochlea is a complex structure, consisting of three layers of fluid. The scala", "is a leaf, usually a banana leaf that is curled up and positioned in the mouth so it vibrates when it is blown. It makes loud, very high pitched sounds that can be heard from miles away. The varying pitches are made by pulling on the leaf and blowing to make certain tones that relate to words in the Hmong language. This instrument can be made from almost any nearby plant or tree, making it easily accessible for Hmong children. The nplooj was traditionally used during times of war, where they were used to send signals in combat and secret" ]

[ "Your body temperature decreases to initiate sleep. The recommended temperature for a good night’s sleep is 60 to 67 degrees. That’s a lot lower than what I think most houses are at right now. So if your house feels too warm and you’re noticing it when you lay down for bed that’s probably why. I know the first sign every year for me to break out my a/c is when I lay down at night even though it was most likely hotter during the day" ]

[ "temperature: a very excited person often has an elevated temperature.\nWearing more clothing slows daily temperature change and raises body temperature. Similarly, sleeping with an electric blanket raises the body temperature at night.\nSleep disturbances also affect temperatures. Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person's normal bedtime and throughout the night. Short-term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long-term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures. Insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature. Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag and changes", "meaning that the heat would move from the surface of the body and that's why one might need a blanket during night. During the day the heat would move to the surface of the body and the body temperature raise.\nIn any cases that one is forced to get less sleep (having to study for an exam, being under mental pressure or having to finish a project) the brain and the body would get warmer and drier so in order to control the excessive warmness or dryness in the body one should cut back on warm and dry food stuff. Additionally", "influence of universal indoor lighting. Even if they have sleep debt, or feel sleepy, people can have difficulty staying asleep at the peak of their circadian cycle. Conversely they can have difficulty waking up in the trough of the cycle. A healthy young adult entrained to the sun will (during most of the year) fall asleep a few hours after sunset, experience body temperature minimum at 6 a.m., and wake up a few hours after sunrise. Process S Generally speaking, the longer an organism is awake, the more it feels a need to sleep (\"sleep debt\"). This driver of sleep", "taking a short nap during the day (20 minutes) especially in warm climates and seasons is highly recommended to them.\nBesides, those with cold and wet Mizaj should not sleep much as long sleep would increase wetness in the body. People with phlegmatic temperament should cut down on food items cold and wet temperament to sleep shorter and get up easily and not having trouble waking up. They had better wake up once or twice during the night so that wetness would not build up in their bodies. Age range Although each person is born with a fixed and unique temperament,", "are often more frequent and more intense during hot weather or in an overheated room, the surrounding heat apparently making the hot flashes themselves both more likely to occur, and more severe.\nSevere hot flashes can make it difficult to get a full night's sleep (often characterized as insomnia), which in turn can affect mood, impair concentration, and cause other physical problems. When hot flashes occur at night, they are called \"night sweats\". As estrogen is typically lowest at night, some women get night sweats without having any hot flashes during the daytime. Young females If hot flashes occur at other", "a sharp decrease in the temperature of the extremities may independently reverse sleep inertia symptoms. Noise is thought to increase attentiveness upon awakening. A drop in temperature of the extremities may prevent heat loss, facilitating the return of core body temperature to homeostatic daytime levels.", "the heat in the body and therefore those with warm Mizaj who want to lose weight would benefit such exercise. Sleeping and wakefulness Sleep is a passive, dormant part of our daily lives while wakefulness is daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness. Sleep is physical and mental rest and wakefulness is the state of physical and mental activity.\nTherefore, the longer one stays up the drier and warmer their bodies get and the longer one sleeps the wetter the brain and the body gets and their temperament would drop lower. Actually while one is sleeping the body temperature drops", "and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years.\nWhile night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as \"severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to", "time. The problem is that, despite sleeping for multiple hours each night and typically not experiencing significant daytime sleepiness or other symptoms of sleep loss, they do not feel like they have slept very much, if at all. Because their perception of their sleep is incomplete, they incorrectly believe it takes them an abnormally long time to fall asleep, and they underestimate how long they remain asleep. Genetics Heritability estimates of insomnia vary between 38% in males to 59% in females. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 3 genomic loci and 7 genes that influence the risk of", "normal environmental temperatures, exercise, light exposure, noise, hunger, and overeating all result in an increase in wakefulness. On the contrary, sexual activity and some foods such as carbohydrates and dairy products promote sleep. Careers in the field In the past, physiological psychologists received a good portion of their training in psychology departments of major universities. Currently, physiological psychologists are also being trained in behavioral neuroscience or biological psychology programs that are affiliated with psychology departments, or in interdisciplinary neuroscience programs. Most physiological psychologists receive PhDs in neuroscience or a related subject and either teach and carry out research at", "is caring for her now, repeatedly encourages her to commit suicide. They start sharing a bed so that she can stay warm. Their relationship is completely platonic; she just can't stay warm any more. When she wakes up extremely cold one day, she asks Vercueil if today is the day. Without a word, he climbs into bed and embraces her. Her final words are that he can't make her any warmer.", "go to sleep or stay awake as it likes but it is staying in the bed until morning (remember Proust at the opening of Swann’s Way?), we sit there with it, reading to it and singing to it and distracting it with swirling night lights until it decides it feels like going to sleep, all the while thinking to ourselves, Go the fuck to sleep, kid.\"\nAccording to Mark Rotella, an editor at Publishers Weekly (and father of two), this is one of the books \"that are less earnest about raising your child. They help parents step back and laugh at", "relax. Sleep Sleep is a behavior that is provoked by the body initiating the feeling of sleepiness in order for people to rest for usually several hours at a time. During sleep, there is a reduction of awareness, responsiveness, and movement. On average, an adult human sleeps between seven and eight hours per night. There is a minute percentage that sleeps less than five to six hours, which is also a symptom of sleep deprivation, and an even smaller percentage of people who sleep more than ten hours a day. Oversleeping has been shown to have a correlation with higher", "spent thinking about worries or anything emotionally upsetting shortly before bedtime. Trying purposefully to fall asleep may induce frustration that further prevents falling asleep, so in such situations a person may be advised to get out of bed and try something else for a brief amount of time.\nGenerally, for people experiencing difficulties with sleep, spending less time in bed results in deeper and more continuous sleep, so clinicians will frequently recommend eliminating use of the bed for any activities except sleep (or sex). Foods and substances A number of foods and substances have been found to disturb sleep, due to", "+ somnus \"sleep\"), as well as a few less-common words such as \"somnolent\", meaning sleepy or tending to cause sleep and hypersomnia meaning excessive sleep, which can be caused by many conditions (known as secondary hypersomnia) or a rare sleep disorder causing excessive sleep with unknown cause, called Idiopathic Hypersomnia.", "quality of sleep than those who do not, but exercising too late in the day can be activating and delay falling asleep. Increasing exposure to bright and natural light during the daytime and avoiding bright light in the hours before bedtime may help promote a sleep-wake schedule aligned with nature's daily light-dark cycle.\nActivities that reduce physiological arousal and cognitive activity promote falling asleep, so engaging in relaxing activities before bedtime is recommended. Conversely, continuing important work activities or planning shortly before bedtime or once in bed has been shown to delay falling asleep. Similarly, good sleep hygiene involves minimizing time", "restlessness. Both consumption of a large meal just before bedtime, requiring effort to metabolize it all, and hunger have been associated with disrupted sleep; clinicians may recommend eating a light snack before bedtime. Lastly, limiting intake of liquids before bedtime can prevent interruptions due to urinations. Sleep environment Arranging a sleep environment that is quiet, very dark, and cool is recommended. Noises, light, and uncomfortable temperatures have been shown to disrupt continuous sleep. Other recommendations that are frequently made, though less studied, include selecting comfortable mattresses, bedding, and pillows, and eliminating a visible bedroom clock, to prevent focusing on time", "writers. Superimposed on this basic rhythm is a secondary one of light sleep in the early afternoon.\nThe brain exhibits high levels of the pituitary hormone prolactin during the period of nighttime wakefulness, which may contribute to the feeling of peace that many people associate with it.\nThe modern assumption that consolidated sleep with no awakenings is the normal and correct way for human adults to sleep, may lead people to consult their doctors fearing they have maintenance insomnia or other sleep disorders. If Ekirch's hypothesis is correct, their concerns might best be addressed by reassurance that their sleep conforms to historically", "the demands of society. It is often due to a psychosocial stressor (an event in a person's environment that causes stress or discomfort), especially for adolescents. The delayed sleep-wake cycle leads to chronic sleep deprivation and habitually late sleeping hours. Individuals with this type often have difficulty changing their sleeping patterns to an earlier and more socially acceptable time. Their actual sleep, once it begins, is normal. It is the timing of their sleeping and waking that is persistently delayed.\nThe jet lag type of circadian rhythm sleep disorder is characterized by disruptions arising from a mismatch between a person's circadian", " A delay, caused by light exposure before sleeping, means that the individual will tend to wake up later on the following day(s).\nThe hormones cortisol and melatonin are effected by the signals light sends through the body's nervous system. These hormones help regulate blood sugar to give the body the appropriate amount of energy that is required throughout the day. Cortisol levels are high upon waking and gradual decrease over the course of the day, melatonin levels are high when the body is entering and exiting a sleeping status and are very low over the course of waking hours. The", "its supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule used for short-term storage and transport of energy. In quiet waking, the brain is responsible for 20% of the body's energy use, thus this reduction has a noticeable effect on overall energy consumption.\nSleep increases the sensory threshold. In other words, sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli, but can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events.\nDuring slow-wave sleep, humans secrete bursts of growth hormone. All sleep, even during the day, is associated with secretion of prolactin.\nKey physiological methods for monitoring and measuring changes during sleep include electroencephalography (EEG) of brain", "brain. Humans often maneuver to create a thermally friendly environment—for example, by curling up into a ball if cold. Reflexes remain fairly active.\nREM sleep is considered closer to wakefulness and is characterized by rapid eye movement and muscle atonia. NREM is considered to be deep sleep (the deepest part of NREM is called slow wave sleep), and is characterized by lack of prominent eye movement or muscle paralysis. Especially during non-REM sleep, the brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than it does in waking. In areas with reduced activity, the brain restores its supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the", "a person from falling asleep and might lead to an episode of insomnia.\nThe physiological model is based upon three major findings in people with insomnia; firstly, increased urinary cortisol and catecholamines have been found suggesting increased activity of the HPA axis and arousal; second increased global cerebral glucose utilization during wakefulness and NREM sleep in people with insomnia; and lastly increased full body metabolism and heart rate in those with insomnia. All these findings taken together suggest a dysregulation of the arousal system, cognitive system, and HPA axis all contributing to insomnia. However, it is unknown if the hyperarousal is", "the body temperature tend to decrease. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a somewhat elevated temperature can indicate a serious underlying cause in geriatrics. Variations due to outside factors Many outside factors affect the measured temperature as well. \"Normal\" values are generally given for an otherwise healthy, non-fasting adult, dressed comfortably, indoors, in a room that is kept at a normal room temperature, 22.7 to 24.4 °C (73 to 76 °F), during the morning, but not shortly after arising from sleep. Furthermore, for oral temperatures, the subject must not have eaten,", "healthy sleep-wake schedule due to night or irregular work hours. Shift workers need to be strategic about napping and drinking caffeine, as these practices may be necessary for work productivity and safety, but should be timed carefully. Because shift workers may need to sleep while other individuals are awake, additional sleeping environment changes should include reducing disturbances by turning off phones and posting signs on bedroom doors to inform others when they are sleeping.\nDue to symptoms of low mood and energy, individuals with depression may be likely to have behaviors that are counter to good sleep hygiene, such as taking", "noisy sleep environments, alcohol consumption in the hours before sleep, engaging in mentally difficult tasks before sleep, and trying too hard to fall asleep. There is a lack of evidence for the effects of certain sleep hygiene recommendations, including getting a more comfortable mattress, removing bedroom clocks, not worrying, and limiting liquids. Other recommendations, such as the effects of napping or exercise, have a more complicated evidence base. The effects of napping, for example, seem to depend on the length and timing of napping, in conjunction with how much cumulative sleep an individual has had in recent nights.\nThere is support", "naps during the day, consuming alcohol near bedtime, and consuming large amounts of caffeine during the day. In addition to sleep hygiene education, bright light therapy can be a useful treatment for individuals with depression. Not only can morning bright light therapy help establish a better sleep-wake schedule, but it also has been shown to be effective for treating depression directly, especially when related to seasonal affective disorder.\nIndividuals with breathing difficulties due to asthma or allergies may experience additional barriers to quality sleep that can be addressed by specific variations of sleep hygiene recommendations. Difficulty with breathing can cause disruptions", "humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For example, one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion, which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures, resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or a rapid heartbeat. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations. The physiological control of the body’s core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus, which", "one at night. Frequently I'd have to do both. A few times I worked so hard that I actually threw up from the exertion. But I was young then. I didn't get tired easily. And I never complained about the working conditions. I thought that's just how it was supposed to be. Now I know that's wrong. But at the time I had no clue. Whatever they'd give me, I'd do. And as soon as I was done working I could just fall asleep. They'd say, 'Go to sleep', and I'd go right to sleep.\nThe hard work of the cast", "rhythm sleep disorders. Naps The siesta habit has recently been associated with a 37% lower coronary mortality, possibly due to reduced cardiovascular stress mediated by daytime sleep. Short naps at mid-day and mild evening exercise were found to be effective for improved sleep, cognitive tasks, and mental health in elderly people.\nMany people experience a temporary drop in alertness in the early afternoon, commonly known as the \"post-lunch dip\". While a large meal can make a person feel sleepy, the post-lunch dip is mostly an effect of the circadian clock. People naturally feel most sleepy at two times of the day" ]

[ "It is entirely possible and definitely a thing, such apps and sites did pop up when 3D touch became a thing with the iPhone 6 release, but IIRC Apple labeled the use of the phones in this way a liability and these apps were removed from the app store, but some websites are still around such as TouchScale.", "Yes: _URL_0_\n\nThough there are some issues, notably that it only works on capacitive objects (which stops it working on most drugs) and that it is somewhat inaccurate on the gram scale (also making it not a good option for drugs)." ]

[ "complex gestures using multi-touch. Android's interaction techniques enable moving up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. However the buttons on the front of the device will also require frequent use throughout various applications in Android OS as the buttons play an important part in the user interface. 30 frames per second cap Some users have experienced noticeable graphics lag and/or slowness while using the phone. Various reports throughout the Internet indicated that the device may have a 30 frames per second cap. An HTC representative announced that it was a hardware cap, not subject to software updates.", "Force Touch Hardware On iPhones, the capacitive sensors are directly integrated into the display. When a press is detected, these capacitive sensors measure microscopic changes in the distance between the back light and the cover glass. On the Apple Watch, a series of electrodes line the curvature of the screen. When a press is detected, these electrodes determine the pressure applied. The trackpads deploy a similar mechanism, although sensory information is determined by a series of four sensors that align with the corners of the trackpad. The detected pressure is then relayed to the Taptic Engine, which is Apple's haptic", "factor, high performance (going as far as considering the screen size itself to be the only hindrance to multitasking and certain apps), and improved battery life. Giving the device an 8.7 out of 10, Goode argued that \"the iPhone SE is not a tiny little engine of innovation. It's today's tech in yesterday's phone body. As with anything, we should be wary of giving too much praise to something that's just doing its job.\"\nTechCrunch admired the iPhone SE's design and mentioned that the phone appealed \"not just to the nostalgic and neophobic, but simply people who prefer a smaller phone.", "Club's method, but concluded that it is not an easy process in either time or effort, given that the user has to use a high resolution photocopy of a complete fingerprint, special chemicals and expensive equipment, and because the spoofing process takes some time to achieve. Problems Several problems were experienced with the iPhone 5S's hardware after its release. The most widely reported issue is that the angle reported by the phone's level sensor had drifted by several degrees, which caused the gyroscope, compass, and accelerometer to become inaccurate. Reports suggested that this is a hardware-induced problem. Some encountered other", "app by disabling the Home button, and limit the amount of time spent in an app. The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen. Models 24 different iPhone models have been produced. The models in bold are current flagship devices: Intellectual property Apple has filed more than 200 patent applications related to the technology behind the iPhone.\nLG Electronics claimed the design of the iPhone was copied from the LG Prada. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference: \"we consider that Apple copied Prada phone", "or Vita\", while Kumada said he was stunned to see the iPhone 5's more vibrant colors and lack of interlacing, despite its smaller screen compared to the PSP. At the same time, reviewers had mixed opinions regarding the iOS' version's control scheme. Ryūichi Matsumoto of 4Gamer.net appreciated the iOS version's use of touch screen input, feeling that it simplified the controls and Gay felt the touch controls felt natural. In contrast, Famitsu App's writer felt that it was easier to hold down notes with the PSP's buttons, and Chuang said that playing on an iPad Mini felt less precise than", "providing room for dedicated touch points that are found on many smartphone designs. Due to how sensor-on-lens modules are manufactured, the sensors are very fragile in comparison to on-cell modules. Damage to the cover glass will also impair the functionality of the touchscreen.", "(IPS) LCDs. The iPhone 5 model's screen results in an aspect ratio of approximately 16:9. The iPhone X is the first iPhone to use an OLED display. It has a near bezel-less screen with a ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio.\nThe touch and gesture features of the iPhone are based on technology originally developed by FingerWorks. Most gloves and styli prevent the necessary electrical conductivity; although capacitive styli can be used with iPhone's finger-touch screen. The iPhone 3GS and later also feature a fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating.\nThe iPhone has a minimal hardware user interface, with most models featuring five buttons. The only physical menu", "ergonomics of handheld devices concludes that bigger products, like large phones and tablets, often result in overextension of the thumb and wrist\", hinting to repetitive strain injury and that oversized iPhones and smartphones in general can be physically unusable for several users. The technology website Gizmodo shared the same concern, hoping that \"there will be a return to smaller phones\", and expressed a desire \"to hold one's phone in a single hand, and be able to use it fully.\"\nOn January 19, 2019 the iPhone SE was back on sale as a clearance item for $249. However, by January 20, 2019", "to a computer. Reviews Reviews are generally mixed to unfavorable. Michael Oryl, of \"Mobileburn.com,\" likes the \"Backtrack\" trackpad on the back of the phone, but points out that large hands often activate it accidentally. Victor Godinez, of The Dallas Morning News, suggests that the phone is aimed towards social networkers, and points out that the price is higher than other options with additional features such as the iPhone. System upgrades On November 9, 2010, a downloadable update, Android OS 2.1 (Eclair) and a compatible version of MotoBlur was released by Motorola for AT&T Backflip customers, U.S. only. The update", "1990s, based on early research and actual use of older systems, typically using infrared grids—which were highly dependent on the size of the user's fingers. These guidelines are less relevant for the bulk of modern devices which use capacitive or resistive touch technology.\nFrom the mid-2000s, makers of operating systems for smartphones have promulgated standards, but these vary between manufacturers, and allow for significant variation in size based on technology changes, so are unsuitable from a human factors perspective.\nMuch more important is the accuracy humans have in selecting targets with their finger or a pen stylus. The accuracy of user selection", "Additionally, as only sufficient pressure is necessary for the touch to be sensed, they may be used with gloves on, or by using anything rigid as a finger substitute. Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp objects. Resistive touchscreens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to having additional reflections (i.e.: glare) from the layers of material placed over the screen. This is the type of touchscreen used by Nintendo in the DS family, the 3DS family, and the Wii U GamePad. Surface acoustic wave Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that", "introduced multi-touch to phones, which allowed gestures such as \"pinching\" to zoom in or out on photos, maps, and web pages. The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind targeted at the mass market to abandon the use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of contemporary smartphones, instead using a large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction.\nThe iPhone's operating system was also a shift away from previous ones that were adapted from PDAs and feature phones, to one powerful enough to avoid using a limited, stripped down web browser requiring", "the original iPhone. It was 116 millimetres (4.6 in) high, 62 millimetres (2.4 in) wide, and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) deep, compared to its predecessor, which was 110 millimetres (4.3 in) high, 61 millimetres (2.4 in) wide, and 12 millimetres (0.47 in) deep.\nThe iPhone 3G sported a 3.5 in (89 mm) capacitive touchscreen with a 480×320 (HVGA) resolution at 163 ppi. The scratch-resistant glass sits on top of the display. Just like the original iPhone, the touchscreen was designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing.\nThe device featured the same sensors as its predecessor. The proximity sensor (which deactivates the display during calls when the", "iPhone which uses a close variant of the microwriter chording system developed by Cy Enfield. It is available via the Apple app store.\nThe system is let down by the lack of haptic feedback - you can't tell if your fingers are in the right place without looking, but you get better with practice. The finger pad positions are adjustable to fit your hand size. It also works for left handed users and has a live speech output facility that could be helpful for people with speech impairments.", "being moved from the bottom to the top right of the display. The camera, processor performance, and battery life were also given positive thoughts.\nIn a heavily negative review, Dennis Green of Business Insider significantly criticized the impossible one-handed use of iPhone X, writing that the new gestures to use the phone, such as swiping from the top down to access notifications and the Control Center, did not work when using the phone with only one hand due to not being able to reach the top. His review sparked outrage among Twitter users, many of whom used condescending tones, which Green", "aspect ratios became more common in 2017.\nScreen sizes are measured in diagonal inches; feature phones generally have screen sizes below 3.5 inches. Phones with screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called \"phablets.\" Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and \"edge-to-edge\" designs", "the entire device.\nOn February 18, 2016, Apple released an iOS 9.2.1 patch through iTunes which addresses this issue, and admitted that error 53 was actually related to a diagnostic check for inspecting the Touch ID hardware before an iPhone is shipped from its factories. Touchscreen failure Touchscreen control components on iPhone 6 logic boards have insufficient support, including a lack of underfill—which strengthens and stabilizes integrated circuits, and a lack of rigid metal shielding on the logic board unlike previous iPhone models; the touchscreen controller is instead shielded by a flexible \"sticker\". Normal use of the device can cause the", "cost of touchscreen technology in the early 1990s.\nThe first mobile phone with a capacitive touchscreen was LG Prada released in May 2007 (which was before the first iPhone).\nTouchscreens would not be popularly used for video games until the release of the Nintendo DS in 2004. Until recently, most consumer touchscreens could only sense one point of contact at a time, and few have had the capability to sense how hard one is touching. This has changed with the commercialization of multi-touch technology, and the Apple Watch being released with a force-sensitive display in April 2015.\nIn 2007 93% of touchscreens shipped", "a mostly positive reception from reviewers and commentators. Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital gave the phone a favorable review, saying that Touch ID \"sounds like a gimmick, but it’s a real advance, the biggest step ever in biometric authentication for everyday devices,\" and labeled it \"the best smartphone on the market.\" David Pogue of The New York Times praised Touch ID, but said that the innovation of the smartphone market has been saturated, and \"maybe the age of annual mega-leaps is over.\" He focused much of his review on iOS 7, which he believed was the biggest change of", "All subsequent iPhones with the exception of the iPhone SE and iPhone XR had this feature until 2019. 3D Touch was omitted on all 2019 iPhones in favor of haptic touch, which was previously featured on the iPhone XR. Haptic touch retains some of 3D Touch's features but is based on a long press instead of a hard press. Proximity sensor A proximity sensor deactivates the display and touchscreen when the device is brought near the face during a call. This is done to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user's face and ears. Ambient light", "that the focus of iOS 11 was \"all about transforming iOS into something more desktop-like\", with many enhancements for iPad while \"leaving the iPhone a bit behind\". He had mixed feelings about the Control Center, writing that, on small phone screen sizes, it \"feels like a jumbled mess\", and adding that true comfort may only be present with larger screens, a troubling situation for owners of non-Plus devices. However, he praised the ability to customize the buttons, including removing those the user never uses, and the ability to quickly record the screen or enable accessibility features. He called the new", "the iPhone 5 is four inches. The capacitive touchscreen is designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. The screens on the first three generations have a resolution of 320×480 (HVGA) at 163 ppi; those on the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S have a resolution of 640×960 at 326 ppi; the 4-inch models, with 640×1136 at 326 ppi; the 4.7-inch models, with 750×1334 at 326 ppi; the 5.5-inch models, with 1080×1920 at 401 ppi; and the 5.8-inch model X, with 1125×2436 at 458 ppi. The initial models were using twisted-nematic (TN) LCDs. Starting with iPhone 4, the technology was changed to in-plane switching", "proprietary transparent multi-touch screen, allowing direct, ten-finger manipulation on the display.\nIn January 2007, multi-touch technology became mainstream with the iPhone, and in its iPhone announcement Apple even stated it \"invented multi touch\", however both the function and the term predate the announcement or patent requests, except for the area of capacitive mobile screens, which did not exist before Fingerworks/Apple's technology (Fingerworks filed patents in 2001–2005, subsequent multi-touch refinements were patented by Apple).\nHowever, the U.S. Patent and Trademark office declared that the \"pinch-to-zoom\" functionality was predicted by U.S. Patent # 7,844,915 relating to gestures on touch screens, filed by Bran", "which the user is standing. \nIn 2007, NORTD labs Open Source system offered its CUBIT (multi-touch).\nSmall-scale touch devices rapidly became commonplace in 2008. The number of touch screen telephones was expected to increase from 200,000 shipped in 2006 to 21 million in 2012.\nIn May 2015, Apple was granted a patent for a \"fusion keyboard\", which turns individual physical keys into multi-touch buttons. Brands and manufacturers Apple has retailed and distributed numerous products using multi-touch technology, most prominently including its iPhone smartphone and iPad tablet. Additionally, Apple also holds several patents related to the implementation of multi-touch in user interfaces, however the", "other Android smartphones, the U10 doesn’t have capacitive buttons nor on-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The U10 further extends this button by a fingerprint sensor called mTouch.\nThe U20 features a fully laminated 5.5-inch multi-touch capacitive touchscreen display with a HD resolution of 1080 by 1920 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 400 ppi.\nIn addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3.5mm TRS audio", "The technology is also well suited to displays that are physically larger. Development The development of multipoint touchscreens facilitated the tracking of more than one finger on the screen; thus, operations that require more than one finger are possible. These devices also allow multiple users to interact with the touchscreen simultaneously.\nWith the growing use of touchscreens, the cost of touchscreen technology is routinely absorbed into the products that incorporate it and is nearly eliminated. Touchscreen technology has demonstrated reliability and is found in airplanes, automobiles, gaming consoles, machine control systems, appliances, and handheld display devices including cellphones; the touchscreen market", "Android smartphones, the U10 doesn’t have capacitive buttons nor on-screen buttons. The functionality of these keys is implemented using a technology called mBack, which makes use of gestures with the physical button. The U10 further extends this button by a fingerprint sensor called mTouch.\nThe U10 features a fully laminated 5-inch multi-touch capacitive touchscreen display with a HD resolution of 720 by 1280 pixels. The pixel density of the display is 296 ppi.\nIn addition to the touchscreen input and the front key, the device has volume/zoom control buttons and the power/lock button on the right side, a 3.5mm TRS audio jack", "Pixel 2, which allow it to perform various functions when squeezed. Edge Sense also features in pressure-sensitive technology in place of physical volume and other buttons, similar to Apple's Force Touch. When touched or tapped, the unmoving button-like protrusions give haptic feedback, and react in different ways to the level of pressure applied to them. There is a fingerprint scanner on the rear and facial recognition.\nThe U12+ continues with the Liquid Surface design the U Ultra introduced the previous year. The front and back are both glass, with an arched back and rounded corners. The", "in versions with Grafitti instead of a keyboard.\nThe late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away from devices with physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large finger-operated capacitive touchscreens.\nThe first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the LG Prada, announced by LG in December 2006. This was a fashionable feature phone created in collaboration with Italian luxury designer Prada with a 3\" 240x400 pixel screen.\nIn January 2007 Apple Computer introduced the iPhone. It had a 3.5\" capacitive touchscreen with twice the common resolution of most smartphone screens at the time, and" ]

[ "The rocket engines push against the exhaust that is being expelled. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It's exactly the same as if you were wearing ice skates (standing on ice, obviously) and holding a bowling ball. If you throw the ball forward, you'll slide backwards. This is not because the bowling ball is pushing against the air. It's because when you push the bowling ball forward, you're also pushing yourself backward.\n\nWith a rocket, the exhaust from the engines is the bowling ball.", "The fuel of the rocket being expelled out the back of the rocket pushed the rocket in the opposite direction.\n\nNewton's Third Law of Motion in action." ]

[ "space between the top of the propellant load and the top of the tank is known as \"ullage space\". Ullage pressure is a critical measurable during powered rocket flight, because it affects tank structural integrity and engine Net Positive Suction Pressure (NPSP). \nIn the weightless condition in space without engine thrust, empty space occurs in partially filled tanks, and the liquid floats away from the engine intake, which is undesirable for stable engine operation. Small rocket engines are sometimes used to provide enough acceleration to settle the propellant to the bottom of the tanks prior to ignition of the", "moving, (as such, in the intended direction of movement) pushes the rocket up. A common wrong assumption is that the rocket elevates by pushing off the ground. If this were the case, the rocket would be unable to continue moving upwards after the aircraft is no longer close to the ground. Rather, the opposite force by the expelled gases is the reason for movement. Thrust, Lift, Weight, and Drag The jet force can be divided into components. The \"forward\" component of this force is generally referred to as thrust. The upward component of jet force is referred to as lift.", "the engine won't apply an upward, stabilising force, but simply push forward in whatever direction the rocket happens to be pointing, not steering it one way or the other at all.", "of the nozzle, a bell shaped expansion part of the engine allows the gases that are expanding to push against that part of the rocket engine. Thus, the bell part of the nozzle gives additional thrust. Simply expressed, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, according to Newton's third law with the result that the exiting gases produce the reaction of a force on the rocket causing it to accelerate the rocket.\nIn a closed chamber, the pressures are equal in each direction and no acceleration occurs. If an opening is provided in the bottom of the chamber", "of the combusting gases against the combustion chamber and nozzle, not by \"pushing\" against the air behind or below it. Rocket engines perform best in outer space because of the lack of air pressure on the outside of the engine. In space it is also possible to fit a longer nozzle without suffering from flow separation.\nMost chemical propellants release energy through redox chemistry, more specifically combustion. As such, both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent must be present in the fuel mixture. Decomposition, such as that of highly unstable peroxide bonds in monopropellant rockets, can also be the source", "the rocket's flight path is no longer completely vertical, so gravity acts to turn the flight path back towards the ground. If the rocket were not producing thrust, the flight path would be a simple ellipse like a thrown ball (it's a common mistake to think it is a parabola: this is only true if it is assumed that the Earth is flat, and gravity always points in the same direction, which is a good approximation for short distances), leveling off and then falling back to the ground. The rocket is producing thrust though, and rather than leveling", "rotating frame of reference around the center of the Earth) counteracts a large proportion of the gravitation force on the rocket, and more of the thrust can be used to accelerate.\nIt's important to note that minimising gravity losses is not the only objective of a launching spacecraft. Rather, the objective is achieve the position/velocity combination for the desired orbit. For instance, the way to maximize acceleration is to thrust straight downward; however, thrusting downward is clearly not a viable course of action for a rocket intending to reach orbit.\nOn a planet with an atmosphere, the objective is further complicated by", "the rocket. The acceleration of these gases through the engine exerts force (\"thrust\") on the combustion chamber and nozzle, propelling the vehicle (according to Newton's Third Law). This actually happens because the force (pressure times area) on the combustion chamber wall is unbalanced by the nozzle opening; this is not the case in any other direction. The shape of the nozzle also generates force by directing the exhaust gas along the axis of the rocket. Propellant Rocket propellant is mass that is stored, usually in some form of propellant tank or casing, prior to being used as the propulsive mass", "rocket or the Space Shuttle that launch vertically. The rocket begins by flying straight up, gaining both vertical speed and altitude. During this portion of the launch, gravity acts directly against the thrust of the rocket, lowering its vertical acceleration. Losses associated with this slowing are known as gravity drag, and can be minimized by executing the next phase of the launch, the pitchover maneuver, as soon as possible. The pitchover should also be carried out while the vertical velocity is small to avoid large aerodynamic loads on the vehicle during the maneuver.\nThe pitchover maneuver consists of", "Ullage motor Description Cryogenic-liquid-fueled rockets keep their propellants in insulated tanks. These tanks are never completely filled to allow for expansion. In micro-gravity conditions the cryogenic liquids are without a free surface existing in a slushy state between solid, liquid, and gas. In this mixed state, ullage gases may be sucked into the engines, which is undesirable, as it displaces useful propellant, reduces efficiency, and may damage the engines. Small rocket engines, called \"ullage motors\", are sometimes used to settle the propellant prior to the main engine ignition to allow the formation of a temporary free surface (with a distinct", "engines were to be gimbaled for directional control, although some directional control to the rocket is also available by utilizing differential thrust on the fixed engines. Design thrust on each engine was aiming to be variable between 20 and 100 percent of rated thrust.\nMethane/oxygen would also be used to power the control thrusters, as gas thrusters rather than the subcooled liquid used to power the main engines. The methalox control thrusters would be used to control booster orientation in space, as well as to help provide additional accuracy in landing once the velocity of the descending booster has slowed.\nThe", "engine and motor nozzle gimbal commands, which orient the vehicle about its center of mass. As the forces on the vehicle change due to propellant consumption, increasing speed, changes in aerodynamic drag, and other factors, the vehicle automatically adjusts its orientation in response to its dynamic control command inputs.\nThe net result is a relatively smooth and constant (then gradually decreasing) gravitational pull due to acceleration, coupled with a diminishing aerodynamic friction as the upper atmosphere is reached and surpassed. Separation The SRBs are jettisoned from the space shuttle at high altitude, about 146,000 ft (45 km). SRB separation is initiated when", "of anything trapped within down to the molecular level. As a result, Rocket can use the inertialess field to effectively immobilize her opponents. In fact, some opponents can fall unconscious in as much as the field prevents oxygen molecules from reaching their lungs. The inertialess field consumes enormous amounts of energy and collapses after a few seconds.\nRocket can fly by releasing her inertia field's kinetic energy beneath her, launching her skyward. Initially, she was not very skilled with this ability and thus could only leap over great distances. However, after training from Darnice, Rocket can use her kinetic energy as", "force divided by mass, so as the mass decreased (and the force increased somewhat), acceleration rose. Including gravity, launch acceleration was only 1¼ g, i.e., the astronauts felt 1¼ g while the rocket accelerated vertically at ¼ g. As the rocket rapidly lost mass, total acceleration including gravity increased to nearly 4 g at T+135 seconds. At this point, the inboard (center) engine was shut down to prevent acceleration from increasing beyond 4 g.\nWhen oxidizer or fuel depletion was sensed in the suction assemblies, the remaining four outboard engines were shut down. First stage separation occurred a little less than one second after this to", "space craft. By deforming the space it would be possible to create a region with higher pressure behind the space craft than before it. Due to the pressure gradient a force would be exerted on the space craft which in turn creates thrust for propulsion. Due to the purely theoretical nature of this propulsion concept it is hard to determine the amount of thrust and the maximum velocity that could be achieved. Currently there are two different concepts for such a field propulsion system one that is purely based on the general relativity theory and one based on the quantum", "a rocket engine its characteristic shape. The effect of the nozzle is to dramatically accelerate the mass, converting most of the thermal energy into kinetic energy. Exhaust speed reaching as high as 10 times the speed of sound at sea level are common.\nRocket engines provide essentially the highest specific powers and high specific thrusts of any engine used for spacecraft propulsion.\nIon propulsion rockets can heat a plasma or charged gas inside a magnetic bottle and release it via a magnetic nozzle, so that no solid matter need come in contact with the plasma. Of course, the machinery to do", "is to increase the internal energy of the resulting gases, utilizing the stored chemical energy in the fuel. As the internal energy increases, pressure increases, and a nozzle is utilized to convert this energy into a directed kinetic energy. This produces thrust against the ambient environment to which these gases are released. The ideal direction of motion of the exhaust is in the direction so as to cause thrust. At the top end of the combustion chamber the hot, energetic gas fluid cannot move forward, and so, it pushes upward against the top of the rocket engine's combustion chamber. As", "designs.\nConventional rocket engines expel propellant, such as when ships move masses of water, aircraft move masses of air, or rockets expel exhaust. A drive which does not expel propellant in order to produce a reaction force, providing thrust while being a closed system with no external interaction, would be a reactionless drive. Such a drive would violate the conservation of momentum and Newton's third law, leading many physicists to believe it to be impossible, labelling the idea pseudoscience. A drive that does interact with an external field would be part of an open system, propellantless but not reactionless, like a", "time during an ideal gravity turn ascent that thrust must be used for purposes of steering. The pitchover maneuver serves two purposes. First, it turns the rocket slightly so that its flight path is no longer vertical, and second, it places the rocket on the correct heading for its ascent to orbit. After the pitchover, the rocket's angle of attack is adjusted to zero for the remainder of its climb to orbit. This zeroing of the angle of attack reduces lateral aerodynamic loads and produces negligible lift force during the ascent. Downrange acceleration After the pitchover,", "a means of propulsion for genuine flight. Rocket is capable of flying through narrow corridors and performing complex aerial maneuvers. She can even hover in midair by releasing controlled bursts of kinetic energy beneath her.\nRocket's inertia field has certain weaknesses due to its very nature. First, the field will not activate if a person or object exerts little kinetic energy against it. This makes Rocket vulnerable to stealth attacks, which rely on slower movements and minimal force. Second, the inertia field offers little protection against weapons based on non-kinetic energy like thermal (e.g., flamethrowers) or electrical (e.g., tasers). Finally, Rocket", "thruster rockets, the electrohydrodynamic principle does not apply in the vacuum of space. Aircraft configuration As with conventional reaction thrust, EAD thrust may be directed either horizontally to power a fixed-wing airplane or vertically to support a powered lift craft, sometimes referred to as a \"lifter\". Design The thrust generating components of an ion propulsion system consist of three parts; a corona or emitter wire, an air gap and a collector wire or strip downstream from the emitter. A lightweight insulating frame supports the arrangement. The emitter and collector should be as close to each other as possible, i.e. with", "reaching a stable orbit above the atmosphere. The technique is also useful when launching from a planet with a thick atmosphere, such as the Earth. Because gravity turns the flight path during free flight, the rocket can use a smaller initial pitchover angle, giving it higher vertical velocity, and taking it out of the atmosphere more quickly. This reduces both aerodynamic drag as well as aerodynamic stress during launch. Then later during the flight the rocket coasts between stage firings, allowing it to level off above the atmosphere, so when the engine fires again, at zero angle of attack, the", "Gimbaled thrust Gimbaled thrust is the system of thrust vectoring used in most rockets, including the Space Shuttle, the Saturn V lunar rockets, and the Falcon 9. Operation In a gimbaled thrust system, the exhaust nozzle of the rocket can be swiveled from side to side. As the nozzle is moved, the direction of the thrust is changed relative to the center of gravity of the rocket.\nThe diagram illustrates three cases. The middle rocket shows the straight-line flight configuration in which the direction of thrust is along the center line of the rocket and through the center of gravity of", "powered and have at least one gyroscope, thruster, and cockpit. To be able to move in any direction and then be able to stop effectively via inertia dampeners, thrusters must be placed on the structure facing up, down, forward, backward, left, and right. More gyroscopes on a ship will increase the ships ability to rotate in space, but in order for the inertial dampeners to be more effective, more thrusters must be added in each direction in which dampening is required.\nAstronauts floating in space are able to move forward, backward, upwards, downwards, left, or right without restriction by using a", "parameters for controlling the engine control system for the Zvezda module make the rocket engines boost the International Space Station to a higher orbit. The rocket engines are hinge-mounted, and ordinarily the crew doesn't notice the operation. On January 14, 2009, however, the uploaded parameters made the autopilot swing the rocket engines in larger and larger oscillations, at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. These oscillations were captured on video, and lasted for 142 seconds. Mechanical and acoustic resonance Mechanical resonance is the tendency of a mechanical system to absorb more energy when the frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural", "lb. Looking inside the \"black box\" shows that the thrust results from all the unbalanced momentum and pressure forces created within the engine itself. These forces, some forwards and some rearwards, are across all the internal parts, both stationary and rotating, such as ducts, compressors, etc., which are in the primary gas flow which flows through the engine from front to rear. The algebraic sum of all these forces is delivered to the airframe for propulsion. \"Flight\" gives examples of these internal forces for two early jet engines, the Rolls-Royce Avon Ra.14 and the de Havilland Goblin Transferring thrust to", "the rocket.\nGenerally speaking, noise is most intense when a rocket is close to the ground, since the noise from the engines radiates up away from the jet, as well as reflecting off the ground. Also, when the vehicle is moving slowly, little of the chemical energy input to the engine can go into increasing the kinetic energy of the rocket (since useful power P transmitted to the vehicle is for thrust F and speed V). Then the largest portion of the energy is dissipated in the exhaust's interaction with the ambient air, producing noise. This noise can be reduced", "engine); momentum forces the rocket in the opposite direction. The alka-seltzer rocket experiment demonstrates Newton's third law. The film canister rocket has a buildup of gas that wants to come out of the weakest spot making all the gas come out at once through the hole at the bottom. The gas comes out from the underside and pushes the rocket up. After it gets pushed up, air resistance slows it down and gravity pulls it down to earth. The film canister accelerates quickly because it has very little mass. The film canister rocket uses a solid fuel mixed with a", "rock on a transverse shaft, thus causing the rocket to move along its centreline. After erection of the rocket to a vertical position, it was held suspended above the launch table; by use of the pivot clamp, the weight of the rocket could be gently lowered onto the launch table until fully taken up, allowing the rocket to be unsecured from the lifting frame, thus dismounting it from the Meillerwagen.\nThe short drive shaft operated a screw sleeve, which extended to work a bell crank. The bell crank turned a transverse shaft fitted with an eccentric cam, which would push or", "ion drives and mass drivers. Duct engines are obviously not used for space propulsion due to the lack of air; however some proposed spacecraft have these kinds of engines to assist takeoff and landing. Rocket engines Most rocket engines are internal combustion heat engines (although non combusting forms exist). Rocket engines generally produce a high temperature reaction mass, as a hot gas. This is achieved by combusting a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel with an oxidiser within a combustion chamber. The extremely hot gas is then allowed to escape through a high-expansion ratio nozzle. This bell-shaped nozzle is what gives" ]

[ "Having a monopoly is not inherently bad or illegal. What is illegal is using your control over a market to stifle competition. That's when the government steps in and companies are broken up.", "The government doesn't care of a company with three percent of the market merges with a company with two percent. The additional market power of the new company will negligible. And in such a case, the government shouldn't be interfering with private economic actors making their own legal economic arrangements. Moreover, these mergers can create efficiencies and lead to innovation which benefits consumers, and frequently helps create economies of scale which lead to lower prices. so long as it doesn't give a single company too much power, mergers are generally positive for the public and shareholders of the acquired company, and occasionally they're of great benefit to the public (not often, but it can happen).", "It is not consolidation itself that is considered monopolistic. A monopoly dominates an industry and flexes that position to control the market. Companies that merge must go through a legal examination to determine whether or not they would end up a monopoly in their market. Businesses must stay competitive, because if they do not, they will go out of business. Smaller businesses (in their market) may not have the scale to compete against giants in their industries. This is why it is sometimes necessary or most compelling for two companies to merge.\n\nHypothetical A: Green Co. and Red Co. make widgets. Green Co. currently holds a 10% market share at 10 million units per year and has been a leader in the market for the last 50 years. Red Co. holds a 1% market share and, while still profitable, makes less profit than Green Co. Because they are so much smaller, their production is smaller with equal fixed costs, and so their costs of production are also higher per widget, which translates to lower profits per unit (economies of scale). \n\nIf Green Co. were to lower the price of their widgets, Red Co. would need to lower their prices as well to stay competitive. If Green were to lower their prices below what it costs Red Co. to make their widgets, Red Co. will spend more money than it makes and end up out of business. Green Co. would then be able to take their market share and sell more units at that low low price.\n\nRed Co. could also merge with Blue Co., which holds a 5% market share at 5 million units per year, and it would allow them to reduce their production costs to stay competitive in the marketplace and accommodate the low prices that the market now demands. If they were to do this, it would not be a monopoly because they still maintain a smaller market share than Green Co. The new, Purple Co., could now remain a competitor and stay in business.\n\nnote: this is a rough overview of monopolies in business which I typed up just now. Some of the numbers may be off or I may have missed a few points. Please feel free to correct me or add to it as necessary.", "Not all mergers are bad.\n\nIf mergers were not allowed, then the assets of a failing company (such as patents, R & D, customer base, etc) might be wasted if the company was completely dissolved. On the other hand, a merger could result in benefits for multiple parties (such as the shareholders, customers, employees, etc). An example of where a merger/acquisition might positively affect employees is if the acquired company only suffers a few layoffs as opposed to total dissolution (and thus everyone being laid off).\n\nIn other cases, some companies acquire another company which does not otherwise compete with the acquiring company. It might happen because the acquiring company wants to acquire technical competence in an area where they might otherwise not be good at.\n\nIn cases where companies might merge and form monopolies, it is usually the job of a regulatory agency to ensure that the merger is not harmful to the consumer for example by allowing monopolies to exist.\n\nThat being said, there are some acquisitions that are more questionable. For example, if an investor purchases significant amount of shares in a company then they can gain partial control of the company and can act against that company's long-term interests. I'm not sure why this is even allowed." ]

[ "Community Merger Regulation\nThis usually means that one firm buys out the shares of another. The reasons for oversight of economic concentrations by the state are the same as the reasons to restrict firms who abuse a position of dominance, only that regulation of mergers and acquisitions attempts to deal with the problem before it arises, ex ante prevention of creating dominant firms. In the case of [T-102/96] Gencor Ltd v. Commission [1999] ECR II-753 the EU Court of First Instance wrote merger control is there \"to avoid the establishment of market structures which may create or strengthen a dominant position", "and acquisition is meant to prevent this problem, before the creation of a dominant firm through mergers and/or acquisitions.\nIn recent years, mergers have increased in their complexity, size and geographical reach, as seen in the merger between Pfizer and Warner-Lambert. According to Merger Regulation No.139/2004, in order for these regulations to apply, a merger must have a “community dimension”, meaning the merger must have a noticeable impact within the EU, therefore the undertakings in question must have a certain degree of business within the EU common market. However, in Genccor Ltd v. Commission, the Court of First Instance(now the General", "Mergers and acquisitions in United Kingdom law Mergers and acquisitions in United Kingdom law refers to a body of law that covers companies, labour, and competition, which is engaged when firms restructure their affairs in the course of business. Company law In company law, there are three main areas that regulate mergers and acquisitions (also, reconstructions or takeovers). There are three main areas of law, those to do with schemes of arrangement overseen by a court, those for general reconstructions, demergers, amalgamations and so on that are not overseen by a court, and takeovers, which concern acquisitions of public companies.", "attempts to deal with the problem before it arises, ex ante prevention of market dominance. In the United States merger regulation began under the Clayton Act, and in the European Union, under the Merger Regulation 139/2004 (known as the \"ECMR\"). Competition law requires that firms proposing to merge gain authorization from the relevant government authority. The theory behind mergers is that transaction costs can be reduced compared to operating on an open market through bilateral contracts. Concentrations can increase economies of scale and scope. However often firms take advantage of their increase in market power, their increased market share and", "Sometimes, a part of the agreement will not allow the new shareholders to sell for a certain time period to avoid a sudden drop in share price. This is a form of a shareholder rights plan or poison pill strategy that is used to combat hostile takeovers. When all things come together and are fair, then the takeover will proceed without incident.\nIn South Korea, the merger ratio is defined by a certain formula according to the law, if both companies are listed on the KRX. Example For example, in 2010, two companies came together to form GenOn Energy, Mirant, and", "De facto merger Considerations The three primary considerations to the doctrine are in reference to the corporation, shareholders and third parties involved.\nCorporate law scholars argue against the ability of legislature to change transactions that add greater and unforeseen debts and obligations. This ability doesn’t allow for proper planning, certainty and predictability, of agreements to assure effective transactions. \nOther scholars still argue in favor of the doctrine to protect shareholders. Statutory mergers give shareholders exit rights, such as appraisal rights. Frequently in a sale-of-assets, shareholders in a privately traded company may have no option but to sell shares to a new", "decreased number of competitors, which can adversely affect the deal that consumers get. Merger control is about predicting what the market might be like, not knowing and making a judgment. Hence the central provision under EU law asks whether a concentration would, if it went ahead, \"significantly impede effective competition... in particular as a result of the creation or strengthening off a dominant position...\" and the corresponding provision under US antitrust states similarly,\nNo person shall acquire, directly or indirectly, the whole or any part of the stock or other share capital... of the assets of one or more persons engaged", "a merger the effect of which \"may be substantially to lessen competition\" is not saved because, on some ultimate reckoning of social or economic debits and credits, it may be deemed beneficial. A value choice of such magnitude is beyond the ordinary limits of judicial competence, and in any event has been made for us already, by Congress when it enacted the amended § 7. Congress determined to preserve our traditionally competitive economy. It therefore proscribed anticompetitive mergers, the benign and the malignant alike, fully aware, we must assume, that some price might have to be paid. Dissent Justice Harlan, joined", "Competition law UK law on merger control follows European Union law. The competence to deal with issues that only affect the UK market falls under the OFT and Competition Commission's jurisdiction. These two institutions are influential players in the development of European merger law. The term under EC law for merger is \"concentration\", which exists when a...\n\"change of control on a lasting basis results from (a) the merger of two or more previously independent undertakings... (b) the acquisition... if direct or indirect control of the whole or parts of one or more other undertakings.\" Art. 3(1), Regulation 139/2004, the European", "points not on its line, is owned equally by the companies that use it (via trackage rights).\nStock ownership does not automatically cause a merger of operations, merely in friendly policies towards each other. Operating and leasing agreements typically require a more stringent approval process through the regulating body.\nIf the owned company goes bankrupt, its stock is worthless, and the owner no longer controls it (unless it buys it back at auction). Consolidation Consolidation happens when two railroad companies are consolidated. It is often the last step in an arrangement between two railroads, and is hard to undo, except in the", "also be considered there. If this argument is correct then it could have a profound effect on the outcome of cases as well as the Modernisation process as a whole.\nThe theory behind mergers is that transaction costs can be reduced compared to operating on an open market through bilateral contracts. Concentrations can increase economies of scale and scope. However, often firms take advantage of their increase in market power, their increased market share and decreased number of competitors, which can have a knock on effect on the deal that consumers get. Merger control is about predicting what the market might", "than the value represented by the price of the underlying stock. The usual explanation for these types of mergers and acquisitions is that \"the sum is greater than its parts\", since full ownership of a company provides full control of it. This is something that purchasers will sometimes pay a high price for. This situation can happen in real estate purchases too.\nBut the most common reason for value differing from price is that either the buyer or the seller is uninformed as to what a property's market value is but nevertheless agrees on a contract at a certain price which", "stock cannot agree to a merger or takeover plan.", "ever approved a merger to duopoly under similar circumstances.\"\nTurning to Heinz's rebuttal, which led the district court to conclude that the merger would not harm competition, the appellate court found that the district court committed legal errors. It wrongly insisted that the FTC show that prices to consumers would rise, which no court has ever held and which is contrary to precedent. The district court also concluded that \"the anticompetitive effects of the merger will be offset by efficiencies resulting from the union of the two companies, efficiencies which they assert will be used to compete more effectively against Gerber.\"", "Mergers and acquisitions Legal structures Corporate acquisitions can be characterized for legal purposes as either \"asset purchases\" in which the seller sells business assets to the buyer, or \"equity purchases\" in which the buyer purchases equity interests in a target company from one or more selling shareholders. Asset purchases are common in technology transactions where the buyer is most interested in particular intellectual property rights but does not want to acquire liabilities or other contractual relationships. An asset purchase structure may also be used when the buyer wishes to buy a particular division or unit of a company which is", "In this case cooperation is not totally equal because each company will share only the resources that are convenient and this could cause that a company lose more than the others.Geringer and Herbert in 1989 made a nonequity strategic alliance that did not work because of the concept because each company chose how much to contribute, and in many cases this means that companies would not take risks, and this affects the alliance. Slow-cycle markets In markets that are restricted and that have constant changes. An alliance can increase competitiveness because the partner can understand and adapt to the market.", "mergers are more disapproved than vertical mergers, as they affect a more tangible reduction in competition. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) states on its website that \"The greatest antitrust concern arises with proposed mergers between direct competitors (horizontal mergers).\"\nAs both Disney and Fox produce films and television series, the deal would reduce the number of major film studios in Hollywood from six to five. Some argued the operation would still leave many competitors around since Disney may compete with Netflix in the online streaming market with Disney+ in equal conditions with its newly acquired properties. Opponents countered that these arguments", "in producer surplus due to lower production costs is larger or smaller than the fall in consumer surplus due to higher prices. Note that it is theoretically possible that the fall in unit costs due to the merger could be sufficiently large that the post merger monopoly price ends up being lower than the pre merger competitive price in which case both producer and consumer surplus would increase. In that situation no trade-off exists and the merger is unambiguously beneficial to all market participants. More generally however, a horizontal merger can involve both costs and benefits. Applications in antitrust policy", "the privilege to do business in a corporate form. We find in the case at hand neither agency on the one hand, nor on the other abuse to be corrected by the implication of a merger. On the contrary, merger might beget more abuses than if stifled. Statutes carefully framed for the protection, not merely of creditors, but of all who travel upon railroads, forbid the confusion of liabilities by extending operation over one route to operation over another. In such circumstances, we thwart the public policy of the state instead of defending or upholding it, when we ignore the", "at a premium the prospective acquirer's stock holdings in the target.\nCommon shareholders tend to dislike standstill agreements because they limit their potential returns from a takeover. \nAnother type of standstill agreement occurs when two or more parties agree not to deal with other parties in a particular matter for a period of time. For example, in negotiations over a merger or acquisition, the target and prospective purchaser may each agree not to solicit or engage in acquisitions with other parties. The agreement increases the parties' incentives to invest in negotiations and due diligence, respecting their own potential deal.\nStandstill agreements are", "Partition (law) Why forced sales occur Forced sales generally occur because owners of property are unable to agree upon certain aspects of the ownership. The owners may disagree on how to use the property, the amount of money to invest into the property, on their right to occupy and use the whole of the property. If the parties cannot come to an agreement, the case moves to court through a petition to partition action. As the number of cohabitants increases in the United States, the petition to partition action has become more common as a remedy to divide real and", "reduce prices. However more often than not mergers were \"quick mergers\". These \"quick mergers\" involved mergers of companies with unrelated technology and different management. As a result, the efficiency gains associated with mergers were not present. The new and bigger company would actually face higher costs than competitors because of these technological and managerial differences. Thus, the mergers were not done to see large efficiency gains, they were in fact done because that was the trend at the time. Companies which had specific fine products, like fine writing paper, earned their profits on high margin rather than volume and took", "stocks of other companies\", which the government saw as a \"common and favorite method of promoting monopoly\" and a mere corporated form of the 'old fashioned' trust.\nAnother important factor to consider is the amendment passed in Congress on Section 7 of the Clayton Act in 1950. This original position of the US government on mergers and acquisitions was strengthened by the Celler-Kefauver amendments of 1950, so as to cover asset as well as stock acquisitions. Pre-merger notification Section 7a, 15 U.S.C. § 18a, requires that companies notify the Federal Trade Commission and the Assistant Attorney General of the United States Department of", "question to be asked in this case is not where the parties to the merger do business or even where they compete, but where, within the area of competitive overlap, the effect of the merger on competition will be direct and immediate.\" Quoting the Tampa Electric case, the Court explained that \"area of effective competition in the known line of commerce must be charted by careful selection of the market area in which the seller operates, and to which the purchaser can practicably turn for supplies.\" The Court said purchasers could practically turn only to banks in the Philadelphia", "Collective business system Overview During the twentieth century, the business world in the United States of America and many European countries has witnessed the consolidation of all types of businesses through mergers, rollups or acquisitions. Typically, by the end of the consolidation process, a particular industry or profession becomes dominated by three or four nationally based enterprises. Under these circumstances many smaller companies (often serving only local requirements and in private ownership) are often forced out of business or decide to sell to one of the dominant entities because it can no longer compete profitably with them. Typically, locally based", "compared to using an equity (or stock) purchase agreement or a merger agreement. In an equity or merger acquisition, the purchaser is guaranteed to receive all of the target's assets without exception, but also automatically assumes all of the target's liabilities. An asset purchase agreement, alternatively, allows not only for a transaction where only some of the assets are transferred (which is sometimes desired) but also allows the parties to negotiate which liabilities of the target are expressly assumed by the purchaser, and allows the purchaser to leave behind those liabilities it does not wish to accept (or", "a possible merger, which failed. Subsequently, in January 2008, a merger in 2010 was promised.\nWith massive pressure from the owners of both companies and with the objective of saving costs, merger talks began again in September 2011. The Federal Cartel Office approval of the merger was announced in late May 2012, however, talks ended in July 2012 due to differences in company valuation. Fresh talks began at the end of 2013, resulting in the successful merger in 2015. Banksystem agree Agree, a banking system developed and maintained by Fiducia, is a modular total banking procedure. It is based on", "does not know about). A disadvantage of an asset purchase agreement is that it can often result in a greater number of change of control issues. For example, contracts held by a target, and acquired by a purchaser, will often require the consent of the counterparty in the context of an asset deal, whereas it is less common that such consent will be needed in connection with an equity sale or merger agreement.\nOther than having the flexibility to sell only certain assets, rather than the entire company, asset purchase agreements typically also include detailed provisions regarding the transfer", "or \"limited partnership\". They are tax subject, and company shares cannot be sold in a public market, the transference of them having to be done compulsorily in the presence of a civil law notary, in the same way other major properties have to be sold. Nonetheless, the responsibility of the partners is limited to the capital share they hold, and the minimum capital required by law for a S.L. is at least €3,000. Sweden Sweden has no equivalent of an LLC. The closest company form is the handelsbolag (lit.: \"trade company\"). The Swedish AB (aktiebolag; lit.: \"share company\"), like the", "properties as the merger progresses.\nSome analysts believe cost savings after the two companies merge are expected to be about $500M dollars. Customers are ultimately divided over the consolidation of their product families and how it may affect their own development and end-products." ]

[ "Vitamins are not food and they are not drugs. They cannot regulate them because currently they do not have the authority to do so. They (or some other part of the government, I am not sure) would have to reclassify all vitamins to make them a drug and therefore able to be regulated. \n\nEdit: Also the FDA does not make any drugs, they regulate the companies that makes drugs. I am not sure how the FDA changing the classification of vitamins would magically make them more beneficial.", "Multivitamins are not usually medically necessary. A normal diet will get you the vitamins you need. If you supplement it, then you're essentially creating more work for your kidneys and producing very expensive urine.\n\nSome people have medical conditions or dietary deficiencies that make supplementation useful. For example, people with thyroid conditions may want to supplement with iodine. Vegans may need to supplement B12 or D. But a single one-size-fits-all daily multivitamin is neither practical nor necessary.", "Recent studies have shown zero benefit from vitamin supplements.\n\nAlso the FDA is a government regulatory agency, not a manufacturer of anything but policy.", "Because they know vitamins are a crock. Normal people get all the vitamins they need from their food as long as they are eating more than poptarts for every meal. Vitamin supplementation is good for people in extraordinary situations. For example, pregnancy, *diagnosed* deficiencies, and individuals who may be in a nutritionally deficient environment like someone who works in the arctic.", "ELI5:\n\nYou are a consumer of lemonade. There are several stands in your neighborhood, and the parents in the neighborhood watch all the lemonade stands to make sure the lemonade is made properly. Some kids add more sugar than others, some use organic lemons while the rest use regular lemons, some kids sell lemonade in big glass jars while others sell it in little plastic cups.\n\nThe parents make sure the kids are washing their hands before they make lemonade, that the kids aren't claiming their lemonade cures cancer, and that the kids aren't lying about the ingredients they use to make lemonade. \n\nThen the parents recommend Billy's lemonade. But why? Billy's lemonade is really not all that different from Suzy's lemonade, or John's lemonade. \n\nSee, different people need different types of lemonade, so for the parents to recommend one type as superior sends the message that all people should have the same kind of lemonade, which is completely false.\n\nThus, the parents are clearly backing a false message, which is massively hypocritical considering their job is to make sure the lemonade stands do not make false statements about their lemonade.", "Because vitamins are a waste of money, they offer no health benefit to an otherwise healthy person. \n\nIf you're not suffering from malnutrition, and are not pregnant there is practically no reason you should be taking vitamins. \n\n\ntl;dr vitamins are a scam." ]

[ "generic formulation is available in the US and none has appeared due to the fact that the FDA approval process was ongoing. If rifaximin receives full FDA approval for hepatic encephalopathy it is likely that Salix will maintain marketing exclusivity and be protected from generic formulations until March 24, 2017. In 2018, a patent dispute with Teva was settled which delayed a generic in the United States, with the patent set to expire in 2029.\nRifaximin is approved in 33 countries for GI disorders. On August 13, 2013, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance to Salix Pharmaceuticals Inc. for the", "Multivitamins are the most commonly used product. For those who fail to consume a balanced diet, the United States National Institutes of Health states that certain supplements \"may have value.\"\nIn the United States, it is against federal regulations for supplement manufacturers to claim that these products prevent or treat any disease. Companies are allowed to use what is referred to as \"Structure/Function\" wording if there is substantiation of scientific evidence for a supplement providing a potential health effect. An example would be \"_____ helps maintain healthy joints\", but the label must bear a disclaimer that the Food and Drug Administration", "denying others. \nIn 2007, North Carolina Public Radio's The People's Pharmacy began reporting on consumers' complaints that generic versions of bupropion (Wellbutrin) were yielding unexpected effects. Subsequently, Impax Laboratories's 300 mg extended-release tablets, marketed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, were withdrawn from the US market after the FDA determined in 2012 that they were not bioequivalent.\nProblems with the quality of generic drugs – especially those produced outside the United States – are widespread as of 2019. The FDA does infrequent - less than annual - inspections of production sites outside the United States. The FDA normally gives advance notice of inspections, which", "these products is low, it is unclear that avoiding quaternium-15 in cosmetics provides any health benefits. Even so, Johnson & Johnson announced plans to phase out its use of quaternium-15 in cosmetic products by 2015 in response to consumer pressure.", "used in between 3,000 and 4,000 of just over 15,000 abortions in 2005. United States Mifepristone was approved for abortion in the United States by the FDA in September 2000. It is legal and available in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., Guam, and Puerto Rico. It is a prescription drug, but it is not available to the public through pharmacies; its distribution is restricted to specially qualified licensed physicians, sold by Danco Laboratories under the trade name Mifeprex.\nRoussel Uclaf did not seek U.S. approval, so in the United States legal availability was not initially possible. The United States banned importation", "for the two drugs were similar, but doctors prescribed Lovaza for people who had triglycerides lower than 500 mg/dL based on some clinical evidence. Amarin wanted to actively market E-EPA for that population as well which would have greatly expanded its revenue, and applied to the FDA for permission to do so in 2013, which the FDA denied. In response, in May 2015 Amarin sued the FDA for infringing its First Amendment rights, and in August 2015 a judge ruled that the FDA could not \"prohibit the truthful promotion of a drug for unapproved uses because doing so would", "highly emetogenic regimens. In its review, the FDA did not grant the broad HEC label to the drug citing the focus on AC regimens, primarily breast-cancer, and lack of data.", "drugs they use are FDA approved. Their website does not provide any examples of the kinds of drugs, but drugs they have employed in the past have included unusually low doses of cisplatin, cetuximab, doxorubicin, and Avastin. None of these drugs have been shown to be effective against DIPG, and it is unclear if Avastin has been approved by the FDA for use in children. According to the parents of one patient interviewed in 2018, the doctors administer \"10 to 12 different types of medicines.\" Treatment is provided once every three weeks in some cases and once every six weeks", "1998. Congress had previously authorized the FDA to pre-approve health claims on foods (including dietary supplements) but the FDA created an undefined and difficult standard for approving such health claims, and after 10 years had approved only 10 such claims. Supplement manufacturers Dirk Pearson and Sandy Shaw sued the FDA in federal court for refusing to allow four health claims on their products that were supported by science, based on the First Amendment and the FDA's failure to define their standard for accepting a health claim. The D.C. Appeals Court rejected the First Amendment argument, but ruled in favor of", "levels of melamine in its infant formula. The three firms manufacture more than 90 percent of all infant formula produced in the United States. The FDA and other experts said the melamine contamination in U.S.-made formula had occurred unintentionally during the manufacturing process and were not a safety concern. Impact on human food supply In early 2007, U.S. officials publicly said that they do not believe melamine alone to be harmful to humans. However, there was too little data at that time to determine how it reacts with other substances, in particular, the combination of melamine with cyanuric", "still under evaluation by the FDA. In response to FDA questions about Donnatal® efficacy, A.H. Robins Co. filed abbreviated new drug applications for Donnatal® tablets (ANDA 86-676), capsules (ANDA 86-677) and Elixir (ANDA 86-661). These ANDAs, with the exception of the capsule formulation, are still in force today and the FDA has not changed the review status of Donnatal® as being conditionally approved for its indication.\nOn September 29, 2011, the FDA issued new guidance with regard to the DESI category. This effectively disallowed any new DESI formulations to enter the market. The FDA has also stated that DESI drugs do", "with pseudoephedrine, ephedrine, or any other precursor chemical that can readily and illicitly be converted into methamphetamine, Methcathinone or any active/scheduled analogs of Phenylethylamines/ amphetamine.\" However, products containing the substance are still OTC in most states, since no prescription is required.\nA similar regulation applies to some forms of emergency contraception. The FDA considers them to be OTC substances for females 17 or over but prescription drugs for younger women.To enforce the restriction and to provide counseling and education on proper use, an agreement between the manufacturer and the FDA requires the drugs to be stored behind the pharmacy counter. Women", "(including interchangeables that are substitutable with their reference product) as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed by President Obama on March 23, 2010.\nThe FDA has previously approved biologic products using comparability, for example, Omnitrope in May 2006, but this like Enoxaparin was also to a reference product, Genotropin, originally approved as a biologic drug under the FD&C Act.\nOn March 6, 2015, Zarxio obtained the first approval of FDA. Sandoz’s Zarxio is biosimilar to Amgen’s Neupogen (filgrastim), which was originally licensed in 1991. This is the first product to be passed under the Biologics Price Competition and", "same patients.\nThe FDA cannot control the use of practitioners injecting various mixtures into patient's bodies because this practice falls under the jurisdiction of state medical boards. This is the case because the mesotherapy is considered a \"procedure\" by state medical boards. The FDA, on the other hand, is mandated to approve foods, dietary supplements, drugs, vaccines, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices, radiation-emitting devices, veterinary products and cosmetics.\nRobin Ashinoff, speaking for the American Academy of Dermatology, says \"A simple injection is giving people false hope. Everybody's looking for a quick fix. But there is no quick fix for fat", "drugs were eventually suspended or recalled by manufacturers. In the early 1990s, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filed securities fraud charges against the Bolar Pharmaceutical Company, a major generic manufacturer based in Long Island, New York. Over-the-counter drugs Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs like aspirin are drugs and combinations that do not require a doctor's prescription.\nThe FDA has a list of approximately 800 approved ingredients that are combined in various ways to create more than 100,000 OTC drug products.\nMany OTC drug ingredients had been previously approved prescription drugs now deemed safe enough for use without a medical practitioner's supervision like ibuprofen.", "prescription drugs from the market, the FDA mandated that companies stop manufacturing this drug or be subject to criminal charges. The FDA has not evaluated this drug for safety, effectiveness or quality and has concerns about inappropriate dosing and risk of contamination during the manufacturing process. The FDA adverse event reporting database does not have any known cases of adverse events where Auralgan is the primary suspect.", "drugs whose patents have expired. Approved generic drugs should have the same dosage, safety, effectiveness, strength, stability, and quality, as well as route of administration.In general, they are less expensive than their name brand counterparts, are manufactured and marketed by other companies and, in the 1990s, accounted for about a third of all prescriptions written in the United States.\nFor approval of a generic drug, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires scientific evidence that the generic drug is interchangeable with or therapeutically equivalent to the originally approved drug. This is called an \"ANDA\" (Abbreviated New Drug Application). As", "drug manufacturers. In addition, FDA believes that with noted exceptions, certain products are not appropriate for compounding under any circumstances. These products would include: 1) what are essentially copies of FDA-approved drugs, absent a shortage justification based on the drug appearing on FDA’s shortage list; and 2) complex dosage forms such as extended release products; transdermal patches; liposomal products; most biologics; and other products as designated by FDA. Producing complex dosage forms would require an approved application and compliance with cGMP standards, along with other requirements applicable to manufactured drug products.\"\nThis statement also went on to advocate certain auditing and", "products that do not fit within a specific monograph. There is also the possibility that certain OTC drug products are marketed under the grandfathering provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, but the FDA has never formally acknowledged that any legitimate grandfathered OTC drug exists.\nExamples of OTC substances approved in the United States are sunscreens, anti-microbial and anti-fungal products, external and internal analgesics such as lidocaine and aspirin, psoriasis and eczema topical treatments, anti-dandruff shampoos containing coal tar, and other topical products with a therapeutic effect.\nThe Federal Trade Commission regulates advertising of OTC products, in contrast to prescription", "had developed the drug.\nE-EPA was the second fish-oil drug to be approved, after omega-3 acid ethyl esters (GlaxoSmithKline's Lovaza which was approved in 2004) and sales were not as robust as Amarin had hoped. The labels for the two drugs were similar, but doctors prescribed Lovaza for people who had triglycerides lower than 500 mg/dL based on some clinical evidence. Amarin wanted to actively market E-EPA for that population as well which would have greatly expanded its revenue, and applied to the FDA for permission to do so in 2013, which the FDA denied. In response, in May 2015", "Some firms make large amounts of compounded drugs that are copies or near copies of FDA-approved, commercially available drugs. Other firms sell to physicians and patients with whom they have only a remote professional relationship.\" The head of the FDA has recently requested the following authority from Congress:\n\"Nontraditional compounding should, because of the higher risk presented, be subject to a greater degree of oversight. Sterile products produced in advance of or without a prescription and\nshipped interstate should be subject to the highest level of controls, established by FDA and appropriate to the activity, similar to cGMP standards applicable to conventional", "perceived.\nHowever, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act \"does not recognize any such category as \"cosmeceuticals\". A product can be a drug, a cosmetic, or a combination of both, but the term \"cosmeceutical\" has no meaning under the law\".\nAdditionally, the FDA states that: \"Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act defines drugs as those products that cure, treat, mitigate or prevent disease or that affect the structure or function of the human body. While drugs are subject to an intensive review and approval process by FDA, cosmetics are not approved by FDA prior", "a pharmacy, significant because following the meningitis outbreak, public health officials have charged that NECC was operating more as a manufacturer than a pharmacy. Manufacturers are regulated by the FDA and are subject to stricter quality standards than pharmacies. The report also shows that after investigations in 2003, the FDA officials asked that the compounding pharmacy be \"prohibited from manufacturing\" until it improved its operations, but Massachusetts regulators ultimately reached an agreement with the pharmacy to settle concerns about the quality of its prescription drugs.\nAccording to documents summarized by the committee, within less than a year of the pharmacy's opening", "injections to three per week. In October 2017, the FDA approved a generic version, which is manufactured in India by NATCO Pharma, and imported and sold by Dutch firm Mylan. In February 2018, Sandoz received FDA approval for their generic version. In parallel with the development and approval processes, the generic competitors have disputed Teva's newer patents, any of which if upheld, would prevent marketing of long-acting generics.\nWhile the patent on the chemical drug expired in 2015, Teva obtained new US patents covering pharmaceutical formulations for long-acting delivery. Litigation from industry competitors in 2016-2017 resulted in the new", "drugs may be created in collaboration with the manufacture of the brand name drug. The FDA may remove the REMS requirement if it is found to not improve patient safety.\nThe REMS program developed out of previous systems dating back to the 1980s for monitoring the use of a small number of high-risk drugs such as the Accutane, which causes serious birth defects, Clozaril, which can cause agranulocytosis, and Thalidomide, which is used to treat leprosy but causes serious birth defects. The 2007 Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act created section 505-1 of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which allowed", "Health Professionals, National Consumers League, and the American Sexual Health Association.\nThe approval was opposed by the National Women's Health Network, the National Center for Health Research and Our Bodies Ourselves. A representative of PharmedOut said \"To approve this drug will set the worst kind of precedent — that companies that spend enough money can force the FDA to approve useless or dangerous drugs.\" An editorial in JAMA noted that \" Although flibanserin is not the first product to be supported by a consumer advocacy group in turn supported by pharmaceutical manufacturers, claims of gender bias regarding the FDA’s regulation have", "being used in diagnosing breast and testicular cancer. The new system will replace invasive procedures and eliminate waiting time for the results. Pharmaceutical sciences Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, headquartered in Petah Tikva, Israel, is the largest generic drug manufacturer in the world and one of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies worldwide. It specializes in generic drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients and has developed proprietary pharmaceuticals such as Copaxone and Laquinimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, and Rasagiline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Nobel Prize laureates Six Israelis have won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In 2004, biologists Avram Hershko", "produce Amcinonide for international sales. While most products are manufactured at 0.1% strength ointment, cream, or lotion, it is important to note that none of the producers sell Amcinonide as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication but only as a prescription product.\nWhile the initial patents obtained by American Cyanamid company in the late 1970s/ early 1980s for ointment, cream, and lotion formulations have expired, new patents have been obtained for alternative transdermal delivery methods. More recently, however, the drug formulation itself has not been patented but ways to incorporate it into occlusive dressings such as a pressure sensitive adhesive layer", "introduction in the FDA Amendments Act of 2007. Under the enacted law, FDA approval of a non-NTD drug can be accelerated through the drug review process if paired to a drug that addresses a NTD. The potential economic benefit to a pharmaceutical company is estimated to be potentially as high as $300 million per drug. Three drugs have earned NTD PRVs to date (December 2014): Coartem (by Novartis, for malaria); bedaquiline (by Janssen, for TB) and miltefosine (by Knight, for leishmaniasis). However, the success of the PRV system is now under much scrutiny, given that Knight", "Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as a compound drug because mesenchymal stem cells have not been FDA-approved as components for use in compound drugs. Having rejected the counterclaims and establishing that the Regenexx-C mixture is both a drug and subject to FDA regulation, the court then found that these regulations had been violated, and upheld the injunction. Impact It remains to be seen what the long term impacts of this ruling will be. However, there is worry that this case will reinforce the FDA’s ability to regulate cell therapies in the future, discouraging clinics and other companies interested in working" ]

[ "> why is it the only French speaking region of Canada?\n\nIt's not. It's only the only province where French speaking people are a majority.\n\n > How come since Quebec was British owned and subsequently part of an independant Canada, English was not able to replace French?\n\nTo avoid uprisings, the British accepted that it would keep its laws, language and religion thinking they would eventually assimilate. People decided they wouldn't and made efforts to preserve those. To this day, Quebec still works on a different legal system than the other provinces.\n\n > Is French still realy the dominant language of Quebec?\n\nYes.\n\n > Do most people speak it there?\n\nYes\n\n > What are the languages though in school/shown on tv/ radio etc.?\n\nSchool teaches some English but not enough to qualify as bilingual. Media produced in Quebec are in French.", "> How come since Quebec was British owned and subsequently part of an independant Canada, English was not able to replace French?\n\nFrom the beginning, Quebec was very very Catholic. When the english took over, the Catholic church was the authority for French-Canadians and dictated most aspects of life. To resist the non-catholic rule of the English, the church decided the best way was to outnumber the English. The priests pressured families to have a lot of kids. And they did. 10 to 20 children was something normal until the middle of the 20th century.\n\nSo basically, in Quebec, the English were vastly outnumbered and couldn't successfully ban the french language and the catholic religion like in the other provinces. However, back then, the city of Montreal was controlled by its strong English upper class. They were still outnumbered by the french-speaking lower class.\n\nAt the end of the 50s, the francophone were able to gather and start the [Quiet Revolution](_URL_0_). They took back power from the english elite and took out public affairs from the hands of the catholic church. They then made laws to protect the french language and made it the only official language. \n\nTo try to avoid that Quebec separates from Canada, the Canada government decided that the country should be billingual. But it was too late for the french language in most other provinces. French still was able to survive in Ontario and New Brunswick. However, there are 7 million native french speakers in Quebec compared to around a million in the rest of Canada\n\n > Is French still realy the dominant language of Quebec? \n\n80% of quebec have french as their first language. English is the first language of 9%, most of them in Montreal. Even in english areas of Montreal, most jobs require people to be billingual.\n\n > at are the languages though in school/shown on tv/ radio etc.?\n\nFrancophones and immigrant kids go to french schools for primary and secondary education. Anglophones go to English schools. However, there are both English and French universities and colleges in Montreal. \n\nMost of the TV channels based in Quebec are in French, but people also have English channels that are based in the rest of Canada and the united States. Most radio stations are in French, but there are almost half of the radio stations that are in english in montreal." ]

[ "the fact that Quebec French diverges from the standard form of France have caused linguistic insecurity among Quebec speakers.\nDue to the separation from France after the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and the multilingual environment, Quebec French become more anglicized through English pronunciations and borrowings. Though French Canadian speakers were aware of the differences between Quebec French and French, the foreign perception of Quebec French as \"non-standard\" was not an issue until the mid 19th century. The opinions of the French elite that Quebec French was \"far removed from the prestigious variety spoken in Paris\" had spread through the general", "ever since the beginning of British administration, in 1763. Thus, anglicisms in Quebec French tend to be longstanding and part of a gradual, natural process of borrowing, but the unrelated anglicisms in European French are nearly all much more recent and sometimes driven by fads and fashions.\nSome people (for instance, Léandre Bergeron, author of the Dictionnaire de la langue québécoise) have referred to Quebec French as la langue québécoise (the Québécois language); most speakers, however, would reject or even take offence to the idea that they do not speak French. New France The French language established itself permanently in North", "same time, English-speaking Quebecers, ethnic minorities, and First Nations, and some English Canadians outside Quebec have criticized the majority French and their Bill 101. It has been successfully challenged in courts, requiring the use of English as well as French in the province. English-Canadian context George Brown, a prominent Canada West politician, Father of Confederation and founder of The Globe newspaper, said before Confederation: \"What has French-Canadianism been denied? Nothing. It bars all it dislikes—it extorts all its demands—and it grows insolent over its victories.\" Quebec has pursued a distinctive national identity, English Canada tried to adopt multiculturalism. Pierre", "Quebec French syntax There are increasing differences between the syntax used in spoken Quebec French and the syntax of other regional dialects of French. In French-speaking Canada, however, the characteristic differences of Quebec French syntax are not considered standard despite their high-frequency in everyday, relaxed speech. Number On the other hand, many Quebecers in informal context will decide on the agreement with collective nouns based on semantics rather than morphology. That is to say, for instance, that a verb whose grammatical subject is le monde (people, folks) may appear in the 3rd person plural because le monde designates multiple", "History of Quebec French Quebec French is substantially different in pronunciation and vocabulary to the French of Europe and that of France's Second Empire colonies in Africa and Asia.\nSimilar divergences took place in the Portuguese, Spanish and English language of the Americas with respect to European dialects, but in the case of French the separation was increased by the reduction of cultural contacts with France after the 1763 Treaty of Paris in which France ceded Canada to Great Britain.\nAlthough pronunciations like moé and toé are today stigmatized (joual), they were the pronunciations of Early Modern French that were used by", "Quebec's history, notably during the 1837 Lower Canada Rebellion. Part of Quebec's continued historical desire for sovereignty is caused by Quebecers' perception of a singular English-speaking voice and identity that is dominant within the parameters of Canadian identity. (This is a point contested in other parts of Canada, particularly in places such as Manitoba, which has a significant French-speaking population and where, in the 1990s, that population tried to assert francophone language rights in schools. The separatist Parti Québécois-led government of Quebec offered up comment actually taking the side of the Manitoba government, which was opposing granting those rights. Speculation", "into bilingualism and biculturalism to find an answer for this question, and to propose measures to satisfy the demands of the Québécois. French-speaking communities beyond Quebec were also pushing for increased linguistic and cultural accommodations; in 1965 the report of the Laurendeau-Dunton royal commission recommended making French an official language in the parliaments of Canada, the provincial assemblies of Ontario and New Brunswick, in federal tribunals and in all federal government administration of Canada.\nThe implementation of the proposed measures only increased the divide between English Canada and Quebec francophones. English Canadians considered the measures put in place to be unacceptable", "and games (save, map, level, etc.). Perception The perceived overuse of anglicisms in the colloquial register is one cause of the stigmatization of Quebec French. Both the Québécois and the European French accuse each other (and themselves) of using too many anglicisms. A running joke of the difference between European French and Quebec French is that in Europe, on se gare dans un parking (one parks in a carpark) and in Quebec, on se parque dans un stationnement (one parks in a parking lot).\nQuebec and France tend to have entirely different anglicisms because in Quebec they are the gradual result", "became the national, standardized language of France after the French Revolution, but the French of the Ancien Régime kept evolving on its own in Canada. Indeed, the French spoken in Canada is closer idiomatically and phonetically to Belgian French, despite their independent evolution and the relatively small number of Belgian immigrants to Quebec (although it is to be remembered that the influence of the Walloon language in Belgium has influenced the language in the same way as the presence of the Oïl speakers in Quebec).\nThere is also the undeniable fact that Canadian-French speakers have lived alongside and among English speakers", "m and was raised on a 27 m pole. Language The dialects of French spoken in Ontario are similar to, but distinct from, Quebec French and constitute part of the greater Canadian French dialect. Due to the large English majority in the province, English loanwords are sometimes used in the informal or slang registers of Franco-Ontarian French. While English loanwords occur to a large extent in many varieties of French in Canada and Europe, there has been more of a conscious effort in Quebec to eliminate anglicisms.\nIn addition, the majority of Franco-Ontarians are, out of necessity, functionally or fluently bilingual", "in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages. English was also used in the legislature, government commissions and courts.\nAn Act to promote the French language in Québec was passed in 1969 by the Union Nationale government of Jean-Jacques Bertrand. It required the education ministry to ensure that French as a second language was taught to all English-speakers and immigrants in Quebec, but allowed Quebecers freedom of choice in deciding in which language to educate their children. This was considered too weak by many Quebec nationalists, leading to the creation of the Mouvement Québec français and increased support for", "Canadian English. However, this accent is quite rare in the region today. Quebec English is a minority language in Quebec (with French in the majority), but has many speakers in Montreal, the Eastern Townships and in the Gatineau-Ottawa region. Uniquely, many people in Montreal distinguish between words like marry versus merry and parish versus perish, which are homophones to most other speakers of Canadian English. Quebec also has French influence. A person with English mother tongue and still speaking English as the first language is called an Anglophone versus a French speaker, or Francophone. Quebec Anglophones generally pronounce French street", "public by the end of the 19th century, causing a deep sense of linguistic insecurity in French speaking Quebec. The insecurity was twofold since Quebeckers spoke neither the dominant English language nor, as they were being told, Standard French.", "the preponderance of French (unique among the Canadian provinces), there has been debate in Canada regarding the unique status (statut particulier) of Quebec and its people, wholly or partially. Prior attempts to amend the Canadian constitution to acknowledge Quebec as a \"distinct society\" – referring to the province's uniqueness within Canada regarding law, language, and culture – have been unsuccessful; however, the federal government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien would later endorse recognition of Quebec as a distinct society.\nOn October 30, 2003, the National Assembly of Quebec voted unanimously to affirm \"that the people of Québec form a nation\". On", "of Ottawa, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it is on the other side of a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of Gatineau, and is required to offer governmental services in French as well as English.\n According to the United States Census Bureau (2011), French is the fourth most-spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French remains the second most-spoken language in the states of Louisiana, Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. Louisiana is home to many", "of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal, which is the world's 4th-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). Out of the three, Yukon has the most", "Ambazonia\". Canada Throughout Canada's history, there has been tension between English-speaking and French-speaking Canadians. Under the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Quebec colony (including parts of what are today Quebec, Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador) was divided in two: Lower Canada (which retained French law and institutions and is now part of the provinces of Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador) and Upper Canada (a new colony intended to accommodate the many new English-speaking settlers, including the United Empire Loyalists, and now part of Ontario). The intent was to provide each group with its own colony. In 1841, the two Canadas", "by Spanish, in the latter. Canada French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80.1% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either a first or second language. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. In", "is the overwhelmingly predominant language and the rest of Canada, in which English is the overwhelmingly predominant language.\nWhen the bilingual belt is added to the French language heartland of \"Interior Quebec\", the result is:\nan area 1,000 miles long, bounded on the West by a line drawn from Sault Ste. Marie through Ottawa to Cornwall and on the East by a line from Edmonston to Moncton....[O]ver 90% of all Canadians who claimed to have a knowledge of the French language were found within the Soo-Moncton limits. Outside this area, not one person in twenty could speak French, and not one in", "west coast.\nThe percentage of the population who speak French both by mother tongue and home language has decreased over the past three decades. Whereas the number of those who speak English at home is higher than the number of people whose mother tongue is English, the opposite is true for Francophones. There are fewer people who speak French at home, than learned French after birth.\nEthnic diversity is growing in French Canada but still lags behind the English-speaking parts of the country. In 2006, 91.5% of Quebecers considered themselves to be of either \"French\" or \"Canadian\" origin. As a result of", "Quebecisms used in the standard register are also derived from English forms, especially as calques, such as prendre une marche (from \"take a walk,\" in France, se promener, also used in Quebec) and banc de neige (from English \"snowbank;\" in France, congère, a form unknown in Quebec.) However, in standard and formal registers, there is a much stronger tendency to avoid English borrowings in Quebec than in France.\nAs a result, especially with regard to in modern items, Quebec French often contains forms designed to be more \"French\" than an English borrowing that may be used anyway in European French, like", "on the use of English and on access to higher Education in English – occurred at a time when the use of French in commerce, education, and the workforce is increasing in Quebecand are widely viewed as an affront to immigrants and to citizens whose mother tongue is not French. Such measures have also been questioned by native speakers of French, who recognize the benefits of a knowledge of other languages, including English, and the fact that the knowledge of other languages will not cause them to abandon French as their primary language.\nMarois then called the National Assembly into session", "provinces, while mostly English-speaking, are not officially English-only.\nWhen a speaker uses things such as calques and loan words in speech that includes English or French words and grammatical structures in a combination it is sometimes referred to as Franglais, or a mixed language. The Montreal Gazette has examined this so called \"linguistic mosaic\".\nQuébec French is seen to have a number of longstanding borrowings from English as the result of the historical coexistence of two linguistic communities, largely within Québec (and especially around Montreal). Likewise, Quebec English, the language spoken by the anglophone minority there, has borrowed many French", "Efforts are also made, by the Office québécois de la langue française for instance, to make more uniform the variation of French spoken in Quebec as well as to preserve the distinctiveness of Quebec French.\nThere has been French emigration to the United States of America, Australia and South America, but the descendants of these immigrants have assimilated to the point that few of them still speak French. In the United States of America efforts are ongoing in Louisiana (see CODOFIL) and parts of New England (particularly Maine) to preserve the language there. Vowels The Vulgar Latin underlying French and most", "of his), the overwhelming similarities between the different varieties of Colonial French clearly show that the linguistic unity triggering dialect clash occurred before the colonists exported their French into the colonies of the 17th and 18th centuries; and that the koiné-forming dialect clash must have occurred in Paris and other related urban centers of France.\nIn any event, according to contemporary sources, the Canadians were all speaking French natively by the end of the 17th century, long before France itself outside its large urban centers. British regime On September 13, 1759, Quebec City, then the political capital of New France, was", "unique culture and French-speaking majority (78% of the provincial population) are threatened with assimilation by either the rest of Canada or, as in Metropolitan France, by Anglophone culture more generally, and that the best way to preserve language, identity and culture is via the creation of an independent political entity. Other distinguishing factors, such as religious differences (given the Catholic majority in Quebec), are also used to justify either separation or nationalist social policies advocated by the Parti Québécois.\nThe historical justification is that Quebec should be independent by virtue of New France having been conquered by the British in 1763", "difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries, but written forms of the language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. Americas French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9.5 million people or 29% and the second language for 2.07 million or 6% of the entire population of Canada. French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80% (2006 Census)", "of Canadian French, is spoken in parts of the New England states. This area has a legacy of significant immigration from Canada, especially during the 19th and the early 20th centuries. Some Americans of French heritage who have lost the language are currently attempting to revive it. Acadian French is also spoken by Acadians in Maine in the Saint John Valley.\nMétis French is spoken by some Métis people in North Dakota.\nErnest F. Haden identifies the French of Frenchville, Pennsylvania as a distinct dialect of North American French. \"While the French enclave of Frenchville, Pennsylvania first received attention in the", "Quebec nationalism Quebec nationalism or Québécois nationalism asserts that the Québécois people are a nation, distinct from the rest of Canada, and promotes the unity of the Québécois people in the province of Quebec.\nQuebec nationalism was first known as French Canadian nationalism. It was not until the age of the Quiet Revolution, that the term Quebec Nationalism, and Québécois people, replaced the longstanding previously used term \"French Canadian\". French Canadians' roots are derived from the people who were born in Canada with parents of French descent. The term later changed in the 1960s to become currently \"Quebec nationalism\". New France", "a question that was also asked in 2005-06.\nThis year, 89% said they were comfortable around people of a different race, down from 94% in 2005-2006. French society Despite an official national bilingualism policy, many commentators from Quebec believe multiculturalism threatens to reduce them to just another ethnic group. Quebec's policy seeks to promote interculturalism, welcoming people of all origins while insisting that they integrate into Quebec's majority French-speaking society. In 2008, a Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences, headed by sociologist Gerard Bouchard and philosopher Charles Taylor, recognized that Quebec is a de facto pluralist society, but" ]

[ "It's probably a combination of reasons.\n\nHumans like to be awake all day and sleep all night. And we take our cues from the sun. If it's raining it's darker, so our bodies think, hey almost time for bed! Let's get sleepy!\n\nThe other reason is ( I'm not to sure about this one so other redditors feel free to debunk me! ):\nWhen we're in our mommy's belly we're constantly surrounded by the sound of her body, her digestive system gurgling but mostly the sound of her blood circulating. Which is a constant rushing sound. Rain kinda sounds like that, just like a rolling car, or vacuum cleaner. This makes us feel safe and comfortable. And again sleepy.\n\nFun facts about this: If you drive a long way and don't have any distracting sounds like a radio the sound of your car can cause 'highway hypnosis' causing you to relax and fall asleep behind the wheel.\n\nBabies, when they're tired fall alseep very easily in the car or when a vacuum cleaner is running. Because it reminds them of being inside mommy's belly.", "This is a pretty good article, and it's written ELI5 style as well. [Sun Sentinel Article](_URL_0_)" ]

[ "and dry seasons. Seasonal conditions are often very contrasting. In the rainy season, rain will fall almost daily while in the dry season, rain will not come for months, causing widespread drought and water shortages. These problems have been compounded with the loss of forest and other green areas. Teak forest once covered much of Bojonegoro, but has since considerably reduced due to over exploitation.\nFloods in the rainy season of 2007 were bigger than in previous years. The water level of Solo River rose due to heavy rain, especially in the upper valley in Central Java, forcing the Gajah", "the dead land, mixing\n\nMemory and desire, stirring\n\nDull roots with spring rain.\n— T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land\nOccasionally, such lethargy or depression may be described as \"spring fever\", though this term usually relates to an increase in energy and restlessness, or to romantic and sexual feelings, in the spring.\nThe German term Frühjahrsmüdigkeit (lit. \"Spring fatigue\") is the name for a temporary mood or physical condition, typically characterized by a state of low energy and weariness, experienced by many people in springtime. It is not in the category of a diagnosed illness, but rather a phenomenon thought to be initiated by a change", "rain. Oh, and always pull out, its good for your health.\" Television series \"MTV Supahstar: The Supahsearch\" 2004", "vegetation adapted to withstand drought, but less so at higher elevations where cooler temperatures mean less water stress.\nThe summer monsoon may be preceded by a buildup of thunderstorm activity that provides water for rice seedbeds. Sustained rain on average arrives in mid-June as rising temperatures over Inner Asia creates a low pressure zone that draws in moist air from the Indian Ocean, but this can vary up to a month. Significant failure of monsoon rains historically meant drought and famine while above-normal rains still cause flooding and landslides with losses in human lives, farmland and buildings.\nThe monsoon also complicates transportation", "late in the season. Floods cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature.\nHowever, regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the geographical tropics is classed", "of certain pollen and the attributed rainfall necessary for those plants to be present and flowering. However, the changing presence of some plants can also be due to erratic conditions such as grazing and human interference by Nomadic people. Although, this is not thought to explain all of the aridity and variation of the area at certain times. The presence of certain flowering plants during the mid-Holocene that require more moisture leads to a conclusion of increased summer rainfall. This also accounts for the seasonal variability as many of plants found in the dung do not rely upon winter rain.", "low weakens, all of which result in the suppression of rain during the winter. With the predominant wind being from the west and the Andes blocking most rain bearing clouds from the Pacific Ocean along with atmospheric circulation patterns unfavourable for rain, this results in a dry season during winter. At the highest altitudes, westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean can penetrate during the winter months, leading to snowstorms. Precipitation Precipitation in the region is highly seasonal and is mostly concentrated in the summer months, during which precipitation decreases from east to west. Precipitation is distributed irregularly owing to relief.", "rain so as to not negatively affect the clothes and mood of the hikers: \"That is exactly what is recommended for the faint of heart who from the very outset admit that they do not have the ability to drown out the inclement weather with the exuberance of their youthfulness. Those who know the old Wandervogel bacchanalia and are no degenerates, also know the unforgettable glory of such rainy weather marches.\"\nEven in his 60s, Blüher spoke praisingly of those regions of Mark Brandenburg in which the Steglitzer Wandervogel found their weekend adventures in nature. This comparatively inconspicuous landscape wanted to", "drought means that even if a large amount of rain falls in a short time, most of it will run off quickly causing flash floods rather than drought relief. The June 2012 North American derecho and other strong storms in late June and early July did not appear to ease drought conditions, as the rainwater ran off rapidly from the affected areas.\nThe drought continued and intensified into the end of November 2014 for a large part of the country. Although drought/dry conditions are likely to drop at least one category level in the Southwest, Southeast, Northeast, and Northern Plains", "to bring rain are common in Chinese texts. The Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, attributed to the Han dynasty scholar Dong Zhongshu, proscribes making clay figurines of dragons during a time of drought and having young men and boys pace and dance among the figurines in order to encourage the dragons to bring rain. Texts from the Qing dynasty advise hurling the bone of a tiger or dirty objects into the pool where the dragon lives; since dragons cannot stand tigers or dirt, the dragon of the pool will cause heavy rain to drive the object out.", "amounts of rain days. For example, there are more rainy days in the drier season during winter in Yen Bai Province due to drizzle than there are rainy days in the main rainy season. Drizzle is a weather phenomenon that is characteristic of the weather in winter in the north and north central coast. Days with thunderstorms occur 20–80 days per year, which are more common in the south and north, and more common in mountainous areas than coastal delta. Thunderstorms can occur year-round although they are the most common during the rainy season. In the highest peaks in the", "early evening hours. The wet season is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves, and vegetation grows significantly. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest, which occurs late in the wet season.\nTropical cyclones, a source of very heavy rainfall, consist of large air masses several", "summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia. Other areas have a more uniform or varying rainfall cycles, but consistently lack any predictably dry summer months. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms that build up due to the intense surface heating and strong subtropical sun angle. Weak tropical lows that move in from adjacent warm tropical oceans, as well as infrequent tropical storms often contribute to summer seasonal rainfall peaks. Winter rainfall is often associated with large storms in the westerlies that have fronts that reach down into subtropical latitudes. However, many subtropical", "is caused by convection or Atlantic depressions, which are most active in autumn and winter, when they are the chief cause of rain. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by the Sun heating the land, leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in), and about 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, while June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the southwest.\nDuring December 2013, several deep areas of low pressure moved across or to the north", "depressions gives rise to unstable weather conditions. This results in overcast skies and considerable drizzle in the winter.\nRainfall reaches 1,200 mm (47.2 in) a year in some areas. In the summer, excessive heat is rare and temperatures drop noticeably at night. Low temperatures and humidity make for what those living in this part of the country call, optimistically, an \"invigorating climate\".\nIn the south, although the rainfall is not significantly low, at around 800 mm (31.5 in), and the winters no milder, the principal difference is in the higher summer temperatures, especially in the Moselle Valley. Crops, especially wine grapes, thrive here. With a mean", "Rain: 52 Practical Steps to Happiness – An Inspirational Workbook. Max Pemberton (doctor) reviewed the book in The Daily Mail, writing that, \"it’s fantastic for those struggling with depression, anxiety or stress. It presents the small changes — one for each week of the year — we can make to build a new sense of purpose.\" In The Telegraph, James Le Fanu wrote of the work that, \"Since being incapacitated by a couple of severe episodes of depression in her thirties, journalist and Telegraph contributor Rachel Kelly has been canvassing fellow sufferers through her website and workshops, inviting them to", "monsoons cause so much rain over land.\nIn the colder months, the cycle is reversed. Then the land cools faster than the oceans and the air over the land has higher pressure than air over the ocean. This causes the air over the land to flow to the ocean. When humid air rises over the ocean, it cools, and this causes precipitation over the oceans. (The cool air then flows towards the land to complete the cycle.)\nMost summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of", "of light rain is beneficial for agriculture. This was a different effect than reducing solar irradiance, but still a direct result from the presence of aerosols.\nThe 2001 study by researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography concluded that the imbalance between global dimming and global warming at the surface leads to weaker turbulent heat fluxes to the atmosphere. This means globally reduced evaporation and hence precipitation occur in a dimmer and warmer world, which could ultimately lead to a more humid atmosphere in which it rains less.\nA natural form of large scale environmental dimming effect on the development of", "wet and dry seasons emerge due to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone or Monsoon trough. The dry season greatly increases drought occurrence, and is characterized by its low humidity, with watering holes and rivers drying up. Because of the lack of these watering holes, many grazing animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water in search of more fertile lands. Examples of such animals are zebras, elephants, and wildebeest. Because of the lack of water in the plants, bushfires are common. Since water vapor becomes more energetic with increasing temperature, more water vapor", "in cooler weather to the country as a result of an increased cloud cover that acts as a blockage of the intense sunshine of the tropics by blocking much of the suns rays in the rainy season; this in turn cools the land, and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season. But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid, a feature of tropical climates. In the rainy season it is damp, and the rainfalls are usually abundant.\nThe dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover", "for mitigating inundations or for increasing the navigable capabilities of rivers. In tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in flood during the rainy season and have hardly any flow during the rest of the year, while in temperate regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year, evaporation causes the available rainfall to be much less in hot summer weather than in the winter months, so that the rivers fall to their low stage in the summer and are very liable to be in flood in the winter. In fact, with a temperate climate, the", "been little change in drought over the past 60 years. Their impacts are aggravated because of increased water demand, population growth, urban expansion, and environmental protection efforts in many areas. Droughts result in crop failures and the loss of pasture grazing land for livestock. Health Human beings are exposed to climate change through changing weather patterns (temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise and more frequent extreme events) and indirectly through changes in water, air and food quality and changes in ecosystems, agriculture, industry and settlements and the economy (Confalonieri et al., 2007:393).\nA study by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2009) estimated", "rain comes. The rain took a long time to fall down because it was Indian summer, however, when the rain came, her umbrella was the perfect excuse to use that day. Momo was happy, the rain sound over her umbrella was a music for her. It is a fresh children's story with classic and very colorful Japanese illustrations that reflect its culture. Reception Kirkus Reviews gave Umbrella a star review and wrote \"The pictures are full of the city's moods and the child's joy in a rainy day.\"", "summer can have its problems. A light rain shower following a long period of dry weather can sometimes cause similar low adhesion conditions to those of leaf fall contamination. Although the effect is only short term, its unpredictability can cause a significant incident to occur. A morning dew can have the same effect. Disc brakes add to the problem Before about 1960, most railway vehicles used brake shoes to stop the train by applying pressure on the wheel treads. Since then, disc brakes have increasingly been used, which means that cleaning the compressed leaf material from the wheel tread by", "often irregular and unpredictable. The rain drops are large and the rate of fall often torrential. One answer to irregular moisture is storage and irrigation, but this is countered in these regions by incredibly high rates of evaporation. In the Agra region of India, for example, rainfall exceeds the needs of local agriculture for only two months in the year, and the excess held in the soil in those wet months dries up in only three weeks. Tropical zones are also more prone to endemic water-borne and parasitic diseases such as cholera and malaria. As a result of climate", "forth depending on the strength of cool and warm air masses, there is often prolonged precipitation and sometimes flooding in eastern China. However, in the years that it does not rain as much as usual, a drought might result. The rainy season ends when the warm air mass associated with the subtropical ridge is strong enough to push the front north and away. Effects The high humidity in the air during this season encourages the formation of mold and rot not only on food but on fabrics as well.\nEnvironmentally, heavy rains encourage mudslides and flooding in all areas affected. The", "is warmer and moister than it used to be.\" He illustrates by pointing out that steroids in a baseball player's system do not cause home runs all by themselves but do make home runs more likely. Meteorologist Kerry Emanuel stressed that no individual weather event, such as Hurricane Sandy, can be attributed to climate change, or any specific cause, for that matter.\nNOAA meteorologist Martin Hoerling attributed the \"immediate cause\" of Sandy to \"little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm.\" Trenberth agrees that the storm was caused by \"natural variability\", but adds that it", "depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west. Landmarks The Newton Park mansion, which was built in 1762–65 by Stiff Leadbetter for", "given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water.\nScientists warn that global warming and climate change may result in more extensive droughts in coming years. These extensive droughts are likely to occur within the African continent due to its very low precipitation levels and high temperatures. Hailstorm A hailstorm is a natural hazard where a thunderstorm produces numerous hailstones which damage the location in which they fall. Hailstorms can be especially devastating to farm fields, ruining crops and damaging equipment. Heat wave A heat wave is a hazard characterized by heat", "wet season. Because of the monsoons, the Sonoran and Mojave are considered relatively \"wet\" when ranked among other deserts such as the Sahara. Monsoons play a vital role in managing wildfire threat by providing moisture at higher elevations and feeding desert streams. Heavy monsoon rain can lead to excess winter plant growth, in turn a summer wildfire risk. A lack of monsoon rain can hamper summer seeding, reducing excess winter plant growth but worsening drought. Great Plains Downslope winds off the Rocky Mountains can aid in forming the dry line. Major drought episodes in the midwestern United" ]

[ "You reduce the circulation dramatically meaning the blood isn't being supplied to the cells including the nerves and therefore they shut down. Restore the circulation and they start up again deluging you with all your missed messages." ]

[ "of peripheral neuropathy. There is a range of ways that damage to the nerve can occur. Leaning on the elbow can lead to long-term wear and tear due to the prolonged pressure of the weight of the upper body. Symptoms resulting from leaning on the nerve can include numbness and tingling fingers. Causes Common occupations such as cyclist, motorcyclist, and desk jobs prolong movement and elbow leaning. These activities involve pressure to the palms, which leads to cumulative damage to the nerve. When using a pizza cutter or similar hand tools which require downward pressure during use, applying upper body", "Pain stimulus Peripheral stimuli Peripheral stimuli are generally applied to the limbs, and a common technique is squeezing the lunula area of the finger or toe nail, often with an adjunct such as a pen. Like the sternal rub, though, this can cause bruising, and is recommended against, in favour of squeezing the side of the finger.", "as when holding a telephone to the head. Flexing the elbow while the arm is pressed against a hard surface, such as leaning against the edge of a table, is a significant risk factor. The use of vibrating tools at work or other causes of repetitive activities increase the risk, including throwing a baseball.\nDamage to or deformity of the elbow joint increases the risk of cubital tunnel syndrome. Additionally, people who have other nerve entrapments elsewhere in the arm and shoulder are at higher risk for ulnar nerve entrapment. There is some evidence that soft tissue compression", "feeling of numbness or a tingling, pain rarely occurs in the hand. Complaints of pain tend to be more common in the arm, up to and including the elbow area, which is probably the most common site of pain in an ulnar neuropathy. Pathophysiology In regards to the pathophysiology of ulnar neuropathy:the axon, and myelin can be affected. Within the axon, fascicles to individual muscles could be involved, with subsequent motor unit loss and amplitude decrease. Conduction block means impaired transmission via a part of the nerve. Conduction block can mean myelin damage to the involved area, slowing of conduction", "of the parts of the body. Neurologists test this sense by telling patients to close their eyes and touch their own nose with the tip of a finger. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses. Proprioception and touch are related in subtle ways, and their impairment results in surprising and deep deficits in perception and action. Pain Nociception (physiological pain) signals nerve-damage or damage to tissue. The three types of pain receptors are cutaneous (skin), somatic", "waist. The ability to touch the thumb to the forearm is also common.\nReferred pain is created by ligamentous laxity around a joint, but is felt at some distance from the injury. (Pain will not only occur at the site of the injury and loose ligaments, but may also be referred to other parts of the body.) These painful points that refer pain elsewhere are called trigger points, and will be dealt with later. Abnormal joint movement also creates many “protective actions” by adjacent tissues. Muscles will contract in spasm in an attempt to pull the joint back to the correct", "In some patients, the arm may remain supinated but drop lower than the unaffected arm, and the fingers and elbow might flex. \nThe patient is asked to hold both arms fully extended at shoulder level in front of them, with the palms upwards, and hold the position. If they are unable to maintain the position the result is positive. Closing the eyes accentuates the effect, because the brain is deprived of visual information about the position of the body and must rely on proprioception. Tapping on the palm of the outstretched hands can accentuate the effect. Interpretation This is a", "only accounts for the movement of the fingers in hand and does not have any sensory capabilities. Therefore, the AIN syndrome is purely neuropathic. AINS is considered as an extremely rare condition because it accounts for less than 1% of neuropathies in the upper limb. Patients suffering from this syndrome have impaired distal interphalangeal joint, because of which they are unable to pinch anything or make and \"OK\" sign with their index finger and thumb. The syndrome can either happen from pinched nerve, or even dislocation of the elbow. Prevention One way to prevent this injury from occurring is to", "can also be used to accentuate reflexes. In cases of hyperreflexia, the physician may place his finger on top of the tendon, and tap the finger with the hammer. Sometimes a reflex hammer may not be necessary to elicit hyperreflexia, with finger tapping over the tendon being sufficient as a stimulus.", "transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior median sulcus to form the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus of the posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway.\nIf the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body.", "how other senses react. As participants watched a rubber hand be stroked, their hand was also stroked in a similar fashion, allowing the individual to attribute their own sensation to what they were watching rather than what was happening to their own body. Therefore, when the rubber hand was then manipulated, for example hitting it with a hammer, the participant feels an immediate shock and pain as they fear that it is their own hand that is in danger. This serves as evidence that the visual system is capable of not only manipulating where an individual perceives another sense to", "procedure as the previous experiment to establish that feeling of ownership involved with the stimulation of the premotor cortex. Then, threatened the rubber hand by making a stabbing movement toward it with a needle (not actually making contact with the rubber hand). MRI scans showed increase activity in a region of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex that is normally activated when a person anticipates pain, along with the supplementary motor area, that is normally activated when a person feels the urge to move his or her arm (Fried et al., 1991; Peyron, Laurent, and Garcia-Larrea, 2000). The anticipation", "expression and movements while playing. To exemplify: The word “grip” commonly used in music pedagogy, suggests a state of activity in hands and arms as when holding on tightly to an object. However, precisely this activity of gripping is one of the most common causes for tension and ailments in musicians. In this specific case, Dispokinesis would replace the word “grip” due to its unfavourable motor-skill charge. Words such as “finger positioning, “touching”, “accommodating” or “making contact with” could represent viable alternatives to elicit a better activity within the hands and arms, when making the connection with instrument-specific tasks. The", "to instruct the person being assisted to \"feel my finger\" as they touch various points on his body, using one finger and one finger only. This continues across the entire body, balanced to both sides of it and \"following the nerve channels\". The Handbook goes on to say:\n\"A Touch Assist must include the extremities and the spine. A correctly done Touch Assist can speed the Thetan's ability to heal or repair a condition with his body.\" (pg.216) \nThe touch assist is not to be used to treat headaches, however:\n\"Do not do a Touch Assist on a person who has a", "mouths, but the researchers showed that the immediate effects were more likely caused by envenomation. Bites on the hand by lace monitors have been observed to cause swelling within minutes, localised disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, which can often last for several hours. In vitro testing showed lace monitor mouth secretion impact on platelet aggregation, drop blood pressure and relax smooth muscle; the last effect mediated by a agent with the same activity as brain natriuretic peptide. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry found ample proteins with molecular masses of 2-4 kilodaltons (corresponding with natriuretic peptide), 15", "for normal sterno-clavicular, gleno-humeral and acromio-clavicular joint movement.\n\"put your hands by your sides with your elbows straight\" looking for full elbow extension.\n\"put your hands out in front of you with your palms down and fingers out straight\" looking for ability to extend fingers, and inspecting for any swelling or deformity of the fingers or wrists.\n\"now turn your hands over\" making sure that supination is normal (watch for external rotation of the shoulder to compensate for poor supination). Inspect the palms for any signs or swellings.\n\"now make a fist with both hands around my fingers and squeeze tightly\" test the grip", "Carpal tunnel syndrome Signs and symptoms People with CTS experience numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the thumb and fingers, in particular the index and middle fingers and radial half of the ring finger, because these receive their sensory and motor function (muscle control) from the median nerve. Ache and discomfort can possibly be felt more proximally in the forearm or even the upper arm. Less-specific symptoms may include pain in the wrists or hands, loss of grip strength, and loss of manual dexterity.\nSome suggest that median nerve symptoms can arise from compression at the level of the thoracic outlet", "use of the hand and wrists in industrial occupations, but it is unclear as to whether this refers to pain (which may not be due to carpal tunnel syndrome) or the more typical numbness symptoms.\nA review of available scientific data by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) indicated that job tasks that involve highly repetitive manual acts or specific wrist postures were associated with incidents of CTS, but causation was not established, and the distinction from work-related arm pains that are not carpal tunnel syndrome was not clear. It has been proposed that repetitive use of the", "as leprosy or shingles, or poisoning by toxins such as heavy metals. Many cases have no cause that can be identified, and are referred to as idiopathic. It is also possible for nerves to lose function temporarily, resulting in numbness as stiffness—common causes include mechanical pressure, a drop in temperature, or chemical interactions with local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine.\nPhysical damage to the spinal cord may result in loss of sensation or movement. If an injury to the spine produces nothing worse than swelling, the symptoms may be transient, but if nerve fibers in the spine are", "develop calluses on their fingers from regular contact with the rock and the rope. When calluses split open they expose a raw layer of skin that can be very painful. This type of injury is commonly referred to as a flapper.\nThe use of magnesium carbonate (chalk) for better grip dries out the skin and can often lead to cracked and damaged hands \nThere are a number of skincare products available for climbers that help to treat calluses, moisturise dry hands and reduce recovery time. Young/adolescent climbers \"Any finger injury that is sustained by a young adolescent (12–16) should be seen", "affects approximately 30 million people every year. With symptomatic degenerative disc disease, the pain can vary depending on the location of the affected disc. A degenerated disc in the lower back can result in lower back pain, sometimes radiating to the hips, as well as pain in the buttocks, thighs or legs. If pressure is being placed on the nerves by exposed nucleus pulposus, sporadic tingling or weakness through the knees and legs can also occur.\nA degenerated disc in the upper neck will often result in pain to the neck, arm, shoulders and hands; tingling in the fingers may also", "a person to move the arm. Since sensors can easily be programmed to have a higher sensitivity to anything the sensor touches, people with prosthetic arms will also be able to feel the object they are touching. With this, a person could feel even the slightest vibration. This could be a danger and a good thing. It can danger the human because if dealt with to much pressure the person with the prosthetic can suffer severe pain. Besides actually obtaining the sense of touch back, one could also sense more awareness of incoming danger. Lifelike Mechanical Arms Lifelike mechanical arms,", "ability cannot explain why hands are the second-most affected body part. Lesions on the hands are better explained by playing in the sand and noting that hands are often used to remove sand from other parts of the body. The occurrence of tungiasis lesions on the toes, between them, and on the soles can be easily explained because most of the victims are poor, walk barefoot, and live in places where the sand (home to chigoe fleas) constitutes the floor. Rate of incidence therefore is greatly increased in poor communities and populations because of the lack of adequate housing. ", "thumb is unable to move with the fingers as the body of the instrument gets in the way. Instead, the thumb works around the neck of the instrument to sit at the point at which the neck meets the right bout of the body, and remains there while the fingers move between the high positions.\nA note played outside of the normal compass of a position, without any shift, is referred to as an extension. For instance, in third position on the A string, the hand naturally sits with the first finger on D♮ and the fourth on either G♮ or", "just moving the elbow joint.\nHealthy individual could touch accurately on the nose and examiner's hand with ease, while dysmetria patient will constantly miss the nose and the hand. Rapid pronation-supination This maneuver tests for dysdiadochokinesia.\nThe patient is asked to tap the palm of one hand with the fingers of the other, then rapidly turn over the fingers and tap the palm with the back of them, repeatedly. The patient is asked to perform the clapping as quickly as he could.\nDydiadochokinesia patient will be impaired in the rate of alternation, the completeness of the sequence, and in the variation in amplitude", "to the glass, the left hand will interfere with the action, thwarting the right hand's task. The interference from the left hand is completely out of the control of the patient and is not being done “on purpose”. Affected patients at times cannot control the movements of their hands. Another example included patients unbuttoning a shirt with one hand, and the other hand simultaneously re-buttoning the shirt (although some reported feeling normal after their surgery). Relationship to dual consciousness When scientists first started observing the alien hand syndrome in split-brain patients, they began to question the nature of consciousness and", "with fingers on one side and the thumb on the other) to grip. Technically, any hold in which the use of the thumb in opposition improves the hold's positivity is a pinch. Pinches require significant hand strength to use, and are usually used on more challenging routes and boulder problems. Crimps Crimps are usually small, slightly positive edges that are just deep enough to fit the tips of fingers into. A technique called \"crimping\" is used to gain maximum friction on these holds. Volumes Volumes are an extremely large type of hold that any variety of holds can", "to the same areas. These repetitions can injure the tendons that connect the extensor supinator muscles (which rotate and extend the forearm) to the olecranon process (also known as “the elbow”). Pain occurs, often radiating from the lateral forearm. Weakness, numbness, and stiffness are also very common, along with tenderness upon touch.\nA non-invasive treatment for pain management is rest. If achieving rest is an issue, a wrist brace can also be worn. This keeps the wrist in flexion, thereby relieving the extensor muscles and allowing rest. Ice, heat, ultrasound, steroid injections, and compression can also help alleviate pain. After the", "cause pain, stiffness, loss of sensation, and weakness radiating from the inside of the elbow to the fingers.\nRest is the primary intervention for this injury. Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements. Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the radioulnar joint. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities.\nThere are many different", "read by American novelist and screenwriter Andrea Seigel.\nIn 2001, in her novel A Brief Stay with the Living, Marie Darrieussecq describes the sensation in several pages, see for example pp. 21–22, a visit at the ophthalmologist :\n\"His hands changing the lenses again, fingers on my chin, on my temples, slow and soft, yes, a soft sensation, a wave rising up along my skull, shrinking my scalp… a process of head-shrinking… my head, my brain, his fingers, letters… the absolute calm of the process (…) A soft, regular motion, something unbroken, which goes on, swinging, sleepy, to and fro, rocking… When I was" ]

[ "The rule of thumb, (I think according to Phil Plait's book), given current technology, the estimated cost for launching something into space is roughly the cost of the weight of that thing in Gold, and the cost to get it to the moon would be the weight in diamonds. \n\nTo be more mathematical, according to this sourced Yahoo [answers page](_URL_2_) the cost is about $5,000 per kilogram to get something into orbit. \n\nNow, getting something into orbit is not enough, since orbits decay and that would just put the junk right back on earth. Likewise, that $5,000 is based on a space plane that isn't going to scale quite the same. But, combining those too let's say it only costs twice as much to get material permanently out of earth's orbit. (my guess is I am off by an order of magnitude)\n\nThe U.S. generates 2,300 metric tons of waste [per year](_URL_1_). That's 2.3 million kilograms. At our unbelievably conservative estimate, that means the minimum cost for launching that material into space is 23 billion dollars per year, just for the United States. For comparison, NASA's budget in 2012 was 17 Billion dollars. \n\nfor comparison:\n > It’s been estimated that Yucca Mountain – the United State’s current plan to store nuclear waste – will cost about $58 billion to store waste over the course of 100 years.[space.](_URL_0_]\n\nthat's only 5.8 billion per year. \n\nAnd, that's without considering the risk of an accident. Imagine the impact if a rocket full of metric tonnes of radioactive waste exploded two miles above the surface of the earth, spreading highly radioactive material over an enormous area. \n\n***TLDR;*** It is too expensive, and too dangerous.", "It costs a lot of money to launch something into space, plus it would add to the already sizable and growing amount of things that we have put into orbit.", "Because if something goes wrong and the rocket blows up, there will be exploding radioactive waste in the atmosphere.", "Storing the waste is a ton cheaper and more manageable then launching it into space." ]

[ " Consequently, high-level radioactive waste requires sophisticated treatment and management to successfully isolate it from the biosphere. This usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term management strategy involving permanent storage, disposal or transformation of the waste into a non-toxic form. However, many nuclear power by-products are usable as nuclear fuel themselves; extracting the usable energy producing contents from nuclear waste is called \"nuclear recycling\".\nGovernments around the world are considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving deep-geologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term waste management solutions. This is partly because", "nuclear waste prevents re-use of the sites by industry.\nWithout a long-term solution to store nuclear waste, a nuclear renaissance in the U.S. remains unlikely. Nine states have \"explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges\".\nSome nuclear power advocates argue that the United States should develop factories and reactors that will recycle some of the spent nuclear fuel. (It is not now the policy of the United States to recycle its spent nuclear fuel.) But the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future said in 2012 that \"no existing technology was adequate for that purpose, given cost", "the reactor building. Nuclear waste (spent nuclear fuel) needs to be regularly removed from the reactors and disposed of safely for up to a million years, so that it does not pollute the environment. Recycling of nuclear waste has been discussed, but it creates plutonium which can be used in weapons, and in any case still leaves much unwanted waste to be stored and disposed of. Large, purpose-built facilities for long-term disposal of nuclear waste have been difficult to site, and have not yet reached fruition.\nBy the late 1970s, nuclear power suffered a remarkable international destabilization, as it was faced", "safe disposal of its last radioactive waste, may be 100 to 150 years. Failure modes of nuclear power plants There are concerns that a combination of human and mechanical error at a nuclear facility could result in significant harm to people and the environment:\nOperating nuclear reactors contain large amounts of radioactive fission products which, if dispersed, can pose a direct radiation hazard, contaminate soil and vegetation, and be ingested by humans and animals. Human exposure at high enough levels can cause both short-term illness and death and longer-term death by cancer and other diseases.\nIt is impossible for a commercial nuclear", "Yucca Mountain. \nThere is an urgent need for a location where the waste can be stored without harm to living things or the environment. Meanwhile, nuclear waste continues to be produced.", "better public acceptance – it is considered more acceptable to burn the waste than to bury it for hundreds of thousands of years. For future waste management, a few transmutation devices could be integrated into a large-scale nuclear program, hopefully increasing only slightly the overall costs.\nThe main challenge facing partitioning and transmutation operations is the need to enter nuclear cycles of extremely long duration: about 200 years . Another disadvantage is the generation of high quantities of intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste (ILW) which will also require deep geological disposal to be safely managed. A more positive aspect is the expected", "the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.\nLocal residents, however, were seriously divided. Those who would like to return to their houses, were afraid, that an interim-storage might prove to be a very permanent storage, and would make any return impossible. But others had already accepted the fact, that the radiation-levels around their former houses would be too high, and would make living there impractical for a long time. Some local residents realized that without the interim storage facility, there would no place to dispose radioactive waste at all, and the construction of the facility would create also new jobs.\nLocal leaders were", "are low enough to be disposed as ordinary waste, or it can be sent to a low-level waste disposal site. Waste relative to other types In countries with nuclear power, radioactive wastes account for less than 1% of total industrial toxic wastes, much of which remains hazardous for long periods. Overall, nuclear power produces far less waste material by volume than fossil-fuel based power plants. Coal-burning plants are particularly noted for producing large amounts of toxic and mildly radioactive ash due to concentrating naturally occurring metals and mildly radioactive material in coal. A 2008 report from Oak Ridge National Laboratory", "example, in dry cask storage vessels. Waste disposal Disposal of nuclear waste is often considered the most politically divisive aspect in the lifecycle of a nuclear power facility.\nPresently, waste is mainly stored at individual reactor sites and there are over 430 locations around the world where radioactive material continues to accumulate.\nSome experts suggest that centralized underground repositories which are well-managed, guarded, and monitored, would be a vast improvement.\nThere is an \"international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep geological repositories\", with the lack of movement of nuclear waste in the 2 billion year old natural nuclear fission", "to be replaced by clean energy sources. Press On 15 May 2007, NIRS issued a report claiming that radioactive scrap, concrete, equipment, asphalt, plastic, wood, chemicals, and soil from U.S. nuclear weapons facilities are being released to regular landfills and could get into commercial recycling streams.\"\nOn 3 August 2004, NIRS issued a report stating that the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission may allow the illegal practice of manually shutting down nuclear power plants in the event of fire.\nOn 17 July 2007, regarding the leakage of water from the spent fuel pool of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant after the 2007 Niigata", "in Canada and elsewhere. Waste disposal Like in the USA or Finland, the policy of Canada is not to reprocess spent nuclear fuel but to directly dispose of it for economic reasons.\nIn 1978, the government of Canada launched a nuclear fuel waste management program. In 1983 an underground laboratory was constructed at Whiteshell Laboratories in Manitoba to study the geological conditions associated with the storage of spent nuclear fuel. The 420-metre deep facility was decommissioned and deliberately flooded in 2010 to perform one final experiment. In 2002 the Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) was founded by the industry to develop", "is believed to have a greater chance of success than top-down modes of decision making, but the process is necessarily slow, and there is \"inadequate experience around the world to know if it will succeed in all existing and aspiring nuclear nations\".\nMoreover, most communities do not want to host a nuclear waste repository as they are \"concerned about their community becoming a de facto site for waste for thousands of years, the health and environmental consequences of an accident, and lower property values\". China In China (People's Republic of China), ten reactors provide about 2% of electricity and five more", "waste repository, but the project was shelved in 2009 following years of controversy and legal wrangling. An alternative plan has not been proffered.\nAt places like Maine Yankee, Connecticut Yankee and Rancho Seco, reactors no longer operate, but the spent fuel remains in small concrete-and-steel silos that require maintenance and monitoring by a guard force. Sometimes the presence of nuclear waste prevents re-use of the sites by industry.\nWithout a long-term solution to store nuclear waste, a nuclear renaissance in the U.S. remains unlikely. Nine states have \"explicit moratoria on new nuclear power until a storage solution emerges\".\nSome nuclear power advocates argue", "waste is small and can be reduced through the latest technology of newer reactors, and that the operational safety record of fission-electricity is unparalleled.\nOpponents believe that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment such as the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation and terrorism. They also contend that reactors are complex machines where many things can and have gone wrong. In years past, they also argued that when all the energy-intensive stages of the nuclear fuel chain are considered, from uranium mining to nuclear decommissioning, nuclear power is neither a low-carbon nor an economical electricity source.\nArguments of economics", "volumes of waste compared to other power plants because of the high energy density of nuclear fuel. Safe management of these byproducts of nuclear power, including their storage and disposal, is a difficult problem for any country using nuclear power. Exploration A deposit of uranium, such as uraninite, discovered by geophysical techniques, is evaluated and sampled to determine the amounts of uranium materials that are extractable at specified costs from the deposit. Uranium reserves are the amounts of ore that are estimated to be recoverable at stated costs.\nNaturally occurring uranium consists primarily of two isotopes U-238 and U-235, with 99.28%", "nuclear waste overseas for final storage, but plans to store the waste in an abandoned North Korean coal mine have met with strong protests from neighboring South Korea and Japan due to safety and environmental concerns, while storage in Russia or China is complicated by political factors. Taipower is \"trying to convince the islanders to extend the storage arrangement for another nine years in exchange for payment of NT$200 million (about $5.7 million)\".\nFollowing years of protests by residents, more concerns arose about the facility after Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. A report released in November 2011 said a radioactive", "of waste that needs to be disposed.\nAlternatively, the intact spent nuclear fuel can be directly disposed of as high-level radioactive waste. The United States has planned disposal in deep geological formations, such as the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, where it has to be shielded and packaged to prevent its migration to humans' immediate environment for thousands of years. On March 5, 2009, however, Energy Secretary Steven Chu told a Senate hearing that \"the Yucca Mountain site no longer was viewed as an option for storing reactor waste.\"\nGeological disposal has been approved in Finland, using the KBS-3 process. Risks", "nuclear materials lose enough radioactivity to no longer be lethal to living organisms. A 1983 review of the Swedish radioactive waste disposal program by the National Academy of Sciences found that country’s estimate of several hundred thousand years—perhaps up to one million years—being necessary for waste isolation \"fully justified.\"\nThe proposed land-based subductive waste disposal method would dispose of nuclear waste in a subduction zone accessed from land, and therefore is not prohibited by international agreement. This method has been described as a viable means of disposing of radioactive waste, and as a state-of-the-art nuclear waste disposal technology.\nIn nature, sixteen repositories", "in establishing how secure the nuclear waste would be.", "the integral fast reactor. One tonne of nuclear waste after a complete burn in an IFR reactor will have prevented 500 million tonnes of CO₂ from entering the atmosphere. Otherwise, waste storage usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term management strategy involving permanent storage, disposal or transformation of the waste into a non-toxic form.\nGovernments around the world are considering a range of waste management and disposal options, usually involving deep-geologic placement, although there has been limited progress toward implementing long-term waste management solutions. This is partly because the timeframes in question when dealing with radioactive waste range from 10,000 to millions", "a repository for civilian high-level nuclear waste. \nFinland is in the advanced stage of the construction of such facility, the Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository. \nThe Morris Operation is currently the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States.\nReprocessing or recycling spent nuclear fuel options already available or under active development still generate some waste and are therefore not a total solution, but can significantly reduce the quantity of waste. \nThere are many active reprocessing programs worldwide. Prevention A theoretical way to reduce waste accumulation is to phase out current reactors in favour of Generation IV", "the operation of nuclear power plants, creating low-levels of radioactive waste. \"Spent\" uranium fuel becomes radioactive waste as a result of the fission process. This \"spent\" fuel must be removed and replaced from nuclear power plants every 18 to 24 months; it is then shipped to specifically designed and licensed disposal sites. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the U.S. Department of Transportation carefully control and regulate the management, packing, transport, and disposal of waste. The Flower's Report The Flower's report is composed of eleven chapters in a compilation of over 200 pages. The chapters cover a wide range of", "timeframe of thousands of years, after the most active short half-life radioisotopes decayed, burying U.S. nuclear waste would increase the radioactivity in the top 2,000 feet (610 m) of rock and soil in the United States (100 million km² or 39 million sq mi) by approximately 0.1 parts per million over the cumulative amount of natural radioisotopes in such a volume, although the vicinity of the site would have a far higher concentration of artificial radioisotopes underground than such an average.\nNuclear waste disposal is one of the most controversial facets of the nuclear power debate. Presently, waste is mainly stored at individual reactor sites and there", "that the United States should develop factories and reactors that will recycle some spent fuel. But the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future said in 2012 that \"no existing technology was adequate for that purpose, given cost considerations and the risk of nuclear proliferation\".\nThere is an \"international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep underground repositories\", but no country in the world has yet opened such a site. The Obama administration has disallowed reprocessing of nuclear waste, citing nuclear proliferation concerns. Water use in nuclear power production A 2011 NREL study of water use in electricity", "Deep geological repository Principles and background The most long-lived radioactive wastes, including spent nuclear fuel, must be contained and isolated from humans and the environment for a very long time. Disposal of these wastes in engineered facilities, or repositories, located deep underground in suitable geologic formations is seen as the reference solution. The International Panel on Fissile Materials has said:\nIt is widely accepted that spent nuclear fuel and high-level reprocessing and plutonium wastes require well-designed storage for periods ranging from tens of thousands to a million years, to minimize releases of the contained radioactivity into the environment. Safeguards are also", "reprocessing plant were proposed. This proposal was met with strong resistance after it became known to the public and as a result, the plans to build the nuclear reprocessing plant were never acted upon. Radioactive waste management and disposal strategies have been enacted since the publishing of \"The Flowers Report\". This put the responsibility of disposing radioactive waste into the hands of those who are producing it. It was not until 1982 that the Department of the Environment, after their previous method proved to be not as effective as they had hoped, decided to enact stronger guidelines and rules regarding", "including spinach, tea leaves, milk, and fish, up to 200 miles from the nuclear plant. Inside the 12-mile evacuation zone around the plant, all farming has been abandoned.\nAs of August 2011, the crippled Fukushima nuclear plant is still leaking low levels of radioactive material and areas surrounding it could remain uninhabitable for decades due to high radiation. It could take \"more than 20 years before residents could safely return to areas with current radiation readings of 200 millisieverts per year, and a decade for areas at 100 millisieverts per year\".\nSix months after the beginning of the Fukushima crisis, Mycle Schneider", "few hundred years, within proposed geological waste isolation facilities. However much of the opposition to the Yucca Mountain project and those similar to it, primarily center not around fission products but the \"plutonium mine\" concern that placed in the underground, un-reprocessed spent fuel, will eventually become.\nIn the United States, spent nuclear fuel is currently not reprocessed. A major recommendation of the Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future was that \"the United States should undertake...one or more permanent deep geological facilities for the safe disposal of spent fuel and high-level nuclear waste\".\nThe French La Hague reprocessing facility has operated", "it to reduce nuclear waste considerably by transmutation.", "to safety. This widespread popular ferment kept the issue before the public and contributed to growing public skepticism about nuclear power. \nAnother major area of ongoing concern was nuclear waste management. The absence of a working waste management facility became an important issue by the mid-1970s:\nIn 1976, the California Energy Commission announced that it would not approve any more nuclear plants unless the utilities could specify fuel and waste disposal costs, an impossible task without decision on reprocessing, spent fuel storage and waste disposal. By the late 1970s, over thirty states had passed legislation regulating various activities associated with nuclear" ]

[ "Smoking by itself is actually insufficient to properly preserve foods. Smoke is an antimicrobial and an antioxidant but only protects the outside of food, so it is usually combined with other processes like salt-curing and drying which protect the interior of food from bacterial growth.", "Moisture is the reason food gets moldy, so by smoking it you dry it out and prevent the molding." ]

[ "and refrigeration. Chemical preservation and physical preservation techniques are sometimes combined. Nonsynthetic compounds for food preservation Citric and ascorbic acids target enzymes that degrade fruits and vegetables, e.g., mono/polyphenol oxidase which turns surfaces of cut apples and potatoes brown. Ascorbic acid and tocopherol, which are vitamins, are common preservatives. Smoking entails exposing food to a variety of phenols, which are antioxidants. Natural preservatives include rosemary and oregano extract, hops, salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol, diatomaceous earth and castor oil.\nTraditional preservatives, such as sodium benzoate have raised health concerns in the past. Benzoate was shown in a study to cause", "around the world have relied on the smoke-curing of fish and meat products as a method of long term storage.\nIn modern times, with the advent of more efficient methods of preserving and storing food, such as chilling and freezing, some foods are still smoked for the distinctive taste and flavour.\nUntil the 1940s, all smoked fish was referred to as \"cured\" and was produced using the traditional method of hanging the fish in chimneys above slowly smouldering wood shavings. With the invention of motorised mechanical kilns, traditional smokers began referring to their product as \"smoked\" to emphasise that their process was", "mode. Today we don't have the problem of finding food yet our body is still set up to eat as much as possible and store as much as possible for famine times. This leads to excess weight to be put on. Taubes compares getting fat to smoking cigarettes: \"Not every long-term smoker gets lung cancer — in fact, only a minority do — but among people with lung cancer, smoking is by far the most common cause. In a world without cigarettes, lung cancer would be a rare disease, as it once was,\" he writes. \"In", "ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns. Paper The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter stabilize the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette, as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two", "a liquid smoke product intended to impart the flavor and some of the preservative effects of wood smoking to meats and vegetables. In the early 21st century, concerns about the carcinogenic effects of components of wood smoke decreased the production of heavily smoked foods in favor of lighter smoking and liquid smoke for foods.", "hazards; cleanliness in places where food, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, or precision instruments and machinery are produced; decreased legal liability; potentially reduced energy use via decreased ventilation needs; reduced quantities of litter; healthier environments; and giving smokers incentive to quit.\nThe World Health Organization considers smoking bans to have an influence to reduce demand for tobacco by creating an environment where smoking becomes increasingly more difficult and to help shift social norms away from the acceptance of smoking in everyday life. Along with tax measures, cessation measures, and education, smoking bans are viewed by public health experts as an important element in reducing", "food being cured, making it more difficult for bacteria to enter. It can be done in combination with other curing methods such as salting. Common smoking styles include hot smoking, smoke roasting and cold smoking. Smoke roasting and hot smoking cook the fish while cold smoking does not. If the fish is cold smoked, it should be dried quickly to limit bacterial growth during the critical period where the fish is not yet dry. This can be achieved by drying thin slices of fish.", "tobacco to those of smoking dried, rolled lettuce or grass when taking the floor against the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. He stated:\n[Y]ou could have smoked that lettuce and you would still end up with the same problems. You could cut the grass in your yard, dry it and roll it up in a cigarette and smoke it, and you're still going to have a lot of problems. It is the smoke that kills, not the nicotine. It's the smoke. Healthcare In working to improve America's health care system Buyer believes Congress should be focusing on what is", "to a combination of overeating energy-dense, high-fat foods and sedentary lifestyles. Meals consisting of processed ingredients with preservatives, saturated fats, and hydrogenated oil are preferred over traditional foods. Advertisements for unhealthy junk food are seen everywhere and public schools sell candy, chocolate, and soda to their students. Specifically in Kuwaiti universities, other factors include eating between meals, marital status, and a male domination of sports. Smoking A smoking ban in public places was introduced by Law No 15 of 1995 but it is not strictly enforced. New regulations were introduced in 2015.\nSmoking while driving is considered one of the", "also quoted as saying, “Why is grain so important in world trade? Because it's nature’s way of preserving calories so we can eat them six months later. Well, that's essentially what processing and preservatives have done for the whole food supply. And I'm glad they have! Because I like to eat every day!” Francis was a realist and always approached ethical issues with a scientific light. ““An individual may choose to adopt the organic food way for his/her own ethical and moral reasons. They are entitled, and Americans can afford it. But let no one be under the illusion", "Charcoal in food Charcoal is used in food to colour it black and for its supposed health benefits.\nActivated charcoal is used as a food ingredient. This is typically made from bamboo or coconut shell. It gives food an earthy, smoky taste and the black colouring gives the food an exotic, fashionable appearance.\nHealth benefits have been claimed for charcoal back to classical times, when Hippocrates and Pliny recommended it for conditions such as anthrax and vertigo. Activated charcoal adsorbs chemicals and so may bind to both toxins and vital nutrients such as vitamins. Its effects are therefore", "Smoked fish Smoked fish is fish that has been cured by smoking. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. Originally this was done as a preservative. In more recent times fish is readily preserved by refrigeration and freezing and the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour imparted by the smoking process. Smoking process According to Jeffrey J. Rozum, \"The process of smoking fish occurs through the use of fire. Wood contains three major components that are broken down in the burning process to form smoke. The burning process is called pyrolysis, which is", "tobacco smoking, the leading cause of preventable death, is therefore controversial and may only have merit when targeting smokers who are contemplating quitting or reducing use.\nIndependent e-cigarette businesses have directed marketing efforts at smokers, stating it is a safe nicotine product. Statements that e-cigarettes are safe and beneficial in comparison to traditional cigarettes may hamper approaches to tobacco control. These products are being advertised as a harm reducing substitute. There is no evidence that the traditional cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some stating to want to cooperate in \"harm", "not known outside of their jurisdictions. Food The application of liquid smoke to food has grown to encompass a wide variety of methods employing thousands of commercial formulations worldwide. By far the widest use of liquid smoke is for the purpose of replacing direct smoking of food with onsite-generated smoke from wood. To impart the desired functional effects of smoke, liquid smoke preparations must be applied topically. In addition to flavor, reaction color, anti-microbial, and texture effects are the functionalities that can only be obtained by topical addition followed by thermal processing. Dipping products in diluted solutions or soaking them", "common tobacco products used by youth, driven in large part by marketing and advertising by e-cigarette companies. There is substantial evidence that adolescent e-cigarette use leads to use of combustible tobacco products.\"\nBusinesses have promoted e-cigarettes for quitting smoking since their entrance into the market, but there has not been an e-cigarette approved as a quitting smoking tool by US FDA, as of July 2015. Businesses are marketing e-cigarettes in an indirect way as quitting smoking tools, but no e-cigarette has been approved for this type of use by the US FDA. E-cigarette businesses have made indirect claims regarding quitting smoking", "to be an effective way to reduce food waste. A British campaign called “Love Food, Hate Waste” has raised awareness about preventative measures to address food waste for consumers. Through advertisements, information on food storage and preparation and in-store education, the UK observed a 21% decrease in avoidable household food waste over the course of 5 years. Another potential solution is for \"smart packaging\" which would indicate when food is spoiled more precisely than expiration dates currently do, for example with temperature-sensitive ink, plastic that changes color when exposed to oxygen, or gels that change color with time.\nAn initiative", "when spilled. They are extinguishable by water and are not prone to explosion like LPG (propane and butane). Alcohol burns cleanly, producing only carbon dioxide and water vapor, and none of the soot or toxic chemicals produced by solid fuels and kerosene.\nAlcohol fuels are clean (with particle emissions far below the WHO levels). When paired with an efficient stove, alcohol fuels can drastically improve indoor air quality, and thus improve respiratory health and quality of life by reducing the global burden of disease.\" \nAlcohol is beginning to gain wider recognition as a source of fuel. Because of initiatives", "because they did not emphasize the formal difference between burning and putting the books into garbage.", "recommend to local health departments to advocate for regulation as a tobacco product to the extent allowable by law.\nIn 2015 the California Department of Public Health issued a report that found e-cigarettes expose users and bystanders to harmful chemicals, there is no scientific evidence they help smokers quit, they are being heavily marketed, and teen use is growing rapidly.", "from non-cleaned surfaces and adsorb or redeposit elsewhere, including previously cleaned surfaces.\nAccording to the Americans for NonSmokers’ Rights organization website, “Parents, landlords, business owners and others need to be aware of the health risks of exposure to thirdhand smoke and recognize that eliminating smoking is the only way to protect against tobacco's smoke contamination.” This concept is referred to as the \"cessation imperative\" in a 2017 paper; the only way to fully protect people from exposure to thirdhand smoke is for smokers to quit smoking because even smoking in places when others are not present can expose people to", "model argues that smoking and other drug use are predicated on genetic or environmental factors. Cessation Smoking cessation, referred to as \"quitting\", is the action leading towards abstinence of tobacco smoking. Methods of \"quitting\" include advice from physicians or social workers, cold turkey, nicotine replacement therapy, contingent vouchers, antidepressants, hypnosis, self-help (mindfulness meditation), and support groups. A meta-analysis from 2018, conducted on 61 RCT, showed that one year after people quit smoking with the assistance of first‐line smoking cessation medications (and some behavioral help), only a little under 20% of smokers remained sustained abstinence.", "help to reduce the amount of oxidation that may occur, and increases shelf life. In the case of cooking oils, lipid oxidation can cause the oil to change its color, flavor, or aroma. It also decreases the nutrient levels in the food and can even generate toxic substances. Tank blanketing strategies are also implemented to prepare the product for transit (railcar or truck) and for final packaging before sealing the product.\nWhen considering the application for combustible products, the greatest benefit is process safety. Since fuels require oxygen to combust, reduced oxygen content in the vapor space lowers the risk of", "businesses as a harmless device to assist with quitting smoking, but the available evidence does not support this claim. \"Manufacturers and distributors mislead people into believing these devices are acceptable alternatives to scientifically proven cessation techniques, thus delaying actual smoking cessation,\" a 2012 World Medical Association report stated.\nOne concern is that e-cigarette advertising may perpetuate dual use of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, a concern that comes from the visual depictions of e-cigarette use that may serve as smoking cues to current and former smokers of traditional cigarettes, increasing the urge to smoke and decreasing intentions and efficacy to quit or", "Tobacco harm reduction History The concept of tobacco harm reduction dates back to at least 1976 when Professor Michael Russell wrote: \"People smoke for nicotine but they die from the tar\" and suggested that the ratio of tar to nicotine could be the key to safer smoking. Since then, the harm from smoking has been well-established as being caused almost exclusively by toxins released through the combustion of tobacco. In contrast, non-combustible tobacco products as well as pure nicotine products are considerably less harmful, although they still have the potential for addiction.\nDebates on tobacco harm reduction tend to be geographically", "use. This is considered a positive outcome, because other studies have shown that when individuals reduced their tobacco usage, they find increased motivation to quit entirely in the future.", "in developing countries where breastfeeding is essential for the child's overall nutritional status. Smoking before pregnancy It is recommended for women planning pregnancy to stop smoking. It is important to examine these effects because smoking before, during and after pregnancy is not an unusual behavior among the general population and can have detrimental health impacts, especially among both mother and child as a result. In 2011, approximately 10% of pregnant women in data collected from 24 states reported smoking during the last three months of their pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy According to a study conducted in 2008 by the", "articles, and the negative effects of its passive vapor have been shown in numerous studies. E-cigarette packages and advertisements require health warnings under US law, stating \"WARNING: This product contains nicotine. Nicotine is an addictive chemical.\" E-cigarettes are marketing, among other things, as a tool to get around smoke-free policies by allowing users to \"smoke anywhere.\" Assertions of effectiveness for giving up smoking are not supported by the available scientific evidence, according to a 2014 review. E-cigarettes are marketed to young non-smokers. Cost has been used as a marketing tactic on social media.\nCelebrity endorsements are used to encourage e-cigarette use.", "possible in the type of kilns that were more common in the past, that burned coal or coke as fuel because the soot in the smoke would cause the grain to become discolored and contribute undesirable harsh flavors. The exact degree of smokiness that resulted from the oak kilning in historical times is not known. The smoke from the malting process also adds chemical components to the finished product that help preserve it, giving it a long shelf life despite its low alcohol content. One story is told of a box of Grodziskie being found in", "the smoke it has absorbed. In the cold process, the temperature is not allowed to rise above 100 °F (38 °C). The flavour of the food is enhanced but raw food requires further cooking. If it is to be preserved, meat should be cured before cold smoking. Fuel Wood has traditionally been used for fuel, especially in rural areas. In less developed nations it may be the only fuel available and collecting firewood is often a time consuming task as it becomes necessary to travel further and further afield in the search for fuel. It is often burned inefficiently on an open", "of the tobacco industry, and saying \"As a physician, I detest cigarettes and the carnage wrought by smoking\", and “Tobacco is an inherently, irredeemably dangerous product.” \nIn 2012, in the context of arguing for harm reduction strategies, Miller wrote that \"nicotine ... is not particularly bad for you in the amounts delivered by cigarettes or smokeless products. The vast majority of the health risks from tobacco come from the burning and inhalation of smoke. Quitting tobacco altogether remains the ideal outcome, but switching to lower-risk products would be a boon to the health of smokers.\" Mehmet Oz On April 16," ]

[ "The conscious image of the world is not a direct input from your retinas. Your brain does a lot of processing to make sense of the world before your consciousness gets the image. This happens for many reasons! Your brain is built to recognize edges and borders, which helps us pick out hiding predators, prey, dangers like snakes, and tree branches to grab during [brachiation](_URL_0_). You're wired to detect faces and emotions conveyed by the expressions. Your brain automatically fixes colors based on lighting and shading. And, most importantly for the thing you're describing, your brain predicts what it should see and adjusts the picture accordingly.\n\nIt takes time to process the information from your eyes, recognize the image, make sense of it, put it into context, deliver it to your consciousness, and act on it. It's really damn fast, but it's not instantaneous. To make up for that, your conscious picture of the world is not what your retinas see, it's what your brain a few milliseconds ago thought you should be seeing a few milliseconds later. That puts you in the \"present\", or at least, a very good approximation of the present.\n\nWhen you're staring at the moving bottle caps for a long time, your brain gets used to the movement and predicts that the movement will continue. This is great, because it lets you track the moving objects better, since you're anticipating it instead of trying to catch up. When you look away, though, your brain is still predicting movement, and adjusts the image accordingly. Since those things are *not* moving, they appear to wave as your brain predicts their movement, then corrects for the fact that they didn't move, then predicts they'll move again, then corrects again, and so on until it catches on to the fact that things aren't moving through your field of vision anymore.", "This is due to how the movement is processed in the brain. Very basically, there are certain neurons that are firing in response to the moving pattern. The moving pattern is constant, so they are firing continuously. When you look away those same cells continue to fire because they've been doing so for however long you were looking at it. Your brain knows that the moving pattern is no longer in focus, but it still takes a bit to inhibit the neurons and stop them from firing. It's why optical illusions [like this one](_URL_1_) work." ]

[ "Motion aftereffect The motion aftereffect (MAE) is a visual illusion experienced after viewing a moving visual stimulus for a time (tens of milliseconds to minutes) with stationary eyes, and then fixating a stationary stimulus. The stationary stimulus appears to move in the opposite direction to the original (physically moving) stimulus. The motion aftereffect is believed to be the result of motion adaptation.\nFor example, if one looks at a waterfall for about a minute and then looks at the stationary rocks at the side of the waterfall, these rocks appear to be moving upwards slightly. The illusory upwards movement is the", "fixational eye movement even when fixated at one point. The reason for this movement is related to the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells. It appears that a constant visual stimulus can make the photoreceptors or the ganglion cells become unresponsive; on the other hand a changing stimulus will not. So the eye movement constantly changes the stimuli that fall on the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells, making the image clearer.\nSaccades are the rapid movement of eyes that is used while scanning a visual scene. In our subjective impression, the eyes do not move smoothly across the printed page during reading.", "and point out that familiar objects, including letters on an eye chart, can be recognized even when they appear less than clear. Movement He thought that the manner of eye movement affected the sight. He suggested \"shifting\", or moving the eyes back and forth to get an illusion of objects \"swinging\" in the opposite direction. He believed that the smaller the area over which the \"swing\" was experienced, the greater was the benefit to sight. He also indicated that it was usually helpful to close the eyes and imagine something \"swinging\". By alternating actual and mental shifting over an image,", "are often lost as attention flows down old paths that are in some way similar to the new experience. Sometimes starting at a different point in an established pattern can lead to a jump out of that pattern to a new one.\nThese behaviours are analogs to human thinking behaviours such as circular thinking, prejudice, polarisation, insight and humour.", "to another. The eyes can never be observed in motion, yet an external observer clearly sees the motion of the eyes.\nThe phenomenon is often used to help explain a temporal illusion by the name of chronostasis, which momentarily occurs following a rapid eye-movement. Mechanism A saccade is a fast eye motion, and because it is a motion that is optimised for speed, there is inevitable blurring of the image on the retina, as the retina is sweeping the visual field. Blurred retinal images are not of much use, and the eye has a mechanism that \"cuts off\" the processing", "motion aftereffect. This particular motion aftereffect is also known as the waterfall illusion.\nAnother example can be seen when one looks at the center of a rotating spiral for several seconds. The spiral can exhibit outward or inward motion. When one then looks at any stationary pattern, it appears to be moving in the opposite direction. This form of the motion aftereffect is known as the spiral aftereffect. Explanation Neurons coding a particular movement reduce their responses with time of exposure to a constantly moving stimulus; this is neural adaptation. Neural adaptation also reduces the spontaneous, baseline activity of these same", "a stream of identical events and unexpected \"oddball\" stimuli seem to be perceived as longer in duration, relative to expected or frequently presented \"standard\" stimuli.\nThe oddball effect may serve an evolutionarily adapted \"alerting\" function and is consistent with reports of time slowing down in threatening situations. The effect seems to be strongest for images that are expanding in size on the retina, in other words, that are \"looming\" or approaching the viewer, and the effect can be eradicated for oddballs that are contracting or perceived to be receding from the viewer. The effect is also reduced or reversed with a", "causes strictly to attentional mechanisms, seeing the visual system as operating in a winner-takes-it-all manner.\nTroxler's fading, discovered by Troxler in 1804, is a very similar phenomenon in which an object away from one's focus of attention disappears and reappears irregularly. There is no necessity for a moving background for this illusion to occur. Other similar phenomena in which salient stimuli disappear and reappear include binocular rivalry, discovered as early as 1593, monocular rivalry, and flash suppression. Causes The illusion catches the brain ignoring or discarding information. This may be one of the brain's useful tricks, a deficiency - or perhaps", "in a decrease in signal to the brain. This phenomenon can be seen when moving from a bright environment to a dim one, like walking indoors on a bright snowy day. These effects are accompanied by neural adaptations in the occipital lobe of the brain that function similar to color balance adjustments in photography. These adaptations attempt to keep vision consistent in dynamic lighting. Viewing a uniform background while these adaptations are still occurring will allow an individual to see the after image because localized areas of vision are still being processed by the brain using adaptations that are no", "removed, leave green circles that then become the most prominent stimulus. The fading of the lilac circles is due to a loss of sensitivity to that stimulus and the adaptation to the new stimulus. To experience the \"lilac chaser\" effect, the subject needs to fixate their eyes on the cross in the middle of the image, and after a while the effect will settle in. Visual coding, a process involved in visual adaptation, is the means by which the brain adapts to certain stimuli, resulting in a biased perception of those stimuli. This phenomenon is referred to as visual", "Vergence A vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision.\nWhen a creature with binocular vision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around a horizontal axis so that the projection of the image is in the centre of the retina in both eyes. To look at an object closer by, the eyes rotate towards each other (convergence), while for an object farther away they rotate away from each other (divergence). Exaggerated convergence is called cross eyed viewing (focusing on the nose for example). When looking into the distance, the", "medium of air, causing a transformation that conforms to the shape around it, sending this signal back to the eye. An analogy to describe this phenomenon is offered by Hunayn:\nIf a person is walking in the dark and holds a stick in his hand and stretches it out full length before him, and the stick encounters an object which prevents it from advancing further, he knows immediately by analogy that the object preventing the stick from advancing is a solid body which resists anything that comes up against it...it is the same with vision.\nIn other words, the air acts as", "in with overestimation. Attention redirection When shifting focus from one object to a second object, the saccadic movement of one's eyes is also accompanied by a conscious shift of attention. In the context of the stopped clock illusion, not only do your eyes move, but you also shift your attention to the clock. This led researchers to question whether the movement of the eyes or simply the shift of the observer's attention towards the second stimulus initiated saccadic masking. Experiments in which subjects diverted only their attention without moving their eyes revealed that the redirection of attention", "Motion silencing illusion Overview The original article by Suchow and Alvarez describes the phenomenon occurring when participants observe a series of videos showing one hundred small dots arranged in a ring shape around a central fixation point that change either in color, brightness, size or shape. These rings would alternate between phases of motionlessness and movement in a rotational back and forward motion. Participants are instructed to focus on the fixation point and adjust the rate of the changing properties in the stationary phase to match that of the moving phase. The faster the rotational movement, the slower the dots", "when they are surrounded by a global moving pattern. In a study which assessed magnetic resonance images of the brain structures involved during motion-induced blindness found there to be activation in the ventral and dorsal pathways, specifically V4 of the ventral pathway and V3A, V3B, and the posterior intraparietal sulcus in the dorsal pathway. In the way that the dorsal pathway processes the moving pattern and in turn suppresses the ventral pathway's representation of the static salient objects, the same processes and patterns of activation may be found in the motion silencing illusion. Factors influencing motion silencing Dot spacing has", "in the\ninner plexiform layer so that each connection is parallel.\nThe response of cone cells to light is also directionally nonuniform, peaking at a direction that receives light from the center of the pupil; this effect is known as the Stiles–Crawford effect. Color afterimage Sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time, leading to neural adaptation. An interesting effect occurs when staring at a particular color for a minute or so. Such action leads to an exhaustion of the cone cells that respond to that color – resulting in the afterimage. This vivid color aftereffect can last for a", "independently pointed out that differential time lag effects in signals reaching the observer from the different parts of a moving object result in a fast moving object's visual appearance being quite different from its measured shape. For example, a receding object would appear contracted, an approaching object would appear elongated, and a passing object would have a skew appearance that has been likened to a rotation. A sphere in motion retains the appearance of a sphere, although images on the surface of the sphere will appear distorted.\nFig. 5‑4 illustrates a cube viewed from a distance of four times the", "divided into countless small juxtaposed spots or points. Each point is individually stimulated by light or whiteness and reacts separately. The eye can receive many impressions at one time, and therefore side by side. § 5 The qualitative division of the activity is completely different from the two quantitative divisions. It occurs when color is presented to the eye. Schopenhauer described the way in which various points or places on the retina become fatigued from being overstimulated. After staring at a black figure on a white background, the overactive and excited retinal points become exhausted and do not react to", "1937. This illusion produces the sensation of touching two objects by crossing one’s fingers and then holding a spherical object between them. Visual capture was used to explain how vision could overcome this effect and determine what is actually going on.\nAttention was again tied to visual cues during an experiment conducted by Michael Posner in 1980. By determining which direction a stimulus will appear with an arrow, response time will increase if the correct direction is attended to. This ability to attend to a specific direction allows the visual system to prove its strength and allow for a faster reaction", "Bell's phenomenon Bell's phenomenon (also known as the palpebral oculogyric reflex) is a medical sign that allows observers to notice an upward and outward movement of the eye, when an attempt is made to close the eyes. The upward movement of the eye is present in the majority of the population, and is a defensive mechanism. The phenomenon is named after the Scottish anatomist, surgeon, and physiologist Charles Bell.\nBell's phenomenon is a normal defense reflex present in about 75% of the population, resulting in elevation of the globes when blinking or when threatened (e.g. when an attempt is made to", "Hemispheric differences Sometimes, when looking at rotating three-dimensional silhouettes, they will suddenly appear to change the direction in which they are rotating, even though nothing about the image has changed. This sudden change is because the silhouette lack any depth cues from shading. Data from an experiment showed that subjects experienced changes more when the image was being processed by their left hemisphere which controls the right side of the visual field.", "a quick movement of the eye, whereas a glimpse is more often a result of the object being watched quickly moving out of sight. \"Scanning\" suggests quickly looking over an area \"to get a general impression\", accomplished \"by rapidly noting one point after another\". Glance appeared with its current meaning prior to 1450, from Old French glacer or glacier, a reference to the quick movement of slipping on ice. Glimpse appeared as a noun with its current meaning in 1580, from Middle English glimsen, and as a verb in 1779, although it was originally associated with seeing bright or shiny", "detailed information to the peripheral first impression.\nIt can also be noted that there are different types of eye movements: fixational eye movements (microsaccades, ocular drift, and tremor), vergence movements, saccadic movements and pursuit movements. Fixations are comparably static points where the eye rests. However, the eye is never completely still, but gaze position will drift. These drifts are in turn corrected by microsaccades, very small fixational eye-movements. Vergence movements involve the cooperation of both eyes to allow for an image to fall on the same area of both retinas. This results in a single focused image. Saccadic movements is the", "symptoms which represent dysfunctions in both light and motion perception. Light and motion are processed via different pathways, which suggests that there are diffuse or global excitability alterations in the visual pathway. Faulty neural adaptation and feedback between the anterior and posterior visual pathways could cause persistent excitability changes. Movement-related palinopsia could be due to inappropriate or incomplete activation of the motion suppression mechanisms (visual masking/backward masking and corollary discharges) related to visual stability during eye or body movements, which are present in saccadic suppression, blinking, smooth pursuit, etc. Palinopsia in migraineurs Illusory palinopsia may occur during a migraine aura,", "accompanied by a head movement. During such gaze saccades, first the eye produces a saccade to get gaze on target, whereas the head follows more slowly and the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) causes the eyes to roll back in the head to keep gaze on the target. Since the VOR can actually rotate the eyes around the line of sight, combined eye and head movements do not always obey Listing's law. Saccades in depth When exploring the visual environment with the gaze, humans make two to three fixations a second. Each fixation involves binocularly coordinated movements of the eyes to acquire", "one way to eliminate confusion is to have items that cannot be named. The Interference Theory Shapiro et al. (1994) suggest that an interference model may better explain the attentional blink effects than the inhibition model. In this model, the attentional blink is thought to take place because of an out of place item which is selected out of the series because of the interference within the items in the series. Shapiro proposes that the amount of interference increases or decreases with the length of the series. The Delay of Processing Theory Giesbrecht and Di Lollo (1998) suggest", "firstly, the latter is due to the interaction of moving and stationary stimuli closely located within the same eye, while the former requires an interaction between stimuli presented to different eyes in corresponding visual areas. Secondly, motion-induced interocular suppression can induce invisibility of a large stimulus presented at the fovea, whereas motion-induced blindness requires the stimulus to be small and peripherally located. Thirdly, decreasing the contrast of the stimulus to be suppressed increases the duration of motion-induced interocular suppression, but decreases the duration of motion-induced blindness. Whether motion-induced interocular suppression and continuous flash suppression have common neural mechanisms is still", "curves were spatially separate or overlapping. The presence of neural enhancement when the neurons receptor fields fell on the target-curve could suggest that attention is spreading to the boundaries of the object and then stopping. More recently, Roelfesema and Houtkamp (2011) found that there was a time difference in the onset of enhancement in these V1 neurons. The enhancement of the neuron took longer to appear as the spatial distance between the fixation of attention and receptor field increased. This finding is supported by the performance of mental curve tracing tasks in humans. The results of these single cell recording", "eyes move together and almost involuntarily. This is a key factor in the study of strabismus, namely, the inability of the eyes to be directed to one point.\nThere are two main kinds of movement: conjugate movement (the eyes move in the same direction) and disjunctive (opposite directions). The former is typical when shifting gaze right or left, the latter is convergence of the two eyes on a near object. Disjunction can be performed voluntarily, but is usually triggered by the nearness of the target object. A \"see-saw\" movement, namely, one eye looking up and the other down, is possible, but", "upward and sometimes temporal movement of one eye, with cortical suppression of the vision in that eye while it is deviated. On returning downward and possibly inward to take up fixation, the DVD slow movement will be reversed.\nThe dissociative movement seen 'objectively' should not be confused with the dissociation that occurs 'subjectively' - as when the brain begins to not visualise both images simultaneously (by ignoring or suppressing vision in that eye). Diagnosis A test called the Bielschowsky Darkening Wedge Test can be used to reveal and diagnose the presence of dissociated vertical deviation, although any (or no) amount of" ]

[ "Way back when there weren't multiple channels whose only purpose was cartoons. There was a MARKET for cartoons, but not a huge market. What day and time are kids most likely to be available year-round to watch things marketed towards them? Saturday mornings. During the week they're in school. Sundays, might have church. Later in the day Saturday, might have family activities. Parents might even try to sneak in a little sleep by sleeping until 8 or 9, and kids might be able to get up early and watch cartoons.", "Back in my day, there weren't any other cartoons than the Saturday Morning Cartoons!\n\nSeriously though: The saying comes from the days when TV had all of 3 channels, and most programming was for adults. Soaps during the day for housewives, the news and sitcoms/crime procedurals (and later on, Star Trek) for either the working men or the whole family, and then nothing after like 11:00.\n\nSaturday morning, though... the adults slept in, and the kids wanted to watch something. So Saturday morning was for cartoons.\n\nBy the time I was born, cable TV had nickelodeon which had more-or-less 24 hour kid-centered television, and the idea of saturday morning cartoons was dying out.", "There weren't many other day cartoons. Not in a chunk like that. You might catch some Looney Tunes or something on PBS in the afternoon, and later Nick came along (but even that was mostly live action stuff). Saturday morning was the only time you could reliably find kid programming/cartoons for a few hours in a row." ]

[ "Saturday-morning cartoon Early cartoons Although the Saturday-morning timeslot had always featured a great deal of children's programming beginning in the early 1950s, the idea of commissioning new animated series for broadcast on Saturday mornings caught on in the mid-1960s, when the networks realized that they could concentrate kids' viewing on that one morning to appeal to advertisers. Furthermore, limited animation, such as that produced by such studios as Filmation Associates, DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, Total Television, Jay Ward Productions and Hanna-Barbera Productions, was economical enough to produce in sufficient quantity to fill the four-hour time slot, as compared to live-action programming. While", "behind the acclaimed Peanuts television specials that were airing throughout the time period, led by Bill Melendez. Commercialization and counterculture Animation on television focused almost exclusively on children, and the tradition of getting up early to watch Saturday morning cartoons became a weekly ritual for millions of American kids. The networks were glad to oblige their demands by providing hours-long blocks of cartoon shows. Hanna-Barbera Productions became the leader in the production of TV cartoons for children. A number of other studios produced TV cartoons, such as Filmation (Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, The Archies) and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises (The", "series, do air reruns of older Saturday morning cartoons. Boomerang, a spin-off channel of Cartoon Network, specialized primarily in reruns of Saturday morning cartoons from the 1960s and 1970s (the majority of which come from Hanna-Barbera, which, like Boomerang, is owned by Time Warner). In the 2010s, the channel's focus shifted toward airing reruns of canceled animated series from the 1990s and 2000s (many of which were never intended for the Saturday morning programming block), and as of 2014, all earlier cartoons are relegated to graveyard slots. Hub Network owned the broadcast rights to rerun several of Fox Kids' most", "Pink Panther), but Hanna-Barbera had developed a virtual lock on Saturday morning cartoons by the 1970s. Such critics of Hanna-Barbera's style of limited animation as Chuck Jones referred to it disparagingly as \"illustrated radio,\" yet when one show was cancelled, the studio usually had another one ready to replace it because they were so cheap to produce.\nFrom the late 1960s through the early 1980s, several successful prime-time animated TV specials aired. Because these one-shot cartoons were aired during prime-time hours (and thus had to appeal to adults as well as children), they had to obtain higher ratings than their Saturday", "on Saturday morning, on cable channels like Nickelodeon, Disney Channel/Disney XD and Cartoon Network, PBS Kids, and in syndicated afternoon timeslots.\nPrimetime cartoons for older and adult audiences were virtually non-existent in the mainstream of the United States until the 1990s hit, when The Simpsons ushered in a new era of shows such as Beavis and Butt-head, South Park, King of the Hill, Family Guy, and Futurama.\nAlthough short animated films became less popular in this period, at least one new cartoon character found fame on the silver screen. Pink Panther (1963) started his career in the opening and closing credits of", "a wider audience than the average Saturday-morning cartoon. Linda Simensky, vice president of original animation, reminded adults and teenage girls that cartoons could appeal to them as well. Kevin Sandler's article of them claimed that these cartoons were both less \"bawdy\" than their counterparts at Comedy Central and less \"socially responsible\" than their counterparts at Nickelodeon. Sandler pointed to the whimsical rebelliousness, high rate of exaggeration and self-consciousness of the overall output, each individual series managed.\nIn 1995, Cartoon Network launched \"Cartoon Network Online\" as an America Online exclusive website. It would later merge with ghostplanet.com as simply \"CartoonNetwork.com\", and featured", "of morning cartoons, leading into religious programming. After 1975, it aired afternoons, leading out of religious and public affairs shows into the afternoon cartoons. On Fridays until 1981, in place of The Magic Garden, another children's show produced at WPIX called Joya's Fun School aired in its time slot. After that other children's shows would replace The Magic Garden in the Friday slot. Finally WPIX dropped The Magic Garden altogether on September 14, 1984. WPIX wanted to be strictly entertainment programming during daytime hours. They wanted to modernize their programming. In the year before they dropped The 700", "paucity of their animated hits, they gave up on cartoons in 1992, instead concentrating on live-action teenage shows with their Saturday-morning TNBC block. ABC was purchased by Disney in 1996, and Disney transformed ABC's Saturday schedule into a series of Disney-produced animated cartoons collectively named One Saturday Morning. CBS was simply never able to come up with any new hits once the shows that anchored its late 1980s/early 1990s Saturday morning lineup—Muppet Babies, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Garfield and Friends, etc.—ran their respective courses. When CBS was purchased by Viacom, which also owned Nickelodeon, Viacom simply repurposed much of the", "naturally chose to air them on Saturday morning, when children were already watching. As a result, almost every Saturday-morning network show is required to contain some educational content. Fox and The WB worked around this problem by airing short one-hour weekday children's blocks instead of morning news shows, but those weekday blocks no longer exist (with the notable exception of PBS, which continues to have large weekday children's programming blocks as of 2010). Nonetheless, there were still a few toy-based children's programs in the 1990s, particularly Power Rangers and Pokémon.\nCable networks were not subject to these—or most other—FCC requirements, which", "Cat, The Jetsons and Jonny Quest, Ross Bagdasarian, Sr.'s The Alvin Show, and Bob Clampett's Beany and Cecil.\nSome Saturday morning programs consisted of telecasts of older cartoons originally made for movie theaters, such as the Bugs Bunny and Road Runner cartoons produced by Warner Bros. Cartoons, the Tom and Jerry cartoons produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for that studio prior to establishing their own company; the Mighty Mouse and Heckle and Jeckle cartoons produced by Paul Terry's Terrytoons, and Walter Lantz's Woody Woodpecker cartoons. During the 1960s and 1970s, it was not uncommon to", "and word bubbles, are extremely popular. News comedy News comedy often involving news parody and satirical editorials has been a component of programs such as Saturday Night Live (weekend update) and This hour has 22 minutes, however it became a genre in its own right with Jon Stewart and the Daily Show. Animated cartoon Animated cartoons have long been a source of comedy on television. Early children's programming often recycled theatrical cartoons; later, low-budget animation produced especially for television dominated Saturday-morning network programming in the US. A few prime-time animated comedies, notably The Flintstones, The Jetsons, Top Cat, successfully mixed", "TNBC History As early as 1988, NBC had been openly contemplating replacing its Saturday morning programming block of children’s cartoons with less expensive, in-house programming oriented towards teens due to increasing competition from weekday afternoon cartoons airing in first-run syndication. The idea for a teen-oriented block sprang from the popularity of the teen sitcom Saved by the Bell, which centered on a group of six students attending the fictional Bayside High School in Pacific Palisades, California. Debuting on the network's Saturday morning lineup in September 1989, Saved by the Bell was a re-imagining of the short-lived sitcom Good Morning, Miss", "Getsuku Getsuku (月９ getsuku, sometimes further shortened to gekku) is a Japanese abbreviation for Getsuyō kuji (月曜９時 getsuyō kuji, Monday at 9 pm). This is traditionally the time when the most popular TV dramas air in Japan. History Fuji TV, one of the major broadcasting companies in Japan, started the pattern of airing the dramas it predicted would be most popular on Monday nights. Mondays are the only night in which generally no baseball games are played, meaning that throughout the year, there would be no delays in broadcasting (due to the popularity of baseball, some stations continue to broadcast games", "Bright, the show offered such cartoons as Mighty Mouse, Bugs Bunny, Tom and Jerry and Popeye. The show frequently featured local magician Magic Mike (played by Michael Stroud) performing for the studio children. Finally the live-action in-studio segment was scrapped and the show just showed the cartoons straight. Afternoon cartoon shows such as these eventually became a thing of the past as cable television was able to feature round-the-clock cartoons aimed at younger viewers.\nKOFY added more sitcoms in the early 1990s. As noted above, KOFY also broadcast network daytime game shows and Saturday morning cartoons not carried by KRON and", "of the 1990s, both syndicated and national TV ended up losing most of its children's market to the rise of cable TV channels like Nickelodeon, Disney Channel and Cartoon Network which provided appealing children's entertainment throughout the week at nearly all hours. From Hanna-Barbera to Cartoon Network The late 1980s and 1990s saw huge changes in the Saturday-morning landscape. By now, the once-prosperous Hanna-Barbera Productions was beleaguered by several factors. First of all, its dominance over the networks' schedules was broken by other studios' shows. Second, when The Smurfs was cancelled by NBC in 1990, Hanna-Barbera had no other hits", "the Tomato and Larry the Cucumber, NBC saw its biggest ratings jump in Saturday morning children's programming since 2003.\" Ratings on NBC's Saturday morning program had grown from an average Nielsen Rating of 0.5 between 2003 and 2005 to an average Nielsen Rating of 0.95 between 2006 to 2008 thanks to Veggietales on TV!. Veggietales on TV! was the most watched Saturday morning program on television from 2006 to 2008, with an average of 430,000 children watching each weekend.\nWhen NBC aired the first few episodes of the first season in September 2006, it edited the shows to remove religious messages,", "31, 2005, that it would discontinue Kids' WB's weekday afternoon block as it became financially unattractive due to broadcast stations shifting their afternoon target audiences more exclusively to adults by filling the slot with talk shows and sitcom reruns, on the basis that children's viewing options in that time period had gravitated more towards cable television. Kids' WB's weekday programming continued, but with redundant programs and theme weeks until December 30, 2005 (the block began to increasingly promote Cartoon Network's afternoon Miguzi block and the Kids' WB Saturday morning lineup during the transition). The weekday block was replaced on January", "Animation”, and “Saturday Morning Fever: Growing Up with Cartoon Culture”.", "merriment the boys' audibly display every Saturday morning. The out-there stories themselves set up some big laughs, like when the boys' discover pasta as an alternative energy source for automobiles, [pissed] off the local Mafioso in the process. Others lack any ingenuity whatsoever. The animation itself harks back to the 60s and 70s: very dim and dry, lacks real color and pizzazz, occasionally rough around the edges. Nothing special, unless you want to return to that old-fashioned, old-school look which was prevalent in George of the Jungle. Since the humor will whisk over children's heads, it's clear this show was", "Comedytime Saturday Comedytime Saturday is the official branding for a one-hour programming block which has aired off and on since 2011-12 television season on CBS between 8 and 9 p.m. ET/PT on Saturday nights. The branding is only listed by industry sources as a placeholder for the time slot, rather than an official on-air branding. The placeholder timeslot was also the lead-in to CBS' Crimetime Saturday lineup, which was reduced by an hour to accommodate the change. Originally conceived as a vehicle for at least one first-run sitcom (thus reviving the practice of programming entertainment programs on Saturday nights for", "point in its 7th season, which was running on the FOX network. The series tended to have more jokes and humor aimed at adults rather than children. Due to poor ratings following the first season, primarily due to running against 60 Minutes, subsequent seasons were moved to Saturday mornings as part of the Kids' WB! programming block.\nEven though they had their own show, they still had several shorts in Animaniacs after they got the show, they still appeared in the show's intro, and often made cameo appearances. On Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain In 1998, the overall structure within the", "a consultant).\nThe remainder of the networks' Saturday-morning schedules were filled by reruns of black-and-white live-action series made in the 1950s, usually with a western background (The Lone Ranger, The Roy Rogers Show, Sky King, Fury, Rin-Tin-Tin, My Friend Flicka, etc.) and occasional first-run live-action series such as The Magic Land of Allakazam, the later color episodes of Howdy Doody, The Shari Lewis Show, Shenanigans, and Watch Mr. Wizard.\nIndependent stations (TV stations not affiliated with networks) often did not show cartoons on Saturday mornings, instead running feature films (usually B-Westerns or low-budget series movies such as The Bowery Boys or Bomba", "October 8, 2016, resulting in NBC removing all cartoons from its Saturday morning lineups for the first time since September 1992. ThisTV On November 1, 2008, ThisTV launched airing a daily children's program block called Cookie Jar Toons, which was programmed by Cookie Jar Group. The block featured mainly scripted animated and live action series; Cookie Jar-produced programs that did not count towards E/I quotas aired under the sub-block This is for Kids. Cookie Jar Toons/This is for Kids was discontinued on October 31, 2013, effectively removing Saturday children's programming from the network; after Tribune Broadcasting assumed part-ownership of ThisTV", "the mornings is mostly aimed and preschoolers, it is either Swedish language in original, dubbed into Swedish or silent. Dubbing is expensive to do, as is producing new programmes. So most of the shows have been shown on SVT before, except for a few ones that have been dubbed recently.\nOlder programming shown in the mornings include Professor Balthazar, Doctor Snuggles and the Alfons Åberg films. Pingu was also aired on Barnkanalen. Pre-teens and teens Barnkanalen also shows some animation aimed at older children with its original sound track, for example the foreign anime Cardcaptors and imported American Animaniacs and AAAHH!!!", "canceled), short 30-second segments from America's Funniest People (a spin-off of the long-running America's Funniest Home Videos), which were branded as America's Funniest Kids, ran within commercial breaks during the ABC Saturday morning lineup. These would usually consist of excerpts from longer segments, usually featuring young children telling jokes or engaging in stunts. More Cool TV (1991–1992) At the start of the 1991–92 season, around the same time that ABC launched I Love Saturday Night – a block that was inspired by the success of ABC's Friday night TGIF sitcom block (the former of which ultimately ended after several weeks", "due to low ratings), executive producer/TGIF creator Jim Janicek also brought the hosted programming block concept to Saturday mornings, under the brand MCTV (More Cool TV). Stars from live-action series aired as part of the Saturday morning lineup, most notably including the cast of ABC's Land of the Lost revival, hosted interstitials every half-hour during the block. The MCTV segments at times were several seconds shorter than those shot for TGIF and I Love Saturday Night. While an opening sequence and custom last-segment show bumpers were included, the theme music used was the instrumental version of ABC's 1991 America's Watching", "Saturday morning block featuring live-action reality-based series aimed at teenagers ages 13 to 16 years old. Cookie Jar TV ended its run after seven years on September 21, 2013, and was succeeded by the following week on September 28 by the Litton-produced CBS Dream Team. Programming All of the programs aired within the block featured content compliant with educational programming requirements as mandated by the Federal Communications Commission via the Children's Television Act. Though the block was intended to air on Saturday mornings, like its predecessors, some CBS affiliates deferred certain programs aired within the block to Sunday mornings, or", "the Saturday primetime block led Nickelodeon to expand its programming into primetime on other nights in 1996, with the extension of its broadcast day to 8:30 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time (and later extended to 9:00 p.m. from 1998 to 2009) on Sunday through Friday nights.\nIn 1994, Nickelodeon launched The Big Help, which spawned a spin-off program The Big Green Help in 2007; the program is intended to encourage activity and environmental preservation by children. That same year, Nickelodeon removed You Can't Do That on Television from its schedule after a 13-year run and subsequently debuted a new sketch comedy show, All", "allowed their series to have more leeway with content than network shows. The impact of the new regulations was almost instantaneous: by 1997, Nickelodeon had rocketed past its broadcast competitors to become the most-watched network on Saturday mornings. Animation for adults The 1990s saw the beginnings of a new wave of animated series targeted primarily to adults and sometime teens, after a lack of such a focus for over a decade. The Simpsons and Fox In 1987, \"The Simpsons\", an animated short cartoon segment of The Tracey Ullman Show, debuted. Matt Groening's creation gained its own half-hour series in 1989,", "toy shop while they were visiting Aspen, Colorado. Silverman thought that a series based on the Smurfs might make a good addition to his Saturday-morning lineup.\nThe Saturday morning cartoon The Smurfs, produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions in association with SEPP International S.A. (from 1981 to 1987) and Lafig S.A. (in the years 1988 and 1989), debuted on NBC in 1981. The series became a major success for the network and one of the most successful and longest running Saturday morning cartoons in television history, spawning spin-off television specials on an almost yearly basis. The characters included Papa Smurf, Smurfette, Brainy Smurf," ]

[ "Each TV has a tiny camera in it that is always watching you watching TV." ]

[ "– TV Audience Measurement In every city where the audience is measured, MIB choose a group of homes at random to represent the population – a process known as audience measurement. With the authorization of the family members, each television is equipped with a device called a peoplemeter, which identifies and records which channels are being watched.\nBy fixed telephone line and/or GSM the device sends out information when viewers changes channels to a central collection point managed by MIB, which processes, analyzes, and distributes the data to clients.\nMIB measures up to eight members of each household. Participants are from both", "with television viewing not to be restrained to be \"home-watched\". Internet measurement is taken to the next level through its sophistication and high tech distribution. This allows several audiences measurement companies to refer to the Internet as the most measurable media. Ratings point Ratings point is a measure of viewership of a particular television programme.\nOne single television ratings point (Rtg or TVR) represents 1% of television households in the surveyed area in a given minute. As of 2004, there are an estimated 109.6 million television households in the United States. Thus, a single national ratings point represents 1%, or 1,096,000", "Broadcasters' Audience Research Board Business Currently, BARB have approximately 5,100 homes (equating to approximately 12,000 individuals) participating in the panel. This means that with a total UK population of 65,648,100, according to the 2016 census, each viewer with a BARB reporting box represents over 5,000 people. The box records exactly what programmes they watch, and the panelists indicate who is in the room watching by pressing a button on a remote control handset. The data is collected overnight and published as overnight ratings at around 9.30 the following morning for use by TV stations and the advertising industry. The following", "Persons using television Calculation It is a term coined by Nielsen Media Research. It refers to the total number of people in a particular demographic area, that are watching television during a given time period. Nielsen defines “PUT as a percentage of the population or as a number that represents the thousands of persons viewing television.” The formula used to calculate PUT is similar to HUT [Houses Using Television]\nPUT = (Rating / Share) x 100\nNielsen's formula for PUT is the number of persons viewing TV divided by the total persons universe i.e. the television rating divided by the total share", "of television in a particular demographic area.\nPUTs is calculated by considering the average audience figures gauged from the peopleometer, for all channels during a particular time period and adding them together to get the cumulative number. Put is used to calculate the demographic persons rating. Almost all media scales are technically based on person's ratings. It is observed that the percentage rating remains constant from year to year. If changes are observed, then they are slight in nature and only due to changes in viewing habits. PUT and PVT Persons Using Television (PUT) and Persons Viewing Television (PVT) are both", "Audience measurement Diaries The diary was one of the first methods of recording information. However, this is prone to mistakes and forgetfulness, as well as subjectivity. Data is also collected down to the level of listener opinion of individual songs, cross referenced against their age, race, and economic status in listening sessions sponsored by oldies and mix formatted stations. IBOPE was the first realtime service for audience measurement of the world, it started in São Paulo in 1942. Electronic The audience measurement of U.S. television has relied on sampling to obtain estimated audience sizes in which advertisers determine", "from the devices. This combination of data allowed the company to statistically estimate the number of Americans watching TV and the demographic breakdown of viewers. This became an important tool for advertisers and networks.\nIn the 1980s, the company launched a new measurement device known as the \"people meter\". The device resembles a remote control with buttons for each individual family member and extras for guests. Viewers push a button to signify when they are in the room and push it again when they leave, even if the TV is still on. This form of measurement was intended to provide a", "applied to television. Today, these are commonly referred to as \"Nielsen ratings\".\nThe company began measuring television audiences in 1950, at a time when the medium was just getting off the ground. Just as with radio, a sampling of homes across the U.S. was used to develop ratings. This information was collected on a device that was attached to a television that recorded what was being watched. In 1953, the company began sending out diaries to a smaller sample of homes (\"Nielsen families\") within the survey to have them record what they had watched. This data was put together with information", "be asked depending on the programme. An example of the former is to note how much of each programme was watched, using a scale of 1–10, where '10' means that the viewer watched it all, and '1' means that they watched very little. Also of key importance to the BBC is to find out whether the viewers considered a programme to be of 'high quality'. An example of the latter would be a question designed to gauge whether the viewer 'learned something new'. Viewers are also asked to rate how much effort they took to view the programme—whether", "example, Nielsen may report a show as receiving a 4.4/8 during its broadcast; this would mean that 4.4% of all television-equipped households (that is to say homes with a TV set, not total number of people), regardless of the TV being on or not, were tuned in to that program, while 8% of households that were watching TV at that time were watching the specific program.\nBecause ratings are based on samples, it is possible for shows to get a 0.0 rating, despite having an audience; the CNBC talk show McEnroe was one notable example. Another example is The CW show,", "Nielsen ratings for radio programs were released the first week of December 1947. They measured the top 20 programs in four areas: total audience, average audience, cumulative audience, and homes per dollar spent for time and talent.\nIn 1950, Nielsen moved to television, developing a ratings system using the methods he and his company had developed for radio. That method became the primary source of audience measurement information in the US television industry. Ratings/share and total viewers The most commonly cited Nielsen results are reported in two measurements: ratings points and share, usually reported as: \"ratings points/share\". There were 119.6 million TV", "(4.6/7 viewing audience), down from last summer's 4.8/9 (7.4 million viewers) launch. U.S. viewing figures This is ratings information for the season. \"Rating\" is the estimated percentage of all televisions tuned to the show, and \"share\" is the percentage of all televisions in use that are tuned in. \"Overnight Viewers\" is the estimated number viewers that watched a program either while it was broadcast or watched via DVR on the same day the program was broadcast. \"Live+7 Viewers\" is the estimated number of viewers that watched a program while it was broadcast or via DVR within 7 days of original", "television households for the 2004–05 season. When used for the broadcast of a program, the average rating across the duration of the show is typically given. Ratings points are often used for specific demographics rather than just households. For example, a ratings point among the key 18- to 49-year-olds demographic is equivalent to 1% of all 18- to 49-year-olds in the country.\nA Rtg/TVR is different from a share point in that it is the percentage of all possible households, while a share point is 1% of all households watching television at the time. Hence the share of a broadcast is", "reached with a particular schedule of advertisements. The numbers also show exactly how many people are listening at each hour of the day. This allows an advertiser to select the strongest stations in the market with specificity and tells them what times of day will be the best times to run their ads.\nBesides the basic numbers, most radio stations have access to other data, such as Scarborough Research, that details more about the listening audience than just what age group they fall into. For example, some data will provide the types of activities listeners participate in, their ethnicity, what", "to the profile of the audience watching the television set.\nIn early 1988, Médiamétrie and other market stakeholders agreed to launch a benchmark measurement based on a larger panel and which took individual audiences into account. At that time, Audimat became Médiamat, which from then on was an individual television audience measurement rather than a household one.\nIn 2008, the panel was expanded to its current size: 5,000 households, approximately 11,400 individuals aged four years and over. In 2011, recorded time-shifted viewing was incorporated into television audience measurement, followed by catch-up in 2014. Since 2016, Médiamétrie has measured television audiences on four", "Television ratings in Australia Measurements In Australian media, the most common ratings metric reported publicly is total viewers of a program from all age groups. However, advertisers typically prefer the viewership of demographic ranges based on the type of viewers they are seeking to promote their product to. The three common aged-based demographic groups, known as the 'key demographics,' include people aged 16 to 39, 18 to 49 and 25 to 54.\nIn advertising and media, the reporting of ratings has historically been confined to what is known as '5 city metro,' which only includes viewership of the OzTAM panels in", "they stop watching. This system makes it possible to measure the audience on a second-by-second basis. The audience meter uses watermarking technology to identify the channel being watched, as well as the date and time of broadcast. This data is automatically transmitted daily to the Médiamétrie servers at 3am and 5am. This data is then processed so that it can be extrapolated to the total French population, thus generating the audience results that are delivered every morning at 9am to measurement clients. The conventions or \"rules of the game\" Television audience measurement also relies on conventions that lay down the", "Nielsen household rating. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episode was seen by 1.5 percent of all households in the country at the time of the broadcast. The episode was the 2nd most-watched Cartoon Network program on the night it aired. The episode first saw physical release as part of the 2014 The Suitor DVD, which included 16 episodes from the series' first through fifth seasons. It was later re-released as part of the complete fifth season DVD in July 2015.\nSava awarded", "viewers watching television programs on digital platforms, Nielsen executive vice president of global product leadership Megan Clarken stated in an April 2015 summit by the Coalition for Innovative Media Measurement that the company is able to count digital viewers in audience and demographic reports, but unable to do so under the current set of rules devised by networks and advertising industries last revised in 2006. As such, Nielsen can only count viewership for television-originated broadcasts, and must exclude viewers who watch programs on digital platforms if the program does not have an identical advertising load or a linear watermark.\nAfter Nielsen", "reveals about oneself over cable television, and who can access that information. For example, third parties can track IP TV programs someone has watched at any given time. \"The addition of any information in a broadcasting stream is not required for an audience rating survey, additional devices are not requested to be installed in the houses of viewers or listeners, and without the necessity of their cooperations, audience ratings can be automatically performed in real-time.\" Educational In the United Kingdom in 2012, the Education Secretary Michael Gove described the National Pupil Database as a \"rich dataset\" whose value could be", "49-year-old demographic. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episode was seen by 0.3 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old were watching television at the time of the episode's airing. The network released the episode on DVD, first in 2012, as part of the It Came from the Nightosphere box set, and later in 2013, as part of a box set for the complete second season.\nCharlie Jane Anders of io9 itemized the episode in a list of fictional depictions", "viewed, often by large numbers of people in a common setting. In 2005, Nielsen announced plans to incorporate viewing by away-from-home college students into its sample. Internet television viewing is another rapidly growing market for which Nielsen ratings fail to account for viewers. iTunes, Hulu, YouTube, and some of the networks' own websites (such as ABC.com and CBS.com) provide full-length web-based programming, either subscription-based or ad-supported. Though web sites can already track popularity of a site and the referring page, they cannot track viewer demographics. To both track this and expand their market research offerings, Nielsen purchased NetRatings in 2007.", "earned a Nielsen household rating of 9.1, with a 13 share. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the U.S. This means that roughly 9.1 percent of all television-equipped households, and 13 percent of households watching television, were watching the episode. It was viewed by 15.35 million viewers in the United States. On May 28, 2000, the episode debuted on Sky 1 in the United Kingdom and gathered 0.68 million viewers, making it the eighth most watched program shown on Sky 1 that week, in front of Angel and The Simpsons. The", "of 10.1, with a 14 share. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the U.S. This means that roughly 10.1 percent of all television-equipped households, and 14 percent of households watching television, were watching the episode. In the U.K., \"The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati\" was seen by 840,000 viewers, making it the channel's third-most watched program for that week after episodes of The Simpsons and Friends. On May 13, 2003, the episode was released on DVD as part of the complete seventh season. Two years later, the episode was included on The X-Files Mythology,", "homes in the U.S. for the 2017–18 TV season (Nielsen’s National Television Household Universe Estimates). The number of persons age 2 and older in U.S. TV households is estimated to be 304.5 million. A single national ratings point represents 1% of the total number. Nielsen re-estimates the number of television-equipped households each August for the upcoming television season.\nShare is the percentage of television sets in use that are tuned to the program of Households Using Television (HUT) or Persons Using Television (PUT) who are tuned to a specific program, station or network in a specific area at a specific time. For", "TV, were poorly equipped to respond to the challenge of simultaneous consumption across multiple platforms. However, media research is slowly devising methods designed to capture simultaneous media consumption habits.\nThe timing of audience reports is a major issue for both the networks and advertisers. Data collected by people-meters is available on the morning after programs have aired. However, data collected by diary methods requires much more time to collate and analyse. Radio surveys, for example, which are still used for radio ratings in many countries, are normally only available on a quarterly basis. The time lag in reporting fails to provide", "of households watching television were tuned in. Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States. It was viewed by 18.68 million viewers. \"The Post-Modern Prometheus\" was the eleventh most watched television program for the week ending November 30. Reviews \"The Post-Modern Prometheus\" received generally positive reviews from critics. Mike Duffy, a Knight Ridder correspondent, wrote a largely positive article on the episode, noting that although the episode was special, this did not make it feel like a gimmick. He wrote, \"when most shows blow promotional smoke about 'a very special", "People meter Meter The People Meter is a 'box', about the size of a paperback book. The box is hooked up to each television set and is accompanied by a remote control unit. Each family member in a sample household is assigned a personal 'viewing button'. It identifies each household member's age and sex. If the TV is turned on and the viewer doesn't identify themselves, the meter flashes to remind them. Additional buttons on the People Meter enable guests to participate in the sample by recording their age, sex and viewing status into the system.\nAnother version of the device", "measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States, which means that the episode was seen by 0.7 percent of all households aged 18 to 49 years old were watching television at the time of the episode's airing. This made it the highest-rated episode of the series since the airing of \"Bad Little Boy\" in February of the same year. \"Frost & Fire\" was also one of only four episodes that aired during the show's fifth season—along with \"Finn the Human\", \"Jake the Dog\", and \"Bad Little Boy\"—to be watched by over 3", "television made industry sectors interested in data about viewing behavior. Local People Meter Along with changing their counting methods, Nielsen also started emphasizing their sample in 2003 in reaction to census shifts and requests from some industry sectors. Nielsen’s automated Local People Meter (LPM) technology was introduced in New York and Los Angeles. The LPM improved the method of measurement from active and diary-based to passive and meter-monitored. More importantly, the LPM provides accurate measurements to particular local markets, verse a nationwide sample from the People meter. While diary-based surveys concentrated on quarterly “sweeps” periods, the industry has been" ]

[ "CERN is basically trying to find out the origins of our universe and how everything works by using a very large particle accelerator to accelerate particles to 99.99991% the speed of light and have them collide with one another. When these particles collide they break apart and that is when we can see what holds particles together and how things work. Only problem is that there is years of data to go through and experimentally proving everything will take a long time. \n\nThere is no real threat from this, what you see online is just that, \"conspiracy theories.\" People believing that smashing particles will create a black hole and destroy the world.", "CERN studies the science of how the universe works at the smallest scale, smaller than an atom. They are trying to prove or disprove our theories about how the universe works at such a small scale. This is important to understanding how our universe came into being.\n\nCERN only makes smaller-than-atom sized things, and only for billionths of a second at a time. It learns what it can by scanning them in that time, they analyzing that scan for months and months. The things they make are new and exciting and sometimes sound scary, but nothing they make is a danger to us - all of it exists all around the universe, just not exactly where and when we need it to scan it." ]

[ "was called, but Amy believes it can't be very important. At CERN, they overhear Dr. Niven and the Director General arguing over safety. Dr. Niven wants the LHC to be stopped till he can assess the safety, but the Director General overrides his concerns and informs him that, once the problem is fixed, the LHC would work normally and finding the Higgs boson is of utmost importance. The Director General realizes that Connor, James and Amy are listening to them and he asks the security guard to shut the door.\nAt the conference room they meet Lisa, who was supposed to", "Because many believed Geron's trial offered hope for advancing knowledge related to stem cells and their potential uses, there was disappointment in the scientific community when the trial was cut short. An article on Bioethics Forum, a publication produced by The Hastings Center, stated, \"It is one thing to close a trial to further enrollment for scientific reasons, such as a problem with trial design, or for ethical reasons, such as an unanticipated serious risk of harm to participants. It is quite another matter to close a trial for business reasons, such as to improve profit margins.\"\nIn 2013 Geron's", "them.\nDepending on the exact level of radiation it could be catastrophic. Peter's report was rejected by CERN and his credibility as a scientist was destroyed. On 23 September 2012, Peter breaks into the CERN laboratories to gain access to the Collider and sabotage it preventing any future experiments. But something goes wrong in a way that Peter couldn't have predicted, and he is transported to 2018 by a wormhole to a world destroyed by natural disasters and at war with the Unknown. He wakes up in a strangely familiar place, convinced he's somehow been there before. He is now in", "This further fueled theories that CERN's goal was to use their Large Hadron Collider to create a portal to hell, summon the antichrist, or resurrect the ancient gods.", "Doomsday (Doctor Who) Plot Four Daleks, accompanied by a device known as the \"Genesis Ark\", have emerged from the Void ship inside the Torchwood Institute's sphere chamber. The Cybermen who took control of Torchwood confront the Daleks, offering an alliance. The Daleks decline and kill two Cybermen, causing the Cyber Leader to declare war on the Daleks.\nA strike team from the parallel universe takes the Tenth Doctor to meet with Pete. After hearing that the parallel Earth has started warming at an unprecedented rate following the opening of the breach between the two Earths, the Doctor theorises this is the", "as the CERN's LHC experiments, as well as smaller, national and locally managed projects. 2012 controversy A large group of scientists at the ITEP are protesting about the Russian government's plan to merge ITEP with the Kurchatov Institute. According to them, the real purpose of the move is to effectively \"kill\" ITEP.", "T. Stanton Junior's own family. The Annihilation Agenda Bond Team have a LOT on their minds. Not only are they about to get their exam results, they're also caught up in Spy High's investigations into terrorism at the Solartech power plant. And while Lori, Jake and the others may be freaking out about the exams, their discoveries at Solartech are way more worrying. Because Bond Team have uncovered a plot that's going to make those exam results seem pretty irrelevant. Because humanity is about to be wiped out, and there's nothing anyone can do to stop it. Edward Red Eddie", "Writing CERN was involved in the production of Lost Souls from its inception; according to writer Joseph Lidster, \"they're apparently big Torchwood fans.\" Representatives from CERN read the script to check for scientific accuracy; they also approved the plot, which required \"that if the team were going to CERN, something had to go wrong\".\nWhen Lidster began writing the script, he did not know that the characters of Owen and Tosh would be killed in the episode \"Exit Wounds\", so the characters were included in his first treatment. He subsequently introduced the theme of grief into the episode, to address the", "forces, the Daleks are in full retreat on all fronts and that he has sealed off the Threshold. The radiation will help Dalek X keep alive, but by the time the Quarantine is over Dalek X will be dead. Regardless of the Doctor's revelations, Dalek X rants that the Daleks are never defeated. The Doctor replies that the Daleks are always defeated, because they can never accept that every other form of life in the Universe is better than the Daleks. To prove this the Doctor points out that there is no form of life in the Universe that would", "David A. McAllester Opinions on Artificial Intelligence McAllester has voiced concerns about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence, stating in an article to the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review that it is inevitable that fully automated intelligent machines will be able to design and build smarter, better versions of themselves, an event known as the Singularity. The Singularity would enable machines to become infinitely intelligent, and would pose an \"incredibly dangerous scenario\". McAllester estimates a 10 percent probability of the Singularity occurring within 25 years, and a 90 percent probability of it occurring within 75 years. He appeared on the AAAI Presidential Panel", "Nardole discover a portal leading to a hub of other portals, linked to CERN and the White House, among other places. Meanwhile, the Doctor temporarily regains his sight using Time Lord technology and tries to read Veritas, but is forced to flee into a second portal with the translation when the skeletal, corpse-like Monks appear. He is unable to read the Veritas before again losing his sight.\nBill and Nardole enter the portal to CERN, finding all the scientists are prepared to kill themselves. A scientist demonstrates that every time he asks them for a random number, they, along with the", "an exciting thing it is that people are excited that there is something fundamentally new that has been discovered.\" Randall has an e-book entitled Higgs Discovery: The Power of Empty Space. Before the Large Hadron Collider was operating, she wrote an article explaining the discoveries that were expected from using it. She was commonly asked about the misconception that the LHC could make black holes that could destroy the planet. She answered that it was \"not even conceivable unless space and gravity are very different from what we thought.\"\nRandall wrote the libretto of the opera Hypermusic", "of programming themselves (potentially leading to the Singularity), there should be a period where they are moderately intelligent in which it should be possible to test out giving them a purpose or mission that should render them safe to humans: \nI personally believe that it is likely that within a decade agents will be capable of compelling conversation about the everyday events that are the topics of non-technical dinner conversations. I think this will happen long before machines can program themselves leading to an intelligence explosion. The early stages of artificial general intelligence (AGI) will be safe. However, the early", "goal is to develop a test that would definitively diagnose CTE in a living subject. In order to accomplish this, researchers at Boston University made it a priority to study as many post-mortem brains as possible, which led to the formation of the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank. Currently, the Brain Bank contains over 600 brains, including 325 brains that have been diagnosed with CTE since the formation of the bank.\nThe directors of the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank work with families of former athletes and veterans to create a well-rounded database that researchers can utilize during large CTE case studies. Employees of the", "The Power of Three (Doctor Who) Plot Amy and Rory adjust to normal life without travelling with the Eleventh Doctor. One day, billions of small black cubes appear across the globe. The Doctor arrives and he, Amy and Rory are taken to UNIT headquarters, where UNIT's head, Kate Stewart, explains that they have not been able to analyse the cubes' function. The Doctor waits with Amy and Rory for several days to monitor the situation, and gets to know Rory's father, Brian. The Doctor deems the cubes harmless and departs, but instructs Brian to keep watch.\nA year passes, with Amy", "not be possible to forecast what will come afterwards. Thus the event in the hypothetical future of achieving strong AI is called the technological singularity, because theoretically one cannot see past it. But this has not stopped philosophers and researchers from guessing what the smart computers or robots of the future may do, including forming a utopia by being our friends or overwhelming us in an AI takeover. The latter potentiality is particularly disturbing as it poses an existential risk for mankind. Self-replicating machines Smart computers or robots would be able to design and produce improved versions of themselves. A", "future Stark Industries technology facilitate technopathy. \nAs of the end of the \"Avengers: X-Sanction\" storyline, Hope Summer has apparently cured Cable of the techno-organic virus using the Phoenix Force, and appears to at least have his telepathy. As a result, his cybernetic eye and arm have been restored to flesh and blood, although almost nonfunctional and atrophied, forcing Cable to wear an eyepatch (hiding a psimitar like implant) and use an enhanced brace, made by Forge and laden with special weaponry. Due to a future Hope's tampering with his mind, he also gained the ability to see multiple possible future", "Genesis of the Daleks Plot The Fourth Doctor and his companions Sarah Jane Smith and Harry Sullivan are intercepted by the Time Lords. The Doctor is instructed to interfere with the creation of the Daleks so as to avert a future in which the Daleks rule the universe; he is given a Time Ring to return them to his TARDIS when the mission is complete. The three find themselves on the Dalek planet of Skaro. A generations-long war between the Thals and the Kaleds has left the planet inhospitable, and the two sides have congregated in their own domes for", "explain away inconsistencies in the data and failures to achieve predicted outcomes; unfalsifiability of claims; unpredictability of effects; lack of progress in over a century of formal research; methodological weaknesses; reliance on statistical procedures to determine when psi has supposedly occurred, even though statistical analysis does not in itself justify a claim that psi has occurred; and failure to jibe with other areas of science. Overall, he argues that there is nothing in parapsychological research that would ever lead parapsychologists to conclude that psi does not exist, and so, even if it does not, the search is likely to continue", "6 in 2011 continues to examine mysteries left unexplained at the end of Series 5. In \"The Impossible Astronaut\" and \"Day of the Moon\", Amy, Rory and River witness a future version of the Doctor murdered, which they vow to keep a secret from the present-day Doctor as they encounter hypnotic aliens called \"the Silence\". Eventually, Amy unknowingly lets slip that the Doctor dies in \"The Almost People\", when it also turns out that she is pregnant and has been kidnapped by the nefarious Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber). In \"A Good Man Goes to War\", the Doctor calls in old", "GMO conspiracy theories Context The existence of conspiracy theories relating to the fear over GMOs has been attested to by scientists, journalists, and skeptics who oppose much anti-GMO activism. Such commentators include Michael Shermer (writer of a monthly Skeptic column series for Scientific American), Mark Lynas (an environmental activist and writer who opposed GMOs for years and recently switched positions), and Jon Entine (the founder and head of an advocacy organization dedicated to advancing the case in favor of genetic engineering in agriculture and biotechnology). Academics writing about bioethics and science communication have also taken note. A 2013 paper published", "Ray Hyman to evaluate a project investigating remote viewing for espionage applications, the Stargate Project, which was funded by the Central Intelligence Agency and Defense Intelligence Agency, and carried out initially by Stanford Research Institute and subsequently by SAIC.\nA report by Utts claimed the results were evidence of psychic functioning, however Hyman in his report argued Utts' conclusion that ESP had been proven to exist, especially precognition, was premature and the findings had not been independently replicated. According to Hyman \"the overwhelming amount of data generated by the viewers is vague, general, and way off target. The few apparent hits", "from the solar system. With the entire system now connected once more after all the wars, GORN is able to bring his presence everywhere in his attempt to achieve his long-term goals.\nGORN's plans are not a surprise to Catty, for she has foreseen the disaster and sets her own plan into motion just before the virus strikes. Being a Yuman with heart, she leads a force of seven women into the final battle between man and machine! Gall Force: The Revolution This 1996 OVA was a reimagining of the series, which replaced the amorphous Paranoids with a seemingly endless civil", "asked to produce The Ultimate Question, Deep Thought says that it cannot; however, it can help to design an even more powerful computer that can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the \"computational matrix\" and will run for ten million years. It is revealed as being the planet Earth, with its pan-dimensional creators assuming the form of white lab mice to observe its running. The process is hindered after eight million years by the unexpected arrival on Earth of the Golgafrinchans and is then ruined completely, five minutes prior to completion, when the Earth is destroyed by the", "13\", Grey is unsure why the computer has awoken her early, and so sets out to learn what is happening. She discovers that the crew of the ship have turned into zombies; detecting unusual activity on board, the computer automatically awakened Unit 13 as per its security protocol. When Grey is able to reactive the comlink on her suit, the computer tells her that there is something wrong with her, but before she can investigate further, she is contacted by Dr. Wagner of the research division. Wagner tells her that the crew have been attacked by a virus that kills", "as measured by SPECT, predicted stimulant response in 29 of 157 patients.\"\nHarriet Hall has written critically about SPECT scans in articles for Quackwatch and for the Science-Based Medicine website. Hall accuses the clinics of misrepresenting an unproven treatment as effective, of concealing important warning information, and of creating false hopes by promising things that can't be done. She dismisses the scans as \"pretty pictures\" and says that although Amen himself seems to believe in his approach, \"humans are very good at fooling themselves\".\nA 2011 paper co-authored by the neuroscientist Anjan Chatterjee discussed example cases that were found on the Amen", "of psychic functioning; however, Hyman in his report argued Utts' conclusion that ESP had been proven to exist, especially precognition, was premature and the findings had not been independently replicated. Hyman came to the conclusion:\nPsychologists, such as myself, who study subjective validation find nothing striking or surprising in the reported matching of reports against targets in the Stargate data. The overwhelming amount of data generated by the viewers is vague, general, and way off target. The few apparent hits are just what we would expect if nothing other than reasonable guessing and subjective validation are operating.\nwhereas Utts concluded:\nNo one who", "only concern is keeping the world tidy and in order, and has slowly begun to erase evidence of its existence. The computer also reveals that it has been watching Peter for a long time, and that it engages in massive social manipulation, having been several of the online friends he has. It further threatens Peter that if it is deactivated, it will launch a set of nuclear weapons, including one at Peter's home. Peter successfully shuts down the computer system, and manages to abort the launches. In the epilogue, Peter's computer pops up with a message from an online contact,", "conclusions, the studies could be used to assess aspartame's safety.\nIn 1980, the FDA convened a Public Board of Inquiry (PBOI) consisting of independent advisors charged with examining the purported relationship between aspartame and brain cancer. The PBOI concluded aspartame does not cause brain damage, but it recommended against approving aspartame at that time, citing unanswered questions about cancer in laboratory rats.\nCiting data from a Japanese study that had not been available to the members of the PBOI, and after seeking advice from an expert panel that found fault with statistical analyses underlying the PBOI's hesitation, yet argued against approval, FDA", "is more likely to result from anthropogenic causes than natural causes. Artificial intelligence It has been suggested that learning computers that rapidly become superintelligent may take unforeseen actions, or that robots would out-compete humanity (one technological singularity scenario). Because of its exceptional scheduling and organizational capability and the range of novel technologies it could develop, it is possible that the first Earth superintelligence to emerge could rapidly become matchless and unrivaled: conceivably it would be able to bring about almost any possible outcome, and be able to foil virtually any attempt that threatened to prevent it achieving its objectives. It" ]

[ "That wasn't a cause of the subprime mortgage crisis, but more of a result. But that's too much to get into here.\n\nWalking away isn't without consequences. You will get a big mark on your credit rating, which won't go away for 7-10 years, meaning anything dependent on your credit score (including some forms of employment) can be harder than it would be otherwise. New car loans, buying another house, etc may be impossible for 7-10 years.\n\nA mortgage is a \"dead loan\", meaning that when the underlying security is recovered (the home), the obligation from the borrower is complete. Other type of secured loan don't have this feature, and it's possible for you to get a loan, secured by some security, be unable to repay it, have the security taken and sold, and still be liable to pay the outstanding balance.\n\nSo if you bought a house for $200K, and the subprime mortgage crisis hit, dropping home prices in your area so your house is now worth $100K while you still owe $150K, your choices are (a) Keep paying your mortgage for your $200K house, (b) sell the house for $100K, and immediately owe the bank an extra $50K you probably don't have, or (c) walk away, let the bank foreclose, and deal with the consequences.\n\nIdeally, you'd do (a), but if home prices are falling because everyone in your area is losing their jobs including you, or your mortgage is structured in such a way that your payments jump (more on this later), or for some other reason you need to move (congratulations on your new promotion, half way across the country), then you can't keep paying the mortgage, and have to do one of the other choices. Walking away suddenly seems like your only choice.\n\n\nIn the leadup to the crisis, there was a high investor-side demand for mortgages to invest in. The banks sold complicated financial products to investors based on mortgages that were virtually guaranteed to not fail. Business was good, and the banks sold a lot. This meant they had to have mortgages to sell to investors, so they really pushed home ownership and writing mortgages on homes. This lead to some really bad mortgage lending practices that were not good for the borrower at all. A lot of crappy mortgages were written -- these are the \"subprime\" mortgages.\n\nA \"prime\" mortgage must meet certain rules: no more than 80% of the assessed value of the property, the borrower can't have too much debt already, etc. Any mortgage that doesn't meet these rules is \"subprime\", and have a higher risk of failure. So the subprime mortgage crisis immediately implies that a lot of risky loans were being written. Loans that were interest-only for the first 5 years (so a 6% loan on a $100K house would only have payments of $500/month for the first 5 years), but jumped after that. Loans that were structured to be 5 years long, with a large balloon payment at the end, adjustable rate mortgages with a very low intro rate but jumped high after 5 years, etc. The supposed idea was that since home values always went up, a good subprime borrower would, after 5 years, qualify for a prime loan and could refinance on better terms.\n\nWhen housing prices fell, the subprime borrowers couldn't refinance, and the whole thing fell apart. Homeowners lost their homes, investors didn't get paid on their investments, etc.", "It's largely a US thing, and only in some states which consider mortgages to be a \"non-recourse debt\". The debt is secured on the property, but the borrower isn't personally liable for the debt beyond that security. If foreclosing and selling the property doesn't cover the full debt then the lender can't pursue the borrower further." ]

[ "it being believed that a homeowner will try harder to pay the loan if they risk losing their primary residence.\nFraudulent representation of a person's primary residence can result in significant financial downside and potential criminal charges.", "home...makes it easy to raise rent without losing any occupancy.” \nCourse teachings include instructing would-be mobile home park owners, \"What I've found...is the customers are stuck there. They don't have the option, they can't afford to move the trailer, they don't have the three grand. The only way they can object to your rent raise is to walk off and leave the trailer, in which case it becomes abandoned property, and you recycle it, put another person in it. So you really hold all the cards.\"\nIn an audio seminar titled \"How To Buy, Operate, Turnaround And Sell A Mobile Home", "homelessness, such as the prohibition of selling last flat with registered children.\nNevertheless, the state is still obliged to give permanent shelter for free to anybody who needs better living conditions or has no permanent registration, because the right to shelter is still included in the constitution. This may take many years, though. Nobody still has the right to strip a person of permanent residency without their will, even the owner of the apartment. This creates problems for banks because mortgage loans became increasingly popular. Banks are obliged to provide a new, cheaper flat for a person instead of the old", "means that all those who are social assistance clients as of January 1 can now—and in the future—take on roommates or move in with a brother. A parent can move in with their adult child who can help look after them in tough times. That can happen. When we looked at it, we also decided that was not enough. We want to make sure that we are cementing this\npolicy once and for all.\nSecond, I want to let the House know that the department has begun the delicate work of redrafting the policy altogether. Certainly, no one in this House wants", "forcing open a door, or enlisting help from police forces) to collect the debt. In particular, neither the creditor nor private debt collection agencies may use force or seize property against the will of the debtor($).\nSome very specific forms of self-help repossession are legal. For example, a landlord may seize the tenant's property in the rented object if there are outstanding payments.", "a loan or guarantee their credit for the landlord, to help pay the security deposit, to guide them through the college admissions process, or put in a good word for a new job.", "when the borrower dies or leaves the home (e.g., goes to an aged-care facility or moves somewhere else) the house must be sold. This is not the case; the loan must be repaid. Thus, the beneficiaries of the estate may decide to repay the reverse mortgage from other sources, sale of other assets, or even refinancing to a normal mortgage or, if they qualify, another reverse mortgage.\nPrepayment of the loan—when the borrower pays the loan back before it reaches term—may incur penalties, depending on the loan. An additional fee could also be imposed in the event of a redraw. Under", "residence by filing form I-407, with the green card, at a U.S. Embassy.\nUnder certain conditions, permanent residence status can be lost involuntarily. This includes committing a criminal act that makes a person removable from the United States. A person might also be found to have abandoned his/her status if he or she moves to another country to live there permanently, stays outside the USA for more than 365 days (without getting a re-entry permit before leaving), or does not file an income tax return on their worldwide income. Permanent resident status can also be lost if it is found that", "instance, elderly neighbours or relatives can need help if their house or garden is damaged by a storm, or siblings can agree to arrange a party for a parent's special birthday as a talkoot.\nTypically, club houses, landings, churches, and parish halls can be repaired through a talkoot, or environmental tasks for the neighborhood are undertaken. The parents of pre-school children may gather to improve the playground, or the tenants of a tenement house may arrange a talkoot to put their garden in order for the summer or winter. A person unable to contribute with actual work may contribute food for", "while driving. Another cause for concern is that mobile spotters commonly park their vehicles on the shoulder for a short time while they observe, causing congestion along the roadway. In some areas, parking on the shoulder is only allowed in emergency situations, and it is also believed that spotters pose a distraction to others driving. Most spotter groups do support parking on the shoulder as long as it can be safely done and there is no other alternative. Many spotters have found ways to stay off the roadway altogether by parking in parking lots, driveways (when allowed), or field roads.", "Student loans in New Zealand New loans There is a debt eligibility check for new loan applications. It is not possible to borrow through the Student Loan Scheme if you have $500 or more in default at the time of your application, and at least some portion of that amount has been overdue for a year or more. This applies to all new student loan applications received by StudyLink on or after 7 February 2013 and includes all unpaid repayment obligations, late payment interest, penalties and amounts under installment arrangement. Repayment While the borrower is a resident of New", "for the borrower to purchase that same real estate. As the mortgagee, the lender has the right to sell the property to pay off the loan if the borrower fails to pay.\nThe mortgage runs with the land, so even if the borrower transfers the property to someone else, the mortgagee still has the right to sell it if the borrower fails to pay off the loan.\nSo that a buyer cannot unwittingly buy property subject to a mortgage, mortgages are registered or recorded against the title with a government office, as a public record. The borrower has the right to", "to ensure that no individual or family is displaced unless decent, safe and sanitary housing is available within the displaced person's financial means; (4) to help improve the housing conditions of displaced persons living in substandard housing; and (5) to encourage and expedite acquisition by agreement and without coercion.\nTo be an eligible \"displaced person,\" the Act sets forth factors for qualification:\nIf one moves from real property, or moves personal property from their real property as a result of a written notice of intent to acquire, the initiation of negotiations for, or the acquisition of, the real property, in whole or", "Self-help (law) Self-help, in the sense of a legal doctrine, refers to individuals' implementation of their rights without resorting to legal writ or consultation of higher authority, as where a financial institution repossesses a car on which they hold both the title and a defaulted note. Individuals resort to self-help when they retrieve property found under the unauthorized control of another person, or simply abate nuisances (as by using sandbags and ditches to protect land from being flooded). Degrees of limitation The legal system places varying degrees of limitation on self-help, and laws vary widely among different jurisdictions. Often, self-help", "Legality In the U.S., individuals who lack a permanent address and stable living situation are technically considered homeless. This includes vandwellers, whether they are living in a vehicle by choice — seeking an unconventional lifestyle, for example — or by necessity. Many municipalities have laws prohibiting overnight parking and/or sleeping in vehicles. Even in such areas, some retailers, such as Walmart and Home Depot, often allow people in RVs and other vehicles to stay in their (private property) parking lots overnight. Vehicle modifications Van conversions offer a wide range of options. A conversion can be as simple as a folding", "Getting out of default There are rehabilitation programs designed to help borrowers get out of debt. Rehabilitation is a federally mandated program that gives federal student loan borrowers a way to bring their loans out of default. Rehabilitation can reverse the many negative consequences of defaulting on a student loan, and participation is one of the few rights granted to federal education loan borrowers.\nIn the rehabilitation program, a borrower must do a number of things. He or she must make at least 9 qualifying, on-time student loan payments. If any payments are missed, the borrower must begin the repayment schedule", "applicant. Non-statutory homelessness If the authority decides that a person does lack a home, but does not qualify as suffering statutory homelessness, then a lesser obligation applies.\nWhere the applicant merely lacks a local connection to the council, the council will usually refer the applicant's case to a local authority with which they do have a local connection. If the applicant is in priority need, but is considered to have become homeless intentionally, the local authority is obliged to provide temporary accommodation for as long as is reasonably necessary for the applicant to find long-term accommodation; this is usually a fortnight,", "still choose to pay off the loan (in theory), and if Brian consents, Angela is still not constrained to pay it off. Rather, Brian's response informs Angela's decision to either settle or not settle the loan. In like manner, God takes the person's response to the gospel, empowered by prevenient grace, into account as relevant information when freely choosing whether or not to save that person. Therefore, the person's choice does not work alongside God. \nAnother analogy sometimes cited is based upon Revelation chapter 3, in which Christ states that he stands at the door and knocks, and if anyone", "without obtaining a loan in the traditional manner. The transaction usually involves the seller of the property leaving his or her existing financing in place. This process is similar to assuming a loan, but differs because it usually takes place without the consent of the original lending institution and violates the terms of the loan. This technique is useful because it affords the buyer the ability to obtain financing without the need for transaction costs and does not tie up capital to obtain a new loan. The technique also allows the buyer to purchase property quickly", "for home owners to have someone enter their home at least once every four days they are absent. Hiring a house sitter can provide the support and documentation needed in the event that a claim must be made with an insurance company. Benefits for the house sitter Saving money on accommodation, while traveling on vacation, or when living nomadically, is usually considered to be the main benefit for the sitter.\nHouse sitters can experience living like locals in different countries and cultures around the world, for anything from a few days to several months, or sometimes even longer. The growth of", "The Borrowers (1997 film) Plot Young Pete Lender (Bradley Pierce) is setting up traps around his house, explaining to his parents that things in their house are being stolen, despite his parents believing they are simply misplaced. However, it turns out that a family of tiny people (\"Borrowers\"), are living in the house, borrowing stuff without being seen. Pod Clock (Jim Broadbent) and his children, Arrietty (Flora Newbigin) and Peagreen (Tom Felton), make their way through the kitchen to \"borrow\" the radio's battery.\nArrietty, while treating herself with some ice cream in the freezer, is accidentally shut inside just as the", "required to do so by or on behalf of a 'displaced residential occupier' or a 'protected intending occupier'. This offence means that people who have effectively been made homeless as a result of occupation of their properties by squatters can already call the police to report an offence. But there are many residential property owners, including landlords, local authorities and second home owners, who cannot be classified as 'displaced residential occupiers' or 'protected intending occupiers'. Squatting Section 144 of LASPO, creating the new offense of squatting in a residential property, came into force on 1 September 2012. A 'residential property'", "number of ways, but one of the main issues is the lack of ‘move-on accommodation’ for individuals to make a transition to independent living.\n‘Move-on accommodation’ in the form of shared housing or apartments enables individuals to gain important life skills, have the support of trained resettlement advisors, and secure confidence and the means to secure accommodation.\nThe Homeless Foundation provides grants from its own funds to assist with ‘move-on accommodation’ and has helped more than 150 people from this scheme, with 85 per cent of those no longer categorised as homeless.\nThe shortage of affordable accommodation is recognised as one of the", "are unable to return home because of abuse, neglect, abandonment, or severe family conflict. These youth must transition to adulthood without the support of family, leaving the youth to learn to cook and care for themselves, find jobs (often without a high school degree), and apply to college on their own. Many of these youth end up using drugs and alcohol or participating in prostitution to earn money.\nTLPs provide youth with safe and stable living arrangements, which can be in the form of host family homes, group homes, maternity group homes, or supervised apartments.\nTLPs also provide training and support services,", "owed to \"persons other than [the occupier's] visitors\", who will predominantly be trespassers but this also applies to anyone exercising rights under various statutes dealing with access to the countryside and anyone accessing a private right of way, but does not apply to anyone using a public right of way in which case the common law rules apply. Under Section 1(3) of the Act, the duty is owed when the occupier is aware of the danger, or has reasonable grounds to believe it exist, knows or has reasonable grounds to believe that the trespasser is near or may come to", "services have typically required homeless persons to move into transitional housing, wherein they participate in a program designed to make them \"ready for housing\" (such as participate in a 12 step program). Once they have completed the transitional housing program, they are assisted in moving into permanent housing. In some jurisdictions, these programs take place in homeless shelters, not transitional housing.\nRapid Re-Housing is based on evidence that indicates that individuals and families have better outcomes if they spend more time in permanent housing. Thus, Rapid Re-Housing concentrates on assisting homeless persons move into permanent housing before any programs are delivered.", "accommodation to be occupied by the borrower or their immediate family. That definition was derived following consultation and is designed to protect loans when a person's home may be at risk as a result of being sold an unsuitable product.\"\nThe outcome of the consultation initiated by the then Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Paul Boateng, was announced by the then Financial Secretary, Ruth Kelly, on 10 May 2004. It was that Home Reversion plans would be regulated by the FSA. Under Home Reversion plans, part of the house is sold to the lender and part of the ownership of", "walk In 2009, Zach Bonner went on a walk from Atlanta, Georgia, to the White House to raise money to build apartments for the 1.3 million homeless children in the U.S. The trip had a projected cost of $6,000. Bonner said that he was going on the walk because \"[t]hirteen kids on average die everyday for no other reason than the effects of being homeless. I walk for them. I walk to help give a voice to the kids that do not have one.\"\nEvery day, Bonner, his older sister, and his mother Laurie walked about 10 to 13 miles. After", "Foreign housing exclusion Second foreign household If you have 2 foreign households, because your family cannot live near your work because of dangerous or unhealthful conditions, you may qualify for including the expenses of the second household. This can also include adverse living conditions including war, or if you need to live on a construction site or drilling rig. Foreign Housing Deduction If you are not self-employed, even partially, you cannot take a housing deduction, although you may be eligible for exclusion, as mentioned earlier. If you are considered self-employed, then you can deduct the housing amount on line", "have eligible loans.\nThe Pay As You Earn Plan is limited to those who borrowed recently. Specifically, the borrower must be a \"new borrower\" as of October 1, 2007 and have received a disbursement of a Direct Loan on or after October 1, 2011. A borrower is a \"new borrower\" if, when receiving a federal student loan on or after October 1, 2007, the borrower did not have an outstanding balance on another federal student loan.\nThe Revised Pay As You Earn Plan is available to all Direct Loan borrowers regardless of when the money was borrowed. FFEL loans can be made" ]

[ "There's really not much to it beyond needing that longer lens to zoom in more. Since the moon is being lit up by the sun the exposure times are just like taking a picture of anything outdoors in the middle of the day so it can be a handheld shot.\n\nThink of it like wanting a picture of a specific person's face in the other side of a football stadium. As long as you have a lens that gets you close enough you can get the image you want." ]

[ "Kong.\nFor these photographs, Ahn works by gaining access to the building legitimately - it can take several months for the owners to give permission for the project - and setting a digital camera to take a large volume of high-speed images while she poses. These are then sifted to find a picture depicting Ahn looking unconcerned or distracted, captured in what she describes as \"...a certain moment of time that did exist, but which we couldn't perceive with the naked eye because it happened too fast.\"\nThe Guardian reported that \"In the most dangerous shots, such as when she is using", "shoot photos without being concerned with producing perfect images. Kodak advertising urged consumers to \"celebrate the moments of your life\" and find a \"Kodak moment\".\nThe \"snapshot camera\" tradition continues with inexpensive point-and-shoot digital cameras and camera phones that fully automate flash, ISO, focus, shutter speed, and other functions, making the shooting of a good-quality image simple. \nExpert photographers, who are better able to control the focus point, may use shallow depth of field to achieve more pleasing images by blurring the background and making the subject stand out.\nOther photographers consider these cameras the purest form of photographic instrument in providing", "camera, the photographer removes the complete dark slide and inserts the half slide, then makes an exposure on half the sheet. The half dark slide is flipped over, and the other half of the film is available for a second shot. The practice originated with photographers taking pictures of groups of banquet attendees, giving these \"banquet\" formats their name. 4×10, 7×17, 8×20, and 12×20 inches are the most commonly used of these formats.\nHowever, specialized large format banquet cameras were often used for this purpose. They rotated on a stand while exposing the film in a pass from", "Photoblaster The Nickelodeon PhotoBlaster (Long Hall Technologies model N6800) is a compact toy camera which has the useful feature of being able to take four images onto a single 35mm frame of film, one shot at a time. The camera uses standard 35mm film, and has a built-in viewfinder and flash, and two fixed lenses. \nThe Nickelodeon PhotoBlaster was manufactured until 1999 by Long Hall Technologies of Farmingdale, NY, and was sold for approximately $40 retail. Specifications Instead of 24 shots on a standard 24-exposure 35mm roll, the PhotoBlaster creates a tetraptych (a photo divided into four parts). In", "camera. He experiments with techniques to overlay images and to take extremely long exposures of up to 12 minutes using medium and large format cameras such as the Hasselblad H5D-50c. He has exhibited at the Joseph Bellows Gallery and the Madison Gallery in La Jolla, California; at the Oceanside Museum of Art in Oceanside, California; and at The Ida and Cecil Green Faculty Club at the University of California, San Diego.", "camera photography, as well as in the use of Adobe Camera Raw postprocessing software (ACR, part of Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Lightroom) through which he is able to pull remarkably large amounts of dynamic range pictures from a single raw photo. Aerial photography Locardi was still photographer for the documentary film How I Became an Elephant (2012), and worked capturing aerial drone footage for a documentary film on Bhutan's annual Tour of the Dragon bicycle race (2015).\nLikewise, his drone pictures and footage have been favourably reviewed in specialized online and book sources. Teaching Together with his wife Naomi Locardi, in", "of time.\nTo aid in capturing panned pictures, photographers use aids such as tripods and monopods, which make it easy to swing the camera along one plane, while keeping it steady in the others.", "take super photographs, one needs super knowledge, super equipment, super locations and with the humble “disposable” camera that is at home, never make anything interesting...” He stated that the technology of photography has made the basics accessible to children and knowing all of it is not necessary to know when you have a good picture or not. He himself often took pictures with nothing more than a Nikon snapshot camera, saying he needed nothing more. He quoted Pancho Villa who said to his troops when asked what to do “You shoot, then check what has happened.” María y Héctor García", "scenes were shot by K. Ramnoth. Kittoo reminisced about the cinematographer's work:\nIn those days, we had no zoom lenses and yet Ramnoth did it. One night, while Chandralekha is performing on the flying trapeze, she notices the villain's henchman in the front row. She is on her perch high up and he is seated in a ringside chair. Shock hits her and to convey the shock the camera zooms fast from her to the man. Today, with a fast zoom shot it can be done very easily, but there was no such lens forty years ago. Ramnoth did it using", "with how Apatow was \"lighting [the film] like an indie\". Universal had also refused to allow Apatow to cast Jason Segel in the film.\nThe chest waxing scene was done for real, with five cameras set up to capture the moment.\nThe production used over a million feet of film, a milestone reached on the last day of filming and recognized with free champagne by Technicolor. Using the conversion of 90 feet of film per minute, this means that the shooting ratio for the film is 96:1 (96 feet shot for each foot used in the release after editing) for the theatrical", "Snapshot (film) Plot After being thrown out of her own home by her puritanical mother, a young, naive, pretty and impressionable hairdresser named Angela is lured into modelling by an impudent as well as equally bumptious model, named Madeline, who at her behest is talked into stripping for what is supposed to be a special photo shoot more or less her first modeling gig. However while Angela's future seems bright for the moment, her gaiety unfortunately is short lived as she has no idea what baleful things surround her. It is not too long after this that she subsequently starts", "was the first project ever shot using a Red Epic camera capable of recording five-thousand lines of resolution. He has produced a number of ‘Motos’ (Moving phOTOS), for digital distribution. Notable examples include a Dunhill campaign featuring Jude Law, and the cover of Los Angeles Times Magazine's first iPad compatible digital issue.", "away from the negative to reveal the developed photo. In 1972, Polaroid introduced integral film, which incorporated timing and receiving layers to automatically develop and fix the photo without any intervention from the photographer.\nInstant film is available in sizes from 24 mm × 36 mm (0.94 in × 1.42 in) (similar to 135 film) up to 50.8 cm × 61 cm (20 in × 24 in) size, with the most popular film sizes for consumer snapshots being approximately 83 mm × 108 mm (3.3 in × 4.3 in) (the image itself is smaller as it is surrounded by a border). Early instant film was distributed on rolls, but later and current films are supplied in packs of", "or turned away from the camera in order to generate find potentially matching images. When the system fails to generate a response, officials have been recorded passing celebrity look-a-likes through the database, such as in 2017 when a photograph of Woody Harrelson was used to generate image matches for a person stealing beer, or an unknown New York Knicks player (name redacted by the NYPD) used in pursuit of a man wanted for assault, which were both revealed after a two year court case between the NYPD and Georgetown University Law Center . Edited images cannot be processed accurately", "on medium-format black and white film without telephoto or zoom lenses. He writes: \"You wouldn't take a portrait of a human being from a hundred feet away and expect to capture their spirit; you'd move in close.\"\nA book of the resulting photography, On This Earth, was released in 2005 and constituted 66 photos taken from 2000–2004 with introductions by the conservationist and primatologist Jane Goodall, author Alice Sebold, and photography critic Vicki Goldberg.\nIn the afterword, Brandt explained the reasons for the methods he used at the time: \"I'm not interested in creating work that is simply documentary or filled with", "and started taking pictures. 'You could feel the energy and the raw emotion in the air'.\" Developing the latent images Veder then rushed to the makeshift photo developing station (for 35 mm film) in the ladies' room of the air base's flightline washrooms, while the photographers from United Press International were in the men's. Smithsonian Magazine says that \"In less than half an hour, Veder and his AP colleague Walt Zeboski had developed six remarkable images of that singular moment. Veder's pick, which he instantly titled Burst of Joy, was sent out over the news-service wires\". The depicted persons The", "Ken Burns effect The Ken Burns effect is a type of panning and zooming effect used in video production from still imagery.\nThe name derives from extensive use of the technique by American documentarian Ken Burns. The technique, previously known as \"animatics\", predates his use of it, but his name has become associated with the effect in much the same way as Alfred Hitchcock is associated with the dolly zoom. \nThe feature enables a widely used technique of embedding still photographs in motion pictures, displayed with slow zooming and panning effects, and fading transitions between frames. Usage The technique is principally", "without any control for at least 2 hours.\nAccording to magician and skeptic James Randi \"Kiyota's Polaroid photos were apparently produced by preexposing the film, since it was noted that he made great efforts to obtain a film pack and spend time with it in private.\" In a 1984 television interview, Kiyota confessed to fraud. Uri Geller In 1995, famed psychic Uri Geller began to use a 35 mm camera in his performances. The lens cap left on the camera, Geller would take pictures of his forehead and then have the pictures developed. Geller claimed that subsequent images had come directly from", "author of Photography: Volume 2 of Routledge Introductions to Media and Communications, said that \"The popularity of the original image is as much down to Zhijun's connection with the viewer—via his apparently knowing look to camera—as it is his large body size.\" In regards to how public opinion could have dealt with a case like Qian's, in 2009 Anne Shann Yue Cheung (traditional Chinese: 張善喻; simplified Chinese: 张善喻; Jyutping: Zoeng1 Sin6 Jyu6; pinyin: Zhāng Shànyù), author of \"Rethinking Public Privacy in the Internet Era: A Study of Virtual Persecution by the Internet Crowd,\" said \"Little Fatty may easily win our", "from nothing and is now the pre-eminent photographer in Northern Iraq.\"\nHe originally worked in Mosul, where he started to develop a strong reputation from his photos and his tendency to arrive at the scene of attacks quickly, even amid danger. One of his photos, of a masked insurgent carrying a RPG-7 and a police flak jacket after a November 2004 police station attack, gained particular attention and was described by New York Times journalist Michael Kamber as \"one of the seminal images of the war—a single photo that captured Iraq's descent into chaos and the inability of the Iraqi and", "Inside Edition, showing correspondent Megan Alexander how a super telephoto lens could be used for extremely long distance photography. As Alexander stood on one side of the Hudson River in New York, Corradino positioned himself clear across the river in New Jersey and started taking photos. Even from such a distance, the photos were very sharp. He also appeared on Al Jazeera America to discuss the world's largest photo, a 365 GB panorama of Mont Blanc.\nAuthor: Corradino has authored three eBooks, \"The Photography Rule Book\", \"Mind Over Megapixels: The 14 Secrets of Great Photography\" and \"Finding Your Vision: A Roadmap", "XT digital cameras. For the airport sequence, Opaloch rigged the Alexa 65s to a Technocrane, a Steadicam, a dolly as well as a drone for flyover shots, which had its own dedicated team operating it. Because of the amount of resolution the Alexa 65s offered, Opaloch chose to use medium close-ups instead of close-ups, and for his wide shots, hold the shot a bit longer, \"maybe with a slight camera move that allows the viewer to take it all in.\" Post-production In September 2015, Mark Ruffalo, who plays Bruce Banner / Hulk in the MCU films, stated that his character", "combat photography forever: a picture of a young man whose right arm in an instant been shorn off at the shoulder by a Vietcong rocket, his undamaged camera drooping mid-air on a neckstrap in horror and shock. But somehow often to his own surprise, Huet had always managed to stay together.\n“Once the VC attacked the airbase at Da Nang and I happened to get inside before the gates were closed for security. All the other Press photographers had been at a party, and by the time they got there everything was locked up tight. They waited at the gates for", "all of The Girlfriend Experience (2009) on a Red One camera, which has retailed for $4000—a relatively inexpensive camera for a movie produced for $1.3 million. Soderbergh filmed the entirety of Unsane (2018) on an iPhone 7 Plus with its 4K digital camera using the app FiLMiC Pro. He filmed with three rotating iPhones using a DJI stabiliser to hold the phone in place. In January 2018, he expressed an interest in filming other productions solely with iPhones going forward. He then filmed the entirety of 2019's High Flying Bird on an iPhone 8.\nIn addition to his directing, he is frequently", "shot through the window pane required the reflection of the crew to be digitally removed from the glass. The film contains a large number of long tracking shots; Six has cited the influence of Takashi Miike who also uses many tracking shots in his films. Promotion During promotion for The Human Centipede, press materials claimed that the film was \"100% medically accurate\". Six and the producers frequently stated that the film had been described as \"the most horrific film ever made,\" and many writers, such as Karina Longworth of LA Weekly magazine and Jay Stone of the Calgary Herald, described", "Engineering and High Speed Photography Group in Los Alamos under the direction of Professor Julian Mack, the group invented and constructed extremely high speed cameras. Trinity Brixner was assigned to shoot movies in 16-millimeter black-and-white film, from every angle and distance and at every available speed, of an unknown event beginning with the brightest flash ever produced on Earth. \"The theoretical people had calculated a some 10-sun brightness. So that was easy,\" said Brixner. \"All I had to do was go out and point my camera at the sun and take some pictures. Ten times that was easy to calculate.\"\nAt", "similar role in the Johnny Cash and Kris Kristofferson vehicle, The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James, and in several music videos. As photojournalist Taking up freelance photography as a profession, Roberts was carrying his camera in 1973 when he encountered a man attempting to abduct a woman from a Hollywood parking lot in broad daylight. Brandishing and clicking the camera in an attempt to deter the assailant, he captured the struggle and subsequent fatal shooting of the attacker by a security guard. The resulting series of pictures ran in the following day's Los Angeles Times, and were carried", "a camera aimed at a mirror, showing itself at the moment of exposure, the snapshots differing by film speed, exposure time, and aperture size. The 70 images were laid out in a rigid grid with one optimal \"correct\" image in the center. This changing of the mechanics of each shot revealed the intention of the unseen photographer. In 1974, Hilliard showed in Cause of Death four images of the same human body covered in a sheet. The images were taken from the same photographic negative but each one suggested a different cause of death, accomplished by cropping the print to", "The Photographer (1953 film) Plot An apprentice of photography (Cantinflas) is accidentally involved in an international complot when he ends up being left in charge of a chemical engineer (Ángel Garasa) who went insane after he invents a bomb and an attempt is made against his life. Reception The film set an opening day record in Mexico grossing $5,810 at the Cine Roble.", "Hall felt that the image was slightly unclear and that had he not used the filter, the diffusion from the Super 35–anamorphic conversion would have generated an image closer to what he originally intended.\nA shot where Lester and Ricky share a cannabis joint behind a building came from a misunderstanding between Hall and Mendes. Mendes asked Hall to prepare the shot in his absence; Hall assumed the characters would look for privacy, so he placed them in a narrow passage between a truck and the building, intending to light from the top of the truck. When Mendes returned, he explained" ]

[ "The biggest misconception is that there's \"more power\" or something similar to higher octane gas. This is not true.\n\nIn essence, higher octane means it's more stable and less easy to burn. \n\nWhy does this matter, and isn't that kind of counter intuitive? It matters because many of the ways engineers improve an engine's performance requires a more stable fuel. \n\nOne common example is higher compression ratios. So when your motor compresses the Air/Fuel mixture in the cylinder, the more it compresses that mixture, the more power it will get when it's ignited. However, with more compression (pressure), the mixture is more likely to ignite *before* the sparkplug actually ignites the fuel.\n\nIf you use a low octane fuel, it burns more easily so the chances of you getting premature ignition of the mixture is higher in a higher performance engine. With a higher octane fuel, the mixture will be more stable and burn less easily under higher compression. \n\nThe reason it matters in this case is that if your mixture explodes in the cylinder early, you will damage your motor depending on the severity.\n\nIf your car calls for premium, you should put premium in it. If it doesn't, you shouldn't. In either case, putting in the \"wrong\" fuel will negatively affect your car's performance." ]

[ "Octane Use of the term in gasoline \"Octane\" is colloquially used as a short form of \"octane rating\" (an index of a fuel's ability to resist engine knock at high compression, which is a characteristic of octane's branched-chain isomers, especially iso-octane), particularly in the expression \"high octane\". \nThe octane rating was originally determined by mixing a gasoline made entirely of heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (a highly branched octane), and assigning anti-knock ratings of 0 for pure heptane and 100 for pure 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. The anti-knock rating of this mixture would be the same as the percentage of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the mix.", "the knock to an acceptable level. Isooctane as a reference standard Octanes are a family of hydrocarbons that are typical components of gasoline. They are colorless liquids that boil around 125 °C (260 °F). One member of the octane family, isooctane, is used as a reference standard to benchmark the tendency of gasoline or LPG fuels to resist self-ignition.\nThe octane rating of gasoline is measured in a test engine and is defined by comparison with the mixture of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) and heptane that would have the same anti-knocking capacity as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in that", "Octane rating An octane rating, or octane number, is a standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel. The higher the octane number, the more compression the fuel can withstand before detonating (igniting). In broad terms, fuels with a higher octane rating are used in high-performance gasoline engines that require higher compression ratios. In contrast, fuels with lower octane numbers (but higher cetane numbers) are ideal for diesel engines, because diesel engines (also referred to as compression-ignition engines) do not compress the fuel, but rather compress only air and then inject fuel into the air which was", "Modern octane ratings of gasoline are given octane ratings equal to those from this original heptane/octane scale. Different isomers of octane can contribute to a higher or lower octane rating. For example, n-octane (the straight chain of 8 carbon atoms with no branching) has a -10 (negative) octane rating, while pure 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (a highly branched octane) has an octane rating of 100. Some fuels have an octane rating higher than 100, notably those containing methanol or ethanol. Metaphorical use Octane became well known in American popular culture in the mid- and late 1960s, when gasoline companies boasted of \"high octane\"", "LPG and alcohol fuels such as methanol may have octane ratings of 110 or significantly higher. Typical \"octane booster\" gasoline additives include MTBE, ETBE, isooctane and toluene. Lead in the form of tetraethyllead was once a common additive, but its use for fuels for road vehicles has been progressively phased-out worldwide, beginning in the 1970s. Research Octane Number (RON) The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number (RON). RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine with a variable compression ratio under controlled conditions, and comparing the results with those for", "octane numbers. The octane index can be of great service in the blending of gasoline. Motor gasoline, as marketed, is usually a blend of several types of refinery grades that are derived from different processes such as straight-run gasoline, reformate, cracked gasoline etc. These different grades are considered as one group when blending to meet final product specifications. Most refiners produce and market more than one grade of motor gasoline, differing principally in their anti-knock quality. The ability to predict the octane quality of the blends prior to blending is essential, something for which the calculated octane index is specially", "for octane numbers greater than 100.\nOctane ratings are not indicators of the energy content of fuels. (See Effects below and Heat of combustion). They are only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an uncontrolled manner. Where the octane number is raised by blending in ethanol, energy content per volume is reduced. Ethanol energy density can be compared with gasoline in heat-of-combustion tables.\nIt is possible for a fuel to have a Research Octane Number (RON) more than 100, because iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available. Racing fuels, avgas,", "Propane (C₃H₈) is however easily liquefied, and exists in 'propane bottles' mostly as a liquid. Butane (C₄H₁₀) is so easily liquefied that it provides a safe, volatile fuel for small pocket lighters. Pentane (C₅H₁₂) is a colorless liquid at room temperature, commonly used in chemistry and industry as a powerful nearly odorless solvent of waxes and high molecular weight organic compounds, including greases. Hexane (C₆H₁₄) is also a widely used non-polar, non-aromatic solvent, as well as a significant fraction of common gasoline.\nThe C⁶ through C¹⁰ alkanes, alkenes and isomeric cycloalkanes are the top components of gasoline, naphtha, jet fuel and", "in reciprocating engines) is measured by its octane rating which is produced in several grades. Tetraethyl lead and other lead compounds are no longer used in most areas to increase octane rating (still used in aviation and auto-racing). Other chemicals are frequently added to gasoline to improve chemical stability and performance characteristics, control corrosiveness and provide fuel system cleaning. Gasoline may contain oxygen-containing chemicals such as ethanol, MTBE or ETBE to improve combustion.\nGasoline used in internal combustion engines can have significant effects on the local environment, and is also a contributor to global human carbon dioxide emissions. Gasoline can also", "of this component as an octane enhancer in gasoline / petrol.", "pressures and are commonly known as liquified petroleum gas (LPG). Propane is used in propane gas burners and as a fuel for road vehicles, butane in space heaters and disposable cigarette lighters. Both are used as propellants in aerosol sprays.\nFrom pentane to octane the alkanes are highly volatile liquids. They are used as fuels in internal combustion engines, as they vaporize easily on entry into the combustion chamber without forming droplets, which would impair the uniformity of the combustion. Branched-chain alkanes are preferred as they are much less prone to premature ignition, which causes knocking, than their straight-chain homologues. This", "100LL, because the required octane rating would be technically infeasible to reach without the use of leaded additives. Tetraethyllead Gasoline, when used in high-compression internal combustion engines, tends to autoignite or \"detonate\" causing damaging engine knocking (also called \"pinging\" or \"pinking\"). To address this problem, tetraethyllead (TEL) was widely adopted as an additive for gasoline in the 1920s. With the discovery of the seriousness of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by lead compounds, however, and the incompatibility of lead with catalytic converters, governments began to mandate reductions in gasoline lead.\nIn the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency", "Natural gasoline has an octane rating of about 30 to 50, sufficient for the low-compression engines of the early 20th century. By 1930, improved engines and higher compression ratios required higher-octane, refined gasolines to produce power without knocking or detonation.\nBeginning in the Great Depression, drip gas was used as a replacement for commercial gasoline by people in oil-producing areas. \"In the days of simple engines in automobiles and farm tractors it was not uncommon for anyone having access to a condensate well to fill his tank with 'drip,'\" according to the Oklahoma Historical Society. Sometimes it worked fine. \"At", "Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl History of use in the U.S. Though initially marketed in 1958 as a smoke suppressant for gas turbines, MMT was further developed as an octane improver in 1974. When the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ordered the phase out of TEL in gasoline in 1973, new fuel additives were sought. TEL has been, and still is, used in certain countries as an additive to increase the octane rating of automotive gasoline.\nIn 1977, the US Congress amended the CAA to require advance approval by the EPA for the continued use of fuel additives such as MMT,", "of high-octane unleaded gasoline (or LPG) has reduced or eliminated the need to decrease compression ratios.\nLeaded gasoline remained legal as of late 2014 in parts of Algeria, Iraq, Yemen, Myanmar, North Korea, and Afghanistan. It was available at the pump in most of these countries as of 2011, but very little was used in North Korea, and it was not clear whether it was sold in Afghanistan. Specialty chemical company Innospec says that it is the world's only manufacturer of TEL and sells it for automotive use nowhere except to Algeria as of late 2014. Innospec previously sold TEL", "MTBE controversy Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive used as an oxygenate and to raise the octane number. Its use has declined in the United States in response to environmental and health concerns. It has polluted groundwater due to MTBE-containing gasoline being spilled or leaked at gas stations. MTBE spreads more easily underground than other gasoline components due to its higher solubility in water. Cost estimates for removing MTBE from groundwater and contaminated soil range from $1 billion to $30 billion, including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies, and replacing leaky underground oil tanks.", "Blau gas Blau gas (German: Blaugas) was an artificial illuminating gas similar to propane, named after its inventor, Hermann Blau of Augsburg, Germany. It was manufactured by decomposing mineral oils in retorts by heat and compressing the resulting naphtha until it liquefied. It was transported in this condition, and like LPG, upon release it assumed the gaseous state again. Chemically, it is similar to coal gas.\nBlau gas is not blue, but has a rather water-like color. It was stored in steel cylinders for shipment and had the advantage that it possessed the highest specific energy of all artificially produced", "be recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation, or more commonly, dimerization. The octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, which involves removing hydrogen from hydrocarbons producing compounds with higher octane ratings such as aromatics. Intermediate products such as gasoils can even be reprocessed to break a heavy, long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one, by various forms of cracking such as fluid catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, and hydrocracking. The final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, vapor pressures, and other properties to meet", "extremely volatile and easily combusts, making any leakage potentially extremely dangerous. Gasoline sold in most countries carries a published octane rating. The octane number is an empirical measure of the resistance of gasoline to combusting prematurely, known as knocking. The higher the octane rating, the more resistant the fuel is to autoignition under high pressures, which allows for a higher compression ratio. Engines with a higher compression ratio, commonly used in race cars and high-performance regular-production automobiles, can produce more power; however, such engines require a higher octane fuel. Increasing the octane rating has, in the past, been achieved", "as isooctane, is an octane isomer which defines the 100 point on the octane rating scale (the zero point is n-Heptane). It is an important component of gasoline.\nIsooctane is produced on a massive scale in the petroleum industry, usually as a mixture with related hydrocarbons. The alkylation process alkylates isobutane with isobutylene using a strong acid catalyst. In the NExOCTANE process, isobutylene is dimerized into isooctene and then hydrogenated to isooctane.", "Glow fuel Name Other commonly used names are nitro or just model fuel. Note that the nitro name is generally inaccurate, as nitromethane is usually not the primary ingredient, and in fact many glow fuels, especially the so-called \"FAI\" type, named for the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, which requires such fuel in some forms of aeromodeling competition, contain no nitromethane at all. Ingredients Glow fuel is a mixture of methanol, nitromethane, and oil.\nMethanol is the primary ingredient as it provides the bulk of the fuel, and is needed as a solvent for the other ingredients. The presence of methanol vapor", "Propane torch Fuels Propane is often the fuel of choice because of its low price, ease of storage and availability, hence the name \"propane torch\". A similar gas, known as MAPP-gas or MAP-PRO, is similar to propane, but burns hotter. It is usually found in a yellow canister, as opposed to propane's blue, black, or green. Alternative fuel gases can be harder to store and more dangerous for the user. For example, acetylene needs a porous material mixed with acetone in the tank for safety reasons and cannot be used above a certain pressure and withdrawal rate. Natural gas", "may use a variety of fuel gases, the most common being acetylene. Other gases that may be used are propylene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), propane, natural gas, hydrogen, and MAPP gas. Many brands use different kinds of gases in their mixes. Acetylene Acetylene is the primary fuel for oxy-fuel welding and is the fuel of choice for repair work and general cutting and welding. Acetylene gas is shipped in special cylinders designed to keep the gas dissolved. The cylinders are packed with porous materials (e.g. kapok fibre, diatomaceous earth, or (formerly) asbestos), then filled to around 50% capacity with", "gas mixtures of three or more gases are also available. Mixtures of argon, carbon dioxide and oxygen are marketed for welding steels. Other mixtures add a small amount of helium to argon-oxygen combinations. These mixtures are claimed to allow higher arc voltages and welding speed. Helium also sometimes serves as the base gas, with small amounts of argon and carbon dioxide added. However, because it is less dense than air, helium is less effective at shielding the weld than argon—which is denser than air. It also can lead to arc stability and penetration issues, and increased spatter, due to", "in a gas cylinder (except perhaps if it is used as a fuel)\nPropane would be considered an industrial gas when used as a refrigerant, but not when used as a refrigerant in LNG production, even though this is an overlapping technology.", "can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines. Toluene at 86% by volume fueled all the turbo Formula 1 teams in the 1980s, first pioneered by the Honda team. The remaining 14% was a \"filler\" of n-heptane, to reduce the octane to meet Formula 1 fuel restrictions. Toluene at 100% can be used as a fuel for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines; however, due to the density of the fuel and other factors, the fuel does not vaporize easily unless preheated to 70 degrees Celsius (Honda accomplished this in their Formula 1 cars", "mixture is the octane number of the fuel. For example, gasoline with the same knocking characteristics as a mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane would have an octane rating of 90. A rating of 90 does not mean that the gasoline contains just iso-octane and heptane in these proportions, but that it has the same detonation resistance properties (generally, gasoline sold for common use never consists solely of iso-octane and heptane; it is a mixture of many hydrocarbons and often other additives). Because some fuels are more knock-resistant than pure iso-octane, the definition has been extended to allow", "of accidental release. Arguments against non-CO2 refrigerants Butane and propane are very flammable petroleum products; they are used as fuels for gas barbecue grills, disposable lighters, etc. Like gasoline, to which it chemically is closely related, propane has a tendency to explode if mixed with oxygen and ignited in an enclosed container.\nThe use of highly flammable hydrocarbon gases such as butane and propane as automotive refrigerants raises serious safety concerns. The EPA, in evaluating motor vehicle air conditioning substitutes for CFC-12 (Freon, or R-12) under its SNAP program, has classified as \"Unacceptable Substitutes\" other \"Flammable blend[s] of hydrocarbons\" by", "Shell V-Power V-Power petrol Petrol or gasoline is assessed, categorised and sold by an octane rating. Generally, in most areas of the world, the Research Octane Number (RON) is used, but in North America, the Anti-Knock Index (AKI) is used. Conventional 'standard' \"Super Unleaded\" petrol in Europe, South Asia and Australia has an octane rating of 95 RON, and in North America \"Premium Unleaded\" is AKI/RdON/PON 91-93 (RON 96–98). However, higher octane \"Super Plus Unleaded\" - often formulated with higher quality additives, is usually set at around 98 RON in mainland Europe; but this can vary by market. Most oil/petroleum companies now", "Methylacetylene-propadiene gas Methylacetylene-propadiene (MPS) gas is a type of fuel gas used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches. The most commonly known type of MPS gas is MAPP gas.\nThis gas is a mixture of propyne, CH₃C≡CH, and propadiene, CH₂=C=CH₂. As a fuel gas, it burns hotter than propylene, propane or natural gas." ]

[ "Human females can't produce the same quantities of milk that female cows can. It wouldn't be very profitable.\n\nPlus, notice that we mostly drink milk that comes from animals that like to graze on grass, like cows, goat, and sheep. Humans eat a lot of junk food and other stuff that doesn't make for very good tasting milk.", "*\"I'd imagine it has something to do with availability.\"*\n\n\nTrue. We'd probably have problems locking up women in cages too, though.", "They lactate after they have a baby (calf) just like humans and other mammals. Calves are usually taken away soon after birth, bottle fed by farmers and the mother is hooked to the milk machine. Fun fact, if you stop breastfeeding/milking the cow often enough, the milk \"dries up.\" Yay for biology knowing the law of supply and demand.", "Mammals (including humans of course) lactate only when pregnant or after giving birth to calves. It would be highly unethical to keep human women pregnant for the sake of producing a commodity like milk. \n\nEDIT: Added \"after giving birth to calves\"." ]

[ "that it is unnatural for humans to drink milk from cows (or other animals) because mammals normally do not drink milk beyond the weaning period, nor do they drink milk from another species.\nSome have criticized the American government's promotion of milk consumption. Their main concern is the financial interest that the American government has taken in the dairy industry, promoting milk as the best source of calcium. All United States schools that are a part of the federally funded National School Lunch Act are required by the federal government to provide milk for all students. The Office of Dietary Supplements", "Milk Milk is a nutrient-rich, white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals (including humans who are breastfed) before they are able to digest other types of food. Early-lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother's antibodies to its young and can reduce the risk of many diseases. It contains many other nutrients including protein and lactose. Interspecies consumption of milk is not uncommon, particularly among humans, many of whom consume the milk of other mammals.\nAs an agricultural product, milk, also called dairy milk, is extracted from farm", "or commercially, because the use of human breast milk as an adult food is considered unusual to the majority of cultures around the world, and most disapprove of such a practice.\nWhile there is no scientific evidence that shows that breast milk is more advantageous for adults than cow's milk, according to several 2015 news sources breast milk is being used by bodybuilders for its nutritional value. In a February 2015 ABC News article one former competitive body builder said, \"It isn’t common, but I’ve known people who have done this. It’s certainly talked about quite a bit on the bodybuilding", "Milking Milking is the act of removing milk from the mammary glands of cattle, water buffalo, humans, goats, sheep and more rarely camels, horses and donkeys. Milking may be done by hand or by machine, and requires the animal to be currently or recently pregnant. The milker may refer either to the animal that produces the milk or the person who milks said animal. Machine milking Most milking in the developed world is done using milking machines. Teat cups are attached to the cow's teats, and then the cups alternate between vacuum and normal air pressure to extract the", "and yogurt. Ethical vegans do not consume dairy or eggs because they state that their production causes the animal suffering or a premature death.\nTo produce milk from dairy cattle, farmers separate calves from their mothers soon after birth or fed milk replacer to retain cow milk for human consumption. To prolong lactation, dairy cows are almost permanently kept pregnant through artificial insemination. After about five years, once the cow's milk production has dropped, it is considered \"spent\" and processed for beef and hide. A dairy cow's natural life expectancy is about twenty years.\nIn battery cage and free-range egg production, unwanted", "milk (and yogurt) consumption results in higher bone mineral density in the hip. Overall, the majority of research suggests that dairy has some beneficial effects on bone health, in part because of milk's other nutrients. Meat and beans Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs.\nThe meat group is one of", "water and underground sources which are cost effective to retrieve.\nIn western cultures, water is often drunk cold. In the Chinese culture, it is typically drunk hot. Milk Regarded as one of the \"original\" drinks, milk is the primary source of nutrition for babies. In many cultures of the world, especially the Western world, humans continue to consume dairy milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (especially cattle, goats and sheep) as a drink. Plant milk, a general term for any milk-like product that is derived from a plant source, also has a long history of consumption in", "man was expected to provide a generous supply of milk to his wife and children, along with meat whenever he slaughtered cattle, sheep or goats. Because there was no refrigeration, most milks was soured into a kind of yogurt.\nThe young men of the family often took care of the cattle far away from the villages at \"cattle posts,\" and they sent a steady stream of yogurt home on behalf of their fathers. Today, many Black South Africans enjoy drinking sour milk products that are sold in the supermarket, comparable to American buttermilk, yogurt, and sour cream. \nOn", "of the world, in tribes where milk consumption is popular, such as the Maasai tribe, milk is typically consumed unpasteurized. Asia In rural areas of Asia where milk consumption is popular, milk is typically unpasteurized. In large cities of Asia, raw milk, especially from water buffalo, is typical. In most countries of Asia, laws prohibiting raw milk are nonexistent or rarely enforced. Europe The European Union requires that raw milk and products made with raw milk must be labeled to indicate this. Under EU hygiene rules, member states can prohibit or restrict the placing on the market of raw milk", "from one or more milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption as liquid milk or for further processing.\" The term dairy relates to animal milk and animal milk production.\nA substance secreted by pigeons to feed their young is called \"crop milk\" and bears some resemblance to mammalian milk, although it is not consumed as a milk substitute. Non-dairy milks The definition above precludes non-animal products which resemble dairy milk in color and texture, such as almond milk, coconut milk, rice milk, and soy milk. In English, the word \"milk\" has been used to refer", "goat and cow are much elevated. Milk is not used for human consumption because there is no cooling infrastructure, and because of the lack of transportation.\nVegetables are not sufficiently produced or eaten.\nThe meals are rather monotonous; two meals per day of rice would not be exceptional.\nIn the morning people frequently eat millet.\nMeat is only prepared at feasts. Water and climate Water sources are 20 m deep.\nThere is normally one source for each quarter.\nThe sources produce water during the whole year.\nWater is carried on the head.\nDrinking water and washing water is kept in separate barrels.\nRain is normally plentiful during the rain", "individuals believe that more milk should be consumed on a daily basis compared to the others. Furthermore, the inclusion of milk as a group unto itself implies that is an essential part of a healthy diet, despite the many people who are lactose intolerant or choose to abstain from dairy, and a number of cultures that have historically consumed little if any dairy products. Joel Fuhrman says in his book Eat to Live that U.S. taxpayers must contribute $20 billion on price supports to artificially reduce the price of cattle feed to benefit the dairy, beef and veal industries, and", "human consumption. Animal welfare advocates point out that this breaks the natural bond between the mother and her calf. Unwanted male calves are either slaughtered at birth or sent for veal production. To prolong lactation, dairy cows are almost permanently kept pregnant through artificial insemination. Because of this, some feminists state that dairy production is based on the sexual exploitation of cows. Although cows' natural life expectancy is about twenty years, after about five years the cows' milk production has dropped; they are then considered \"spent\" and are sent to slaughter, which is considered cruel by some. Leather While leather", "breast milk is universally accepted for infant nutrition, some cultures see the consumption of breast milk after weaning as taboo.", "after European contact with the Americas, and even then it often took considerable time, sometimes several centuries, for the new foodstuffs to be accepted by society at large. Dairy products Milk was an important source of animal protein for those who could not afford meat. It would mostly come from cows, but milk from goats and sheep was also common. Plain fresh milk was not consumed by adults except the poor or sick, and was usually reserved for the very young or elderly. Poor adults would sometimes drink buttermilk or whey or milk that was soured or watered down. Fresh", "products until 2016 when both countries became self-sufficient, contributing to a worldwide glut of milk.\nThroughout the world, more than six billion people consume milk and milk products. Over 750 million people live in dairy farming households. Etymology and terminology The term \"milk\" comes from \"Old English meoluc (West Saxon), milc (Anglian), from Proto-Germanic *meluks \"milk\" (source also of Old Norse mjolk, Old Frisian melok, Old Saxon miluk, Dutch melk, Old High German miluh, German Milch, Gothic miluks)\".\nIn food use, from 1961, the term milk has been defined under Codex Alimentarius standards as: \"the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained", "will ferment the milk from most mammals and will continue to grow in such milk. Typical animal milks used include cow, goat, and sheep, each with varying organoleptic (flavor, aroma, and texture) and nutritional qualities. Raw milk has been traditionally used.\nKefir grains will also ferment milk substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, nut milk and coconut milk, as well as other sugary liquids including fruit juice, coconut water, beer wort, and ginger beer. However, the kefir grains may cease growing if the medium used does not contain all the growth factors required by the bacteria.\nMilk sugar is not essential", "milk. The milk is filtered and cooled before being added to a large bulk tank of milk for storage.\nThe existing robotic milking has allowed cows to have the freedom to decide when to milk, but still needs to make contact with people – entering the milking room is equal to getting food. Venom milking Milking is also used by extension to describe the removal of venom from snakes and spiders, for the production of antivenom.", "dairy products. In the US, (mostly plant-based) milk alternatives now command 13% of the \"milk\" market, leading the US dairy industry to attempt, multiple times, to sue producers of dairy milk alternatives, to have the name \"milk\" limited to animal milk, so far without success. The Food and Drug Administration generally supports restricting the term \"milk\", while the US Department of Agriculture supports the continued use of terms such as \"soymilk\". In the European Union, words such as milk, butter, cheese, cream and yogurt are legally restricted to animal products, with exceptions such as coconut milk, almond milk, peanut butter,", "naturally.\nrBGH is also banned in the European Union, for reasons of animal welfare. Criticism Vegans and some other vegetarians do not consume milk for reasons mostly related to animal rights and environmental concerns. They may object to features of dairy farming including the necessity of keeping dairy cows pregnant, the killing of almost all the male offspring of dairy cows (either by disposal soon after birth, for veal production, or for beef), the routine separation of mother and calf soon after birth, other perceived inhumane treatment of dairy cattle, and culling of cows after their productive lives.\nIt is often argued", "10 to 15%, which in turn would lead to cows consuming substantially more nutrients in order to keep up with the increased milk production. Most of a cow's energy consumption goes directly towards milk production. In certain areas of the world, like Ethiopia where this was studied extensively, as the cows needed to intake more nutrition to balance out their milk production, there was also an increased level of chemical fertilizers and heavy metal traces found in the milk due to increased exposure to agricultural chemicals. These chemicals can then easily be passed on to humans and lead to a", "it difficult to follow because they could not tolerate milk and the diet was also criticized because of its tendency to produce constipation.\"", "per day. This compares to some intensive farm systems in the United States that milk three or more times per day due to higher milk yields per cow and lower marginal labor costs.\nFarmers who are contracted to supply liquid milk for human consumption (as opposed to milk for processing into butter, cheese, and so on—see milk) often have to manage their herd so that the contracted number of cows are in milk the year round, or the required minimum milk output is maintained. This is done by mating cows outside their natural mating time so that the period when each", "cow's milk at about $3.44 a gallon.\nA 2015 CBS article cites an editorial led by Dr. Sarah Steele in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, in which they say that \"the health claims do not stand up clinically and that raw human milk purchased online poses many health risks.\" CBS found a study from the Center for Biobehavioral Health at Nationwide Children's Hospital in Columbus that \"found that 11 out of 102 breast milk samples purchased online were actually blended with cow's milk.\" The article also explains that milk purchased online may be improperly sanitized or stored, so", "industrialisation and urbanisation, the supply of milk became a commercial industry, with specialised breeds of cattle being developed for dairy, as distinct from beef or draught animals. Initially, more people were employed as milkers, but it soon turned to mechanisation with machines designed to do the milking.\nHistorically, the milking and the processing took place close together in space and time: on a dairy farm. People milked the animals by hand; on farms where only small numbers are kept, hand-milking may still be practiced. Hand-milking is accomplished by grasping the teats (often pronounced tit or tits) in the hand and expressing", "quality of milk produced by the cow, it does impact the management of the milking process. Because most milkers milk cattle in groups, the milker can only process a group of cows at the speed of the slowest-milking cow. For this reason, many farmers will group slow-milking cows so as not to stress the faster milking cows.\nThe extracted milk passes through a strainer and plate heat exchangers before entering the tank, where it can be stored safely for a few days at approximately 40 °F (4 °C). At pre-arranged times, a milk truck arrives and pumps the milk from the tank", "with names such as \"milk\" or \"yogurt\" were under review, as of 2018. US Food and Drug Administration commissioner, Scott Gottlieb, stated on July 17, 2018 that the term \"milk\" is used imprecisely in the labeling of non-dairy beverages, such as soy milk, oat milk and almond milk: \"An almond doesn't lactate\", he said.", "grow and develop normally, and it can cause problems with anemia and kidney function. Raw milk is never appropriate for infants – or anyone else. It should not be consumed by anyone at any time for any purpose. Raw milk can harbor dangerous microorganisms, such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, that can pose serious health risks. Most infant formula is made with cow's milk, but it has been modified and supplemented with additional nutrients. As a result, the formula is more nutritious and easier for the baby to digest than cow’s milk. Other formula options include soy-based formulas and", "is used to make yogurt, cheese, ice milk, pudding, hot chocolate and french toast. Milk is often added to dry breakfast cereal, porridge and granola. Milk is often served in coffee and tea. Steamed milk is used to prepare espresso-based drinks such as cafe latte. Language and culture The importance of milk in human culture is attested to by the numerous expressions embedded in our languages, for example, \"the milk of human kindness\", the expression \"there's no use crying over spilt milk\" (which means don't \"be unhappy about what cannot be undone\"), \"don't milk the ram\" (this means \"to do", "19th century, milk was used to describe a cheap and very poisonous alcoholic drink made from methylated spirits (methanol) mixed with water. The word was also used to mean defraud, to be idle, to intercept telegrams addressed to someone else, and a weakling or \"milksop.\" In the mid-1930s, the word was used in Australia meaning to siphon gas from a car. Other uses Besides serving as a beverage or source of food, milk has been described as used by farmers and gardeners as an organic fungicide and fertilizer, however, its effectiveness is debated. Diluted milk solutions have been demonstrated to" ]

[ "Silicon is the other element other than carbon that would form long complicated bonds that life could evolve around. Though it is almost certain that another life form would be carbon based this gives a way of creating a \"totally new life form\".", "It's silicon .. Not silicone. Silicon is the next element after carbon with the same characteristics. It's abundant and in most cases you can substitute carbon with silicon and form similar compounds. Eg ch4 is methane, a flammable gas. SiH4 is silane, another flammable gas.", "First off, I wouldn't say sci-fi movies \"almost always\" have silicon-based life forms. I don't think I've seen that idea used in a long time, in fact.\n\nSecondly, take a look at a periodic table. Silicon is directly underneath carbon, which means that in theory, it could have very similar properties. In practice, this turns out not to be true. Silicon just doesn't do the same types of complex chemistry that carbon does. But for a quick and dirty \"ooh, this is a sciencey-sounding thing!\", it works." ]

[ "and the fictional company was changed to X-S Tech. Nevertheless, Disney had acquired the rights to use Alien, and thusly used it in The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios, which featured a scene aboard the Nostromo where a frightened Ripley hides behind a wall while the Xenomorph pops out of the walls and ceiling to growl at the audience.\nAs an original story was developed, George Lucas was brought in to work on the project. This version's storyline had X-S Tech's open house being a front for exposing human guinea pigs to an alien monster they had captured. After", "they are fully sentient and self-aware. The 2005 film The Island revolves around a similar plot, with the exception that the clones are unaware of the reason for their existence.\nThe exploitation of human clones for dangerous and undesirable work was examined in the 2009 British science fiction film Moon. In the futuristic novel Cloud Atlas and subsequent film, one of the story lines focuses on a genetically-engineered fabricant clone named Sonmi~451, one of millions raised in an artificial \"wombtank,\" destined to serve from birth. She is one of thousands created for manual and emotional labor; Sonmi herself works", "creature, and X-S Tech was going to be the Weyland-Yutani Corporation. This idea was scrapped for two reasons: first, it was deemed too frightening for a Disney attraction. Second, the Alien series were rated R. This contradicted a rule-of-thumb that Disney attractions are supposed to be based on either G or PG. (However, Disney has since developed attractions from franchises that host at least one PG-13 rated film, such as Pirates of the Caribbean, Star Wars, Indiana Jones, Marvel, and Avatar.) As a result, the name Nostromo was taken out entirely and an original monster was created for the ride", "Barkman, Ashley Barkman and Nancy Kang- reason that though Ash is designed to appear human, his innards are bio-mechanical and he himself does not presume to be a sentient being with a semblance of life, but an artificial construct whose personality is dictated by machinery. Every subsequent installment in the Alien film series directed by Scott features at least one synthetic (android) character designated to maintain order aboard their respective space ship. In 2017, Scott explained that the synthetics featured in the Alien films he directed are designed to subvert their robotic nature and to impeccably mimic humans. The original", "alien life forms were unlikely to bear any resemblance to terrestrial life, and that to do so would introduce \"at least an element of falseness\" to the film. Sagan proposed that the film should simply suggest extraterrestrial super-intelligence, rather than depict it. He attended the premiere and was \"pleased to see that I had been of some help.\" Kubrick hinted at the nature of the mysterious unseen alien race in 2001 by suggesting that given millions of years of evolution, they progressed from biological beings to \"immortal machine entities\" and then into \"beings of pure energy and spirit\" with \"limitless", "sometimes present themselves in the manner of 1950s sci-fi, but they could also appear as fairies, angels, ghosts or any other supernatural beings. However, they may disagree as to the aliens' motives for doing this. Jacques Vallee in the book Passport to Magonia, and John Keel, in his 1970 book Operation Trojan Horse, are sometimes seen as the instigators of this trend.", "series episode \"The Paradise Syndrome\" might be responsible for why so many humanoids populate the galaxy. It was confirmed in the TNG episode \"The Chase\" that an ancient species seeded hundreds, if not thousands of planets with their DNA, creating the Humans, Vulcans, (And Romulans as they are a Vulcan offshoot race.) and Carrdassians and others.\nThe extra section of the game Star Trek: Legacy contains the supposed \"Origin of the Borg\", which tells the story of V'ger being sucked into a black hole. V'ger was found by a race of living machines that gave it a form suitable", "of their time in the apartment, making the games, and designing a game that would later become Wolfenstein 3D. As Aliens had a different publisher and schedule than Galaxy, it was released as the sixth episode of the series but was actually developed prior to the fifth, \"The Armageddon Machine\". Reception and legacy Aliens did not sell as well as hoped for by id, which the team partially blamed on what they felt was terrible box art produced by a company that had previously designed packaging for Lipton tea. According to John Carmack, the CGA version of the game wasn't", "was even more interesting if it wasn't extraterrestrials. If it was real, physical, but not ET. So he said, 'You're probably right, but that's not what the public is expecting — this is Hollywood and I want to give people something that's close to what they expect.'\" X-Files Episode \"Jose Chung's From Outer Space\" of X-Files which aired on April 12, 1996 had fake alien pilots, one named Jacques Sheaffer and the other Robert Vallee. According to Robert Sheaffer this was a joke by the X-Files creator Chris Carter to name the characters after Vallee and Sheaffer. Sheaffer further states that", "and connection with alien intelligence are the ways in which sci-fi writing is made interesting\", but noted that \"it doesn't manage that to the extent that the series becomes one of the more urgently involving that you'll read.\" Chris Kirby writing for Mania Entertainment said it's \"a very exciting series as it avoids any preconceived pratfalls this type of story can lean towards.\" Kirby \"would love to see this series animated because of how clean and attractive the art is and how mature the overall story is.\"\nJoseph Luster from Otaku USA said that \"there are times that Tadano's artwork comes", "Final Fantasy video games, and as the Displacer beast in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. The Coeurl suck phosphorus (\"id\") from their victims; the \"salt vampire\" in the Star Trek episode \"The Man Trap\" removes sodium.\nAt first glance, the alien Ixtl also appears to be an inspiration for the film Alien, though those involved with the film denied any influence on its part. Van Vogt initiated a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox for plagiarism, but the case was settled out of court, the details of which were never disclosed.\nThe book was translated into several languages and, as was", "the influence of a monstrous alien cyclops, which is using mind control to further its plot to flood the world with the green eggs and wipe out human life on Earth. Production After the success of his film Starcrash, director Luigi Cozzi wanted to follow it up with another science fiction film. On seeing Ridley Scott's film Alien his producer decided he wanted Cozzi to make something similar. Due to budgetary constraints Cozzi decided to set the film on Earth, although retaining the ideas of the alien eggs and a large creature from Scott's film, and duly wrote a script", "was the portrayal of an alien from outer space as a kind and playful being, invested with magical powers and capable of interacting with children, in contrast to earlier science fiction works which portrayed aliens as dangerous creatures.\nSeveral science fiction films were inspired by the story, including Rakesh Roshan's Koi... Mil Gaya (2003), which itself inspired the Indonesian television series Si Yoyo. The story of Bankubabur Bandhu itself was eventually adapted into a television film by Satyajit's son Sandip Ray alongside Kaushik Sen in 2006. Other short stories Satyajit Ray penned many short stories not based on any famous", "and several others experiment with the computer's neural hook-up, and leave fundamentally changed by it, while the computer becomes inert and unable to reveal any more about its creators. Meanwhile, on Earth, some surprising experiments in human genetics conducted by the aliens are discovered alive in North America.", "created by extraterrestrial creatures or is a natural product of long-term planetary production.\nIn the video game \"Stellaris\", players can often find extraterrestrial artifacts from a extinct civilization before actually encountering native spaceborne creatures or other present-day extraterrestrial civilizations.", "Aliens, written by Ward and John Fasano. Ward and Fasano were the fourth and fifth of ten different writers to tackle the Alien 3 project, and their unused script is by far the most famous of those created for the film. It is set on a monastery satellite called Arceon (not to be confused with Acheron), which is largely constructed of wood and crewed by an order of reclusive monks who have rejected all modern technology. Much of the plot and several of the characters from Ward's script were fused with the prison setting from David Twohy's proposed script to", "UFO-themed works. Thirdspace aliens The Thirdspace aliens are large, octopus-like creatures. Little is known about the species, but they appear to be powerful telepaths. The aliens also have a concept they call \"The One.\" It is not clear if this is the leader of the aliens, their deity, or perhaps a unified race-consciousness. Their philosophy is that they are the only ones worthy of existence. Thirdspace aliens are older than the Vorlons (perhaps even older than the Shadows) and possess fearsomely advanced technology. Their single-occupant fighters fire powerful fireball batteries that can cripple White Star ships with", "aliens because he had told them that a martyr's death was one of the greatest things to which a Christian could aspire. Elsewhere Tichy meets a race of aliens (called \"Indioci\" in the Polish original, \"Phools\" in the English translation) who, desiring perfect harmony in their lives, entrust themselves to a machine, which converts them into shiny discs to be arranged in pleasant patterns across their planet. German TV series On 26 March 2007, the German public television channel ZDF began broadcasting 15-minute episodes of Ijon Tichy: Raumpilot with Oliver Jahn as protagonist and Nora Tschirner as Analoge Halluzinelle. Employing", "The Xenomorph in Alien is a parasitoid, inevitably fatal to its human host. It has a life-cycle stage that grows inside the person's body; when mature, the predatory adult Xenomorph bursts out, killing the host. This behaviour was inspired by parasitoid wasps which have just such a life-cycle.\nThe molecular biologist Alex Sercel compares Xenomorph biology to that of parasitoid wasps and nematomorph worms, arguing that there is a close match. Sercel notes that the way the Xenomorph grasps a human's face to implant its embryo is comparable to the way a parasitoid wasp lays its eggs in a living host.", "are also science fiction themes, such as aliens being concerned with humanity's self-destruction, and the resurrection of the dead through technology.", "reinforcement of imagination.\nArt with ASFR content includes but is not limited to science fiction movies, music videos, television shows, novels, short stories, illustrations, manipulated photographs, songs and even television commercials. Such works are sought after by technosexuals since economically viable androids are not yet available. Realistic sex dolls such as the RealDoll may provide a way to explore this fetish with existing technology. Recent developments in robotics and artificial intelligence, such as those seen in the Actroid or EveR-1 may lead to the production of more advanced synthetic partners.\nIt is also worth noting that some ASFRians do not wish to", "Synthetics (Odyssey 5) The Synthetics are a fictional robotic species that appear in the TV show Odyssey 5. Sentients The Sentients are an inorganic artificial form of life that feed on information and exist almost entirely in the Internet. They are unable to interact with the physical universe and must produce human appearing avatars known as Synthetics. The sentients are not limited to this form but are also capable of taking more advanced constructs as was the case where one Sentient had 'possessed' an entire building and was capable of reconstructing it. They have personalities and various goals with one", "programmed specifically to remain in service to society, as in Isaac Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. In the Alien films, not only is the control system of the Nostromo spaceship somewhat intelligent (the crew call it \"Mother\"), but there are also androids in the society, which are called \"synthetics\" or \"artificial persons\", that are such perfect imitations of humans that they are not discriminated against. TARS and CASE from Interstellar similarly demonstrate simulated human emotions and humour while continuing to acknowledge their expendability. Frankenstein complex A common portrayal of AI in science fiction is the Frankenstein complex, a term coined", "bursts apart. Reception Upon release, Julian Rignall of Computer & Video Games gave Aliens an overall score of 91%, noting its \"simply brilliant\" graphics and describing it as \"one of the goriest coin-ops since Splatterhouse.\" CU Amiga gave Aliens a 44 percent rating and criticized its \"uniformly bland and drab\" graphics, its \"irritatingly unresponsive\" controls, and its \"dull\" action.\nMore than a decade and a half later, Retro Gamer editor-in-chief Darran Jones praised it as a \"superb\" game. In a more reserved opinion, Stephen Kleckner of GamesBeat included Aliens in his list of \"must-play\" Alien franchise games, but wrote it \"is", "to use the heavily modified Unreal Engine, featuring skeletal animation, motion capture, a completely different AI, a new sound system able to store and playback large amounts of speech, and a DirectMusic-based dynamic music system. The 1999 E3 conference by MicroProse featured people dressed up as aliens and other items from the game's universe, but the display did not include a playable demo. Julian Gollop, main designer of UFO: Enemy Unknown and X-COM: Apocalypse, said MicroProse Chapel Hill had problems to make the game's engine to work properly.\nNear the end of 1999, Hasbro closed the Chapel Hill studio, ending the", "human society: most specs see themselves as the naturals' betters, while the naturals tend not to like specs; also, many normal humans have misgivings about clones; and, of course, there is the distrust and dislike most humans feel for aliens. Plot Alex Romanov is a pilot-spec, born on Earth, gets out of the hospital on the planet Mercury Bottom, where he spent six months after an accident. Alex meets Kim Ohara, a runaway fourteen-year-old girl, who is an unformed fighter-spec, escaped from her home on Eden. He invites the hungry girl to dine, but, during dinner, her metamorphosis kick in.", "Alienware Overview Established in 1996 as Sakai of Miami, Inc. by Nelson Gonzalez and Alex Aguila, Alienware assembles desktops, notebooks, workstations, and PC gaming consoles. According to employees, the name \"Alienware\" was chosen because of the founders' fondness for the hit television series The X-Files, which also inspired the science-fiction themed names of product lines such as Area-51, Hangar 18, and Aurora. In 1997, it changed its name to Alienware. Acquisition and current status Dell had considered buying the Alienware company since 2002, but did not agree to purchase the company until March 22, 2006. The new subsidiary retains control", "human beings in order to develop a class of engineered human beings who can survive the predators of Pandora. The clones are viewed as organic tools much like they were presented in Destination: Void where clones are sent out in specially prepared space ships to create an artificial consciousness. There is a clear social distinction between clones and naturally born human beings, a distinction that in the end leads to the outbreak of a series of battles and confrontations (slave rebellions) between natural humans and clones as conflict over food supplies and assignment of risk escalates.\nThe other major", "important plot element). Their outward appearance often varies from slightly robotic, completely organic, or a combination of the two.\nIn Transformers: Animated, transformers with organic halves are rare due to limited cybertronian interaction with organic life (planets with organic life are considered mostly off limits by the Autobots). Due to this unfamiliarity with organic life many Transformers have difficulty relating to it and some (like Sentinel Prime) have developed a phobia of organics, with others seeing it is seen as a form of contamination. As a result, techno-organic transformers are likely to be viewed by other \"pure\" transformers with contempt (being", "results are due to human error, to a meteorological process, or to the presence of some mineral catalyst enabling hydrogen and acetylene to react chemically. He noted that such a catalyst, one effective at −178 °C (95 K), is presently unknown and would in itself be a startling discovery, though less startling than discovery of an extraterrestrial life form.\nThe June 2010 findings gave rise to considerable media interest, including a report in the British newspaper, the Telegraph, which spoke of clues to the existence of \"primitive aliens\". Cell membranes A hypothetical cell membrane capable of functioning in liquid methane was modeled" ]

[ "Before the 80s software was covered by copyrights instead of patents where unless you copied something exactly you were not liable to be sued for stealing someone's ideas. However large companies wanted more protection of their software and after some court cases including some at the supreme court they changed the rules and started allowing patents of software ideas rather then just a copyright on the specific code.\n\nThe idea was that it would give inventors and programmers more incentive to come up with new ideas as they would have more legal protections from having their ideas stolen. However because patents can be very vague they ended up issuing patents to lots of things that maybe were not new concepts, such as \"transmitting data over the internet\". \n\nSo instead of encouraging innovation it led to companies getting issued patents for simple things everyone did and then sue each other for \"stealing\" ideas. Also some lawyers saw that big software companies would just payout settlements to avoid going to court and decided to just sue every company with big money with the hopes of getting a fat payout to make them go away. \n\nSo now companies will pay lots of money for the patent rights for stuff that should not have been patented in the first place just so they can say \"if you sue me for patent infringement then I have patents also and will sue you right back!\". It is a huge mess.", "This doesn't directly address any existing lawsuits between those companies, though they are involved: you might find this episode of This American Life extremely useful in getting a better understanding of what goes on in patent law concerning software - I know I did:\n\n_URL_0_", "Apple and Microsoft own a bunch of patents that are vague and very common things. Let's say that Apple owned patents for the real world. They would own a patent for opening doors. This means that if your business depended on opening doors to get things done, like at the office, Apple could sue you. That's what a lot of these software patents are akin to.\n\nApple and Microsoft could sue EVERYBODY over the things they own, because the patents are very vague and patent common things. They don't, though. They only sue their competition. Patents were supposed to spur innovation and competition and Apple and MS are using them to do the opposite.\n\nApple and Microsoft have also bought patents recently in order to stop their competition from having them, not to use the technology, which is against the law because it stifles innovation." ]

[ "from lawsuits and licensing of already-existing inventions, rather than from its own innovation. Intellectual Ventures has been described as a \"patent troll\" by Shane Robison, CTO of Hewlett Packard and others, allegedly accumulating patents not in order to develop products around them but with the goal to pressure large companies into paying licensing fees. Recent reports indicate that Verizon and Cisco made payments of $200 million to $400 million for investment and licenses to the Intellectual Ventures portfolio. On December 8, 2010, in its 10th year of operations, Intellectual Ventures filed its first lawsuit, accusing Check Point, McAfee, Symantec, Trend", "costs of bringing an Android device to market. Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing legal action against Samsung being a particularly high-profile case. In January 2012, Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with eleven Android device manufacturers, whose products account for \"70 percent of all Android smartphones\" sold in the US and 55% of the worldwide revenue for Android devices. These include Samsung and HTC. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft included an agreement to allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. Microsoft has", "which they were purchased. Legal issues The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies, both Android and Android phone manufacturers having been involved in numerous patent lawsuits and other legal challenges. Patent lawsuit with Oracle On August 12, 2010, Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language. Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that", "by companies including Apple Inc. Page wrote on Google's official blog on August 15, 2011 that \"companies including Microsoft and Apple are banding together in anti-competitive patent attacks on Android. The United States Department of Justice had to intervene in the results of one recent patent auction to \"protect competition and innovation in the open source software community\"... Our acquisition of Motorola will increase competition by strengthening Google's patent portfolio, which will enable us to better protect Android from anti-competitive threats from Microsoft, Apple and other companies\".\nPage also ventured into hardware and Google unveiled the Chromebook in May 2012. The", "also tied its own Android software to patent licenses, requiring the bundling of Microsoft Office Mobile and Skype applications on Android devices to subsidize the licensing fees, while at the same time helping to promote its software lines.\nGoogle has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services. In August 2011, Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US$12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola", "2012. The surge in number of patents was due to aggressive patent acquisition/licensing deals with many companies including Broadcom, Intel, and Microsoft. The patent acquisition was a strategic move by Xiaomi to strengthen its weak patent portfolio aligned with its global expansion plan to create a defence against patent lawsuits.\nXiaomi's mascot is a white rabbit wearing an Ushanka (known locally as a \"Lei Feng hat\" in China) with a red star and a red scarf around its neck. GPL violation Xiaomi was unfavorably covered for its non-compliance with the terms of the GNU GPL. The Android project's Linux kernel is", "and software patents in particular. Germany In April 2013, the German Parliament adopted a joint motion \"against the growing trend of patent offices to grant patents on software programs\". United Kingdom United Kingdom patent law is interpreted to have the same effect as the European Patent Convention such that \"programs for computers\" are excluded from patentability to the extent that a patent application relates to a computer program \"as such\". Current case law in the UK states that an (alleged) invention will only be regarded as an invention if it provides a contribution that is not excluded and that is", "be the strongest, further acknowledging that its collecting of patent licensing was \"established and relatively transparent.\" However, Apple engaged in multiple avenues of attack to undermine the value of this portfolio such as attempting to reframe the value of Qualcomm's IP by anchoring its value against deals it secured for less valuable IP from other patent portfolios. Apple will pay an unspecified amount and enter into a six-year patent licensing agreement, and a multi-year agreement for Qualcomm to provide hardware to the company. Intel concurrently announced that it would no longer develop 5G modems for mobile devices, and later announced", "and hold patents to it (e.g. BBC, Intel, Cisco, Vidyo, Apple, Microsoft, and Broadcom).", "and Microsoft, as well as various patent lawyers, confirmed that the present proposal of the EU Council does make all software potentially patentable. \nOn 7 December 2004, the Belgian Minister of Economic Affairs, Marc Verwilghen, stated that no Council decision would be taken until 2005 \"for the reason that the qualified majority does not exist anymore\". However, amid rumours of a change in the Polish position, the 13–15 December meeting of the Council's Committee of Permanent Representatives determined that a qualified majority appeared to exist, and that the Council's revised version of the directive would be scheduled for formal adoption", "VirnetX Patents & Patent Litigation The Company's patent portfolio includes U.S. and international patents in areas such as DNS and network communication. Since 2010, VirnetX has been in litigation with companies including Apple, Cisco, and Microsoft. Separately, in December 2014, Microsoft and VirnetX settled patent disputes over Skype technology for $23 million. In their Apple case, VirnetX worked together with SAIC, and was awarded $368 million in damages for FaceTime infringement. That ruling was partially vacated on 8/19/2014, but two patents were confirmed to be infringed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. In December", "The review also found that the UK patent and design system needs to adapt to changing circumstances. According to the review, technological developments and a very strong growth in the levels of patenting, especially in computer programs and telecommunications, has led to the emergence of so-called patent thickets which obstruct entry to markets and hinder innovation. The growing design sector is the largest source of intangible investment in the UK economy and the emergence of 3D printing has increased the need for a thorough reassessment of IP and design. UK government response On 3 August 2011, the UK government endorsed", "patent relates to that thing as such\" and should not prevent, for example, a product, process, or method which may be implemented on a computer from being an invention, provided that the requirements of novelty and inventiveness are met. South Korea In South Korea, software is considered patentable and many patents directed towards \"computer programs\" have been issued. In 2006, Microsoft's sales of its \"Office\" suite were jeopardized due to a possible patent infringement. A ruling by the Supreme Court of Korea found that patents directed towards automatic language translation within software programs were valid and possibly violated by its", "age, as the rapid pace of innovation makes much of the patent system obsolete. In the 1980s, technology corporations in the United States and Japan engaged in a patent war, creating a scenario where companies were forced to \"fight patent with patent.\" This bilateral patent war, partly exaggerated by the media, subsided by the mid 1990s.\nExacerbating the frequency of patent wars was the advent of patent trolling. The term \"patent troll\" was coined in the 1990s by the employees of Intel and popularized by Intel's Peter Detkin. According to Detkin, Intel was \"sued for libel for the use of the", "had instead implemented it in a way that the Diehr Court had found inventive. Under this interpretation, Diehr satisfied the requirements that the Court had earlier found not to have been met in the Flook case. Pre-1994 period After this point, more patents on software began to be granted, albeit with conflicting and confusing results. Patenting grew at a rate of 21% per year for high tech companies during this period. This was due in part to judicial decisions during this period that limited the scope of software copyright protection. After its creation in 1982, the Court of Appeals", "as Textplus4, Paper Toss, The Weather Channel, Dictionary.com, Talking Tom Cat and Pumpkin Maker have also been named as co-defendants in the lawsuit.\nIn August 2012, Apple won a smartphone patent lawsuit in the U.S. against Samsung, the world's largest maker of smartphones; however, on December 6, 2016, SCOTUS reversed the decision that awarded nearly $400 million to Apple and returned the case to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard to define \"article of manufacture\" because it is not the smartphone itself but could be just the case and screen to which the design patents relate.\nIn March 2013,", "national patent laws and cement the practice of the European Patent Office of granting patents for computer-implemented inventions provided they meet certain criteria (cf. software patents under the European Patent Convention). The directive also took on the role of excluding \"business methods\" from patentability (in contrast with the situation under United States law), because business methods as such are not patentable under the different European national patent laws or under the European Patent Convention.\nOpponents of the original directive claimed that it was a thinly disguised attempt to make all software patentable. Supporters, however, argued that this was not the case", "Apple was quick to respond with a countersuit filed in December 2009 accusing Nokia of 11 patent infringements. Apple's general counsel, Bruce Sewell went a step further by stating, \"Other companies must compete with us by inventing their own technologies, not just by stealing ours.\" This resulted in a legal battle between the two telecom majors with Nokia filing another suit, this time with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC), alleging Apple of infringing its patents in \"virtually all of its mobile phones, portable music players and computers\". Nokia went on to ask the court to ban all U.S. imports", "platforms (via Android), and supercomputers, and a key player in server operating systems too. Oracle vs Google In August 2010, Oracle sued Google claiming that its use of Java in Android infringed on Oracle's copyrights and patents. The initial Oracle v. Google trial ended in May 2012, with the finding that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java application programming interfaces (APIs) used by Google was not copyrightable. The jury found that Google made a trivial (\"de minimis\") copyright infringement, but the parties stipulated that Google would pay no", "adapts its regulations to new EU law, has no reason or incentive to adapt its practice of granting patents on computer-implemented inventions under certain conditions, according to its interpretation of the European Patent Convention and its Implementing Regulations. Supporters of the proposal Supporters of the proposed directive included Microsoft, IBM, Hewlett-Packard and the European Patent Office.\nThe European Information and Communication Technology Association (EICTA) stated that the directive \"is extremely important for the future of innovation in Europe as it concerns two-thirds of all inventions in the European hi-tech industry\". This position was characterised by opponents of software patents as \"dominated", "as a licensee.\nIn early September 2009, Open Invention Network acquired 30 patents, from Allied Security Trust, another defensive patent management organization, that had been acquired from Microsoft through a private auction. If the patents had been acquired by patent trolls, they might have caused financial obstacles to Linux developers, distributors and users. OIN was able to avert this issue with the patent acquisition.\nOn 10 October, 2018, Microsoft joined the Open Invention Network community despite holding more than 60,000 patents.", "to which a European patent application or European patent relates to a computer program as such. As a result of this partial exclusion, and despite the fact that the EPO subjects patent applications in this field to a much stricter scrutiny when compared to their American counterpart, that does not mean that all inventions including some software are de jure not patentable. Overlap with copyright Patent and copyright protection constitute two different means of legal protection which may cover the same subject-matter, such as computer programs, since each of these two means of protection serves its own purpose. Software is", "the legislative intent of § 271(f) to prohibit the circumvention of infringement through exportation, the Court ruled that Microsoft was liable for patent infringement. Microsoft appealed The Federal Circuit's opinion: Affirmed The appellate court relied on prior Federal Circuit case law Eolas Technologies Incorporated v. Microsoft Corporation and held that software code alone qualifies as an invention eligible for patenting. Since statutory language does not limit § 271(f) to patented ‘machines’ or ‘physical structures,’ software can very well be a ‘component’ of patented invention under § 271(f)”.\nThe Federal Circuit also explained that the act of \"copying\" is subsumed in the", "argue about the role of Xerox is not entirely accurate. He said that Jobs was invited by PARC to view their technology in exchange for the ability to buy pre-IPO Apple stock. Wozniak also said (in response to a question about that scene from a fan (via email) that, \"Apple worked with Xerox openly to bring their developments to a mass audience. That's what Steve portrayed Apple as being good at. Xerox got a lot of Apple stock for it too, it was an agreement. Microsoft just took it from Xerox or Apple or whomever. It took them a long", "– but two years after the HEVC standard was finished, two patent pools had been formed with a third one on its way. In addition, various patent holders weren't offering patents via either pool, increasing uncertainty about HEVC's licensing. According to Microsoft's Ian LeGrow, an open-source, royalty-free technology was seen as the easiest way to eliminate this uncertainty around licensing.\nThe negative effect of patent licensing on free and open-source software has also been cited as a reason for the creation of AV1. For example, building a H.264 implementation into Firefox would prevent it from being distributed free of charge since", "and Kodak engaged in a patent war over digital cameras, a dispute which lasted until 2007. \nThe current smartphone wars started in the late 2000s. According to PC Magazine, Apple brought the patent wars to the smartphone market by its desire to \"go thermonuclear\" on Google's competing Android operating system for mobile devices. This triggered a \"war\" between major technology companies in the mobile market. Apple has been accused of having links to the company Digitude Innovations, which has been labeled as a patent troll. Following this warfare, Apple itself has also been called a patent-troll. Effects and response Patents", "1990s the patentability of software was well established, and in 1996 the USPTO issued Final Computer Related Examination Guidelines stating that \"A practical application of a computer-related invention is statutory subject matter. This requirement can be discerned from the variously phrased prohibitions against the patenting of abstract ideas, laws of nature or natural phenomena\" (emphasis added).\nThe recent expansion of the Internet and e-commerce has led to many patents being applied for and being granted for business methods implemented in software and the question of whether business methods are statutory subject matter is a separate issue from the question of whether", "and patents. Oracle alleged that Google, in developing Android, knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property. In May 2012, the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. The parties agreed to zero dollars in statutory damages for 9 lines of copied code.", "the possible relationships and partnerships between Morfik and Google. GWT's manager, Bret Taylor offered a direct response to the technology issue, by saying that GWT did not use any Morfik technology. The debate extended to patent rights and potential lawsuits (for example, Newswire and ZDNet). Initially, various critics including PathFinder questioned whether any actual patent applications had been filed, but these criticism were laid to rest when at least one of Morfik's patent applications was made publicly available by the USPTO itself.\nIn August, 2006, a review of Morfik in the context of developing web applications solely in", "for copyright infringement. Conversely, others have criticized the new test for its apparent vagueness, contending that it permits financially powerful organizations such as the RIAA and MPAA to effectively hinder development of new technology by active pursuit of litigation against the developers and distributors." ]

[ "The executable files of a game are basically just a bunch of machine code. Machine code are instructions executed by your computer. \n\nBy using a so called Dissassembler, you can turn the machine code into a somewhat human readable format called \"Assembler language\".\nIf you are good, you can then analyse the code and modify to circumvent copy protection mechanisms, e.g. by taking the copy protection code out or jumping over it.", "Crackers basically change the inside programing of it\n\nFor example : If a game has an online protection (that requires to be online to be played), they'll modify the code, to make the game think that you are actually online.\n\n/u/dale_glass also answered this 2 years ago :) \n\n\n > Some games come with code that makes it hard to run a copy by just possessing the data for it. For instance, it may make you enter a serial number. You copy the CD fine, install it, and it asks you for the number. You don't know it, so the game refuses to work.\n > Well, somewhere inside the game there is logic like this:\n > Ask user for serial number\n > Perform some operation to check the number. For instance, all digits should sum up to 9.\n > If the answer is right, continue\n > Cracking is just interfering with this logic. You can modify the code to jump past the verification step. You can make it still ask for the serial number, but accept any number at all. You could flip the logic around so that it accepts only invalid numbers. Etc.\n > This was the early era of cracking. Then the companies started making things more complicated. The program may be encrypted and self-verifying, so not only you need to break the encryption and make the change, but also find how it checks itself and defeat that as well.\n > Some are more devious and don't make it obvious that they know something is wrong. Instead the game runs, but breaks something subtly in such a way that the 5th level becomes impossible to finish.\n > Any kind of protection is breakable, but with enough effort it's possible to make something that requires considerable thought and time to get around, and it's quite possible that if the protection is good enough the game will remain uncracked for months.\n\nHope it helped ;)" ]

[ "then, but Crackdown is still a stellar example of the genre.\" Game Journalist Callum from Pixel Bedlam dubbed Crackdown as the one of the most underrated video games of all time, adding also that the game was \"more than just a Grand Theft Auto clone on steroids.\"\nThe second games also received positive reception in its release, although many critics pointed that it was too similar to its predecessor. While the game was inherently good, it was ranked by many to be one of the most disappointing sequels of its generation. Jim Sterling, during his time at Destructoid, reviewed the game", "Crackout (video game) Gameplay The object of the game is to clear levels by either destroying all bricks or defeating the enemies.\nThere are four zones of eleven levels each. The zones are Cubic Zone, Mirror Zone, Tube Zone and Final Zone. This game differs from the original Breakout as it contained enemies on screen that could be hit to gain power ups. Powerups included a parachute to slow the ball down, multiple balls, or projectiles. There were also level warps in the form of Konami Man, who would fly from top to bottom of the play area. There were typically", "Crackdown (series) Crackdown The first Crackdown game was released on February 20, 2007 for the Xbox 360 console. Originally developed for the Xbox console in 2002, Microsoft suggested in 2004 that Realtime Worlds release the game for their upcoming new console. A demo was showcased in the 2006 E3 Convention. Due to the waving interest in player testers during the game's late development, Microsoft decided to release it with access codes to the Halo 3 multiplayer beta to help its sales during release.\nThe game takes place in Pacific City, a dystopian metropolis that was suffering from an increase in crime", "Crackpots Gameplay Each level consists of four waves of twelve bugs each; defeat all four waves and the player will move on to a more difficult and faster-paced level. Play then resumes until the building crumbles to the ground. If six or more bugs enter through the open windows, part of the building will be eaten away, and you will have to replay the level. The patterns vary for different colored bugs. Black bugs will move straight up the building, blue bugs wiggle from left to right, red bugs move diagonally, and green bugs zig-zag between windows. Reception A review", "Crackdown 3 Gameplay Crackdown 3 retains the core gameplay of Crackdown and Crackdown 2, featuring a number of different organizations controlling the city of New Providence that players need to take down by killing their bosses and Kingpins, destroying their facilities, and destabilizing their infrastructures. Players can use a variety of weapons to achieve this end, from guns to grenades to rocket launchers, as well as their own physical power. Players can also drive any vehicle found in-game. The game features the \"Skills for Kills\" system as found in previous games, in which killing enemies with different tools and finding", "crash and studying a Agent's hand. Crackdown 3 A third game was developed by Sumo Digital with directions from the original game's creator David Jones. The game was officially revealed as Crackdown 3 during Microsoft's Gamescom 2015 press conference on August 4, 2015. Crackdown 3 takes the series back to its roots of fighting criminal syndicates, with Microsoft Studios' creative director Ken Lobb asserting that the game will be set in the future of the first game but represents an alternate timeline from what Crackdown 2 provided. Previous developer Ruffian Games provided additional assistance for the game's development. The game", "and called it \"the most pointless, unnecessary, and insulting \"sequels\" ever created.\"\nThe games left a large impact on the open-world genre. James Hunt of Den of Geek described the first Crackdown game as \"the first in a line of original, postmodern superhero creations on games consoles, and great fun to boot.\" Its formula of controlling super-powered beings in a massive sandbox environment, and using their abilities to cause mayhem and destruction has influenced other video game series such as Infamous, Prototype, Saints Row, The Saboteur and Just Cause 2. Game creator Brian Fleming was influenced by the climbing and parkour", "fences. In addition, every few innings, \"crackers\" are put on the field. Crackers are landmines that when are stepped on, sends the player sky high and leaves him shaking on the field for a few seconds, delaying the player's time to make a play. Crackers do not appear in the Super NES version. Players Different from real baseball and other baseball video games, this game consists of both male and female characters, as well as robots. All three types of players have the same basic abilities and vary only on their personal strengths. In many cases, human players", "but users of the cracked version soon found out that only early parts of the game were playable. The Uplay system works by having the installed game on the local PCs incomplete and then continuously downloading parts of the game-code from Ubisoft's servers as the game progresses. It was more than a month after the PC release in the first week of April that software was released that could bypass Ubisoft's DRM in Assassin's Creed II. The software did this by emulating a Ubisoft server for the game. Later that month, a real crack was released that was able to", "by Jones, would develop the gameplay and art assets for the game, with Sumo Digital developing the game's campaign mode and Elbow Rocket (with assistance from Crackdown 2 developers Ruffian Games) developing the multiplayer. Microsoft Studios' creative director Ken Lobb asserted that the game would only be called Crackdown instead of Crackdown 3, stating that the game is set in the future of the first game but represents an alternate timeline from what Crackdown 2 provided.\nThe game was officially revealed as Crackdown 3 during Microsoft's Gamescom 2015 press conference on 4 August 2015. The focus on cloud-powered real time destruction", "as Aimbot in shooting games. This is also known as \"hacking\" or \"glitching\". Cheating in video games is often done via a third party program which modifies the game's code at runtime to give one or more players an advantage. In other situations, it is frequently done by changing the games files to change the game's mechanics.", "Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game is not sold in Germany due to the USK's decision not to rate the game; according to GameSpot, this was due to pending legislation at the time to create criminal penalties for games that included \"cruel violence on humans or human-looking characters\". Sequels Wilson and lead designer Billy Thomson had previously confirmed that Crackdown was designed from the outset to be a long-running series of games, stating that sequels for the game are very likely to be produced, especially if Crackdown performed well commercially.", "seems at risk of breaking. The power switches also suffer from this problem. It is unknown if this problem existed since the launch of the console, or if age shrunk the plastic, turning it fragile.\nThe cartridges are also prone to breaking. The LCD can easily rot and the connections can break, improperly covering up the sprites during game-play, hindering the visuals of the game partially or completely. In other cases the game just stops working at all.\nThe LightPak is also easily broken - the light bulbs inside often come loose, making it lose some of its functionality. The battery compartment", "Game-breaking bug Almost immediately after the American NDS version was released, an unavoidable bug was discovered in the game. The bug occurs on the ninth floor of the tower, during the second play through. The game crashes after talking to an opponent named Jon, who has to be defeated in order to finish the game. On June 6, SNK announced that the replacement cartridge would be available in stores on June 25 and began the process of implementing a recall. These cartridges have been sent by mail along with a package of five King of Fighters trading cards. The recall", "and this occurs at an accelerated rate in order to give players an example of higher-level abilities. The Crackdown demo quickly broke download records for Microsoft's Xbox Live Marketplace by becoming the most downloaded demo over a 24-hour period and a seven-day (week-long) period. In the week after its release, the Crackdown demo was the second most played Xbox Live game after Gears of War. The demo went on to become the most downloaded and most played overall by March 2007.\nEvery pre-ordered and specially marked copy of Crackdown included an invitation to the beta test of the highly anticipated", "in the form of a fracture along the edge, or across the bow, often originating from the edge. Cracks are caused by poor technique or excessive playing or more rarely as a result of a defect originating from manufacture or damage to the cymbal not caused by playing, for example dropping. If a crack is left untreated, it will begin to follow the lathe grooves around the cymbal and could potentially spread all the way around and back to the point where it started, causing the outer portion of a cymbal to simply drop off. Often, lower quality sheet cymbals", "games, giving the players relative anonymity, and giving people an avenue to communicate cheats.\nExamples of cheats in first-person shooter games include the aimbot, which assists the player in aiming at the target, giving the user an unfair advantage, the wallhack, which allows a player to see through solid or opaque objects or manipulate or remove textures, and ESP, with which the information of other players is displayed. There are also cheats that increase the size of the enemies' hitbox which allows you to shoot next to the enemy, which would usually result in a miss, but the game would detect", "Breached (video game) Gameplay Breached is an action puzzle video game. Set in 2245, players take the role of Corus Valott, who wakes up from cryogenic sleep to find his base destroyed. Development Breached was developed by Drama Drifters and published by Nkidu Games. It was released on June 22, 2016.", "by third parties, or players exploiting a software glitch. Modifications are facilitated by either cheat cartridge hardware or a software trainer. Cheats usually make the game easier by providing an unlimited amount of some resource; for example weapons, health, or ammunition; or perhaps the ability to walk through walls. Other cheats might give access to otherwise unplayable levels or provide unusual or amusing features, like altered game colors or other graphical appearances. Glitches Software errors not detected by software testers during development can find their way into released versions of computer and video games. This may happen because the glitch", "egg hidden by the game's creator 33 years prior. Cook had hidden a secret congratulations screen in the game for players who entered a specific keyboard key combination at a specific time and solved the resulting series of substitution ciphered clues. Cook congratulated the cracker team on Twitter. The crackers found the secret while working to preserve the game for the Internet Archive by removing its digital copyright protections. One of the crackers said that while most 1980s games could be cracked by automation, Gumball's protections, coded by Roland Gustafsson, were exceptional. Reception Chris Browning of the Eugene, Oregon-based Atari", "stars out of five and wrote, \"Namco's history of delivering feature packed arcade ports to home consoles comes crashing to a halt with Smashing Drive [...]. Smashing Drive was probably not an easy game to port due to so much happening on the screen, and to its credit, the game never bogs down. Unfortunately, the darn thing never speeds up either, so each race feels like it takes place underwater. The graphics are colorful but simple, lacking the detailed textures expected from a GameCube title. [...] Succeeding in Smashing Drive is a simple matter of memorizing the courses, knowing where", "some would argue that in traditional RPGs, players play to act out their character as well; in fact, some players deliberately create weak characters because they find them interesting to play.\nIt has also been observed that intense grinding can actively damage the role-playing aspect of a game by making nonsense of the simulated world. A classic example of this occurred in Star Wars Galaxies, where skills were improved by using them. It was therefore possible to see groups of three people, in which: one person was repeatedly deliberately falling over, taking a small amount of damage each time;", "Collapse! Gameplay The classic Collapse! game is played on a board of twelve columns by fifteen rows. Randomly colored blocks fill the board, rising from below. By clicking on a group of 3 or more blocks of the same color, the whole group disappears in a collapse and any blocks stacked above fall down to fill in the vacant spaces. If a whole column is cleared, the elements slide to the center of the field. If one or more blocks rise beyond the top row of the board, the game is lost. If the player manages to survive a specified", "in the November 1983 issue of Videogaming and Computer Gaming Illustrated stated, \"I think Activision has finally reached the point of saturation with the Kaboom! theme of having to catch or toss objects,\" but still gave the game a letter grade of B. Legacy Crackpots was included in the compilation packages Activision Classics (1998) for the PlayStation and the Activision Anthology (2002) for the PlayStation 2.", "personally selected music from Amon Tobin, Atlas Plug, Celldweller and Hybrid that he put in each mission and premise. In Crackdown 2, music from Public Enemy, Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, R.E.M., and Whodini were used to give the game a rebellious feel. Other media A webcomic titled the \"Pacific City Archives\" was also released by Microsoft to accompany the worldwide release of Crackdown 2. Containing over 5 episodes, the webcomic series bridged the gap between the first and second Crackdown games by expanding character backstory and game lore. The Agent is also an unlockable character in the Xbox Live Arcade", "since its shards may cause injury when broken.\nBreaking can often be seen in karate, taekwondo and pencak silat. Spetsnaz are also known for board and brick breaking, but not all styles of martial arts place equal emphasis on it or use it. In styles where striking and kicking are less important and there is an emphasis on grappling or weaponry, breaking is less prominent. Traditional Japanese martial art schools place little, if any, emphasis on board-breaking, although the art of breaking objects was known as tameshiwari, while the similar practice of Tameshigiri or 'test cutting' is used in sword arts.", "the games described. Infocom's puzzles were unique in that they were usually tightly integrated into the storyline, and rarely did gamers feel like they were being made to jump through one arbitrary hoop after another, as was the case in many of the competitors' games. The puzzles were generally logical but also required close attention to the clues and hints given in the story, causing many gamers to keep copious notes as they went along.\nSometimes, though, Infocom threw in puzzles just for the humor of it—if the user never ran into these, they could still finish the game. But discovering", "Chaos Break Plot Similar to Dino Crisis and Half-Life before it, with virtual camera tracking. Chaos Break is essentially a third-person beat 'em up shooter game just like its arcade predecessor, with echoes of survival horror action and areas with similarities to games such as Dino Crisis and Half-Life. Set in an abandoned, contaminated biochemical laboratory; Fluxus Biomateril Industries Lab 7, a civilian research facility set on an isolated island. The two playable characters; Mitsuki and Rick, who are D.E.F agents, an investigatory and cleansing task force that are sent out to check the facility, and retrieve the research data.", "Breakdown (video game) Gameplay Although Breakdown is a first-person action game, it integrates elements of a fighting game and uses auto-lock for shooting enemies. The viewpoint is always the player's, and interaction with objects is realistic: ammunition is picked up by looking down and grabbing it (instead of walking over it), doors are opened by grabbing the handle, key cards are used by swiping them over a scanner and ladders climbed by using one's arms. Health and energy are replenished by consuming energy bars, hamburgers, and sodas. Plot An underground complex, known to humanity as Site Zero, has been discovered", "Breakers (video game) Gameplay The controls of the game is similar to that of SNK's earlier installments in their Fatal Fury series (particularly Fatal Fury 2, Special and 3). The special actions are also similar to other fighting games from the same era, although the dashing and back-stepping techniques tend to differ between characters (some of them will roll on the floor for example). Additionally, the player can move while standing up after a fall. The game system emphasizes balance between characters by featuring an elaborate damage adjustment feature.\nThe player also can perform super moves by accumulating enough energy in" ]

[ "Assume carbon ratios in living organisms within an environment are constant (perhaps it may vary for terrestrial vs. marine). The ratio only remains constant for that orgnanism while the organism is alive (just assume this is due to respiration). Any change in the \"known constant\" and the currently measured value yields a number of years since the organism died." ]

[ "Radiocarbon dating Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.\nThe method was developed in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago by Willard Libby, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960. It is based on the fact that radiocarbon (¹⁴\nC) is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen. The resulting ¹⁴\nC combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon", "Carbon-14 Radiocarbon dating Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses (¹⁴C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years old. The technique was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues in 1949 during his tenure as a professor at the University of Chicago. Libby estimated that the radioactivity of exchangeable carbon-14 would be about 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram of pure carbon, and this is still used as the activity of the modern radiocarbon standard. In 1960, Libby was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for this work.\nOne of the frequent uses", "Radiometric dating Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares the abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope within the material to the abundance of its decay products, which form at a known constant rate of decay. The use of radiometric dating was first published in 1907 by Bertram Boltwood and is now the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including the age", "used as indicators of historic solar activity. Single events from cosmogenic isotopes When energetic protons enter the atmosphere they create isotopes by reactions with the major components; the most important of these is carbon-14 (¹⁴C), which is created when secondary neutrons react with nitrogen. ¹⁴C, which has a half-life of 5,730 years, reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide which is taken up by plants; dating wood by its ¹⁴C content is the basis of radiocarbon dating. If wood of known age is available the process can be reversed. Measuring the ¹⁴C content and using the half-life allows estimation of", "developed (CEN/TS 15440) were the manual sorting method and the selective dissolution method. A detailed systematic comparison of these two methods was published in 2010. Since each method suffered from limitations in properly characterizing the biomass fraction, two alternative methods have been developed.\nThe first method uses the principles of radiocarbon dating. A technical review (CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon 14 method was published in 2007. A technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) is published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon 14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.\nThe second method (so-called", "(CEN/TR 15591:2007) outlining the carbon-14 method was published in 2007, and a technical standard of the carbon dating method (CEN/TS 15747:2008) was published in 2008. In the United States, there is already an equivalent carbon-14 method under the standard method ASTM D6866.\nAlthough carbon-14 dating can determine the biomass fraction of RDF/SRF, it cannot determine directly the biomass calorific value. Determining the calorific value is important for green certificate programs such as the Renewable Obligation Certificate program. These programs award certificates based on the energy produced from biomass. Several research papers, including the one commissioned by the Renewable Energy Association in", "carbon will appear to be about 80 years older than it truly is, regardless of the date of the sample. Samples Samples for dating need to be converted into a form suitable for measuring the ¹⁴\nC content; this can mean conversion to gaseous, liquid, or solid form, depending on the measurement technique to be used. Before this can be done, the sample must be treated to remove any contamination and any unwanted constituents. This includes removing visible contaminants, such as rootlets that may have penetrated the sample since its burial. Alkali and acid washes can be used to remove", "sets of carbon atoms in a chemical structure can be counted by counting singlet peaks, which in ¹³C spectra tend to be very narrow (thin). Other information about the carbon atoms can usually be determined from the chemical shift, such as whether the atom is part of a carbonyl group or an aromatic ring, etc. Such full proton decoupling can also help increase the intensity of ¹³C signals.\nThere can also be off-resonance decoupling of ¹H from ¹³C nuclei in ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, where weaker rf irradiation results in what can be thought of as partial decoupling. In", "Total Carbon Total Carbon is an analytical measurement for carbon content. This measurement commonly found in environmental and pharmaceutical analysis.", "Electron spin resonance dating Electron spin resonance dating, or ESR dating, is a technique used to date newly formed materials which radiocarbon dating cannot, like carbonates, tooth enamel, or materials that have been previously heated like igneous rock. Electron spin resonance dating was first introduced to the science community in 1975, when Motoji Ikeya dated a speleothem in Akiyoshi Cave, Japan. ESR dating measures the amount of unpaired electrons in crystalline structures that were previously exposed to natural radiation. The age of substance can be determined by measuring the dosage of radiation since the time of its formation. Applications Electron", "Carbonite (online backup) Product details Carbonite Online Backup installs a client software program on the user’s computer that operates continuously in the background. This client software automatically seeks out new and changed files on the user’s computer and backs them up using incremental backup. Each file is compressed and encrypted using a 128-bit Blowfish encryption before it is sent to remote servers at the company's data centers via the Internet. (This of course requires that the user's computer be continually connected to the internet, and the speed of the internet connection will impact system performance.) Data", "carbon (CDC) is a family of carbon materials with different surface geometries and carbon ordering that are produced via selective removal of metals from metal carbide precursors, such as TiC, SiC, Ti₃AlC₂, Mo₂C, etc. This synthesis is accomplished using chlorine treatment, hydrothermal synthesis, or high-temperature selective metal desorption under vacuum. Depending on the synthesis method, carbide precursor, and reaction parameters, multiple carbon allotropes can be achieved, including endohedral particles composed of predominantly amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, epitaxial graphene, nanocrystalline diamond, onion-like carbon, and graphitic ribbons, barrels, and horns. These structures exhibit high porosity and specific surface areas, with highly tunable", "indicate the presence of a single carbon.", "methods and assumptions used to track carbon during the product lifecycle. A wide variety of methods and assumptions were used, leading to different and potentially contrary conclusions – particularly with regard to carbon sequestration and methane generation in landfills and with carbon accounting during forest growth and product use.", "Occupational carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the direct use of energy to run the building e.g. the heating or electricity used by the building over the year. In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured in BER’s (Building Emission Rate) in kg of CO\n2/m²/year.\nThe BER is a United Kingdom government accepted unit of measurement that comes from an approved calculation process called sBEM (Simplified Building Emission Model)\nThe purpose of Carbon Profiling is to provide a method of analyzing and comparing both operational and embodied carbon emissions at the same time.", "the different anthropogenic carbon extraction methods for radiocarbon dating as well as to compare the different dating methods, i.e. radiocarbon and OSL, the first intercomparison study (MODIS) was set up and published in 2017.", "thermochronology or thermochronometry. Modern dating methods Radiometric dating has been carried out since 1905 when it was invented by Ernest Rutherford as a method by which one might determine the age of the Earth. In the century since then the techniques have been greatly improved and expanded. Dating can now be performed on samples as small as a nanogram using a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer was invented in the 1940s and began to be used in radiometric dating in the 1950s. It operates by generating a beam of ionized atoms from the sample under test. The ions then travel", "spin resonance dating is being used in fields like radiation chemistry, biochemistry, and as well as geology, archaeology, and anthropology. ESR dating is used instead of Radiocarbon dating because ESR dating can date newly formed materials or previously heated rock. The dating of buried teeth has served as the basis for the dating of human remains. Studies have been used to date burnt flint and quartz found in certain ancient ceramics. Newer ESR dating applications include dating previous earthquakes from fault gouge, past volcanic eruptions, and tectonic activity along coastlines. Dating process Electron spin resonance dating can be described as", "by Willard Libby, radiocarbon dating’s American pioneer, Rafter worked with DSIR physicist Gordon Fergusson and their team to perfect a new and reliable method of radiocarbon dating using carbon dioxide gas rather than solid carbon.\nIn 1959, Rafter was appointed the inaugural director of the DSIR’s Institute of Nuclear Sciences, in Gracefield, New Zealand. In his new position, Rafter encouraged research into natural variations in radiocarbon levels, in the process discovering a link between atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and rising levels of radiocarbon in the atmosphere, a phenomenon he and Fergusson called the ‘Atom Bomb Effect’ when they published their results", "be detected in all living organisms. Carbon of all types is continually used to form the molecules of the cells of organisms. Doubling of the concentration of ¹⁴C in the atmosphere is reflected in the tissues and cells of all organisms that lived around the period of nuclear testing. This property has many applications in the fields of biology and forensics. Background The radioisotope carbon-14 is constantly formed from nitrogen-14 (¹⁴N) in the higher atmosphere by incoming cosmic rays which generate neutrons. These neutrons collide with ¹⁴N to produce ¹⁴C which then combines with oxygen to form ¹⁴CO₂. This radioactive", "spectrometry.\nThe precision of a dating method depends in part on the half-life of the radioactive isotope involved. For instance, carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years. After an organism has been dead for 60,000 years, so little carbon-14 is left that accurate dating cannot be established. On the other hand, the concentration of carbon-14 falls off so steeply that the age of relatively young remains can be determined precisely to within a few decades. Closure temperature The closure temperature or blocking temperature represents the temperature below which the mineral is a closed system for the studied isotopes. If a material", "Carbon–carbon bond Synthesis Carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions are organic reactions in which a new carbon–carbon bond is formed. They are important in the production of many man-made chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and plastics.\nSome examples of reactions which form carbon–carbon bonds are aldol reactions, Diels–Alder reaction, the addition of a Grignard reagent to a carbonyl group, a Heck reaction, a Michael reaction and a Wittig reaction.\nThe directed synthesis of desired three-dimensional structures for tertiary carbons was largely solved during the late 20th century, but the same ability to direct quaternary carbon synthesis did not start to emerge until the first decade of", "Carbon-burning process The carbon-burning process or carbon fusion is a set of nuclear fusion reactions that take place in the cores of massive stars (at least 8 at birth) that combines carbon into other elements. It requires high temperatures (> 5×10⁸ K or 50 keV) and densities (> 3×10⁹ kg/m³).\nThese figures for temperature and density are only a guide. More massive stars burn their nuclear fuel more quickly, since they have to offset greater gravitational forces to stay in (approximate) hydrostatic equilibrium. That generally means higher temperatures, although lower densities, than for less massive stars. To get the right", "Various factors affect the sample and raise the margin of error for the analysis,,.\nThe possibility to use radiocarbon dating as a tool for mortar dating was introduced as early as the 1960s, soon after the method was established (Delibrias and Labeyrie 1964; Stuiver and Smith 1965; Folk and Valastro 1976). The very first data were provided by van Strydonck et al. (1983), Heinemeier et al.(1997) and Ringbom and Remmer (1995). Than the methodological aspect were developed by different groups (an international team headed by Åbo Akademi University, and teams from CIRCE, CIRCe, ETHZ, Poznań, RICH and Milano-Bicocca laboratory. \nTo evaluate", "question can be described in terms of carbon (C) fixed per unit per time. Since individuals vary in size, it is also useful to normalise C concentration to Chlorophyll a (an important photosynthetic pigment) to account for specific biomass. History As far back as 1905, marine researchers attempted to develop an equation to be used as the standard in establishing the relationship between solar irradiance and photosynthetic production. Several groups had relative success, but in 1976 a comparison study conducted by Alan Jassby and Trevor Platt, researchers at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, reached a", "Activated carbon Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions. Activated is sometimes substituted with active.\nDue to its high degree of microporosity, one gram of activated carbon has a surface area in excess of 3,000 m² (32,000 sq ft) as determined by gas adsorption. An activation level sufficient for useful application may be obtained solely from high surface area. Further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.\nActivated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is sometimes used as biochar. When derived from", "carbon species at varying amounts to create a plot of signal (i.e., peak area) versus injected carbon amount (e.g., moles of carbon). The user should take care to account for any sample splitting, adsorption, inlet discrimination, and leaks, or the calibration will be off. The data should form a line with a slope, m, and an intercept, b. The inverse of this line can be used to determine the amount of carbon in any subsequent injection from any compound because the detector response is uniform for all organic compounds. \nThis is different from a typical FID calibration where this calibration", "factors taken into consideration when assessing a product or service. The International Organization for Standardization has a standard called ISO 14040:2006 that has the framework for conducting an LCA study. Another method is through the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, a set of standards for tracking GHG emissions.\nPredicting the carbon footprint of a process is also possible through estimations using the above standards. By using Emission intensities/Carbon intensities and the estimated annual use of fuel, chemical, or other inputs, the carbon footprint can be determined while a process is being planned/designed. Direct carbon emissions Direct carbon emissions come from sources that are", "Richard Swinburne reaches the design conclusion using Bayesian probability.\n\nScientist and theologian Alister McGrath has pointed out that the fine-tuning of carbon is even responsible for nature's ability to tune itself to any degree.\nThe entire biological evolutionary process depends upon the unusual chemistry of carbon, which allows it to bond to itself, as well as other elements, creating highly complex molecules that are stable over prevailing terrestrial temperatures, and are capable of conveying genetic information (especially DNA). […] Whereas it might be argued that nature creates its own fine-tuning, this can only be done if the primordial constituents of the universe", "natural system such as a cell or tissue, or as a flow tracer to track fluid flow. Radioactive tracers are also used to determine the location of fractures created by hydraulic fracturing in natural gas production. Radioactive tracers form the basis of a variety of imaging systems, such as, PET scans, SPECT scans and technetium scans. Radiocarbon dating uses the naturally occurring carbon-14 isotope as an isotopic label. Carbon ¹¹C decays by positron emission with a half-life of ca. 20 min. ¹¹C is one of the isotopes often used in positron emission tomography.\n¹⁴C decays by beta-decay, with a half-life" ]

[ "My thoughts are because it is supposed to be a game changer(literally) and to release anything sub par could potentially hurt the concept and make it take even longer for people to get interested in it again, I for one would be extremely disappointed if it was clunky and didn't work as good as I'm imagining it will.", "Because they needed to launch with a decent software library, and find a cocktail of specs that they could scale production up to no problem and without issue.", "In my opinion, I think they are waiting for two things:\n\n1) Developers to create enough VR compatible content so that people don't get bored and give up on the medium too quickly.\n\n2) Hardware to catch up. The rift requires some pretty hefty hardware to run optimally. My good-but-not-great gaming PC could juuuust barely run it when I got my developers kit. I had to upgrade my machine just to run some of the beefier demos. Basically, in order to run the rift well, you're looking at a about $1000 (at least) homemade PC or about $1500 to $2000 for premade, plus the cost of the rift itself. Eventually, as the technology progresses, adequate hardware for the rift will become cheaper and cheaper, therefore making the rift a much more viable product to sell.", "1. Google Glass \n2. OUYA games console \n3. Lytro camera\n\nAll potential game changers ruined irreparably by shitty 1st generation products. \n\nThey need to get it right before they launch it.", "*The last 10% takes as long as the first 90%.* That's a quote I heard about engineering development. And it seems to apply to most every type of dev work.\n\nCombine that with a lack of hurry. There is no need to rush things. They have the money to work on it and do it properly.\n\nI bought a DK2 and although it worked great. it was very clunky to install and work with. It was simply not possible for a lot of people to install and get working properly. Let alone would most people be willing to do the research to get it up and running. It needs to work out of the box with no more than a simple program/driver install. And that's not a simple thing.\n\nThen there is also their control system they have hinted at. I'm out of the loop, but there was talk about developing their own controller as well.\n\nAnd software. DK's were for developers. They had sub par hardware so that software development could start. Just because the DK1 with it's crappy screen and motion sickness inducing screen was out 2 years ago, doesn't mean ti was anywhere near ready for the public. Now newer and better screens are cheap enough to be used.\n\nBy waiting they give time for all these things to come together. \n\nVR already has a stigma attached to it that it's a gimmick. Virtual Boy is an obvious failure, but 3D movies and the 3DS and old 80's red/blue glasses have given VR, not a bad name, but definitely not a good one either. Most the public thinks of VR and 3D as the same thing. So if it doesn't work right off the bat, it's done. It will just get laughed at and dismissed. It will never get any traction for another 10 years, until another company tries again.", "Because after 2 years, it's still very difficult to even get it to run many of the demos properly. The programming API is still quite immature.", "If it was easy, people would have done it already. Occulus is trying to pull off some cutting edge stuff, and that takes a while.", "Software\n\nImagine someone came out with the greatest gun of all time but no one sold bullets for it.", "It has some pretty hefty hardware requirements. The more time that goes by, the more widespread and affordable a consumer release will be.", "Windows 10 has built in support for VR headsets. Both Nvidia and ATI have built in support for VR. Oculus's SDK works with both these new graphics drivers as well as new Windows drivers/features custom designed for VR. There's also the games themselves which take years to develop.\n\nIt took this long for everything to fall into place. There's the hardware, software, drivers and OS support. Had they released a retail product earlier, it would have been a far inferior product.", "It's because they are waiting for the developers to create quality apps and games, and tweaking the gear while they wait. Some great AAA games take up to 5 years to develop, and this is brand new technology. They know this will be a game changer and don't want it to flop due to limited games and crapware.", "Well...\n\n_URL_0_\n\nSeems to have \"Q1 2016\" plastered all over it so expect it to come out Q1 2016?\n\nThats only a few months away.", "Most AAA games take longer then 2 years to develop. You don't launch a product without products. It would be like launching a iWatch that has no apps yet.", "As someone who has tried DevKit 1 and 2, there is a very simple answer to this question: Oculus isn't ready yet. \n\nIt is close, but the so-called \"screendoor\" effect from the pixel magnification is still noticeable. I found first person shooters like TF2 fairly easy to play with Oculus, and LOTS of fun. \n\nDigital Combat Simulator (DCS World) is my go-to flight sim, and it also supports Oculus. Here is where the real pre-prod weakness of the Oculus was apparent, IMHO. Basically, due to the screendoor effects, seeing terrain details and landmarks in the flight sim was next to impossible. \n\nTL;DR: Oculus is close, but for consumers, the team is (rightfully IMO) waiting to release so that they can fine tune the configurations for various *types* of games. Anything \"far away\" just disappears, even in Devkit 2.", "Three main reasons, as I understand it:\n\n1. Bugs. Wouldn't want to release something that doesn't work at a very premium feeling level because:\n\n2. Software has to be developed for it, and it isn't cheap to do R & D, especially for a new 'revolutionary' kind of tech\n\n3. Only a small percentage of PC owners actually have the raw capability to run the programs at the required framerate and resolution to make the 'game' or whatever simulations, feel immersive. For reference, the current generation of consoles (XBONE, PS4) don't have the power to drive those programs. In short, there will be a limited consumer base, unless you plan on everyone who buys an oculus to also drop a grand on a PC powerful enough to run it", "It takes a long time to prepare software (drivers and SDK's), A good factory line, a good user experience, and hell, games to play on it. The purpose of the development kits was to get people making games for VR, as the name suggests. Its working (see _URL_1_)\n\nCV1 release date is the first quarter of 2016\nThe HTC Vive (Really the Valve Vive) comes out at the end of this year.", "My father is actually in samsung, working on vr goggles. \nThe problem is that videos such as live ones come with such crappy quality that there needs to be better quality for people to enjoy, while computer generated ones are great, but they take alot of time. There is still too much unknowns, with companies not supporting their development teams to actually accomplish something fast. However looking at my dad working on this for like 6 years is really cool, seeing how things transitioned and became much better", "TrackIR and friends have been around since 2001. If you are still using a joystick to look around you might want to check out some of these:\n\n* _URL_6_\n* _URL_5_\n* _URL_6_\n* _URL_6_\n* _URL_5_\n\nedit: formatting", "How many of you know that [you can get an Oculus headset for $200](_URL_7_) *right now* if you have a Galaxy S6 or a Note 4? I sure didn't when I got my phone but after reading some reviews to try and figure out what features they added I stumbled on the fact that you could turn your phone into an Oculus headset.\n\nI originally bought it for 3D video and wasn't excited at all about VR but the VR is simply amazing. It is absolutely game changing. There is no question about it.\n\nThe problem is that the technology isn't quite there yet and for as cool as it is, trying to show off VR is kind of like trying to show off dial up internet. You can do a lot of cool stuff, but it takes some imagination to see how those pixelated videos will one day become youtube and Netflix or how those odd looking message boards will one day become Reddit and Facebook.\n\nAdvances are being made but there are a lot of less obvious problems that need to be solved. Not many of us are impressed with 720p displays anymore but it's not easy to get 2 of those just inches away from your face, mounted in a headset you can wear. Imagine trying to catch up to standard desktop resolutions. Additionally, people were getting sick, viewing angle and peripheral vision still isn't where it needs to be, and media of all types will need to be completely changed.\n\nThe most unimpressive things I've seen so far are old 3D movies like Avatar that were made before VR. Games look good, but there's still a lot of refining to do when it comes to camera angles and controls.\n\nTL;DR: It's getting better and better, but there's a lot of catching up that needs to happen before you give up your current TV or monitor.", "Because only high end computers can run the Oculus Rift properly. The Oculus has 2 high resolution screens, one for each eye, and if it runs a game at less than about 70 frames per second it's like to induce nausea. Right now the PS4 and Xbone can't even handle one of those screens at less than half the frames per second it needs and to build a computer than can handle an Oculus would cost you between one and two thousand dollars.", "I've gotten to try on out. The DK2. \n\nIt was a dreaming awesome experience. Something I'll buy when the consumer version is out. But you could easily see the pixels within the unit itself but it was nice also because the unit I didn't find heavy or anything. But the demo of it was unreal. As long as they take their time to release it properly I think it'll be a fucking blast.", "There's a really obscure problem that [Wired did a story on](_URL_8_) called the \"vergence-accommodation conflict\". \n\nBasically your eyes will get really tired and start to hurt after using the current VR technology for longer than a couple hours. They might have to start over with the tech to find a solution.\n\nI think that's a big reason they're still delaying the release.", "What i'm mostly curious about the Rift is what about people that need glasses? I have moderate to high astigmatism and some hypermetropia and i need them constantly. Is there a way to use the Oculus while wearing glasses at the same time?", "> I still need to move a joystick around to change my viewpoint in games.\n\n[Someone already made a fix for this](_URL_9_)", "Lets change it from \"oculus rift\" to \"3D immersion\" and the from what I can discern, the issue is support and usability.\n\nSony has Mobius and Facebook has the Oculus Rift. Barring the differences the reason they have not come to market is because this is what you would call a disruptive change in product. It will in effect change everything if it is adopted by gamers in mass. It could lead to us not using televisions in the majority of cases for consoles. It is a lot of money on the line so here it goes...\n\n**1) Support**\nWe have seen some developers say they will support Mobius/Oculus, and that is good, but when it hits the shelves and there are 5 games out for they will only convert the early adopters the \"it's new I have to have it\" buyers. There won't be any on-the-fencers buying the OR/Mobius for 5 games. The Kinect and PSEye are perfect examples of failure of support for peripherals, no one supported so no one bought it, no one bought it so no one wanted to support it. [It's a vicious cycle.](_URL_10_)\n\n**2) Usability**\nLittle fact, the Oculus rift made first time participants throw up often. Littler known fact, when video games that showed movement was introduced older people, think 18+, tried playing games like Zelda OoT would make them sick due to motion sickness. Oculus Rift had to combat the problem where it actually made the participants sick / headachy due to motion sickness. From what I understand they have wrapped that up and the current weight is just under a pound or less than 380 grams. It's wearable technology if its not comfortable it's not usable. \"mild irritation while playing\" becomes \"i will not use that thing because it hurts my ears / eyes / neck\" and with long play sessions it won't be an option it has to great.", "This is actually pretty normal especially with new hardware. The time it takes to go from functional prototype to production ready is pretty long and can even take over a year in oculus' case. The product needs to be tested and reworked probably a lot of times and they definitely will want a great product coming out when it hits the market. There are probably a lot of ideas that also get scrapped, which go through the same testing cycle but as consumers we never get to experience.", "It's bleeding edge.\n\nYou wanted it released with absolutely no games or demos to be used on it? You want it released when the major of people who *built* their computers can only handle it at minimal specs? You want another Crises release where no one can run it at it's potential?\n\nTwo years isn't a long time for Devs to produce something meaningful with brand new tech in it's infancy that already requires a system that borders on \"Enthusiast\" level to run just *okay*.\n\nThink about it.", "Because throwing the Oculus out there without enough content will instantly kill it. I had the DK2 for a few months and eventually sold it again because there just wasn't enough stuff to do with it, except for mostly 5 minute experiences that you try out once and then never look at again.\n\nNot saying it isn't awesome though, it absolutely is!", "Compatibility testing and optimization is a huge part of any development process in the PC market. \n\nBeyond that, the average home user desktop isn't up to snuff to operate these things at a reasonable framerate. They'll have a bigger market for a more polished product with fewer design compromises if they release during a later hardware cycle than current.", "I don't know if you noticed, but the internet is vicious with things that perform even slightly sub-par. They are tightening up what it can do, basically. The VR/AR craze is not something they want to be a passing fad, and they are at the forefront of this development.", "The hardware is half the equation. Innovative hardware creators need a \"killer app\" to ensure that the hardware is perceive well, as well as working with major graphics card manufacturers to ensure wide ranging availability and long lasting compatibility.", "It's done. They're waiting for market conditions and available game developers to create the perfect storm so they release it when the market clamors for it, instead of a few fanboys look for it", "Imagine you had a recipe for the best cupcake in the world. moist, flavor packed, with very tasty frosting. Only problem is that you didn't have an oven that was hot enough to cook it. so the recipe goes in the back of your cookbook, until you can get a hot enough oven.\n\nThen, one day, you realize that there is an oven hot enough to cook the perfect cupcake. you get very excited, because now you can make the best cupcake ever. however you realize you haven't ever tried to make it before. There was never a point to, you could never get the cupcake hot enough to cook.\n\nso you try a few, you make a couple and give them to a baker. no frosting, and the cake is flat because it's missing a few ingredients. The baker tell you that it's not the best cupcake, but it is very tasty and they can see with some more tries this could be the best cupcake ever!\n\nso you try again, you make it with some better ingredients and add some of the missing ingredients. then you make more and sell them at a local bake sale. they are still missing the frosting, but they are nice and fluffy and people really like them. people all around hear about these awesome cupcakes and everyone gets excited as well. \n\nso you make more, you add much better ingredients. very good flour, fresh eggs, and frosting but you don't add sugar. you sell these at a large bake sale and everyone really likes them. they want you to sell these cupcakes everywhere.\n\nbut you know that these are not the best cupcakes. they are very good, but they can be so much better. so you go back and make the best cupcakes. with sugar in the frosting and sprinkles this time. but you have to make a lot of them, so it takes time so it takes a bit longer.\n\nbut remember the baker who tried the cupcakes in the beginning? he just kept going on and on about how these cupcakes were going to be the best. telling everyone he could possibly tell, making everyone hungry to at least try one. As more people tried the cupcakes at the bake sales they as well tell us how awesome the cupcakes are going to be when everyone gets to try them.\n\nThis is the point we are at now with oculus: we have heard about this awesome thing before it was anywhere close to being a finished product. we wait and wait, constantly hearing about the awesomeness coming but it feels like a very long time. Eventually we will have the oculus, and it will be up to us to determine if the hype is worth it.", "First, I'm by no means an expert, but I have experience developing for the Rift and Google Cardboard, as well as the general reaction to a wide variety of industries (warehouse management solutions, gamers, academia, etc.) when I show them the technology. Here is my little summary on it:\n\nAs many have mentioned, it is SUPPOSED to be a game changer, but I think the current problem that Oculus realized a bit late (that I have advocated from the beginning) is that the headset alone is NOT a game changer. Yes, it's neat, yes, it brings some cool things into play, but the majority of people in the industries I mentioned above (obviously with a few exceptions) have been generally unexcited, and really just not interested in the technology. The reasons for this (again, as best as I have gathered) is because it comes off as \"just another screen\". Yes, it's a bit more immersive, but it comes with drawbacks: Games have to be slowed down to prevent motion sickness, universities have to pay for higher powered computers to use the headsets (which, while cheaper, are still relatively expensive if you want more than a 2 or 3), and companies can't find a substantial benefit that requires it since what they have now still works (They don't want to fix what isn't broken). A headset alone just isn't going to provide enough gains.\n\nWhat is needed to sell virtual reality is a new type of input. Something that allows for new ways of controlling the headset outside of your standard Xbox controller. This changes quite literally everything, because if you can track where the controllers are in 3D, you can do the same with the headset, allow you to now walk around instead of \"controlling\" around. This can potentially attract casual gamers like the Wii did, and allows companies to do a lot more with it (Virtual home tours where you can physically walk around a room, training for police, etc.). It might not sound like a lot, but think about how much more interactive a game with a motion controller is, rather than a normal game controller. A menial task like cooking can easily become a full game with this, just look at the Vive demos.\n\nAnd I think Oculus is realizing this. That's why Oculus Touch was shown so soon, rather than keeping it as a secret announcement. It's also why Valve waited so long to show theirs I believe. And the reviews for these demos show too.\n\nAgain, these are just more my speculations, so maybe that's not all there is to it.\n\nTLDR; Oculus wants to add better input for the devices to help it sell better, which has caused some delays.", "My input as a developer and owner of both development kits: they're still perfecting it. There are two choices to viewing your game on the rift, extended mode and direct mode. Extended mode works with most other developers games but it's a huge pain for end users because the rift is treated as a secondary monitor, which causes headaches trying to get the software to display right. The other mode, direct mode is what is needed but not well implemented. It allows the end user to keep the display in a single monitor configuration and display the game directly to the rift. The problem is, the rift sdk (software development kit) doesn't support it very well. They're releasing a new sdk this week that actually gets rid of extended mode and provides a much improved direct mode for developers to implement into their software. So imo it's taking so long to release cv1 (consumer version 1) because they want everybody to be on direct mode for ease of consumer to run their software, making it a uniform experience for the general public.", "I've been following the progress of the rift for a year now, mainly because they block reddit at my work. However, I can answer your question - to a point.\n\nThey have set themselves goals for different specs that they have to achieve before they will release it. I don't recall any of the specs or even what they were, but I do remember that their goals were pretty lofty considering where they were at the time (DK1) - the DK2 got them much closer, but they're still trying to get that thing up to their own insane standards before they'll release it.\n\nSo, kind of what the other people are saying - they want to release a good product - however, less about software and requirements and all that stuff.\n\nEDIT: sorry, i don't have any links... I know I got there from going to here: _URL_11_ and just reading articles and interviews", "I own a DK1 and DK2. I try to follow the news of the CV1 as much as possible. \n\nIt is my understanding that many rival companies are coming out with their own versions of the Oculus Rift. Therefore, Oculus is spending a lot of time creating a product that will be far better than the competitors. It did not help things when the co-founder was killed in a car crash 2 years ago. They are also trying to add things that are very difficult to create, such as making it wireless and having your hands shown in-game. As of right now a lot of people are saying Valve's VR headset will be better than Oculus, so I think they are keeping things pretty secret and working around the clock to bring us the best VR experience when it is available at local stores. I believe they are planning on a 2016 product release.", "Honestly I feel like Facebook acquiring them slowed down their progress. They would likely have a Beta consumer version out by now if they weren't swallowed up by the Zuckerberg machine. At this point they run the risk of getting out done by competitors who have quicker turnaround time. If the first legitimate VR headset to market is made by Apple or Samsung, you can bet your ass Oculus Rift will be an also ran in this industry. The only thing they may have a leg up on is the proprietary software for movement control, but even that can be replicated.\n\nEdit: Relevant news today; _URL_12_", "I know of a developer working on Occulus-Rift who fainted with a seizure after using it continuously for a few hours! \nThe headsets can cause something called a Cybersickness or Simulator Sickness. The brain gets confused handling all the virtual data and simply shuts down or produces some nasty symptoms which luckily are temporary. \nThe CEO of occulus suffered from motion sickness after he used the headset for the first time and resolved to launch the headset to public only after they solved the problem. You can imagine the bad press otherwise. \n\nHere's a link if you are interested\n_URL_13_", "I think they are doing most things correctly to create the best product possible. I think where they have messed up is not releasing Oculus touch as a dev kit to DK2 owners and not increasing the FOV significantly. The killer apps for VR are going to use joysticks like Touch and the Vive controllers. Vive is going to have a head start with potential killer apps out of the gate (e.g. The Gallery, Hover Junkers, and shooting gallery games) and Oculus will have to play catch up and wait for devs to develop apps with Touch in 2016.", "I've played with the prototypes and tried out different intrefaces. The display, even when it gets very good, is not much. It is just a very immersive screen, but after the first weeks is not so special. What actually changes the game is the addition of hand held controls. We did a proof-of-concept game using Kinect & Playstation Move handles with the Oculus DK2. That gets expectionally good and that is where the interesting things start to happen.\nDon't even think about getting a VR display without the hand held controls, you'll be missing alot.", "Even if the rig actually comes out, you won't get widespread game adoption. Most games won't support it due to the high cost of integrating something like that in. The best you'll get are ports of existing games which would mean hooking up free look to the goggles. And even then, existing games will break, how do you handle separating the gun from the view? A lot of FPS games actually use the camera position to shoot, so you would have to de-couple that and integrate it somehow. The answer is, get used to waiting.", "I think they're waiting for software.\n\nMy old work was one of the first third-party studios to get a Natal, before it became the Kinect, and even with being on the ground so early, we didn't really have time to do... anything, with it. I think a lot of people were in the same position, which is why there were really no third-party games that used the Kinect well on launch.\n\nDevelopers need Oculus kits like... at minimum, 2-3 years before they can put a really great game on that hardware.", "Two reasons really. One: They needed a screen manufaturer to come up with a 5 inch screen in mass volume with 2x 1080p resolution at 75hz so they could offer 1080p per eye or better. (Hello Samsung Note 5) Two: They needed desktop gaming video cards to catch up and be able to drive two screens of 1080p or more at 75hz at medium settings minimum. Both of these requirements will be met around the end of 2015. ALSO Cake day! woot", "There used to be a popular term, \"killer app.\" Basically, the game or application that you can't live without, and that justifies the purchase all by itself. Like, when a new console launches (PS4 for example), most people check to see which games are available at launch, and many if not most people wait till something like COD or GTA comes out on that platform before they will buy it.\n\nThat doesn't yet exist for the oculus rift.", "A few reasons:\n\n-They need compelling and complete games and software. Great hardware means nothing without great software to use with it.\n\n-It is gonna take a pretty beefy PC to run the consumer Rift. The longer they wait the more affordable the parts will be.\n\n-Facebook's acquisition allowed them to make less compromises for the consumer product. So what they originally had intended for a consumer product was probably delayed do to redesign and additional/substitution of parts.", "It's like having a lemonade stand on a hot summer day without the ice. Execution is what matters. \n\nThe Occulus Rift is the lemonade stand. The sugar is the hardware and the ice is the software. If you only have a cube of ice, then it's not going to be as good as if you had a few in in it. Same with sugar, not enough sugar and no one is going to really enjoy it's sweetness.", "Because they don't have many games that you can play it on. all we have are concepts so far. \n\nIt's not like how when Nintendo made the analog stick for the N64. They launched with Super Mario 64 and then later with Ocarina of Time and other games that used the new technology. Oculus doesn't make games. They need a developer to have faith in the Rift and make a game *for* the Oculus Rift.", "Just a hunch, but I think they need to do more research on the negative long term effects of using VR. Most people complain about headaches after 1-2 hours of continuous use. Doesn't sound like something I'd want to bring to market until I was 100% sure I wasn't going to get my pants sued off or need to recall 100,000 units.", "Facebook: Having a tech giant with a broader vision of connecting people across the world buy a virtual reality interface company means the design parameters which would yield a quick to market, quick to profit model of development was not chosen in favor of a more deliberate process with a much bigger scope and longer term goals.", "I actually got to look at an earlier version in early 2014. And while it is an insanely cool idea, the display was at that time not yet nearly good enough. You could still easily make out the little black lines between the pixels. My guess is that they are still tweaking the display.", "Could be a sales manuver. They're timing the release to build up the hype and increase initial sales. If the initial release is a fail it gives the product a bad name. Also they may be waiting for a specific games to release it with.", "They want it to be good when they release it. I would guess there are still a few bugs and problems with it right now. Not anything huge, but if they want to really change the market, it has to be perfect.", "My friend works for a company creating VR content. He says it's going to change everything if it's done right and I truly believe him. Hoping it's not ruined by a crappy launch. I'm willing to wait", "I wondered the same. \n\nCan there BE a more \"shut up and take my money\" product?\n\nThen I realise the implications of Nausea-gate. \n\nIf early reviews are all 'makes people feel sick' it could kill the concept.", "I don't even care about the rift anymore. Especially as its being developed under Facebook. It's all about valve's version now, if that is implemented well with steam then the rift won't be able to compete.", "they want to make a perfect product. but they gotta hurry too, because the hype is dying down fast. im nowhere near as interested in the product as I was 10-12 months ago..", "Because the Dev kits still have issues and because devs need it for years before consumer release to actually develop stuff. Otherwise you get a device with no developer support.", "I feel like they're just holding out until it's totally flawless and all encompassing so it doesn't get bad press and people chalk it up as just a novelty", "so what do i invest in to make money off it? plz don't tell me it has to be facebook....", "They need to hurry up and finish oculus rift. I want to bang a virtual anime girl already, dammit!", "Because Facebook is trying to find a way to make money off people using it in every day life.", "TBH? Waiting for game developers and graphics card manufacturers to catch up." ]

[ "was that, a year after the release of the oddly out-of-place and retro-designed Apple IIc Plus, only a minor maintenance release of the Apple IIGS was introduced (mainly boasting more RAM and improved firmware) rather than any of the desperately needed hardware changes required to keep the machine viable. Prototypes of more advanced Apple II's (namely in the form of a new IIGS) were delayed and eventually cancelled as the company decided what to do with its Apple II product line. The end result was to allow it to slowly fade out into obscurity due to a lack of development", "the \"world's thinnest desktop computer\", measuring in at around two inches (around 5 centimeters).\n2004, however, was a turning point for Apple. After creating a sizable financial base to work with, the company began experimenting with new parts from new suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to produce new designs quickly over a short amount of time, with the release of the iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.\nOn April 29, 2005, Apple released Mac OS X v10.4 \"Tiger\" to the general public.\nApple's wildly successful PowerBook and iBook products relied on Apple's previous generation", "the end of the commercial. Updates By 2005, it had become more and more apparent that IBM's development for the desktop implementation of PowerPC was grinding to a halt. Apple announced at the Worldwide Developers Conference that it would be switching the Macintosh to the x86 architecture and Intel's line of Core processors. The first Intel-equipped Macs were unveiled on January 10, 2006: the Intel iMac and the introductory MacBook Pro. Within nine months, Apple had smoothly transitioned the entire Macintosh line to Intel. One of the highly touted side benefits of this switch was the ability", "units combined during the third quarter of 2018. In January 2019, market analysis firm SuperData estimated that over a million Oculus Go units had been sold since the device's launch, and in July 2019 the firm estimated over two million units had been sold. In his keynote at 2018's Oculus Connect developer conference, John Carmack revealed that the Go's retention rate was as high as the Rift's, something that nobody at the company had predicted. Carmack also noted that the Go had done especially well in Japan despite the device's lacking internationalization support and the company not specifically catering to", "from the operating system below, allowing it to run with less modification on other platforms. OPENSTEP was, for a short time, adopted by Sun Microsystems. However, by this point, a number of other companies — notably Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and even Sun itself — were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own. (Some of these efforts, such as Taligent, did not fully come to fruition; others, like Java, gained widespread adoption.)\nOn February 4, 1997, Apple Computer acquired NeXT for $427 million, and used OPENSTEP as the basis for Mac OS", "Apple still retained the practice of socketing all ICs so that servicing and replacement could be performed more easily. Later-production IIe models had the RAM soldered to the system board rather than socketed.\nDespite the hardware changes, the IIe maintains a high degree of backwards compatibility with the previous models, allowing most hardware and software from those systems to be used. Apple provided technical information on the IIe to hundreds of developers before its release, and claimed that, as a result, 85 to 90% of Apple II software worked with it. Reception BYTE wrote in February 1983 that the IIe was", "made the transition to Intel chips for the entire Mac product line—over one year sooner than announced. The Power Mac, iBook, and PowerBook brands were retired during the transition; the Mac Pro, MacBook, and MacBook Pro became their respective successors. On April 29, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was building its own team of engineers to design microchips. Apple also introduced Boot Camp in 2006 to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X.\nApple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006,", "because Xerox saw Apple Computer as its main competitor—InfoWorld reported that Apple in turn delayed and redesigned a computer under development to better compete with it—but the 820 was expensive and slow; one month after its release, the Osborne 1—faster, portable, with bundled software worth more than $1,000, and with a $1,795 price—appeared, while Xerox charged $200 for the required CP/M software. The 820 did not use the sophisticated technology Xerox PARC created that influenced the Apple Macintosh.\nInfoWorld in 1982 stated that \"The considerable virtues of the Xerox 820 lie mostly in its use of the Big Board design—its faults", "various Quadra models, and full motherboard replacements were available from Apple as well. Macintosh clones from companies like DayStar Digital and Power Computing were also coming to the market at this time, undercutting Apple's prices. Transition to standardized hardware (1995-1999) When the Power Macintosh was introduced, it included the same internal and external expansion connections as other Macintosh models, all of which (save for audio input and output) were either wholly proprietary to, or largely exclusive to Apple computers. Over the next five years, Apple replaced all these ports with industry-standard connectors.\nThe first generation of Power Macintoshes had shipped", "release the first x86-based computers in June 2006, and to move the rest of its computers to x86 microprocessors by June 2007. On January 10, 2006, Apple presented its new iMac and MacBook Pro computers running on Intel Core Duo processors, and announced that the entire Apple product line would run on Intel processors by the end of 2006. Apple then released the Mac Pro and announced the new Xserve on August 8, completing the Intel transition in 210 days, roughly ten months ahead of the original schedule.\nMac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the first version of Mac OS X", "Apple IIe History Apple Computer planned to discontinue the Apple II series after the introduction of the Apple III in 1980; the company intended to clearly establish market segmentation by designing the Apple III to appeal to the business market, leaving the Apple II for home and education users. Management believed that \"once the Apple III was out, the Apple II would stop selling in six months\", cofounder Steve Wozniak later said.\nBy the time IBM released the rival IBM PC in 1981, the Apple II's technology was already four years old. In September 1981 InfoWorld reported—below the PC's announcement—that Apple", "lacked then-current technologies like SATA III, USB 3, and Thunderbolt, the last of which had been added to every other Macintosh at that point. An email from Apple CEO Tim Cook promised a more significant update to the line in 2013. Apple stopped shipping the first-generation Mac Pro in Europe on March 1, 2013 after an amendment to a safety regulation left the professional Mac non-compliant. The last day to order was February 18, 2013. The first generation Mac Pro was removed from Apple's online store following unveiling of the redesigned second generation Mac Pro at a media event on", "IIx project, but later, a new project was formed to produce an updated Apple II. This project, which led to the released IIGS, was known by various codenames while the new system was being developed, including \"Phoenix\", \"Rambo\", \"Gumby\", and \"Cortland\". There were rumors of several vastly enhanced prototypes built over the years at Apple but none were ever released. Only one, the \"Mark Twain\", has been revealed so far. The Mark Twain prototype (named for Twain's famous quote \"The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated\") was expected to have the \"ROM 04\" revision (although prototypes that have been", "Vulkan, formerly named the \"Next Generation OpenGL Initiative\" (glNext), is a grounds-up redesign effort to unify OpenGL and OpenGL ES into one common API that will not be backwards compatible with existing OpenGL versions.\nThe initial version of Vulkan API was released on February 16, 2016.", "if anything, gave it a back seat when it was the only possible future for the evolution and continued success of the Apple II line. That, in turn, signified that the Apple II line as a whole, despite its promise and potential, was no longer considered important at Apple headquarters. Consequently, from this point forward, the Apple II was milked for financial gain as much as possible, while at the same time a cap was placed on its evolution and advancement so it wouldn't overshadow and compete with the Macintosh, the company's then-new focus and chosen future.\nFurther proof of this", "Apple's Switcher, allowing cooperative multitasking among (necessarily few) applications. New uses The LaserWriter printer became available shortly after the 512K's introduction, as well as the number pad, mic, tablet, keyboard, mouse, basic mouse, and much more. It utilized Apple's built-in networking scheme LocalTalk which allows sharing of devices among several users. The 512K was the oldest Macintosh capable of supporting Apple's AppleShare built-in file sharing network, when introduced in 1987. The expanded memory in the 512K allowed it to better handle large word-processing documents and make better use of the graphical user interface and generally increased speed over the 128K", "speed of hardware.\nIn the 1980s and 1990s there was a renaissance in this area of research with many proposed reconfigurable architectures developed in industry and academia, such as: Copacobana, Matrix, GARP, Elixent, NGEN, Polyp, MereGen, PACT XPP, Silicon Hive, Montium, Pleiades, Morphosys, and PiCoGA. Such designs were feasible due to the constant progress of silicon technology that let complex designs be implemented on one chip. Some of these massively parallel reconfigurable computers were built primarily for special subdomains such as molecular evolution, neural or image processing. The world's first commercial reconfigurable computer, the Algotronix CHS2X4, was completed in 1991.", "API layer within the OS, one of the few significant changes.\nApple sold 1.2 million copies of Mac OS 8 in its first two weeks of availability and 3 million within six months. In light of Apple's financial difficulties at the time, there was a large grassroots movement among Mac users to upgrade and \"help save Apple\". Even some pirate groups refused to redistribute the OS. Mac OS 8.1 Mac OS 8.1 introduced an updated version of the Hierarchical File System named HFS+, which fixed many of the limitations of the earlier system and continued to be used in macOS up until", "Apple to save the poorly selling Lisa which had been usurped by the Macintosh line. After two years of marginal sales Apple was unprepared for the record number of orders placed for the newest member of the Macintosh family. Discontinuation Despite its relative success, the Macintosh XL was discontinued because it was unavailable. Parts had not been ordered to keep the XL in production and, once the last of the parts ran out, Apple made the decision to shut down production for good. In 1986, Apple offered all Lisa/XL owners the opportunity to turn in their computer (along with US$1,498)", "grown to be both much larger than GEIS, so all AppleLink content was to be moved over as well, allowing the GEIS service to be shut down. The eWorld software was basically a version of the original AOL software with custom graphics, giving it a distinctive look. The system was ready for launch in mid-1994.\nHowever, by this point the rapid rise of the Internet was generally killing off all smaller online services and bulletin board systems, and online systems were generally seen as antiquated. Apple was never able to turn a profit on eWorld, and shut it down after a", "of early Cisco devices coupled with flexibility of operating system IOS allowed for keeping up with evolving technology needs by means of frequent software upgrades. Some popular models of that time (such as Cisco 2500) managed to stay in production for almost a decade virtually unchanged. The company was quick to capture the emerging service provider environment, entering the SP market with product lines such as Cisco 7000 and Cisco 8500.\nBetween 1992 and 1994, Cisco acquired several companies in Ethernet switching, such as Kalpana, Grand Junction and most notably, Mario Mazzola's Crescendo Communications, which together formed the Catalyst business unit.", "with NuBus, but by the end of 1993 it was becoming clear that Intel's PCI bus was going to be the widely adopted future of internal expansion. Apple's position as a relatively small player in the larger personal computer market meant that few device manufacturers invested in creating both NuBus- and PCI-compatible versions of their cards. The first PCI-based system was the range-topping Power Macintosh 9500, introduced in May 1995. This was followed shortly afterwards by the introduction of the \"Power Surge\" line of second-generation Power Macintosh systems – the Power Macintosh 7200, 7500 and 8500. The 8500 and", "full reentrance, preemptive multitasking, and protected memory. When the Taligent efforts collapsed, Apple remained with an aging OS and no designated solutions. By 1994 the press buzz surrounding the upcoming release of Windows 95 started to grow to a crescendo, often questioning Apple's ability to respond to the challenge it presented. The press turned on the company, often introducing Apple's new projects as failures in the making. Another try Given this pressure, the collapse of Taligent, the growing problems with the existing operating system, and the release of System 7.5 in late 1994, Apple management decided that the decade-old operating", "Altera using 14-nm process. General Manager of Intel's custom foundry division Sunit Rikhi indicated that Intel would pursue further such deals in the future. This was after poor sales of Windows 8 hardware caused a major retrenchment for most of the major semiconductor manufacturers, except for Qualcomm, which continued to see healthy purchases from its largest customer, Apple.\nAs of July 2013, five companies were using Intel's fabs via the Intel Custom Foundry division: Achronix, Tabula, Netronome, Microsemi, and Panasonic – most are field-programmable gate array (FPGA) makers, but Netronome designs network processors. Only Achronix began shipping chips made by Intel", "third-party clones. In the late 1970s, the 6502-based Apple II series had carved out a niche for itself in business, thanks to the industry's first killer app, VisiCalc, released in 1979. However the Apple II would quickly be displaced for office use by IBM PC compatibles running Lotus 1-2-3. Apple Computer's 1980 Apple III was underwhelming, and although the 1984 release of the Apple Macintosh introduced the modern GUI to the market, it wasn't common until IBM-compatible computers adopted it. Throughout the 1980s, businesses large and small adopted the PC platform, leading, by the end of the decade, to sub-US$1000", "now as venerable (and outdated) as COBOL and batch processing, may have weighed them down and denied them any technological leaps beyond an exercise in miniaturization.\" The magazine added that \"hog-tied by [classic] Apple II compatibility, [the IIGS] approaches but does not match or exceed current computer capabilities\" of the Macintosh, Commodore Amiga, or Atari ST, and predicted that many vendors would \"enhance existing products for the [classic] Apple II instead of writing new software\" that fully exploited the IIGS's power.\ninCider, which in September had warned that the next Apple II \"needs (at least) ... a megabyte of RAM ... That's what", "and the iPhone. The iMac featured modern technology and a unique design, and sold almost 800,000 units in its first five months.\nDuring this period, Apple completed numerous acquisitions to create a portfolio of digital production software for both professionals and consumers. In 1998, Apple purchased Macromedia's Key Grip software project, signaling an expansion into the digital video editing market. The sale was an outcome of Macromedia's decision to solely focus upon web development software. The product, still unfinished at the time of the sale, was renamed \"Final Cut Pro\" when it was launched on the retail market in April 1999.", "and North America. The cellular model was released in-store a few weeks after the initial release of the device.\nThe release of the fourth-generation iPad led to the discontinuation of its predecessor, which angered many third-generation iPad users. In response, Apple extended its 14-day return policy to 30 days. ITProPortal noted that, since the price of both models is identical, consumers that purchased the third-generation iPad within this time frame were effectively allowed to exchange their discontinued device for the fourth-generation model.\nOn January 29, 2013, Apple announced and scheduled the launch of the 128 GB variant of 4th generation iPad. It", "market sooner. But when Bedrock failed and OpenDoc found a lukewarm reception, the Mac was left with tools that were now almost a decade old and could not compete with the newer products from third parties. Through the early 1990s competing frameworks grew into real competitors to MacApp. First Symantec's TCL garnered a following, but then Metrowerks' PowerPlant generally took over the entire market. Lingering death The core developers of MacApp continued to work on the system at a low activity level throughout the 1990s. When all of Apple's \"official\" cross-platform projects collapsed, in late 1996 the team announced that", "development. Early on, there were concerns that the features would not live up to users' expectations. The company announced several Ultimate Extras in January 2007, but only a fraction of these were released five months later. After months without an official update since January, Microsoft released an apology for the delays, stating that it intended to ship the remaining features before the end of summer of 2007. The delays between consecutive updates and months of silence had led to speculation that the development team within the company responsible for the features had been quietly disbanded.\nWhen Microsoft announced its intentions to" ]

[ "It basically comes down to pH value of the whey and it's drained. Casein is bonded by calcium phosphate (which is where the calcium comes from) and as the pH decreases it becomes soluble and is drained away." ]

[ "range of cheeses can be made using the bacteria found naturally in the milk. In most other countries, the range of cheeses is smaller and the use of artificial cheese curing is greater. Whey is also the byproduct of this process. Some people with lactose intolerance are surprisingly able to eat certain types of cheese. This is because some traditionally made hard cheeses, and soft ripened cheeses may create less reaction than the equivalent amount of milk because of the processes involved. Fermentation and higher fat content contribute to lesser amounts of lactose. Traditionally made Emmental or Cheddar might", "milk was overall less common than other dairy products because of the lack of technology to keep it from spoiling. On occasion it was used in upper-class kitchens in stews, but it was difficult to keep fresh in bulk and almond milk was generally used in its stead.\nCheese was far more important as a foodstuff, especially for common people, and it has been suggested that it was, during many periods, the chief supplier of animal protein among the lower classes. Many varieties of cheese eaten today, like Dutch Edam, Northern French Brie and Italian Parmesan, were available and well known", "milk (and yogurt) consumption results in higher bone mineral density in the hip. Overall, the majority of research suggests that dairy has some beneficial effects on bone health, in part because of milk's other nutrients. Meat and beans Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs.\nThe meat group is one of", "raw milk cheeses taste better due to renowned French cheeses, which were historically made of raw milk because the farms were unable to afford pasteurization. \"I've probably tasted 150 different cheeses this year, and I'm convinced that raw milk doesn't create more flavor,\" he said, adding that his cheeses have a more consistent taste from not using raw milk. Nevertheless, Beecher's offers a raw milk version of their Flagship cheese. The cheeses they produce use no artificial ingredients or preservatives. Beecher's typically manufactures up to nine different varieties of cheeses each year, including a combination of their staple brands and", "milks often have added vitamin A palmitate to compensate for the loss of the vitamin during fat removal; in the United States this results in reduced fat milks having a higher vitamin A content than whole milk.\nMilk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Chocolate milk has been sold for many years and has been followed more recently by strawberry milk and others. Some nutritionists have criticized flavored milk for adding sugar, usually in the form of high-fructose corn syrup, to the diets of children who are already commonly obese in", "the diet is properly planned. Lacto-ovo vegetarians that include dairy products can still obtain calcium from dairy sources like milk, yogurt, and cheese.\nNon-dairy milks that are fortified with calcium, such as soymilk and almond milk can also contribute a significant amount of calcium in the diet. The calcium found in broccoli, bok choy, and kale have also been found to have calcium that is well absorbed in the body. Though the calcium content per serving is lower in these vegetables than a glass of milk, the absorption of the calcium into the body is higher. Other foods that contain calcium", "suggesting that consumption of milk is effective at promoting muscle growth. Some studies have suggested that conjugated linoleic acid, which can be found in dairy products, is an effective supplement for reducing body fat. Calcium absorption The amount of calcium from milk that is absorbed by the human body is disputed. Calcium from dairy products has a greater bioavailability than calcium from certain vegetables, such as spinach, that contain high levels of calcium-chelating agents, but a similar or lesser bioavailability than calcium from low-oxalate vegetables such as kale, broccoli, or other vegetables in the genus Brassica.\nMilk as a calcium source", "are responsible for the different flavors of cheese, since they have enzymes that breakdown milk sugars and fats into multiple building blocks. \n_Some other microbes like mold may be purposely introduced during or before the aging of the cheese, in order to give it a different flavor.\n_The production of yogurt starts from the pasteurization of milk, where undesired microbes are reduced or eliminated. \n_Once the milk is pasteurized the milk is ready to be processed to reduce fat and liquid content, so what remains is mostly solid content. \n_This can be done by drying the milk so that the liquid", "butter salt and buttersalt. Cheese Dairy salt has been used in the preparation of cheeses. Its use can add flavor to cheeses, and it tends to reduce the water content in cheeses, which can influence the ripening process. The use of impure dairy salt can make cheeses bitter in flavor, reducing their value. The use of too much salt in cheese can adversely affect its flavor, resulting in a product with a mealy and dry texture that is slow to ripen. \nDairy salt is used in Cheddar cheese, and serves to add flavor and reduce moisture. The reduction of moisture", "sugars into lactic acid, then the addition of rennet completes the curdling. Vegetarian alternatives to rennet are available; most are produced by fermentation of the fungus Mucor miehei, but others have been extracted from various species of the Cynara thistle family. Cheesemakers near a dairy region may benefit from fresher, lower-priced milk, and lower shipping costs.\nCheese is valued for its portability, long life, and high content of fat, protein, calcium, and phosphorus. Cheese is more compact and has a longer shelf life than milk, although how long a cheese will keep depends on the type of cheese. Hard cheeses, such", "Sour milk cheese Sour milk cheese or acid-set cheese is cheese that has been curdled (coagulated) by natural souring or by the addition of lactic acid bacteria. This type of cheese is considered \"technologically simple\" to produce. When making soft acid-set cheese the coagulum results from production of lactic acid by the starter microorganisms.\nCheeses can be classified according to a variety of features including ripening characteristics, special processing techniques (such as cheddaring) or method of coagulation. Acid-setting is a method of coagulation that accounts for around 25% of production. These are generally fresh cheeses like cottage cheese, queso blanco, quark", "Cheese Cheese is a dairy product derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. During production, the milk is usually acidified, and adding the enzyme rennet causes coagulation. The solids are separated and pressed into final form. Some cheeses have molds on the rind, the outer layer, or throughout. Most cheeses melt at cooking temperature.\nOver a thousand types of cheese from various countries are produced. Their styles, textures and flavors", "different nutrients supplied. Fat in dry matter (FDM) Cheese contains both dry matter and water. The dry matter in cheese contains proteins, butterfat, minerals, and lactose (milk sugar), although little lactose survives fermentation when the cheese is made. A cheese's fat content is expressed as the percentage of fat in the cheese's dry matter (abbreviated FDM or FiDM), which excludes the cheese's water content. For example, if a cheese is 50% water (and, therefore, 50% dry matter) and has 25% fat, its fat content would be 50% fat in dry matter. Animal feed Dry matter can refer to the", "is naturally rich in unique herbs and aromatic plants which results in a much richer, better-tasting milk. Even though the cheese is popular in its solid form, there is also a soft version of it. Either solid or soft, for decades the cheese was handmade at old wooden shepherds’ huts or in the homes of mountain village folks. Lately however, companies have launched industrial production lines of this product. Flavors There are two main variants of Šar cheese: Traditional (Hard) and Soft. The main difference between the two is its state, although saltiness and smell can also vary. The soft", "form or in chunks or pieces. Cheeses used include hard cheeses like Cheddar, Gruyère and Parmesan cheese and soft ones such as farmer cheese, Gouda cheese, muenster cheese, queso blanco and queso Chihuahua. The cheese adds both flavor and nutritional value to the soup. Processed cheese (including Velveeta), such as pasteurized process cheese and pasteurized process cheese food is sometimes used instead of natural cheese. Some cheese soups have a rich flavor and may be high in fat due to the use of high-fat ingredients such as butter and heavy cream, in addition to the fat in the cheese. Fat", "large role in the eventual flavor of aged cheeses. Most cheeses are made with starter bacteria from the Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, or Streptococcus families. Swiss starter cultures also include Propionibacter shermani, which produces carbon dioxide gas bubbles during aging, giving Swiss cheese or Emmental its holes (called \"eyes\").\nSome fresh cheeses are curdled only by acidity, but most cheeses also use rennet. Rennet sets the cheese into a strong and rubbery gel compared to the fragile curds produced by acidic coagulation alone. It also allows curdling at a lower acidity—important because flavor-making bacteria are inhibited in high-acidity environments. In general, softer, smaller,", "as an inexpensive dietary calcium supplement for gastric antacid (such as Tums). It may be used as a phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia (primarily in patients with chronic renal failure). It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as an inert filler for tablets and other pharmaceuticals.\nCalcium carbonate is used in the production of calcium oxide as well as toothpaste and has seen a resurgence as a food preservative and color retainer, when used in or with products such as organic apples.\nExcess calcium from supplements, fortified food, and high-calcium diets can cause milk-alkali syndrome, which has serious toxicity", "ratio of 1.2–1.4:1. Protein intake is also a factor, as increased consumption of protein leads to more calcium being excreted in the urine to balance out the nitrogenous waste products of the amino acid metabolism.\nFor humans, common food sources of calcium can be found in dairy products. However, dairy products are often not used as a conventional dog food ingredient, and therefore, calcium is typically supplemented as calcium carbonate or another compounded form. Although there are many plant ingredients that are high in calcium such as collard greens, soy, and other leafy vegetables, plants are generally high in phosphorus and", "Zealand. It is used in some soy milk and almond milk products as a source of dietary calcium; one study suggests that calcium carbonate might be as bioavailable as the calcium in cow's milk. Calcium carbonate is also used as a firming agent in many canned and bottled vegetable products. Agricultural use Agricultural lime, powdered chalk or limestone, is used as a cheap method for neutralising acidic soil, making it suitable for planting. Household use Calcium carbonate is a key ingredient in many household cleaning powders like Comet and is used as a scrubbing agent. Environmental applications In 1989, a", "without additional preservatives can spoil in a matter of days.\nContent (double cream, goat, ewe and water buffalo)\nSome cheeses are categorized by the source of the milk used to produce them or by the added fat content of the milk from which they are produced. While most of the world's commercially available cheese is made from cows' milk, many parts of the world also produce cheese from goats and sheep.\nSome cheeses are described by their fat content. Double cream cheeses are soft cheeses of cows' milk enriched with cream so that their fat in dry matter (FDM or FiDM) is 60–75%;", "milk per kilogram of cheese). \nMonterey Jack cheese is produced almost identically to Colby, but Colby is seasoned with annatto, which imparts a sweet nutty flavor and an orange color.\nLonghorn is the best known style of American Colby cheeses. \"Longhorn\" refers to the long orange cylindrical shape of the cheese. Colby is available in its original shape and in rectangles and half rounds. Colby is not aged and dries out quickly. Uses Because it is such a mildly flavored cheese, Colby is seldom used in cooking. It is typically used as a table cheese, for grating and grilling, and in", "Dairy salt Dairy salt is a salt (sodium chloride) product used in the preparation of butter and cheese products that serves to add flavor and act as a food preservative. Dairy salt can vary in terms of quality and purity, with purer varieties being the most desirable for use in foods. Dairy salt has been used since at least the 1890s in England and the United States. In butter preparation, it serves to retain moisture, while in cheeses, it tends to reduce water content and slow the ripening process. Purity Quality dairy salts have been described as having favorable solubility", "and they typically occur at concentration of 5–40 mM. The milk salts strongly interact with casein, most notably calcium phosphate. It is present in excess and often, much greater excess of solubility of solid calcium phosphate. In addition to calcium, milk is a good source of many other vitamins. Vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D, K, E, thiamine, niacin, biotin, riboflavin, folates, and pantothenic acid are all present in milk. Calcium phosphate structure For many years the most accepted theory of the structure of a micelle was that it was composed of spherical casein aggregates, called submicelles, that were held", "quality which is achieved by a higher percentage of fat in sheep milk. This makes the Šar cheese produced by sheep milk the preferred flavor also because in the original days there was only sheep milk used.", "Goat cheese Properties Cow's milk and goat's milk have similar overall fat contents. However, the higher proportion of medium-chain fatty acids such as caproic, caprylic and capric acid in goat's milk contributes to the characteristic tart flavor of goat's milk cheese. (These fatty acids take their name from the Latin for goat, capra.)\nGoat cheese has been made for thousands of years and was most likely one of the earliest made dairy product!!! In the most simple form, goat cheese is made by allowing raw milk to naturally curdle, and then draining and pressing the curds. Other techniques use an", "have adverse effects upon butter, spoiling its flavor, grain, and preservation. Impure dairy salt can make cheeses bitter, reducing their value. Impurities that may occur in dairy salt include calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and to a lesser extent, sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate. History In the 1890s, many brands of dairy salt were available. In England during this time, the Ashton and Higgins Eureka Salt brands were available (among others), and were used in the United States. U.S. brands of dairy salt in the 1890s included Diamond Crystal Salt and Genesee Salt, among others. Almost all of these", "hard are arbitrary, and many types of cheese are made in softer or firmer variants. The factor that controls cheese hardness is moisture content, which depends on the pressure with which it is packed into moulds, and upon aging time. Soft cheese Cream cheeses are not matured. Brie and Neufchâtel are soft-type cheeses that mature for no more than a month. Neufchâtel is a soft cheese which can be sold after 10 days of maturation. Semi-soft cheese Semi-soft cheeses, and the sub-group Monastery, cheeses have a high moisture content and tend to be mild-tasting. Well-known varieties include Havarti, Munster", "fresh, soft cheeses like fromage frais, but it is not an essential ingredient and these cheeses can be produced by traditional methods without rennet or other enzymes.\nRicotta is a high-moisture cheese, like cottage cheese, but it is not a pressed curd cheese. It can be made from whey or a blend of milk and whey. Traditionally, ricotta was produced from the whey byproduct of mozarella and provolone production, but modern techniques usually use whole milk (sometimes without any whey). Milk can be blended into the whey to improve curd cohesiveness, neutralize the acid in whey and increase yield. This mixture", "oils, and similar, formulates the final product. Oat milk is naturally lower in calcium, iron, and vitamin A than dairy milk, so the addition of these nutrients is necessary in order for the product to be a direct nutritional substitute of dairy milk. Homogenization and heat-treatments such as pasteurization or ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatments are used to extend the product's shelf life. Challenges to processing Because oat milk is produced by the disintegration of plant materials, the resulting particle sizes are not as uniform as bovine milk. This variation in particle size is due to the vastly different lipid and", "Carbonated milk Carbonated milk is milk that has been carbonated and sold for human consumption.\nAlthough carbonated milk is not sold globally, it is a popular drink in East Asia.\nVio is a mix of flavored milk and carbonated water made by The Coca-Cola Company." ]

[ "> Basically, how is this caused, and why the hexagon bokeh is always perfectly shaped?\n\nBoth of those answers are because it is the shape of the lens aperture of the camera. [This link shows what structure is causing the shape.](_URL_0_)", "I don't believe its a characteristic of the water. It's likely the shape of the cameras aperture is causing the reflection to appear hexagonal." ]

[ "Tanada effect The Tanada effect refers to the adhesion of root tips to glass surfaces. It is believed to involve electric potentials. It is named for the scientist who first described the effect, Takuma Tanada.\nThe phenomenon was observed while Dr. Tanada was rinsing glassware and noticed that excised root tips occasionally stuck to pyrex beakers. Upon investigating the phenomenon closely he determined that this process could be studied in a mixture of ATP, ascorbate, auxin, magnesium, manganese and potassium. The tips would stick when the beaker was swirled slowly.\nMost importantly, the reaction was light dependent. Exposure to red light would", "sag.\nThe nozzle mandrel must be adjusted eccentrically to the drawing nozzle in order to avoid uneven wall thicknesses. Therefore, the resulting tube initially has different wall thicknesses, which balance out after the bending.\nWith this method, tube diameters between 1.5 and 70 mm can be generated; The throughput is higher than it would have been with the Danner method. Furthermore, it is possible here to use glasses with highly volatile components, such as borates (borosilicate glass) and lead oxides (lead glass), since the temperatures at the drawing nozzle are lower than in the Danner muffle.\nWithout a needle, glass rods can also be", "the visible spectra. This resulted in the need for image processing to increase clarity. The infrared camera also captured a thermal signature of the booster's impact. Presence of water On 13 November 2009, NASA reported that multiple lines of evidence show water was present in both the high-angle vapor plume and the ejecta curtain created by the LCROSS Centaur impact. As of November 2009, the concentration and distribution of water and other substances required more analysis. Additional confirmation came from an emission in the ultraviolet spectrum that was attributed to hydroxyl fragments, a product from the break-up of water by sunlight.\nAnalysis", "flask over the plate (which may drop off the end of the column as it gets hot) and the connection the condenser makes to the still head (which will reach high temperatures and may allow the condenser to fall off). As such, different clips should be used at these points or the glassware should be clamped such that these elements can't slide apart or don't need the clip. Polyacetal clips suffer another problem in that the material is strongly affected by corrosive gases. This effect can be so dramatic that the clip will fall apart in minutes of exposure to", "This is particularly useful in the field, where one does not have a back drop behind the subject, and the background may be distracting. The details of bokeh in the resulting blur are accordingly also a consideration; some lenses, in particular the \"DC\" (Defocus Control) types by Nikon, are designed to give the photographer control over this aspect, by providing an additional ring acting only on the quality of the bokeh, without influencing the foreground (hence, these are not soft-focus lenses). However, extremely wide apertures are less frequently used, because they have a very shallow depth of field and thus", "Sonnar's three cell with six air-glass surfaces versus the Double Gauss's four and eight made it less vulnerable to flare. Its telephoto effect also made the lens shorter, an important factor for the Leica and Contax 35mm RFs designed to be compact.\nAs maximum aperture continued to increase, the Double Gauss's greater symmetry promised easier aberration correction. This was especially important for SLRs because, without the parallax error of RFs, they also began offering much closer focusing distances (typically a half meter instead a whole meter). The Double Gauss became the preferred normal lens design in the 1950s with the availability", "product. This characteristic has been exploited by the industry for centuries. The chemical resistance of glass can allow it to remain in a corrosive environment for many thousands or even millions of years.\nBorosilicate glass tubing is used in specialty TIG welding torch nozzles in place of standard alumina nozzles. This allows a clear view of the arc in situations where visibility is limited. Borosilicate nanoparticles It was initially thought that borosilicate glass could not be formed into nanoparticles, since an unstable boron oxide precursor prevented successful forming of these shapes. However, in 2008 a team of researchers from the", "Additionally, because of the higher refractive index of water, water immersion lenses have a high numerical aperture and can produce images superior to oil immersion lens when resolving planes deeper than 0 µm. Dipping Another solution for live-cell imaging is the dipping lens. These lenses are a subset of water immersion lenses that do not require a cover slip and can be dipped directly into the aqueous environment of the sample. One of the main advantages of the dipping lens is that it has a long effective working distance. Since a cover slip is not required, this type of lens can", "glass that facilitate nucleation or, to a minimal extent, on cellulose fibres left over from the wiping/drying process as shown with a high-speed video camera. However, after the initial rush, these naturally occurring imperfections are typically too small to consistently act as nucleation points as the surface tension of the liquid smooths out these minute irregularities. The nucleation sites that act as a source for the ongoing effervescence are not natural imperfections in the glass, but actually occur where the glass has been etched by the manufacturer or the customer. This etching is typically done with acid, a laser,", "fit inside the glass. The rim of the strainer does not need to touch the rim of the glass, as the spring inside filters out the ice.\nThe Julep strainer is shaped like a bowl with a handle, and will fit tightly into a mixing glass or shaker when inserted at the proper angle. Liquid passes through holes or slits in the bowl.", "using either polysulfide or silicone sealant or similar material to prevent humid outside air from entering the unit. The desiccant will remove traces of humidity from the air space so that no water appears on the inside faces (no condensation) of the glass panes facing the air space during cold weather. Some manufacturers have developed specific processes that combine the spacer and desiccant into a single step application system.\nThe insulating glazing unit, consisting of two glass panes bound together into a single unit with a seal between the edges of the panes, was patented in the United States by Thomas", "by the camera obscura. By changing the shape of the lens, Wollaston was able to project a flatter image, eliminating much of the distortion that was a problem with many of that day's biconvex lenses.\nWollaston also devised a cryophorus, \"a glass container containing liquid water and water vapor. It is used in physics courses to demonstrate rapid freezing by evaporation.\" He used his Bakerian lecture in 1805, On the Force of Percussion, to defend Gottfried Leibniz's principle of vis viva, an early formulation of the conservation of energy.\nWollaston's attempt to demonstrate the presence of glucose in the blood serum", "about after the exhaustive testing of the refractive index of countless varieties of commercially available oils, and to the surprise of the holographers concerned, none could surpass the efficacy of this product. The function of the oil inside the camera was to act as an agent to cause the camera to flatten the film between the two glass surfaces. As the oil slowly seeped out between the film's surface and the two glass sheets the natural viscosity of the oil maintained an ultra-thin but cohesive layer that had the effect of gradually pulling the two glass sheets together with a", "has proven useful for scientific purposes because of its equidistant (equiangular) projection, in which distance along the radius of the circular image is proportional to zenith angle. Full-frame fisheye As fisheye lenses gained popularity in general photography, camera companies began manufacturing fisheye lenses that enlarged the image circle to cover the entire rectangular frame, called a \"full-frame fisheye\".\nThe picture angle produced by these lenses only measures 180 degrees when measured from corner to corner: these have a 180° diagonal angle of view, while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller; for an equisolid angle-type 15 mm full-frame fisheye,", "lens beyond further use.\nLenses should be replaced once a year, as their strength is adversely affected by exposure to sunlight. Paint to barrel matching Paintballs generally change shape or size due to differing temperature or humidity, or even due to varying manufacturing processes. If a paintball is larger than the barrel bore, it will at a minimum cause reduced efficiency due to increased friction. Oversized paintballs can also break inside the barrel and coat the inside with paint, causing shot inaccuracy until it is cleaned out. If the paintball is too small for the barrel, air will escape around the", "Sometimes, when a good seal is made, the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the glass exerts a great enough force that when the glass is lifted, the saucer will remain stuck to its underside.\nWhen the pint glass is removed, ice is immediately added, thus causing the condensation of the alcohol vapour, creating a white mist in the glass by a process fairly similar to the formation of contrails. By covering the glass with the hand, this vapour is trapped until it is extracted by the process of inhalation, usually through a straw.", "film conformal to the substrate. The equilibrium meniscus shape is a result of the competition between the capillary pressure and disjoining pressure.\nInterfaces may cause various optical phenomena, such as refraction. Optical lenses serve as an example of a practical application of the interface between glass and air.\nOne topical interface system is the gas-liquid interface between aerosols and other atmospheric molecules.", "with tap water. Acid and alkali are avoided due to their corrosive effects on glass, and acetone is unsuitable when working with plastic cuvettes. If solution is transferred into a cuvette using a Pasteur pipette containing air, bubbles may form inside the cuvette, reducing the purity of a solution and scattering light beams. The finger-clad finger method is used to remove bubbles. The solution contained in the cuvette should be high enough to be in the path of the light source. In case the sample needs incubation at a high temperature, care must be taken to avoid temperatures too", "increased from the center of the lens. If the glass were completely flat, this would cause a corresponding pattern of circles of light, so Fresnel lenses are usually stippled on the flat side. This pattern of small bumps helps to break up the light passing through the lens and gives Fresnels their characteristic soft beam. This means that the intensity of the light is consistent across the spread of the beam of light, as opposed to being less intense around the edges as in an ERS. The stepped lens design causes less heat buildup than a plano-convex lens of the", "lenses to get close-up shots with a side-by-side rig leads to a bad roundness.\nAnother advantage is, that the images can be used for the geometrical alignment of the cameras since stereoscopic errors can be seen most easily when the interaxial distance is zero. Disadvantages With the mirror there is one more optical element that has to be handled and manufactured carefully, which makes these rigs usually more expensive than side-by-side rigs.\n\"The use of mirrors makes it sensitive to dust and fast accelerations. The mirror needs to be big enough to accommodate wide angles. It requires accurate mirror placement toward the", "glass overlays produce much higher pressures than water, but are limited to flat surfaces, must be replaced after each shot and would be difficult to handle in a production setting. Clear tape may be used, but requires labor to apply and is difficult to conform to complex surface features. The transparent overlay allows the laser beam to pass through it without appreciable absorption of the laser energy or dielectric breakdown. When the laser is triggered, the beam passes through the transparent overlay and strikes the opaque overlay, immediately vaporizing a thin layer of the overlay material. This vapor", "glass plate is coated with a \"grainless\" (ultra fine grain ) colour-sensitive film using the Albumen Process containing potassium bromide, dried, sensitized in the silver bath, washed, irrigated with cyanine solution, and dried. The back of the film is then brought into optical contact with a reflective surface. This is done by mounting the plate in a holder of special form with pure mercury behind the film. When it is exposed in the camera through the glass side of the plate, the light rays which strike the transparent light-sensitive film are reflected back on themselves and, by interference, create standing", "center of curvature of the mirror, he could at a stroke eliminate coma and astigmatism. He would be left, however, with spherical aberration which is just as damaging to image sharpness.\nSchmidt realized that he could eliminate the spherical aberration by placing a thin, very weakly curved aspheric lens (now called the \"Schmidt corrector plate\") at the same center of curvature as the apertured diaphragm. This aspheric lens has a complex curve that is convex near its middle and concave near its periphery that creates the opposite spherical aberration of the spherical mirror it is paired with, canceling out the mirror's", "will reach high temperatures and may allow the condenser to fall off). As such, different clips should be used at these points or the glassware should be clamped such that these elements can't slide apart or don't need the clip. Polyacetal clips suffer another problem in that the material is strongly affected by the corrosive gases. This effect can be so dramatic that the clip will fall apart in minutes of exposure to minute quantities leaking through even greased, ground tapers. Importantly, this failure mode is sudden and without warning. PTFE joint clips PTFE joint clips are sometimes used, as", "glass flake particles form dense, inert barriers within the paint film. Overlapping layers of glass resist water and chemicals permeating the paint film. The addition of glass also increases the flexibility, hardness and abrasion resistance of coatings. Surface treatment Glass flakes may be surface treated by silane coupline agents for better coupling with resin which is a main material of anti-corrosion coating. silane coupline agents include KH-570, KH-560, KH-550, A-174, Z-603, KBM-503, GF-31. Glass flakes with surface treated include C-90E, C-150V and RCF-160T.", "(hex-tri-hex) with mostly hexagonal external cladding panels made from the thermoplastic ETFE. Glass was avoided due to its weight and potential dangers. The cladding panels themselves are created from several layers of thin UV-transparent ETFE film, which are sealed around their perimeter and inflated to create a large cushion. The resulting cushion acts as a thermal blanket to the structure. The ETFE material is resistant to most stains, which simply wash off in the rain. If required, cleaning can be performed by abseilers. Although the ETFE is susceptible to punctures, these can be easily fixed with ETFE tape. The structure", "film was transparently thin, about 20 nm, measured by interference, which is much less than the wavelength (the sodium doublet is at about 589 nm). It was laid on the mirror, over an equally thin slice of gel. That way, by applying pressure on one side of the film only, Wiener could slightly tilt it so as to make it traverse several standing waves. The standing waves were revealed by exposing the film for 20~35 minutes, after development and printing. Drude's critique Wiener added benzene to the wedge after having been criticized for not considering the possibility of having", "the same coverage will yield the same perspective distortion – the nose will look the same in all three. Conversely, if all three lenses are used from distances such that the face fills the field, the wide-angle will be used from closer, making the nose larger compared to the rest of the photo, and the telephoto will be used from farther, making the nose smaller compared to the rest of the photo.\nOutside photography, extension distortion is familiar to many through side-view mirrors (see \"objects in mirror are closer than they appear\") and peepholes, though these often use a fisheye lens,", "effects with different depths.\nIn early 2018, the Honor 9 Lite smartphone was released with quad cameras (two dual-lens). Both the front and back cameras have a 13MP main lens and a 2MP lens for capturing bokeh depth information. Other applications In 2009, a research group at MIT Media Lab showed that the bokeh effect can be used to make imperceptibly small barcodes, or bokodes. By using barcodes as small as 3 mm with a small lens over them, if the barcode is viewed out of focus through an ordinary camera focused at infinity, the resulting image is large enough to scan", "has to pass through the stationary pellicle mirror - in itself an obstruction, but over time the mirror surfaces also become soiled; it scatters the light and therefore degrades the projected image that forms the image on the film. If this occurs, or the fragile mirror is damaged in any way, it has to be replaced.\nIt is true the finder does not go black during exposure, but at small lens apertures, the eye has no time to adjust to the dark finder. The operating noise from the Pellix is surprisingly similar to that of the Canon FX using a moving" ]

[ "You get the same thing from lightning strikes. The electric potentials involved have enough energy to break the bonds in ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) and some of the free oxygen atoms can reform to ozone (O3). You need energy to do this because it tends not to happen spontaneously, as the O2 molecule is a more stable molecule than O3. The voltages provide the energy for the reaction to occur." ]

[ "General Electric Co. v. Joiner Facts Joiner had worked around transformers as an electrician since 1973. During his electrical work, the dielectric fluid used as a coolant for the transformers got into his eyes and mouth, and stuck to his arms and hands. In 1983, it was discovered that the fluid in some of its transformers contained toxic PCBs. Later, in 1991, Joiner was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. He sued General Electric, the manufacturer of the transformers and dielectric fluid. Joiner had been a smoker for eight years and there was a history of", "are blamed. Gases Electrical breakdown occurs within a gas when the dielectric strength of the gas is exceeded. Regions of intense voltage gradients can cause nearby gas to partially ionize and begin conducting. This is done deliberately in low pressure discharges such as in fluorescent lights. The voltage that leads to electrical breakdown of a gas is approximated by Paschen's Law.\nPartial discharge in air causes the \"fresh air\" smell of ozone during thunderstorms or around high-voltage equipment. Although air is normally an excellent insulator, when stressed by a sufficiently high voltage (an electric field of about 3 x 10⁶ V/m or 3 kV/mm), air", "of an electrical arc forms new chemical compounds from the air surrounding the arc: these include oxides of nitrogen and ozone, the second of which can be detected by its distinctive sharp smell. These chemicals can be produced by high-power contacts in relays and motor commutators, and they are corrosive to nearby metal surfaces. Arcing also erodes the surfaces of the contacts, wearing them down and creating high contact resistance when closed.", "also be heard coming from powerful electric power grid equipment such as utility transformers, caused by mechanical vibrations induced by magnetostriction in magnetic core. Onboard aircraft (or spacecraft) the frequency heard is often higher pitched, due to the use of 400 Hz AC power in these settings because 400 Hz transformers are much smaller and lighter. Causes Electric hum around transformers is caused by stray magnetic fields causing the enclosure and accessories to vibrate. Magnetostriction is a second source of vibration, in which the core iron changes shape minutely when exposed to magnetic fields. The intensity of the fields, and", "recently abandoned electric tram system – and from other industrial and commercial sources. Weather On 4 December 1952, an anticyclone settled over a windless London, causing a temperature inversion with cold, stagnant air trapped under a layer (or \"lid\") of warm air. The resultant fog, mixed with smoke from home and industrial chimneys, particulates such as those from motor vehicle exhausts, and other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, formed a persistent smog, which blanketed the capital the following day. The presence of tarry particles of soot gave the smog its yellow-black color hence the nickname \"pea-souper\". The absence of significant", "years). The radiated alpha-particles pass through an ionization chamber, an air-filled space between two electrodes, which allows a small, constant electric current to pass between the capacitor plates due to the radiation ionizing the air space between. Any smoke that enters the chamber blocks/absorbs some of the alpha particles from freely passing through and reduces the ionization and therefore causes a drop in the current. The alarm's circuitry detects this drop in the current and as a result, triggers the piezoelectric buzzer to sound. Compared to the alternative optical smoke detector, the ionization smoke detector is cheaper and can detect", "Wind chime Wind chimes are a type of percussion instrument constructed from suspended tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are often made of metal or wood. The tubes or rods are suspended along with some type of weight or surface which the tubes or rods can strike when they or another wind-catching surface are blown by the natural movement of air outside. They are usually hung outside of a building or residence as a visual and aural garden ornament. Since the percussion instruments are struck according to the random effects of the wind blowing the chimes, wind chimes have", "a wind chime produces. The sounds produced by recycling objects such as these are not tunable to specific notes and range from pleasant tinkling to dull thuds. The sounds produced by properly sized wind chime tubes are tunable to notes. As aluminum is the common metal with the lowest internal damping, wind chimes are often made from aluminum to achieve the longest and loudest sounding chime.\nThe tone depends on factors such as the material, the exact alloy, heat treatment, and whether a solid cylinder or a tube is used. If a tube is used, the wall thickness also affects", "be plugged into an ordinary electrical outlet. Digiscents collected thousands of smells based on their chemical makeup and their spot on the spectrum of smells. Each combination of chemicals was then assigned to a small file that represented that specific mixture of ingredients. The file is then embedded into a website, email, or computer program. The user triggers the smell by clicking on the file or opening an email. When the file is opened, that file is sent to the Digiscent and the iSmell will emit the correct combination and amount of chemicals to replicate the requested smell. Prototype The", "lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than 50 ppm, but desensitised individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of 100 ppm. Anhydrous ammonia corrodes copper- and zinc-containing alloys, and so brass fittings should not be used for handling the gas. Liquid ammonia can also attack rubber and certain plastics.\nAmmonia reacts violently with the halogens. Nitrogen triiodide, a primary high explosive, is formed when ammonia comes in contact with iodine. Ammonia causes the explosive polymerisation of ethylene oxide. It also forms explosive fulminating compounds with compounds of gold, silver, mercury,", "original prototype was a black box that was 5 inches deep, 2 inches wide, and 3 inches tall. The device would contain a cartridge which held a set amount of smells. When activated, a fan will start sucking in air through the rear end, and blowing it over tiny vials of oil, being selectively heated based on the desired chemical combination. The air picks up the smell and is sent out of a 2-inch vent, then into your nose. Flaws The flaws in the design were not in the technology, but the idea. The product worked as designed and had", "see smoke coming from the board, turn off the power. You don't have to do any more testing.\" In electronics and electrical engineering In electronics and electrical engineering, the term smoke test or power on test is used to refer to the first time a circuit under development is attached to power, which will sometimes produce actual smoke if a design or wiring mistake has been made. Most often, this smoke comes from burning resistors, which produce a unique smell. For certain circuits, overheating and burning due to circuitry that is still not properly operating can be avoided by slowly", "of the power line frequency (100 Hz or 120 Hz), since the heavy ground currents are from AC to DC power supplies that rectify the mains waveform. See also ground loop.\nIn vacuum tube equipment, one potential source of hum is current leakage between the heaters and cathodes of the tubes. Another source is direct emission of electrons from the heater, or magnetic fields produced by the heater. Tubes for critical applications may have the heater circuit powered by direct current to prevent this source of hum.\nLeakage of analogue video signals can give rise to hum sounding very similar to mains hum. Prevention", "This is caused by odor masking, when one odorant overpowers the sensation of another. As of 2011, the industry is conducting research on the causes of odor masking. Risk of explosion Explosions caused by natural gas leaks occur a few times each year. Individual homes, small businesses and other structures are most frequently affected when an internal leak builds up gas inside the structure. Frequently, the blast is powerful enough to significantly damage a building but leave it standing. In these cases, the people inside tend to have minor to moderate injuries. Occasionally, the gas can", "are being conducted under the direction of EPA Region 3 and the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection.\nOther RCRA Corrective Action facilities include Great Lakes Chemicals Company (formerly FMC Corporation) and Union Carbide Corp. - PTO (a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company).\nDue to manufacturing activities, Nitro became known for a distinctive chemical smell—especially in the area of the I-64 bridge. However, the recent shift away from manufacturing in the region has significantly reduced air pollution issues. Agent Orange In February 2012, Monsanto agreed to settle a case covering Dioxin contamination around a plant in Nitro that had made", "a permanent magnet, and some were dynamic – their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The sound-powered dynamic variants survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications, where its ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner carbon transmitter, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an induction coil which was an impedance matching transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell", "spacer between layers of lead in the ATLAS Liquid Argon Calorimeter, and as a laminate core for hull and deck construction in custom boats.\nNomex is used in industrial applications as a filter in exhaust filtration systems, typically a baghouse, that deal with hot gas emissions found in asphalt plants, cement plants, steel smelting facilities, and non-ferrous metal production facilities. \nNomex is used in some classical guitar soundboards in order to create a \"composite\" top. Nomex's rigidity and low density helps create a clear and loud sound when laminated between cedar and spruce 'skins'. While the 'laminated' technique was created by", "Audio noise measurement Origins of noise - the need for Weighting Microphones, amplifiers and recording systems all add some electronic noise to the signals passing through them, generally described as hum, buzz or hiss. All buildings have low-level magnetic and electrostatic fields in and around them emanating from mains supply wiring, and these can induce hum into signal paths, typically 50 Hz or 60 Hz (depending on the country's electrical supply standard) and lower harmonics. Shielded cables help to prevent this, and on professional equipment where longer interconnections are common, balanced signal connections (most often with XLR or phone connectors) are usually", "Mains hum Mains hum, electric hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current at the frequency of the mains electricity. The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double of fundamental 50 Hz or 60 Hz, 100 Hz or 120 Hz depending on the local power-line frequency. The sound often has heavy harmonic content above 50–60 Hz. Because of the presence of mains current in mains-powered audio equipment as well as ubiquitous AC electromagnetic fields from nearby appliances and wiring, 50/60 Hz electrical noise can get into audio systems, and is heard as mains hum from their speakers. Mains hum may", "trademark) like \"xerox\" or \"kleenex.\" It is commonly used when referring to any fluorocarbon refrigerants. The gas-based form of Freon is known to emit a strong chemical smell not unlike that of nail polish remover. History The first CFCs were synthesized by Frédéric Swarts in the 1890s. In the late 1920s, a research team was formed by Charles Franklin Kettering in General Motors to find a replacement for the dangerous refrigerants then in use, such as ammonia. The team was headed by Thomas Midgley, Jr. In 1928, they improved the synthesis of CFCs and demonstrated their usefulness for such", "the diaphragm from the acoustic waves caused the resistance of the carbon to vary proportionally, allowing a relatively accurate electrical reproduction of the sound signal. Hughes also coined the word microphone. He demonstrated his apparatus to the Royal Society by magnifying the sound of insects scratching through a sound box. Contrary to Edison, Hughes decided not to take out a patent; instead, he made his invention a gift to the world.\nIn America, Edison and Berliner fought a long legal battle over the patent rights. Ultimately a federal court awarded Edison full rights to the invention, stating \"Edison preceded Berliner in", "Blaster (Transformers) Blaster is the name of several fictional characters in the Transformers television and comic series based on the popular toy line produced by Takara Tomy and Hasbro. Due to trademark reasons, he is sometimes called Autobot Blaster. He is an Autobot who specializes in communications. Reception According to Dan Fleming in Powerplay: toys as popular culture, Blaster represents a guardian of more primitive heroes, as well as the hidden power of technology.\nBlaster was voted the 5th top Transformer who was “bad ass” in the comics by Topless Robots.\nAccording to Heather Hendershots book about Saturday Morning cartoons, Blaster has", "Whistlers are produced by lightning strikes. Hiss may be generated by both. Electromagnetic waves may also be generated by earthquakes (see seismo-electromagnetics).\nIn the highly conductive liquid iron of the outer core, magnetic fields are generated by electric currents through electromagnetic induction. Alfvén waves are magnetohydrodynamic waves in the magnetosphere or the Earth's core. In the core, they probably have little observable effect on the Earth's magnetic field, but slower waves such as magnetic Rossby waves may be one source of geomagnetic secular variation.\nElectromagnetic methods that are used for geophysical survey include transient electromagnetics, magnetotellurics, surface nuclear magnetic resonance and electromagnetic", "surrounding the contacts [O\n₂ → 2O]. Free radicals of oxygen in and around the arc recombine to create ozone [O\n₃]. Certain electrical equipment generate significant levels of ozone. This is especially true of devices using high voltages, such as ionic air purifiers, laser printers, photocopiers, tasers and arc welders. Electric motors using brushes can generate ozone from repeated sparking inside the unit. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors.\nOzone is similarly formed in the Catatumbo lightning storms phenomenon on the Catatumbo River in Venezuela, though ozone's", "appliances, using TVs or computers less, buying lower power light bulbs and so forth.\nSome plants (e.g. cultivars of C. sativa subsp. indica), can give off strong odors as they grow, resulting in detection of illegal growing operations. Growers frequently use carbon scrubbers and ventilation to control odors. This typically involves forcing air from the grow room through a device containing activated carbon, then venting it outdoors. Others use an ozone generator. Ozone reacts with odor molecules in the air, permanently eliminating them. However, ozone can build up to levels that may be hazardous both for grower and plant. As a", "Another resident of the area felt that it was more like a sonic boom. Possible causes According to authorities, neither terrorism or an intentional crime was the cause of the explosion, though criminal negligence was being investigated.\nA neighbor of the plant said that there was natural gas stored there, which was later said to be related to the explosion. Flames were reported to have been coming from a gas pipe until the gas was shut off. The local fire marshal said the explosion was the result of an attempted purging of natural gas from a pipeline as a test, a", "air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H₂CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. Indoor pollution fatalities may be", "Electromagnetically excited acoustic noise and vibration Electromagnetically excited acoustic noise is audible sound directly produced by materials vibrating under the excitation of electromagnetic forces. \nSome examples of electromagnetically excited acoustic noise include the hum of transformers, the whine of some rotating electric machines, or the buzz of fluorescent lamps. The hissing of high voltage transmission lines is due to corona discharge, not magnetism. \nThe phenomenon is also called audible magnetic noise, electromagnetic acoustic noise, or electromagnetically-induced acoustic noise , or more rarely, electrical noise , \"coil noise\", or \"coil whine\", depending on the application. The term electromagnetic noise is", "Smokescreen (Transformers) Smokescreen is the name of several different fictional characters in the Transformers robot superhero franchise. Marvel Comics Smokescreen first appeared in issue 14 of the Marvel Transformers comic. Here, he was brought to life alongside\nGrapple, Hoist, Skids and Tracks via the downloading of their personalities and Sparks from storage. Bumblebee took all but Grapple on a tour of the surrounding area—but ended up in a trial by fire when the Decepticons tried to steal sonic energy from a rock concert. The group battled Starscream, Skywarp and Thundercracker, defeating them, but left when the humans accused them of sabotaging", "a repetitive slow rhythm, called martinete. Located at each end of the tunnel was an especially composed smell composition. At the entrance, a 'cucumber' scent evoked freshness and familiarity. At the end of the tunnel a 'metal smell' referred to the anvils, a symbol of the recent industrial past.\nMaciá's 'Ten Notes for a Human Symphony’ was first presented at the Thessaloniki Biennale, Greece in 2009. This sculpture consists of ten canvas curtains slowing moving up and down, each one impregnated with a unique scent. For ‘Ten Notes for a Human Symphony’ the artist gathered a lock of human hair that" ]

[ "Because persons are smart, people are dumb\n\nAs some comedian said, imagine what average, I mean totally middle of the road intelligent, person is like. Now realize that HALF the population is dumber than that.", "they found a niche in american and have been milking it for all they cash they can for over 20yrs. I hate them as musicians, but i have to respect them for marketing themselves very well and making lots of money from very horrible music.", "ICP created a crazy subculture surrounding the group that their fans subscribe to. You can see similar things in other genres like punk and hardcore, but in those cases it's more towards the scene instead of one group. Maybe it could be a sense of belonging that their fans don't feel otherwise? I know a guy who's toured with Wolfpack and from his stories the \"brotherhood\" is insanely dedicated." ]

[ "The unusual miz of trombones, trumpets, drummers, a tuba player and a rapper/snare drummer, the band performed an energetic set got the crowd jumping and dancing. Clown controversy Following on from 2005's dressing attempt, the organisers of the festival decided to make this year's theme the circus and to have everyone dressed as clowns. On 8 July 2006, it was announced that this had been scrapped as festival-goers asked for refunds as they were scared of clowns.\nThe Scissor Sisters quite blatantly went out to court this controversy, opening their set dressed in clown costumes, in response to complaints of coulrophobia", "a member of any of a collection of other circuses that sought well-trained clowns for their shows. Clown style The particular \"Ringling Style\" of clowning taught at Clown College was rooted in the American type of clown performance, with an accent towards broad and slapstick type humor, as opposed to the European approach which was typically more subtle. Because of the \"three ring\" configuration of the Ringling show, and the bigger arenas that were needed to present such an attraction, audiences were larger and many patrons sat in balconies or upper decks, far above the action. In order to reach", "the potential public relations opportunity in having a place that could become the Mecca of clowning in America. In addition, he wanted to use the school as another way of keeping his show more attractive to audiences than his competition, and have a place where he could guarantee getting an endless supply of new talent. \nCircus World was planned in September 1972 to have the clown college's campus on site.\nIn 1984, after Feld's death, Kenneth Feld, his son, took over production of Feld Entertainment and the Ringling shows. In 1993, the clown college was moved from the Venice Arena to", "Baraboo, Wisconsin. He continued to operate the school through the 1997 session, and then closed Clown College because the needs of the show had changed. The school was no longer profitable, nor necessary, as clowning had moved back into the mainstream of performing arts. Also, with nearly fifteen hundred graduates, many of whom were teaching others the lessons they had learned, and with a home videotape produced by Ringling and made at Clown College in 1986 titled \"Be A Clown,\" which featured many of the techniques used in the school's training sessions, Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus", "more performances, the clowns decide to make flyers asking for other minstrels to audition to join the group. The other clowns notice that Jangsaeng and Gong-gil have identical handwriting, as Jangsaeng learned to write by watching Gong-gil. The corruption within the court is revealed when the clowns put on a performance ridiculing the council members by implying that they receive expensive gifts for favours. The king is delighted by the skit, but upon seeing that the council members are not amused, turns on them and asks them one by one if they are guilty of what the clowns are mocking", "powerful animals, rodeo clowns are often injured seriously, and, sometimes, fatally. \nIn some venues, rodeo bullfighters still wear clown make-up and some may also provide traditional clowning entertainment for the crowd between rodeo events, often parodying aspects of cowboy culture. But most modern bullfighters no longer dress as clowns, though they still wear bright, loose-fitting clothing. At larger events in the USA, the job is split, a bullfighter (sometimes two or more) protects the riders from the bull, and a barrelman (sometimes one person, sometimes two) provide comic humor. Some barrelmen provide both comedy and support to bullfighters,", "Performances Started in 2017, upon the Circus entering new ownership after bankruptcy, Embracing Autism Performances have a reduced running time, as well as sensory adaptations. Clown Care Founded in 1986, the Big Apple Circus Clown Care program is composed of over 80 professional clowns, trained extensively in hospital procedures, circus skills, and improvisation, who make rounds as 'clown doctors' at various pediatric hospitals around the U.S. It is estimated that the clowns make more than 225,000 visits to children every year \"in both inpatient and outpatient units, including intensive care, emergency room, physical therapy, bone marrow transplant, pediatric AIDS, and", "paid $1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive Records.\nThe expansion of the Juggalo fanbase into its own culture inspired Insane Clown Posse to write the songs \"What Is A Juggalo?\" and \"Down With The Clown\" for this album. Recording The group started recording The Great Milenko in 1996, and Violent J began thinking of a title for the album shortly after. Bruce later came up with the title The Great Milenko. Bruce also admitted that he had always liked the ring name of professional wrestler Dean Simon (\"Dean Malenko\"), because he felt that the name Malenko", "dozen multi-skilled performers who all perform the entire show, doing \"a bit of everything\", from acrobatics and clowning to music and aerial work. The skills are high-level circus, but the show is usually comic and character-driven. The cast is a diverse mix of body shapes and ages, with an equal number of men and women. Their style is generally cheeky, anarchic and subversive, a balance of strong women and graceful men.\nThe company have an ongoing social justice agenda and have generally been open about supporting humanist causes. Over the years this has included women's rights, land rights for First Nations", "1000 Clowns History The group's vocalists were sisters Anita and Michelle, and the band's leader, composer, lead singer and rapper was Kevi. DJ Mr. Pao was the turntablist, and he co-produced many of the songs. The other two members were DJ Dax and drummer Scotty. Freelance Bubblehead The group released an album in 1999 titled Freelance Bubblehead, produced by Mickey Petralia. Neil Gladstone of CMJ New Music Monthly thought that the album was \"easy on the ears\" but formulaic.", "to wrestle today in Juggalo Championship Wrestling as well as in various independent promotions.\nInsane Clown Posse gained fame for being both professional musicians and professional wrestlers. Overall, they are two-time JCW Tag Team Champions. Additionally, Bruce is a one-time JCW Tag Team Champion with 2 Tuff Tony, and Utsler is a one-time JCW Heavyweight Champion. Bruce and Utsler are also founding members of the Juggalo World Order.\nIn addition they were largely involved in Backyard Wrestling: Don't Try This at Home, where most of the wrestlers in the game were members of JCW.", "a friend of the duo, Insane Clown Posse attended several shows. The group hung out backstage with their friends, and also began talking to and smoking with Robinson, eventually befriending him. Juggalo Championship Wrestling (1999–2012) In 1997, Robinson wrestled for Insane Clown Posse at the event ICP's Strangle-Mania Live. Two years later, he, 2 Tuff Tony, and Mad Man Pondo wrestled at the Dan Curtis Memorial, an independent wrestling booker who had recently worked for Insane Clown Posse. Several days after the event, Tony, Robinson, and Pondo were booked to wrestle for Insane Clown Posse's first Juggalo Championshit Wrestling show.", "The Magic Clown Premise The show featured a clown, at first referred to only as \"The Magic Clown,\" but later renamed Bonomo after the show's sponsor, performing magic tricks, sometimes with the help of his puppet Laffy.\nThe show was created by Tico Bonomo, grandson of the founder of the Bonomo Turkish Taffy company, specifically as a vehicle to sell candy. As a result, each episode featured constant plugs for the sponsor, and some consider this show to be an early infomercial.\nDevelopment of the show took more than a year; fresh out of Syracuse University, Bonomo went to work creating The", "dance phenomenon caught the attention of the acclaimed director and photographer, David LaChapelle. Feeling inclined to capture this movement on film, LaChapelle directed the 2005 Lions Gate Films documentary Rize.\nSince then, Tommy the Clown and the Hip Hop Clowns have been traveling the globe performing and making appearances to spread the movement, as well as performing for various celebrities. Tommy has also appeared at numerous schools and colleges across the United States. He has a partnership with the Los Angeles Unified School District to provide an in-school Clowning and Krumping workshop based on the California Education Standards. He also provides", "Peter Bufano, clown Matthew Morgan, juggler Adam Kuchler, drummer Tim Hoey, flea circus impresario and clown Adam Gertsacov, magician Magic Brian, daredevil clown Jonah Logan and magician MC Scotty the Blue Bunny. Other members have included Sxip Shirey. Appearances The circus has appeared on including HBO's Real Sex, the Late Show with David Letterman, The Today Show and the Glastonbury Festival.\nIn 2008, they collaborated with M. J. Loheed to create an online reality show called The Bindlestiffs. The webisodes detailed the behind-the-scenes drama as they toured with their political parody Kinko For President.", "Jeff Civillico Jeff Civillico (born in the early 1980s) is a juggler, corporate entertainer, and comedian. Based in Las Vegas, he headlines the comedy show Comedy in Action at the Paris Las Vegas casino and was a guest performer at Nathan Burton's magic show.\nBorn in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania, Civillico became enamored with juggling after seeing a street performer in Boston when he was 11 years old. In his freshman year of high school, he founded the Juggling Club at Saint Joseph's Preparatory School, where he and other members would perform for free at nearby nursing homes and at a school", "Little Clowns of Happytown Plot The series is set around young clowns from Happytown, whose goal is to spread happiness and imbue positive mental attitudes to the city next door. The young clowns are Big Top (the leader), Badum-Bump (Big Top's little brother), Hiccup, Tickles, Pranky, and Blooper (Hiccup's big brother), along with their pet elephant, Rover, and their mentor, Mr. Pickleherring. The only thing that stands in their way is Awful Bebad and his minions, Geek and Whiner. Production Marvel Productions and ABC had brought in consulting company Q5 Corporation to help develop the show along with other series", "spectator.\nAnother characteristic of the social circus is its universality and accessibility. Each person, in accordance with their abilities, is able to realize their own potential through the wide gamut of activities that the circus offers: one can participate in juggling, trapeze, acrobatics, contortionism, clowning, magic, balancing acts, etc. Thus, she who does not have the flexibility required to be a contortionist can find refuge in balancing acts; he who does hot have the ability to do trapeze can act and be a clown; someone not interested in the physical activities has an opportunity to work with the set, lighting, or", "of his shows.\nDoc Insane states on his website that he performs no illusions in his shows. Everything is real, from the blood pouring down his face to the chainsaw being put in an apple held between his teeth.\nAs well as Doc, The Circus Insane larger shows feature guest artists. aerialists and contortionists from the world of circus.\nIn 2008 a small UK theatre tour was advertised, however the show was deemed too extreme by venue owners and consequently banned just before the tour was due to start. The line up advertised for that tour featured ex-Sex Pistol and Tenpole Tudor frontman", "shootings, drug deals and unemployment; Clowning is his way of offering an optimistic alternative for youngsters, a means of self-expression and a chance to channel positive energy.\nThe second series of interviews and footage explains how the dance style known as Krumping evolved from Clowning and matured into its own identity. Like Clowning, Krumping is characterized by free, expressive exaggerated, and highly energetic movement. The youths who started Krumping, known as Lil C' and Miss Prissy, saw the dance as a way for them to escape gang life and \"to release anger, aggression and frustration positively, in a non-violent way.\"\nThe third", "a show in San Francisco and asked Liccione if she would re-locate there to be a part of the show. Clowning While in San Francisco, Liccione auditioned for the Clown Conservatory as part of the San Francisco School of Circus Arts, the only professional circus arts training school and the only one of its kind in the United States. Liccione was accepted and offered a partial scholarship to attend. \nBefore graduating, Liccione was invited to audition for a new show by Make*A*Circus named “Zoomorphia” and was cast as one of the leads. Upon accepting the role, Liccione also trained to", "week. Island also rereleased the group's first two albums, as well as a 2-CD compilation album composed of rare songs and demos titled \"Forgotten Freshness Vol. 1\". Nationwide tour Two days after the Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) program, Insane Clown Posse began its rescheduled nationwide tour with House of Krazees and Myzery. Their first concert, held in Orlando, Florida, was hand-picked by Insane Clown Posse and free to the public. Halfway through the tour, Brian Jones of House of Krazees had a falling out with his band members. Jones left the group, forcing House of Krazees to quit the tour.", "street theatre, puppeteering, magicians, comedians, acrobats, jugglers and sometimes musicians. Circle shows can be the most lucrative. Sometimes the crowds attracted can be very large. A good busker will control the crowd so the patrons do not obstruct foot traffic.\n\"Walk-by acts\" are typically where the busker performs a musical, living statue or other act that does not have a distinct beginning or end and the public usually watch for a brief time. A walk by act may turn into a circle show if the act is unusual or very popular.\n\"Stoplight performers\" present their act and get contributions from vehicle occupants", "earlier.\nThe Circus Center offers training for adults and children in recreational, amateur and professional circus arts. These conservatories focus individually on Clowning, Aerial Arts, and Contortion. The Circus Center also offers live performances showcasing students and staff. Charitable efforts In 2008, the Clown Conservatory produced a \"naked clown calendar\" to raise money for research and advocacy for multiple sclerosis.", "Clownhead Overview Like most of TDA's discography, Clownhead features an eclectic assortment of genres, ranging from rock and pop to polka, funk, Tex-Mex and tango, as well as covers of War's \"Low Rider\" and Devo's \"Uncontrollable Urge\". Clownhead was the final TDA studio album to feature band founder Linda \"Big Lou\" Seekins, who would leave the band to focus full-time on her other musical project Big Lou's Polka Casserole, as well as the last to feature longtime members Art Peterson and Clyde Forsman, who would retire from the band in 2000 at the age of 84.\nThe Memphis Flyer, in a", "the Juggalos, Insane Clown Posse set out to release its sixth and seventh studio albums—Bizaar and Bizzar—as a double album. While recording the albums, the duo had a fallout with long-time producer Mike E. Clark. Bizaar and Bizzar were the last complete albums Clark would produce with Insane Clown Posse until his return in 2007. Bruce and Utsler flew to Denver, Colorado to add the finishing touches to the albums. Bizaar and Bizzar were released on October 31, 2000, peaking at #20 and #21, respectively, on the Billboard 200. In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Ben Sisario wrote that", "Central, Los Angeles during the early 2000s. Clowning is the less aggressive predecessor to krump and was created in 1992 by Thomas \"Tommy the Clown\" Johnson in Compton, California. In the 1990s, Johnson and his dancers, the Hip Hop Clowns, would paint their faces and perform clowning for children at birthday parties or for the general public at other functions as a form of entertainment. In contrast, krump focuses on highly energetic battles and dramatic movements which Tommy describes as intense, fast-paced, and sharp. CBS News has compared the intensity within krump to what rockers experience in a mosh pit.", "contortion, quick-change artistry, and juggling. Michael Richter served as the lead clown and the show ended with the Wallendas doing a bicycle pyramid on the wire. Amy Rosenberg of The Philadelphia Inquirer described the show as \"an old fashion vaudeville variety act\" and remarked \"I dug the show and so did all the little kids around me\". Balance On June 4, 2013, Wallenda's memoir, Balance: A Story of Faith, Family, and Life on the Line, was published by FaithWorks. Ghost written by David Ritz, the book details his family history, Christian faith, and his circus career. Ritz got in touch", "VentHaven Ventriloquist Convention. This episode attracted the same number of viewers as the previous (1.1 million), this time giving it a higher audience share of 7%. Clown Aired: 31 January 2008, 10pm\nThe third episode in the series saw Justin travelling to a Clowning Convention in Houston, Texas where he would compete for the prize of Clown of the Year. Justin got some tips on clowning with the UK's best clown, Mooky The Clown, at the Tower Circus in Blackpool, England and came up with the clowning alter ego of Wonky, having to shave off his beard in the process. Once", "early 2012, Calderon and Abrams collaborated with the Insane Clown Posse on the song \"Ghetto Rainbows (Soft Ass R-N-B Remix)\" on The Mighty Death Pop! bonus CD called Mike E. Clark's Extra Pop Emporium. Credited to Insane Clown Posse and Color Me Badd, the song features Abrams and Calderon, and was also co-written by the duo. In June 2013, the group released \"Skywalkin'\", their first new song in nearly 15 years. On August 16, 2013, Abrams announced his departure from Color Me Badd through a post on his website. The group continued on, with Calderon and Thornton. Abrams was replaced" ]

[ "It is *not* an infinite amount. It is less than 4.\n\nIn *does* take an infinite amount of digits to explain precisely what the amount is, but that's about being precise, not about being huge.", "Pi isn't infinite - it's more than 3 and less than 4.\n\nHowever, pi can't be expressed as a decimal or fraction because it's irrational, so it *does* take an infinite number of digits to accurately measure pi. \n\nSort of like how there are an infinite number of numbers between 0 and 1. \"Infinite\" can mean a few different things, based on context." ]

[ "12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth (with any finite number of 9s), but 12.0 is not included. In some European countries, the notation is also used for this.\nThe endpoint adjoining the square bracket is known as closed, while the endpoint adjoining the parenthesis is known as open. If both types of brackets are the same, the entire interval may be referred to as closed or open as appropriate. Whenever infinity or negative infinity is used as an endpoint in the case of intervals on the real number line,", "of negative infinitesimal,\" 0⁻, which has no decimal expansion. He concludes that 0.999... = 1 + 0⁻, while the equation \"0.999... + x = 1\" has no solution. p-adic numbers When asked about 0.999..., novices often believe there should be a \"final 9\", believing 1 − 0.999... to be a positive number which they write as \"0.000...1\". Whether or not that makes sense, the intuitive goal is clear: adding a 1 to the final 9 in 0.999... would carry all the 9s into 0s and leave a 1 in the ones place. Among other reasons, this idea fails because there is no \"final 9\" in 0.999....", "pi (π) is a transcendental number, rather than an algebraic irrational number; that is, it is not the root of any polynomial with rational coefficients. Graphs The K₄ complete graph is often drawn as a square with all 6 possible edges connected, hence appearing as a square with both diagonals drawn. This graph also represents an orthographic projection of the 4 vertices and 6 edges of the regular 3-simplex (tetrahedron).", "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ In mathematics, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ is the infinite series whose terms are the successive powers of two. As a geometric series, it is characterized by its first term, 1, and its common ratio, 2. As a series of real numbers it diverges to infinity, so in the usual sense it has no sum. In a much broader sense, the series is associated with another value besides ∞, namely −1, which is the limit of the series using the 2-adic metric.", "Six nines in pi A sequence of six 9's occurs in the decimal representation of the number pi (π), starting at the 762nd decimal place. It has become famous because of the mathematical coincidence and because of the idea that one could memorize the digits of π up to that point, recite them and end with \"nine nine nine nine nine nine and so on\", which \nseems to suggest that π is rational. The earliest known mention of this idea occurs in Douglas Hofstadter's 1985 book Metamagical Themas, where Hofstadter states\nI myself once learned 380 digits of π, when I", "3 + 8 = 11. The multiplication of two odd numbers is always odd, but the multiplication of an even number with any number is always even. An odd number raised to a power is always odd and an even number raised to power is always even.\nIn any primitive solution (x, y, z) to the equation xⁿ  +  yⁿ = zⁿ, one number is even and the other two numbers are odd. They cannot all be even, for then they would not be coprime; they could all be divided by two. However, they cannot be all odd, since the sum of two odd numbers", "However, the single number c would then have to be determined by the equation 0 = 0 × c, but every number satisfies this equation, so we cannot assign a numerical value to . Projectively extended real line The set is the projectively extended real line, which is a one-point compactification of the real line. Here means an unsigned infinity, an infinite quantity that is neither positive nor negative. This quantity satisfies , which is necessary in this context. In this structure, can be defined for nonzero a, and . It is the natural way to view", "2 or 5) and use that as a multiplier to make the divisibility of the original number by that prime depend on the divisibility of the new (usually smaller) number by the same prime.\nUsing 31 as an example, since 10 × (−3) = −30 = 1 mod 31, we get the rule for using y − 3x in the table above. Likewise, since 10 × (28) = 280 = 1 mod 31 also, we obtain a complementary rule y + 28x of the same kind - our choice of addition or subtraction being dictated by arithmetic convenience of the smaller value. In fact, this", " - 3 - 2i 1131\nIn this example we have to subtract from . The rightmost digit is 2−1 = 1. The second digit from the right would become −1, so add 4 to give 3 and then carry +1 two places to the left. The third digit from the right is 1−0 = 1. Then the leftmost digit is 1−1 plus 1 from the carry, giving 1. This gives a final answer of . Multiplication For", " 0 {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {c}}=2^{\\aleph _{0}}} Every real number has at least one infinite decimal expansion. For example,\n1/2 = 0.50000...\n1/3 = 0.33333...\nπ = 3.14159....\n(This is true even when the expansion repeats as", "numbers ℝ⁺ (not including 0) does not have a minimum, because any given element of ℝ⁺ could simply be divided in half resulting in a smaller number that is still in ℝ⁺. There is, however, exactly one infimum of the positive real numbers: 0, which is smaller than all the positive real numbers and greater than any other real number which could be used as a lower bound. Existence and uniqueness Infima and suprema do not necessarily exist. Existence of an infimum of a subset S of P can fail if S has no lower bound at all, or", "of 1, 3, 7, or 9 (if at all) because of the presence of 1, 3, 7, and 9 in the top right hand nonet. If any one of 1, 3, 7, or 9 is present then this must be the lone square in the nonet below. Therefore, these 4 cells is one of 1+2+4+8 or 2+3+4+6; the 2 cells in the middle of the left edge must be either 1+5 or 2+4; and so on. 45 rule example Looking at the nonet on the left hand side in the middle, we can see that there are three cages which", "1 } (or vice versa) \"Why do that? Precisely to rule out the existence of distinct numbers 0.9* and 1. [...] So we see that in the traditional definition of the real numbers, the equation 0.9* = 1 is built in at the beginning.\" A further modification of the procedure leads to a different structure where the two are not equal. Although it is consistent, many of the common rules of decimal arithmetic no longer hold, for example the fraction ​¹⁄₃ has no representation; see \"Alternative number systems\" below. Cauchy sequences Another approach is to define a real number as", "SuperPrime Background information In August 1995, the calculation of Pi up to 4,294,960,000 decimal digits was achieved by using a supercomputer at the University of Tokyo. The program used to achieve this was ported to personal computers, for operating systems such as Windows NT and Windows 95 and called Super-PI. SuperPrime is another take on this procedure, substituting raw floating-point calculations for the value of Pi with more complex instructions to calculate the primality of a set of natural numbers. Landmarks On September 29, 2006, a milestone was broken when bachus_anonym of www.xtremesystems.org broke the 30 seconds barrier using a", "we must multiply its digits together to arrive at its multiplicative digital root. The multiplicative persistence of 39 in base 10 is 3, because it takes three steps to reduce 39 to a single digit: .", "Pell number In mathematics, the Pell numbers are an infinite sequence of integers, known since ancient times, that comprise the denominators of the closest rational approximations to the square root of 2. This sequence of approximations begins , , , , and , so the sequence of Pell numbers begins with 1, 2, 5, 12, and 29. The numerators of the same sequence of approximations are half the companion Pell numbers or Pell–Lucas numbers; these numbers form a second infinite sequence that begins with 2, 6, 14, 34, and 82.\nBoth the Pell numbers and the companion Pell numbers may be", "and only if the number of solutions to 3x² + y² = n is odd and the number is squarefree (proven as theorem 6.2 of).\nAll numbers n with modulo-sixty remainder 11, 23, 47, or 59 have a modulo-twelve remainder of 11. These numbers are prime if and only if the number of solutions to 3x² − y² = n is odd and the number is squarefree (proven as theorem 6.3 of).\nNone of the potential primes are divisible by 2, 3, or 5, so they can't be divisible by their squares. This is why squarefree checks don't include 2²,", "Where one number being multiplied is sufficiently small to be multiplied with ease by any single digit, the product can be calculated easily digit by digit from right to left. This is particularly easy for multiplication by 2 since the carry digit cannot be more than 1.\nFor example, to calculate 2 × 167:\n2×7=14, so the final digit is 4, with a 1 carried and added to the 2×6 = 12 to give 13, so the next digit is 3 with a 1 carried and added to the 2×1=2 to give 3. Thus, the product is 334. Multiplying by 5 To multiply", "of one class (greater) being strictly greater than all the numbers of the other (lesser) class. For example, the square root of 2 defines all the nonnegative numbers whose squares are less than 2 and the negative numbers into the lesser class, and the positive numbers whose squares are greater than 2 into the greater class. Every location on the number line continuum contains either a rational or an irrational number. Thus there are no empty locations, gaps, or discontinuities. Dedekind published his thoughts on irrational numbers and Dedekind cuts in his pamphlet \"Stetigkeit und irrationale Zahlen\" (\"Continuity and irrational", "... ∞ which he compared with the smaller set of numbers 10, 20, 30 ... ∞. Cantor showed that these two infinite sets of numbers actually had the same size as it was possible to pair each number up; 1 - 10, 2 - 20, 3 - 30 ... etc.\nIf fractions now are considered there are an infinite number of fractions between any of the two whole numbers, suggesting that the infinity of fractions is bigger than the infinity of whole numbers. Yet Cantor was still able to pair each such fraction to a whole number 1 - ¹/₁; 2", "However, there is a system that contains an infinite string of 9s including a last 9.\nThe p-adic numbers are an alternative number system of interest in number theory. Like the real numbers, the p-adic numbers can be built from the rational numbers via Cauchy sequences; the construction uses a different metric in which 0 is closer to p, and much closer to pⁿ, than it is to 1. The p-adic numbers form a field for prime p and a ring for other p, including 10. So arithmetic can be performed in the p-adics, and there are no infinitesimals.\nIn the 10-adic", "of the assumptions built into the system must break down. Infinitesimals Some proofs that 0.999... = 1 rely on the Archimedean property of the real numbers: that there are no nonzero infinitesimals. Specifically, the difference 1 − 0.999... must be smaller than any positive rational number, so it must be an infinitesimal; but since the reals do not contain nonzero infinitesimals, the difference is therefore zero, and therefore the two values are the same.\nHowever, there are mathematically coherent ordered algebraic structures, including various alternatives to the real numbers, which are non-Archimedean. Non-standard analysis provides a number system with a full array of infinitesimals (and", "ending in 9. (If D ends respectively in 1, 3, 7, or 9, then multiply by 9, 3, 7, or 1.) Then add 1 and divide by 10, denoting the result as m. Then a number N = 10t + q is divisible by D if and only if mq + t is divisible by D. If the number is too large, you can also break it down into several strings with e digits each, satisfying either 10ᵉ = 1 or 10ᵉ = -1 (mod D). The sum (or alternate sum) of the numbers have the same divisibility as the", "numbers, the analogues of decimal expansions run to the left. The 10-adic expansion ...999 does have a last 9, and it does not have a first 9. One can add 1 to the ones place, and it leaves behind only 0s after carrying through: 1 + ...999 = ...000 = 0, and so ...999 = −1. Another derivation uses a geometric series. The infinite series implied by \"...999\" does not converge in the real numbers, but it converges in the 10-adics, and so one can re-use the familiar formula:\n(Compare with the series above.) A third derivation was invented by a seventh-grader who was doubtful over her teacher's limiting", "numbers near 50 Suppose we need to square a number x near 50. This number may be expressed as x = 50 − n, and hence the answer x² is (50−n)², which is 50² − 100n + n². We know that 50² is 2500. So we subtract 100n from 2500, and then add n². Example, say we want to square 48, which is 50 − 2. We subtract 200 from 2500 and add 4, and get x² = 2304. For numbers larger than 50 (x = 50 + n), add n a hundred times instead of subtracting it. Extracting roots of perfect powers Extracting roots of perfect powers is often", "1 + 1 + 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/3 + ... , which sums to infinity. Thus the original series is conditionally convergent, and can be rearranged (by taking the first two positive terms followed by the first negative term, followed by the next two positive terms and then the next negative term, etc.) to give a series that converges to a different sum: 1 + 1/2 – 1 + 1/3 + 1/4 – 1/2 + ... = ln 2. More generally, using this procedure with p positives followed by q negatives gives the sum ln(p/q). Other rearrangements", "multiplying any number by 1 yields that same number. The multiplicative inverse for any number except 0 is the reciprocal of this number, because multiplying the reciprocal of any number by the number itself yields the multiplicative identity 1. 0 is the only number without a multiplicative inverse, and the result of multiplying any number and 0 is again 0. One says that 0 is not contained in the multiplicative group of the numbers.\nThe product of a and b is written as a × b or a·b. When a or b are expressions not written simply with digits, it is also", "for which 1/n < 2c. On the other hand, c/2 is a positive infinitesimal, since by the definition of least upper bound there must be an infinitesimal x between c/2 and c, and if 1/k < c/2 <= x then x is not infinitesimal. But 1/(4n) < c/2, so c/2 is not infinitesimal, and this is a contradiction. This means that Z is empty after all: there are no positive, infinitesimal real numbers.\nThe Archimedean property of real numbers holds also in constructive analysis, even though the least upper bound property may fail in that context. Non-Archimedean ordered field For an", "zero for the integral part and p + 1 for the nth decimal if p is not equal either to 8 or 9, and unity if p is equal to 8 or 9. This number N is not defined by the set E because it differs from any finitely defined real number, namely from the nth number by the nth digit. But N has been defined by a finite number of words in this paragraph. It should therefore be in the set E. That is a contradiction.\nAs with König's paradox, this paradox cannot be formalized in axiomatic set theory because", "is not changed. That\n final answer is 0880.\n The leftmost zero can be omitted, leaving 880.\n So 176 times 5 equals 880.\nEXAMPLE: Multiply 288 by 5.\nA. Divide 288 by 2. We can divide each digit individually to get 144. (Dividing smaller number is easier.)\nB. Multiply by 10. Add a zero to yield the result 1440. Multiplying by 9 Since 9 = 10 − 1, to multiply" ]

[ "Because the question in the wild is not so much if you win, but if you get injured. If the large animal stands and fights, yes, it might kill the small animal, but maybe the small animal takes a chunk out of the big animal's leg. Then the big animal has a gimped leg, can't run, can't catch prey (or escape other predators), and it likely dies.", "Size isn't everything. Plenty of animals are more than capable of severely hurting or killing animals many times their size.\n\nSnakes can prey on antelope.\n\nWolverines can take on bears.\n\nHell, elephants are afraid of mice." ]

[ "are able to run at speeds that exceed those of lions for great distances, lions try to attack an ostrich when its head is down. By grouping, the ostriches present the lions with greater difficulty in determining how long the ostriches' heads stay down. Thus, although individual vigilance decreases, the overall vigilance of the group increases. Predator confusion Individuals living in large groups may be safer from attack because the predator may be confused by the large group size. As the group moves, the predator has greater difficulty targeting an individual prey animal. The zebra has been suggested by the", "ground because they were too big. There might have been an arms race in brachiating to reach the best food. Also the Hominidae which came later were smaller than their ancestors which is contrary to normal evolution where animals get larger over their evolutionary development.", "to travel a given distance than larger animals. As a result, they have shorter foot ground contact times and less time to produce force on the ground. Due to this decreased amount of time to produce force, smaller animals must rely more heavily on metabolically costly fast muscle fibers to produce force to run at a given speed. Conversely, larger animals take slower and longer steps, contributing to an increase in the amount of time the foot is in contact with the ground during running. This longer contact time allows larger animals a greater amount of time to produce force.", "and causing the species to be spread out more thinly than the much more adaptable modern leopard (Panthera pardus). Vertebrate paleontologist Alan Turner suggests, \"since it had the bodily proportions of the living cheetah, and since running speed is a reflection of stride length for a given stride frequency, such large animals may also have been capable of running somewhat faster than their living relatives, although greater weight may have countered any advantage of greater size. Whether they needed to run faster is less clear.\" The reason for A. pardinensis achieving large size could be to keep warm, to move", "of effort. In that case, the predator is more selective. \nOne of the factors to consider is size. Prey that is too small may not be worth the trouble for the amount of energy it provides. Too large, and it may be too difficult to capture. For example, a mantid captures prey with its forelegs and they are optimized for grabbing prey of a certain size. Mantids are reluctant to attack prey that is far from that size. There is a positive correlation between the size of a predator and its prey.\nA predator may also assess a patch and decide", "the burden of competition among animals within the same guild (see Guild (ecology)), they must vary in size (Brown and Maurer, 1989; Brown and Nicoletto, 1991). For example, Bowers and Brown (1982) found that the number of similar sized species in a community of granivorous rodents was fewer than expected. They believe that these results suggest that competition between same-sized species is prohibiting co-existence in this community. Energetic constraints A small bodied animal has a greater capacity to be more abundant than a large bodied one. Purely as a function of geometry many more small things can be packed into", "a predator, while small prey might prove hard to find and in any case provide less of a reward. This has led to a correlation between the size of predators and their prey. Size may also act as a refuge for large prey. For example, adult elephants are relatively safe from predation by lions, but juveniles are vulnerable. Camouflage and mimicry Members of the cat family such as the snow leopard (treeless highlands), tiger (grassy plains, reed swamps), ocelot (forest), fishing cat (waterside thickets), and lion (open plains) are camouflaged with coloration and disruptive patterns suiting their habitats.\nIn aggressive mimicry,", "are quite loud, making a toad-like croaking when moving. When fighting, males duck their heads and use their horns to push against each other. If one male is significantly smaller than the other, he may move next to the larger male in a parallel position and push from there, which prevents the larger male from pushing with all his force. Known predators are humans, lions, Nile crocodiles, Cape hunting dogs and leopards. They flee to water if disturbed, but females defend their offspring from smaller predators by direct attack, mainly kicking. Yearling Nile lechwes are often infected by warble flies,", "tailfins. \nAnother example of scramble competition is the success of small beetles over large beetles. While larger beetles, similar to larger animals in general, tend to win more often in contest competition, the opposite can be true in a scramble competition. Specifically with beetles, scramble competition is dependent on male movement and locomotion so that the beetle that can move faster is more likely to be successful in attaining resources, mates and food. Smaller beetles fare better in scramble competition for shelter, which could one day lead to the evolutionary adaptation of smaller beetle structures for survival purposes. The flux", "individual, whereas territorial antelope species, which defend themselves by running in wide circles, are captured by cutting off their escape routes. Medium-sized prey is often killed in 2–5 minutes, whereas larger prey such as wildebeest may take half an hour to pull down. Male wild dogs usually perform the task of grabbing dangerous prey, such as warthogs, by the nose. Small prey such as rodents, hares and birds are hunted singly, with dangerous prey such as cane rats and porcupines being killed with a quick and well-placed bite to avoid injury. Small prey is eaten entirely, while large animals are", "only being badly frightened, and then suddenly being in a different room. They will not do anything or get less frightened when Raimi dispossesses them, so they can be possessed again at any time.\nAnimals also cannot be used for combat, but are vital to reach some areas. Due to their size, rats and dogs (rabbits and roaches in multiplayer) can crawl through some small holes and reach the room on the other side. Bats can fly to otherwise unreachable areas. Other animals are tools to make a human host possessable. The only exception to animals being useless for combat situations", "animals do not compete for the same food.\nEntoprocts are small and have been little studied by zoologists. Hence it is difficult to determine whether a specimen belongs to a species that already occurs in the same area or is an invader, possibly as a result of human activities.", "species (such as male deer locking horns when competing for mates) but can also include indirect interactions where an individual depletes a shared resource (such as a grizzly bear catching a salmon that can then no longer be eaten by bears at different points along a river).\nThe way in which resources are partitioned by organisms also varies and can be split into scramble and contest competition. Scramble competition involves a relatively even distribution of resources among a population as all individuals exploit a common resource pool. In contrast, contest competition is the uneven distribution of resources and occurs when hierarchies", "in the shade or by wallowing in water and mud. They also forage and move mainly at night. Because of its large size, Paraceratherium would not have been able to run and move quickly, but they would have been able to cross large distances, which would be necessary in an environment with a scarcity of food. They may therefore have had large home ranges and have been migratory. Prothero suggests that animals as big as indricotheres would need very large home ranges or territories of at least 1,000 square kilometres (250,000 acres) and that, because of a scarcity of resources,", "process. This led to the fitness of larger-shelled prey to be higher and then more selected for through generations, however, the predator’s population selected for those who were more efficient at opening the larger-shelled prey. This example is an excellent example of asymmetrical arms race because while the prey is evolving a physical trait, the predators are adapting in a much different way. Floodplain death adders and separate species of frogs Floodplain death adders eat three types of frogs, one nontoxic, one producing mucus when taken by the predator, and the highly toxic frogs, however, the snakes have also found", "its perception of its own resource holding potential increases, just as if an animal loses, its perception of its resource holding potential decreases. Animals, regardless of size, with a higher perception of resource holding potential are more likely to initiate aggressive behaviour to maintain their dominance within a community. Overall the larger the difference between the perception of two fighting animals resource holding potential, the higher the chance of the animal with the higher resource holding potential of winning the encounter. Based on this theory an animal who assumes itself as a high resource holding individual is likely to be", "animal excluded from the territory suffers a fitness loss due to a reduced foraging area and is unable to enter the area as it risks confrontation from a more dominant member of the population. As organisms are encountering each other during interference competition, they are able to evolve behavioural strategies and morphologies to out-compete rivals in their population.\nFor example, different populations of the northern slimy salamander (Plethodon glutinosus) have evolved varying levels of aggression depending on the intensity of intraspecific competition. In populations where the resources are scarcer, more aggressive behaviours are likely to evolve. It is a more effective", "approach and observe or to hunt. If a bull senses danger, he will give deep-throated barks while leaving the herd, repeating the process until the whole herd is aware of the danger. Giant elands can move quickly, running at over 70 km/h (43 mph), and despite their size are exceptional jumpers, easily clearing heights of 1.5 m (4.9 ft). Their primary predators are the lion and spotted hyena, while young, sickly and a rare adult may be vulnerable to leopards and African wild dogs. Due to their large size, they prove a good meal for the predators. However, they are not easily taken by", "other body parts. This allows for easier escape from predator birds, as avian predators often approach prey from their rump. The confusion effect In many species that fall prey to pursuit predation, gregariousness on a massive scale has evolved as a protective behavior. Such herds can be conspecific (all individuals are of one species) or heterospecific. This is primarily due to the confusion effect, which states that if prey animals congregate in large groups, predators will have more difficulty identifying and tracking specific individuals. This effect has greater influence when individuals are visually similar and less distinguishable. In groups where", "food if it occurs in high abundance in the patch.\nGroup hunting allows predators to take down larger prey, as well as prey that can outrun the predator but can be caught by an ambush. For example, lionesses (Panthera leo) hunt cooperatively for large prey such as zebra (Equus burchelli) and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), with each lioness adopting particular positions in a formation. The presence of many predators also causes panic in groups of prey, often causing them to flee in different directions making it easier for the predators to single out a target.\nForaging in a group also has some anti-predator", "small animals that pass within its \"strike range\", mainly fishes. Its prey can vary in size to close to its own size. Behaviour Like other members of their family, they have a benthic and solitary lifestyle. They gather during mating period, but do not tolerate each other any more after the act of fertilization. The female can kill or eat the male if he stays close.", "of flying animals, the wing loading would be increased if they were isometrically scaled up, and they would therefore have to fly faster to gain the same amount of lift. Air resistance per unit mass is also higher for smaller animals, which is why a small animal like an ant cannot be seriously injured from impact with the ground after being dropped from any height.\nAs stated by J. B. S. Haldane, large animals do not look like small animals: an elephant cannot be mistaken for a mouse scaled up in size. This is due to allometric scaling: the", "before eating it. Solitary versus social predation In social predation, a group of predators cooperates to kill prey. This makes it possible to kill creatures larger than those they could overpower singly; for example, hyenas, and wolves collaborate to catch and kill herbivores as large as buffalo, and lions even hunt elephants. It can also make prey more readily available through strategies like flushing of prey and herding it into a smaller area. For example, when mixed flocks of birds forage, the birds in front flush out insects that are caught by the birds behind. Spinner dolphins form a circle", "they will have less food, however they still persist together, despite the prediction that under competition one will displace the other. In fact, lions sometimes steal prey items killed by cheetahs. Potential competitors can also kill each other, in so-called 'intraguild predation'. For example, in southern California coyotes often kill and eat gray foxes and bobcats, all three carnivores sharing the same stable prey (small mammals).\nAn example among protozoa involves Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum. Russian ecologist, Georgy Gause, studied the competition between the two species of Paramecium that occurred as a result of their coexistence. Through his", "it may have hunted by running down Pleistocene herbivores, such as wild horses and saiga antelopes, in a cheetah-like fashion, at one time earning it the name \"running bear\". However, during pursuit of speedy game animals, the bear's sheer physical mass would be a handicap. Arctodus skeletons do not articulate in a way that would have allowed for quick turns – an ability required of any predator that survives by chasing down agile prey. A 2010 study found the \"long-legged\" features of the bear are an illusion created by the animal's relatively short back.\nArctodus moved in a pacing motion like", "each other and, depending on size, will be dominant over one another. Both species may be attracted to carrion, and may occasional fight over both kills or carrion. Most conflicts over food occur near the water and can literally lead to a tug-of-war over a carcass that can end either way, although seldom is there any serious fighting or bloodshed between the large carnivores. Intimidation displays may also resolve these conflicts. However, when size differences are prominent, the predators may prey on each other. Reproduction On average, sexual maturity is obtained from 12 to 16 years of age. For males,", "The conclusion that Hibbertopterus wasn't preying on large animals is also supported by the complete lack of adaptations towards any organs used for trapping prey in younger specimens (though they are present on adult specimens once referred to Cyrtoctenus) and a lack of swimming adaptations. Through sweep-feeding, Hibbertopterus could sweep up small animals from the soft sediments of shallow bodies of water, presumably small crustaceans and other arthropods, and could then sweep them into its mouth when it detected them. Through the different adaptations of juveniles and adults (\"Cyrtoctenus\"), individuals of different ages would possibly have preferred different types of", "aggressive or submissive, all depend on the likelihood of winning. For instance, size is usually a good predictor of fighting success, and many animals will display to flaunt their size. Animals are better able to assess their next form of agonistic action by judging the opponent's size and if they are likely to win a fight if a physical altercation were to occur. Example: Stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae) In aggressive behaviour by male stalk-eyed flies the males \"square off\" by displaying their eyes. Females show a strong preference for mating with males with longer eyestalks. Due to the female preference,", "to disable much larger animals.", "in survival by 84%. Another example is the one of competition for calling space in amphibians, where the calling activity of a species prevents the other one from calling in an area as wide as it would in allopatry. A last example is driving of bisexual rock lizards of genus Darevskia from their natural habitats by a daughter unisexual form; interference competition can be ruled out in this case, because parthenogenetic forms of the lizards never demonstrate aggressive behavior.\nThis type of competition can also be observed in forests where large trees dominate the canopy and thus allow little light to" ]

[ "Henry Ford has been credited with creating the weekend as we know it today. Apparently the normal work week used to be six days, and Sunday was the day of rest. When Ford was paying workers $2 per day (maybe $2.50, not sure), the going rate at the time, there was lots of turnover and constant hiring and training, so Ford decided to double the rate to $5 per day to reduce turnover and keep employees instead of constantly training new hires. At the same time, he also decided to make a five day work week to give his employees Saturday off, thinking they would buy more cars to ride around in for the weekend. The local business community told him he would bankrupt his business. The day after he ran a full page ad in the paper for the $5 per day jobs, there were massive lines of people applying for jobs with Ford. The idea was extremely successful, and the weekend was born.", "Well, in the old days (like the Middle Ages) people worked 6 days a week then when to church on Sunday. \n\nThe idea of two days off, Saturday and Sunday, wasn't until the 20th century when some companies like Ford did it so Jewish workers could have Saturday off to go to the synagogue, too. The Jewish day of rest is Saturday not Sunday like Christians. \n\nThen labor unions (a bunch of workers that group together to ask for thinks like more money or better working conditions) pushed for the 5 day work week in the 1920s. \n\nIn 1948 the federal government in the US made a law that there is a 40 hour work week, and work over than is paid 50% more (overtime) and most companies went to the Monday thru Friday thing, and the weekend was here.", "Lenny Henry launched an excellent marketing campaign for Premier Inn and it just kinda stuck.", "The nation of Israel before becoming what we think of as Jewish believed God commanded a day of rest (not a bad idea, really), and set up six days \"to do all thy labor\", but...\"on the seventh day thou shalt do no work, for...\" which is followed by a brief explanation and the basic outline of what is/isn't acceptable on that day (worship, family, close your business and give your household help the day off, even animals got the day off!). They tied it strongly to the story of creation (Six days, plus a day of rest by the Creator). This was what is now Saturday--modern Jews still observe Saturday along with a handful of sabbatarian Christian denominations.\n\nI'm sure other religions had similar stories, but that is the most familiar to most in the western world. Jesus came well after the wilderness exile (where the commandments were given), and encouraged the continuing of the tradition/law in the early Christian church, which later drifted over to Sundays for [reasons] and was codified by the Holy Roman Empire/Catholic church which was arguably the political and spiritual heir to the [actual] Roman Empire even if the military and legal power was broken up into the many vassal states. The Catholic Church and most Protestant denominations observe (or at least worship on) Sundays even today.\n\nOther religions have similar concepts, some as strong, others more generic/general; but it was the early Christian churches Jewish roots that led to the later Sunday/Saturday traditions in countries with Christian or para-Christian influences (example: colonists building businesses in colonized non-Christian countries which have continued to follow the weekend tradition even after the colonists left).", "In the British Factory Act (1850, or thereabouts) they limited Saturday working to half a day (you finished by 2pm) and you also got Sunday off. Not sure why Saturday though instead of another day." ]

[ "for a days outing.\"\nThe word \"picnic\" has entered the English language via the French term picque-nique, a term which, by the early 1700s, had come to describe \"an informal communal meal to which guests brought their own food, or paid for themselves at a restaurant, but which increasingly took place outdoors\". Picnicking became a popular leisure activity in Britain by the 1800s and British immigrants to Australia found that the mild climate, seemingly \"boundless\" opportunities for the provision of public open space, particularly in attractive settings, offered many opportunities to continue with this tradition. Picnics at public parklands or reserves", "is of unknown origin.\nPicnicking was common in France after the French Revolution, when it became possible for ordinary people to visit and mingle in the country’s royal parks. In 18th and 19th centuries, picnics were elaborate social events with complex meals and fancy drinks that sometimes took days to prepare.\nThe word picnic first appeared in English in a letter from Lord Chesterfield in 1748 (OED), who associates it with card-playing, drinking, and conversation. Dictionaries agree it entered the English language as a respelling of the French word pique-nique. The practice of an elegant meal eaten out-of-doors, rather than an agricultural", "Hot Fun in the Summertime Background Thematically, \"Hot Fun in the Summertime\" is a dedication to the fun and games to be had during the summer. \"Hot Fun in the Summertime\" was intended to be included on an in-progress album with \"Everybody Is a Star\" and \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\"; the LP was never completed, and the three tracks were instead included on the band's 1970 Greatest Hits LP. This song is known for its rare use of strings in a Sly and the Family Stone song, featuring violins being played in the upper register.\nThe B-side", "quickened in the American Southwest, and weekends were held for the first time in the East in New York City and Lorain Ohio.\nUntil 1961, all weekends were held in Spanish. That year the first English-speaking weekend was held in San Angelo, Texas. Also in 1961, first weekends were held in San Francisco, California; Gary, Indiana; Lansing, Michigan; Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; and Gallup, New Mexico. In 1962, the Cursillo Movement came to the Eastern United States. Weekends were held in Cincinnati, Brooklyn, Saginaw, Miami, Chicago, Detroit, Newark, Baltimore, Grand Rapids, Kansas City and Boston. In the West, the first weekends were", "Weekend\" is a song characterized by a soft, slow-burning melody that runs throughout its four minutes and thirty-two seconds. Its sultry production draws from contemporary R&B and 1990s neo soul music genres. Built around a synth-line, the song is completed with finger-snaps, key thumps that resemble the sound of a ticking clock, hi-hats and a high-pitched vocal sample. Lyrically, \"The Weekend\" is about polyamory. SZA sings about sharing her romantic partner with other women; she finds herself in the perspective of a woman who only sees her partner at weekends while others have him during the week. Some online publications", "The Things We Did Last Summer \"The Things We Did Last Summer\" is a popular song about nostalgia from 1946. The words were written by Sammy Cahn, with the composition by Jule Styne. The most well known version is the 1946 Top ten hit by Jo Stafford. Versions by Frank Sinatra and by Vaughn Monroe also charted that year. Shelley Fabares had a hit cover in 1962 on the pop chart. Several recordings have been made, including versions by Frank Sinatra, Vaughn Monroe, and Dean Martin who recorded different versions for his 1959 and 1966 Christmas LPs. Reception", "programme of adventure activities alongside some fun social elements. This is partly because summer camps in the UK grew as an offshoot of the activity holiday industry and were therefore influenced by their adventure-only outdoor program. The UK has for the past few decades had a number of organizations that have established themselves more along the traditional model with a very wide range of holiday options as well as themed camps and major event days. Some religious groups, such as the Christadelphians, also run well publicized and attended camps throughout the country. A number of youth organizations, such as the", "and weather. The first seaside resorts, such as those in the Ligurian coast, around Venice, coastal Tuscany and Amalfi, became popular. This vogue of summer holidays heightened in the fin-de-siècle epoch, when numerous \"Grand Hotels\" were built (including places such as Sanremo, Lido di Venezia, Viareggio and Forte dei Marmi). Islands such as Capri, Ischia, Procida and Elba grew in popularity, and the Northern lakes, such as Lake Como, Maggiore and Garda were more frequently visited. Tourism to Italy remained very popular until the late-1920s and early-1930s, when, with the Great Depression and economic crisis, several could no longer afford", "afford (see Grand Tour). In the Puritan culture of early America, taking a break from work for reasons other than weekly observance of the Sabbath was frowned upon. However, the modern concept of vacation was led by a later religious movement encouraging spiritual retreat and recreation. The notion of breaking from work periodically took root among the middle and working class. Etymology In the United Kingdom, vacation once specifically referred to the long summer break taken by the law courts and then later the term was applied to universities. The custom was introduced by William the Conqueror from Normandy", "the Second World War, British holiday camps flourished, as people were celebrating with fun and laughter again after years of austerity and wartime hardship. The series was set towards the end of this period, when the original format of holiday camps was coming to an end. Despite the feeling amongst many staff that their brand of fun and entertainment for the whole family was a tradition that would endure, the emerging popularity at the time (late 1950s / early 1960s) for self-catering and holidaying abroad meant the camp was unlikely to survive in its original format. The closing storyline of", "and leisure as well as for religious expression. The ancient Romans visited the hot springs of Bath in Roman Britain while Santiago de Compostela was a site of mass Christian pilgrimage supported by a major medieval tourism industry that provided travelers with accommodations along their pilgrimage route.\nThe modern tourism region emerged from the Industrial Revolution as cities grew in size, pollution increased, and an expanding middle class possessed greater amounts of disposable income. From the Enlightenment through the nineteenth century, the fashionable Grand Tour of continental Europe for wealthy young men popularized the idea of leisure travel. The popularity of", "Year's Eve. Usually the Maltese hit nightclubs and specific dance music parties to celebrate New Year's Eve. Montenegro In Montenegro, New Year's Eve celebrations are held in all large cities, usually accompanied by fireworks. It is usually celebrated with family or friends, at home or outside. Restaurants, clubs, cafés and hotels organize celebrations with food and music. Netherlands New Year's Eve (Oud en Nieuw or Oudejaarsavond) in the Netherlands is usually celebrated as a cozy evening with family or friends, although many people attend big organized parties. Traditional snack foods are oliebollen (oil dumplings) and appelbeignets (apple slice fritters). On", "parades became tourist attractions. In 1925, Coney Island merchants hired fifty show girls to parade in bathing suits as part of the event. The crowds were huge. During the 1920s, Atlantic City's parade attracted 200,000 and more. The parade there had become a vacation carnival of costuming and consumption—a rollicking amusement for the tourist.\nIn the 21st century, Easter parades are conducted in many cities, with prominent ones:\nRichmond has been hosting its Easter Parade for over 50 years. More than 25,000 participants dressed in their best Easter attires join it annually. The parade moves along four blocks of the city’s Monument", "Summer\" as a \"tribute to the post-Labor Day days at the Jersey Shore when the tourists leave but the days are still warm [...] the song is half carefree because when local summer comes around, everybody who is local is excited because they feel they're going to get their beach town back from everybody who comes and vacations over the summer.\" \nCould Eat, Would Sleep was released on April 20, 2018, and is listed on music journalist Jim Testa's Top New Jersey EPs of 2018. Yawn Mower performed at the North Jersey Indie Rock Festival on October 6, 2018.\nYawn Mower", "Urban Beach Week Urban Beach Week is a hip-hop festival held in Miami's South Beach over the Memorial Day weekend since the 2000s. Urban Beach Week has been likened to a de facto continuation of Freaknik's cultural activities. The event has become known for its over-the-top parties and fashions.\nThe events of Urban Beach Week are typically spread over five days. The city does not sponsor the event and there is no one organizer. Instead, it is a weekend of rolling performances in private venues. Visitor numbers Estimates of those attending Urban Beach Week range from 250,000 to 350,000 visitors.", "courtesy of their trains. Tourists frequented the parks regularly, but there were also numerous opportunities for people to enjoy nature and outdoor recreation closer to home. City parks, such as New York City's Central Park, became popular destinations because of their accessibility, and camps like the ones owned by the YMCA were frequented by boys and girls of all ages.\nWilderness protection and the conservation movement, led by figures such as John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, also began to appear at this time. By the turn of the century, those in favor of recreational ideals of nature began", "the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances, and attended booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was the Woodstock Festival near Bethel, New York, from August 15 to 18, 1969, which drew between 400,000 and 500,000 people. Hippie trail One travel experience, undertaken", "curfew that aimed to prevent those without legitimate reason to be abroad from wandering the streets at night. That task was becoming increasingly difficult in the 17th century because of the growth of the population and variety of ways in which the social and cultural life was being transformed. The shape of the urban day was being altered after the Restoration by the development of shops, taverns and coffee-houses, theatres, the opera and other places of entertainment. All these placed remained open in the evening and extended their hours of business and pleasure into the night.\nThe watch was", "make the entire week-long experience unforgettable based upon the themes of\nScholarship, Fellowship and Respect. Popularity During the early to mid 1990s the picnic grew national notoriety, attracting college students and party-goers from all over the east coast of the United States. The primary festival held in Fairmount Park frequently registered an attendance of 100,000+ people, with another 100,000-200,000 people scattered across the city in support of the events. Also various hip-hop and R&B celebrities can be seen attending the events.\nDuring the week the city receives a large economic boost due to tourism. Hotel and rental-car companies throughout Philadelphia, South Jersey,", "– it is the most faggy goddamned thing you could ever imagine.\" History The tradition of a summer encampment was established six years after the Bohemian Club was formed in 1872. Henry \"Harry\" Edwards, a stage actor and founding member, announced that he was relocating to New York City to further his career. On June 29, 1878, somewhat fewer than 100 Bohemians gathered in the Redwoods in Marin County near Taylorville (present-day Samuel P. Taylor State Park) for an evening sendoff party in Edwards' honor. Freely flowing liquor and some Japanese lanterns put a glow on the festivities, and club", "connecting Buffalo, New York to Fort Erie, Ontario.\nThe robin is considered a symbol of spring. A well-known example is a poem by Emily Dickinson, \"I Dreaded That First Robin So\". Among other 19th-century poems about the first robin of spring is \"The First Robin\" by Dr. William H. Drummond, which according to the author's wife is based on a Quebec superstition that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck. The association has continued down to the present day, as, for example, in one Calvin and Hobbes cartoon from 1990 that had Calvin celebrating his inevitable wealth", "Week,\" traditionally held in May, originated as a one-day celebration. Initiated by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the \"Bronx Borough Day\" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the \"Bronx Ball,\" was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the \"Bronx Walk of Fame.\"\nVarious Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations.", "common on Saturday and Monday, and it was not until the middle of the century that workers were able to enjoy a weekend. In part, the decline can be attributed to the adoption of half-day working on Saturdays, which legitimated leisure time for workers.\nSaint Monday remained in place longest among the better-off workers, including the self-employed who retained some say in their hours and were not economically compelled to work long hours. Cultural references An 18th-century folk song from Sheffield, England, \"The Jovial Cutler\", portrays a craftsman enjoying a lazy Saint Monday, much to the dismay of his wife:\nBrother", "being a more spontaneous, playful, or active event. There are psychological and physiological implications to the experience of fun.\nModern Westernized civilizations prioritize fun as an external and sexual aspect. Etymology and usage The word fun is associated with sports, sexual activity, entertaining media, high merriment, and amusement. Although its etymology is uncertain, it may be derived from fonne (fool) and fonnen (the one fooling the other). Its meaning in 1727 was \"cheat, trick, hoax\", a meaning still retained in the phrase \"to make fun of\".\nThe landlady was going to reply, but was prevented by the peace-making sergeant, sorely to the", "1950s. Perhaps the first wave of \"summer people\" was the \"Devon Colony\", which was founded in the late 19th century by executives of the Procter & Gamble company. Performance artist Laurie Anderson and her husband Lou Reed divided their time between their Greenwich Village apartment and a house in Amagansett, which Anderson called \"our spiritual home.\" Reed died there in 2013. Alfred Conkling was born in Amagansett.", "(hatsuhi) or \"first sunrise\", \"first laughter\" (waraizome—starting the New Year with a smile is considered a good sign), and first dream (hatsuyume). Since the traditional New Year was later in the year than the current date, many of these mention the beginning of spring.\nAlong with the New Year's Day postcard, haiku might mention \"first letter\" (hatsudayori—meaning the first exchange of letters), \"first calligraphy\" (kakizome), and \"first brush\" (fude hajime). Games It was also customary to play many New Year's games. These include hanetsuki, takoage (kite flying), koma (spinning top), sugoroku, fukuwarai (whereby a blindfolded person places paper parts of a", "Weekender (Flowered Up song) Background and production London Records dropped Flowered Up a few months after the release of their album A Life With Brian when they refused to release their 12 minute long single for \"Weekender\". The song was released by Heavenly Recordings and produced by Clive Langer. Jeff Barrett, owner of Heavenly Recordings stated that \"Weekender\" came from the groups \"love of drugs and Pink Floyd.\" Style and theme Heather Phares of AllMusic described \"Weekender\" as denouncing \"weekend club-goers\" and \"advocating a party-all-the-time philosophy that distilled Flowered Up's appeal and ultimate downfall.\" The song opens and closes with", "Golden Week (Japan) History The National Holiday Laws, promulgated in July 1948, declared nine official holidays. Since many were concentrated in a week spanning the end of April to early May, many leisure-based industries experienced spikes in their revenues. The film industry was no exception. In 1951, the film Jiyū Gakkō recorded higher ticket sales during this holiday-filled week than any other time in the year (including New Year's and Obon). This prompted the managing director of Daiei Film Co., Ltd. to dub the week \"Golden Week\" based on the Japanese radio lingo “golden time,” which denotes the period with", "of the beach as a popular leisure resort from the mid-19th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourist industry. The first seaside resorts were opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, who began to frequent the seaside as well as the then fashionable spa towns, for recreation and health. One of the earliest such seaside resorts was Scarborough in Yorkshire during the 1720s; it had been a popular spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the 17th century.", "became Summer's first US Top 40 hit, spending two weeks at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 7 & 14 1976 being held off the number one spot by Paul Simon's \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\" and logged four weeks atop the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, as well number three on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.\nIn the UK, upon release in January 1976, the song reached #4 on the UK Singles Chart in spite of the BBC's initial refusal to promote it. They also refused to play it. As a result of the success" ]

[ "When you sleep, your brain releases chemicals that essentially paralyze you so you don't hurt yourself by moving while you dream. They take a while to wear off though.\n\nSleep paralysis is an unpleasant side effect of nightmares and waking up while the chemicals are still in effect.", "_URL_0_\n\nThis is the #2 post on ELI5's front page right now. Please look around a bit before posting something." ]

[ "Time on My Hands (song) \"Time on My Hands\" is a popular song with music by Vincent Youmans and lyrics by Harold Adamson and Mack Gordon, published in 1930. Introduced in the musical Smiles by Marilyn Miller and Paul Gregory, it is sometimes also co-credited to Reginald Connelly.\nThe song was used in the Marilyn Miller biopic Look for the Silver Lining (1949) when it was performed by Gordon MacRae and June Haver at the Broadway rehearsal and during the opening night show.\nIt was also employed in the 1953 film So This Is Love when it was sung by Kathryn Grayson.", "up in front of the face or moved in an arc following the Sun's track. When held up to the sky and peered through, it is the sign for high noon. A PISL primer printed in an 1888 issue of the Canadian residential school newspaper Our Forest Children specifies that the left hand be used to indicate sunrise and the right for sunset. A more complicated series of movements with hands held in the gesture as if drawing a thread or stretching an elastic can signify death, or more specifically, \"After a long time, you die.\" American Sign Language In", "Scout handshake Meaning of the left-hand Various sources have attributed the origin of the handshake, as an ancient sign of bravery and respect, to Lord Baden-Powell's encounter after battle with Prempeh I, or to earlier published works by Ernest Thompson Seton. There exist various versions of the Prempeh story, all centering on African warriors using the left hand to hold their shields and to lower it and shake the left hand of the person was to show they trusted each other.\nAccording to the Ashanti warrior version of the story, then-Colonel Baden-Powell saluted them with his right hand, but the Ashanti", "morning\" or \"rejoice.\" It was the standard Greek greeting used at this time, and is thus comparable to the modern hello. France notes the contrast between this humble greeting of Jesus' with the elevated language of the angel at Matthew 28:5-6. Jesus has previously used this same greeting in Matthew for Judas at 26:49 and for the Roman soldiers, and Nolland writes that its return here redeems the expression after its previous occurrences. In John's version of this scene at John 20:19-26, Jesus uses the word \"peace\" as a greeting. This is a translation of the standard Hebrew/Aramaic greeting.\nThe women", "reported in ones and twos, included miming an injection into the arm, licking the thumb, making a T-shape with the hands, three fingers held up and the \"Vulcan\" sign from Star Trek. Virtually all schools reported the use of crossed fingers.\nThe holding up of one hand with middle and index fingers crossed was the usual gesture found in New Zealand in 1999–2001. The T-shape was also used when saying time-out. The time-out gesture is made with two hands - one hand held horizontally, palm down, the other hand vertically with the fingertips touching the bottom of the horizontal hand. In", "Laying on of hands The laying on of hands is a religious practice. In Judaism semikhah (Hebrew: סמיכה, \"leaning [of the hands]\") accompanies the conferring of a blessing or authority. \nIn Christian churches, this practice is used as both a symbolic and formal method of invoking the Holy Spirit primarily during baptisms and confirmations, healing services, blessings, and ordination of priests, ministers, elders, deacons, and other church officers, along with a variety of other church sacraments and holy ceremonies.\nThe practice of laying on of hands is also used in Navajo religious ceremonies. Jewish tradition The laying on of hands was", "hand, while holding the reins of their 'hunter' (horse) in the other hand\".\nIt is also known as a \"savonnette\", after the French word for soap (savon) due to its resemblance with a round soap bar.\nThe majority of antique and vintage hunter-case watches have the lid-hinges at the 9 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow of the watch at the 3 o'clock position. Modern hunter-case pocket watches usually have the hinges for the lid at the 6 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow at the 12 o'clock position, as with open-face watches. In both styles of watch-cases,", "the palm. Alternatively, the brush is held in the right hand between the thumb and the index finger, very much like a Western pen. A calligrapher may change his or her grip depending on the style and script. For example, a calligrapher may grip higher for cursive and lower for regular script.\nIn Japan, smaller pieces of Japanese calligraphy are traditionally written while in seiza. In modern times, however, writers frequently practice calligraphy seated on a chair at a table. Larger pieces may be written while standing; in this case the paper is usually placed directly on the floor, but some", "19 minutes into the British-made silent 1927 film The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog, where the younger man examines some paper money for the older man and declares it \"good\" (not counterfeit) with a \"thumbs up\" using both hands.\nPopularization in the United States is generally attributed to the practices of World War II pilots, who used the thumbs up to communicate with ground crews prior to take-off. This custom may have originated with the China-based Flying Tigers, who were among the first American flyers involved in World War II. The appreciative Chinese would say ting hao de (挺好的)", "The writing hand The writing hand is a mechanical automaton created by Friedrich von Knauss in 1764. A clockwork mechanism moves a hand which dips a pen into an inkstand and writes the phrase \"Huic Domui Deus / Nec metas rerum / Nec tempora ponat\" (\"May God not impose ends or deadlines on this house\") on a small card. On the silver-coating of the mechanism are the words \"Pro patria\".\nThe instrument was dedicated by von Knauss to the House of Lorraine, which ruled at that time in Tuscany.\nThe object is housed in Room 10 of the Museo Galileo in Florence", "where it is palm in/angled down. (Traditionally, to hide your 'dirty hands' from the ship's captain). Beaver Scouts in Canada use a variant of the two-fingered sign with the fingers bent forwards forming \"teeth\". When they move up to Cub Scouts part of the ceremony sometimes includes a Scouter straightening the fingers to change from the Beaver to Cub sign. Switzerland The half-salute is used by Swiss Scouts when shaking (left) hands with other Scouts or leaders on greeting or parting.\nAdditional meaning of the thumb holding down the little finger as explained in Switzerland: the big and strong protects the", "Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, The Dears, and Morningwood.", "Beckoning sign United States In the United States, the \"beckoning finger\" or the \"beckoning palm\" are the most common gestures implying beckoning. Both are accomplished by up-turning the palm, and extending and retracting either one finger while keeping the rest clenched in a fist or by extending and retracting all of the fingers, all while keeping the palm upturned. Japan The American beckoning sign is considered an insult in Japan, signifying a dog or other animal. To beckon in Japan, the hand is placed at head-level, palm facing out, and four fingers scratch the length of the hand. North Africa", "after the invention of the pendulum and anchor escapement increased the precision of time-telling enough to justify it. In some precision clocks, a third hand, which rotated once a minute, was added in a separate subdial. This was called the \"second-minute\" hand (because it measured the secondary minute divisions of the hour), which was shortened to \"second\" hand. The convention of the hands moving clockwise evolved in imitation of the sundial. In the Northern hemisphere, where the clock face originated, the shadow of the gnomon on a horizontal sundial moves clockwise during the day. This was also why noon or", "they were still available in motels in the Western United States at the time of his death.\nThe vibrating bed was frequently featured in 1960s–1980s movies and TV shows. \"Magic fingers\" is a song by Frank Zappa in the film 200 Motels. It was mentioned by name in songwriter Steve Goodman's \"This Hotel Room\", sung by Jimmy Buffett, which included the line \"Put in a quarter / Turn out the light / Magic Fingers makes you feel all right.\" and is also mentioned in Buck Owens's \"World Famous Paradise Inn.\" Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five also referred to Houghtaling's Magic Fingers; the", "packages on the floor by the sticks would be offerings of money to the teller. The new, young courtesan in the middle appears to be explaining how palm-reading works to the kamuro at the right. Saru no koku Saru no koku (申ノ刻) is the Hour of the Monkey, about 4:00 in the afternoon. Tori no koku Tori no koku (酉ノ刻) is the Hour of the Rooster, about 6:00 in the evening. Inu no koku Inu no koku (戌ノ刻) is the Hour of the Dog, about 8:00 in the evening.\nA courtesan sits on a scarlet felt rug, perhaps in a", "The Armenian Morning (or Early) Hour (Armenian: Առաւաւտեան Ժամ aṛawotean zham) corresponds to the office of Lauds in the Roman Liturgy, both in its position in the daily cycle and in its importance. This is the most complex of all Armenian church services in terms of the variations in the order and text of the service depending on the day of the week, liturgical tone, commemoration of the day, and liturgical season.\nMany manuscripts and printed editions of the Armenian Book of Hours (Armenian: Ժամագիրք Zhamagirk`) state that the Morning Hour commemorates the Son of God, with some manuscripts adding, \"at", "as was custom in neighboring Greece, but specifically with the palm upturned, while the gesture made with a downturned palm represents a hand holding the scales of justice. Across Italy the gesture remained in use as one for making points in conversation when moved about to express discursive precision, but when held still in an upright position with fingers jutting skyward, it became an emblem of perfection.\nEarly records of the sign's usage in the English-speaking world date to British physician-philosopher John Bulwer's 1644 Chirologia, \"The naturall language of the hand composed of the speaking motions, and discoursing gestures thereof.\" Among", "Sundanese, as the testament of Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist past. It is cognate to the Cambodian sampeah and Thai wai. All of these greetings are based on the Indian Añjali Mudrā used in namasté. Etymology In Indonesian language, the term sembah means to pay the honour, obeisance, homage or to worship. It also the synonym with the Javanese word suhun. According to Hamka in his book Dari Perbendaharaan Lama the word derived from a Javanese word for position (susunan) of hands in reverential salutation, done with hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointed upwards, and bowing. This arrangement which has", "as individual guests' names, and the date and time. A flowing round hand type of penmanship was used. This style of writing was found in writing manuals in the 18th century.\nThe custom of including a representation of the arms of the United States, by way of an eagle clutching an olive branch and arrows in its talons and a striped shield with stars, became standard on invitations in the early 19th century. By the mid-19th century, the more formal Great Seal of the United States was placed at the head of invitations. The text was engraved in black script, allowing", "Scouts of the USA As a member of WAGGGS, the Girl Scouts of the USA use the three-fingered sign at shoulder height. The three fingers represent the person's own spiritual beliefs, other people and the Girl Scout Law. This differs from the 1913 version where the first finger represented God and Country. Worldwide All World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members share the three fingered sign, with the palm facing out held at shoulder height, elbow by the side and the thumb holding the little finger. This is used in numerous situations of respect including when making or", "with a clock dated 1766. The left hand block contains stabling while the right is empty and may have been used as a riding school.", "1883) reported that John Heckewelder (a Moravian writer, explorer, and historian who wrote about the Lenape and other tribes in Western Pennsylvania in the 18th century) claimed that the name is \"corrupted from Gieschgumanito, signifying, make daylight. In this case, the etymology is: Gisch-gu---day; gisch-que---today; gieschapen---it is daybreak; manitoon---to make. It was probably the word of command, given by a warrior to his comrades at night to break up camp and resume the journey, or war-path.\" Smith also described another possible meaning from another source: \"It is said in McCullough's Narrative, that the Indians called this river Kee-ak-ksheman-nit-toos, signifying 'cut", "cam inside) and then feeling at which hour marker (indicated by the surrounding circle of jewels) the watch hand was positioned. In the case of the 2011 discovery, the 12 o'clock position was marked by the chain attachment. The watch was also fitted with a small internal dial with two normal hands so that the exact time could be read when the case was opened.", "Sunan (Indonesian title) Sunan is the shorter version of \"Susuhunan\", both used as an honorific in Java Indonesia. \nAccording to Hamka in his book Dari Perbendaharaan Lama the word derived from a Javanese word for position (susunan) of hands in reverential salutation, done with hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointed upwards, and bowing. This arrangement which has some similarities with Indian \"namaste\" is called \"sembah\", which is used to honor and praise. From this \"Susuhunan\" can mean someone to give the \"susunan\"/\"sembah\" to a revered person. Another word for \"Susuhunan\" is \"Sesembahan\".\nThis title is given by the", "little finger when drinking from a teacup. This practice is generally deprecated by etiquette guides as a sign of snobbery amongst the socially inferior, with various cultural theories as to the origin of the practice. Rings The signet ring is traditionally worn on the little finger of a gentleman's left hand, a practice still common especially in the United Kingdom, Australia, and European cultures. A signet ring is considered part of the regalia of many European monarchies, and also of the Pope, with the ring always worn on the left little finger. In modern times the location of the signet", "John Houghtaling John Joseph Houghtaling (pronounced HUFF-tay-ling; November 14, 1916 – June 17, 2009) was an American entrepreneur and inventor who in 1958 invented the Magic Fingers Vibrating Bed, a common feature in mid-priced hotels and motels from the 1960s to the early 1980s. Early life Houghtaling was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on November 14, 1916. His father worked for a telegraph company as a lineman, which led Houghtaling and his two sisters to move around the Midwestern United States with their family several times. He served as a gunnery instructor in the United States Army and was sent", "century, the sign of the cross involved other parts of the body beyond the forehead. Gesture The open right hand is used in Western Christianity. The five open fingers are often said to represent the Five Wounds of Christ. This symbolism was adopted after the more ancient gesture of two or three fingers was simplified. Though this is the most common method of crossing by Western Christians, other forms are sometimes used. The West also employs the \"Small Sign of the Cross\" (+). The primary use for this is immediately before the reading of The Gospel during the", "on a door, \"B\" a door opening and \"C\" someone searching around the room. In some circumstances, the \"N\", \"H\", \"U\" and \"V\" handshapes are interchangeable because they are all formed with a two-fingered handshape. The same is true for the \"M\" and \"W\" handshapes, which are formed with a three-fingered handshape. Similarly, the \"K\" and \"P\" handshapes are the same, and the same can be said for the \"U\", \"H\" and \"N\" handshapes, albeit with different palm orientations. ABC Stories allow for signers to focus primarily on the handshape of these letters, so as not to worry about", "was more commonly reckoned during the night by the \"watches\" (Chinese: 更, oc *kæŋ, p gēng) of the guard, which were reckoned as a fifth of the time from sunset to sunrise.\nImperial China continued to use ke and geng but also began to divide the day into 12 \"double hours\" (t 時, s 时, oc *də, p shí, lit. \"time[s]\") named after the earthly branches and sometimes also known by the name of the corresponding animal of the Chinese zodiac. The first shi originally ran from 11 pm to 1 am but was reckoned as starting at midnight by the time of" ]

[ "They don't \"do\" anything.\n\nMedalling is proof that you are among the best in the world at your sport. That can help you get sponsors and endorsements, and it can help you leverage a post-sports career in something like journalism or broadcasting if you play things right. But there are no special privileges or anything that come with having a medal." ]

[ "athletes from a nation have won, where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.", "we publish are official and are taken from the \"Official Report\" - a document published for each Olympic Games by the Organising Committee. However, for the first Olympic Games (until Antwerp in 1920), it is difficult to give the exact number of medals awarded to some countries since teams were composed of athletes from different countries. The medal tables by country are based on the number of medals won, with gold medals taking priority over silver and bronze. A team victory counts as one medal. Official reports Each Olympic Games organising committee (except in 1904) has published an official report", "from the 2014 Winter Olympics competitors are no longer awarded World Cup points for their Olympic performances).\nThe athlete with the highest overall total score (i.e. total score for all disciplines) of the World Cup season is awarded the Big Crystal Globe trophy. A Small Crystal Globe trophy is awarded for the first place in the season total for each discipline. Hence, it is possible for an athlete to win both the Big Crystal Globe and Small Crystal Globes for the same World Cup season.\nThe tables given below provide an overview of the highest-ranking biathletes and nations of each WC season.", "of gold medals, the number of silver medals is taken into consideration, and then the number of bronze medals. If two countries have an equal number of gold, silver, and bronze medals, they are ordered in the table alphabetically by their IOC country code. Background The Olympic Charter, Chapter 1, section 6 states that:\nThe Olympic Games are competitions between athletes in individual or team events and not between countries...\nThe Charter goes even further in Chapter 5, section 57, expressly prohibiting the IOC from producing an official ranking:\nThe IOC and the OCOG shall not draw up any global ranking per", "is held after each Olympic event is concluded. The winner, second and third-place competitors or teams stand on top of a three-tiered rostrum to be awarded their respective medals. After the medals are given out by an IOC member, the national flags of the three medallists are raised while the national anthem of the gold medallist's country plays. Volunteering citizens of the host country also act as hosts during the medal ceremonies, as they aid the officials who present the medals and act as flag-bearers. While in the Summer Olympics this ceremony is held on the ground where the event", "Olympics marked an uptum and Greece made successive medal-winning records (excluding the 1896 record) in the three following Olympic Games. Greek athletes have won medals in 15 different sports, but the sports in which the Greek team has won most medals are primarily athletics and weightlifting, as well as other sports like wrestling, gymnastics and shooting. In the 1906 Games, Greece finished third with 8 gold, 14 silver and 13 bronze medals, and second in total behind France with 35 medals; these medals are not officially included in the Olympic medal count though. Winter sports have not played a major", "games have received commemorative medals and diplomas. Like the winners' medals, these are changed for each Olympiad, with different ones issued for the summer and winter games. Presentation The presentation of the medals and awards changed significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard. Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The victory podium was introduced upon the", "Games. Winter Olympics medals have been of more varied design. The Open Championship In The Open Championship golf tournament, the Silver Medal is an award presented to the lowest scoring amateur player at the tournament. Psychological In many sports with an elimination tournament, including those with a third place playoff (such as Olympic ice hockey, Olympic soccer, FIFA World Cup), silver is the only medal given to a team that loses, whereas gold and bronze are earned by teams winning their final matches.\nNotable athletes such as Jocelyne Larocque (2018 Olympics) removed their runners-up/silver medals right after receiving them; Larocque was", "Olympics in Athens, the gold, silver, and bronze medal winners were also given olive wreaths. The IOC does not keep statistics of medals won on a national level (except for team sports), but NOCs and the media record medal statistics as a measure of success. Nations at the Summer Olympics As of the 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, all of the current 206 NOCs and 19 obsolete NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Summer Olympics. Competitors from Australia, France, Great Britain, Greece, and Switzerland have competed in all twenty-eight Summer Olympic Games. Athletes competing under", "Games was courtesy of an unusual period when three medals were awarded in one category (clean and jerk, snatch and combined) which invariably led to the same athlete winning all three of the same colour medal.", "any nation other than Romania, Russia, China and the USA, and never an Olympic team medal). In comparison, since 2000 the sport has seen female world and Olympic individual champions from the likes of France, Spain, Brazil, Italy, Great Britain, Australia, North Korea, and the Netherlands. So at present, it would seem that the diversity in medal winning nations does not stretch across the whole sport, the team event still tending to remain the preserve of the sports traditional powers.\nDuring Grandi's tenure, the sport has gone through many controversies, notably those at the 2004 Olympics. The men's high bar fiasco", "nations won at least one medal, and athletes from 14 of these nations secured at least one gold. England did lead the medal count for the second time in Commonwealth Youth Games after 2000, with 37 gold medals. Australia claimed 74 medals in total (including 29 gold), earning second spot on the table. Athletes from Australia led the silver and bronze medal count, with 28 and 17 medals respectively. Isle of Man secured 16th position with two silver and one bronze medals, its best ever performance. Isle of Man didn't win any medal in the previous revisions of the Games.", "Games would usually conduct the ceremonies immediately after the event at the respective venues, whereas the Winter editions would present the medals at a nightly victory ceremony held at a medal plaza, excluding the most of indoor events. A three–tiered rostrum is used for the three medal winners, with the gold medal winner ascending to the highest platform, in the centre, with the silver and bronze medalists flanking. The medals are awarded by a member of the IOC. The IOC member is usually accompanied by a person from sports federation governing the sport (such as IAAF in athletics or FINA", "Gold Medal status for winning two, three, or four games, respectively, and any team with four wins retired from the show. At the end of each series, the eight best-performing teams (ranked first by medal status, then by total score), returned for a single-elimination tournament. These games included an additional round format, It's All Yours, in which each team had 60 seconds to answer as many questions as possible for two points each. Team members were allowed to confer with each other on these questions, with the captain answering for the team. The trailing team before each It's All Yours", "Championships, but did not count as a medal event due to insufficient number of participating countries. An event must have at least 5 nations taking part in order to count as a medal event.", "general. Consequently, medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.", "round of the competition at major events is the qualifying round. This still involves two teams on the track at the same time but they are not directly competing against each other but attempting to set the fastest time to progress in the competition. In the Olympic Games since 2012, the top teams progress into knock-out rounds, with the top two surviving into the Gold and Silver medal race and the top two teams from all remaining compete in the Bronze Medal race. Prior to 2012, the two losers of the knock-out rounds would race for the Bronze Medal; this", "while host nation, Greece with 169 athletes participating, won the most medals overall (46) as well as the most silver (17) and bronze (19) medals, finishing with one less gold medal than the United States.\nIn the early Olympic Games, several team events were contested by athletes from multiple nations. Retroactively, the IOC created the designation \"Mixed team\" (with the country code ZZX) to refer to these group of athletes.\nSome athletes won medals both individually and as part of a mixed team, so these medals are tabulated under different nations in the official counts. Dionysios Kasdaglis, an athlete of Greek origins", "Olympic medal table The Olympic medal table is a method of sorting the medal placements of countries in the modern-day Olympics and Paralympics. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) does not officially recognize a ranking of participating countries at the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, the IOC does publish medal tallies for information purposes, showing the total number of Olympic medals earned by athletes representing each country's respective National Olympic Committee. The convention used by the IOC is to sort by the number of gold medals the athletes from a country have earned. In the event of a tie in the number", "programme in general. Consequently, medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.", "won the gold medal at the World Championships in January 2005 in Glasgow; Denmark and Switzerland won the silver and bronze medals. Britain had also won the 2004 World Championships, and were considered favourites for a medal. Event summary Eight teams competed and the format was a round-robin tournament; each nation played all others in a group stage with the top four qualifying for medal playoffs. Canada topped the group, Great Britain finished second and Sweden finished third, all three qualifying for the semifinals. Denmark and Norway finished joint fourth and faced each other in a tie-breaker match to decide", "the United States primarily publish medal tables ordered by the total number of medals won.\nThis difference in rankings has its origins in the early days of the Olympics, when the IOC did not publish or recognise medal tables. Before the 2002 Winter Olympics the difference in ranking system received scant notice, since in recent Olympic history the country that led in total medals also led in the gold count. However, during the 2002 Winter Olympics Germany won the highest number of medals (36), but earned one gold medal fewer than Norway - the latter winning 13. A similar situation occurred", "a gold medal, while the loser will be awarded silver. The two teams that lost in their respective semifinals match will play each other for the bronze medal. Committees Each country has a National Competition Committee, consisting of a general manager, head coach, and community lead. The entire committee will be selected by fans through a two-step voting process. The first phase took place from May 15 to May 24, where any individuals was able to share a custom link for fans to vote for them. From May 30 to June 9, the top candidates from the first phase", "basis, picking up 5 points for a win and 3 for a draw. 2 additional points are up for grabs through bonus points, but in order to earn them, teams need to score 4 or more tries in a match, or when losing, lose by 7 points or less. In 2016 the points awarded were changed to 4 points for a win and 1 point for a draw with bonus points the same. For all Divisions, 1 through to 3, nations will only play each other once, with one of the included teams hosting all matches at home. These teams", "(since Henning Lynge Jakobsen at the 1984 Summer Olympics) to win two medals in the same Olympic Games.", "event did not count as a medal event due to insufficient number of participating federations. According to ICF rules, there must be at least 6 federations participating at a non-olympic event to count as a world championship event.", "Winter Olympics (video game) Competition The player can train freely and compete in both full or mini (events selected by the player) Olympics. During competition, there are both medals and points tables. While in Olympic Gold points were awarded according to the medals table, in Winter Olympics they were given according to the best results, like decathlon. Doing so, it was perfectly possible to someone win the gold medal in short track, and get few more points than other skaters (even not finalists) that got better qualifying times. This scoring method also meant that someone who won gold medals in", "the nations played an elimination tournament to determine which nation would also play for the gold.\nIn 1931, the World Championships switched to a similar format to what was used at the Olympics. Ten teams played series of round-robin format qualifying rounds were played to determine which nations participated in the medal round. Medals were awarded based on the final standings of the teams in the medal round. The format was changed several times in the 1930s, in some years there was a gold medal game, while in others the gold medal was awarded based on points.\nIn 1937, the tournament format", "contenders however can come back and try again, known as Resbak. Semi-finals round The total earned prizes may vary among Defending Champions who advanced as Semi-finalists with a winning streak of five times or more. The top two advance as Grand Finalists and receive ₱150,000 (approximately £2,250, €2,550, US$2,910, AU$3,600, CN¥18,000 in 2019) and a golden medal, while the losing semi-finalists receive ₱25,000 (approximately £375, €425, US$485, AU$600, CN¥3,000 in 2019). Losing Semi-finalists who lost can become Ultimate Resbakers or Wildcard and will receive the same prize as Grand Finalist. Season 1 The winner as the first Tawag ng Tanghalan", "in terms of medals won. Canada is traditionally strong in the sports of ice hockey, speed skating (especially the short track variation), figure skating and most of the national men's and women's curling teams have won medals since the sport was added to the Olympic program.\nBecause Canada failed to win any gold medals at the 1976 Summer and 1988 Winter games, soon after Vancouver-Whistler was awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics several organizations including Sport Canada and the Canadian Olympic Committee began collaborations to launch \"Own the Podium – 2010\", a development program to help Canada earn the most medals at" ]

[ "The media is owned by corporate capital and has been shifting culture from progressive collectivism to ineffectual individualism for decades on purposes. The real opposition to Obamacare is not over its actual impact on the economy or personal freedom, it is about squashing any impulse towards collectivism or solidarity and replacing it with self-defeating individualism. \"Organized capital and vertical monopoly GOOD and organized labor BAD.\" Progressive movements are floundering in iterative intersectionality and back-biting while capital prospers unopposed.", "Unions are not inherently positive or negative. It depends on what they do. I think overall, most unions are very helpful and necessary for the workers they represent. However, there have been situations where the union is demanding simply way too much money than the company can pay, and the company is forced to take their labor overseas or elsewhere. This can really hurt local and national economies. There are also situations in which the labor union has a monopoly in an entire industry, but their dues are so high it can very difficult for workers to start out, but almost impossible to find work outside of the union.", "The criticism comes from the fact that unions are quite susceptible to corruption. Unions do still serve an important functions, especially in many trades.\n\nBeware of anyone who wants to crush unions, or those who want to give unions power at the expense of their members. Such people are extremists; a better approach certainly falls somewhere in the middle.", "Generally on why people that would benefit from social equity oppose it :\n\n* Media lense that promote conservative and dominant view more.\n* Moral view on work : the idea of merit and work is very present in the middle class.\n* Relative position in society is more important for a lot of people, for middle class welfare is seen as something that could bridge the gap with lower placed groups, hence relative downfall with objective amelioration.\n* The \"could be\" syndrom, a lot of people identify as people that could make it. And they wouldn't want to get their hard earned money taken if they make it. Even if it's objectively very unlikely.\n\nNow on labour itself viewed by the society:\n\n* Medias again\n* The transition from industry to service driven economy change the impact of strikes on people life. In industry, a strike will at most have a very indirect impact on normal people but a big one on capital. B2C services strikes, has a direct impact on both.\n* unions mostly fight to keep labour protection or improve them. But now, this form of labour is attacked by auto entreprenership and stuff like that (which is more akin to primitive labour btw), so protected labour can be seen as a privilege (which is true, but a much much smaller privilege than capitalistic ones).\n\nLately on labour organization :\n\n* In most western countries, labour unions representatives are completely integrated in the political life, thus making the chance of real change comming from them very slim." ]

[ "complaints that ultimately yields compensation. A consequence of this outlook is that instead of simply organizing and demanding power on the shop floor, workers follow a pre-determined system that does not allow major changes in the workplace. Source of workers' problems The unions define the problems of the members' as being from the particularly greedy employers. They also blame the unfair distribution of the surplus through the work process. They are not radical in their outlook and do not blame the capitalist system as a whole for these problems. They also do not believe in a radical", "University of Chicago. Discrimination Becker recognized that people (employers, customers, and employees) sometimes do not want to work with minorities because they have preference against the disadvantaged groups. He goes on to say that discrimination increases the cost of the firm because in discriminating against certain workers, the employer would have to pay more so that work can proceed without them. If the employer employs the minority, low wages can be provided, but more people can be employed, and productivity can be increased. Politics These contributions to politics by Becker have come to be known as \"Chicago political economy\" of", "work and, to a large extent, the lives of their employees. Working Class The working class is such not only because they do the work but because they have very little power over where, when, how, and under what conditions the work gets done. Zweig defines them as “those who do the direct work of production and who typically have little control over their jobs and no supervisory authority over others” (p. 36). Middle Class The capitalist class and the working class have both common and opposing interests in the production of goods and services, “The middle class is caught", "replacement workers who cross picket lines (\"blacklegs\" or \"scabs\") during industrial disputes. The inherent aim of a union is to create a labor monopoly so as to balance the monopsony a large employer enjoys as a purchaser of labor. Strikebreakers threaten that goal and undermine the union's bargaining position, and occasionally this erupts into violent confrontation, with violence committed either by, or against, strikers. Some who have sought to explain such violence observe, if labor disputes are accompanied by violence, it may be because labor has no legal redress. In 1894, some workers declared:\n\n...\"the right of employers to manage their", "theories maintain that the wage penalties associated with working in female-dominated occupations result from different requirements in specialized training and that the effect is indirect. Many feminist scholars insist that sexual difference is the primary reason for differences between both sexes in the labor market outcomes.\nWomen face discrimination in the workplace, such as the “glass ceiling,” although female participation in the labor market has increased markedly during the past twenty years. However, even with increased participation in the labor force and the high levels of commitment that women give to their workplace, women's work is still undervalued. Additionally, many", "trade union intervention, it was claimed that employer discrimination declines in the long run without political intervention. On the contrary, intervention of human capital investment and regulation of racial interactions make it worse for the disadvantaged groups. Moreover, it was claimed discrimination could only persist due to the \"taste\" for discrimination and lower education level of blacks explained the labor-market discrimination.\nHowever, based on the empirical study, either human capital theory or Becker's tastes theory does not fully explain racial occupational segregation. That is seen with the increase in black work force in the South as an effect of Civil Rights", "for labor in the M jobs. Therefore, overcrowding causes wage differentials and it makes women less productive although they were potentially equally productive initially.\nThe question of why women prefer working in female-dominated sectors is an important one. Some advocate this choice stems from inherently different talents or preferences; some insist it is due to the differences in socialization and division of labor in the household; some believe it is because of discrimination in some occupations. Institutional models Institutional models of discrimination indicate labor markets are not as flexible as it is explained in the competitive models. Rigidities are seen in", "this industry these jobs prove to empower them and allow for additional independence in place of simply limiting their rights. However, other studies suggest that these low-paying heavy-labor jobs simply are taken on by women because of economic necessity and do not contribute to their societal independence within the patriarchal society. Some argue that the reason women will rank their low-paying job as better than other options is because the other options they had as a domestic worker did not allow them to dispute bad working conditions or wages without losing their jobs.\nIn part because of the globalization of export", "discriminated against the easier it is to exploit their labor (to have a pool of low-waged workers). Beal draws several conclusions from this: 1) that the divisions created between workers because of the different pay rates are hindering the advancement of the workers' struggle as a whole because white workers do not readily question their privileges; 2) that, in the end, one has to see different forms of exploitation as related to one another if we want to get rid of them all; 3) and that an awareness of, and an end to the super-exploitation of Black workers, and women", "with the decline of labor unions, it remains a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues as an essential part of the Democratic base. Today, roughly a third of the American public is estimated to be working class with around 52% being either members of the working or lower classes. Yet as those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to vote, the working and lower classes are underrepresented in the electorate. The working class is largely distinguished by highly routinized and closely supervised work. It consists mainly of clerical and blue-collar workers. Even though most in the working class", "to assure peaceful picketing. Labor unions have an incentive to keep strikes, and especially picket lines, peaceful, because if an activity organized and supervised by union officials such as picketing, becomes violent, the union itself may be found liable, in addition to the individuals. Public sympathies Some union sympathizers believe that labor union violence is justified, especially when directed at strikebreakers. Some hold that the law allowing and protecting strikebreakers is unfair, so that violence and intimidation are the only ways labor unionists can stage an effective strike. Others believe that, although violence is wrong, it should be tolerated as", "protectionism) that sustains unionized manufacturing jobs, raising the minimum wage and promoting broad social programs such as Social Security and universal health care. Working class While the American working class has lost much of its political strength with the decline of labor unions, it remains a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues as an essential part of the Democratic base. Today, roughly a third of the American public is estimated to be working class with around 52% being either members of the working or lower classes. Yet as those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to vote, the", "and investigate complaints of discrimination\" so that \"there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race, creed, color, or national origin\". Growing equality of income A major result of the full employment at high wages was a sharp, long lasting decrease in the level of income inequality (Great Compression). The gap between rich and poor narrowed dramatically in the area of nutrition because food rationing and price controls provided a reasonably priced diet to everyone. White collar workers did not typically receive overtime and therefore the gap between white collar and", "levels and that these disadvantages become worse later in a person's career.\"\nIn the United States, women account for 52% of the overall labor force, but only make up 3% of corporate CEOs and top executives. Some researchers see the root cause of this situation in the tacit discrimination based on gender, conducted by current top executives and corporate directors (primarily male), as well as \"the historic absence of women in top positions\", which \"may lead to hysteresis, preventing women from accessing powerful, male-dominated professional networks, or same-sex mentors\". The glass ceiling effect is noted as being especially persistent for women", "unions, and are even credited by a 2008 dissertation for \"reinvigorating\" the labor movement. Because the NLRA protects undocumented workers, it protects their right to organize. However the NLRA excludes workers that are agricultural, domestic, independent contractors, governmental, or related to their employers. The right to speak up against labor abuses was protected further by an immigration reform bill in 2013 with the POWER act, which intended to protect employees who spoke out against labor practices from facing detention or deportation.\nHowever, labor unions are not necessarily welcoming of immigrant workers. Within unions, there have been internal struggles, such as when", "employers in respect of employees, hiring and firing procedures, labour taxes, and unemployment benefits.\nThis has led to repeated criticism from employers that labour markets are over-regulated, and that the costs and obligations of hiring labour weigh too heavily on employers. Moreover, it is argued that over-regulation prevents the free movement of labour to where it is really necessary. If labour markets were deregulated by removing excessive legal restrictions, it is argued that costs to business would be reduced and more labour could be hired, thereby increasing employment opportunities and economic growth.\nHowever, trade union representatives often argue that the real effect", "discrimination, but also because of unavailable, expensive, or inadequate day care. This problem is only amplified when considering the issue of the segregation of women into underpaid work, limiting possibilities of economic growth.\nSusan L. Thomas made similar arguments, stating that these disadvantages were created from masculinism. She argued that masculinism gives men more roles in the labor market, while reserving the responsibility of “family” and reproduction to (white) women, resulting in a loss of opportunities for promotions and pressure on women to prioritize their domestic duties and to work jobs that can accommodate for these duties. She asserts that welfare", "who focus more on pay. Women tend to avoid jobs that require travel or relocation, and they take more time off and spend fewer hours in the office than men do. Men disproportionately take on the most dirty, dangerous and depressing jobs.\"\nThe IWF also argues that feminists manufacture domestic violence legislation that \"is misleading because it is premised on and mean to advance feminist ideology.\" This falls under their larger belief that \"feminists ... lie about data, are opportunistic, construct men as the enemy, and cast women as helpless victims.\"\nConservative commentators have praised the IWF; Linda Chavez credited Women's Figures:", "associated with job-switching or union activity.\nAt the same time, employers in the service industry have justified unstable, part-time employment and low wages by playing down the importance of service jobs for the lives of the wage laborers (e.g. just temporary before finding something better, student summer jobs and the like).\nIn the early 20th century, \"scientific methods of strikebreaking\" were devised – employing a variety of tactics that emphasized how strikes undermined \"harmony\" and \"Americanism\". Labor and government The American philosopher John Dewey believed that until \"industrial feudalism\" is replaced by \"industrial democracy\", politics will be \"the shadow cast on society", "is a large visible discrepancy between professionals whose main job duties include visualizing and directing the day of other workers and those who carry out the orders. While the work of professionals and managers is usually largely self-directed and appeals to the interest of the individual, that of middle-range income white-collar and blue-collar workers is closely supervised and tends to greatly stray from the worker's actual interests.\nYet another reason for resentment toward the professional middle class on the part of the working class stems from the embedded feelings of anti-intellectualism. When combined working class workers seem to often be under", "Rosenfeld of the University of Washington argues that labor unions were the primary institution fighting inequality in the United States and helped grow a multiethnic middle class, and their decline has resulted in diminishing prospects for U.S. workers and their families. Timothy Noah estimates the \"decline\" of labor union power \"responsible for 20%\" of the Great Divergence. While the decline of union power in the US has been a factor in declining middle class incomes, they have retained their clout in Western Europe. In Denmark, influential trade unions such as Fagligt Fælles Forbund (3F) ensure that fast-food workers earn a", "from the labor force and their work in the home was not valued. Feminists argued that men and women should equally participate in the labor force, in the public and private sector, and in the home. They also focused on labor laws to increase access to employment as well as to recognize child-rearing as a valuable form of labor. In some places today, women are still marginalized from executive positions and continue to earn less than men in upper management positions.\nAnother example of individual marginalization is the exclusion of individuals with disabilities from the labor force. Grandz discusses an employer's", "might have been forced to do so by the laborers that do benefit\" (Farley). Higher paid laborers may be able to impose a system of discrimination in a number of ways. Discrimination occurs in a split labor market because workers benefit when they eliminate minority competition. Ethnic antagonism in relation to split labor market Ethnic antagonism is produced when competition arises from a price differential. A source of antagonism between ethnic groups is assumed to be a split labor market or one in which there is a large differential in price of labor for the same occupation/work.", "are restricted to specific occupations, or total exclusion of the lower-priced group from the labor market. Dynamics of three labor groups Conflict develops between these three classes because each has a different interest.\nBusiness or employers (capitalists) aim to have a cheap and docile labor force in order to compete effectively with other businesses and maximize economic return. Business will dispense with and undercut the white working-class if they could, and have done so when they have the opportunity.\nHigher paid labor, otherwise called the \"primary labor market\", is threatened by introduction of cheaper labor into their market fearing that it", "insincere because it puts the entire burden of working-class representation on the shoulders of middle-class women [activists] instead of having a nuanced debate about concerted efforts to weaken the left [in] the country’s wider political spectrum.”", "million workers are now covered by such contracts. The status of the union under the Wagner Act established the obligation not to discriminate against non-members. Why should not all employees, therefore, have an obligation to become members? ... \n The anti-trust law stating that the service of the human being is a commodity is a negation of the Constitution, of the 1918 Clayton Act and the [1932] Norris-La Guardia Act ... \n The employer's right of free speech is fully protected ... \n The act has not created inequality between employers and employees for collective bargaining. The fairness of the", "This obligation is paramount. Since their own services have to do with the functioning of the Government, a strike of public employees manifests nothing less than an intent on their part to prevent or obstruct the operations of Government until their demands are satisfied. Such action, looking toward the paralysis of Government by those who have sworn to support it, is unthinkable and intolerable.\nThe Wagner Act of 1935 facilitated unions in the private sector but did not apply to the public sector in state or local government, since the federal government could not interfere in state government. \"Little New Deal\"", "that the abused employee will get approval (normally implied) of their coworkers to commit deviant acts.\nWorkplace experiences may fuel the worker to act out. Research has been conducted demonstrating that the perception of not being respected is one of the main causes for workplace deviance; workplace dissatisfaction is also a factor. According to Bolin and Heatherly, \"dissatisfaction results in a higher incidence of minor offenses, but does not necessarily lead to severe offense\". An employee who is less satisfied with his or her work may become less productive as their needs are not met. In the workplace, \"frustration, injustices and", "decline of the industrial sector and the rise of white-collar jobs, the labor movement needed to tap into this large pool of potential members in order to sustain the movement. Much debate exists as to what strategies to adopt when organizing female clerical workers. Part of the issue is that many female clerks do not wish to pay their dues. Some claim that focusing on gender sensitive issues would be the most effective route, since women tend to shy away from the male-dominated unions. Others argue that women are just as militant as men when it comes to getting", "harassment as well as segregation in the workforce community. Individuals of different sexual orientations have been criticized, segregated and physically harassed for decades even within the labor community, a place which being homosexual should not reflect upon how well one performs a job. In fact, \"studies have shown that anywhere from 15 percent to 43 percent of gay people have experienced some form of discrimination and harassment in the workplace\". Discrimination and social stigmas can stymie a gay worker's upward mobility within the workforce, causing inequity in pay and advancement. These particular members of society come home to their" ]

[ "Mars has a number of advantages over the moon, although some of them are still in the speculated-but-not-confirmed category.\n\nMars has a lot more natural resources than the moon that we can use. Things that are on both, like ice, are more abundant on Mars and there are a number of things not present on the moon at all - notably, an atmosphere. Although the Martian atmosphere is *very* thin compared to the Earth, there's still enough to it that we can use the C02 to convert it into breathable oxygen for settlements. Over centuries, we might even be able to terraform it into a breathable atmosphere. Having an atmosphere also helps a tiny bit for landing things on Mars, as parachutes are an option to assist (although nowhere near as useful as on Earth, retrorockets would still be very much needed). The moon does have an advantage of much lower surface gravity (roughly half that of Mars), but while that makes it easier to get there, it would make permanent settlements less comfortable. Over time, humans in low-g environments develop weaker skeletal structures and muscles, so in the long run, the higher Martian gravity (compared to the moon) would be a good thing.\n\nThen there's the environment itself. First, Mars is a little better off in protecting the surface from solar radiation than the moon because of distance from the sun and its atmosphere. Again, it's nowhere near as good as Earth, but it's still something. But more importantly is dust. Because the moon has no atmosphere, it's dust is *much* more abrasive and tends to wear out moving parts much faster. Martian dust has been worn down by wind, so it's not as abrasive.\n\nFinally, there's the human element - two key factors, really. First, we've been to the moon. It's old hat. Mars is a brand new place we've never been... that gets people more interested. But also, Mars is another step *outward* and away from the Earth. Colonizing Mars shows, much more than the moon, than humans can survive elsewhere in the galaxy with minimal support from the Earth.\n\nEDIT: I forgot to add the day/night cycle. This is important because solar is probably going to be a primary source of electricity for a settlement, as it's one of a very few methods of large-scale power generation that doesn't require large amounts of liquid water (as coal, natural gas and especially nuclear all do - although some forms of solar also do), and wind isn't a great option because of how thin the atmosphere is. The Martian day is only 40 minutes longer than an Earth day, providing a similar day/night cycle. This is important to solar because you only need to store power long enough to get through the night. Contrast it to the moon, which has a 29.5 Earth-day long day. That means night on the moon is about 2 weeks long (dependent on where you are, of course), so you would have to store enough electricity to get through those two weeks. That would take a *lot* of batteries.", "It's just a bit of hype, like the Moon was back in the 60's. It's somewhere man has not yet set foot on.\n\nWe'd need to wait for 20 more years so that we get a mission there, see how expensive it is, how hostile the planet is, how hard it is to get a window to send more stuff there, how expensive resupplies are and after that we'll settle for building a base on the moon." ]

[ "Colonization of Mars Mars is the focus of much scientific study about possible human colonization.\nPermanent human habitation on other planets, including Mars, is one of most prevalent themes in science fiction. As technology advances, and concerns about humanity's future on Earth increase, arguments favoring space colonization gain momentum. Other reasons for colonizing space include economic interests, long-term scientific research best carried out by humans as opposed to robotic probes, and sheer curiosity.\nBoth private and public organizations have made commitments to researching the viability of long-term colonization efforts and to taking steps toward a permanent human presence on Mars. Space agencies", "advocates have developed plans for colonising space in order to counter human overpopulation and mitigate ecological pressures on earth (if not for other reasons).\nIn the 1970s, physicist and space activist Gerard K. O'Neill developed a large plan to build human settlements in outer space to solve the problems of overpopulation and limits to growth on earth without recourse to political repression. According to O'Neill's vision, mankind could — and indeed should — expand on this man-made frontier to many times the current world population and generate large amounts of new wealth in space. Herman Daly countered O'Neill's vision by arguing", "made self-sufficient. Robert Zubrin, of Lockheed Martin Astronautics, in a paper on the economic viability of colonizing Mars, puts forward interplanetary trade as one way in which a hypothetical Martian colony could become rich, pointing out that the energy relationships between the orbits of Earth, Mars, and the asteroid belt place Mars in a far better position for involvement in any future asteroid mining trade than Earth.\nJim Plaxco, in a paper putting forward the case for colonizing Mars, mentions that Phobos and Deimos can be developed, in the long term, from being short-term testbeds for the techniques of asteroid mining", "across the seas and bids the crew of the Aurora farewell. Mars Aboriginies The first colonists of Mars and only ones to experience Mars as a world not covered in water, the Aborigines were meant to be the first phase colonizers of Mars until the flood that would cover Mars in water. After centuries had passed, Earth, believing that Mars was unpopulated soon allowed another group of colonists to populate Mars. Instead, they found people surviving in such violent environment without advanced technology required to survive. The second migration occurred around 200 years before the time of the", "higher than a place we've already set foot on six times. In recent years my philosophy on colonizing Mars has evolved. I now believe that human visitors to the Red Planet should commit to staying there permanently. One-way tickets to Mars will make the missions technically easier and less expensive and get us there sooner. More importantly, they will ensure that our Martian outpost steadily grows as more homesteaders arrive. Instead of explorers, one-way Mars travelers will be 21st-century pilgrims, pioneering a new way of life. It will take a special kind of person. Instead of the traditional pilot/scientist/engineer, Martian", "one of the Terran groups involved in the colonization and terraforming of Mars; the coop is also portrayed as the inspiration of both the bogdanovist movement and the libertarian-leaning Praxis Corporation two of the main forces leading the revolution for the independence of Mars.", "intention of staying for the rest of their lives, as trailblazers of a permanent human Mars colony.\" In response to Olbermann's statement that \"the authors claim a one-way ticket to Mars is no more outlandish than a one-way ticket to America was in 1620\", Pitts defends Mars to Stay initiatives by saying \"they begin to open the doors in a way that haven't been opened before\".\nIn a January 2011 interview, X Prize founder Peter Diamandis expressed his preference for Mars to Stay research settlements:\nPrivately funded missions are the only way to go to Mars with humans because I think the", "colonized both Mars and the Asteroid Belt (which separates Mars from our solar system's largest planet, gas giant Jupiter). The asteroids are rife with precious metals that residents on both planets—Earth and Mars—spar over, leaving the asteroid miners in the middle and understandably feeling like underappreciated pawns. Unequal rights on Mars and in the Belt, as compared to Earth's, only serve to heighten the tension and give Det. Miller additional motivation to solve the murders he's investigating. The ten episodes of the first season, which premiered December 2015, proved so successful critically and in ratings that Syfy ordered a second", "about Mars often involved the first voyages to the planet, sometimes as an invasion force, more often for the purposes of exploration. Living on Mars By the 1930s, stories about reaching Mars had become somewhat trite, and the focus shifted to Mars as an alien landscape. In the following stories, human contact and basic exploration had taken place sometime in the past; Mars is a setting rather than a goal. Novels and short stories Mariner 4 in July 1965 found that Mars—contrary to expectations—is heavily cratered, with a very thin atmosphere. No canals were found; while scientists did not believe", "Mars habitat A Mars habitat is a place that humans can live in on Mars. Mars habitats must contend with surface conditions that include almost no oxygen in the air, extreme cold, low pressure, and high radiation. Alternatively, the habitat may be placed underground, which helps solve some problems but creates new difficulties.\nOne challenge is the extreme cost of building materials for Mars, which by the 2010s was estimated be about US$2 million per brick to the surface of Mars. While the gravity on Mars is lower than that on Earth, there is increased solar radiation, temperature cycles, and the", "North America.\nHowever, the Mars colony, dubbed the Mars Base, does not forget about the plight of Earth. Troops are sent in to fight the Inbit from the Moon, only to fail miserably. The Inbit do not attack Mars and show no interest towards the other planets. Surprisingly, the aliens show no hostility towards humans unless they are directly provoked. The Inbit can also sense the presence of HBT and use of the fuel is limited under their supervision, as HBT is a common component in weapons technology. Mars Base becomes a gigantic military factory, producing vast amounts of advanced weaponry", "manned mission to Mars \n\"ridiculously impractical\", and has written that the rationale for a proposed permanent base on the Moon is closely tied to pork barrel politics. He has supported other NASA projects such as using unmanned space probes and protecting Earth from asteroids.\nEasterbrook had a blog at The New Republic Online, until mid-2004. In October 2003, he wrote a blog post critical of what he considered to be the senseless violence in the Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill, saying that, \"Recent European history alone ought to cause Jewish [movie] executives to experience second thoughts about glorifying the killing", "A population of native Martians tolerates them until the colony administrator threatens a Martian child. The Martians demand that the humans leave Mars, but a human doctor convinces them to reconsider.\nIn Heinlein's 1956 novel Double Star, humans have colonized the solar system, and a politician on Mars faces the civil rights issue of granting a native Martian species (who are second-class citizens) the right to vote.\nIn Philip K. Dick's novel Martian Time-Slip (1964), a human colony on Mars is trying to cope with arduous environmental conditions. They treat an aboriginal race, whom they call \"Bleekmen\", with casual racism. In The", "and finding inspiration in the vision of SpaceX, CEO Elon Musk, to begin colonizing Mars within the next decade, Vera Mulyani founded Mars City Design in 2015.\nMars City Design is a collaborative platform created to explore the concept of livability and sustainability on Mars as well as Earth. The company calls for an annual competition to field project based architectural designs that explore the feasibility of future Martian cities as well as various forms of technological innovation that engineers key functions of livability and sustainability on Mars. Mars City Design calls not only on scientists and engineers, but also artists", "lunar exploration program, and also lobbies for the Chinese exploration of Mars.\nOn November 12, 2008, upon China's publication of a comprehensive lunar surface map, Ouyang encouraged all three Asian nations then involved in lunar exploration (China, India and Japan) to increase co-operation in furthering humanity's understanding of the Moon.", "Corps to Mars to protect American civilians and interests with lethal force if necessary. The discoveries on Mars, however, start a global war. The United States and its allies fight against most of the member nations of United Nations.\nAs the war drags on it is discovered that Mars is not the only place that holds ruins of an alien civilization. In Luna Marine it is discovered that the Earth's own Moon contains mysterious technologies of long vanished species. The US attempts to take those ruins currently held by the UN using another Marine force made from veterans from Mars,", "Mars to Stay Mars to Stay missions propose astronauts sent to Mars for the first time should intend to stay. Unused emergency return vehicles would be recycled into settlement construction as soon as the habitability of Mars becomes evident to the initial pioneers. Mars to Stay missions are advocated both to reduce cost and to ensure permanent settlement of Mars. Among many notable Mars to Stay advocates, former Apollo astronaut Buzz Aldrin has been particularly outspoken, suggesting in numerous forums \"Forget the Moon, Let’s Head to Mars!\" and, in June 2013, Aldrin promoted a manned mission \"to homestead Mars and", "effective or cost-efficient way.\" Proponents for VSE argue that a permanent settlement on the moon would drastically reduce costs for further space exploration missions. President George W. Bush voiced this sentiment when the vision was first announced (see quote above), and the United States Senate has re-entered testimony by Space Frontier Foundation founder Rick Tumlinson offered previously to the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation advocating this particular perspective. The reason that the National Space Society regards a return to the Moon as a high space program priority is to begin development of the knowledge and identification", "is eventually built, with help from Japan, alongside settlements built by the US-Canadian Conglomerate, the European Union of Nations, Novaya Russia, and the Republic of Japan. With these colonies established, Mars is divided into five regions.\nPart Two is set 250 years after the first part, during the Space Age Epoch. The Kwan Do dynasty has been overthrown, and harsh conditions on Mars and an increasingly negative perception of the Earth governments have finally forced the Martian colonists into rebellion. During the revolutions, Khan Sun Do, a descendant of the Kwan Do family, unites the five territories. With the acquisition of", "to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, \"since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space. We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players.\"\nThe first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009. A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of", "Pilgrims on the Mayflower sit around Plymouth Rock waiting for a return trip? They came here to settle. And that's what we should be doing on Mars. When you go to Mars, you need to have made the decision that you're there permanently. The more people we have there, the more it can become a sustaining environment. Except for very rare exceptions, the people who go to Mars shouldn't be coming back. Once you get on the surface, you're there.\nAn article by Dirk Schulze-Makuch (Washington State University) and Paul Davies (Arizona State University) from the book The Human Mission to", "Geneva, Switzerland. Plot summary The United States and Russia have set up habitats on Mars, and are researching ruins of an alien civilization near the Face on Mars. The facilities and research are being shared with UN observers. When the UN sends troops up to Mars, the US sends the Marine Mars Expeditionary Force, a 30-man weapons platoon, to protect American civilians and interests on Mars. The United States Marine Corps has been threatened with being disbanded and it hopes that this mission will breathe some life into the organization.\nBack on Earth, tensions increase between the UN", "National Water Carrier, rural development projects and the establishment of new towns and cities. In particular, he called for pioneering settlement in outlying areas, especially in the Negev. Ben-Gurion saw the struggle to make the Negev desert bloom as an area where the Jewish people could make a major contribution to humanity as a whole. He believed that the sparsely populated and barren Negev desert offered a great opportunity for the Jews to settle in Palestine with minimal obstruction of the Arab population, and set a personal example by settling in kibbutz Sde Boker at the centre of the Negev.\nDuring", "by now annexed de facto, if not formally, large new areas of Arab land, and there were now very many more Arab refugees. It was clear that what Israel or at least many of her leaders, really wanted was permanently to colonize much of this newly annexed Arab territory, particularly the Jordan valley, Jerusalem, and other sensitive areas. This led me into a flurry of activity at the United Nations, which resulted in the near miracle of getting the famous resolution – Resolution 242 – unanimously adopted by the Security Council. It declares \"the inadmissibility of territory by war\" and it also", "the Culture's population lives on orbitals, vast artificial worlds that can accommodate billions of people. Others travel the galaxy in huge space ships such as General Systems Vehicles (GSVs) that can accommodate hundreds of millions of people. Almost no Culture citizens are described as living on planets, except when visiting other civilisations. The reason for this is partly because the Culture believes in containing its own expansion to self-constructed habitats, instead of colonising or conquering new planets. With the resources of the universe allowing permanent expansion (at least assuming non-exponential growth), this frees them from having to compete for living", "such as Elon Musk and Richard Branson are working towards commercial space exploration, colonization and tourism, and China and India have made substantial strides in their space program. On January 3, 2019, China landed a robotic spacecraft on the far side of the Moon, being the first to do so. Culture and politics War and most kinds of crime and violence have declined considerably compared to the 20th century; such a period of \"relative peace\" between major powers has not been documented in human history since the Roman Empire. Malnourishment and poverty are still widespread globally, but fewer people live", "a path of increasing inefficiency and energy-dependence. Mars introduces the term \"MUD\", or Market-driven Unintentional Development to describe this new hybrid urban condition, and suggests that planning itself needs to be radically redefined in order to be effective and not contribute to the extreme ex-urbanization. The conclusion of the book is \"No New Cities\" (杜绝新城), and a call for models of upgrading of existing urban centers and suburbs.\nIn 2010, author Helen H. Wang published her first book The Chinese Dream. The book is based on over 100 interviews of the new members of the middle class in China. In the", "you try to make it permanent. That’s the issue. The nature of that, it’s like a colonialist nature,” he said. “Here in [the] Palestinian case, settlements have affected every aspect of Palestinians’ lives. The destruction of their property, the confiscation of their land, the expanding of Israeli jurisdiction over the settlements … the legal characterization is, it’s illegal apartheid.” He has also said that while the European Union “has been quite outspoken in condemning settlements and their expansion, they continue to import produce from these same settlements and in doing so, help to sustain their very existence\". Administrative detention Jabarin", "build artificial islands off the coast to house an airport, a seaport, a desalination plant, a power plant, and a military testing base, as an answer to Israel's lack of space. Human geography As of 2013, the population of Israel is 8 million, 6,015,000 of them Jewish.\nFor statistical purposes, the country has three metropolitan areas; Gush Dan-Tel Aviv (population 3,150,000), Haifa (population 996,000), and Beersheba (population 531,600). Some argue that Jerusalem, Israel's largest city with a population of 763,600, and Nazareth, should also be classified as metropolitan areas. In total, Israel has 74 cities, 14 of which have populations of", "the grave environmental situation in the Gaza Strip, and stressing the need for follow-up to the recommendations contained therein,\nAware of the detrimental impact of the Israeli settlements on Palestinian and other Arab natural resources, especially as a result of the confiscation of land and the forced diversion of water resources, and of the dire socioeconomic consequences in this regard,\nAware also of the detrimental impact on Palestinian natural resources being caused by the unlawful construction of the wall by Israel, the occupying Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and of its grave effect as well" ]

[ "Same reason you don't keep turning the ignition key for hours in your car when it won't start -- there's no point in doing it, it won't get better." ]

[ "sterilized container just before it was to be implanted. Incidentally when he handed over the device to the nurse, it she lost control and dropped the device on the floor. Luckily Langer had brought duplicate for such incidents implanted this second copy successfully. Weeks later the team tested the device by inducing a potentially fatal arrhythmia. The defibrillator “took about 30-plus seconds or so” to restart the patient’s heart, says Heilman. Attending physicians were seconds away from giving up and jump-starting the heart with shock paddles when finally, says Heilman, “the device kicked in and did shock and did correct", "death if not treated immediately.\nAn implantable defibrillator is a device implanted under the skin through an incision in the shoulder. Leads from the implanted defibrillator pass through a vein into the heart. The leads are attached to electrodes that monitor the electrical activity in the heart. When irregular electrical activity is detected in the heart, the defibrillator delivers a shock to restore normal electrical activity.\nThe automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator is the size of a deck of cards and weighs nine ounces. Although these devices have become smaller since they were first patented, the technology from the original patent has not", "malfunction. In fact, the implanted defibrillator system represents an imperfect solution in search of a plausible and practical application.\"\nThe problems to be overcome were the design of a system which would allow detection of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Despite the lack of financial backing and grants, they persisted and the first device was implanted in February 1980 at Johns Hopkins Hospital by Dr. Levi Watkins, Jr. assisted by Vivien Thomas. Modern ICDs do not require a thoracotomy and possess pacing, cardioversion, and defibrillation capabilities.\nThe invention of implantable units is invaluable to some regular sufferers of heart problems, although they", "laypersons who ideally should have received AED training. However, sixth-grade students have been reported to begin defibrillation within 90 seconds, as opposed to a trained operator beginning within 67 seconds. This is in contrast to more sophisticated manual and semi-automatic defibrillators used by health professionals, which can act as a pacemaker if the heart rate is too slow (bradycardia) and perform other functions which require a skilled operator able to read electrocardiograms.\nBras with a metal underwire and piercings on the torso must be removed before using the AED on someone to avoid interference. American television show Mythbusters found evidence that", "however, is often exaggerated, with the defibrillator inducing a sudden, violent jerk or convulsion by the patient; in reality, although the muscles may contract, such dramatic patient presentation is rare. Similarly, medical providers are often depicted defibrillating patients with a \"flat-line\" ECG rhythm (also known as asystole). This is not normal medical practice, as the heart cannot be restarted by the defibrillator itself. Only the cardiac arrest rhythms ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia are normally defibrillated. The purpose of defibrillation is to depolarize the entire heart all at once so that it is synchronized, in the hope that it", "\"push\" or bolus. A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. The syringe plunger is pressed slowly, if it might irritate the vein or cause a too-rapid effect. Certain medications, such as potassium, are never to be administered by IV push because the spike in medication in the blood from the IV push could be fatal. Once a medicine has been injected into the fluid stream of the IV tubing, there must be some means of ensuring that it gets from the tubing to the", "detected can automatically deliver a shock to restore the heart to a normal rhythm. Implantable defibrillators are most commonly used in patients with heart failure, cardiomyopathies, or inherited arrhythmia syndromes. Heart failure As well as addressing the underlying cause for a patient's heart failure (most commonly ischaemic heart disease or hypertension), the mainstay of heart failure treatment is with medication. These include drugs to prevent fluid from accumulating in the lungs by increasing the amount of urine a patient produces (diuretics), and drugs that attempt to preserve the pumping function of the heart (beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and", "device is mainly indicated in patients who are not immediate candidates for ICDs. Internal defibrillator This is often used to defibrillate the heart during or after cardiac surgery such as a heart bypass. The electrodes consist of round metal plates that come in direct contact with the myocardium. Paddle electrodes The most well-known type of electrode (widely depicted in films and television) is the traditional metal paddle with an insulated (usually plastic) handle. This type must be held in place on the patient's skin with approximately 25 lbs of force while a shock or a series of shocks is delivered. Paddles", "better served by an effective anti-arrhythmic program or surgical correction of inadequate coronary blood flow or ventricular malfunction. In fact, the implanted defibrillator system represents an imperfect solution in search of a plausible and practical application.\"\nThe problems to be overcome were the design of a system which would allow detection of ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Despite the lack of financial backing and grants, they persisted and the first device was implanted in February 1980 at Johns Hopkins Hospital by Dr. Levi Watkins, Jr.\nThe first devices required the chest to be cut open and a mesh electrode sewn onto the", "the haptics is not caught or if it gets released accidentally after grasping it, the situation can be easily resolved using this technique . It utilizes two glued IOL forceps, one of which holds one haptic. Depending on ease of access, the other MST forceps is introduced through the opposite sclerotomy or through the side-port. The first hand then transfers the haptic into the second MST forceps such that the first hand now becomes free. It is essential to hold the haptic at its tip before exteriorizing it so that it doesn't snag on the sclerotomy while being brought out.", "Automated external defibrillator Effect of delayed treatment Uncorrected, these cardiac conditions (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, asystole) rapidly lead to irreversible brain damage and death, once cardiac arrest takes place. After approximately three to five minutes in cardiac arrest, irreversible brain/tissue damage may begin to occur. For every minute that a person in cardiac arrest goes without being successfully treated (by defibrillation), the chance of survival decreases by 7 percent per minute in the first 3 minutes, and decreases by 10 percent per minute as time advances beyond ~3 minutes. Requirements for use AEDs are designed to be used by", "Defibrillation Medical uses Defibrillation is often an important step in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR is an algorithm-based intervention aimed to restore cardiac and pulmonary function. Defibrillation is indicated only in certain types of cardiac dysrhythmias, specifically ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. If the heart has completely stopped, as in asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), defibrillation is not indicated. Defibrillation is also not indicated if the patient is conscious or has a pulse. Improperly given electrical shocks can cause dangerous dysrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation.\nSurvival rates for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests are poor, often less than 10%. Outcome for", "refers to the fact that the operator applies the electrode pads to the bare chest of the victim (as opposed to internal defibrillators, which have electrodes surgically implanted inside the body of a patient).\nWhen turned on or opened, the AED will instruct the user to connect the electrodes (pads) to the patient. Once the pads are attached, everyone should avoid touching the patient so as to avoid false readings by the unit. The pads allow the AED to examine the electrical output from the heart and determine if the patient is in a shockable rhythm (either ventricular fibrillation or ventricular", "of anxiety or the inability to sit still should be mentioned to the doctor to prevent any movement during the procedure. After procedure After the procedure, the patient waits in the room for 20–30 minutes to look for any immediate side effects. The patient is then evaluated to see if the injection worked. The patient is asked to perform certain movements that would normally aggravate their pain. If pain is still present, the wrong facet joint may have been targeted, or the facet joints were not the source of pain. Normally it takes 3–5 days for the pain to be", "a feeling of distention from the insufflated air that was used during the procedure. Both problems are mild and fleeting. When fully recovered, the patient will be instructed when to resume their usual diet (probably within a few hours) and will be allowed to be taken home. Where sedation has been used, most facilities mandate that the patient be taken home by another person and that he or she not drive or handle machinery for the remainder of the day. Patients who have had an endoscopy without sedation are able to leave unassisted. History The first endoscope was developed in", "cases may actually trigger life-threatening arrhythmias. Some emergency medical services personnel are now equipped with a ring magnet to place over the device, which effectively disables the shock function of the device while still allowing the pacemaker to function (if the device is so equipped). If the device is shocking frequently, but appropriately, EMS personnel may administer sedation. Wearable cardioverter defibrillator A wearable cardioverter defibrillator is a portable external defibrillator that can be worn by at-risk patients. The unit monitors the patient 24 hours a day and can automatically deliver a biphasic shock if VF or VT is detected. This", "may be used to treat arrhythmias that medication has failed to prevent and restore a normal heart rhythm. These devices, usually implanted under the skin at the front of the chest below the shoulder, can continuously monitor the heart for abnormal heart rhythms. If a life-threatening arrhythmia is detected, the device can deliver a small electric shock to terminate the abnormal rhythm and restart the heart.\nImplantable defibrillators are often recommended for those with CPVT who have experienced blackouts, ventricular arrhythmias or cardiac arrest despite taking appropriate medication. These devices can be life-saving, although the resulting surge of adrenaline caused by", "organization based in Washington, DC found that it was legal and ethical to honor requests by patients, or by those with legal authority to make decisions for patients, to deactivate implanted cardiac devices. Lawyers say that the legal situation is similar to removing a feeding tube, though there is currently no legal precedent involving pacemakers in the United States of America. A patient in the United States is thought to have a right to refuse or discontinue treatment, including a pacemaker that keeps him or her alive. Physicians have a right to refuse to turn it off, but are advised", "to the pivot maneuver the chances of incomplete release and damage to the digital nerve nearby will be increased. To prevent any postoperative hematoma and swelling, pressure should be applied for at least 10 minutes after the procedure. Percutaneous surgery has also been proven to be without residual deformities and recurrence after surgery. When the A1 pulley is too thick and long to be released at once, open surgery still can be a solution. The advantages over open surgery are that percutaneous surgery is simpler, more straightforward and shorter concerning the duration. It can also be done in every other", "syringe.\nThe same used device can't be reused for the other patient, even if the set is washed or re-sterile. As it is not a surgical instrument. It is for single use only. Insertion devices Some pump users prefer to use an insertion device to insert their sets, rather than pushing the needle in by hand. These are spring-loaded and are designed to push the needle into the skin quickly and (usually) painlessly. The user simply loads the primed set into the insertion device, peels off the paper protecting the adhesive pad, places the device against the skin and presses a", "surgery or as a standalone procedure. A cardioversion, whereby an electric shock is used to stun the heart out of an abnormal rhythm, may also be used.\nCardiac devices in the form of pacemakers or implantable defibrillators may also be required to treat arrhythmias. Pacemakers, comprising a small battery powered generator implanted under the skin and one or more leads that extend to the heart, are most commonly used to treat abnormally slow heart rhythms. Implantable defibrillators are used to treat serious life-threatening rapid heart rhythms. These devices monitor the heart, and if dangerous heart racing is", "the patient must be mechanically ventilated. Eventually the muscle-paralyzing effects of these drugs will wear off despite the deficiency of the pseudocholinesterase enzyme. If the patient is maintained on a mechanical respirator until normal breathing function returns, there is little risk of harm to the patient.\nHowever, because it is rare in the general population, it is sometimes overlooked when a patient does not wake-up after surgery. If this happens, there are two major complications that can arise. First, the patient may lie awake and paralyzed, while medical providers try to determine the cause of the patient’s unresponsiveness. Second, the breathing", "may include failed use of CPAP or device use; anatomy which favors rather than impedes surgery; or significant craniofacial abnormalities which hinder device use. Potential complications Several inpatient and outpatient procedures use sedation. Many drugs and agents used during surgery to relieve pain and to depress consciousness remain in the body at low amounts for hours or even days afterwards. In an individual with either central, obstructive or mixed sleep apnea, these low doses may be enough to cause life-threatening irregularities in breathing or collapses in a patient's airways. Use of analgesics and sedatives in these patients postoperatively should therefore", "use of a defibrillator on a woman wearing an underwire bra can lead to arcing or fire but only in unusual and unlikely circumstances.\nIn a study analyzing the effects of having AEDs immediately present during Chicago's Heart Start program over a two-year period, of 22 individuals, 18 were in a cardiac arrhythmia which AEDs can treat. Of these 18, 11 survived. Of these 11 patients, 6 were treated by bystanders with absolutely no previous training in AED use. Placement and availability Automated external defibrillators are generally either kept where health professionals and first responders can use them (health facilities and", "when the apparatus crushed his spine. Bench pressing while alone is dangerous in general, but even more so in a Smith machine; if one gets trapped under the bar, it cannot be rolled or tipped sideways off one's chest (or neck), which has led to at least one fatality. Advantages and disadvantages Use of the Smith machine is frowned upon by many strength training devotees as it forces the user to adopt an unnatural straight-up-and-down \"bar path\" which can put shear stress on the knees or back (if squatting) or shoulders (if pressing).\nThe constrained movement of the bar also reduces", "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Medical uses CPR is indicated for any person unresponsive with no breathing or breathing only in occasional agonal gasps, as it is most likely that they are in cardiac arrest. If a person still has a pulse but is not breathing (respiratory arrest) artificial ventilations may be more appropriate, but, due to the difficulty people have in accurately assessing the presence or absence of a pulse, CPR guidelines recommend that lay persons should not be instructed to check the pulse, while giving healthcare professionals the option to check a pulse. In those with cardiac arrest due to trauma,", "University of Massachusetts Amherst disclosed an attack which \"would have switched off a heart defibrillator\" adding \"there are vulnerabilities [in medical devices] but there is a perceived lack of threats\".\nSimilarly Barnaby Jack a researcher at security firm McAfee demonstrated an attack on an implantable insulin pump.\nSome critics have questioned the need to implant the technology to investigate the issues Gasson is discussing \"...it makes no difference if an RFID chip is injected under your skin or stitched into the lining of your jacket...\". Gasson argues that many people with implants, including medical devices, consider them to be a part of", "enough of the myocardium for coordinated contractions to occur again. The use of this is often dictated around the world by Advanced Cardiac Life Support or Advanced Life Support algorithms, which is taught to medical practitioners including doctors, nurses and paramedics and also advocates the use of drugs, predominantly epinephrine, after every second unsuccessful attempt at defibrillation, as well as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) between defibrillation attempts. Though ALS/ACLS algorithms encourage the use of drugs, they state first and foremost that defibrillation should not be delayed for any other intervention and that adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation be delivered with minimal interruption.\nThe precordial", "to perform Hands-Only CPR. History In the 19th century, Doctor H. R. Silvester described a method (The Silvester Method) of artificial ventilation in which the patient is laid on their back, and their arms are raised above their head to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aid exhalation. The procedure is repeated sixteen times per minute. This type of artificial ventilation is occasionally seen in films made in the early 20th century.\nA second technique, called the Holger Nielsen technique, described in the first edition of the Boy Scout Handbook in the United States in 1911, was a", "rapidly in possible cases of sudden cardiac death, Dipsalut carries out different communication actions, such as demonstrations of how to use a defibrillator. It also runs a training programme for professionals likely to need to use the defibrillators, such as local police and concierges, and anyone else who is interested. Among the educational material published, there is a video tutorial showing the steps to follow in cases of cardiac arrest and explaining how to use the defibrillators deployed by Dipsalut. Details of the programme ‘Girona, cardio-protected territory’ has already led to the deployment of a network of more than 747" ]

[ "At the very lowest level, modern semiconductor **transistors** are pieces of lead and silicon arranged so that putting a current on one electrode allows current to flow between the other two electrodes. By itself, that might not sound significant, but think about what happens when we make transistors control transistors.\n\nA transistor can be said to be \"on\" if current can pass, and \"off\" if not. The beauty of having these two states is that we can use the **binary code** to store numbers using only on/off states ([explanation](_URL_0_)). Another important thing is that these data points, individually referred to as **bits**, can be stored on wires (low/high voltage), hard discs (magnetized/inert spaces), optical disks (dots/dashes), or cards (slots/blanks). Now, as you can see, there are ways of using massive arrays of transistors to store numbers. Then, using the properties of the binary counting system, we can easily make circuits that add or subtract stored values from each other and place the result in a new memory slot.\n\nLet's get more complicated. A computer works by inputting a stream of bits that form numbers into a vast network of transistors, which do mathematical operations and then spit out new bits. The job of the programmer is to feed the correct bits into the computer's memory, so that they get manipulated by other transistors into the desired result. However, you can see how this is impossible on a modern computer with billions of transistors all connected to each other. Thus, we need **programming languages** to make shortcuts for us. Instead of individually feeding bits into the processor, we can feed it decimal numbers and operations (+,-,*,/). When the program is executed, those decimal numbers get turned into binary numbers (by a circuit that does just that purpose) before being run through the processor that performs the operation and returns a number (that then is converted back into decimal format). \n\nBut modern computers have millions upon millions of memory slots, and we can't do useful stuff with just raw numbers. The purpose of programming languages is to \"hide\" tedious tasks like writing binary numbers and organizing memory so that the programmer can concentrate on **human-understandable concepts** like decimals, words, colors, sounds, etc. For an example on how this works, look at [ASCII](_URL_1_). Each letter is stored by the computer as just on/off states on the hard drive or in the transistors, but with enough of these bits we can store entire books in ASCII or Unicode. Everything we push into a computer gets converted into easy-to-understand easy-to-store binary numbers before it gets manipulated by silicon transistor circuits.", "Computers run off of binary code which is basically a bunch of 0's and 1's. So when you write a program in any programming language or in terminal/command prompt you are really just typing in a bunch of 0's and 1's that the computer can easily read.", "the machines are created to handle things. Think about it like a car with stick shift. \n\nIf the stick is in the first gear, then the car behaves a certain way. If the stick is in fifth gear, the car behaves differently. the inner workings of a computer work the same way." ]

[ "Low-level programming language Machine code Machine code is the only language a computer can process directly without a previous transformation. Currently, programmers almost never write programs directly in machine code, because it requires attention to numerous details that a high-level language handles automatically. Furthermore it requires memorizing or looking up numerical codes for every instruction, and is extremely difficult to modify.\nTrue machine code is a stream of raw, usually binary, data. A programmer coding in \"machine code\" normally codes instructions and data in a more readable form such as decimal, octal, or hexadecimal which is translated to internal format", "together. Whereas machine code is binary code that can be executed directly by the CPU, object code has the jumps partially parameterized so that a linker can fill them in.\nAn assembler is used to convert assembly code into machine code (object code). A linker links several object (and library) files to generate an executable. Assemblers can also assemble directly to machine code executable files without the object intermediary step.", "humans.\nCognitive science professor Douglas Hofstadter has compared machine code to genetic code, saying that \"Looking at a program written in machine language is vaguely comparable to looking at a DNA molecule atom by atom.\"", "instructions into one 32-bit instruction, which is then unpacked at the decode stage and executed as two instructions.\nMinimal instruction set computers (MISC) are a form of stack machine, where there are few separate instructions (16-64), so that multiple instructions can be fit into a single machine word. These types of cores often take little silicon to implement, so they can be easily realized in an FPGA or in a multi-core form. The code density of MISC is similar to the code density of RISC; the increased instruction density is offset by requiring more of the primitive instructions to do a", "two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same", "architecture, which are a subset of the serial computer class. 1-bit computer instructions operate on data consisting of single bits, whereas a serial computer can operate on N-bit data widths, but does so a single bit at a time.", "is created a line at a time, performed, and then discarded.\nThreaded code is a method of writing compiled code to reduce memory use. Instead of writing out every step of an operation in every part of the program where it was needed, as was common in macro assemblers for instance, such a language wrote every common bit of code into a subroutine so it was only one place in memory (see \"Don't repeat yourself\"). The top-level application in these programs may consist of nothing but subroutine calls. Many of these subroutines, in turn, also consist of nothing but lower-level subroutine", "making implementation-dependent design decisions. Object code At their basic level, computers act on what is given to them through a limited set of instructions which are understood by their CPUs. In the earliest computers, that meant programmers sometimes composed actual 1's and 0's to program. Since this requires considerable programmer training (and patience) to create instructions, later computer languages have gone to great lengths to simplify the programmer's task. For example, a high level programming language may allow a programmer to assign a value to a variable without specifying a memory location or a CPU instruction.\nIn this context, the high", "code, although on some calculators this is only possible through using exploits. The most common assembly and machine languages are for TMS9900, SH-3, Zilog Z80, and various Motorola chips (e.g. a modified 68000) which serve as the main processors of the machines although many (not all) are modified to some extent from their use elsewhere. Some manufacturers do not document and even mildly discourage the assembly language programming of their machines because they must be programmed in this way by putting together the program on the PC and then forcing it into the calculator by various improvised methods.\nOther on-board", "is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer, and it will process them. Modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language. In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of", "the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-readable source code form, enables a programmer to study and develop a sequence of steps known as an algorithm. Because the instructions can be carried out in different types of computers, a single set of source instructions converts to machine instructions according to the CPU type.\nThe execution process carries out the instructions in a computer program. Instructions express the computations performed by the computer. They trigger sequences of simple actions on the executing machine. Those actions produce effects according to the semantics of the instructions.", "by a program called a loader or toggled into the computer's memory from a front panel.\nAlthough few programs are written in machine language, programmers often become adept at reading it through working with core dumps or debugging from the front panel. \nExample: A function in hexadecimal representation of 32-bit x86 machine code to calculate the nth Fibonacci number:\n8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383\nFA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000\nB9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD989\nC14AEBF1 5BC3 Low-level programming in high-level languages In the late 1960s, high-level languages such as PL/S, BLISS, BCPL, extended ALGOL (for Burroughs large systems) and C included some degree of access", "the end of the conveyor and dropped into a bin. Different workpieces can be produced within one work cycle to optimize production. Programming Programming is done on a PC equipped with appropriate software that can be part of the machine or a connected external workstation. For generating a new program engineering data can be imported or pasted per mouse and keyboard. Through a graphic and menu-driven user interface previous CNC programming skills are not required. All the punches in a work piece are shown on the screen making programming mistakes easily detected. Ideally each program is stored in one database,", "instructions, these are 60-bit instructions (three actually use all 60 bits, the other use 30 bits, but its alignment requires 60 bits to be used). The instructions are: move a short string, move a long string, compare strings, and compare a collated string. They operate on six-bit fields (numbered 1 through 10) in central memory. For example, a single instruction can specify \"move the 72 character string starting at word 1000 character 3 to location 2000 character 9\". The CMU hardware is not included in the higher-end Cyber CPUs, because handcoded loops could run as fast", "computer represents a piece of data as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed alphabet. The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters, typically denoted \"0\" and \"1\". More familiar representations, such as numbers or letters, are then constructed from the binary alphabet. Some special forms of data are distinguished. A computer program is a collection of data, which can be interpreted as instructions. Most computer languages make a distinction between programs and the other data on which programs operate, but in some languages, notably Lisp and similar languages, programs are", "in computer memory.\nMachine code was the language of early programs, written in the instruction set of the particular machine, often in binary notation. Assembly languages were soon developed that let the programmer specify instruction in a text format, (e.g., ADD X, TOTAL), with abbreviations for each operation code and meaningful names for specifying addresses. However, because an assembly language is little more than a different notation for a machine language, any two machines with different instruction sets also have different assembly languages.\nHigh-level languages made the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable, and less bound to the underlying", "a given task (or tasks) is called a \"program\". In the nominal case, the program, as executed by the computer, will consist of binary machine code. The elements of storage manipulated by the program, but not actually executed by the CPU, are also data. Program instructions, and the data that the program manipulates, are both stored in exactly the same way. Therefore, it is possible for computer programs to operate on other computer programs, by manipulating their programmatic data.\nThe line between program and data can become blurry. An interpreter, for example, is a program. ", "(0-9, A-Z, a-z, !@#%^&*() etc...) It has been shown that it is possible to create shellcode that looks like normal text in English.\nWriting alphanumeric or printable code requires good understanding of the instruction set architecture of the machine(s) on which the code is to be executed. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to write alphanumeric code that is executable on more than one machine.", "different ways to produce many different versions. Build tools The process of building a computer program is usually managed by a build tool, a program that coordinates and controls other programs. Examples of such a program are make, Gradle, Meister by OpenMake Software, Ant, Maven, Rake, SCons and Phing. The build utility typically needs to compile the various files, in the correct order. If the source code in a particular file has not changed then it may not need to be recompiled (may not rather than need not because it may itself depend on other files that have changed). Sophisticated", "numeric form the hardware can execute directly. For example, the instruction to add the value in two memory location might consist of 3 numbers: an \"opcode\" that selects the \"add\" operation, and two memory locations. The programs, in decimal or binary form, were read in from punched cards, paper tape, magnetic tape or toggled in on switches on the front panel of the computer. Machine languages were later termed first-generation programming languages (1GL).\nThe next step was development of so-called second-generation programming languages (2GL) or assembly languages, which were still closely tied to the instruction set architecture of the specific", "Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software Contents Petzold begins with discussions of the inventions of Morse code and Braille, adds electricity, number systems, Boolean logic, and the resulting epiphanies required to put them all together economically. \nWith these building blocks he builds circuits, relays, gates, switches, discusses the inventions of the vacuum tube, transistors, and finally the integrated circuit.\n(Very smart people had to go down the \"dead ends\" of mechanical computers and decimal computing before reaching a scalable solution---the electronic, binary computer with a von Neumann architecture.)\nThe last portion of the book contains a grab bag", "of a set of controls, interactions, and design guidelines that enable developers to quickly prototype web applications. Screen generators, design tools, and software factories Screen generating programs are also commonly used and they enable prototypers to show user's systems that do not function, but show what the screens may look like. Developing Human Computer Interfaces can sometimes be the critical part of the development effort, since to the users the interface essentially is the system.\nSoftware factories can generate code by combining ready-to-use modular components. This makes them ideal for prototyping applications, since this approach can quickly deliver programs with the", "Embedded machine language Atari BASIC can call machine code subroutines. The machine code is generally stored in strings, which can be anywhere in memory so the code needs to be position independent, or in the 256-byte Page 6 area (starting at address 1536₁₀, 600₁₆), which is not used by BASIC or the operating system. Code can be loaded into Page 6 by reading it from DATA statements.\nMachine code is invoked with the USR function. The first parameter is the address of the machine code routine and the following values are parameters. For example, if the machine language code is stored", "They achieve this in various ways: as voltages on wires in high-speed circuits and capacitive storage devices, as orientations of a magnetic domain in ferromagnetic storage devices, as holes in punched cards or paper tape, and so on. (Some early computers used decimal circuits or mechanisms instead of two-valued logic circuits.)\nOf course, it is possible to code more than two symbols in any given medium. For example, one might use respectively 0, 1, 2, and 3 volts to code a four-symbol alphabet on a wire, or holes of different sizes in a punched card. In practice, the tight constraints of", "it's very useful to be able to decode the instruction's bits directly into the sequencer, to select a set of microinstructions to perform a CPU's instructions.\nMost modern CISC processors use a combination of pipelined logic to process lower complexity opcodes which can be completed in one clock cycle, and microcode to implement ones that take multiple clock cycles to complete.\nOne of the first integrated microcoded processors was the IBM PALM Processor which emulated all of the processor's instruction in microcode and was used on the IBM 5100, one of the very first personal computers.\nRecent examples of similar microsequencer-based processors are", "enough to fit fully in a computer processor's cache may run faster than a larger program that suffers many cache misses. Small programs may also run faster, when other programs fill the cache, when switching threads.\nThreaded code is best known as the implementation technique commonly used in some programming languages, such as Forth, many implementations of BASIC, some implementations of COBOL, early versions of B, and other languages for small minicomputers and amateur radio satellites. History The common way to make computer programs is to 'translate' a computer program written in some symbolic language to machine code using a compiler.", "(execution continues at another address) or not (execution continues at the next instruction) depending on some condition. Assembly languages A much more readable rendition of machine language, called assembly language, uses mnemonic codes to refer to machine code instructions, rather than using the instructions' numeric values directly. For example, on the Zilog Z80 processor, the machine code 00000101, which causes the CPU to decrement the B processor register, would be represented in assembly language as DEC B. Example The MIPS architecture provides a specific example for a machine code whose instructions are always 32 bits long. The general type of", "programming model allows each processor to be coded independently (in ANSI C or assembler) and then to communicate over an any:any interconnect mesh. The communication flows are fixed at compile time, not dynamically at run time (analogous to place & route of an FPGA but at higher level of abstraction). This can be described as communicating sequential processes. Each process maps to a processor, which is fully independent from other processors with \"encapsulation\", with interaction only through defined message passing and data flows through the mesh. This architecture is also related to object-oriented programming concepts. Notably, the development environment is", "one can write a different program using the same Jig1 or one can adjust the position of Jig1 without changing the programs that use it. Examples of programming languages for industrial robots Due to the highly proprietary nature of robot software, most manufacturers of robot hardware also provide their own software. While this is not unusual in other automated control systems, the lack of standardization of programming methods for robots does pose certain challenges. For example, there are over 30 different manufacturers of industrial robots, so there are also 30 different robot programming languages required. There are enough similarities", "but also from the way a program is coded.\nWeizenbaum wrote that programs are a sequence of rules created by humans for a computer to follow. By following those rules consistently, such programs \"embody law,\" that is, enforce a specific way to solve problems. The rules a computer follows are based on the assumptions of a computer programmer for how these problems might be solved. That means the code could incorporate the programmer's imagination of how the world works, including his or her biases and expectations. While a computer program can incorporate bias in this way, Weizenbaum also noted that any" ]

[ "The way we find these planets is to monitor the amount of light coming from a star and then see if it drops slightly occasionally. If it does then that means the star is partially obscured by a planet transiting across the front of it. \n\nWe do not have that perspective on planets beyond the orbit of earth as there is nothing bright for them to obscure.\n\nWe cannot see them with telescopes because they are too dark and/or distant to detect, the best we can do is look for slight changes in the orbit of objects we can see (such as Pluto) to see if they are being affected by the gravity of something unknown.", "Knowing where to look helps. Space is unbelievably big, and outer planets have orbits in the several hundred year range which means we could quite literally look for years and not spot them. Add to that tthe possibility of them orbiting off the plane of the ecliptic the way Pluto does and it makes the search area much bigger. Finding an exoplanet is a matter of looking at a star in one spot and watching for it to dim when the planet gets in the way, we can't do that with planets in our own system unless they're between us and the sun." ]

[ "of the Earth.\nSo, for Corot, due to the maximum duration of 6 months of observation for each star field, only planets closer to their stars than 0.3 Astronomical Units (less than the distance between the Sun and Mercury) can be detected, therefore generally not in the so-called habitable zone. The Kepler mission (NASA) has continuously observed the same field for many years and thus had the ability to detect Earth sized planets located farther from their stars.\nThe moderate number of exoplanets discovered by Corot (32 during the 6 years of operation), is explained by the fact that a confirmation should", "allowed astronomers to discover thousands of these types of planets. Exoplanets obviously range in size, types, and orbits, but using this technique will help us search for planets that are of similar size to Earth. Since microlensing can determine the distance from the planet to the star and astronomers can identify its size, it can help determine if a planet could be habitable.", "the planet Jupiter. New Earth- and space-based instruments will certainly lower this limit further and possibly detect any small planets that may be present.\nThe habitable zone for this star, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is at a radius of 0.11–0.24 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.", "Kepler-20.\nAround 1 in 5 Sun-like stars have an \"Earth-sized\" planet in the habitable zone, so the nearest would be expected to be within 12 light-years distance from Earth.\nThe frequency of occurrence of such terrestrial planets is one of the variables in the Drake equation, which estimates the number of intelligent, communicating civilizations that exist in the Milky Way.\nThere are exoplanets that are much closer to their parent star than any planet in the Solar System is to the Sun, and there are also exoplanets that are much farther from their star. Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun at 0.4", "because such planets are easier to detect. On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs in the Milky Way. 11 billion of these may be orbiting Sun-like stars. Proxima Centauri b, located about 4.2 light-years (1.3 parsecs) from Earth in the constellation of Centaurus, is the nearest known exoplanet, and is orbiting in the habitable zone of its star. The CHZ is also of particular interest to the emerging field of habitability of natural satellites,", "only be able to detect planets few times larger than Earth or greater, and that it was not specifically designed to detect habitable planets. According to the press release announcing the first results, CoRoT's instruments are performing with higher precision than had been predicted, and may be able to find planets down to the size of Earth with short orbits around small stars.\nThe transit method requires the detection of at least two transits, hence the planets detected will mostly have an orbital period under 75-day. Candidates that show only one transit have been found, but uncertainty remains about their exact", "11% may be false positives.\nThere is at least one planet on average per star. About 1 in 5 Sun-like stars have an \"Earth-sized\" planet in the habitable zone, with the nearest expected to be within 12 light-years distance from Earth. Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way, rising to 40 billion if red dwarfs are included. The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the trillions.\nThe nearest known exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b, located 4.2 light-years (1.3 pc) from Earth in the southern constellation of", "most Earth-like exoplanets yet found, Gliese 667 Cc and Gliese 581g (disputed), have masses larger than Earth's and orbit red dwarf stars in the habitable zone.\nThe sensitivity of current detection methods makes it difficult for scientists to search for terrestrial planets smaller than this. To allow smaller bodies to be detected, NASA was studying a project called the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), a two-telescope concept slated to begin launching around 2014. However, Congressional spending limits under House Resolution 20 passed on January 31, 2007 by the U.S. House of Representatives and February 14 by the U.S. Senate have all but canceled the", "the chance alignment never occurs again. Also, the detected planets will tend to be several kiloparsecs away, so follow-up observations with other methods are usually impossible. In addition, the only physical characteristic that can be determined by microlensing is the mass of the planet, within loose constraints. Orbital properties also tend to be unclear, as the only orbital characteristic that can be directly determined is its current semi-major axis from the parent star, which can be misleading if the planet follows an eccentric orbit. When the planet is far away from its star, it spends only a tiny portion of", "has a more specific mission - to discover hundreds of terrestrial planets which are defined as exoplanets that are one half to twice the size of the Earth.\nA priority is to find those in the habitable zone of their stars where liquid water and possibly life might exist. Discoveries such as HD156668b allow astronomers such as the Keck research group to demonstrate they are able to find smaller and smaller planets. Ultimately, results such as those from the Keck group, and the Keppler mission will allow the Solar System to be placed within a continuum of planetary systems", "is likely. If such a planet exists, it cannot be much more massive than Earth as it would then cause orbital instabilities. Discovery The exoplanet, along with the other planets of the Kepler-186 system (including 186f), were announced on April 17, 2014 in an article published by NASA. Previous names As the Kepler telescope observational campaign proceeded, an initially identified system was entered in the Kepler Input Catalog (KIC), and then progressed as a candidate host of planets to a Kepler Object of Interest (KOI). Thus, Kepler 186 started as KIC 8120608 and then was identified as KOI 571. Kepler", "Radial-velocity Planet Searcher) has allowed the discovery of a number of planets with masses below that of Neptune orbiting nearby stars. However, few of these planets are among the smallest ever discovered, or reside in its star's habitable zone. The possibility exists that one of these planets is covered by oceans; this discovery is an encouraging result in the search for planets which could support life.\nThe Danish 1.54-metre telescope at La Silla participated in the discovery of one of the most Earth-like planets found to date. The planet, detected using the microlensing technique and about five times as massive as", "stars, out to about 160 light-years from Earth, to find lower-mass planets. It is also not possible to simultaneously observe many target stars at a time with a single telescope. Planets of Jovian mass can be detectable around stars up to a few thousand light years away. This method easily finds massive planets that are close to stars. Modern spectrographs can also easily detect Jupiter-mass planets orbiting 10 astronomical units away from the parent star, but detection of those planets requires many years of observation. Earth-mass planets are currently detectable only in very small orbits around low-mass stars, e.g. Proxima", "possible dividing line between the two types of planet. There are hot Jupiters that orbit very close to their star and may evaporate to become chthonian planets, which are the leftover cores. Another possible type of planet is carbon planets, which form in systems with a higher proportion of carbon than in the Solar System.\nA 2012 study, analyzing gravitational microlensing data, estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way.\nOn December 20, 2011, the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler-20e and Kepler-20f, orbiting a Sun-like star,", "near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone. In several cases, multiple planets have been observed around a star. About 1 in 5 Sun-like stars have an \"Earth-sized\" planet in the habitable zone. Assuming there are 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, it can be hypothesized that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way, rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous red dwarfs are included.\nThe least massive planet known is Draugr (also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of", "average distance of 2.0 to 4.1 AU, or an orbit that would fall between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the Solar System (This range of distances is the range of error in measurement and calculation; it does not represent the planet's orbital eccentricity, as its orbital elements are not known, other than its orbital period.). Until this discovery, no small exoplanet had been found farther than 0.15 AUs from a main-sequence star. The planet takes approximately 10 Earth years to orbit its star, OGLE-2005-BLG-390L. Discovery OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb's signature was first detected on August 10, 2005 by observations at the", "the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher spectrograph were sufficiently sensitive to detect a 4 M⊕ planet within the habitable zone of the star (ie. with an orbital period P = 200 days), but no planets were detected.\nCurrent estimates place the probability of finding an Earth-like planet around Alpha Centauri at roughly 75%. The observational thresholds for planet detection in the habitable zones by the radial velocity method are currently (2017) estimated to be about 50 M⊕ for Alpha Centauri A, 8 M⊕ for Alpha Centauri B, and 0.5 M⊕ for Proxima Centauri.\nEarly computer-generated models of planetary formation predicted the existence of terrestrial planets", "K2 mission. In November 2013, astronomers estimated, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion rocky Earth-size exoplanets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. It is estimated that 11 billion of these planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest such planet may be 3.7 parsecs (12 ly) away, according to the scientists.\nOn January 6, 2015, NASA announced the 1,000th confirmed exoplanet discovered by the Kepler space telescope. Four of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within habitable zones of their related stars:", "In addition, it can easily detect planets which are relatively far away from the pulsar.\nThere are two main drawbacks to the pulsar timing method: pulsars are relatively rare, and special circumstances are required for a planet to form around a pulsar. Therefore, it is unlikely that a large number of planets will be found this way. Additionally, life would likely not survive on planets orbiting pulsars due to the high intensity of ambient radiation.\nIn 1992, Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail used this method to discover planets around the pulsar PSR 1257+12. Their discovery was quickly confirmed, making it the first", "aphelion, or farthest point from the Sun, would be in the general direction of the constellation of Taurus, whereas the perihelion, the nearest point to the Sun, would be in the general direction of the southerly areas of Serpens (Caput), Ophiuchus, and Libra. Brown thinks that if Planet Nine is confirmed to exist, a probe could reach it in as little as 20 years by using a powered slingshot trajectory around the Sun. Mass and radius The planet is estimated to have 5 to 10 times the mass of Earth and a radius of 2 to 4 times Earth's. ", "work finding large planets more easily than smaller ones.\nThat February 2, 2011 release of 1235 exoplanet candidates included 54 that may be in the \"habitable zone\", including five less than twice the size of Earth. There were previously only two planets thought to be in the \"habitable zone\", so these new findings represent an enormous expansion of the potential number of \"Goldilocks planets\" (planets of the right temperature to support liquid water). All of the habitable zone candidates found thus far orbit stars significantly smaller and cooler than the Sun (habitable candidates around Sun-like stars will take several additional years", "generation of planned telescopes to determine its mass or whether it has an atmosphere. However, the discovery of Kepler-186f demonstrates conclusively that there are other Earth-sized planets in habitable zones. The Kepler spacecraft focused on a single small region of the sky but next-generation planet-hunting space telescopes, such as TESS and CHEOPS, will examine nearby stars throughout the sky. Nearby stars with planets can then be studied by the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope and future large ground-based telescopes to analyze atmospheres, determine masses and infer compositions. Additionally the Square Kilometer Array would significantly improve radio observations over the Arecibo", "detection methods.\nThe goal of current searches is to find Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone of their planetary systems (also sometimes called the Goldilocks zone). Planets with oceans could include Earth-sized moons of giant planets, though it remains speculative whether such 'moons' really exist. The Kepler telescope might be sensitive enough to detect them. There is speculation that rocky planets hosting water may be commonplace throughout the Milky Way.", "have a greater chance at habitability. Planets with an Earth-like size The classification of exoplanets is difficult in that many methods of exoplanet detection leave several features unknown. For example, with the transit method, one of the more successful measurement of radius can be highly accurate, but mass and density are often estimated. Likewise with radial velocity methods, which can provide accurate measurements of mass but are less successful measuring radius. Planets observed via a number of different methods therefore can be most accurately compared to Earth. Similarity of non-planets to Earth The index can be calculated for objects other", "to detect the exoplanet. With the twin telescopes functioning as a single observatory, by means of interferometry, it was determined that HD156668b is only four times larger than the Earth, and the second smallest exoplanet yet found.\nThere are over 400 exoplanets thus far discovered, and only a very small number are categorized as Super-earth class. Finding such planets as HD156668b, which are closer to earth in size, has become a priority in Astronomy science. For example, the Kepler mission, is part of the intense popular interest surrounding the discovery of hundreds of planets orbiting other stars. Kepler telescope, however", "for an additional planet candidate, UCF-1.02, which is of a similar size, though with only one detected transit its orbital period is unknown. Follow up observations with the Hubble Space Telescope as well as a reanalysis of the spitzer data were unable to confirm these planets.", "typical speed of , corresponding to about , can be decelerated using a magnetic sail. Unmanned missions not for human benefit would hence be feasible. Discovery of Earth-Like planets In February 2017, NASA announced that its Spitzer Space Telescope had revealed seven Earth-size planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system orbiting an ultra-cool dwarf star 40 light-years away from our solar system. Three of these planets are firmly located in the habitable zone, the area around the parent star where a rocky planet is most likely to have liquid water. The discovery sets a new record for greatest number of habitable-zone planets", "which was also observed with a Spitzer space telescope in addition to analyzing any other false-positive possibilities. Such confirmation is costly, as small planets can generally be detected only with space telescopes.\nIn 2014, a new confirmation method called \"validation by multiplicity\" was announced. From the planets previously confirmed through various methods, it was found that planets in most planetary systems orbit in a relatively flat plane, similar to the planets found in the Solar System. This means that if a star has multiple planet candidates, it is very likely a real planetary system. Transit signals still need to meet several", "the five-planet star system Kepler-32 with the Kepler space observatory. A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way. On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, according to a 2016 study. Such", "with a diameter of 80 meters would be able to spectroscopically analyse Earth-size planets around the forty nearest sun-like stars. As such, this telescope could help in the exploration of exoplanets and extraterrestrial life (because the spectrum from the planets could reveal the presence of molecules indicative of life)." ]

[ "Have you ever seen a Rothko in person? It makes a huge difference. First and foremost, they're BIG paintings. Second, he always wanted people to look at them up close. IIRC he said the ideal viewing distance as 18\" (45cm). When you're that close to a huge painting, you literally can't see anything else. Your entire field of vision is consumed by this intense color field. The color kind of radiates on to you. Rothko's work was important because it was a pretty big influence on this notion of \"pure expression\" or \"direct experience\". It doesn't operate through language, symbols, or cultural understands. It's mean to be just something you feel, free of associations with anything else. It's important to note that Rothko isn't just important for making this kind of work, but also for talking about it quite extensively. Rothko was a very famous painter even before he started making abstract paintings, and he was quite popular and well respected. His transitions from representational and abstract works, along with his public writing/teaching/lectures/etc. on the subject makes him an enormously important figure in the history of art and the development of contemporary art theory." ]

[ "UP.\nJuamlon said that these spaces seem to be about his identity as well. Art cohabits a relation with spaces, and people as well, including teachers and friends who have allowed him to evolve, and share the life he has lived with them. He talks about his art as a matter of ideas that come from these everyday encounters with the world. And at this point, it is this art that seems to define him as a person who relates to his surroundings as well. Jumalon finds inspiration in anything and everything-—a candy wrapper, a moment, debris. He takes much from", "to be both sensual and deeply expressive albeit in a different way from gestural Abstract expressionism. Denying connection to Abstract Expressionism or any other Art Movement Mark Rothko spoke clearly about his paintings in 1956:\n \nI am not an abstractionist ... I am not interested in the relationship of color or form or anything else. ... I'm interested only in expressing basic human emotions — tragedy, ecstasy, doom and so on — and the fact that a lot of people break down and cry when confronted with my pictures show that I communicate those basic human emotions. ... The people", "reprinted. It has had considerable influence on aesthetic philosophy and, according to professor of philosophy Stephen David Ross, \"especially upon George Dickie's institutional theory of art. Dickie defines an art work as an artifact 'which has had conferred upon it the status of candidate for appreciation by some person or persons acting in behalf of a certain social institution (the artworld)' (p. 43.)\"\nAccording to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, \"Danto's definition has been glossed as follows: something is a work of art if and only if (i) it has a subject (ii) about which it projects some attitude or point", "of Doing\". His main philosophy is the focusing on the craftmanship as a signature and essence of what art is all about. Its through the attitude and the way art is created which decide the spiritual energy and power in the artistic expression. He oppose to the modern view of art that the concept and the ideas in art is the most important and central. He means that the concept and the ideas emerge from the way the art is done.\nAt Dag Hols solo exhibition in The City Hall of Oslo in March 2012 more than 3000 people attained the", "that other people can understand or from which they can get something, whether it be a feeling, an insight, a question, anything.” \nMoyer's art reinterprets and makes observations through a personal lens based on her own experiences. When asked about her motivation when making her pieces, Moyer said her “work often springs from my idealism and an attempt to reconcile that idealism with the world we live in. I’d be trying to reconcile those thing even if I wasn’t making art…In the most unromantic way, I think art is often about compulsion. The arts are too uncertain if", "such as abstract art, stylized human figures, costumbrismo, surrealism, and figurative art. “The aesthetic value of a work of art is based essentially in its composition and outline, the creativity and personal tough that the artist knows how to stamp on his work.”\nAs a painter, Francisco Moreno Capdevila commented that “the work of Miguel Hernández Urbán is an ascetic painting, bare of details, in which space is all. ‘Open to the infinite, the eye is submerged and wanders in the empty space in which form sometimes appears to disappear, being reduced to almost nothing. He frequently conveys a strange", "Ana Mendieta's interventions, Robert Rauschenberg's assemblages, Andy Warhol's perceptions, Neo Rauch compositions, and a Federico Fellini-esque cast of characters for his photo assemblages. Additionally, he relates to some of theorist Jean Baudrillard views about art and his philosophy on objects; French artist Gustave Courbet's idea that \"the only possible source for living art is the artist's own experiences\", as well as the Martinican writer and theoretician, Edouard Glissant's belief that ...\"the past resides in material objects that only release their hidden meanings when encountered imaginatively and sensuously\". Betancourt admires the works of diverse artists such as Fernando Oller, Bill", "a great deal of difference, they are only admitting that they do know something about Vermeer and van Meegeren and the history of art and the value and reputation of certain masters. They are only admitting that they do not judge a work of art on purely aesthetic grounds, but also take into account when it was created, by whom, and how great a reputation it or its creator has.", "his paintings \"metaphors of experience and feeling... the mind as nature.\"\nCritic Saul Ostrow described Conger's method as \"fluctuating between the rational, the associative, and the subjective.\" Although non-representational, his work connects to the everyday world through signifiers and titles he lets emerge during the painting process, which evoke what he calls \"'as if' places and stories\" without depicting any specific one. He does so based on his contention that abstract work can never be completely non-referential—that intentionally or not, all art generates meaning beyond itself. For Donald Kuspit, the process yields an aesthetically resonant, \"spontaneous means of introspection, even self-analysis\"", "indeed carry a fascination with the sciences and our anatomic system, as one of his critiques has suggested. More importantly, in any form of art one should let oneself be intrigued, inspired, and allow oneself to immerse within an artists work. Rothe might just be the kind of artist who knows how to expose your inner reflection in a mirror allowing yourself to be acquainted with that something about yourself that you might not have wished to know.", "multiple interpretations of an object. The inspirations of an artist are fueled through his/her experiences, perceptions, and perspectives of the world art movements such as Expressionism are known for the artist's release of emotions, tension, pressure, and inner spiritual forces that are transcribed to external conditions. Art comes from within oneself, and it is expressed in the external world for the entertainment of others. Everyone can appreciate a piece of artwork because it speaks to each individual in unique ways—therein lies the criticism of subjectivity.\nIn addition, the aesthetic experience of art is heavily criticized because it cannot", "themes beyond the individual self, such as the transpersonal consciousness. This makes transpersonal art criticism germane to mystical approaches to creativity. Transpersonal art criticism, as Boucovolas notes, can be considered that which claims conventional art criticism has been too committed to stressing rational dimensions of art and has subsequently said little on art's spiritual dimensions, or as that which holds art work has a meaning beyond the individual person. Certain aspects of the psychology of Carl Jung, as well as movements such as music therapy and art therapy, may also relate to the field. Boucovolas' paper cites Breccia (1971) as", "the relation between concept and presentation. Kosuth tries to identify or equate these philosophical problems with the theory of art. Kosuth changes the art practice from hand-made originals to notations with substitutable realizations, and tries to exemplify the relevance of this change for the theory of art.\nIn \"Art after Philosophy,\" Kosuth provoked a confrontation with the formal criticism of Clement Greenberg and Michael Fried. Both exposed the concept of the art work as a non-substitutable instance realized by an artist who follows no other criteria than visual ones. They defined this concept as the core of modernism. In the sixties,", "me through their work.\" These include Leonardo da Vinci, whom Rubik regards as the Renaissance man; Michelangelo, whom he respects as a polymath, painter, and sculptor; and artist M.C. Escher, who drew impossible constructions and grappled with explorations of infinity. As regards to philosophers and writers, Rubik admires Voltaire, Stendhal, Thomas Mann, Jean-Paul Sartre, Hungarian poet Attila József, Jules Verne, and Isaac Asimov. In the field of architecture, Rubik is an admirer of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Cultural and leisure pursuits Rubik admits to being a lifelong bibliophile and has stated, \"Books offered me the possibility of gaining", "\"from [his] imagination rather than models.\" He is influenced by many artists, but specifically names Chagall, Degas, Modigliani, Klee, Giotto, and the artists that painted in the Lascaux caves. He sums up his artistic philosophy in the following statement:\nThere is great importance in successfully becoming human, in striving to fully understand others, ourselves, and God. The process is difficult and filled with awkward discoveries and happy encounters, dreadful sorrow, and unmitigated joy sometimes several at once. I believe art should facilitate this journey, rather than simply decorate it, or worse, distract us from it. It should remind us of what", "in combinations to form his own \"language.\" His work has been compared to Picasso and Rufino Tamayo by art experts such as Teresa del Conde . He claims many influences but does not follow any one specifically. He regularly visits art museums to look for inspiration.\nHis creations never reference death because to him art is life. He does not believe that art is necessarily for catharsis and his emotions are not reflected in his work. His focus is on aesthetics, painting more with the head then the hands. Felguérez describes himself as a \"producer and seller of aesthetic pleasure.\"\nHe characterizes", " Therefore, he believed that we have to study those patterns and discover what they mean. He also believed that artwork is visual thinking and a means of expression, not just putting shapes and colors together that look appealing. Art is a way to help people understand the world, and a way to see how the world changes through your mind. Its function is to show the essence of something, like our existence. Arnheim's writing and thinking were most important to him, and his goal was to understand things for himself. Arnheim maintained that vision", "artist in residence with them in 2006 and 2007, the second year of which he ran the program. He believes that \"as many people as possible need to see art and talk about it\" because it \"always brings... value\" to \"the cultural sphere\"; he uses CC as a \"tactic for the most effective art work, and with the recognition that this will only bring more value — both culturally and monetarily — to [his] work more generally, whether it's for sale or not.\" Wikipedia Art On February 14, 2009, Stern and Scott Kildall created a Wikipedia article called \"Wikipedia Art\"", "ALL\" (Rank, 1929–31, p. 155) – in human terms, to the \"collective\" that alone has the power to immortalize the artist with the approval it grants the artwork:\n\"For this very essence of man, his soul, which the artist puts into his work and which is represented by it, is found again in the work by the enjoyer, just as the believer finds his soul in religion or in God, with whom he feels himself to be one. It is on this identity of the spiritual ... and not on a psychological identification with the artist that [aesthetic pleasure] ultimately depends... But", "painting style is loosely defined in a contemporary format, combining elements of expressionism and realism with abstract painting techniques. Asencio's art has been described as \"abstract expressionism\" and \"abstract realism\". He says of his own style:\nMy strongest influences as far as technique are the Abstract Expressionists. I like very much that they had their own philosophy. I use what I am more empathetic with and that blends somewhat with my own personality. There are giants in the art world who really move me: de Kooning (he makes every stroke of the brush different), Lucien Freud (his work", "He does not believe in making art “for the people” because most people do not care about it. His art almost always have a sarcastic and cynical touch. He says his only intention in his art is to make fun of himself and everyone else.\nPaintings, furniture and more are often characterized as being filled with ornamentation, with little or no white space, with lines, colors and symbols referencing ancient scriptures, Aztec codices, Catholicism, Hinduism and the occult. While his art has been criticized as adding ornament for its own sake or even distraction, he disagrees, saying that ornamentation is the", "Lee sees her art as a mode of self expression in that she portrays snippets of her own memories, dreams or anxieties in her work. She also draws inspiration from Korean fables and famous artworks.\nLee’s creative combination of unusual plastic elements as well as the expression of the unconscious mind places her works at the very heart of Surrealism.\nHer style is most comparable to German sculptor and photographer Thomas Demand, as well as U.S. installation artist and photographer Sandy Skoglund. It is unclear whether or not she was directly influenced by their works.\nIn an interview JeeYoung Lee mentions that some", "is that contemplation of the object of aesthetic appreciation temporarily allowed the subject a respite from the strife of desire, and allowed the subject to enter a realm of purely mental enjoyment, the world purely as representation or mental image. The more a person's mind is concerned with the world as representation, the less it feels the suffering of the world as will. Schopenhauer analysed art from its effects, both on the personality of the artist, and the personality of the viewer. Influence In proposing that art could offer deliverance from the Will, Schopenhauer elevated art from mere artisanry", "needs to be said about my art. I think of it as being simple, direct response to my life, everything is familiar and recognizable. There are no obscure philosophical or psychological implications; I observe and I interpret. That's all there is to it.", "doing so, Lin focuses on memorializing concepts of time periods instead of direct representations of figures, creating an abstract sculptures and installations.\nLin believes that art should be an act of every individual that is willing to say something that is new and not quite familiar. In her own words, Lin's work \"originates from a simple desire to make people aware of their surroundings, not just the physical world but also the psychological world we live in\". Lin describes her creative process as having a very important writing and verbal component. She first imagines an artwork verbally to understand its concepts", "Heineken, MTV, Mercedes Benz, Audi, and BMW.\nHis art is instantly recognized by its colourful surrealism, which he accredits to the style to his early mentors. Requiring almost complete creative freedom when working for a client, he notes, “If you call me, and you have a picture in mind and you want me to do that picture—you need to call someone else. Someone who is good at interpreting your ideas. We want to know the feeling that you’re going for, but after that we go our own way.” His work has been featured in advertisements for Kenzo and Alitalia, and in", "Mary Bauermeister Mary Hilde Ruth Bauermeister (born 7 September 1934) is a German artist who works in sculpture, drawing, installation, performance, and music. Influenced by Fluxus artists and Nouveau Réalisme, her work addresses esoteric issues of how information is transferable through society. \"I only followed an inner drive to express what was not yet there, in reality or thought,\" she said of her practice. \"To make art was more a finding, searching process than a knowing.\" Since the 1970s, the artist's work has concentrated on the themes surrounding New Age spirituality, specifically geomancy, the divine interpretation of lines on the", "transferred.\" On the topic of abstract art, she has said, “It is the act of man’s continual communion with the universe transformed as by magic into substance.\" From this interest, she was also greatly influenced by the art and practices of many Indigenous groups, who she saw as giving form to universal forces. It is in this way that she believed “art has been a summoning of those inexorable universal forces which man seeks but over which he has no control.\"", "to feel the objects he painted' [\"Avant nous, aucun peintre n'avait eu le souci de palper les objets qu'il peignait\"] (Jean Metzinger). What Metzinger probably refers to is that unlike the artists before them, he and Picasso move around their models and subjects, capturing not just one vision but many, capturing the full essence of their subject matter, if not all of its characteristics and properties. \"Palper\", or to 'palpate the objects' is more than just 'feel', it is to examine or explore by touch, a method of examination in which the artist feels size or shape or firmness or", "artwork ... remains[s] unchanged in value through changing years\" but its form, manner of expression, and the conventions of the era when it was created, \"are transient and age rapidly\". The Sketch includes the maxim that \"Music was born free; and to win freedom is its destiny\". It therefore takes issue with conventional wisdom on music, caricatured by Busoni as the constricting rules of the \"lawgivers\". It praises the music of Beethoven and JS Bach as the essence of the spirit of music (\"Ur-Musik\") and says that their art should \"be conceived as a beginning, and not as an unsurpassable finality.\"" ]

[ "\"Crapware\" refers to all of the pre-installed apps that you don't want, but the device will not allow you to uninstall.\n\n\"Rooting\" means basically taking control of the device in such a way that you can do things that it normally doesn't permit you to do, including uninstalling \"uninstallable\" apps. The term comes from UNIX operating systems, where, aside from the normal user accounts, there is a \"root\" account that has absolute permission to do anything it wants, and will not be restricted in any way by the operating system.", "I know nothing about crapware, though l imagine it may refer to the stuff that your phone company preloads onto your phone that you can't get rid of without rooting.\n\nRooting means unlocking administrator level access to your phone, so you can change the underlying programming that your phone uses to operate or use programs that would otherwise be incompatible or restricted. Rooting allows a person to change things like \"overclocking\", meaning that it allows them to remove restrictions on how hard their processor can work - this can be dangerous in that it can burn out your processor or damage other hardware in the phone, but if used correctly it simply gets more performance out of the phone without making any hardware upgrades.\n\nRooting often voids any warranty on the phone unless you can reset the phone to factory defaults before attempting to redeem a warranty, and it can lead to stability issues and crashing, even \"bricking\" the phone (making it entirely non-functional), and should therefore not be done by anybody who is not capable of understanding and executing the detailed instructions for rooting or is and comfortable with the risks.\n\nMost people do not have any need to root their phone. Factory settings will get the job done, and more simply, for the vast majority of users. For those that need more or like to tinker, rooting is the place to go." ]

[ "vulnerability (\"root exploit\") and \"hard-rooting\" by flashing a su binary executable is sometimes made. If a phone can be soft rooted, it is vulnerable to malware. Varieties The process of rooting varies widely by device, but usually includes exploiting one or more security bugs in the firmware of (i.e., in the version of the Android OS installed on) the device. Once an exploit is discovered, a custom recovery image that will skip the digital signature check of firmware updates can be flashed. Then a modified firmware update that typically includes the utilities needed to run apps as root can", "Rooting (Android) Rooting is the process of allowing users of smartphones, tablets and other devices running the Android mobile operating system to attain privileged control (known as root access) over various Android subsystems. As Android uses the Linux kernel, rooting an Android device gives similar access to administrative (superuser) permissions as on Linux or any other Unix-like operating system such as FreeBSD or macOS.\nRooting is often performed with the goal of overcoming limitations that carriers and hardware manufacturers put on some devices. Thus, rooting gives the ability (or permission) to alter or replace system applications and settings, run", "AT&T and Verizon Galaxy S5 In June 2014, Hotz published a root exploit software hack for Samsung Galaxy S5 devices used in the US market. The exploit is itself built around Linux kernel CVE-2014-3153, which was discovered by hacker Pinkie Pie, and it involves an issue in the Futex subsystem that in turn allows for privilege escalation. The exploit, known as towelroot, was designated a \"one-click Android rooting tool\" by the hacking community because it was designed to be installed quickly like an App; other rooting hacks were typically uploaded from a nearby PC with a cable and necessitated rebooting", "if the guide, ROM, or root method used is for a device variant with a different hardware setup, there is a risk of bricking the device.\nIn recent years, there is a new method of rooting Android devices called \"systemless root\". Systemless root uses various techniques to gain root access without modifying the system partition of a device. One example is Magisk, which also has an ability to hide root access from other applications that refuse to work, such as Safetynet protected applications like Android Pay and Pokémon Go.\nThe distinction between \"soft rooting\" through a third-party application which uses a security", "shutdown. In the worst cases, the leftover software may interfere with the correct operation of wanted software. Bloatware can be easily removed if the user has root access on his or her smartphone, though the rooting process has its own advantages & disadvantages, such as voiding the manufacturer's warranty. Alternatives Some applications, such as GIMP, and software with additional functionality from plug-ins, use extensions or add-ons which are downloaded separately from the main application. These can be created by either the software developer or by third party developers. Plug-ins, extensions, and add-ons add extra functionality which might have otherwise been", "of Android devices may look to other sources in the future. Access to alternate apps may require rooting but rooting is not always necessary.\nRooting an Android phone lets the owner add, edit or delete system files, which in turn lets them perform various tweaks and use apps that require root access. Methods Some rooting methods involve use of the command prompt and development interface called Android Debug Bridge (ADB), while other methods may use specialized applications and be as simple as clicking one button. Devices, or sometimes even different variants of the same device, can have different hardware configurations. Thus,", "root exploit available for new or recently updated phones, but one is usually available within a few months. Industry reaction Until 2010, tablet and smartphone manufacturers, as well as mobile carriers, were mainly unsupportive of third-party firmware development. Manufacturers had expressed concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and related support costs. Moreover, firmware such as OmniROM and CyanogenMod sometimes offer features for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium, such as tethering. Due to that, technical obstacles such as locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions have commonly been introduced in many devices. For example, in", "Erin of Tripwire said the \"Bypassing the vetting processes of Apple and Google is the keystone in a mobile malware campaign.\"\nThe malware turned out to include a rootkit, the revelation being described as \"more cunning than first thought\".\nThe malware is thought to have been written by Chinese actor, according to Shaulov of Check Point, based on the use of a packing/obfuscation tool from Baidu. Eleven Paths, a Telefonica-owned company, found links to may other pieces of malware, based on the id used to access Umeng, Internet domains accessed by the apps and shared jpg and png images.\nIt appears", "and granting the user elevated administration-level privileges (rooting). Many vendors such as HTC, Sony, Asus and Google explicitly provide the ability to unlock devices, and even replace the operating system entirely. Similarly, the ability to sideload applications is typically permissible on Android devices without root permissions. Thus, it is primarily the third aspect of iOS jailbreaking (giving users administrative privileges) that most directly correlates to Android rooting. Overview Rooting lets all user-installed applications run privileged commands typically unavailable to the devices in the stock configuration. Rooting is required for more advanced and potentially dangerous operations including modifying or deleting system", "Meme hack A meme hack is changing a meme to express a point of view not intended or inherent in the original image, or even opposite to the original. The meme can be thoughts, concepts, ideas, theories, opinions, beliefs, practices, habits, songs, or icons. Distortions of corporate logos are also referred to as subvertising. Another definition is: \"Intentionally altering a concept or phrase, or using it in a different context, so as to subvert the meaning.\"", "\"game guide\" apps in Google Play. The malware is capable of gaining administrator access to infected devices, where it then receives additional modules that let it show popup ads. The malware, a type of botnet, is also capable of launching DDoS attacks. After being alerted to the malware, Google removed all instances of it in the store, but by that time, approximately two million Android users had already downloaded the apps, the oldest of which had been around since November 2016.\nIn June 2017, researchers from the Sophos security company announced their finding of 47 apps using a third-party development library", "\"Outlook login help\"), though both Bing and Google have taken steps to restrict such schemes. Other techniques include email spamming and cybersquatting to lead potential victims to web pages containing scammers' phone numbers. Some scams have been initiated via pop-up ads on infected websites instructing the potential victim to call a number. These pop-ups often closely resemble legitimate error messages such as the Blue Screen of Death. Remote access The scammer usually instructs the victim to download and install a remote access program, such as TeamViewer, AnyDesk, LogMeIn, GoToAssist, ConnectWise Control (known also as ScreenConnect), etc. With the software", "through Google Play. Shell had a different monetization scheme and different geographical distribution.\nOn October 8, 2015, Google Play accidentally blocked Yandex Launcher. A few hours later Launcher was unblocked.\nAfter its launch, the app was available only to users from Latin America, later it was unlocked for users from the EU, United States, Russia and other countries. On December 14, 2015, the app was made available without geographical limitations.\nIn October 2016, Yandex offered the pre-installation of their apps (including Yandex Launcher) to retailers and manufacturers of Android smartphones. Participating in this program was MTS (Russia), Multilaser (Brazil), ZTE (China), Wileyfox (United", "specialized applications (\"apps\") that require administrator-level permissions, or perform other operations that are otherwise inaccessible to a normal Android user. On Android, rooting can also facilitate the complete removal and replacement of the device's operating system, usually with a more recent release of its current operating system.\nRoot access is sometimes compared to jailbreaking devices running the Apple iOS operating system. However, these are different concepts: Jailbreaking is the bypass of several types of Apple prohibitions for the end user, including modifying the operating system (enforced by a \"locked bootloader\"), installing non-officially approved (not available on Google Play) applications via sideloading,", "Use of the term in such a manner announces a high level of skill, though such an announcement may be seen as baseless hubris. Terminology and common misspellings Warez (nominally /wɛərz/) is a plural shortening of \"software\", typically referring to cracked and redistributed software. Phreaking refers to the hacking of telephone systems and other non-Internet equipment. Teh originated as a typographical error of \"the\", and is sometimes spelled t3h. j00 takes the place of \"you\", originating from the affricate sound that occurs in place of the palatal approximant, /j/, when you follows a word ending in an alveolar plosive consonant,", "to install malware and disclose personal information. On Torrent sites, threats include malware hiding in video, music, and software downloads. Even when using a smartphone, threats include geolocation, meaning that one's phone can detect where they are and post it online for all to see. Users can protect themselves by updating virus protection, using security settings, downloading patches, installing a firewall, screening email, shutting down spyware, controlling cookies, using encryption, fending off browser hijackers, and blocking pop-ups.\nHowever most people have little idea how to go about doing many of these things. How can the average user with no training be", "was released in August 2014, adding extra functionality to it, including the ability to send web links and hashtags, and creating user profiles.\nOn 20 June 2014, Isaiah Turner hacked the app, allowing him to retrieve any user's phone number and spam/spoof 'Yo's to any user. After the exploit was fixed, Arbel hired him to work for the company. In October the same year, the app introduced functionality to enable users to send their location to other users.\nIn June 2015, Yo released the second version of their app with a number of new features. The user interface was updated to allow", "professional version, with a 14-day free trial in advance, offering \"real-time protection against malware, automated scanning, and automatic updating\". Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Mobile is a free Android app which protects smartphones from mobile malware, preventing unauthorized access to personal data identifying tracking applications. It has a rating of 4.4 on the Google Play store. In 2014, the company launched Malwarebytes Anti-Malware 2.0 with an improved user interface and dashboard.\nIn 2014 the company launched Malwarebytes Anti-Exploit, which shields selected applications from attacks by \"exploit mitigation to protect vulnerable programs\". Anti-Exploit also comes in a free and paid for version for Windows computers.", "place, government regulatory agencies raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice. Security Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store. Often, malware is hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app stores. Malware risk also comes from what is known as an \"update attack\", where a legitimate application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are notified that the app has been", "the functionality of the app and compromising security. Criticisms Some IT professionals have questioned whether empowering ordinary business users who cannot debug code is a sustainable endeavor. NCDPs have also been compared to other coding waves such as fourth-generation programming languages and rapid application development which promised to revolutionize software development.\nAwareness of no-code tools by leaders outside of IT is a challenge that also threatens to undermine the industry's potential.", "corporation stealing people's underpants. When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is \"collect underpants\". Phase 3 is \"profit\". However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and \"Phase 2\" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart. Using \"????\" and \"PROFIT!\" as the last two steps in a process (usually jokingly) has become a widely popular Internet meme because of this. Especially in the context of politics and economics, \"underpants gnomes\" has been used by some commentators", "rocketed in the last few years posing a threat to analysis and detection. The three phases of malware attacks Typically an attack on a smartphone made by malware takes place in 3 phases: the infection of a host, the accomplishment of its goal, and the spread of the malware to other systems. Malware often uses the resources offered by the infected smartphones. It will use the output devices such as Bluetooth or infrared, but it may also use the address book or email address of the person to infect the user's acquaintances. The malware exploits the trust that is given", "files, removing pre-installed applications, and low-level access to the hardware itself (rebooting, controlling status lights, or recalibrating touch inputs.) A typical rooting installation also installs the Superuser application, which supervises applications that are granted root or superuser rights by requesting approval from the user before granting said permissions. A secondary operation, unlocking the device's bootloader verification, is required to remove or replace the installed operating system.\nIn contrast to iOS jailbreaking, rooting is not needed to run applications distributed outside of the Google Play Store, sometimes called sideloading. The Android OS supports this feature natively in two ways: through the \"Unknown", "and provided a code signature for developers to test if they are running a tampered version of Xcode.\nIn June 2017, a scamming trend was discovered on the store, in which developers make apps built on non-existent services, attach in-app purchase subscriptions to the opening dialogue, then buy App Store search advertising space to get the app into the higher rankings. In one instance, an app by the name of \"Mobile protection :Clean & Security VPN\" would require payments of $99.99 for a seven-day subscription after a short trial. Apple has not yet responded to the issues.\nIn addition, Apple has removed", "Apple's software development tools, and made its way into the compiled app through a modified framework. Despite Apple's review process, WeChat and other infected apps were approved and distributed through the App Store. Even though some sources claimed that the malware was capable of prompting the user for their account credentials, opening URLs and reading the device's clipboard, Apple responded that the malware was not capable of doing \"anything malicious\" or transmitting any personally identifiable information beyond \"apps and general system information\" and that it had no information that suggested that this had happened. Some commentators considered this to be", "Download Valley Download Valley is a cluster of software companies in Israel, producing and delivering adware to be installed alongside downloads of other software. The primary purpose is to monetize shareware and downloads. These software items are commonly browser toolbars, adware, browser hijackers, spyware, and malware. Another group of products are download managers, possibly designed to induce or trick the user to install adware, when downloading a piece of desired software or mobile app from a certain source.\nThe term does not refer to an actual geographical region or valley, but is a pun based on Silicon Valley, and", "using dotMobi's recommended best practices.\ndotMobi does not itself mandate any particular technology, but does require that .mobi sites produce user experiences consistent with their guidelines and specifically optimized for mobile phones.\nThe domain has been the target of criticism due to allegedly breaking the principles of device independence. Providing content tailored to particular devices can be done by other means than a specific TLD, such as using hostnames within an existing domain, HTTP content negotiation, cascading style sheets, or other forms of adaptation. Similar services There are technical solutions that provide similar benefits as mobi: compressing/downsampling proxy servers and microbrowsers, like", "Mobile tower fraud Mobile tower rental business offers are a new form of mass marketing fraud in India. These frauds are unique to the Indian subcontinent. \nMass-marketing fraud is defined as fraud committed via mass communication media using the telephone, mail, and the Internet.\n\n\"Mobile tower fraud\" may be defined as a type of mass marketing fraud with advance fee fraud characteristics, where the central scheme is the installation of a mobile tower in the victim's property. The victims are lured by the promise of huge rental income. Mobile tower fraudsters are targeting individuals of all ages and demographics. With", "ZTE Open Rooting The phone can be rooted by exploiting a known security vulnerability, CVE-2012-4220 a.k.a. Qualcomm DIAG root. This vulnerability was discovered 7 months before the ZTE Open was released. The vulnerability in question can be used to modify system files, but it cannot be used to unlock the locked bootloader.", "and Evernote. If a hacker attempts to gain access to any of the connected accounts, the user receives an alert that there is unauthorized access. It also provides an Inbox Detective service that scans the user's email account for any potential threats and assists in eliminating them.\nLogDog has Android and iOS versions. Once a user installs the app on a supported device, it invites the user to add protection for each of the supported account types. The login data remains on the user own device, is never transmitted and vanishes when the user uninstall the app. LogDog's Privacy policy states" ]

[ "Because of the way radio technology works.\n\nThe station you pick isn't actually what you are listening to, you're listening to a range or band of frequencies, rather than just one.\nThe name of the channel is based on the range of frequencies assigned to it, in terms of the actual frequencies being broadcast to make that channel.\n\nHowever, it's much easier to call a station 101.1 than \"101-101.199\" or what have you. 101.1 lies in the middle of the band so it makes more sense than other possibilities" ]

[ "Generally, numbers stations follow a basic format, although there are many differences in details between stations. Transmissions usually begin on the hour or half-hour.\nThe prelude, introduction, or call-up of a transmission (from which stations' informal nicknames are often derived) includes some kind of identifier, for the station itself, the intended recipient, or both. This can take the form of numeric or radio-alphabet \"code names\" (e.g. \"Charlie India Oscar\", \"250 250 250\", \"Six-Niner-Zero-Oblique-Five-Four\"), characteristic phrases (e.g. \"¡Atención!\", \"Achtung!\", \"Ready? Ready?\", \"1234567890\"), and sometimes musical or electronic sounds (e.g. \"The Lincolnshire Poacher\", \"Magnetic Fields\"). Sometimes, as in the case of radio-alphabet stations,", "stations using carrier current) usually do. Station identification in that case usually consists of the station's name, frequency, and a slogan; unlicensed stations are not allowed to use formal call signs.\nInternational shortwave broadcasters usually do not use callsigns, instead giving the name of the service and the location of the home office, and occasionally the frequencies that the current broadcast is being transmitted on. There are a few exceptions, particularly in the United States, the time station WWV being a prime example.\nAmateur radio requires the call sign to be stated at the end of a communication and every ten minutes", "the two letters after the numeral, and since 1975 FM stations have had three letters. Over the last few decades, there has been a trend for many stations to use marketing names on air rather than their official call sign. Inter alia, examples of such on-air names are: Gold, Mix, HOTFM, Nova, and STAR FM. Stations will often change their marketing name even when there is just a small change in format. AM radio 1920s all broadcast services allocated to a few specific frequencies, MF + LF\nearly 1920s Class A Services low end of AM band & longwave, Class", "rate would now legally become even more saturated. The inconsistencies caused by the specific numerical limits caused them to be remanded for reconsideration. IV. Local radio ownership rule In the 1950, Petitioners challenged the FCC's change to local radio ownership rules, limiting the number of stations a company may own in different sized markets, as well as retaining specific numerical limits. The court affirmed the decision to change the rules, but remanded the specific numerical limits, since it believed the specific numbers to be arbitrary.\nThe decision to change the definition of local markets to a geography based system was supported", "sister radio stations playing in the background. Some stations, after doing a sign-off, nonetheless continue to transmit throughout the off-air period on cable/satellite; this transmission may involve a test pattern, static image, teletext pages or full-page headlines which was accompanied by music or a local weather radio service. Historical In a number of countries closedowns formerly took place during the daytime as well as overnight. In the United Kingdom this was initially due to government-imposed restrictions on daytime broadcasting hours, and later, due to budgetary constraints. The eventual relaxation of these rules meant that afternoon closedowns ceased permanently on", "the station close most often takes place overnight or during the early hours of the morning. The daily sign-off typically occurs between around 11:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. and the station will remain closed until about 4:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m., although in countries with limited broadcast coverage, sign-off may occur at earlier times, and sign-on later. In the age of digital television, some broadcasters' specialty or subchannels may also closedown during significantly different times from their main channels in order to give way to fellow sister channels they share broadcast bandwidth with. For instance, CBeebies in the UK closes down at", "so on). Television channels have two digits, from 02 to 51 (formerly 02 to 83); FM radio channels are numbered from 200 (87.9 MHz) to 300 (107.9 MHz), one every 0.2 MHz (for example, W42BD or K263AF). An X after the number in these call signs does not indicate an experimental broadcasting license (as it may in other services), since all 26 letters are used in the sequence. In January 2011, the highest pair of letters used was ZS (K13ZS-D is a translator of KTSC in Sargents, Colorado).\nNumbered translator stations (a format such as W70ZZ) are typically low-power repeaters – often 100 watts", "station\". DJs stopped announcing the titles of the songs, and instead, to maintain an uninterrupted mood, listeners could call a 1–800 phone number to find out what song was playing. News breaks were also re-branded and referred to as \"wave breaks\". Other new-age-specialty radio programs included Forest's Musical Starstreams and John Diliberto's Echoes. Most major cable television networks have channels that play music without visuals, including channels for New age, such as the \"Soundscapes\" channel on Music Choice. The two satellite radio companies Sirius Satellite Radio & XM Satellite Radio each had their own channels that played new-age music. Sirius—Spa", "WHO (AM) Early Years WHO first began broadcasting on April 10, 1924. While most radio stations in Iowa today begin their call signs with a K, WHO begins with a W, because the original dividing line was the western border of Iowa. WHO dates back to the early years of radio, when call signs were often only three letters long. The call letters were not chosen because they spell out the question \"Who?\" The government handed out call signs sequentially.\nThe studios were on the top floor of the Liberty Building in downtown Des Moines. The station was originally owned by", "South America call signs have been a traditional way of identifying radio and TV stations. Some stations still broadcast their call signs a few times a day, but this practice is becoming very rare. Argentinian broadcast call signs consist of two or three letters followed by multiple numbers, the second and third letters indicating region. In Brazil, radio and TV stations are identified by a ZY, a third letter and three numbers. ZYA, ZYB, ZYR, and ZYT are allocated to television stations; ZYI, ZYJ, ZYK and ZYL designate AM stations; ZYG is used for shortwave stations; ZYC, ZYD, ZYM and", "type of employment they do, their income levels, what kinds of cars they drive, and even whether or not they have been to a particular entertainment venue.\nRadio stations sell their airtime according to dayparts. Typically, a station's daypart lineup will look something like the following: 6am-10am, 10am-3pm, 3pm-7pm, and 7pm- midnight. The spots running after midnight, from 12am-6am, are referred to as \"overnights\". Though this schedule of dayparts can vary from station to station, most stations run similar daypart lineups and sell their advertisements accordingly. Drive times, or morning and evenings when people are commuting, are usually the most", "stations on the same frequency or adjacent frequencies. Usually stations operating under the restrictions of Critical Hours must sign off the air between the end of the evening critical hours and the beginning of the morning critical hours. In effect, permission to operate during critical hours gives daytime-only stations a few more hours in their broadcast day. This is especially important in autumn and winter, when these stations might otherwise need to be off the air during the important morning and afternoon drive times, when AM radio listening is at its highest.", "as 9.1 Hits FM; its actual broadcast frequency had not changed (although the \"9.1\" was also used in the station's legal IDs). Promotional signs throughout the listening area were also modified to appear as though the \"9\" had been removed. No reason for the change was given until September 8, when it was revealed that the missing digit had been \"abducted\" and hidden somewhere in the station's listening area, prompting a scavenger hunt-style contest where the abductor periodically \"hijacked\" the station's signal to provide clues to find a physical \"9\" object, and the station providing a $10,000 reward for its", "\"U100\". Another oddity was the placement on the dial. The AM broadcast at 980, and the FM at 101.3. Management reasoned that back then, all radios were analog, and it seemed like the only number shown on that part of the dial was a big \"100\", so it was close enough to 980 and 101.3, close enough to \"100\" as far as they were concerned.\nThe changeover occurred on August 26, 1974, during a remote broadcast from the Minnesota State Fair. The program director, Rob Sherwood, used this opportunity to abruptly change the format of both stations, debuting the AM and", "States many information-based radio stations (full-service, all-news and news/talk) also broadcast time signals at the beginning of the hour. In New York, WCBS and WINS have distinctive beginning-of-the-hour tones, though the WINS signal is only approximate (several seconds error). WINS also has a tone at 30 minutes past the hour for those setting their clocks. WTIC uses the Morse code V for victory to the tune of Beethoven's 5th Symphony at the beginning of the hour continuously since 1943.\nStations using iBiquity Digital Corporation's \"HD Radio\" system are contractually required to delay their analog broadcast by about eight seconds so it", "Sign-on and sign-off Sign-on/start-up Sign-ons, like sign-offs, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign-off sequence at the close of the day. It is common for sign-ons to be followed by a network's early morning newscast, or their morning or breakfast show.\nWhile both sign-ons and sign-offs have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty-four-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week broadcasting, they are still conducted by a number of stations around the world. For broadcasters that do still close for a", "reached with a particular schedule of advertisements. The numbers also show exactly how many people are listening at each hour of the day. This allows an advertiser to select the strongest stations in the market with specificity and tells them what times of day will be the best times to run their ads.\nBesides the basic numbers, most radio stations have access to other data, such as Scarborough Research, that details more about the listening audience than just what age group they fall into. For example, some data will provide the types of activities listeners participate in, their ethnicity, what", "and saw listener traffic jump nearly 35% in a single month. Features A station is centralised by a specific genre or theme, or a combination of multiple items of any kind. Unlike many other internet radio competitors like Pandora, Slacker and Jango, AccuRadio users can customise one of its programmed channels but they can't build their own channels themselves. Each track played can be responded to with a rating scale from 1 to 5 stars, which determine its future airplay, but not thumbs up/down. In case a listener has rated 4 or 5 stars for at least 20 tracks, a", "stations to the high frequency radio bands in a short period of time. Because the amount of radio spectrum available is limited, this can result in significant competition for frequencies. Since stations in the Amateur Radio Service must share spectrum and are not assigned specific channels, no one station, contester or otherwise, has a right to use any particular frequency in a radio band. During big contest weekends, thousands of contesters take to the air causing much contention.\nMost noticeably in the UK and the USA, the increasing amount of contest traffic on the popular HF bands at", "commercial radio, which traditionally uses uniform formats, other than a handful of speciality shows in off-peak hours such as weekends (for instance, the infamous beaver hours in Canadian radio). The general rationale for not using block programming is that listeners expect a certain type of music when they tune into a radio station and breaking from that format will turn those listeners away from the station; likewise, a station that airs its programming in hodgepodge blocks will have difficulty building listener loyalty, as listeners' music will only be on for a few hours of the day. This argument for homogenized", "special 5-Star Radio is unlocked. In addition, several genres may have the \"Listeners Top 100\" station, an artist specific station, a \"HitKast\" station (devoting to current songs), or a year specific station (the latter case is common for oldies). An artist and/or a song can be banned on an individual station but not the overall listening experience. No response is applicable to musical attributes or to albums. Clicking the thumbs down or skipping feature is unlimited and will stop the current play of the track once either of them is used. Web streaming Based on the latest monthly report from", "Identification on other types of signals In the United States, the policy on radio identification depends on the service. Station identification is usually done in the station's standard mode of operation, though the FCC considers Morse code identification to be universally acceptable no matter what mode the station is operating in.\nLow-power (Part 15 in the U.S.) stations do not always identify, being unlicensed (this would be essentially impossible for small FM transmitters for consumer use, such as those used to broadcast music from an MP3 player to a car radio), but those that run as community-based radio stations (including college", "to overhaul its format drastically in 4 January 1992. First, three broadcasters (NCRV, KRO and AVRO) decided to join forces and introduced Station 3 in January 1992, with a horizontal format for three days from 6am to midnight (Saturdays, Sundays and Mondays), with programs hosted by DJs from these three broadcasters. As from Monday 5th. October 1992, Radio 3 went horizontal completely, with each public broadcaster losing its own designated day (except Veronica on Saturday and TROS on Sunday) but getting a fixed and daily time slot instead.\nThe rise of commercial radio at the beginning of the 1990s led to", "smaller communities and underserved rural areas. A constraint was the Davis Amendment, which specified that the station assignments had to be equitably made throughout the country.\nTwo technical issues limited the number of stations that could operate without interfering with each other. These issues were especially important at night, when a change in the ionosphere meant that radio signals traveled much greater distances. Most transmitters at this time were unable to precisely control their output frequencies, thus, signals from two stations operating on the same nominal frequency would combine to make a high-pitched \"heterodyne\" tone that interfered with the reception of", "Numbertime Radio series The first series was accompanied by a ten-part radio series on BBC School Radio entitled Radio Numbertime, which again focused on the numbers 1-10, in order; it ran from 21 September to 30 November 1993. Another radio series, which was entitled simply Numbertime like the television series, was broadcast on BBC School Radio from 29 September 2000 to 26 March 2003 - and a third radio series, which was again entitled Numbertime like the defunct television series, was broadcast on BBC School Radio from 1 May to 26 June 2014.", "generally the responsibility of the individual station, and typically consists of local newscasts, syndicated programming acquired by the station, and other locally produced programs. Off-peak hours (such as early-morning hours) are often programmed with infomercials and other forms of brokered programming, burn-off and repeats of syndicated programs, while the Big Three television networks provide overnight newscasts: the majority of U.S. stations no longer sign off at the end of their broadcast day. Stations may, from time to time, preempt network programs to air special programming of local interest (such as sporting events and coverage of local celebrations); affiliation contracts may", "stations prior to 1990 when New Zealand stopped assigning call signs to radio stations.", "highest-rated program of the season. One reason for the lower ratings may be because of the time slot the show aired. In September 1932, only 40% of radio owners were listening to the radio at 7:00 p.m., whereas 60% listened at 9:00 p.m. The 1932–1933 season's top-rated shows, The Chase and Sanborn Hour, Jack Pearl's Baron Münchhausen, and Fire Chief all aired after 9:00 p.m. Standard Oil decided it could not compete with Texaco in the ratings and Five-Star Theater was not renewed for a second season.\nIn his 1959 autobiography, Groucho and Me, Groucho comments, \"We thought we were doing pretty well as", "station numbers are shifted and renumbered.", "2012, approximately 80 radio stations are electronically monitored 24 hours a day, seven days a week by Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. Songs are ranked by a calculation of the total number of spins per week with its \"audience impression\", which is based upon exact times of airplay and each station's Arbitron listener data. The chart had 30 positions when it was introduced in September 1988, and was expanded to 40 positions on September 10, 1994.\nThe chart was renamed Alternative Songs beginning with the June 20, 2009 issue after Billboard fully absorbed Radio & Records, whose similar chart was called \"Alternative\"" ]

[ "The correct answer is that you have the same amount of B in A as there is A in B.\n\nConsider this: each container has 100 units of liquids A and B. The ladle can carry 10 units. In the first scoop, you have 10 units of A in the ladle. You transferred it to container B. Now Container A has 90 units of A. Container B has 100 units of B and 10 units of A.\n\nWhen you take a scoop from container B, you have about 0.91 units of A, and 9.09 units of B (since that solution is 10/110 liquid A). You add this to container A. Now container A has 90.91 units of liquid A, and 9.09 units of B. However, container B still has the same proportion of liquid A and B after the first mixing - namely, 10/110 liquid A, and 100/110 liquid B. This translates to 9.09 units of liquid A, and 90.9 units of liquid B.", "We can use reductio ad absurdum to show that A and B have the same volume.\n\nLet's assume that we end up with more liquid A than liquid B (or vice versa). \n\nBut how can we get this result? Since no liquid is added or removed, the split will always be equal and opposite. If one container has 60%/40%, the other must have 40%/60%, or 90%/10% and 10%/90%. Each of the two liquids must add always up to 100%. There is never a situation where you have 70%/30% and 30%/69% because that one percent cannot just disappear. Since adding or removing liquid is the only way to get more of one liquid than the other, we have to conclude that the the amount of A in B and B in A are the same.\n\nYou can work through the math like others have done, but this is an intuitive way of thinking about the problem." ]

[ "EPR paradox The debates between Bohr and Einstein essentially concluded in 1935, when Einstein finally expressed what is widely considered his best argument against the completeness of quantum mechanics. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen had proposed their definition of a \"complete\" description as one that uniquely determines the values of all its measurable properties. Einstein later summarized their argument as follows:\nConsider a mechanical system consisting of two partial systems A and B which interact with each other only during a limited time. Let the ψ function [i.e., wavefunction ] before their interaction be given. Then the Schrödinger equation will furnish the", "Einstein problem In plane geometry, the einstein problem asks about the existence of a single prototile that by itself forms an aperiodic set of prototiles, that is, a shape that can tessellate space, but only in a nonperiodic way. Such a shape is called an \"einstein\" (not to be confused with the physicist Albert Einstein), a play on the German words ein Stein, meaning one tile. Depending on the particular definitions of nonperiodicity and the specifications of what sets may qualify as tiles and what types of matching rules are permitted, the problem is either open or solved. The einstein", "(passive diffeomorphisms). Einstein failed to find non-generally covariant field equations only to return to the hole argument and resolve it. It basically involved accepting that these two solutions are physically equivalent by claiming that how the metric is localized over the spacetime manifold is physically irrelevant and that individual spacetime points defined in terms of spacetime coordinates have no physical meaning in and of themselves (this is the source of the problem for manifold substantialism). To provide meaning to 'location', Einstein generalized the situation given in the above paragraphs by introducing two particles; then physical points (inside the hole) can", "the philosophical debate concerning Einstein's \"hole argument.\" This argument initially had led Einstein in 1913 for a time to reject generally covariant theories, because a region of space/time without forces would undermine determinism or unique extension of trajectories. He later concluded that space/time points without gravity would not be individuated.\nIt has been claimed also that Kretschmann discovered that the conformal geometry of General Relativity corresponds to the light cone structure, a point rediscovered by and extensively exploited by Hermann Weyl, and since then developed by Jürgen Ehlers and collaborators.\nKretschmann's prose is so convoluted and obscure that reception and appreciation of", "after the theory's publication by Einstein, Schwarzschild found the first solution of the Einstein equations, which is now named after him as the \"Schwarzschild solution\" and which is of fundamental importance for the theory of black holes.\nThere exist further close links between the AOP and Einstein's Relativity Theory. In 1881 Albert A. Michelson first performed his interferometer experiments in the cellar of the main building of the AOP, that were to disprove the movement of the Earth through a hypothetical aether. His negative results were fundamentally reconciled only through Einstein's Special Relativity theory of 1905.\nTo prove the gravitational redshift of", "Deriving the Schwarzschild solution The Schwarzschild solution describes spacetime in the vicinity of a non-rotating massive spherically-symmetric object. Of the solutions to the Einstein field equations, it is considered by some to be one of the simplest and most useful. Dispensing with the static assumption - Birkhoff's theorem In deriving the Schwarzschild metric, it was assumed that the metric was vacuum, spherically symmetric and static. In fact, the static assumption is stronger than required, as Birkhoff's theorem states that any spherically symmetric vacuum solution of Einstein's field equations is stationary; then one obtains the Schwarzschild solution. Birkhoff's theorem has", "Euler's three-body problem In physics and astronomy, Euler's three-body problem is to solve for the motion of a particle that is acted upon by the gravitational field of two other point masses that are fixed in space. This problem is exactly solvable, and yields an approximate solution for particles moving in the gravitational fields of prolate and oblate spheroids. This problem is named after Leonhard Euler, who discussed it in memoirs published in 1760. Important extensions and analyses were contributed subsequently by Lagrange, Liouville, Laplace, Jacobi, Darboux, Le Verrier, Velde, Hamilton, Poincaré, Birkhoff and E. T. Whittaker,", "Schwarzschild metric History The Schwarzschild solution is named in honour of Karl Schwarzschild, who found the exact solution in 1915 and published it in January 1916, a little more than a month after the publication of Einstein's theory of general relativity.\nIt was the first exact solution of the Einstein field equations other than the trivial flat space solution. Schwarzschild died shortly after his paper was published, as a result of a disease he contracted while serving in the German army during World War I.\nJohannes Droste in 1916\nindependently produced the same solution as Schwarzschild, using a simpler, more direct derivation.\nIn the", "Exact solutions in general relativity Constructing solutions The Einstein field equations are a system of coupled, nonlinear partial differential equations. In general, this makes them hard to solve. Nonetheless, several effective techniques for obtaining exact solutions have been established.\nThe simplest involves imposing symmetry conditions on the metric tensor, such as stationarity (symmetry under time translation) or axisymmetry (symmetry under rotation about some symmetry axis). With sufficiently clever assumptions of this sort, it is often possible to reduce the Einstein field equation to a much simpler system of equations, even a single partial differential equation (as happens in the", "through a coordinate transformation, but it is a solution nevertheless. Here is the problem that disturbed Einstein so much: if these coordinates systems differ only after there are then two solutions; they have the same initial conditions but they impose different geometries after . On the basis of this observation Einstein spent three years searching for non-generally covariant field equations in a frantic race against Hilbert.\nTo be more accurate, Einstein conceived of a situation where the matter distribution is known everywhere outside some closed region of spacetime devoid of matter, the hole. Then the field equations together with the", "as an exact expression of Einstein's views, it was primarily authored by Podolsky, based on discussions at the Institute for Advanced Study with Einstein and Rosen. Einstein later expressed to Erwin Schrödinger that, \"it did not come out as well as I had originally wanted; rather, the essential thing was, so to speak, smothered by the formalism.\" In 1936, Einstein presented an individual account of his local realist ideas. Description of the paradox The original EPR paradox challenges the prediction of quantum mechanics that it is impossible to know both the position and the momentum of a quantum particle. This", "Ehlers group In mathematical physics, the Ehlers group, named after Jürgen Ehlers, is a finite-dimensional transformation group of stationary vacuum spacetimes which maps solutions of Einstein's field equations to other solutions. It has since found a number of applications, from use as a tool in the discovery of previously unknown solutions to a proof that solutions in the stationary axisymmetric case form an integrable system.", "geometry to physics, a new approach that also would eventually lead Albert Einstein to the theory of general relativity. Few other scientists of the time in the World were able to make effective use of this new analytical tool, with the notable exception of Ernst Lindelöf. Contributions to theory During the time in Leiden Nordström solved Einstein's field equations outside a spherically symmetric charged body. The solution was also found by Hans Reissner, Hermann Weyl and George Barker Jeffery, and it is nowadays known as the Reissner–Nordström metric. Nordström maintained frequent contact with many of the other great physicists of", "Skorokhod problem In probability theory, the Skorokhod problem is the problem of solving a stochastic differential equation with a reflecting boundary condition.\nThe problem is named after Anatoliy Skorokhod who first published the solution to a stochastic differential equation for a reflecting Brownian motion.", "stabilized his solution by introducing a cosmological constant, and when the universe was shown to be expanding, he retracted the constant as a blunder. This is not really much of a blunder – the cosmological constant is necessary within general relativity as it is currently understood, and it is widely believed to have a nonzero value today. Minkowski's work Einstein did not immediately appreciate the value of Minkowski's four-dimensional formulation of special relativity, although within a few years he had adopted it within his theory of gravitation. Heisenberg's work Finding it too formal, Einstein believed that Heisenberg's matrix mechanics was incorrect.", "Einstein gave a proof by dissection in which the pieces need not get moved. Instead of using a square on the hypotenuse and two squares on the legs, one can use any other shape that includes the hypotenuse, and two similar shapes that each include one of two legs instead of the hypotenuse (see Similar figures on the three sides). In Einstein's proof, the shape that includes the hypotenuse is the right triangle itself. The dissection consists of dropping a perpendicular from the vertex of the right angle of the triangle to the hypotenuse, thus splitting the whole", "Hole argument In general relativity, the hole argument is an apparent paradox that much troubled Albert Einstein while developing his famous field equations.\nSome philosophers of physics take the argument to raise a problem for manifold substantialism, a doctrine that the manifold of events in spacetime is a \"substance\" which exists independently of the metric field defined on it or the matter within it. Other philosophers and physicists disagree with this interpretation, and view the argument as a confusion about gauge invariance and gauge fixing instead. Einstein's hole argument In a usual field equation, knowing the source of the field, and", "assumed that they were unsolvable. However, Karl Schwarzschild discovered in 1915 and published in 1916 an exact solution for the case of a spherically symmetric spacetime surrounding a massive object in spherical coordinates. This is now known as the Schwarzschild solution. Since then, many other exact solutions have been found. More exact solutions Progress in solving the field equations and understanding the solutions has been ongoing. The solution for a spherically symmetric charged object was discovered by Reissner and later rediscovered by Nordström, and is called the Reissner–Nordström solution. The black hole aspect of the Schwarzschild solution", "a mathematical treatment but that the algebraic equations involved can be symbolically manipulated until an analytical solution, preferably a closed form solution, is isolated. This type of solution for a special case of the three-body problem shows us the possibilities of what is possible as an analytical solution for the quantum three-body and many-body problem. Generalizations An exhaustive analysis of the soluble generalizations of Euler's three-body problem was carried out by Adam Hiltebeitel in 1911. The simplest generalization of Euler's three-body problem is to add a third center of force midway between the original two centers, that exerts", "the University of Halle-Wittenberg. Work In his 1915 papers, he introduced the Kretschmann scalar. In his 1915 papers he also introduced, though not in name, the point coincidence argument in relativity. Similar ideas appeared in Einstein's writings on general relativity. Historians Don Howard and John D. Norton suggest that Einstein may have failed to adequately acknowledge Kretschmann's contribution. Kretschmann's use of the argument was more topological while Einstein's use involved physical measurements.\nKretschmann is most famous for his 1917 claim that Einstein's use of the principle of covariance in General Relativity is vacuous. Kretschmann claimed that the demand that a theory", "it does not necessarily express a property of physical space—Schopenhauer criticized mathematicians for trying to use indirect concepts to prove what he held was directly evident from intuitive perception.\nThe Euclidean method of demonstration has brought forth from its own womb its most striking parody and caricature in the famous controversy over the theory of parallels, and in the attempts, repeated every year, to prove the eleventh axiom (also known as the fifth postulate). The axiom asserts, and that indeed through the indirect criterion of a third intersecting line, that two lines inclined to each other (for this is the precise", "in other ways). The inverse Galois problem remains unsolved. First epoch (1908–1919): Physics Noether was brought to Göttingen in 1915 by David Hilbert and Felix Klein, who wanted her expertise in invariant theory to help them in understanding general relativity, a geometrical theory of gravitation developed mainly by Albert Einstein. Hilbert had observed that the conservation of energy seemed to be violated in general relativity, because gravitational energy could itself gravitate. Noether provided the resolution of this paradox, and a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics, with Noether's first theorem, which she proved in 1915, but did not publish until", "that Minkowski's claim for priority was unjustified, because Minkowski (like Wien or Abraham) adhered to the electromagnetic world-picture and apparently didn't fully understand the difference between Lorentz's electron theory and Einstein's kinematics. In 1908, Einstein and Laub rejected the four-dimensional electrodynamics of Minkowski as overly complicated \"learned superfluousness\" and published a \"more elementary\", non-four-dimensional derivation of the basic-equations for moving bodies. But it was Minkowski's geometric model that (a) showed that the special relativity is a complete and internally self-consistent theory, (b) added the Lorentz invariant proper time interval (which accounts for the actual readings shown by moving clocks), and", "Thus, the Gedanken-Experiment restricts and could lead to modification of these theories. To avoid a paradox, the measurable spacetime (which is associated with quantum spin) has to be spherically symmetric.", "Baum–Connes conjecture In mathematics, specifically in operator K-theory, the Baum–Connes conjecture suggests a link between the K-theory of the reduced C*-algebra of a group and the K-homology of the classifying space of proper actions of that group. The conjecture sets up a correspondence between different areas of mathematics, with the K-homology of the classifying space being related to geometry, differential operator theory, and homotopy theory, while the K-theory of the group's reduced C*-algebra is a purely analytical object.\nThe conjecture, if true, would have some older famous conjectures as consequences. For instance, the surjectivity part implies the Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture for", "duplication of the cube, which in Hobbes's latest version was included as an appendix. Hobbes chose to take as the manifesto of the new academy Boyle's New Experiments touching the Spring of the Air (1660). Hobbes saw the whole approach as a direct contravention of the method of physical inquiry enjoined in the De Corpore. He had reasoned out his own conclusions years before from speculative principles, and he warned them that if they were not content to begin where he had left off, their work would come to naught. This attack from Hobbes was one of several at the", "after the publication of Einstein's theory of general relativity. It was the first exact solution of the Einstein field equations other than the trivial flat space solution. Christoffel-Symbols The non-vanishing Christoffel symbols for the Schwarzschild-metric are:", "\"Min-max theory and the Willmore conjecture\" was uploaded to arXiv on February 2012, in it they solved the Willmore conjecture, using Almgren–Pitts min-max theory, which was then \"a relatively old tool and already somewhat out of favor\". According to Harold Rosenberg, using this tool was possible because the pair discovered a connection between objects that were apparently very different: \"connecting the problem with questions about minimal surfaces on the sphere [...] a priori there would be no reason for these things to be connected. It's curious, very curious.\", the solution to the Willmore conjecture (Willmore, 1965) Freedman–He–Wang conjecture In May", "angle per revolution δφ. Modern computational approaches Einstein's equations can also be solved on a computer using sophisticated numerical methods. Given sufficient computer power, such solutions can be more accurate than post-Newtonian solutions. However, such calculations are demanding because the equations must generally be solved in a four-dimensional space. Nevertheless, beginning in the late 1990s, it became possible to solve difficult problems such as the merger of two black holes, which is a very difficult version of the Kepler problem in general relativity.", "Einstein's hole argument Einstein's derivation of the gravitational field equations was delayed because of the hole argument which he created in 1913. However the problem was not as given in the section above. By 1912, the time Einstein started what he called his \"struggle with the meaning of the coordinates\", he already knew to search for tensorial equations as these are unaffected by coordinate change. He had already found the form of the gravitational field (namely as a tetrad or frame field or metric ), and the equations of motion of matter in a given gravitational field (which follow" ]

[ "Your repertoire is the body of works that you have learnt and are able to perform. You may have one or many pieces in your repertoire. \n\n\nIn this context, it sounds like you are being asked for pieces of contrasting style, or from different periods in the history of classical music. If you fulfill the latter, then you pretty much automatically fulfill the first - for instance you could have four sonatas from the Classical period, and you would have to strive hard to make sure they all offered contrasting elements. Or you could choose four different sorts of pieces from the Classical period and show the variety that was present in just one period. Or (and this seems like the safest bet), you could choose four pieces from different periods and they would almost certainly provide plenty of contrast. I'm thinking in terms of Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, 20th Century, and Contemporary/Modern periods. There is no end to the variety of different styles and types of work since the 20th Century." ]

[ "for the selection of music for The Story of Great Music and Concerts of Great Music, a twenty-two volume set issued by Time-Life Records in collaboration with Angel from 1966-1968. The series covers the history of classical music from The Early Renaissance through The Music of Today. Sample titles include: The Baroque Era, The Age of Elegance, The Age of Revolution, and The Spanish Style. Each box set includes four to five long playing LPs with an accompanying book on the art and history of the respective era, as well as a \"Listening Guide\" for each", "Period refers to several of his works which were inspired by ancient and obscure motifs from the pre-Classical era. His Sonatina no. 3, evidently based on several ricercare motifs originally written by Dalza, fuses Brittenesque harmonies and gentle dissonances in quintessentially pianistic textures.\nThe music of his \"Hindustani\" period in the late 1940s and early 1950s reflects Chisholm's wartime travels in the East, his interest in the occult and perhaps his friendship with Sorabji. Important examples of this period are his 2nd \"Hindustani\" Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, the one-act opera Simoon and the Six Nocturnes, Night Song of the Bards.", "West–Eastern Divan Orchestra The West–Eastern Divan Orchestra is an orchestra based in Seville, Spain, consisting of musicians from countries in the Middle East, of Egyptian, Iranian, Israeli, Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian and Spanish background.\nIt was founded in 1999 by the conductor Daniel Barenboim and academic Edward Said, and named after an anthology of poems by Goethe.\nMartha Argerich, pianist and longtime performing partner of Barenboim, was named an honorary member of the orchestra in 2015.\nIn 2016, the Barenboim-Said Akademie was established in Berlin, Germany, as a state-accredited music conservatory offering Bachelor of Music degrees and Artist Diplomas. The Akademie, whose president", "Eastern music, jazz, rhythm and blues, and traditional classical music, most notably in the 2nd movement, listening to the Elliott Smith discography in reverse order, in which a single musical subject passes through all of the aforementioned genres and a fugue before recapitulating. The music for the 'Perfectest Herald' suite has been called, \"...among the most life affirming one will ever hear... Regardless of which emotional depths Brent drew on to compose these pieces, this highly emotive music touches and communicates the essence of what it means to be an alive, feeling human being.\"", "music production company \"GENUIN recording group.\" Repertoire and awards In addition to the gamut of classical music repertoire, ranging from the Renaissance to New Music, the label also focuses on rarely performed works and promoting talented young recording artists. The label’s catalog now encompasses some 200 classical music CDs which are distributed internationally through specialist CD retailers, record stores and online download platforms.\nGENUIN recordings have, among other commendations, won the 2010 ECHO Klassik, the Diapason d'Or as well as nominations for the Grammy Award and the MIDEM Classical Award.", "the repertoire comprises music from the Renaissance to the present. However, it has also performed orchestral choir works such as Mozart's Requiem and Handel's Messiah. The latter was given in 2009 at Holy Trinity Sloane Street in London together with soloists and orchestra from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.\nThe choir has toured in Europe, Asia, and the United States of America and has successfully participated in several choir competitions. During recent years, the Lund Chamber Choir has given concerts e.g. at the American Choral Directors Association's Convention in Saint Louis in 2006, in Stockholm in 2007, Torrevieja in", "Classical period (music) Main characteristics In the classical period, the theme is made up of phrases with contrasting melodic figures and rhythms. These phrases are relatively brief, typically four bars in length, and can occasionally seem sparse or terse. The texture is mainly homophonic, with a clear melody above a subordinate chordal accompaniment, for instance an Alberti bass. This contrasts with the practice in Baroque music, where a piece or movement would typically have only one musical subject, which would then be worked out in a number of voices according to the principles of counterpoint, while maintaining a consistent", "middle period comprises a triptych of purely instrumental symphonies (the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh), the \"Rückert\" songs and the Kindertotenlieder, two final Wunderhorn settings and, in some reckonings, Mahler's last great affirmative statement, the choral Eighth Symphony. Cooke believes that the Eighth stands on its own, between the middle and final periods. Mahler had by now abandoned all explicit programmes and descriptive titles; he wanted to write \"absolute\" music that spoke for itself. Cooke refers to \"a new granite-like hardness of orchestration\" in the middle-period symphonies, while the songs have lost most of their folk character, and cease to fertilise", "of classical music through an in-depth study of sixteen great composers, their lives and their music each year.\" The program concludes every year with the Music Memory Citywide Finals, held at NYU's Skirball Center for the Performing Arts, in which students \"must identify the composition and composer of a piece of classical or jazz music they studied after listening to only a short melodic fragment.\" Music Memory has been endorsed by the New York City Department of Education's Director of Music Barbara Murray.\nRiverside Symphony also coordinates music education programs for adults in conjunction with its concert season. The orchestra's Salon", "repertoire extends from Renaissance to contemporary music, but he focuses on the Italian baroque opera of the 18th and early 19th century.\nHis recordings between the mid 1990s and 2017 are of importance for the rediscovery of the vocal music from the early Baroque to the Classical period.", "undertakes performances of symphony programmes (the \"repertoire\" covers symphonies and symphonic compositions of many artists who are well known in the field) in other concert halls also; some the famous halls in Russia are the Grand Hall of the Moscow Conservatory, the Tchaikovsky Concert Hall both in Moscow and the St.Petersburg Philharmonic.\nThe Novaya Opera Choir provides the essential amalgamation of “professional singers with fine voices and good acting abilities”. Choirmasters of the theater - People's Artist of Russia Natalya Popovich (Main Chorus), Victor Kuturaev, Andrey Lazarev, Igor Manko, Julia Senyukova, Marina Vasilkova in the work with the", "to classical music by connecting organisations and musicians with audiences, listeners with recorded and live music, and members of the worldwide classical community with each other.\".", "Artists and repertoire Artists and repertoire (A&R) is the division of a record label or music publishing company that is responsible for talent scouting and overseeing the artistic development of recording artists and songwriters. It also acts as a liaison between artists and the record label or publishing company; every activity involving artists to the point of album release is generally considered under the purview, and responsibility, of A&R. Finding talent The A&R division of a record label is responsible for finding new recording artists and bringing those artists to the record company. Personnel in the A&R division are expected", "and Monuments of Music: A Guide to their Contents. This reference stood for decades as one of the essential reference tools in the field of Western classical music. For comprehensive research music libraries, it became a guide for holdings.\nAs of 2012, the Music Library houses one of the largest music collections in the United States. The library has about a half-million scores, approximately 900,000 sound recordings—and books, photographs, and odd memorabilia. Acquisitions and special collections Potential donors of music related materials are motivated by several factors. Loyalty to an alma mater is often an impetus. ", "style set it apart from its contemporary works: in length, ambition, and harmonic resources as well. First Viennese School The First Viennese School is a name mostly used to refer to three composers of the Classical period in late-18th-century Vienna: Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Franz Schubert is occasionally added to the list.\nIn German-speaking countries, the term Wiener Klassik (lit. Viennese classical era/art) is used. That term is often more broadly applied to the Classical era in music as a whole, as a means to distinguish it from other periods that are colloquially referred to as classical, namely Baroque and Romantic", "The Academy of Music and Sound The Academy of Music and Sound is an independent popular music college with centres in six locations in England and Scotland. The Academy delivers instrument specific courses validated by local partner college and Universities. History The Academy of Music and Sound started in 1994 in Torquay, initially delivering Music Technology courses and private instrument lessons. A second centre was opened in 2001 in Birmingham, above Europe's then biggest music shop Sound Control. By 2012, the Academy had a national network of 7 centres, based in Birmingham, Exeter, Southampton, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Swindon and", "Classical Archives File types The site provides 320kbit/s MP3 files for downloads and 160 kbit/s AAC files for streaming. Sample clips are streamed at 60kbit/s for non-members. Database As of May 22, 2011, the Classical Archives database features 12,046 composers, 42,744 recording artists, and 26,697 Albums from 268 labels. These include the classical catalogues of Universal Music Group (Deutsche Grammophon, Decca, Phillips, ECM, etc.), Sony (RCA, Columbia, etc.), Naxos (BIS, Chandos, Hänssler Classic, etc.), and many independent labels through IODA (harmonia mundi, Nimbus, Summit, etc.). As of June, 2011 the Classical Archives has 904,230 registered members.", "Musical Interpretation Research Musical Interpretation Research (MIR) is a series of monographs on the performance of classical music authored by Nils-Göran Areskoug (Sundin). The focus is on integrating the perspectives of the audience, artist and musicologist alike. The series covers aesthetic experience in music appreciation with the aim of bridging theory and practice of interpretive processes among performer and conductor, by providing in-depth analyses of masterworks, elaborating a methodology for researching interpretative cognition and designing a set of criteria for excellence in music performance. The publications, originating in a project pioneering new music research in the Nordic countries at Uppsala", "take a number of different paths, including historical musicology, ethnomusicology and music theory. Undergraduate music majors generally take courses in all of these areas, while graduate students focus on a particular path. In the liberal arts tradition, musicology is also used to broaden skills of non-musicians by teaching skills such as concentration and listening. Theatre Theatre (or theater) (Greek \"theatron\", θέατρον) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle — indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts.", "Chronological lists of classical composers The following are lists of classical composers sorted by chronological order.", "Music Academy of the West Overview The academy hosts an annual eight-week summer music festival for the community, highlighted by concerts and workshops directed by famous composers, conductors, and artists. The festival hosts 140 pre-professional musicians who receive merit-based full scholarships. Programs of study are Vocal Piano, Voice, Collaborative Piano, Solo Piano, and Instrumental. History The Music Academy of the West was founded in 1947 by Southern California arts patrons and musicians, including soprano Lotte Lehmann, conductor Otto Klemperer and composer Arnold Schoenberg. Among the first scholarschip funders where singer-actors Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy, violinist Jascha Heifetz and", "or traditional musical instruments, Creativity/Composition-Based Residencies provide students with an immediate means to express themselves through the composition and performance of their own original music. A variety of literary and core curriculum concepts – such as rhyming, mathematics, history, and creative writing – are taught and used in conjunction with basic musical and lyrical techniques.\nConcert-Based Residencies \n\nThe Concert-Based Residencies are produced in public schools, community centers, hospitals, and senior centers. The series uses a variety of genres and styles of music to create interactive and entertaining experiences outside of the concert hall. It is customizable in size of ensemble, theme,", "The Classical Style (opera) The Classical Style: An Opera (of Sorts) is an American comic opera in seven scenes, with music by Steven Stucky and libretto by Jeremy Denk. The opera was a joint commission from the Aspen Music Festival, Carnegie Hall, the Ojai Music Festival, and Ojai North!, and was premiered under the conductor Robert Spano on June 13, 2014 at the Ojai Music Festival in Ojai, California. The opera is inspired by the musicologist and pianist Charles Rosen's 1971 book The Classical Style and thus follows composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, and Ludwig van Beethoven as they", "repertory of classical, popular and religious music.", "1957, Heyer published a groundbreaking bibliography, Historical Sets, Collected Editions, and Monuments of Music: A Guide to their Contents. This reference stood for decades as one of the essential reference tools in the field of Western classical music. For comprehensive research music libraries, it became a guide for holdings.", "expand the ranks of classical music lovers.\n\"Music for children\" - series of concerts and lessons, their purpose is to encourage children to Philharmonic concerts, for development of their creative skills.", "has in repertoire all the major choral/orchestral works of the baroque and classical era: Bach's Passions and the B Minor Mass, Handel's Dixit Dominus, Solomon and many other oratorios, the Masses of Mozart and Haydn together with Mozart's Requiem and Haydn's The Creation. On occasion it has expanded its forces to perform Brahms' Requiem and Elgar's Dream of Gerontius.\nIts a cappella repertoire includes a wide spectrum from Tallis to Tavener. Britten and Poulenc feature prominently, together with Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Arnold Bax and many other Romantic composers.\nFor many years the choir featured on albums by Vangelis, and is probably best", "use of titles such as \"string quartet\", \"sonata\", \"concerto\", \"symphony\" are indicators of the traditional trend in his aesthetic. \"There are contemporary textures and timbres, but they are usually incidental to a language in which tonal pulls and familiar signposts govern the overall flow and structure\"\nChamber music occupies a privileged place in his output. \"What is attractive to him in such pieces is the fact that they are perfect to create ‘sonic puzzles՚, referring to the ʻhidden arithmetic exercise of the soul, which does not know that it is countingʼ, as Leibnitz described the essence of music. Examples of these", "1980s, genre has graduated from being a subset of popular music studies to being an almost ubiquitous framework for constituting and evaluating musical research objects\".\nMusical technique is the ability of instrumental and vocal musicians to exert optimal control of their instruments or vocal cords to produce precise musical effects. Improving technique generally entails practicing exercises that improve muscular sensitivity and agility. To improve technique, musicians often practice fundamental patterns of notes such as the natural, minor, major, and chromatic scales, minor and major triads, dominant and diminished sevenths, formula patterns and arpeggios. For example, triads and sevenths teach how to", "therapy Bonny (Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music) writes a lot about the different features of music types in the classical genre.\nClassical music can have multiple layers, including a melodic line, harmony structure and base line. All of these aspects work together with other things to create different layers of musical sound. Classical music is written in different forms: ternary form, sonata form, theme and variations, prelude and tone poem. Use with children Music therapy may be used with adolescent populations to treat disorders usually diagnosed in adolescence, such as mood/anxiety disorders and eating disorders, or inappropriate behaviors, including" ]

[ "Look back on the past two elections:\n\n2008: McCain only released 2 years of tax returns. He didn't get heat for it. Nobody cared. He was rich, and was attacked for being rich. Remember his wife's comment about not knowing how many houses they owned? But only releasing two years of tax returns didn't matter.\n\n2004: Kerry wouldn't release all of his Vietnam service records. He was pounced on, with the attitude \"Obviously he has something to hide.\" The attack worked, it weakened his support. He lost. Everyone still believed he was hiding something. Later, Kerry later released all the remaining service records. Turns out, Kerry wasn't lying at all. He didn't have anything to hide, and he was telling the truth all along. He said he didn't release them earlier because he felt it would be wrong to cave to opponents' requests. \n\nNow here we are in 2012, apparently having forgotten recent history and created new standards. \n\nI'm going to state something anathema to Reddit. Perhaps Romney is...telling the truth. What if he doesn't want to release them because he believes in some privacy? That is most definitely a possibility. But Reddit seems to reject it. \n\nThe ultimate answer is, we just don't know. Only Romney himself knows. All this speculation about what he *may* be trying to hide is the same crap that created problems in 2004. And if you think we should be upset about it now, why didn't we care in 2008?", "To begin with, the \"liberal media\" is a myth.\n\nTo get to your question, he hasn't released his taxes because they will make him look bad.\n\nIn his best case scenario, he didn't do anything illegal but he use tax loopholes to pay an inordinately low percentage of his income in taxes. This will reinforce the notion that he, being ultra rich, gets special advantages that everyday people don't get and that he isn't contributing his fair share. It makes him look out of touch, and undermines his whole campaign notion of lowering taxes for rich people like him.\n\nIn the worst case scenario, he's trying to hide that he took part in a 2009 amnesty program run by the IRS in which those people who were defrauding the government by illegally using foreign tax shelters were allowed to repatriate their money at a greatly reduce cost. If this came to light, he would be rightly seen by the public as a tax cheat and that would be devastating to his campaign.\n\nHarry Reid's accusations were really a brilliant political ploy, essentially putting Romney in a \"damned if you do, damned if you don't\" position. Meanwhile, the longer he continues to not release his taxes, people will grow more suspicious as to why he just doesn't release them.", "Probably because he ships his income overseas to swiss banks to avoid income tax here.", "There are a list of possible reasons here :[_URL_0_] some of which are a bit over the head of a 5 year old so I'll summarise the ones I find interesting:\n\n * Mitt Romney is a member of a church to which he is morally obliged to pay a proportion of his income. Some question if he's been paying all that he should have. The tax returns would reveal this situation (if it were so).\n\n * Mitt Romney would like to distance himself from a corporation he used to work at (and partly own) and which some voters would approve of. The tax returns may show he was involved more recently in the running of that corporation than Mitt would like us to believe.\n\n * Mitt may have made contributions (and claimed a tax benefit which arose from those contributions) to groups that some supporters of his party would not support and would not like to think that Mitt has supported." ]

[ "Mitt Romney, and as \"immortality\". Tax returns Due to pressure from political rivals during the Republican primary campaign, Romney released an incomplete 2010 tax return in early January 2012, along with an estimate of the 2011 return. During the presidential campaign, he declined to disclose additional returns citing the matter as a distraction from more important issues, despite calls to do so by Democrats and several notable Republicans.\nRepublicans who have urged Romney to release his tax returns include former Mississippi governor Haley Barbour, Michael Steele and Bill Kristol. George Will said \"The cost of not releasing the returns", "are clear. Therefore, he must have calculated that there are higher costs in releasing them.\" Republican strategist Matthew Dowd said, \"There's obviously something there, because if there was nothing there, he would say, 'Have at it.' So there's obviously something there that compromises what he said in the past about something.\"\nIn response to claims made to the contrary, Romney said that he never paid less than 13% in taxes over the past 10 years.\nRomney stated in a Parade magazine interview that he doesn't want to release his tax returns because he would like to keep his tithing to The Church", "Pinnocchios\". CBS reported that Romney had submitted 23 years of tax returns to the John McCain campaign in 2008, when he was being vetted for the vice presidential nomination. McCain said, \"[n]othing in these tax returns showed that he did not pay taxes.\"\nAfter the election, Reid called the attack \"one of the best things I've ever done\". He also said, \"Romney didn't win, did he?\" Koch brothers Reid has excoriated the Koch brothers, who contribute to Republican, conservative and/or libertarian political causes and candidates. In the first seven months of 2014, Reid mentioned the Kochs in 22 separate floor speeches,", "the November 2016 election; the tax returns were not released. Trump also said in May 2016 that \"there's nothing to learn from\" his tax returns, and said on ABC News that his tax rate is \"none of your business\".\nTrump was criticized for his refusal to release tax information. Former Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said, \"It is disqualifying for a modern-day presidential nominee to refuse to release tax returns to the voters.\" Romney speculated, \"There is only one logical explanation for Mr. Trump's refusal to release his returns: there is a bombshell in them.\" John Fund of the National Review", "a problem with\" releasing his tax returns if he ran.\nIn April 2011, Trump said that when President Barack Obama produces \"his birth certificate ... I’d love to give my tax returns\". Obama's birth certificate was released a week later, resulting in Trump saying his tax returns would be released \"at the appropriate time\".\nIn 2012, Trump implored for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney's tax returns to be released on April 1, which \"historically is the time that everybody gives them\". That year, Trump also said that not seeing a presidential candidate's tax returns would lead people to think there was \"almost,", "to obtain federal funds for the state. Romney said he would cut $1 billion out of the $23 billion state budget by eliminating the usual suspects of waste, fraud, and mismanagement while still reducing taxes over a phased period. He also said he was generally against tax increases, but refused to rule out the possibility of a tax increase. he did attempt to paint O'Brien as a 'tax-and-spend liberal'.\nO'Brien focused her attacks by portraying Romney as being out of place in Massachusetts. Romney had stumbled earlier in the year by not knowing that \"MCAS\" stood for the Massachusetts", "so starting in January 2011, they were unsuccessful in enacting a repeal. Conservatives quickly seized on the fact that Obama and the bill's proponents insisted repeatedly throughout the protracted political debate 2009 and 2010 that the mandate was not a tax, but the Supreme Court upheld it on the grounds that it was a tax. Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said he would repeal the bill, as did Speaker of the House John Boehner and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell. Several state attorneys general who challenged the law stated that they were disappointed with the Supreme Court's ultimate decision but", "said that Republican convention delegates should abstain from voting for Trump if he does not release the information, fearing that the returns could contain an electoral \"time bomb\".\nDuring the 2016 United States presidential debates, rival presidential candidate Hillary Clinton criticized Trump, saying that only \"a couple of years\" of Trump's tax returns were publicly available, \"and they showed he didn't pay any federal income tax\". Trump directly responded: \"That makes me smart.\" Clinton went on to suggest that Trump might not have \"paid any federal income tax for a lot of years\"; this resulted in Trump saying that the taxes", "the concerns raised can legitimately be used to deny the committee’s request.\"\nOn April 7, 2019, Mick Mulvaney, Trump's acting White House Chief of Staff, said that Trump's tax returns will \"never\" be released. Trump and Mulvaney have argued that voters have no interest in Trump's tax returns and that the issue was \"litigated\" when Trump was elected to the presidency.\nOn May 7, 2019, The New York Times revealed that it had acquired information about Trump's tax returns showing over one billion dollars in business losses with a decade in the red.\nIn April 2019, a Trump adviser speaking on condition of", "because of the cryptic language of Brady's amendment.\nAs chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, Brady opposed a resolution to request ten years' worth of returns from President Trump and his business entities. Brady said that the resolution was an abuse done for \"obvious political purposes\".\nIn February 2016, House Speaker Paul Ryan designated Brady as the leader of his Tax Reform Task Force.\nIn November 2017, Brady said that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 would provide \"tax relief at every level\"; in fact, seven percent of households in 2018 would pay more in taxes and by", "Romney now offered to pay back that exemption. Romney said that he had planned to return to Massachusetts all along. \nOn June 8, 2002, the Massachusetts Democratic Party filed a complaint with the Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission, which tended to be lenient in its interpretations of the requirements for residency. At the time the commission was composed of three Republicans, one Democrat and one independent. On June 25, 2002, the commission unanimously ruled that Romney was eligible to run for office, saying that \"[Romney] never severed his ties to Massachusetts [and] his testimony was credible in all respects.\" The", "nominee Donald Trump to disclose his tax returns, Wyden and Chris Murphy announced that they would press for consideration of Wyden's bill that if enacted would require major-party presidential nominees to disclose at least three years of tax returns and thereby authorize the Treasury Department to release Trump's returns over Trump's objections. Wyden asserted that Americans expected candidates to release their tax returns and Trump's break from tradition was \"an exceptional moment where a long-standing precedent has been broken, and it presents enormous peril to the public to have this information as private.\"\nIn May 2017, after President Trump announced the", "of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints private, though he has publicly released his tithing percentages for 2010 (7%) and 2011 (12%).\nFor their 2011 tax returns, the Romneys paid nearly $2 million in taxes on an income of $13.7 million for an effective tax rate of 14.1%. They gave almost $4 million to charity, but only claimed $2.25 million in deductions in order to maintain his campaign pledge to pay at least 13% of his income in federal taxes. The summary prepared by PwC stated the Romney's effective tax rate paid had averaged 20.2% from 1990 to 2009. Doctored video", "in order to \"...get this scandal off the front page [and] working with Republicans to get comprehensive tax reform done in a way that simplifies our code.\" Tax returns Tiberi voted against an amendment by Bill Pascrell before the Ways and Means Committee to request President Trump's federal income tax returns. He opposed the amendment as politically motivated and inviting a slippery slope. He said that Trump said \"he will release them, and I encourage him to do so.\" Department of Justice Tiberi said that President Trump's firing of James Comey as the director of the FBI raised \"many questions\"", "defended Romney's 47% remark.\nPolitiFact has rated the 47% remark as factually true, assuming Romney was referring to the federal income tax—the reasons being that many Americans were so poor as to be exempt from it, and others qualified for enough breaks and other exemptions that their tax liability amounted to zero.\nDuring the Vice Presidential Debate, after Joe Biden criticized Romney's comments, Ryan responded, \"With respect to that quote, I think the vice president very well knows that sometimes the words don't come out of your mouth the right way.\" President Obama stated in an interview with David Letterman, \"My expectation", "he paid \"would be squandered\" by the government. During his presidency Trump has continued to withhold his tax returns even into his presidency as of September 2019.\nIn May 2017, Trump said that he \"might\" release his tax returns only after he had stepped down as President. This was in spite of his previous commitment made during his campaign to release his tax returns once they were not under audit. Tax March protests In January 2017, an online petition on the \"We the People\" portion of the White House's website calling for the release of Trump's tax returns was set up.", "An audit of Trump's tax returns for 2002 through 2008 was \"closed administratively by agreement with the I.R.S. without assessment or payment, on a net basis, of any deficiency.\" Tax attorneys believe the government may have reduced what Trump was able to claim as a loss without requiring him to pay any additional taxes. It is unknown whether the I.R.S. challenged Trump's use of the swaps because he has not released his tax returns. Trump's lawyers advised against Trump using the equity for debt swap, as they believed it to be potentially illegal. Destruction of documents In June 2016, a", "had had since 1978. The stated reason was that it had failed to file a tax return in the prior two years. In October 1986, New York Attorney General Robert Abrams sued to dissolve the FEF, charging that it fraudulently solicited donations as tax-deductible after their exemption had been withdrawn, and for failure to file required forms. Paul Gallagher, described the suit as \"part of an escalating witch hunt against FEF board member Lyndon LaRouche.\" Two weeks later, the IRS restored the FEF's tax exempt status, saying it had made an error though privacy rules prevented further elaboration.\nSubscribers to Fusion", "that the tax is designed so that, though it begins by affecting only 8% of insurance plans, it will \"over the next 20 years\" come to apply to nearly all employer-provided health plans. Journalist Jake Tapper noted that Gruber's description of the \"Cadillac tax\" directly contradicted a promise that Obama had made before the bill was passed.\nAfter the first of these videos came out, Gruber apologized and conceded he \"spoke inappropriately\".\nSome defenders of the ACA, such as Jonathan Cohn, called Gruber's statements about Americans \"wrong and inappropriate\" while maintaining that the trickery of which Gruber spoke was standard procedure in", "During the summer of 2012, Reid said during an interview with The Huffington Post that he had received information from an unidentified investor in Bain Capital that presumptive Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney did not pay any taxes for 10 years. The accusation was repeated on the Senate floor by Reid on August 2, 2012. According to CBS News, Romney stated, \"Let me also say, categorically, I have paid taxes every year -- and a lot of taxes. So Harry is simply wrong.\" PolitiFact.com's Truth-O-Meter rated the accusation as \"Pants on Fire!\" The Washington Post's Fact Checker gave it \"Four", "21, 2018, the Las Vegas Review Journal reported that Aaron Ford \"has a history of failing to fully pay his taxes.\" The IRS filed three tax liens against Ford for what amounted to more than $185,000 in unpaid taxes, interest and penalties from 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, according to Clark County records. Those liens were cleared in 2016. Ford's campaign manager, Peggy Yang, told the Las Vegas Review Journal that Ford had \"faced some financial difficulties\" as a result of the recession and that those \"difficulties\" were further complicated upon being promoted to partner at his law firm. Ford", "tax returns were leaked to MSNBC. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.\nOn April 3, 2019, the House Ways and Means Committee made a formal request to the Internal Revenue Service for Trump's personal and business tax returns from 2013 to 2018, setting a deadline of April 10. That day, Treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin stated the deadline would not be met, and the deadline was extended to April 23, which also was not honored, and on May 6 Mnuchin said the", "he would work to help Romney win the general election if Romney secured the nomination.\nOn April 24, Gingrich placed third in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New York, fourth in Pennsylvania, and a distant second in Delaware.\nOn April 25, it was reported that Gingrich would suspend his presidential campaign on Tuesday, May 1, and endorse Romney. May On May 2, with around 4 million dollars in campaign debt, Newt Gingrich officially withdrew from the 2012 presidential campaign and endorsed front-runner Mitt Romney.", "Times on May 4, 2011, that would cap the tax reduction that each taxpayer could get from tax expenditures to 2 percent of his or her adjusted gross income. Chen also has said that Romney would \"make permanent\" the round of tax cuts from 2001 and 2003 and \"pursue fundamental tax reform\" in order to \"eliminate uncertainty\".\nChen and Romney are advocates for so-called \"paycheck protection\". This entails passing a law which would keep unions form automatically deducting fees from paychecks for political activities.\nChen said that Romney would get \"rid of Dodd-Frank\" and replace it with regulation \"that works\". He said", "would have allowed Trump to avoid paying income taxes for at least 18 years. An audit of Trump's tax returns for 2002 through 2008 was \"closed administratively by agreement with the I.R.S. without assessment or payment, on a net basis, of any deficiency.\" Tax attorneys believe the government may have reduced what Trump was able to claim as a loss without requiring him to pay any additional taxes. It is unknown whether the I.R.S. challenged Trump's use of the swaps because he has not released his tax returns. Trump's lawyers advised against Trump using the equity for debt swap, as", "Tax returns of Donald Trump Background The IRS has stated that nothing prevents an individual from releasing their tax returns; an audit cannot stop the tax return release, and several former leaders of IRS have said that audits are a poor reason to justify not releasing tax returns. In any case, Trump has the ability to put on hold a current audit. Before Trump's election, every elected president from Richard Nixon onward has released their tax returns annually. While president, Nixon himself released his tax returns despite them being under audit. Also, all major presidential nominees from 1976 onward released", "Paul Ryan that a reconciliation version of the bill with the Senate would restore the lost tax breaks that had been removed in the House version. According to the Los Angeles Times, immediately after the vote, the Senate version of the bill \"contains even deeper cuts to state and local tax breaks that are popular with Californians but maintains the mortgage interest deduction at its current level instead of cutting it in half as the House plan does. It also repeals Obamacare’s individual mandate, a move that could further complicate the situation for California members who represent districts with a", "campaign said it was fair to ask Romney about his LDS Church's past policy of not allowing blacks into the priesthood. Romney accused Kennedy of having violated Senator John F. Kennedy's famous September 1960 pledge not to allow his own Catholic doctrine to inform policy, made during his ultimately victorious presidential campaign. George Romney forcefully interjected during his son's press conference, \"I think it is absolutely wrong to keep hammering on the religious issues. And what Ted is trying to do is bring it into the picture.\"\nAfter Romney touted his business credentials and his record at creating jobs", "and discussion President Barack Obama released a statement that he opposed the bill because \"it is part of a broader effort to pass permanent, unpaid-for extensions of traditional tax extenders that, taken together, would add approximately $800 billion to the deficit.\" However, the President did say that he supported making the American Opportunity Tax Credit itself permanent.\nRep. Diane Black, who sponsored the bill, argued that \"streamlining the number of education provisions and retooling those that are most effective allows us to simplify the (tax) code and reduce some of the confusion that exists today. As a result, students can spend", "18, 2009 CNN article said the bailout could cost U.S. taxpayers $130 billion, but this number does not consider that monies recovered later.\nAs of early June 2009, the Bush and Obama administrations had invested $80.3 billion.\nOn May 24, 2011, Chrysler repaid the last of the money to the U.S. and Canadian treasuries, several years ahead of schedule. Image issues Issues involving the public image of the companies involved in this crisis also played key parts during the process. GM advertisement: an apology and a recommitment On December 8, 2008, General Motors unveiled a new advertisement where the company apologized for" ]

[ "They need to take a breath for their next cry. Longer pauses adds more intensity when the second cry hits.", "Small as in infant? Toddler? My 17 month old usually sleeps through the night. Occasionally, if she wakes up she will cry once to convey, \"Hey, I need you.\" Then she waits quietly for a moment. If I fail to respond, she continues. Because I obviously must not have heard her request for assistance, she increases the volume and sometimes adds higher pitched shrieks to express her frustration and fear. \n\nBasically- Babies aren't the best at communicating and are easily frustrated." ]

[ "there should be a limit. As long as the tears represent a genuine release of emotion, they should be permitted to fall. But crying quickly changes from inner sobbing to an expression of protest ... Real crying usually lasts two minutes or less but may continue for five. After that point, the child is merely complaining, and the change can be recognized in the tone and intensity of his voice. I would require him to stop the protest crying, usually by offering him a little more of whatever caused the original tears. In younger children, crying can easily be stopped", "traced back to family records in Shikoku where the term was used to describe an old man who sounded like a child when he cried. The term was eventually used in a national encyclopedia of yokai and became a nationally known phenomenon.", "six minutes. Crying turns into sobbing for women in 65% of cases, compared to just 6% for men. Until adolescence, however, no difference between the sexes was found.\nWomen cry more than men in wealthier, more democratic, and feminine countries. Types of crying in infants Although crying is an infant's mode of communication, it is not limited to a monotonous sound. There are three different types of cries apparent in infants. The first of these three is a basic cry, which is a systematic cry with a pattern of crying and silence. The basic cry starts with a cry coupled with", "Cry Baby A boy burns his buttocks after trying to photocopy them, causing him to feel pain whenever he sits down. He then helps his grandfather find a water-holding frog, but they get trapped in the desert without water. Knowing that neither of them can go on any further, the boy sits down on his burnt bottom and tears rush from his eyes as he feels the unbearable pain. His tears fall onto the ground, causing a ton of frogs to appear on the ground and the grandfather's wish is granted. Ex Poser A boy invents a lie detector that", "Cry Baby stands up and tells the girl that her family isn't as perfect as they let on, and she turns the girl into a doll. The rest of the family begins to corner the girl, and as they approach her the girl is turned back into a human. She runs away, and the dollhouse wall closes.", "He cries constantly, adding to the tension felt by the new parents. A doctor says the baby simply has colic, and that after about six months, things will settle down. However, the crying continues. Prae, because she spends most of her time with her baby, notices strange things happening and becomes convinced that sinister forces from victims of Pan (when he was a general in his last life) are making the baby unhappy. Ultimately Pan is safe.", "Cry Baby (Melanie Martinez song) Background and composition \"Cry Baby\" runs for three minutes and fifty-nine seconds. The song opens the album, creating a \"spooky\" atmosphere with minimalist electronic sounds and whispered lyrics.\nAccording to the song arrangement in Tunebat.com, the song was positioned in the key of F Minor and runs at a tempo of 95 BPM. Although it was composed in said key, a chord progression isn't followed.", "\"ejaculatory prayer.\" To cry out is to give forth a louder and more excited utterance than in exclaiming or calling; one often exclaims with sudden joy as well as sorrow; if he cries out, it is oftener in grief or agony. In the most common colloquial usage, to cry is to express grief or pain by weeping or sobbing. One may exclaim, cry out, or ejaculate with no thought of others' presence; when he calls, it is to attract another's attention.\nAnother source proposes different implications for some of these terms, stating that \"the call is normally addressed to a specific", "baby, causing Holliston to cry out for her death in despair. As the scene fades to black, the cry of a newborn child is heard.", "and \"Crying\": Minnelli's rendition features only the first verse of \"Don't Cry Out Loud\" and amends the lyrics of the chorus to invert their original import (\"Cry out loud, don't keep it inside. Don't learn how to hide your feelings.\")\nThe song has also been recorded by the Airmen of Note (instrumental), Rachelle Ann Go, John Barrowman, Shirley Bassey, Anita Dobson, Engelbert Humperdinck, Jal Joshua, Joe Longthorne (\"We Don't Cry Out Loud\"), Sandra Reemer, and Shirley Zwerus (nl).\nIn the Peter Allen stage bio-jukebox musical The Boy from Oz, the character of Allen's mother Marion Woolnough sings \"Don't Cry Out Loud\" to", "cry. As the baby was entering its new stage, a chorus chanted around the baby. Together they sang several songs, one of them being a tune about a panther taking the baby. However, in the present, the mother is permitted to hold the infant at all times in most of the rites. The actual ritual involves the mother and child being placed in the centre of the ring surrounded by the chorus and the audience, the mother holds the baby and sits on a chair. The Okuyi points at the baby with the malanga or sometimes a spear as", "Don't Cry Anymore Writing The song is an upbeat pop rock song. The lyrics describe somebody instructing themself to stop crying and to be strong, no matter what. References are made to an end of a relationship, such as the song's protagonist \"thinking that the happiness of feeling warmth while (she) slept would go on forever\" (ぬくもり感じ眠ると幸せだった　それが永遠に続くと思ってた なのに nukumori kanjinemuru to shiawase datta, sora ga eien ni tsuzuku to omotteita nano ni). She feels that she wants to hear that person's voice again and to see them again, but knows that she must walk forward instead.\nmiwa felt that \"Don't Cry", "sometimes crying or laughing. This child also likes to appear at the foot of the bed in various rooms, just staring at the bed's occupant. Frequently, the sounds of giggling and running occur on the top floor, as though children are at play. The sounds of a newborn baby's cry is common on the 3rd and 4th floors, as well as the faint smell of baby powder and zinc oxide. The baby's crying has alerted enough guests that they've phoned the front desk out of concern; the location being a vacant room.\nStaff as well as guests frequently report", "go into a panic and Hari runs after her, leaving Kunni with the crying baby. Kunni, remembering a lullaby from his childhood, begins to sing to the baby. As he does so, the baby calms down and falls asleep. When the mother returns with milk, all is calm and Kunni returns the child to her. From her few Malayalam words and Hindi, everyone comes to understand that she is an itinerant musician and the baby is actually her sister's who died in an accident. When the next bus arrives, she is helped onto it.\nThe girl Kunni likes witnessed the scene", "start to cry, exclaiming \"Well, I couldn't help it...\" and begin to whimper while speaking gibberish.\nAnother regular catchphrase, cried out by Ollie in moments of distress or frustration, as Stan stands helplessly by, is \"Why don't you do something to help me?\"\n\"D'oh!\" is a catchphrase used by the mustachioed Scottish actor James Finlayson who appeared in 33 Laurel and Hardy films. The phrase, expressing surprise, impatience, or incredulity, was the inspiration for \"D'oh!\" as spoken by the actor Dan Castellaneta portraying the character Homer Simpson in the long-running animated comedy The Simpsons. Homer's first intentional use of \"d'oh!\" occurred in", "John 20:15 Analysis According to John, \"Woman, why are you crying? Who is it you are looking for?\" is the first thing Jesus says upon his resurrection. The first part \"Why are you crying?\" repeats the statement made by the angels in John 20:13. Jesus adds \"Who is it you are looking for?\" This question, which Jesus has asked others previously in the Gospel, is often read as a wider question of what people are seeking in their lives. That Jesus quickly understands why Mary is weeping is also said to show his greater understanding of", "and Daddy hear on-stage rumbling. Acknowledging that the sounds are literally coming from off-stage and not from thunder or breaking waves, Mommy knows that Grandma's death is here and weeps heavily. As daylight resumes, Mommy talks about how they must move on while standing by the sandbox before quickly exiting with Daddy. Although Grandma, who is lying down half buried in sand, has continued to mock Mommy and Daddy, she soon realizes that she can no longer move. It is at this moment that the Young Man finally stops performing his calisthenics and approaches Grandma and the sandbox. As he", "that can make you cry) on 18 February 2009. The message for this campaign is \"Itsudatte tonari de utau yo. Ongaku ga areba hitotsu ni nareru ne\" (いつだって となりで 歌うよ。 音楽が あれば 一つに 慣れる ね。) which mean in English \"I will always sing next to you. If there is music, we can all become one.\"", "Cry Baby (Melanie Martinez album) Concept The album is about a character, named Cry Baby, a fantasy version of Martinez when she was a child, and a representation of her vulnerable and messed up side. Martinez described Cry Baby as \"a child who experiences adult things\". She claims that many of the things that have happened to Cry Baby are similar to the things that have happened in her own life, except the part where Cry Baby gets kidnapped and kills her kidnapper. Each song on the tracklist has a childhood-related title and contains childhood-related metaphors while the deeper messages", "Cry-Baby's father, challenges him to a chicken race. Cry-Baby wins, as Baldwin chickens out, and is reunited with Allison.\nThe film ends with all watching the chicken race crying a single tear, except for Allison and Cry-Baby, who has finally let go of the past, enabling him to cry from both eyes. Release Cry-Baby premiered in Baltimore on March 14, 1990, and was released on April 6. It was screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival. Critical reception The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a 73% score, based on 55", "The Cry of the Children (poem) \"The Cry of the Children\" is a poem by English writer Elizabeth Barrett Browning. It examines children’s manual labor forced upon them by their exploiters. It was published in August 1843 in Blackwood's Magazine. This was shortly following the report into child labour by the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment. Background Browning wrote about contemporary topics, particularly liberal causes of her day. For instance, in \"The Cry of the Children\", Browning portrays children being underground the majority of their young lives, dragging wheelbarrows, and working long hours. The harsh conditions in which", "Baby Don't Cry (Namie Amuro song) Background and release On December 28, 2006, Japanese magazine CD Journal confirmed the release of a new single, entitled \"Baby Don't Cry\". It was written, composed, arranged, and produced by Japanese musician Naoaki Yamato, under the alias Nao'ymt. The song was recorded in 2006 at On Air Azabu Studio, Minato-ku, Tokyo by Toshihiro Wako. The song contains backing vocals by Japanese vocalist Hiromi. The single also included the B-side track \"Nobody\", a re-recorded version of her single \"White Light\". It was intended to appear on Amuro's eighth studio album, Play, as the original version", "of tears because it is said to emanate eerie cries and have a heavy energy surrounding it.", "will grow up and eventually die in. She claims how Jesus wept for all and wept for her. The mother has faith that her infant will be okay even when she can no longer protect her, but it still saddens her to not be able to shield her from the world. \n“A Cradle Song” follows a couplet structure where each pair of lines rhyme. This lends the poem a graceful sound and makes it easy to naturally sing. While writing this poem, Blake drew from the visual of a mother sitting over her infant while the baby is in her", "Cry-Baby Plot In 1954 Baltimore, Wade \"Cry-Baby\" Walker is the leader of a gang of \"drapes\", which includes his sister Pepper, a teenage mother; Mona \"Hatchet Face\" Malnorowski, who is facially disfigured; Wanda Woodward, who is constantly embarrassed by her post World War II normal parents; and Milton Hackett, Hatchet Face's devoted boyfriend. Walker's ability to shed a single tear drives all the girls wild. One day after school, he is approached by Allison Vernon-Williams, a pretty girl tired of being a \"square\", and the two fall in love. That same day, Cry-Baby approaches the \"square\" part of", "fifteen children alone in the middle of the night. The woman, Foua, delivered each child into her own hands in completely silence, believing that noise would \"thwart the birth\". The father then cut the umbilical cord and the mother washed her newborn. The father proceeded to dig a deep hole in the dirt floor of the house to bury the placenta. If the baby was a girl the placenta was buried underneath her parents' bed, but if it was a boy it was buried with greater honor under the central column of the house. The Hmong believe that after death", "Cry Baby Cry Composition Demos indicate that Lennon composed the song in late 1967. The original lyrics were \"Cry baby cry, make your mother buy.\" Lennon described to biographer Hunter Davies how he got the words from an advertisement. Some of the lyrics of the song are loosely based on the nursery rhyme \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\". Recording Engineer Geoff Emerick resigned during the recording of \"Cry Baby Cry\", though his departure was precipitated by Lennon and McCartney's obsessions over the recording of both \"Revolution\" and \"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da\", respectively, and the overall tensions of the White Album sessions. Emerick", "Tears Left to Cry.\"\nThe film inspired the suffix -ception, which can be appended to a noun to indicate a layering, nesting, or recursion of the thing in question.", "make?\nThe chorus:\nYes you did, so you did, so did he and so did I.\n\nAnd the more I think about it sure the nearer I'm to cry.\n\nOh, wasn't it the happy days when troubles we had not,\n\nAnd our mothers made Colcannon in the little skillet pot.", "frayed. The eventual birth of a baby boy delights everyone, except Stanley, a distant and wary observer of the as-yet-unnamed baby, who starts to cry whenever Stanley comes near him.\nWhen the baby is six months old, Kay joins Buckley on a brief business trip and leaves the baby with her parents, hoping to give Stanley time to grow closer to his grandson. One afternoon, while Kay is still away, Stanley takes the baby for a walk in the park. When the baby finally falls asleep in his carriage, Stanley joins some friendly neighborhood boys in a game of football and" ]

[ "I'm not so sure they do. I drink apple juice, grape juice, and orange juice and I notice they do change in taste year in and year out and also season in and season out as the source of the fruit changes as seasons change in different parts of the world. So answer is, they don't control it. Some batches are better than others.", "Most commercially-available year-round juices are infused with \"flavor packs\". These flavor packs are flavor extracts which are added to the juice to enhance the naturally-occurring flavor which tends to degrade over time. The most well-known example of this is orange juice, which must be stored for long periods of time in aseptic, oxygen-free tanks. During this period flavor tends to degrade at least slightly, so flavor packs are added to bring back and at least mimic the natural flavor of fresh juice." ]

[ "Juicy Fruit Flavor Which fruit serves as the model for its flavor is kept vague in advertising, though in 2003, advertising agency BBDO characterized it as a combination of banana and pineapple, and some people say it resembles jackfruit. According to two books in the Imponderables series, peach is one crucial flavor among many others.\nIt is likely that the chemical used for flavoring is isoamyl acetate (sometimes known as banana oil), a carboxylic ester, which is also found in jackfruit . Consumer demographics The average age of the typical Juicy Fruit consumer is under 20, with three to eleven year", "softens both the flavor and texture). Some blender manufacturers now specifically target their products towards making green smoothies and provide a booklet of recipes for them.\nIf the fruit ingredients and the green vegetable ingredients are both juiced ahead of time, the mixed juice doesn't even have to be blended like a smoothie, i.e. a green juice. Around the world Many different smoothies are part of Indian, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Fruit sharbat (a popular West and South Asian drink) sometimes include yogurt and honey, too. In India, the lassi is a smoothie or milkshake comprising crushed ice, yogurt, sometimes", "apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, etc. Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars, fiber and vitamins. Processing fruit when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients. The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group. Note that a massive number of different plant species produce seed pods which are considered fruits in botany, and there are a number of botanical fruits which are conventionally not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste, e.g., tomatoes or avocados. Oils and sweets A food pyramid's", "simple by working with orchards that adhere to responsible, ethical and honest agricultural practices. While their apples and pears originate from Washington and Oregon, their oranges and blood oranges derive from California. Simple & Crisp follows the growing seasons and hand selects their fruit for optimal sizing, sweetness, ripeness and flavor, so they don't need to add complicated ingredients before drying.\nThe product is stocked at national retailers such as Whole Foods Market, Williams-Sonoma and Dean & DeLuca. Oprah Winfrey picked Simple & Crisp as \"The Find\" in her monthly magazine.", "because of its good performance, was one of the few exceptions to the rule. Production Odwalla uses what it characterizes as \"fresh-sourced\" produce (fruits and vegetables that have recently been harvested) to make many of its products, as well as organic oats for food bars and certain tropical fruits in a frozen purée form, purchased from an outside source and blended with fruit juice. Because Odwalla uses fresh produce, some juices are seasonal. Fruit availability and price is also affected by adverse weather, disease, and natural disasters. Throughout the year, Odwalla juice colors and flavors change slightly because different types", "of the artificial ingredients found in soft drinks like Coca-Cola and is instead made from natural fruit.\nThree academic papers, produced by researchers at Oxford Brookes University and the University of Aberdeen were commissioned by Innocent. In the first study, scientists at the Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, claimed suggestions that puréeing fruit destroys the cell wall matrix that gives fruit its structure and makes smoothies less fibrous than fruit eaten whole were not justified. \n\"This is particularly evident when you look at a smoothie under the microscope and can see big chunks or undamaged cellular material,\"", "desserts, and the juice is a favorite in drinks. It can be used as a fresh substitute for its commercially grown South American relative, Passiflora edulis; both belong to the same subgenus within their species and have similar sized fruit. The fruit can be eaten by hand, as indicated by its common name, given to it by Cajuns: liane de grenade or \"pomegranate vine\". It has a slightly sweet-tart taste and a pleasant scent when fully ripe.", "sweet oranges; it has grapefruit, orange, and mandarin ancestry. Fruits are often sold as mandarin, tangerine, or satsuma (which may be synonyms). Fruit sold under these names include many which are, like Sunbursts and Murcotts, hybrids with grapefruit ancestry. The diversity of fruits called limes is remarkable; some, like the Spanish lime and Wild lime, are not even citrus fruit.\nIn some countries, citrus fruit must be labelled with the name of a registered cultivar. Juice is often not so labelled. Some medical literature also names the cultivar tested. Other fruit and vegetables The discovery that flavonoids are responsible for some", "by their distinguishing pink or red juicy carpels, which have a sweet and sour taste. Quality control is maintained by the Department of Forestry and Environmental Science of the University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore.\nThe fruit is directly edible and is also used to prepare desserts and jellies. Pomelo peel is also used in making cosmetics and Ayurvedic medicines.", "flavors based on Starburst candy: Strawberry and Cherry. In December 2017, Juicy Fruit introduced Juicy Fruit Mixies which include their Original flavor along with three new flavors: Strawberry, Watermelon and Grape. Ingredients Juicy Fruit gum consists mostly of sugar contained in a synthetic gum base. Other ingredients include corn syrup and dextrose as bulk agents and natural sweeteners, natural and artificial flavorings, glycerol and lecithin as softening agents, aspartame (NutraSweet) and acesulfame K as artificial sweeteners, Yellow Lake 5 as a coloring and BHT as a preservative. History When William Wrigley Jr. started his new business in Chicago, he began", "in calories, sometimes having as few as 4 per 100ml diluted, and they are marketed towards families seeking low calorie alternatives. They tend to be very low in fruit juice, as fruit juice contains natural sugars, so they usually also contain natural or artificial flavourings (isoamyl acetate for pear or banana, or mixed with malic acid to make an apple-like flavour, ethyl methylphenylglycidate for strawberry, octyl acetate for orange, allyl hexanoate for pineapple etc.) to make up for the lack of fruit juice taste. Animal consumption The gorillas at London Zoo are given both squash and cold fruit tea to", "farmers have a cooperative to help with the acquisition of supplies.\nIn the early 2000s, apple growers in the region found that they could not sell their fruit, not because of taste but because it is smaller and has a less shiny appearance than fruit from the north of Mexico, the US and Chile. In 2003, apple growers from Pinal de Amoles and other nearby municipalities came together to find ways of marketing their product. The result is the production of apple juice, produced by a cooperative. Initial taste tests were positive but marketing was a challenge. Business students helped out", "particular drink includes sparkling water and is designed to be somewhat sweet yet having a fruit content in contrast to competing products.\nRaspberry juice can also be used to make smoothies. Other berries, such as blueberries, are commonly added either in whole, crushed, or juiced form.\nOther examples of its use include as a part of cocktails, being a part of mixed alcoholic drinks served in bars and restaurants, and as a key ingredient in making the raspberry jelly desserts.\nIn terms of background, raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop not just in heavily cultivated, temperate areas but around the world. The", "the juice so that it can be sold much later in the year.\nBecause such processes remove the distinct aroma compounds that give orange juice a fresh-squeezed taste, producers later add back these compounds in a proprietary mixture, called a \"flavor pack\", in order to improve the taste and to ensure a consistent year-round taste. The compounds in the flavor packs are derived from orange peels. Producers do not mention the addition of flavor packs on the label of the orange juice. Manufacture of frozen concentrated orange juice The processing of orange to frozen concentrated orange juice begins with testing the", "with the addition of natural citrus-fruit extracts or essences, with or without the juice of such fruit and with the possible addition of spices, sweetened and with CO₂ added, having an acquired alcoholic strength by volume of less than 12 % vol. The drink may contain solid particles of citrus-fruit pulp or peel and its colour must come exclusively from the raw materials used. The description 'Sangria' must be accompanied by the words 'produced in . . .' followed by the name of the Member State of production or of a more restricted region except where the product is produced in", "most Citrus species, the peel contains a greater diversity and a higher concentration of furanocoumarins than the pulp of the same fruit. An exception is bergamottin, a furanocoumarin implicated in grapefruit-drug interactions, which is more concentrated in the pulp of certain varieties of pomelo, grapefruit, and sour orange.", "sweet, with a bold and complex flavor, and may be compared to kiwifruit, tomato, guava, or passion fruit. The skin and the flesh near it have a bitter taste and are not usually eaten raw.\nThe tamarillo has been described as having a taste similar to that of a passion fruit and a piquant tomato combined.\nThe red and purple types of fruits are preferred in import countries of Europe: Even though they taste more acidic, their color is favoured by consumers. Industrial use The fruits are high in pectin and therefore have good properties for preserves. However, they oxidize and lose", "feel apple blossoms, oranges and honey taste by only put a drop of cider syrup on the tongue. It contains fruity acidity and smell of smoke (where the edge of burnt syrup). These elements make the syrup more distinctive. In Colonial America The instruction of making the cider syrup was required to put fresh juice into an open, irresponsive metal container and skimmed as it boils down. The volume should be concentrated to approximate the one-seventh of the original. Hence, the apple cider syrup is very difficult and expensive to make. At least one ancient source declares that premium apple", "(cherry and grape), or cluster tomatoes (fruit-on-the-vine) are the fruit of choice for the large commercial greenhouse operators while the beefsteak varieties are the choice of owner-operator growers.\nHydroponic technique is often used in hostile growing environments, as well as high-density plantings. Picking and ripening To facilitate transportation and storage, tomatoes are often picked unripe (green) and ripened in storage with ethylene. Unripe tomatoes are firm. As they ripen they soften until reaching the ripe state where they are red or orange in color and slightly soft to the touch. Ethylene is a hydrocarbon gas that many fruits produce, which acts", "the soybean isoflavone synthase into tomatoes. Improved taste When geraniol synthase from lemon basil (Ocimum basilicum) was expressed in tomato fruits under a fruit-specific promoter, 60% of untrained taste testers preferred the taste and smell of the transgenic tomatoes. The fruits contained around half the amount of lycopene, reducing the health benefits of eating them. Vaccines Tomatoes (along with potatoes, bananas and other plants) are being investigated as vehicles for delivering edible vaccines. Clinical trials have been conducted on mice using tomatoes expressing antibodies or proteins that stimulate antibody production targeted to norovirus, hepatitis B, rabies, HIV, anthrax and respiratory", "a small but measurable effect on the sensory attributes of the foods that are processed. In fruit juices, pasteurization may result in loss of volatile aroma compounds. Fruit juice products undergo a deaeration process prior to pasteurization that may be responsible for this loss. Deaeration also minimizes the loss of nutrients like vitamin C and carotene. To prevent the decrease in quality resulting from the loss in volatile compounds, volatile recovery, though costly, can be utilized to produce higher-quality juice products.\nIn regards to color, the pasteurization process does not have much effect on pigments such as chlorophylls, anthocyanins and carotenoids", "able to be protected from infestation, and is an easily identifiable source, meeting the requirements of food safety guidelines for commercial ingredients. \nThe plants produce a yield of 10 to 25 kg of fruit, 40% of the total weight is that of the kernel; the fruit is marketed as a fresh or dried product. The kernel is edible when raw, and is also roasted and salted. Culinary Use The commercial use of the fruit includes its addition to sweet and savoury foods; the flavour is tart and reminiscent of peach, apricot, or rhubarb.\nIn South Australia S. acuminatum is called \"wild peach\"", "sweeteners (Note: Has Reb A or PureVia which is a form of the plant Stevia – but is chemically altered and changed.) Trop50 is available in several varieties including Farmstand Apple, Pomegranate Blueberry, Pineapple Mango, Orange, Lemonade and Raspberry Lemonade. \nA number of their juice products, designed for 'extended shelf life', are colored with the extract of cochineal beetles. As this previously embarrassed the company, they use 'Carmine' on the label which is an alternate name for the dye.\nIn March 2011, the IRI named Trop50 as one of the “Top 10 Food and Beverage Brands in 2010”\nIn 2010, the company", "sells three flavors of soda mixer: Tonic, Ginger Ale, and Club Soda. Fruit juices The company sells thirteen fruit juices in 64-ounce PET bottles, several of which are available in smaller bottles for kids. These include Apple, Grape, White Grape, Pineapple, Apple Grape, Apple Strawberry, Orange, Cranberry Apple, Ruby Red Grapefruit, Pomegranate, Organic Apple White Grape, Organic Apple Wild Berry and Organic Apple. Hansen's Natural Organic Apple Juice is made solely from concentrates the company obtains from China. Hansen's uses concentrates from China in other varieties of its juices, despite the availability of such juice concentrates made from fruit grown", "Mycologist David Arora claims the flavor to be inferior to Craterellus. Fruit bodies may be preserved by drying. Bioactive compounds The compound polyozellin—a chemical which can be isolated and purified from P. multiplex—inhibits prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins (specifically, amyloid precursor protein) in Alzheimer's disease. Chemicals that inhibit PEP have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects. Further analyses of extracts from P. multiplex revealed similar dibenzofuranyl derivatives of polyozellin, each with different chemical properties, including kynapcin-12, kynapcin-13 and -28, and -24. A total synthesis of kynapcin-24 was achieved in 2009. Antitumor properties", "of high-fructose corn syrup. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has no general definition of \"natural\"; however, FDA regulations define \"natural flavoring\" to include products of vegetables. Current FDA policy is that it does not object to labeling HFCS as \"natural.\" The CSPI also state that HFCS is not a \"natural\" ingredient due to the high level of processing and the use of at least one genetically modified (GMO) enzyme required to produce it. On January 12, 2007, Cadbury Schweppes agreed to stop calling 7 Up \"all natural\". They now label it \"100% Natural Flavors\".", "mechanically, or cold-pressed. Due to the large quantities of oil in citrus peel and the relatively low cost to grow and harvest the raw materials, citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils that are obtained as by-products of the commercial citrus industry are among the cheapest citrus oils.\nExpression was mainly used prior to the discovery of distillation, and this is still the case in cultures such as Egypt. Traditional Egyptian practice involves pressing the plant material, then burying it in unglazed ceramic vessels in the desert for a period of months to drive", "well as spices, and are then allowed to mature until the desired taste is obtained.\nThe food can be pre-soaked in brine before transferring to vinegar. This reduces the water content of the food, which would otherwise dilute the vinegar. This method is particularly useful for fruit and vegetables with a high natural water content.\nIn commercial pickling, a preservative such as sodium benzoate or EDTA may also be added to enhance shelf life. In fermentation pickling, the food itself produces the preservation agent, typically by a process involving Lactobacillus bacteria that produce lactic acid as the preservative agent.\nAlum is used", "of fruit are used.\nAfter the E. coli outbreak, Odwalla improved the safety of several of its production processes. Before the fruit enters the factory, it is washed, sorted and sanitized. Once it has reached the plant, the apples, carrots, and citrus fruits are separated and washed again. The fruit is pressed to get the juice, which is then flash pasteurized and bottled. A sample undergoes quality testing, and, if it passes, the batch is shipped in refrigerated trucks to various distribution centers in the United States. Odwalla juice has a relatively short shelf life compared to other beverages and thus must", "be made into jams and jellies which set readily because of the fruit's high content of pectin and acid. For culinary use, the fruit is usually cooked with sugar to produce a purée, which can then be passed through muslin to separate the juice. The purée can be used to make blackcurrant preserves and be included in cheesecakes, yogurt, ice cream, desserts, sorbets, and many other sweet dishes. The exceptionally strong flavour can be moderated by combining it with other fruits, such as raspberries and strawberries in summer pudding, or apples in crumbles and pies. The juice can be used" ]

[ "The heck where are the comments? \n\nThe behavior is called mirroring which we humans have accepted as affectionate behavior. When babies babble in their cute high pitch voices, we also babble back. \n\nWhen cats miaow, we miaow back. Same with kittens", "In animals and babies, the words you use can't always be understood. What can be understood are tones, body language and expressions. When you admonish an animal you'll usually use a harsh tone, versus a lighter tone when you want it to be playful. Same holds true for babies before their language skills develop." ]

[ "purpose in communication between the partners. Baby talk with pets Many people speak to their dogs as if they were another human being. These actions are not providing communication with the dog, but social interactions for the speaker, usually in order to solve some problem. The speaking style people use when talking to dogs is very similar to CDL, and has been referred to as Doggerel. People tend to use sentences of around 11 words when talking to another adult; this is reduced to four words when speaking to a dog. People employ more imperatives or commands to a dog,", "with others, and this has been suggested to be due to the freedom to control what they say and so not have their cognitive abilities stretched by having to work out how to respond to what someone has just said.\nWhile similar to private speech which usually starts after 3 and ends about 7, crib talk lacks its self-regulatory instructions. Problems Crib talk is difficult to transcribe because such young children typically have poor pronunciation, and because there may be little context to infer the likely meaning of a child’s words, even with the help of a parent. This has limited", "Human infants are not necessarily excited or upset when babbling; they may also babble spontaneously and incessantly when they are emotionally calm.\nThe sounds of babbling are produced before an infant begins to construct recognizable words. This can be partly attributed to the immaturity of the vocal tract and neuromusculature at this age in life. Infants first begin vocalizing by crying, followed by cooing and then vocal play. These first forms of sound production are the easiest for children to use because they contain natural, reflexive, mostly vowel sounds.\nBabbling is assumed to occur in all children acquiring language.", "and simplified. There is evidence that the exaggerated pitch modifications are similar to the affectionate speech style employed when people speak to their pets (pet-directed speech). However, the hyperarticulation of vowels appears to be related to the propensity for the infant to learn language, as it is not exaggerated in speech to infants with hearing loss or to pets. Use with infants Studies have shown that from birth, infants prefer to listen to CDS, which is more effective than regular speech in getting and holding an infant's attention. \nSome researchers believe that CDS is an important part", "may help infants and children distinguish between paralinguistic expressions (e.g. gasps, laughs, expressions) and informative speech. In Western cultures, mothers speak to their children using exaggerated intonation and pauses, which offer insight about syntactic groupings such as noun phrases, verb phrases, and prepositional phrases. This means that the linguistic input infants and children receive include some prosodic bracketing around syntactically relevant chunks.\n(1) Look the boy is patting the dog with his hand.\n(2) *Look the boy ... is ... patting the ... dog with his ... hand.\n(3) Look … [DP The boy] ... [VP is patting the dog]", "questions. Use with non-infants The use of baby talk is not limited to interactions between adults and infants, as it may be used among adults, or by people to animals. In these instances, the outward style of the language may be that of baby talk, but is not considered actual \"parentese\", as it serves a different linguistic function (see pragmatics). Patronizing / derogatory baby talk Baby talk and imitations of it may be used by one non-infant to another as a form of verbal abuse, in which the talk is intended to infantilize the victim. This can occur during bullying,", "own language skills develop with larger variation in babbling sounds, and elicit responses in conversation through babbling. From 7 months to the end of their first year babies are able to understand frequently heard words and can respond to simple requests. Their babbling becomes more complex and they communicate with it as if they are making sense, they use babbling to express their desires. Non-verbal communication also develops and actions such as waving goodbye are produced. This is also the period in which babies often say their first word, an important milestone in the child's life. Symbolic thought Symbolic thought", "because they are intended to teach children about language and the environment. Pet-speech contains perhaps half the sentences of this form, as rather than instructive, its primary purpose is as a social function for humans; whether the dog learns anything does not seem to be a concern.\nAs well as the raised vocal pitch, pet-speech strongly emphasizes intonations and emotional phrasing. There are diminutives such as \"walkie\" for walk and \"bathie\" for bath. Although there is no evidence that speaking to a dog in this manner helps the dog understand what is being said, there is evidence suggesting that talking to", "The communication begins with crying and then begins to develop into cooing and babbling. Infants develop their speech by mimicking those around them. Gestures and facial expressions are all part of language development. \nIn the first three months of life babies will generally use different crying types to express their different needs, as well as making other sounds such as cooing. They will begin mimicking facial expressions and smiling at the sight of familiar faces. Between the ages of 4–6 months infants have a greater response towards different tones in voices, and greater engagement, watching the speaker's face. The child's", "triggered by the sound patterns they hear, deaf children are more attentive to the movement patterns they see. In other words, vocal babbling is triggered by patterns of the spoken linguistic environment, and manual babbling is triggered by patterns of a signed linguistic environment. This, however, still leaves room for non-hearing children to piece together what these movements are and what they mean. Because of this lack of clarity, non-hearing infants explore manual gestures like a hearing child may explore phonemes. Petitto and Marentette researched the difference between the manual babbling used by hearing and non-hearing infants, and they discovered", "children tend to use a larger proportion of their vital capacity compared to adults, with more deep inhales. Voicing and phonation types An important factor in describing the production of most speech sounds is the state of the glottis—the space between the vocal folds. Muscles inside the larynx make adjustments to the vocal folds in order to produce and modify vibration patterns for different sounds. Two canonical examples are modal voiced, where the vocal folds vibrate, and voiceless, where they do not. Modal voiced and voiceless consonants are incredibly common across languages, and all languages use both phonation types to", "like breathing and panting. It sounds similar to screeching. The differences between chimpanzee and human laughter may be the result of adaptations that have evolved to enable human speech. One study analyzed sounds made by human babies and bonobos when tickled. It found that although the bonobo’s laugh was a higher frequency, the laugh followed the same sonographic pattern of human babies to include as similar facial expressions. Humans and chimpanzees share similar ticklish areas of the body such as the armpits and belly.\nResearch has noted the similarity in forms of laughter among humans and apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans)", "mouth moves in distinct ways during speech production. When producing each individual sound out loud, humans use different parts of their mouths, as well as different methods to produce particular sounds. During the beginnings of babbling, infants tend to have greater mouth openings on the right side. This finding suggests that babbling is controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain. The larynx, or voicebox, is originally high in the throat which allows the baby to continue to breathe while swallowing. It descends during the first year of life, allowing the pharynx to develop and facilitates the production of adult-like", "of sounds is produced. The vocalizations gain attention from caregivers and provide practice for future vocal behavior. For these reasons, pygmy marmoset calls are seen as babbling behavior.\nThere are a total of 16 call types in pygmy marmoset babbling language. Different calls serve different survival functions such as when desiring food, social interaction or during times of alarm. As human infants have, marmoset babies have higher rates of social interaction when producing babbling sounds. During the juvenile age, marmosets often regress back to babbling stages if a new infant is born. It is suggested that their production of babbling", "have called interactional synchrony (Tronick 1989). Parents often use \"baby-talk\" or \"child-directed speech\" in response to their children's prelinguistic vocalization (e.g. babbling), and it has been shown that infants respond by modifying their babbling in accordance with the phonological structure present in their caregivers' utterances (Goldstein & Schwade 2008). This sort of vocalized emotional interaction, or what John Locke (2001) has referred to as vocal communion, appears to be linked to attachment and later lexical learning, thus playing a formative role in language development.\nDuring the second half of the first year of life, infant-caregiver interactions expand to include emotional exchanges", "sounds is often (though not always) greater than with articulation disorders and substitutions are usually the most common error. Phonemic disorders are often treated using minimal pairs (two words that differ by only one sound) to draw the child's attention to the difference and its effect on communication.\nSome children with phonemic disorders may seem to be able to hear phoneme distinctions in the speech of others but not their own. This is called the fis phenomenon based on scenario in which a speech pathologist will say, \"Did you say 'fis,' don't you mean 'fish'?\" To which the child responds, \"No,", "Talk gives parents the practical tools to understand their babies and to help them develop speech and language while sharing the excitement of each new word.”\nIn an article for the New Zealand Herald, Dr Linda Hand, the Head of Speech Science at Auckland University, said the techniques set out in Small Talk made for \"extremely good advice\".", "dogs in a normal, purposeful, and meaningful manner improves their receptive language abilities. Foreigner talk When addressing a listener not skilled in the speaker's language, people may simplify their spoken language in an attempt to improve understanding. Some use sign language to communicate with others, especially if they have a hearing problem, although this is not always understood by people, as some signs in sign language may be difficult to interpret by some people, especially if gestures have different meanings from place to place, so they may use a baby talk-like language to communicate, skipping out small words and possibly", "cries for assistance, and responses to the human voice.\nAround 2 months, babies can distinguish between different speech sounds, and can make “goo”ing sounds \nAround 3 months, babies begin (making elongated vowel sounds \"oooo\" \"aaaa\"), and will respond vocally to speech of others. They continue to make predominantly vowel sounds.\nAround 4 months, babies may vary their pitch, and imitate tones in adult speech.\nAround 5 months, babies continue to experiment with sound, imitating some sounds made by adults.\nAround 6 months, babies vary volume, pitch and rate. When infants are 6 months old they are finally able to control the opening and closing", "and his colleagues' work has shown that the human infant is both an active explorer of vocalization and an interactor in vocal exchanges. Their research has contributed to the understanding of the importance of babbling and how problems or delays with it may be signs of later speech and language disorders. Multilingualism Oller and his colleagues have studied early Spanish-English bilingualism in Miami, FL and in Memphis, TN. Their work has highlighted the “distributed characteristic” of bilingual vocabularies, where some words tend to be distributed between the two languages rather than having translation equivalents occurring in both. As", "(6) play growl – low, gargling growl used in play and changing in tone, terminating in interrogative tone; (7) soft whine – especially young animals but also adults when requesting something of another such as food or while grooming another; (8) bark – loud, sharp and sudden bark when molested by the unwelcome close presence of other larger primates such as Lagothrix, Cebus, Ateles or raptors.\nIndividuals of both sexes occasionally mark their chests with pungent wadded leaves, rubbing the leaf up onto the throat and chin to the mouth, where the wad is wetted and rubbed down again, repeated various", "child directed speech (babytalk), Kʼicheʼ babytalk has been shown not to use high pitch. Mayans in fact lower their pitch slightly when they speak to children, due to the fact that in the Quiche Mayan culture high pitch is very often used to address persons of high status.", "Sound Taegyo, which involves listening to good music, is done to developing the emotional sensitivity and the connection between the mother and child. Talking By nine weeks, a developing fetus can hiccup and react to loud noises. By the end of the second trimester it can hear. Among other mental feats, the fetus can distinguish between the voice of the mother and that of a stranger, and respond to a familiar story read to it. Taegyo holds that the best way to stimulate the developing brain of a fetus is to talk to it. The belief is that children who", "nonverbal social cues. People higher in need to belong show a greater empathic accuracy and more attention to vocal tone. They are also better at identifying emotional facial expressions. Infants and children From a young age people are taught to use social cues of others to gain insight on about the world around them. There is also evidence that reliance on social cues is a naturally occurring tendency.\nResearch has found that from birth, babies prefer infant directed speech over adult directed speech. As young as 6 months old, babies prefer someone that has previously talked to them and who speaks", "that non-hearing babies produce more different kinds of manual babbles than hearing infants do. However, there was not a significant difference between the frequency of communicative gestures between hearing and non-hearing infants.\nThe difference between manual babbling and signed syllables is that while signed syllables are language-driven, manual babbling is centered on hand shape, location, and movement. In other words, instead of being language-driven, manual babbling is motor-driven. Development When an infant is beginning to develop a means of communication, it is often also trying to get a sense of their spatial orientation and cognition. This means that there will be", "that for babies, screaming is the only form of communication he or she can have; it is the only way a baby can express his necessities, that he needs food, he is in pain or he simply needs some love. Janov writes, “screaming is a language – a primitive one, but a human language”. Communication and language Diana König, journalist and broadcasting author, writes: “If the scream of babies is their first communication method, then the scream of adults is a recession from communication. By screaming, in the opposite of calling, the voice becomes overloaded and over-amplified, and it loses", "outlined his behaviorist views on these topics.\nWatson called language a \"manipulative habit.\" He called it this because when we speak language, the sound originates in our larynx, which is a body instrument that we manipulate every time we talk in order to hear our \"voice.\" As we change our throat shape and tongue position, different sounds are made. Watson says when a baby first cries, or first says \"da\" or \"ma,\" that it is learning language. Watson also used an experiment that he and his wife conducted, in which they conditioned a baby to say \"da-da\" when he wanted his", "Fernald, 1992) that CDL exists universally across all cultures and is a species-specific adaptation. Other researchers contend that it is not universal among the world's cultures, and argue that its role in helping children learn grammar has been overestimated, pointing out that in some societies (such as certain Samoan tribes), adults do not speak to their children at all until the children reach a certain age. Furthermore, even where baby-talk is used, it has many complicated grammatical constructions, and mispronounced or non-standard words.\nOther evidence suggests that baby talk is not a universal phenomenon: for example Schieffelin & Ochs (1983)", "the child the bidirectional nature of speech, and the importance of verbal feedback. Some experts advise that parents should not talk to young children solely in baby talk, but should integrate some normal adult speech as well. The high-pitched sound of CDS gives it special acoustic qualities which may appeal to the infant. CDS may aid a child in the acquisition and/or comprehension of language-particular rules which are otherwise unpredictable; an example is the reduction or avoidance of pronoun reversal errors. It has been also suggested that motherese is crucial for children to acquire the ability to ask", "because it would be unethical to deprive children of language until this period is over. However, case studies on abused, language deprived children show that they were extremely limited in their language skills, even after instruction.\nAt a very young age, children can already distinguish between different sounds but cannot produce them yet. However, during infancy, children begin to babble. Deaf babies babble in the same order when hearing sounds as non-deaf babies do, thus showing that babbling is not caused by babies simply imitating certain sounds, but is actually a natural part of the process of language development. However, deaf" ]

[ "Threads tend to be deleted because they break some subreddit rule (no joke posts, post must be a question). Comments tend to get deleted because they break Reddit rules (doxxing, copyright infringement).\n\nOf course, either can be removed for the other reason." ]

[ "it is possible for a user to delete their own comments. A set of tags are attached to each image which can be edited by any Pixiv user, and any tag can be added, even overly specific tags containing full sentences; however, only ten tags per image are allowed. If a submission received an image response, the five most-recent image responses are previewed as thumbnails under the comment input line with a link to the full list of image responses. Previews of submissions can be embedded into other websites such as blogs which link back to the image's page on", "when reblogging a post; existing comments can only be removed all at once. Tumblr staff argued that the change was intended to combat \"misattribution\". In September 2015, Tumblr changed how threads of comments on reblogged posts are displayed; rather than a nested view with indentations for each post, all reblogs are now shown in a flat view, and user avatars were also added. The change was intended to improve the legibility of reblogs, especially on mobile platforms, and complements the inability to edit existing comments. Although some users had requested such a change to combat posts made illegible by extremely", "only a short time. Visitors who store the URL for a particular entry often find upon their return that the desired content has been replaced by something new. Prominently posting permalinks is a method employed by bloggers to encourage visitors to store a more long-lived URL (the permalink) for reference.\nPermalinks frequently consist of a string of characters that represent the date and time of posting, and an identifier that denotes the author who initially authored the item or its subject. Crucially, if an item is changed, renamed, or moved within the internal database, its permalink remains unaltered, as it functions", "have to log in and post under a username that identifies them. Comments sections can also be accessed in different ways, either directly attached to an article or video, or through a separate web page. Websites such as The New York Times found that user participation increased when the comments section was located directly below.\nNon-gated comment sections don’t require users to provide information before posting. This lack of an entry barrier can allow more people to post and potentially lead to a discussion with more viewpoints covered. This anonymity, however, is believed by some to lead to uncivil behavior and", "filter can also prevent vandalism by disallowing the bad edit altogether. Seigenthaler incident In May 2005, a user edited the biographical article about John Seigenthaler, Sr. so that it contained several false and defamatory statements. The inaccurate claims went unnoticed between May and September 2005, when they were discovered by Victor S. Johnson, Jr., a friend of Seigenthaler. Wikipedia content is often mirrored at sites such as Answers.com, which means that incorrect information can be replicated alongside correct information through a number of websites. Such information can develop a misleading air of authority because of its presence at such sites:\nThen", "can be stepped over, i.e., run one line (of source code) at a time. It can either step into functions to debug inside it, or step over it, i.e., the execution of the function body isn't available for manual inspection. The debugger supports Edit and Continue, i.e., it allows code to be edited as it is being debugged. When debugging, if the mouse pointer hovers over any variable, its current value is displayed in a tooltip (\"data tooltips\"), where it can also be modified if desired. During coding, the Visual Studio debugger lets certain functions be invoked manually from the", "reduce the attack window, by deleting cookies as soon as they are no longer associated with an open tab.", "to another, either via a HTTP 302 response or a \"Refresh\" meta tag, caused the source page to acquire the PageRank of the destination page. Hence, a new page with PR 0 and no incoming links could have acquired PR 10 by redirecting to the Google home page. This spoofing technique was a known vulnerability. Spoofing can generally be detected by performing a Google search for a source URL; if the URL of an entirely different site is displayed in the results, the latter URL may represent the destination of a redirection. Manipulating PageRank For search engine optimization purposes, some", "store items that can be shown via multiple distinct URLs. Duplicate content issues can also arise when a site is accessible under multiple subdomains, such as with or without the \"www.\" or where sites fail to handle the trailing slash of URLs correctly. Another common source of non-malicious duplicate content is pagination, in which content and/or corresponding comments are divided into separate pages.\nSyndicated content is a popular form of duplicated content. If a site syndicates content from other sites, it is generally considered important to make sure that search engines can tell which version of the content is the original", "have edited the program file so far,\nthe URL of documentation about how to use the program,\nthe name of the software license for this program file,\netc.\nWhen an algorithm in some section of the program is based on a description in a book or other reference, comments can be used to give the page number and title of the book or Request for Comments or other reference. Debugging A common developer practice is to comment out a code snippet, meaning to add comment syntax causing that block of code to become a comment, so that it will not be executed in the", "comment may be seen to have a rating of \"+1 insightful\" or \"−1 troll\". Comments are very rarely deleted, even if they contain hateful remarks.\nStarting in August of 2019 anonymous comments and postings have been disabled.\nModeration points add to a user's rating, which is known as \"karma\" on Slashdot. Users with high \"karma\" are eligible to become moderators themselves. The system does not promote regular users as \"moderators\" and instead assigns five moderation points at a time to users based on the number of comments they have entered in the system – once a user's moderation points are used up,", "becomes unresponsive. Sites in the process of being Slashdotted may be able to mitigate the effect by temporarily redirecting requests for the targeted pages to one of these mirrors. Slashdot does not mirror the sites it links to on its own servers, nor does it endorse a third party solution. Mirroring of content may constitute a breach of copyright and, in many cases, cause ad revenue to be lost for the targeted site.", "second message can be found in the content of his website. Indeed, the website's content makes it clear that it is not related to PETA. However, this second message is not conveyed simultaneously with the first message, as required to be considered a parody. The domain name conveys the first message; the second message is conveyed only when the viewer reads the content of the website\".\nThis refusal to consider a site's content when determining whether it qualifies as a parody was arguably rejected by the Fourth Circuit a few years later in Lamparello v. Falwell, 420 F.3d 309 (4th Cir.", "redirect from a popular domain (like YouTube.com) to a malware site without the user knowing.\nThis was fixed by a better way of alerting the user when the blocklist gets updated (new domains pop up in a notification box), a clickable notification box so the users know at all times which domains are on the direction list, this same list is also accessible via the Redirector's Options and storage of the list on the users computers rather than downloading a fresh list on every restart.\nCode to access different settings was added into the plugin's \"options\" button. Options can be accessed by", "have published lists of delinked articles. Complainants have been named in news commentary regarding those delinkings. In August 2015 the British Data Protection Agency issued an enforcement action requiring Google to delink some of these more recent articles from searches for a complainant's name, after Google refused to do so. Google complied with the request. Some academics have criticized news organizations and Google for their behavior.\nAs of May 2014, Google has removed 1,390,838 URLs. From a gathering of which websites had the most links removed, Facebook won with a total of 11,973 URLs removed. YouTube had 5,999 removed, Google Groups", "itself. The only recourse at that time was to flag the comment, contact the site moderator to delete the anonymized Guest comment, or to remember to edit out the body of the comment before deleting a comment.\nIn April 2015, Disqus revised their Delete button to completely delete a comment from the website. Affiliate links and third party scripts Disqus has been found to automatically add their affiliate referral code to links on the containing webpage, even converting plain text into links in order to add affiliate codes. Disqus also injects untrusted and potentially dangerous third party advertising code into containing", "the debugging option for some reason.\nMany IDEs allow quick adding or removing such comments with single menu options or key combinations. The programmer has only to mark the part of text they want to (un)comment and choose the appropriate option. Automatic documentation generation Programming tools sometimes store documentation and metadata in comments. These may include insert positions for automatic header file inclusion, commands to set the file's syntax highlighting mode, or the file's revision number. These functional control comments are also commonly referred to as annotations. Keeping documentation within source code comments is considered as one way to simplify the", "as a magic cookie that references an internal database identifier. If an item is deleted altogether, its permalink can frequently not be reused.\nPermalinks have subsequently been exploited for a number of innovations, including link tracing and link trackback in weblogs, and referring to specific weblog entries in RSS or Atom syndication streams. Comparing with PURL Both permalink and PURL are used as a persistent URL, and redirect to the location of the requested web resource.\nThe main differences in the concepts are about domain name and time scale: PURL uses an independent (preserved) domain name, and is about decades; permalink is", "not start with \"S\" and ignores all text after the checksum field; that extra text is sometimes used (incompatibly) for comments. For example, the CCS PIC compiler supports placing a \";\" comment line at the top or bottom of an Intel HEX file, and its manuals states \"some programmers (MPLAB in particular) do not like comments at the top of the hex file\", which is why the compiler has the option of placing the comment at the bottom of the hex file. 16-bit memory address S00F000068656C6C6F202020202000003CS11F00007C0802A6900100049421FFF07C6C1B787C8C23783C6000003863000026S11F001C4BFFFFE5398000007D83637880010014382100107C0803A64E800020E9S111003848656C6C6F20776F726C642E0A0042S5030003F9S9030000FC", "about years, and usually does not change the URL's domain. Permalinks and versions Many blogging and content management systems do not support versioning of content, that is, if an entry is updated, a uniquely accessible version is not created. Thus, in the context of these systems, a permalink may refer to different content over time. In the context of systems that support versioning, such as most wikis, a permalink is commonly understood as a link to a specific version. Here, both the link itself and the resource it refers to should not change over time.\nMediaWiki, the software that", "background. This was done to further the end goal of making it easier for a reader to differentiate between feeds from different authors.\nAlthough popular on sites like Planet GNOME where the concept originated, the drop shadow has lost favour on sites like Planet LugRadio due to appearance issues with their design theme. Creation Hackergotchis are created from a standard original digital or digitised photograph and get transformed into the final product using image manipulation programs like the GIMP or Adobe Photoshop.", "Spoofed URL A spoofed URL describes one website that poses as another website. It sometimes applies a mechanism that exploits bugs in web browser technology, allowing a malicious computer attack. Such attacks are most effective against computers that lack recent security patches. Others are designed for the purpose of a parody.\nDuring such an attack, a computer user innocently visits a web site and sees a familiar URL in the address bar such as http://www.wikipedia.org but is, in reality, sending information to an entirely different location that would typically be monitored by an information thief. When sensitive information is requested by", "Moderation system On Internet websites that invite users to post comments, a moderation system is the method the webmaster chooses to sort contributions that are irrelevant, obscene, illegal, or insulting with regards to useful or informative contributions.\nVarious types of Internet sites permit user comments, such as: Internet forums, blogs, and news sites powered by scripts such as phpBB, a Wiki, or PHP-Nuke. Depending on the site's content and intended audience, the webmaster will decide what kinds of user comments are appropriate, then delegate the responsibility of sifting through comments to lesser moderators. Most often, webmasters will attempt to eliminate trolling,", "and lengthy comments can disrupt the flow of code. This can be the case either for a long comment for a short section of code, such as a paragraph to explain one line, or comments for documentation generators, such as Javadoc or XML Documentation. Code folding allows one to have long comments, but to display them only when required. In cases where a long comment has a single summary line, such as Python docstrings, the summary can still be displayed when the section is collapsed, allowing a summary/detailed view. Showing structure or sandwich code in structured programming Structured programming consists", "with sites that users want to remember them. Removing tracking cookies is not the same as declining cookies. If cookies are deleted this causes the data collected by tracking companies to become fragmented. For example, counting the same person as two separate unique users would falsely increase this particular site's unique user statistic. This is why some tracking companies use a type of zombie cookie. Controversies In 2015, TURN, an online advertising clearinghouse, introduced zombie cookies based on Flash Local Shared objects. Privacy advocates quickly denounced the technology.\nAn academic study of zombie cookies was completed in 2009, by a team", "moves the page to the \"Articles in Quality Review\" category. Deletion system Articles with content that goes against the site's deletion policy are also demoted (such as articles centered around joke, sexually explicit, or hate-based topics, as well as severely inaccurate or incomplete instructions). Titles that are identified as duplicates per wikiHow's Merge Policy are merged. Similar to Wikipedia's Articles for deletion discussions, WikiHow allows users to nominate an article that meets deletion criteria and have other users and admins discuss whether or not to delete. Additionally, like most wiki sites, Wikihow has a Speedy Deletion system for pages", "university policies. The issue of wiki vandalism is debated. In some cases, when an editor deletes an entire article and replaces it with nonsense content, it may be a \"test edit\", made by the user as she or he is experimenting with the wiki system. Some editors may not realize that they have damaged the page, or if they do realize it, they may not know how to undo the mistake or restore the content. Potential malware vector Malware can also be a problem for wikis, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For example, a German", "and upload their own. Users could also 'spin off' another user's Flipnote, by downloading it and editing it. Flipnote Hatena was shut down on May 31, 2013. Description As for the website itself, Flipnote Hatena offered the ability for users to rate and comment on the works of others, as well as to embed their animations into other webpages. Users could also flag submissions as inappropriate; flipnotes thus flagged will not be viewable via the DSi's Flipnote Hatena and may be removed from the website altogether. Channels When uploaded, Flipnote animations were placed into specific categories by their creators. These", "debugger, really a monitor, is entered with the BUG command. The X command returns to EDIT mode. The debugger allows the viewing and changing of registers and memory locations, code tracing, single-step and disassembly. Example code The following is 6502 code for Hello World! written for the Assembler Editor:\n10 ; HELLO.ASM20 ; ---------30 ;40 ; THIS ATARI ASSEMBLY PROGRAM50 ; WILL PRINT THE \"HELLO WORLD\"60 ; MESSAGE TO THE SCREEN70 ;0100 ; CIO EQUATES0110 ; ===========0120 *= $0340 ;START OF IOCB0130 IOCB0140 ;0150 ICHID *= *+1 ;DEVICE HANDLER0160 ICDNO *=", "The text in parentheses is a comment, advising that this word expects a number on the stack and will return a possibly changed number. \nThe subroutine uses the following commands: DUP duplicates the number on the stack; 6 places a 6 on top of the stack; < compares the top two numbers on the stack (6 and the DUPed input), and replaces them with a true-or-false value; IF takes a true-or-false value and chooses to execute commands immediately after it or to skip to the ELSE; DROP discards the value on the stack; and THEN ends the conditional. The FLOOR5" ]

[ "Because according to FDA regulations, any foods that has 0.5 g of trans fat or less PER SERVING can be labelled as trans fat free.\n\nIn big bags of chips, the manufacturer can jiggle the serving size so that each serving will have less than 0.5 g. But small bags of chips are generally considered to contain only 1 serving, and so they can't divide out extra servings to screw with the numbers.", "Food product companies bribe regulators to allow the manufacturers to lie about their products.\n\nSawdust is food if they label it microcrystalline cellulose.\n\nWater is broth if they inject it into meat.\n\nRancid sludge is meat if treated with floor cleaner.\n\nFat is fat-free if they can divide it into a large enough number of servings.\n\nThis is why a sausage is 2.5 servings.\n\nModern food products are not food. Nearly everything on the label is a lie. The product itself is a sham. Try eating food you prepare yourself for a week (like meats and vegetables). Then try eating packaged food product for a week. Keeping calories the same, you will find you are still hungry after eating the packaged food product because no matter what the FDA permits, sawdust, water, and corn syrup are not chicken.\n\nEDIT: To anyone who doubts regulators are getting paid off, you must prove that our food regulations are not the product of bribery (in layman sense, not technical legal sense)." ]

[ "fat, and 2.5 g of monounsaturated fat. This reformulated Crisco is claimed to have the same cooking properties and flavor as the original version of the product.\nAccording to the FDA, \"Food manufacturers are allowed to list amounts of trans fat with less than 0.5 gram (1/2 g) per serving as 0 (zero) on the Nutrition Facts panel.\"\nSome nutritionists argue that while the formula has been changed to remove the trans fatty acids, the fully hydrogenated oil used to replace them may not be good for health. Crisco and similar low-trans fat products are formed by the interesterification of a", "study published in \"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition\" in December 2007. Trans fats Foods that have undergone processing, including some commercial baked goods, desserts, margarine, frozen pizza, microwave popcorn and coffee creamers, sometimes contain trans fats. This is the most unhealthy type of fat, and may increase your risk for high cholesterol, heart disease and stroke. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends keeping your trans fat intake as low as possible. Other potential disadvantages Processed foods may actually take less energy to digest than whole foods, according to a study published in \"Food & Nutrition Research\" in 2010,", "trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease, among other increased health risks.\nIn the US, the Standard of Identity for a product labeled as \"vegetable oil margarine\" specifies only canola, safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, or peanut oil may be used. Products not labeled \"vegetable oil margarine\" do not have that restriction. Industrial uses Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.\nMany vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils, and", "He further said that without an FDA exception allowing them to use trans fat, the bakery would continue to test out new recipes or \"go out of business, one of the two.\" However, in November 2017 The Baltimore Sun reported that DeBaufre's fudge supplier had already changed the recipe and eliminated trans fats over the previous summer, with no apparent impact on the taste but an increase in calories due to additional sweeteners.", "has 84 kJ (20 kilocalories in most countries, or 20 Calories in the US) fewer than the original glazed (754 kJ vs. 837 kJ) and contains more fiber (2 grams vs. 0.5 grams). As of January 2008, the trans fat content of all Krispy Kreme doughnuts was reduced to 0.5 of a gram or less. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in its guidelines, allows companies to round down to 0 g in its nutrition facts label even if the food contains as much as 0.5 of a gram per serving. Krispy Kreme benefited from this regulatory rule in its subsequent advertising campaign,", "food sources from containers or into the body just by handling products made from it. Certain researchers suggest that BPA actually decreases the fat cell count in the body, but at the same time increasing the size of the ones remaining; therefore, no difference in weight is shown, and an individual is even likely to gain more.\nHigh-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is found in many food products on grocery store shelves: by 2004, for example, it accounted for 40% of caloric sweeteners added to foods and beverages sold in the United States, and was the only caloric sweetener used in soft", "in America, noting that it contained 33 grams of trans fat, 19 grams of saturated fat, 1,320 calories, and almost 3,700 milligrams of sodium. In January 2014, the company announced that it had eliminated trans fats from its menu.\nIn March 2015, James O'Reilly, who had previously worked for KFC (another Yum! Brands holding), was appointed as the CEO. He stated that he expected the chain to maintain its 1,132 stores, refocus its marketing following negative press about the fat and sodium content of the menu (see below), and looked to the possibility of future expansion.\nOn May 22, 2018, Long John", "reduce costs, the number of chunks has been reduced to five with \"Yorkie\" moulded into each chunk. The weight of the bar has decreased over the years. In 2002, Yorkie bars were 70 g (2.5 oz). This had been reduced to 64.5 g (2.28 oz) by 2010, and was reduced further to 61 g (2.2 oz) in 2011 and then 55 g (1.9 oz) later that year. It was shrunk again in November 2014 to 46 g (1.6 oz). In January 2015, UK, Raisin & Biscuit Yorkies were 44 g (1.6 oz). Limited edition Yorkie Peanut was 43 g (1.5 oz). Yorkie King size bars have also reduced in size. Other information Yorkie sponsored", "chips as an alternative with lower fat content. Additionally, some varieties of fat-free chips have been made using artificial, and indigestible, fat substitutes. These became well known in the media when an ingredient many contained, Olestra, was linked in some individuals to abdominal discomfort and loose stools.\nMany other products might be called \"crisps\" in Britain, but would not be classed as \"potato chips\" because they are not made with potato or are not chipped (for example, Wotsits, Quavers, Skips, Hula Hoops, and Monster Munch).\nKumara (sweet potato) chips are eaten in Korea, New Zealand, and Japan; parsnip, beetroot, and carrot crisps", "to minimize the use of trans-fats in the European food supply.", "in some combinations. Now the various brands do not contain any trans fats.\nA 50 gram serving of Lay's BarBQ chips contains 270 calories, and 17 grams of fat. It also contains 270 mg of sodium, and 15% Vitamin C.\nThe baked variety, introduced in the mid 90s, feature 1.5 grams of fat per one ounce serving, and have no saturated fat. Each serving has 110 to 120 Calories. Lay's Light servings are 75 Calories per ounce and have no fat.\nLay's Classic Potato chips were cooked in hydrogenated oil until 2003. Currently, the chips are made with sunflower, corn and/or canola", "fiber components that make up the chassis are cut using CNC technology.\nThe entire carbon-fiber monocoque chassis (\"tub\") of the car weighs 143 pounds (65 kg). Front and rear aluminum subframes combine with the tub, roof reinforcements and engine mounting to comprise the 4C chassis giving the vehicle a total chassis weight of 236 lb (107 kg) and a total vehicle curb weight of just 2,465 lb (1,118 kg). The 4C has a single carbon fiber body, similar to the body of many supercars. The outer body is made of a composite material (SMC for Sheet Moulding Compound) which is 20% lighter than steel. The stability", "semi-solid fats, such as those in margarine and shortening.", "American Heart Association (AHA) all have recommended limiting the intake of trans fats. In the US, trans fats are no longer \"generally recognized as safe,\" and cannot be added to foods, including cooking oils, without special permission. Storing and keeping oil All oils degrade in response to heat, light, and oxygen. To delay the onset of rancidity, a blanket of an inert gas, usually nitrogen, is applied to the vapor space in the storage container immediately after production – a process called tank blanketing.\nIn a cool, dry place, oils have greater stability, but may thicken, although they will soon return", "has updated its nutrition guides to include dietary guidelines and other nutritional data. One of its reactions to the concerns over trans-fats was to initiate a program in January 2008 to phase out added trans-fat in its products, and to switch to pure vegetable oils that are free of hydrogenated fats. The program ended in early 2009 with a complete changeover to the new oils. Most, but not all, of the products contain no added trans-fats; some products, such as the beef used in the hamburgers, still contain naturally occurring trans-fats.\nTo address concerns over the increase in childhood obesity in", "Drug Administration allows food manufacturers to claim \"0g of trans fats,\" so long as each serving of the product has less than half a gram of trans fat. Advertising In the 1940s and 1950s, Parkay was the long-time sponsor of the radio program The Great Gildersleeve.\nStarting in 1973, a long-running advertising campaign was introduced for Parkay featuring a mechanically animated \"talking tub\" of the product. A typical ad depicted a sort of humorous verbal sparring match between a character mentioning Parkay, and the talking package (its lid flipping up in imitation of a mouth) correcting him by saying \"butter\" in", "in frozen desserts like low-fat ice cream substitutes by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was introduced to the public about that same time as being \"the first completely natural fat substitute.\" The FDA approved a second version of the product in 1991 for use in salad dressings, butter, and baked goods. Product Simplesse is a protein-based fat substitute derived from milk proteins that allows calorie reductions of up to 80 percent compared with foods that contain fat. Described in a United States patent abstract as \"a proteinaceous, water-dispersible, macrocolloid comprising substantially non-aggregated particles of dairy whey protein,\" Simplesse", "51g in the 1980s, to a peak of 60g before attaining the current weight. It typically contains 9.9g of fat, 38g of carbohydrates, 2.3g of protein and 1060kJ (250kcal) of energy. The Double Decker no longer contains hydrogenated oil. The bar is manufactured in Poland.\nThere also existed a 'Double Decker – Nuts' launched in 2004, which had the advertising slogan \"crispy, crunchy, chewy and nutty\". This chocolate bar was essentially a Double Decker with nuts contained within the nougat layer; however, it has since been discontinued. At the time it was distinctly aimed at males, and featured", "December 1997. Trans fat content and litigation In 2010, two California consumers filed a class action lawsuit against the Quaker Oats Company. Plaintiffs allege that Quaker marketed its products as healthy even though they contained unhealthy trans fat. Specifically, Quaker's Chewy Granola Bars, Instant Oatmeal, and Oatmeal to Go Bars contained trans fat, yet their packaging featured claims like \"heart healthy,\" \"wholesome,\" and \"smart choices made easy.\"\nPlaintiffs' complaint cites current scientific evidence that trans fat causes coronary heart disease and is associated with a higher risk of diabetes and some forms of cancer.\nIn 2014, Quaker agreed to remove trans fats", "as well as having zero grams of trans fat and being a good source of calcium, iron, and \"seven essential vitamins\" (one bar has about fifteen percent of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of them). For these reasons, when the product was first released The Hershey Company aimed much of their marketing at parents concerned about the health of their children.", "\"E471\" (s.a. Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids), which helps to prevent mixtures of oils and water from separating. The values given in the nutritional labels for total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat do not include those present in mono- and diglycerides as fats are defined as being triglycerides. They are also often found in bakery products, beverages, ice cream, chewing gum, shortening, whipped toppings, margarine, and confections. In bakery products, monoglycerides are useful in improving loaf volume and texture, and as antistaling agents. Monoglycerides are used to enhance the physical stability towards creaming in milk beverages.", "Fat substitute A fat substitute is a food product with the same functions, stability, physical, and chemical characteristics as regular fat, with fewer Calories per gram than fat. They are utilized in the production of low fat and low calorie foods. Background Fat is present in most foods. It provides a unique texture, flavor, and aroma to the food it is found in. While fat is essential to life, it can be detrimental to health when consumed in excess of physiological requirements. High fat diets increase risk of heart disease, weight gain, and some cancers. High blood cholesterol is more", "Five Alive Availability In the U.S. it was once widely available, but now has limited availability. Five Alive is widely distributed in Canada and in the UK, as a plastic bottled or canned drink, also in 250 ml cartons suitable for vending machines or as a frozen concentrate. Also available in 1.89L cartons or 2.44L plastic jugs), as well as 200mL tetrapak boxes. Nutritional information Five Alive is not a significant source of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin A, calcium, or iron. The Nutrition Facts label on the Canadian 341 mL ready-to-serve can of Five Alive claims the", "and still sells all their flavors of chips in the USA. In Canada only the snack line, and not the potato chip line, appears under the Humpty Dumpty label.\nHumpty Dumpty originally sold a variety of potato chip flavors. For the original brand of chips, they included Regular, BBQ, Ketchup, Dill Pickle, Salt and Vinegar, Roast Chicken, Sour Cream and Onion, Smokin' Bacon, and a St-Hubert rotisserie chicken flavor.\nFor their ridged chip line, called Ripples, there were five varieties: Regular, Buffalo Wing, BBQ & Cheddar, Au Gratin, and All-Dressed. And finally, for their line of kettle-cooked chips, flavors featured were Regular,", "mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear.\nMolecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the animal. Some of the amino acids are", "Thins Thins (Snackfood) is one of the largest brands of savoury snack potato chips released in Australia and is owned by Snack Brands Australia. They are a thinly sliced variety of potato chip (crisp) and come in a variety of flavours including Chicken, Original, Salt & Vinegar, \"BBQ Ribs\", \"Cheese & Onion\", Sour Cream & Chives\" and Light & Tangy. They compete chiefly with Smith's Thinly Cut; another thinly sliced potato chip (crisp), along with various crinkle cut brands.\nThe Thins brand has undergone several ownership changes throughout its history. Originally owned by Arnott's the brand was sold", "with adult humans has demonstrated that they have active brown fat that is central to redefining its role in metabolic regulation and protection from obesity.", "disease state associated with high fat diets. While fat substitution alone can reduce the percentage of kilocalories ingested from dietary fat, it may not reduce an individual’s total energy intake (in terms of kilocalories) unless the rest of the diet is of high quality and low energy density. Safety Few concerns have been raised about the safety of fat substitutes. Carrageenan, olestra, and polydextrose have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use as food additives, a title which requires both intensive testing over a wide demographic and the ability to meet strict, pre-determined, FDA criteria.", "substitutes made with hydrogenated oil. Totino's products have been criticized for their high amount of trans fat and sodium. In 2011, Consumer Reports rated Totino's as \"only fair for nutrition\" because of \"high total fat and trans fat and low fiber.\" By at least October 2013, packaging on Totino's brand pizza now indicates 0 trans fat per serving.", "are new labeling laws (or rules), which require information to be printed on packages, or to be published elsewhere, about the amount of trans fat contained in certain products. Packaging Package sterility and seal integrity are vital for commercially packaged shelf-stable food products. With flexible packaging (plastic films, foils, laminates, etc), the choice of materials and process conditions are an important decision for packaging engineers.\nAll aspects of food production, package filling and sealing must be tightly controlled and meet regulatory requirements. Uniformity, sterility and other requirements are needed to maintain Good Manufacturing Practices.\nProduct safety management is vital." ]

[ "Our brains learn how to move, and eventually store the information in our \"muscle memory\"; the stuff that's so familiar to us, our mind can essentially take shortcuts to use it. This is why acrobats can do gymnastics that other people would never be able to perform, even though their actual muscles aren't necessarily any stronger. It's also why babies can't write. When we're very young, we first learn to grip things with our entire fist, then we have to learn to turn over, then we have to learn to crawl. Writing with a pen and pencil takes a certain combination of muscles that we have to consciously learn before we can unconsciously repeat.", "Your brain is telling the muscles what to do. Your brain is controlling this activity, such as walking. It decides that you need to put your right foot forward. \n\nThere are different types of neurons, but the important one here is the motor neuron. The brain will control your actions by sending a signal down the motor neurons and to the correct muscles in your leg, causing it to move.\n\nIt's not a one way thing either. The brain is also getting feedback from your leg and at a certain point, your right foot is firmly on the ground. The brain has been made aware of it due to the nerves in your foot feeling it. It then knows to stop and switch to the left foot.", "If OP doesn't understand her question, she means how we can do things like move and walk seemingly automatically. I wondered when I was a child. If you want to go left, you just go left. You don't pick up a leg, set it down, and follow suit with the other leg. It's interesting how the body does that." ]

[ "of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are: Step movers Some pieces move only one square at a time. If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.\nThe step movers are the king, prince, drunk elephant, blind tigers, ferocious leopards, the generals, go-betweens, and the 12 pawns of each side. Only the king and prince can move in all eight directions. The king and", "movements are performed after the required set of twizzles, and are composed of two parts. The first part of the movement must be on either one foot, two feet, or a combination of both; the second part also must be on either one foot, two feet, or a combination of both. Additionally, the first part of the movement must have at least two continuous rotations skated simultaneously while travelling; for the second part, at least one partner must skate at least two continuous rotations, and one or both partners can perform the movement on the spot, travelling, or", "not move, or are not required to move, in a straight line.\nMany pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction. The movement categories are: Step movers and limited range movers Some pieces are limited to moving one square at a time. If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.\nThe step movers are the king, drunk elephant, blind tiger, ferocious leopard, gold general, silver general, copper general, iron general,", "×).\nMany pieces are capable of several kinds of movement, with the type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are: Step movers Most pieces move only one square at a time. (If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.)\nThe step movers are the rook, swallow's wings, go-between, tile general, cat's sword, and dog. Ranging pieces The bishop and [reverse] chariot can move any number of empty squares along a straight line,", "Movement (music) A movement is a self-contained part of a musical composition or musical form. While individual or selected movements from a composition are sometimes performed separately, a performance of the complete work requires all the movements to be performed in succession. A movement is a section, \"a major structural unit perceived as the result of the coincidence of relatively large numbers of structural phenomena\".\nA unit of a larger work that may stand by itself as a complete composition. Such divisions are usually self-contained. Most often the sequence of movements is arranged fast-slow-fast or in some other order that provides", "the dancers in a line facing left, holding hands. The dance starts moving right with a series of four lift-steps, followed by moving left: crossing the right foot in front of the left, transferring the weight onto the right foot while moving the left foot to the right (this is the characteristic movement of this dance, and is done four times). The dancers next move backwards using a series of four lift-steps.\nA number of variations can be seen among individual dancers. For example, instead of moving left with the right foot always crossing in front, a front and back", "Something in the Way You Move Composition \"Something in the Way You Move\" is an electropop song, with a tempo of 108 beats per minute and it uses the chords A, B, C#m, and E. Lyrically, the song describes an ill-fated attraction to someone.The Guardian's Alexis Petridis noted similarities between the song and \"Love Me like You Do\", another song from Delirium, saying it has \"a virtually identical chorus\". Eve Barlow of Spin wrote the chorus is reminiscent of the 1980s. Critical reception \"Something in the Way You Move\" received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. MTV News dubbed", "type of movement most often depending on the direction in which they move. The movement categories are: Step movers Some pieces move only one square at a time. (If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.)\nThe step movers are the king, gold general, silver general and the ten pawns on each side. Jumping piece The knight can jump, that is, it can pass over any intervening piece, whether friend or foe, with no effect on either. Ranging piece The", "knees and stamping of heels, they place one foot forward and immediately bring the other up beside it. If in the first step, the right foot is taken forward, then in the next step it is the left one. After each step, they flex the knees. Thus, they dance forward to the accompaniment of drumbeats and invocatory song. When they have danced forward for some distance, they dance backward with the same movement. Thus they dance moving forward and backward.\nSometimes they break away from the line formation and the four dancers standing in the four corners sing an invocatory song,", "Contours in 1962. Dance movement The dance move begins by stepping backward with one foot with that heel tilted inward. The foot is positioned slightly behind the other (stationary) foot. With the weight on the ball of the starting foot, the heel is then swiveled outward. The same process is repeated with the other foot: step back and behind with heel inward, pivot heel out, and so on. The pattern is continued for as many repetitions as desired. The step may be incorporated in various dances either as a separate routine or as a styling of standard steps. Songs Several", "Move by nature In game theory a move by nature is a decision or move in an extensive form game made by a player who has no strategic interests in the outcome. The effect is to add a player, 'Nature', whose practical role is to act as a random number generator. For instance, if a game of Poker requires a dealer to choose which cards a player is dealt, the dealer plays the role of the Nature player.\nFig. 1 shows a signaling game which begins with a move by nature. Moves by nature are an integral part", "walking steps, and lift the feet sideways right and left.", "left foot again, bringing your right foot back behind your left foot and then shift your weight onto your right foot, leaving your left foot in the air. Dancers use the phrase \"hop, hop back\" for these three movements, and there is a slight pause between the hop, and hop back. The next movement is a hop on your right foot. Then you shift your weight on your feet, left-right-left-right. The phrase for this whole movement is: \"hop, hop back, hop back 2-3-4.\" To do the step on the left foot, reverse the left and right directions. Slip jigs Slip", "color.) A move consists of moving a piece on the board and potentially promoting the piece. Each of these options is detailed below. Movement and capture Most pieces in the game move in a unique manner. Step movers The kings, drunken elephants, blind tigers, ferocious leopards, reclining dragons, Chinese cocks, old monkeys, evil wolves, generals, angry boars, cat swords, coiled serpents, dark spirits, Devas, go betweens and pawns only move one square at a time. If an opponent's piece occupies a square that is a possible destination for the moving piece, the opponent's piece may be captured by", "takes their second step (the second \"slow\"), CBM occurs as the left leg moves forward and the right side of the torso moves forward, causing the body to begin rotation to the left.\nAn exaggerated CBM is the basic of some specific dance moves, e.g., Chicken Walks in Jive and East Coast Swing. Contra body movement position (CBMP) Contra body movement position (CBMP) is a position rather than a movement. CBMP is the foot position achieved when the moving foot is placed on or across the line of the standing foot, in front of or behind it.\nThe term is slightly verbose", "Moving walkway A moving walkway, also known as an autowalk, moving sidewalk, moving pavement, people-mover, travolator, or travelator, is a slow-moving conveyor mechanism that transports people across a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each direction. History The first moving walkway debuted at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States and was designed by architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee. It had two different divisions: one where passengers were seated, and one where", "for that dance begins. During this introductory walkthrough, participants learn the dance by walking through the steps and formations, following the caller's instructions. The caller gives the instructions orally, and sometimes augments them with demonstrations of steps by experienced dancers in the group. The walkthrough usually proceeds in the order of the moves as they will be done with the music; in some dances, the caller may vary the order of moves during the dance, a fact that is usually explained as part of the caller's instructions.\nAfter the walkthrough, the music begins and the dancers repeat that sequence some", "While the body itself should be moving smoothly along, this motion should be very snappy, emphasizing that the toes are stuck in the air so that the bottom of the extended foot is exposed. A common instruction is to \"dig in with the heel\", which emphasizes starting the step as far back on the heel as possible. This, in turn, should lead to higher toe lift.\nNext, the weight is shifted forward from the ball of the stationary foot to the ball of extended foot. This motion is called \"rolling through\". Because this is the primary \"stepping\" motion, it", "movement and has a strong affinity with the vertical plane.\n\"In homolateral movements we develop assymetrical movements such as crawling on our bellies and hopping on one leg, establish the vertical plane, differentiate the right side of our bodies from the left, and gain the ability to intend.\nThe right and left sides of the body each open / close in contrast to each other, or an entire side steps as a unit in counterbalance with the entire other side, like a reptile or some mammals; often a slower traveling speed (e.g. humans stroll with both hands in pockets) since it is", "except for the Commander(s). Direction Moves A direction move is when a player changes the direction that any one piece faces on the board. Since each piece may only move a certain number of directions on any given turn, some strategy lies in determining when to move and when to change directions. A player may not change the direction of more than one piece on a turn. They may not use a direction move on the same turn as a motion move (the only exception being with the Shield piece). Motion Moves A motion move is when a player moves", "Glide step Technique Glide step seeks to restrict all motion above the upper-body to a smooth unchanging motion in the direction of travel and to restrict all motion below the waist to that which is completely necessary. Before the glide step can be learned, the general posture of the body must be normalized. This is called \"attention\". The important aspects of attention for marching are having a tall, straight posture with hips shifted slightly back, keeping weight distributed slightly forward and off the heels, and general relaxation of all major muscles. A general guideline for the body's", "(left, right, left, right) and then the first step with the left foot.\nThe first step to moving forward is to move the leg from a \"check\" position to an \"extended\" position. The heel of the extended foot should be placed slightly inside of \"straight ahead\" so that about 1/3 of the foot is in front of the stationary foot. In the \"extended\" position, the weight has not yet shifted forward, but the leg-in-motion has been straightened forward so that the heel is on the ground and the toes are pointed in the air as high as possible. ", "and portions of the above movements can also be used by themselves. For example, a check-step forward is performed by moving the back foot as in a retreat, then performing an entire advance. This manoeuvre can trick your opponent into thinking that you are retreating, when in reality you are about to close distance.\nOther footwork actions include the appel (French for \"call\"), which is a stomp designed to upset the opponent's perception of rhythm, and the ballestra, which is a \"hopping\" step occasionally used as a preparation for attacks (the back foot leaves the ground, while the front foot is", "When both hands move as one, an open (Λ-shaped) arrowhead is used.\nAs with orientation, movement arrows distinguish two planes: Movement in the vertical plane (up & down) is represented by arrows with double stems, as at the bottom of the diagram at left, while single-stemmed arrows represent movement parallel to the floor (to & fro). In addition, movement in a diagonal plane uses modified double-stemmed arrows: A cross bar on the stem indicates that the motion is away as well up or down, and a solid dot indicates approaching motion. To & fro movement that also goes over or under", "hip. This sweep is the first pendulum. Then the leg strikes the ground with the heel and rolls through to the toe in a motion described as an inverted pendulum. The motion of the two legs is coordinated so that one foot or the other is always in contact with the ground. The process of walking recovers approximately sixty per cent of the energy used due to pendulum dynamics and ground reaction force.\nWalking differs from a running gait in a number of ways. The most obvious is that during walking one leg always stays on the ground while the other", "three steps forward. In Luri dances, like most Iranian group dances, the start of the move is with the right foot. After removing the three steps, the dancers first bend the right leg and then the left foot. The dancers' hands in this dance are tied to each other and their shoulders rely on each other. The literal meaning of dance in Luri (Dasgerta), is the bond between hands when dancing.", "your hands where they are comfortable for you. Your feet may be together or up to 12 inches apart. When viewed from the side, your body should form a generally straight line from your shoulders to your ankles. On the command 'go,' begin the push-up by bending your elbows and lowering your entire body as a single unit until your upper arms are at least parallel to the ground. Then, return to the starting position by raising your entire body until your arms are fully extended. Your body must remain rigid in a generally straight line and move as a unit", "moves.", "play the musical instruments and dance flexing the knees and raising the right and left heel alternately and stamping these on the ground. Now and then they change positions dancing all the time but facing inward. Sometimes they dance in a circle following one another with tripping steps.\nIn another movement, they dance sideways either in a clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. They stand in a semicircle and in the anti-clockwise movement, they take one step with the right foot to the right and immediately bring the left foot beside the right one. Thus they dance in a circle, flexing the knees", "longer move, it must remain there until captured.\nThe movement categories are: Step movers Some pieces move only one square at a time. (If a friendly piece occupies an adjacent square, the moving piece may not move in that direction; if an opposing piece is there, it may be displaced and captured.)\nThe step movers are the king, gold general, silver general and the 5 soldiers on each side. Limited ranging pieces The tycoon and shogun can move along a limited number (3) of free (empty) squares along a straight line in certain directions. Other than the limited distance, they move like" ]

[ "Fertile river valleys that create a lot of good agricultural land. The same reason that the Nile delta is so much more populous than most of the rest of the area. There are lots of other similar examples around the world. \n\nIt's also worth noting that China and India are *big*. In terms of land area, China is actually larger than Canada.", "Many factors... The simplest are birth control, cultural values, and (lack of) women's rights. More complex are economic and demographic...\n\nBirth control: people like doing the NSFW, and things like the pill / and condoms are very recent inventions (within the past ~60 years). Even with modern birth control available, there's still an issue of getting people to use them. It's more expensive to use a condom than not... well, in the short term.\n\nCultural Values: the \"large\" populations in India and China are very narrowly removed from subsistence farming, where large family size is desired (just as it was desired in the rural US or Europe ~150 years ago). You want children because they provide labor and are a sign of wealth / good character. People want to be in a large loving family, putting more emphasis on that than in the developed world where individualism and privacy are more highly prized (and more economically viable).\n\nWomen's Rights: This is a very complex issue, and it's linked to both of the two above, but essentially the decision on when to have children and how many to have is largely removed from the mother. With the cost of bearing a child removed from the one(s) making the decision the birth rate is higher.\n\n\nOn the economic side... children in these countries are \"cheap\". Which doesn't mean they have less value as a person... just the cost of raising a child is much lower than in the west. Every time you see a figure like \"someone in India makes only a dollar a day\"; it's because they're eating very cheap food and living in very poor conditions (likely a shack / shanty). They don't have the costs most parents in the west pay: a fancy crib, painting a nursery (or even having nursery), formula, diapers, day care, a car seat...\n\nOn the demographic side, you have to remember these populations have always been large / growing. Similar populations (ex: the South America) have similar birth and death rates, but they started from a much smaller based (much of the population emigrated from Europe, the native populations having been decimated by disease and colonialism).\n\n\nAs well bear in mind the death rate has been declining because we're getting much better at understanding and treating diseases. Many things that previously would kill large portions of the population are now prevented or treated. Much of this is from civil improvements like providing clean water separate from sewage, reducing rates of things like cholera, dysentery, etc... Better understanding nutritional needs (even people living off food aid now get sufficient vitamins and minerals...). Epidemics are more quickly identified and contained, rather than spreading through the populations. With advances in emergency care, injuries that used to be fatal can now be treated allowing the person to recover.", "Rice has a lot to do with it.\n\nIn the pre-industrialized world, rice provided more calories per acre than any other crop. It is also more labor intensive to grow. The end result is that rice both allowed and required denser populations.", "China has a One-Child Policy (started in 1979). Their population growth is controlled and its not an issue. More people are dying than are being born. The policy has led to some interesting predicaments. There are now a few million more men than women. Lots of Forever-Aloners. But that's the cost of population control. China's population is now stable. \n\nIndia doesn't have such measures. Educational resources are severely lacking. This means people aren't aware of birth control or the financial/social impact of having children. *Access* to birth control is also limited. Additionally, Indian culture views all children as \"miracles\". \n\nLook at our own country. Mississippi has a policy of \"Abstinence Only\" sex-education. That, compounded by religious rhetoric, means they have the highest teen-pregnancy rate in the country. Religion means that not only abortions are difficult to obtain - but so is access to proper birth control for teens.\n\nLastly, healthcare has improved *worldwide*. People used to have lots of kids anyways, even in developed countries. Let's say you had 6 kids, maybe two or three would make it into adulthood. Small pox, TB, even the Flu are incredibly deadly. Children were a numbers game. In India there are free vaccines for polio, flu, etc - and that makes children live into adulthood. Yet, the practice of having several kids hasn't stopped - and that's where education comes into play." ]

[ "59 years old, and 13.26% were over 60 years old. The population growth rate for 2013 is estimated to be 0.46%.\nChina used to make up much of the world's poor; now it makes up much of the world's middle class. Although a middle-income country by Western standards, China's rapid growth has pulled hundreds of millions—800 million, to be more precise—of its people out of poverty since 1978. By 2013, less than 2% of the Chinese population lived below the international poverty line of US$1.9 per day, down from 88% in 1981. China's own standards for poverty are higher and still", "out of 180 countries in 2018 with a score of 41 out of 100, an improvement from 85th in 2014. Demographics, languages, and religion With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census report, India is the world's second-most populous country. Its population grew by 17.64% from 2001 to 2011, compared to 21.54% growth in the previous decade (1991–2001). The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males. The median age was 27.6 as of 2016. The first post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people. Medical advances made in the last 50 years", "2018, this trend had shifted so tremendously that Asia alone accounted for 51% of all Internet users, with 2.2 billion out of the 4.3 billion Internet users in the world coming from that region. The number of China's Internet users surpassed a major milestone in 2018, when the country's Internet regulatory authority, China Internet Network Information Centre, announced that China had 802 million Internet users. By 2019, China was the world's leading country in terms of Internet users, with more than 800 million users, followed closely by India, with some 700 million users, with the United States a distant third", "population growth since the early 20th century, due to economic development and improvements in public health. China's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953, and now stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941; today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people. Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million. In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decupled (x10),", "1989 China's population was the largest in the world but its GDP was only ninth in the world, yet twenty-five years later China's economy has become the second largest after only the U.S. This major increase in economic development was not without a cost because although economic reform and globalization had brought China unprecedented wealth it also brought China a monstrous increase in carbon dioxide emissions. 21st Century China Since 2005, China has spent more than $56 billion in sub-Saharan Africa, with significant investment in oil, platinum, copper, nickel, and manganese as well as other extracting industries. China's bilateral trade", "1,700 people; whereas China, the region's largest country, has 1.3 billion people.\nThe region is marked by considerable diversity in peoples, cultures, natural environments, economies, political systems and development potential. While featuring some of the fastest-growing economies in the world, the region also includes nine of the world's least-developed countries - five in the Pacific (Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) and four in East Asia (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Timor Leste). The Pacific, with its particular characteristics, dynamics and challenges, is a distinct sub-region within the wider EAP region.\nUNICEF's 14 Country Offices design and implement programmes,", "well emerge as Asia’s leading power. Already, India’s economy is growing faster than China’s, a trend which could continue, unless China gets serious about economic reform. Further, India’s population will overtake China’s in 2022 and could be some 50% higher by 2100, according to the UN\". Demographics Population growth in Asia is expected to continue through at least the first half of the 21st century, though it has slowed significantly since the late 20th century. At four billion people in the beginning of the 21st century, the Asian population is predicted to grow to more than five billion by 2050.", "globalisation is still subject to debate. They were part of conscious decisions by key political leaders, especially in India and the PRC. Also, the populations of the two countries offer a potential market of over two and a quarter billion. The development of the internal consumer market in these two countries has been a major basis for economic development. This has enabled much higher national growth rates for China and India in comparison to Japan, the EU and even the US. The international cost advantage on goods and services, based on cheaper labor costs, has enabled these two countries to", "Americans in China Estimated number in China In 2005, the number of Americans living in China reached a historic high of 110,000. Most expatriates living in China come from neighboring Asian nations. An estimate published in 2018 counted 600,000 people of other nations living in China, with 12% of those from the US; that means approximately 72,000 Americans living in China.\nBased on data collected in 1999, when 64,602 Americans resided in China, most resided in Hong Kong (48,220 in 1999), with smaller numbers in Beijing (10,000), Guangzhou (3,200), Shanghai (2,382), Shenyang (555) and Chengdu (800). Hong Kong Since the transfer", "world at about 160 million, behind China (807 million), India (522 million), and the European Union (235 million).", "Demographics of Asia The continent of Asia covers 29.4% of the Earth's land area and has a population of around 4.5 billion (as of 2015), accounting for about 60% of the world population. The combined population of both China and India are estimated to be over 2.7 billion people as of 2015.\nAsian population is projected to grow to 5.26 billion by 2050, or about 54% of projected world population at that time.Population growth in Asia was close to 1.2% p.a. as of 2015, with highly disparate rates, many West Asian countries showing growth rates above 2% p.a., and notably Pakistan", "there are 71,493 Americans residing in Mainland China, the second largest single group of foreign nationals behind Koreans in China. Americans have been coming to China for job opportunities since 1994. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, a growing number of Americans in their 20s and 30s headed to China for employment, lured by its faster-growing economy and good pay in the financial sector. Many of them teach English, a service in demand from Chinese businesspeople and students and a growing number are arriving with skills and experience in computers, finance and other fields.", "the most populous countries in the world, with well over a billion people each, and barriers to their mutual isolation are coming down as China races to develop and hold on to Tibet, meanwhile India is countering with its own policies to hold on to underdeveloped fringe areas, especially the Northeast and Himalayan areas. Additionally the developments in neighboring countries, such as the political and economic opening up of Myanmar, are sparking ideas regarding regional connectivity.\nChina is seen to assert its global leadership. Many countries in the world are now counting on China to lead the recovery from the", "to 25% of the world population while Northern America and Europe declined from 22.7% to 12.4%. Asia changed little, only increasing from 60% of world population to 63%.", " as significantly more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two. Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which donated US$15.6 million for the preparation and execution of the census.\nChina has been the world's most populous nation for many centuries. When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 583 million; by the fifth census in 2000, the population had more than doubled, reaching 1.2 billion.\nBy the sixth census in 2010, the total population had reached to 1,370,536,875, with the mainland having", "Sweden, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.\nBy 2050 (medium variant), India will have 1.73 billion people, China 1.46 billion, Nigeria 401 million, United States 398 million, Indonesia 327 million, Pakistan 303 million, Bangladesh 265.8 million, Brazil 232 million, Democratic Republic of Congo 195.3 million, Ethiopia 188.5 million, Mexico 164 million, Philippines 157.1 million, Egypt 142 million, Russia 133 million, Tanzania 129.4 million, Vietnam 112.8 million, Japan 107 million, Uganda 101 million, Turkey 96 million, Kenya 95.5 million, Iran 95 million, Sudan 81 million, Germany 78 million and the United Kingdom and France 75 million. After 2050 Projections for", "Standard of living in India Standard of living in India varies from state to state. With one of the fastest growing economies in the world, clocked at a growth rate of 7.6% in 2015, India is on its way to becoming a large and globally important consumer economy. According to Deutsche Bank Research, there are between 30 million and 300 million middle-class people in India. If current trends continue, India's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3 in 2016 to 8.5 percent of the world share by 2020. In 2011, less than 22 percent of Indians lived under", "2008, the proportion of China's population living on less than $1.25/day is estimated to have fallen from 85% to 13.1%, meaning that roughly 600 million people were taken out of extreme poverty. At the same time, this rapid change has brought with it different kinds of stresses. China faces serious natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation. It has also seen growing disparities as people in different parts of the country and with different characteristics have benefited from the growth at different rates.\nStarting from the pre-reform situation, some increase in income inequality was inevitable, as favored coastal urban locations", "United States of America, China and Australia), as shown in the second Table below, Nigeria with a population of about 195 million has performed poorly. Also, the country has not done better when compared with the world average and the World Bank regions namely: East Asia & Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa. \nSource: Institute for Health Metric and Evaluation (IHME)\nSource: Under-5 Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) and Life expectancy at birth (years). Estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation\n(UNICEF, WHO,", "Demographics of India Salient features India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population lived in about 638,000 villages and the remaining 27.8% lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations.\nIndia's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010. However, because Africa's population growth is nearly double that of India, it is expected to surpass both China and India by 2025. Population projections India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation", "Chinese in the country lived elsewhere, but by 2000 that figure had grown to 41%. However, they remain more urbanised than any other immigrant group in the country. They come largely from Zhejiang, Beijing, and Shanghai, and men outnumber women by a ratio of three-to-two, according to unofficial surveys. In the late 1990s, there may have been as many as 9,000 Chinese in the country, including illegal migrants. However, December 2007 official figures from the Czech Statistical Office showed a total of just 4,986; this made Chinese the 10th-largest group of non-European Union foreigners. Community associations One of the", "the 2010 United States Census, there are more than 3.3 million Chinese in the United States, about 1% of the total population. The influx continues, where each year ethnic Chinese people from the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and to a lesser extent Southeast Asia move to the United States, surpassing Hispanic and Latino immigration by 2012. Transpacific trade The Chinese reached North America during the time of Spanish colonial rule over the Philippines (1565–1815), during which they had established themselves as fishermen, sailors, and merchants on Spanish galleons that sailed between the Philippines and Mexican ports (Manila galleons). California", "year before and 162 million by June 2007, making China the second-largest Internet user after the United States, according to China's Ministry of Information Industry (MII). China's mobile phone penetration rate was 34% in 2007. In 2006, mobile phone users sent 429 billion text messages (on average 967 text messages per user). For 2006, the number of fixed-lines grew by 79%, mainly in the rural areas. Tourism China's tourism industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy and is also one of the industries with a very distinct global competitive edge. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council,", "Asian population, Chinese population (except Taiwanese descent) is one of the largest Asian groups in the United States in 2011, constituting 4 million people.\nThe distribution of Chinese American population was found to be mostly in California (1,122,187, 40 percent), New York (451,859 16 percent), Hawaii (170,803), Texas (121,588), New Jersey (110, 263) and Massachusetts (92,380) with Illinois (86,095). Chicago is among the top 10 cities where Chinese Americans are concentrated. In most major US Cities, Chinese communities are mostly dominant in Chinatowns, usually called as \"Tang2 Ren2 Jie1\" in Mandarin and \"Tong yan gai\" in Cantonese. One of the largest", "Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia are developing at high to moderate levels. Thailand, for example, has grown at double-digit rates most years since the early 1980s. China had been the world leader in economic growth from 2001 to 2015. It is estimated that it took England around 60 years to double its economy when the Industrial Revolution began. It took the United States around 50 years to double its economy during the American economic take-off in the late nineteenth century. Several East and Southeast Asian countries today have been doubling their economies every", "population in the mid-1980s—was relatively low by comparison with developed nations, the number of people living in urban areas in China was greater than the total population of any country in the world except India. The four Chinese cities with the largest populations in 1985 were Shanghai, with 7 million; Beijing, with 5.9 million; Tianjin, with 5.4 million; and Shenyang, with 4.2 million. The disproportionate distribution of population in large cities occurred as a result of the government's emphasis after 1949 on the development of large cities over smaller urban areas. In 1985 the 22 most populous cities in China", "were from Asia, totalling 478,953. Chinese made up the largest portion of them with 215,155, followed by Filipinos with 115,857, and Koreans with 65,711. Thai, Vietnamese, and Taiwanese long-term residents totaled 47,956, and those from other Asian countries totaled 34,274. The Korean figures do not include zainichi Koreans with tokubetsu eijusha (\"special permanent resident\") visas, of whom there were 354,503 (of a total of 358,409 of all nationalities with such visas). The total number of permanent residents had declined over the previous 5 years due to high cost of living. Foreign residents as of 2018 In 2018, the", "1980s, China's population reached around 1 billion and by the early 2000s, surpassed 1.3 billion. In the 1980s, the average overall population growth was around 1.5%. In the 1990s, this fell to about 1%. Today it is about 0.6%. China's population growth rate is now among the lowest for a developing country, although, due to its large population, annual net population growth is still considerable. One demographic consequence of the one-child policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly ageing countries in the world.\nFrom 100 million to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many", "World population Population by region Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.54 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 36% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1.28 billion people, or 16% of the world's population. Europe's 742 million people make up 10% of the world's population as of 2018, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 651 million (9%). Northern", "but the other countries of East Asia are following a similar trend. In South Korea, where the fertility rate often ranks among the lowest in the OECD (1.21 in 2014), the population is expected to peak in 2030. The smaller states of Singapore and Taiwan are also struggling to boost fertility rates from record lows and to manage aging populations. More than a third of the world's elderly (65 and older) live in East Asia and the Pacific, and many of the economic concerns raised first in Japan can be projected to the rest of the region. India's population is" ]

[ "Straighten your esophagus. Back straight. Shoulders back. Use your lower abdominal muscles to apply pressure toward your spine then upward. Relax your throat. Project." ]

[ "to burp out loud, and one should silence one's burp, or at least attempt to do so. Infants Babies are likely to accumulate gas in the stomach while feeding and experience considerable discomfort (and agitation) until assisted. Burping an infant involves placing the child in a position conducive to gas expulsion (for example against the adult's shoulder, with the infant's stomach resting on the adult's chest) and then lightly patting the lower back. Because burping can cause vomiting, a \"burp cloth\" or \"burp pad\" is sometimes employed on the shoulder to protect clothing. Contest The current Guinness World Record", "Burping Complications In microgravity environments, burping is frequently associated with regurgitation. With reduced gravity, the stomach contents are more likely to rise up into the esophagus when the gastroesophageal sphincter is relaxed, along with the expelled air. Acceptance Some cultures regard burping as acceptable in certain situations, for example in South Asia it signals the host that the guest has enjoyed the food and is full. \nIn Japan, burping during a meal is considered bad manners. Burping is also considered bad manners in Western cultures, such as North America and Europe.\nIn Middle Eastern countries it is not acceptable", "a person chews. By keeping the food in the correct position when chewing, the buccinator assists the muscles of mastication.\nIt aids whistling and smiling, and in neonates it is used to suckle. Etymology In the past the buccinator muscle was also written as bucinator muscle. A bucinator in classical Latin is a trumpeter, or more precisely, the person who blows the bucina. The name bucina could refer in Roman antiquity to a crooked horn or trumpet, a shepherd's horn or a war-trumpet. Despite its similarity to the classical Latin name for cheek, i.e. bucca, the words bucinator, bucina, and bucinere", "Gas in the gastrointestinal tract has only two sources. It is either swallowed air or is produced by bacteria that normally inhabit the intestines, primarily the colon.\nBelching or burping is a universal ability that works by removing gas from the stomach through the mouth. The stomach can become bloated when too much air is swallowed during eating and drinking too quickly. As the stomach swells, belching removes the gas and alleviates the pain associated with it. Burping can also be used as a form of relief from abdominal discomfort other than too much gas in the stomach.\nFlatulence or farting works", "for the loudest burp is 109.9 dB, set by UK's Paul Hunn at Butlins in Bognor Regis on 23 August 2009. This is louder than a jackhammer at a distance of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). Burped speech It is possible to voluntarily induce burping through swallowing air and then expelling it, and by manipulation of the vocal tract produce burped speech.\nWhile this is often employed as a means of entertainment or competition, it can also act as an alternative means of vocalisation for people who have undergone a laryngectomy, with the burp replacing laryngeal phonation. This is known as esophageal", "Dribbling In sports, dribbling is maneuvering a ball by one player while moving in a given direction, avoiding defenders' attempts to intercept the ball. A successful dribble will bring the ball past defenders legally and create opportunities to score. Association football In association football, a dribble is one of the most difficult ball skills to master and one of the most useful attacking moves. In typical game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling (the usage of technical maneuvers). In order to go past an opponent,", "dribbling can involve a wide variety of manipulative tricks and feints; Ronaldinho would often employ elaborate skills and feints, such as the elastico, in order to beat defenders.\nDribbling is often invaluable especially in the third part of a pitch or at the wings, where most attacks take place. Dribbling creates space in tight situations where the dribbler is marked (closely guarded by a defender), and the dribbler can either score or create scoring chances after a successful dribble. However, dribbling, if poorly mastered and used, may result in the loss of possession either when the ball is intercepted or", "after brushing. Patients were told to \"spit don't rinse\" after toothbrushing as part of a National Health Service campaign in the UK.\nGargling is where the head is tilted back, allowing the mouthwash to sit in the back of the mouth while exhaling, causing the liquid to bubble. Gargling is practiced in Japan for perceived prevention of viral infection. One commonly used way is with infusions or tea. In some cultures, gargling is usually done in private, typically in a bathroom at a sink so the liquid can be rinsed away. Benefits and side effects The most common use of mouthwash", "grumbling, typically by the military. Modern usage It was not until 1907 the phrase \"chew the fat\" was used to express partaking in idle conversation, for a friendly talk, or a gossip session. It has also been used to a way to define telling tall tales.\nIn ham radio, extended conversation, as opposed to just exchanging basic information (name, location, equipment), is called \"ragchewing\".\nChewin' the Fat was the title of a Scottish comedy sketch show, starring Ford Kiernan, Greg Hemphill and Karen Dunbar. Chewin' the Fat first started as a radio series on BBC Radio Scotland.\nChew-The-Fat.com is a UK-based website", "Mushing Mushing is a sport or transport method powered by dogs. It includes carting, pulka, dog scootering, sled dog racing, skijoring, freighting, and weight pulling. More specifically, it implies the use of one or more dogs to pull a sled on snow or a rig on dry land. Origin of the term France was the first European power established in the Canadian Shield; accordingly, the coureurs des bois and the voyageurs of New France used the French word marche!, meaning \"walk\" or \"move\", to command to the team to commence pulling. Marche! became \"mush!\" for English Canadians. \"Mush!\" is rarely", "ease\n\nAll you need is just a little Limburger cheese\n\nGive 'em one little smell\n\nThey come out with a yell\n\nThen your work is done\n\nWhen they start to advance\n\nShoot 'em in the pants\n\nThat's the game called Hunting the Hun!\n\nFirst you go get a gun\n\nThen you look for a Hun\n\nThen you start on the run for the son of a gun\n\nIf you want to bring them out\n\nOffer them a little bit of hot sauerkraut\n\nThey come over the top with a pip and a hop\n\nThen your work is done\n\nWhen they stop in to eat\n\nCut off their retreat\n\nThat's the game called Hunting the Hun!\n\nFirst you go", "Shagging (baseball) In baseball, shagging is the act of catching fly balls in the outfield outside the context of an actual baseball game. This is most commonly done by pitchers during batting practice before a game, where they assist their hitting teammates by catching or picking up their batted baseballs and throwing them back to the pitching area in the infield. Batboys also help shagging, and it is reportedly considered a great honor among batboys to be asked to do this. This pre-game activity is widely disliked by pitchers, who argue that it does not benefit them", "Buttstroke A buttstroke or butt-stroking is the act striking someone with the buttstock of a rifle or shotgun. It is a common case of the use of a firearm as a blunt weapon. Buttstroke is among the major offensive techniques with the rifle and bayonet in close-at-hand combat and is the recommended method of close combat if the rifleman has no bayonet or sidearm available.", "bobbing or dunking (which may be called \"dooking\" in Scotland) in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game", "which was bitten open during musket drill. Soldiers were known to chew on these ends to pass the time and reduce nerves, and in some cases to stave off cravings for chewing tobacco. Though long-since replaced by 1885, the idea of biting or chewing on fat-soaked rag ends may well have entered military parlance in this fashion prior to Patterson's recording. Chew the rag Appearing first in print from 1875 in \"Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang\", the excerpt reads:\n\"Gents, I could chew the rag hours on end, just spilling out the words and never know no more than", "often used in English and North American literature to describe short quick movements, either intentional or unintentional. It is also used to describe a quick, sharp shake or jar. Richard Jefferies, an English naturalist, wrote of \"joggers\", describing them as quickly moving people who brushed others aside as they passed. This usage became common throughout the British Empire, and in his 1884 novel My Run Home, the Australian author Rolf Boldrewood wrote, \"Your bedroom curtains were still drawn as I passed on my morning jog\".\nIn the United States jogging was called \"roadwork\" when athletes in training, such as boxers,", "Slap tonguing In music, the term slap tonguing refers to a musician playing a single-reed instrument such as a clarinet or a saxophone employing a technique to produce a popping sound along with the note. The technique The sound is created as a result of the release of suction in the mouth and the popping sound that the reed produces which amplifies as it travels through the horn.\nTo create this effect, lay your tongue against a lot of the reed. Gently push upward so that the tip and rail of the reed is closed. Get rid of as much air", "Hamstringing Hamstringing is a method of crippling a person or animal so that they cannot walk properly by severing the hamstring tendons in the thigh of the individual. It is used as a method of torture, or to incapacitate the victim. Use Hamstringing is used primarily to incapacitate a human or animal and render them incapable of effective movement. The severing of the hamstring muscles results not only in the crippling of the leg, but also in tremendous pain common to heavy laceration. Method In humans, the hamstring extends between the hip and knee joints. The hamstring muscle group is", "higher values). Related terms include farming (in which the repetition is undertaken in order to obtain items, relating the activity to tending a farm field), and catassing, which refers to extended or obsessive play sessions. Used as a noun, a grind (or treadmill) is a designed in-game aspect which requires the player to engage in grinding.\nGrinding has led to some players programming scripts, bots, macros, and other automation tools to perform the repetitive tasks. This is usually considered a form of hacking or an exploit by the game's developers, and will often times result in a ban. Due to", "but unrelated behavior, wood-chewing or lignophagia, is another undesirable habit observed in horses, but it does not involve sucking in air; the horse simply gnaws on wood rails or boards as if they were food. Description Cribbing, or crib biting, involves a horse grasping a solid object such as the stall door or fence rail with its incisor teeth, arching its neck, and contracting the lower neck muscles to retract the larynx caudally. This movement is coincided with an in-rush of air through the crico-pharynx into the oesophagus producing the characteristic cribbing sound or grunt. Usually, air is not swallowed", "River Chew The name \"Chew\" The name \"Chew\" has Celtic origins, cognate with the River Chwefru, cliwyf-ffrenwy, \"the moving, gushing water\"; ancient forms are Estoca (Chew Stoke), Chiu (Chew Magna), and Ciwetune (Chewton Mendip). Its exact meaning admits of several possible explanations, including \"winding water\", the ew being a variant of the French eau, \"water\". The word chewer is western dialect for \"narrow passage\" and chare is Old English for \"turning.\"\nAnother theory is that the name derives from the Welsh cyw, \"the young of an animal, or chicken\", such that Afon Cyw would have meant \"the river of the chickens\".\nOther", "Chew Valley Etymology There is no clear origin for the name \"Chew\", found scarcely anywhere else; however, there have been differing explanations of the etymology, including \"winding water\", the 'ew' being a variant of the French eau, meaning water. The word chewer is a western dialect for a narrow passage, and chare is Old English for turning. One explanation is that the name Chew began in Normandy as Cheux, and came to England with the Norman Conquest during the eleventh century. However, others agree with Ekwall's interpretation that it is derived from the Welsh cyw meaning \"the young of an", "cause a “walk monger” to insist on talking a walk. Not having an excuse to not take a walk cause Beerbohm to veer from the comfort of a reading chair, which is a disruption that he finds is not progressive. He claims even the most intelligent writers lose train of thought soon as they start walking and conversations eventually lead to dull topics and gossip. The essay concludes that he does not believe that physical exercise is bad for you “taken moderately, it is rather good for one, physically”. but condemns taking a walk that lacks reason and would rather", "squeeze (or just plain bullheading) refers to pumping kill-weight mud down the casing beneath closed blowout preventers in a kick-control situation when it isn't feasible to circulate in such from bottom.", "Sham feeding Sham feeding is any procedure that mimics normal food consumption but where food and drink are not actually digested or absorbed. It is generally used in experiments studying hunger, eating or digestion, and is a predominant method used in studying binge eating disorder. In animal research it often involves inserting a tube into either the oesophagus or stomach, that leaks out anything that has been swallowed. Animals who are sham fed in this manner eat and swallow almost continually without becoming satiated. Chewing gum can also be considered sham feeding, as whilst very-little or no nutrients are being", "Force feeding Leblouh is the practice of force-feeding girls from as young as five, through to teenagers, in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and southern Morocco, where obesity is traditionally regarded as being desirable. Especially prevalent in rural areas and having its roots in Tuareg tradition, leblouh is practiced to increase chances of marriage in a society where high body volume used to be a sign of wealth. The synonym gavage comes from the French term for the force-feeding of geese to produce foie gras.\nThe practice goes back to the 11th century, and has been reported to have made a significant comeback", "Stook A stook /stʊk/, also referred to as a shock or stack, is an arrangement of sheaves of cut grain-stalks placed so as to keep the grain-heads off the ground while still in the field and prior to collection for threshing. Stooked grain sheaves are typically wheat, barley and oats. Overview The purpose of a stook [or 'stooking'] is to dry the unthreshed grain while protecting it from vermin until it is brought into long-term storage. The unthreshed grain also cures while in a stook. In England, sheaves were commonly stacked in stooks of twelve and may therefore refer to", "the \"g\" to waackin to make it \"waacking\".\nWaacking consists of moving the arms to the music beat, typically in a movement of the arms over and behind the shoulder. Waacking also contains other elements such as posing and footwork. Waacking puts a strong emphasis on musicality and interpretation of the music and its rhythm. It also took inspiration stylistically from movie stars such as Lauren Bacall, Marlene Dietrich, Bette Davis and James Dean.\nWaacking was popularized by Soul Train and influenced the creation of Outrageous Waacking Dancers, a Los Angeles-based waacking dance group. Waacking gained renewed attention through the American TV", "of spoons has no choice but to rest until their spoons are replenished.\nThis metaphor is used to describe the planning that many people have to do to conserve and ration their energy reserves to accomplish their activities of daily living. The planning and rationing of energy-consuming tasks has been described as being a major concern of those with chronic and fatigue-related diseases, illness, or conditions. The theory explains the difference between those who don't seem to have energy limits and those that do. The theory is used to facilitate discussions between those with limited energy reserves and those without. Because", "as otherwise. While the base of patients to examine has gradually increased as more and more people come forward with their symptoms, awareness of the condition by the medical community and the general public is still limited. In other animals The chewing of cud by animals such as cows, goats, and giraffes is considered normal behavior. These animals are known as ruminants. Such behavior, though termed rumination, is not related to human rumination syndrome, but is ordinary. Involuntary rumination, similar to what is seen in humans, has been described in gorillas and other primates. Macropods such as kangaroos also regurgitate," ]

[ "It's not about electrical safety directly. If you use a metal hull as ground, especially in salt water, electrolysis can cause corrosion.", "I'm not sure about civilian ships, but in the Navy we used an ungrounded 3 phase system for reliability." ]

[ "functions of a grounding system: reducing electronic noise and preventing electric shock. From a noise perspective it is preferable to have \"single-point grounding\", with the system connected to the building ground wire at only one point. National electrical codes, however, often require all AC-powered components to have third-wire grounds; from a safety standpoint it is preferable to have each AC component grounded. However, the multiple ground connections cause ground loops when the components are interconnected by signal cables, as shown below. Isolation Isolation is the quickest, quietest and most foolproof method of solving \"hum\" problems. The signal", "is no provision to permit neutral current to flow through the sea. Although each station includes an earth electrode, this is used only to provide a neutral reference, and only one of the two electrodes is connected at a given time so that there can be no current flow between them.\nThe system was built with solid-state semiconductor thyristor valves from the outset. Initially these were air-cooled and used analogue control systems but in 2011 and 2012 respectively, the thyristor valves of Bipole 1 and Bipole 2 were replaced by more modern water-cooled thyristor valves and digital control systems", "Ground and neutral As the neutral point of an electrical supply system is often connected to earth ground, ground and neutral are closely related. Under certain conditions, a conductor used to connect to a system neutral is also used for grounding (earthing) of equipment and structures. Current carried on a grounding conductor can result in objectionable or dangerous voltages appearing on equipment enclosures, so the installation of grounding conductors and neutral conductors is carefully defined in electrical regulations. Where a neutral conductor is used also to connect equipment enclosures to earth, care must be taken that the neutral conductor never", "electrification) for an hourly fee.\nAuxiliary power units offer another alternative to both idling and shore power for trucks. Aircraft Similar to shore power for ships, a ground power unit (GPU) may be used to supply electric power for an aircraft on the ground, to sustain interior lighting, ventilation and other requirements before starting of the main engines or the aircraft auxiliary power unit (APU). It is also used by aircraft with APUs if the airport authority does not permit the usage of APUs at its docks or if the carrier wishes to save on the use of jet fuel (which", "surface. Shoring in Ships Shoring is used on board when damage has been caused to a vessel's integrity, and to hold leak-stopping devices in place to reduce or stop incoming water. Generally consists of timber 100 mm x 100 mm and used in conjunction with wedges, to further jam shoring in place, pad pieces to spread the load and dogs to secure it together. also used on board is mechanical shoring as a quick, temporary solution, however it isn't favoured due to its inability to move with the vessel.\nProud\nThis consists of a timber member jammed on a pad piece on either the", "ocean and the power take-off system. Membranes offer the advantage over rigid structures of being compliant and low mass, which can produce more direct coupling with the wave’s energy. Their compliant nature also allows for large changes in the geometry of the working surface, which can be used to tune the response of the converter for specific wave conditions and to protect it from excessive loads in extreme conditions.\nA submerged converter may be positioned either on the seafloor or in midwater. In both cases, the converter is protected from water impact loads which can occur at the free surface. Wave", "high electrical currents (up to 4000 amperes) are pulsed through the cables. This has the effect of \"resetting\" the ship's magnetic signature to the ambient level after flashing its hull with electricity. It is also possible to assign a specific signature that is best suited to the particular area of the world in which the ship will operate. In drive-in magnetic silencing facilities, all cables are either hung above, below and on the sides, or concealed within the structural elements of facilities. Deperming is \"permanent\". It is only done once unless major repairs or structural modifications are done to the", "Floating ground Most electrical circuits have a ground which is electrically connected to the Earth, hence the name \"ground\". The ground is said to be floating when this connection does not exist.\nConductors are also described as having a floating voltage if they are not connected electrically to another non-floating conductor. Without such a connection, voltages and current flows are induced by electromagnetic fields or charge accumulation within the conductor rather than being due to the usual external potential difference of a power source. Applications Electrical equipment may be designed with a floating ground for one of several reasons. One is", "for reasons of crew safety, the utility workers must treat the line as though it were energized until it can be proven that it is not and safety ground cables can be applied to the line (so that the line is guaranteed to remain grounded/earthed while maintenance is performed upon it). If power tools are fitted to the end of the hot stick, they are usually powered hydraulically rather than electrically because, like the fiberglass of the hot stick, the hydraulic fluid is also a good insulator. The hydraulic power is commonly supplied from the bucket truck (cherry picker or", "produced enough net electricity to illuminate the ship's light bulbs and run its computers and television. Open Open-cycle OTEC uses warm surface water directly to make electricity. The warm seawater is first pumped into a low-pressure container, which causes it to boil. In some schemes, the expanding vapour drives a low-pressure turbine attached to an electrical generator. The vapour, which has left its salt and other contaminants in the low-pressure container, is pure fresh water. It is condensed into a liquid by exposure to cold temperatures from deep-ocean water. This method produces desalinized fresh water, suitable for drinking water,", "a separate safety grounding conductor whose only purpose is to divert unsafe voltages, and which does not carry significant current during normal operation.\nRelying on the neutral conductor was a legal grounding method for electric ranges and clothes dryers, under the National Electrical Code from the 1947 to the 1996 editions. Since North American dryers and ranges have certain components (timers, lights, fans, etc.) that run on 120 V, this means that the neutral wire indirectly used for grounding would also carry current, even under non-fault conditions. Although this is contrary to modern grounding practice, such \"grandfathered\" installations remain common in older", "deck enables the material to split according to its specific weight. As a result, the heavier particles travel to the higher level while the lighter particles travel to the lower level of the deck. It comes with easily adjustable air fans to control the volume of air distribution at different areas of the vibrating deck to meet the air supply needs of the deck. The table inclination, speed of eccentric motion and the feed rate can be precisely adjusted to achieve smooth operation of the machine.\nRecycling:\nGravity separators are used to remove viable or valuable components from the recycling mixture\ni.e.: metal", "diesel-electric drive use azimuth thrusters. Boats driven by oars (i.e. rowing boats, including gondolas) or paddles (i.e. canoes, kayaks, rafts) are steered by generating a higher propulsion force on the side of the boat opposite of the direction of turn. Jet skis are steered by weight-shift induced roll and water jet thrust vectoring. Water skis and surfboards are steered by weight-shift induced roll only.\nThe rudder of a vessel can steer the ship only when water is passing over it. Hence, when a ship is not moving relative to the water it is in or cannot move its rudder, it does", "required to be grounded. The U.S. NEC and the UK's BS 7671 list systems that are required to be grounded. According to the NEC, the purpose of connecting an electrical system to the physical ground (earth) is to limit the voltage imposed by lightning events and contact with higher voltage lines, and also for voltage stabilization. In the past, water supply pipes were used as grounding electrodes, but due to the increased use of plastic pipes, which are poor conductors, the use of an actual grounding electrode is required. This type of ground applies to radio antennas and to", "Engine room Engines The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different purposes. Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the ship through the water. They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between the two. There are many propulsion arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple engines, propellers, and gearboxes.\nSmaller, but still large engines drive electrical generators that provide power for the ship's electrical systems. Large ships typically have three or more synchronized generators to ensure smooth operation. The combined output of", "track when re-ballasting the track.\nIt can be used as a very heavy-duty vacuum cleaner to pick up miscellaneous debris, e, g, rubble, or big accumulations of fallen leaves or litter.\nIt can suck up liquids, e.g. water from a hollow. In case of opting for air vacuum excavation, the Positive Displacement Blower should be properly checked because it can move great volumes of air and a malfunctioning can cause a serious accident. When digging on rocky soils, it is better to opt for water instead.\nThe National Grid Gas Plc (UK) has ordered 10 suction excavators.\nAs at July 2009 in England the", "delta,\" , there is no neutral but an earth ground is the safety ground. The three phases have voltage only relative to each other. This distribution method has one fewer wire, is less expensive, and is common in Asia, Africa, and many parts of Europe. In regions that mix residences and light industry, it is common for this to be the only distribution method. A meter for this type normally measures two of the windings relative to the third winding, and adds the watts. One disadvantage of this system is that if the safety earth fails, it is difficult to", "an earth ground rod (or similar) to a service panel. \"Grounded conductor\" is the system \"neutral\".\nAustralian and New Zealand standards use a modified PME earthing system called Multiple Earthed Neutral (MEN). The neutral is grounded (earthed) at each consumer service point thereby effectively bringing the neutral potential difference to zero along the whole length of LV lines.\nIn the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the term \"PNE\", meaning Phase-Neutral-Earth is used to indicate that three (or more for non-single-phase connections) conductors are used, i.e., PN-S. Resistance-earthed neutral (India) A resistance earth system is used for mining in India as per Central", "forms, and piezoelectric materials, and more.\nWhen a scheme's purpose is to propel ships and boats, the objects tether-placed in the wind will tend to have most of the captured energy be in useful tension in the main tether. The aloft working bodies will be operated to maintain useful tension even while the ship is moving. This is the method for powerkiting sports. This sector of HAWP is the most installed method. Folklore suggests that Benjamin Franklin used the traction method of HAWP. George Pocock was a leader in tugging vehicles by traction. Controls HAWP aircraft need to be controlled.", "Integrated electric propulsion Integrated system Eliminating the mechanical connection between the engines and the propulsion has several advantages including increased freedom of placement of the engines, acoustical decoupling of the engines from the hull which makes the ship less noisy, and a reduction of weight and volume. Reducing acoustic signature is particularly important to naval vessels seeking to avoid detection and to cruise ships seeking to provide passengers with a pleasant voyage, but is of less benefit to cargo ships. Because ships require electricity even when not underway, having all of the engines produce electricity reduces the number of", "rises to a high voltage with respect to local ground. Definitions Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a conductor that provides a low-impedance path to the earth to prevent hazardous voltages from appearing on equipment (high voltage spikes). The terms ground and earth are used synonymously in this section; ground is more common in North American English, and earth is more common in British English. Under normal conditions, a grounding conductor does not carry current. Grounding is also an integral path for home wiring because it causes circuit breakers to trip more quickly", "thrust. A variant on this is the azipod, which are propellers mounted in a swiveling pod that can rotate to direct thrust in any direction, making fine steering easier, and allowing a ship to move sideways up to a dock, when used in conjunction with a bow thruster. Fire precautions Engine rooms are hot, noisy, sometimes dirty, and potentially dangerous. The presence of flammable fuel, high voltage (HV) electrical equipment and internal combustion engines (ICE) means that a serious fire hazard exists in the engine room, which is monitored continuously by the ship's engine department and various monitoring systems.", "or the necessity to keep the vehicle moving for it to remain off the ground (in the case of Wing In Ground effect vehicles). Furthermore, these vehicles may be very drastically affected by wind, air turbulence, and weather. Whereas the magnetic levitation train can be built to operate in a vacuum to minimise air resistance, the ground effect train must operate in an atmosphere in order for the air cushion to exist.\nDevelopment work has been undertaken in several countries since the middle 20th century. No ground effect train has entered regular commercial service.\nYusuke Sugahara and his team of researchers at", "High-voltage shore connection A high-voltage shore connection (HVSC) is connection used to connect ships to the main grid, shutting engine of the ship and reducing carbon emissions. \nThe ship can use electric power for its consumption of energy. They are mostly used in the cruise ships which dock for longer time and hence save energy.", "a light adhesive and keeps the applied sand on the track, the wheels \"bake\" the crushed sand into a more solid layer of sand. Because the sand is applied to the first wheels on the locomotive, the following wheels may run, at least partially and for a limited time, on a layer of sand (sandfilm). While traveling this means that electric locomotives may lose contact to the track-ground, causing the locomotive to create EMI-emissions and currents through the couplers, or in standstill, when the locomotive is parked, \"track-release-relays\" may detect an empty track because the locomotive is electrically isolated from", "a sea water heat exchanger. Salt water/fresh water condensers are installed port and starboard to cool the fresh water that is circulated through the diesel engines to cool the engine blocks. The fresh water loops are surrounded by circulating sea water.\nOne General Electric deadfront switchboard controls the creation of electricity by the generators and the delivery of electricity to the motor which is a General Electric 600 hp (450 kW) DC electric motor with armatures. It is directly connected to the propeller shaft and turns the iron, four-bladed propeller. The motor is controlled directly from the steering stations.\nTwo compressors and four compressed", "surface waters converge, they push the surface water downwards. Another way that downwelling can occur is by the wind driving the sea towards the coastline. Regions that have downwelling have low productivity because the nutrients in the water column are utilized but are not continuously resupplied by the cold, nutrient-rich water from below the surface. Ventilation Downwelling also allows for deep ocean ventilation to occur because these waters are able to bring dissolved oxygen down from the surface to help facilitate aerobic respiration in organisms throughout the water column. Without this renewal, the dissolved oxygen in the sediment and within", "balancing cargo as the mass of the ship increase and the center of gravity shifts higher as additional containers are stacked vertically. In addition, the weight of fuel presents a problem as the pitch of the ship cause the weight to shift with the liquid causing an imbalance. This offset is counteracted by water inside larger ballast tanks. Engineers are faced with the task of balancing and tracking the fuel and ballast water of a ship. Corrosion The chemical environment faced by ships and offshore structures is far harsher than nearly anywhere on land, save chemical plants. Marine engineers", "Groundbed A groundbed is an array of electrodes, installed in the ground to provide a low resistance electrical path to ground or earth. A groundbed is a component in an earthing system.\nEach electrode is called a ground rod or a earth electrode. Grounding systems For building electrical grounding systems or earthing systems there is a low resistance conductor bonding the metalwork and this is connected to a groundbed. The electrodes for electrical grounding are often called ground rods and are often made from steel with a copper clad surface – typically 1 to 2 m long and 20 millimetres", "distance, it was necessary to use a DC transmission technology for a subsea route, as the capacitive current required for an AC connection would be too high. Due to the proximity of the converter stations to the coastline, a decision was taken to host electrical infrastructure within built structures in order to reduce the effects of the coastal air on the equipment.\nPower can be transferred in either direction (which might become more likely due to the closure of Longannet power station), but it is necessary for the link to be offline for a sufficient time prior to reversing the direction." ]

[ "You have a box of m & ms. You shake it and take them out one by one. Put them back in and repeat. If you keep doing this, eventually you will pull them out in the same order as the first time." ]

[ "Poincaré recurrence theorem In physics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state very close to (for continuous state systems), or exactly the same as (for discrete state systems), their initial state.\nThe Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the recurrence; this time may vary greatly depending on the exact initial state and required degree of closeness. The result applies to isolated mechanical systems subject to some constraints, e.g., all particles must be bound to a finite volume. The theorem is commonly discussed in the", "to rearrange only the indexes in a smaller set so that a conditionally convergent series converges to an arbitrarily chosen real number or diverges to (positive or negative) infinity. The answer of this question is positive: Sierpiński proved that is sufficient to rearrange only some strictly positive terms or only some strictly negative terms.\nThis question has also been explored using the notion of ideals: for instance, Wilczyński proved that is sufficient to rearrange only the indexes in the ideal of sets of asymptotic density zero. Filipów and Szuca proved that other ideals also have this property.", "Glaeser's continuity theorem In mathematical analysis, Glaeser's continuity theorem, is a characterization of the continuity of the derivative of the square roots of functions of class . It was introduced in 1963 by Georges Glaeser, and was later simplified by Jean Dieudonné.\nThe theorem states: Let be a function of class in an open set U contained in , then is of class in U if and only if its partial derivatives of first and second order vanish in the zeros of f.", "Constant-recursive sequence In mathematics, a constant-recursive sequence or C-finite sequence is a sequence satisfying a linear recurrence with constant coefficients. Geometric sequences The geometric sequence is constant-recursive, since it satisfies the recurrence for all . Eventually periodic sequences A sequence that is eventually periodic with period length is constant-recursive, since it satisfies for all for some . Enumeration of words in a regular language Let be a regular language, and let be the number of words of length in . Then is constant-recursive. Closure properties The termwise addition or multiplication", "Rectified Gaussian distribution In probability theory, the rectified Gaussian distribution is a modification of the Gaussian distribution when its negative elements are reset to 0 (analogous to an electronic rectifier). It is essentially a mixture of a discrete distribution (constant 0) and a continuous distribution (a truncated Gaussian distribution with interval ) as a result of censoring. Mean and variance Since the unrectified normal distribution has mean and since in transforming it to the rectified distribution some probability mass has been shifted to a higher value (from negative values to 0), the mean of the rectified distribution is greater", "P-recursive equation Definition Let be a field of characteristic zero (for example ), polynomials for , a sequence and an unknown sequence. The equation\nis called a linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients (all recurrence equations in this article are of this form). If and are both nonzero, then is called the order of the equation. If is zero the equation is called homogeneous, otherwise it is called inhomogeneous.\nThis can also be written as where is a linear recurrence operator with polynomial coefficients and is the shift operator, i.e. . Closed", "Recurrent point In mathematics, a recurrent point for a function f is a point that is in its own limit set by f. Any neighborhood containing the recurrent point will also contain (a countable number of) iterates of it as well. Definition Let be a Hausdorff space and a function. A point is said to be recurrent (for ) if , i.e. if belongs to its -limit set. This means that for each neighborhood of there exists such that .\nThe set of recurrent points of is often denoted and is called", "than \nSince the rectified distribution is formed by moving some of the probability mass toward the rest of the probability mass, the rectification is a mean-preserving contraction combined with a mean-changing rigid shift of the distribution, and thus the variance is decreased; therefore the variance of the rectified distribution is less than Application A rectified Gaussian distribution is semi-conjugate to the Gaussian likelihood, and it has been recently applied to factor analysis, or particularly, (non-negative) rectified factor analysis.\nHarva proposed a variational learning algorithm for the rectified factor model, where the factors follow a mixture of rectified Gaussian; and later", "Lebesgue differentiation theorem In mathematics, the Lebesgue differentiation theorem is a theorem of real analysis, which states that for almost every point, the value of an integrable function is the limit of infinitesimal averages taken about the point. The theorem is named for Henri Lebesgue. Discussion of proof The Vitali covering lemma is vital to the proof of this theorem; its role lies in proving the estimate for the Hardy–Littlewood maximal function.\nThe theorem also holds if balls are replaced, in the definition of the derivative, by families of sets with diameter tending to zero satisfying the Lebesgue's regularity condition, defined", "Refinement calculus The refinement calculus is a formalized approach to stepwise refinement for program construction. The required behaviour of the final executable program is specified as an abstract and perhaps non-executable \"program\", which is then refined by a series of correctness-preserving transformations into an efficiently executable program.\nProponents include Ralph-Johan Back, who originated the approach in his 1978 PhD thesis On the Correctness of Refinement Steps in Program Development, and Carroll Morgan, especially with his book Programming from Specifications (Prentice Hall, 2nd edition, 1994, ISBN 0-13-123274-6). In the latter case, the motivation was to link Abrial's specification notation Z, via a", "BDF2 approximation of the time derivative reads as follows:\nSo, the fully discretized in time and space NS Galerkin problem is:\nFind, for , , such that \nwith , and is a quantity that will be detailed later in this section.\nThe main issue of a fully implicit method for the NS Galerkin formulation is that the resulting problem is still non linear, due to the convective term, . Indeed, if is put, this choice leads to solve a non-linear system (for example, by means of the Newton or Fixed point algorithm) with a huge computational cost. In order to reduce", "Recap (software) RECAP is software which allows users to automatically search for free copies of documents during a search in the fee-based online U.S. federal court document database PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records), and to help build up a free alternative database. It was created in 2009 by a team from Princeton University's Center for Information Technology Policy and Harvard University's Berkman Center, and is now maintained as part of the Free Law Project. The name \"RECAP\" derives from \"PACER\", spelled backward.\nRECAP is available as a Mozilla Firefox add-on and Google Chrome extension. For each PACER document, the", "all practical purposes, one cannot observe the recurrence. One might wish, nevertheless, to imagine that one could wait for the Poincaré recurrence, and then re-insert the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation. It is then evident that the appearance of irreversibility is due to the utter unpredictability of the Poincaré recurrence given only that the initial state was one of thermodynamic equilibrium, as is the case in macroscopic thermodynamics. Even if one could wait for it, one has no practical possibility of picking the right instant at which to re-insert the wall. The Poincaré recurrence theorem provides a", "of two constant-recursive sequences is again constant-recursive. This follows from the characterization in terms of exponential polynomials.\nThe Cauchy product of two constant-recursive sequences is constant-recursive. This follows from the characterization in terms of rational generating functions. Generalizations A natural generalization is obtained by relaxing the condition that the coefficients of the recurrence are constants. If the coefficients are allowed to be polynomials, then one obtains holonomic sequences.\nA -regular sequence satisfies linear recurrences with constant coefficients, but the recurrences take a different form. Rather than being a linear combination of for some integers that", "Rectification (geometry) In Euclidean geometry, rectification or complete-truncation is the process of truncating a polytope by marking the midpoints of all its edges, and cutting off its vertices at those points. The resulting polytope will be bounded by vertex figure facets and the rectified facets of the original polytope. \nA rectification operator is sometimes denoted by the letter r with a Schläfli symbol. For example, r{4,3} is the rectified cube, also called a cuboctahedron, and also represented as . And a rectified cuboctahedron rr{4,3} is a rhombicuboctahedron, and also represented as .\nConway polyhedron notation uses a for ambo as this", "recurrence equation\nover . Taking as monic divisors of respectively, one gets . For the corresponding recurrence equation which is solved in Petkovšek's algorithm is\nThis recurrence equation has the polynomial solution for an arbitrary . Hence and is a hypergeometric solution. In fact it is (up to a constant) the only hypergeometric solution and describes the number of signed permutation matrices.", "∈ {} (equivalent to false) since this is unimplementable; it is impossible to select a member from the empty set.\nThe term reification is also sometimes used (coined by Cliff Jones). Retrenchment is an alternative technique when formal refinement is not possible. The opposite of refinement is abstraction. Refinement calculus Refinement calculus is a formal system (inspired from Hoare logic) that promotes program refinement. The FermaT Transformation System is an industrial-strength implementation of refinement. The B-Method is also a formal method that extends refinement calculus with a component language: it has been used in industrial developments. Refinement types In type theory,", "as GMRES does.\nAnother class of methods builds on the unsymmetric Lanczos iteration, in particular the BiCG method. These use a three-term recurrence relation, but they do not attain the minimum residual, and hence the residual does not decrease monotonically for these methods. Convergence is not even guaranteed.\nThe third class is formed by methods like CGS and BiCGSTAB. These also work with a three-term recurrence relation (hence, without optimality) and they can even terminate prematurely without achieving convergence. The idea behind these methods is to choose the generating polynomials of the iteration sequence suitably.\nNone of these three classes is the best", "Reciprocity and the Green's function The inverse of the operator , i.e. in (which requires a specification of the boundary conditions at infinity in a lossless system), has the same symmetry as and is essentially a Green's function convolution. So, another perspective on Lorentz reciprocity is that it reflects the fact that convolution with the electromagnetic Green's function is a complex-symmetric (or anti-Hermitian, below) linear operation under the appropriate conditions on ε and μ. More specifically, the Green's function can be written as giving the n-th component of at from a point dipole", "it is the sequence of values of the successive derivatives at a point. For Sturm's theorem it is the sequence of values at a point of the Sturm sequence. Proof As each theorem is a corollary of the other, it suffices to prove Fourier's theorem.\nThus, consider a polynomial p(x), and an interval (l,r]. When the value of x increases from l to r, the number of sign variations in the sequence of the derivatives of p may change only when the value of x pass through a root of p or one of its derivatives. \nLet us denote by f", "a recursive algorithm. The algorithm was published by Havel (1955), and later by Hakimi (1962). The algorithm The algorithm is based on the following theorem.\nLet be a finite list of nonnegative integers that is nonincreasing. List is graphic if and only if the finite list has nonnegative integers and is graphic.\nIf the given list is graphic then the theorem will be applied at most times setting in each further step . Note that it can be necessary to sort this list again. This process ends when the whole list consists of zeros. In each", "Master theorem (analysis of algorithms) In the analysis of algorithms, the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences provides an asymptotic analysis (using Big O notation) for recurrence relations of types that occur in the analysis of many divide and conquer algorithms. The approach was first presented by Jon Bentley, Dorothea Haken, and James B. Saxe in 1980, where it was described as a \"unifying method\" for solving such recurrences. The name \"master theorem\" was popularized by the widely used algorithms textbook Introduction to Algorithms by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, and Stein. \nNot all recurrence relations can be solved with the use of", "Rectifiable set In mathematics, a rectifiable set is a set that is smooth in a certain measure-theoretic sense. It is an extension of the idea of a rectifiable curve to higher dimensions; loosely speaking, a rectifiable set is a rigorous formulation of a piece-wise smooth set. As such, it has many of the desirable properties of smooth manifolds, including tangent spaces that are defined almost everywhere. Rectifiable sets are the underlying object of study in geometric measure theory.", "because its value is changing. It can only attain a maximum or minimum if it \"stops\" – if the derivative vanishes (or if it is not differentiable, or if one runs into the boundary and cannot continue). However, making \"behaves like a linear function\" precise requires careful analytic proof.\nMore precisely, the intuition can be stated as: if the derivative is positive, there is some point to the right of where f is greater, and some point to the left of where f is less, and thus f attains neither a maximum nor a minimum at Conversely, if", "Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem In mathematics, specifically in real analysis, the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, named after Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass, is a fundamental result about convergence in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ. The theorem states that each bounded sequence in Rⁿ has a convergent subsequence. An equivalent formulation is that a subset of Rⁿ is sequentially compact if and only if it is closed and bounded. The theorem is sometimes called the sequential compactness theorem. History and significance The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem is named after mathematicians Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass. It was actually first proved by Bolzano in 1817 as a", "a replacement decision. LIRS effectively address the limits of LRU by using recency to evaluate Inter-Reference Recency (IRR) for making a replacement decision. The algorithm was developed by Song Jiang and Xiaodong Zhang.\nIn the above figure, \"x\" represents that a block is accessed at time t. Suppose if block A1 is accessed at time 1 then Recency will become 0 since this is the first accessed block and IRR will be 1 since it predicts that A1 will be accessed again in time 3. In the time 2 since A4 is accessed, the recency will become 0 for A4 and", "name first recurrence map. The transversality of the Poincaré section means that periodic orbits starting on the subspace flow through it and not parallel to it.\nA Poincaré map can be interpreted as a discrete dynamical system with a state space that is one dimension smaller than the original continuous dynamical system. Because it preserves many properties of periodic and quasiperiodic orbits of the original system and has a lower-dimensional state space, it is often used for analyzing the original system in a simpler way. In practice this is not always possible as there is no general method to construct a", "Iterative refinement Iterative refinement is an iterative method proposed by James H. Wilkinson to improve the accuracy of numerical solutions to systems of linear equations.\nWhen solving a linear system Ax = b, due to the presence of rounding errors, the computed solution x̂ may sometimes deviate from the exact solution x*. Starting with x₁ = x̂, iterative refinement computes a sequence {x₁,x₂,x₃,...} which converges to x* when certain assumptions are met.", "there is no polynomial, rational or hypergeometric solution for this recurrence equation. Applications A function is called hypergeometric if where denotes the rational functions in and . A hypergeometric sum is a finite sum of the form where is hypergeometric. Zeilberger's creative telescoping algorithm can transform such a hypergeometric sum into a recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients. This equation can then be solved to get for example a linear combination of hypergeometric solutions which is called a closed form solution of .", "Lethargy theorem In mathematics, a lethargy theorem is a statement about the distance of points in a metric space from members of a sequence of subspaces; one application in numerical analysis is to approximation theory, where such theorems quantify the difficulty of approximating general functions by functions of special form, such as polynomials. In more recent work, the convergence of a sequence of operators is studied: these operators generalise the projections of the earlier work. Bernstein's lethargy theorem Let be a strictly ascending sequence of finite-dimensional linear subspaces of a Banach space X, and let be a decreasing" ]

[ "Probably because with each year that goes by, you have a longer frame of reference to what time feels like? I don't think I phrased that well, but what I mean is that if you are 5, one year is 20% of your entire existence. If you are 50, one year is 2% of your life. So, to get the same feeling of \"long ago\", it takes more years, the older you get. Same concept as why summers seem to fly by compared to when you were a kid." ]

[ "were fully aware of the recession, yet, in a dramatic way, showing 'that regular people are coming here and having a blast'. This piqued a lot of interest which led to an increase of tourism in Las Vegas during the recession.", "occasionally and have great fun together. Of course we talk about the old days and amuse ourselves with it, because we experienced a lot of great things together and I simply can not remember anything bad from back then. (...) But we just developed ourselves in three different directions, and we kept growing further apart, so it was simply the time to stop.\"\nOn 29 April 2002, the band released a greatest hits collection including a live performance recorded in Aarhus on 11 May 1996. The band's only performance during their 1998–2009 break was a charity concert called Brandalarm (Fire Alarm),", "over 996 million in 2011, and 952 million in 2010. In 2011 and 2012, international travel demand continued to recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007. The negative trend intensified during 2009, exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of", "United States economy after its housing bubble, U.S. President Barack Obama cited the \"lost decade\" as a prospect the American economy faced. And in 2010, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis President James Bullard warned that the United States was in danger of becoming \"enmeshed in a Japanese-style deflationary outcome within the next several years.\"\nMore than 25 years after the initial market crash, Japan is still feeling the effects of Lost Decade. However, several Japanese policymakers have attempted reforms to address the malaise in the Japanese economy. After Shinzo Abe was elected as Japanese prime minister in December 2012,", "In September 2010, after a conference call with its Business Cycle Dating Committee, the NBER declared that the Great Recession in the United States had officially ended in 2009 and lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. In response, a number of newspapers wrote that the majority of Americans did not believe the recession was over, mainly because they were still struggling and because the country still faced high unemployment. However, the NBER release had noted that \"In determining that a trough occurred in June 2009, the committee did not conclude that economic conditions since that month have been favorable", "in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005. The U.S. outbound holiday market is sensitive in the short term, but possibly one of the most surprising results from the September 11, 2001 attacks was that by February 2002 it had bounced back. This quick revival was generally quicker than many commentators had predicted only five months earlier.\nThe United States economy began to slow significantly in 2007, mostly because of a real-estate slump, gas prices and related financial problems. Many economists believe that the economy entered a recession at", "were remodeling our house. And still trying to go through the biggest tour I'd ever been on since Ropin' The Wind was seeing the success that it was. No Fences seemed to still be doing very well. So we were gone another 250 to 300 days out of the year. So, when you hear this album or snippets from it, and you hear things that are more, probably socially oriented as far as concerns of the world. And some things that are a little bit darker. That's probably 'cause that's where I was at that time. It was a big", "culture, ended up being \"commodified, mass-produced, ritualized, and thus sanitized\" by major corporations.\nIn 2011, John Calvert stated that \"timing\" is the reason why a grunge revival did not happen; he says that the cultural mood of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which inspired the movement, were no longer present. Seattle songwriter Jeff Stetson states that people from the 2010s who are listening to grunge should learn about the \"... context and history of how it all came to be\" and \"... respect for what a truly amazing thing it was that happened here [in Seattle,] because you probably won't", "time about my family background. It was nice to see the landscape, so nice for a city boy. But after this trip, I changed a lot. The bad part is, I saw people kill each other, literally. I began to ask, ‘Is this really the Cultural Revolution?’ I saw people put so many books all together like a hill and then burn them. I saw so many poor people, it was beyond my imagination. The reality of it didn't fit my imagination of the Cultural Revolution. I got back and instead of being a participant, I became an ‘escapist’.” In", "as a result of the recession. 30% of travelers surveyed stated they travel less for business today while only 21% of travelers stated that they travel more. Reasons for the decline in business travel include company travel policy changes, personal economics, economic uncertainty and high airline prices. Hotels are responding to the downturn by dropping rates, ramping up promotions and negotiating deals for both business travelers and tourists.\nAccording to the World Tourism Organization, international travel suffered a strong slowdown beginning in June 2008, and this declining trend intensified during 2009 resulting in a reduction from 922 million international tourist arrivals", "rave culture in the late 1980s and 1990s. In Britain during the 1980s, the term New Age Travellers came into use, although York characterised this term as \"a misnomer created by the media\". These New Age Travellers had little to do with the New Age as the term was used more widely, with scholar of religion Daren Kemp observing that \"New Age spirituality is not an essential part of New Age Traveller culture, although there are similarities between the two worldviews\". The term New Age came to be used increasingly widely by the popular media in the 1990s. Decline or", "generates love for everything in home country and then transformed to exclusion against foreign stuffs with desire of performing patriotism. But as it has been emphasized by Boyer, the usage of nostalgia is not as serious as it used to be. While in past time, nostalgia is realistic and strengthened by limitation of technology, people's feeling for this word now is relatively lighter due to advancement of society. After demonstration of heaviness of the word nostalgia, Boyer goes on further to conclude that nostalgia in some levels is justified as the physical state of nationalism. And relates this point to", "\"Xiangjiao\". Iglooghost said the name of the record came from looking at the sky while flying back home from his gig in Rome: \"The sky looked really weird and for some reason the word Chinese New Year came into my head. I was really happy, because everything seemed super cool, life just seemed really warm and nice. I think the word Chinese New Year sounds warm and cool. I imagine fireworks, red colours and Chinese lanterns.” Upon its distribution, Chinese Nü Yr garnered positive reviews. Gary Suarez, reviewing for The Quietus, spotlighted the EP's \"mirthfully manic synthesis of garage, hip", "interviewed for Trebuchet Magazine, Semple described how his early experience of pop influenced his approach to art \"When I was growing up in the 80s these things (cultural icons) were – I don't know if it's quite right to say they were aspirational, but they certainly gave me my first feelings of something larger. But as you get older you get more jaded so now when you look back at these 'nostalgic' things, you have lost something. Here I've tried to look at them again in such as way as to rediscover that sense of feeling\"\nIn 2013, the Suspend Disbelief", "2017. Alternative Press included \"Walls\" and \"Too Much\" on their list of the band's best non-single songs. Rock Sound said that the album was a big influence on Tonight Alive's What Are You So Scared Of? (2011), Fall Out Boy's Save Rock and Roll (2013), Neck Deep's Wishful Thinking (2014), 5 Seconds of Summer's 5 Seconds of Summer (2014) and As It Is' Never Happy, Ever After (2015).\nFor the album's 10th anniversary, All Time Low announced on July 8, 2019, one day after the 10th anniversary of its release date, that they would rerecord it in a pseudo-live setting at", "the time. Whereas when you hit 24 after 5 years of touring, I think you just become different people and we naturally just moved on\"", "shared culture and the common experience of adapting to a new culture, but who are beginning to drift apart due to reasons which become evident as the story progresses. \"Year's End\" This part is from Kaushik's point of view and tells about his life after his mother's death as he deals with unwanted change and navigates complicated relationships with his recently remarried father, stepmother, and two young stepsisters—a situation that will ultimately influence Kaushik to lead the life of a wanderer. \"Going Ashore\" The last part is related by an omniscient narrator as Hema and Kaushik meet by chance in", "has also raised questions of Internet privacy and personal privacy globally. Great Recession In the beginning of the 2000s (decade), there was a global rise in prices in commodities and housing, marking an end to the commodities recession of 1980–2000. The US mortgage-backed securities, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world and a broad based credit boom fed a global speculative bubble in real estate and equities. The financial situation was also affected by a sharp increase in oil and food prices. The collapse of the American housing bubble caused the values of securities", "the new way, because things are changing every day.”", "United States Bicentennial The United States Bicentennial was a series of celebrations and observances during the mid-1970s that paid tribute to historical events leading up to the creation of the United States of America as an independent republic. It was a central event in the memory of the American Revolution. The Bicentennial culminated on Sunday, July 4, 1976, with the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Background The nation had always commemorated the Founding, as a gesture of patriotism and sometimes as an argument in political battles. Historian Jonathan Crider points out that in the 1850s,", "citing 'improving market conditions' as a result of the impending UK City of Culture celebrations in 2017.", "the 1970s, China was in a period of widespread upheaval due to political instability. As a result, many Chinese felt upset and disappointed about the situation. The situation did not improve after the gradual liberalization of China during the 1980s; just as many people chose to go abroad, since there were more opportunities overseas. More social upheavals happened with the Tiananmen Square Massacre—the result of which was an increasing Chinese diaspora. As steady economic growth boosts GDP per capita, more families in China are able to pay for their children to go abroad for study or to live. New Zealand", "time-based economy. By virtue of the time travel plot, Back to the Future permits nostalgia for both the 1950s and 1980s. Many members of its nostalgic cult following are too young to have been alive during those periods, which Emma Pett interprets as fondness for retro aesthetics, nostalgia for when they saw the film rather than when it was released, and looking to the past to find a better time period. Similarly, films directed by John Hughes have taken hold in midnight movie venues, trading off of nostalgia for the 1980s and an ironic appreciation for their", "making this episode, and the second part, made them feel old, mainly because the episodes deal with newer things that young people are interested in, such as new technology, pop music, and the focus on Internet. This is also where the title came from; things like Twitter, YouTube Let's Play, and the Internet in general, sometimes feel like places where all people do is \"rehash each other's shit\", an opinion that is shared by several characters in the episode. Reception The episode received a B+ rating from The A.V. Club's Eric Thurn, who commented \"at first this seemed like a", "time, so that was really cool. One of the songs on the album, as you know, is \"Version of Me,\" and I thought this is a really good album title. Each record has been me at that moment in time, and this is really an expression of what's going on in my life in the last five years. So, that felt really good. I also like the thought that we all do this, we all have versions of ourselves. We're very different speaking to our friends than to our boss, or when we're in school with a teacher. We are", "Early 2000s recession The early 2000s recession was a decline in economic activity which mainly occurred in developed countries. The recession affected the European Union during 2000 and 2001 and the United States from March to November 2001. The UK, Canada and Australia avoided the recession, while Russia, a nation that did not experience prosperity during the 1990s, in fact began to recover from said situation. Japan's 1990s recession continued. This recession was predicted by economists, because the boom of the 1990s (accompanied by both low inflation and low unemployment) slowed in some parts of East Asia during the 1997", "today I feel like we got it back.\"", "first eight months of 2008. This slowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry, with a negative growth in September 2008 and a 3.3% growth in passenger traffic through September. The hotel industry also reported a slowdown, with room occupancy declining. In 2009 worldwide tourism arrivals decreased by 3.8%. By the first quarter of 2009, real travel demand in the United States had fallen 6% over six quarters. While this is considerably milder than what occurred after the 9/11 attacks, the decline was at twice the rate as real GDP has fallen.\nHowever, evidence suggests that", "Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden; \"This Time I Know It's for Real\" had an especially strong impact in the UK with a spring 1989 peak of #3 affording Summer her best UK chart showing since 1977 when \"Love's Unkind\" peaked at #3 (Summer's only higher UK charting single is \"I Feel Love\" also from 1977). The album also went on to reach #17 in the UK Albums Chart. In the US, with the single losing chart momentum and sales because of imports; it was expeditious, that a label be found for the North American market. In April", "About Us\" stayed in the top forty for eighteen weeks and reached number one on other Billboard component charts, including the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over 500,000 units.\nOutside the United States, the song achieved moderate international charting. In Australia, \"Don't Forget About Us\" debuted at its peak position of number twelve on the singles chart, during the week of December 18, 2005. In its second week, the song stalled at number twelve, before beginning its eleven-week descent on the chart. On both the Finnish and" ]

[ "> A person receives information about the person he or she is smooching by locking lips, Fisher said. A kiss transmits smells, tastes, sound and tactile signals that all affect how the individuals perceive each other and, ultimately, whether they will want to kiss again.\n\n > Women tend to be attracted to male partners with a different immune system makeup from their own, Fisher said. They subconsciously detect information about a partner's immune system through smell during kissing, she said.\n\n > Research led by Wendy Hill, professor of neuroscience at Lafayette College, looked at how kissing affects the hormones oxytocin, sometimes called the \"love hormone,\" which is associated with social bonding, and cortisol, a measure of stress.\n\n[Source](_URL_1_)\n\nTL;DR: There's much more to kissing than what you might think. One of those is that you subconciously pick up things about the other person through smells you won't notice. There's also this [cracked](_URL_0_) article that explains it quite well, despite being a comedy site:\n\n > It turns out Nerve 0 is directly connected to the regions of the brain associated with sex and gives your nose a direct, private highway to your genitals. Well, that's interesting. What could that be for?\n\n > Scientists theorize that when you kiss someone, Nerve 0 picks up their pheromones and warns your body to start sending blood and good vibes down to your crotch as quickly as possible. It's important to note that Nerve 0 doesn't travel through your olfactory bulb at all, which means you can't actually smell any of the things your sex nerve is designed to pick up. And since our pheromones don't carry very well, getting close enough to kiss is basically the only way your Boning Nerve can do you any good.", "Our lips have an inordinate amount of nerve endings in them. Touching them together will stimulate both partners quite a lot." ]

[ "for emotion and passion to be passed from one partner to another, without involving the eyes of those around them like other public displays of affection would.\nHowever, it has been argued that the act of kissing a persons forehead is not romantic. Instead such an act is purely neutral and should not be used when trying to transfer feelings of emotion, lust, love, or so on. It's been said to lack certain qualities that make other kisses more romantic and therefore should not be thought of as a gesture for expressing non-platonic love. It is even stated that the kiss", "\"It is through kisses that a knowledge of life and happiness first comes to us. Runeberg says that the angels rejoice over the first kiss exchanged by lovers,\" and can keep one feeling young: \"It carries life with it; it even bestows the gift of eternal youth.\" The importance of the lover's kiss can also be significant, he notes: \"In the case of lovers a kiss is everything; that is the reason why a man stakes his all for a kiss,\" and \"man craves for it as his noblest reward.\"\nAs a result, kissing as an expression of love is contained", "William Cane notes that kissing in Western society is often a romantic act and describes a few of its attributes:\nIt's not hard to tell when two people are in love. Maybe they're trying to hide it from the world, still they cannot conceal their inner excitement. Men will give themselves away by a certain excited trembling in the muscles of the lower jaw upon seeing their beloved. Women will often turn pale immediately of seeing their lover and then get slightly red in the face as their sweetheart draws near. This is the effect of physical closeness upon two people", "way to work realizes that the world is kissing and that the act is totally contagious if one looks around.", "to talk, and their eyes meet and they realize that they are attracted to one another\".", "can also be used to express feelings without an erotic element but can be nonetheless \"far deeper and more lasting\", writes Nyrop. He adds that such kisses can be expressive of love \"in the widest and most comprehensive meaning of the word, bringing a message of loyal affection, gratitude, compassion, sympathy, intense joy, and profound sorrow.\"\nNyrop writes that the most common example is the \"intense feeling which knits parents to their offspring\", but he adds that kisses of affection are not only common between parents and children, but also between other members of the same family, which can include those", "have boatloads of chemistry with someone else.\" On the kiss itself, Dohring noted, \"It was so funny, as an actor, to kiss this girl. I was all nervous beforehand. But you have to just let it go for the scene. It was so fun to watch [later when it aired],\" adding that \"a lot of that emotion was real for me.\" The song \"Momentary Thing\" by band Something Happens plays during Veronica and Logan's first kiss.\nSeries creator Rob Thomas, was not content with the kiss scene, writing that it was not how he envisioned it. \"I wasn't actually pleased with", "individual towards whom sexual desire is directed, however this also may result in false appraisals of the individuals by overseeing one’s potentially negative traits.\nSince sexual desire increases attraction to the object of one’s desire, this motivates prolonged closeness with the other individual. By extension, proximity increases the likelihood of stronger affectional bonds to form between sexual partners as opposed to platonic friends; however, due to the functional independence of sexual desire and love, humans may mate without bonding or may bond without mating. Affectional bonds are generally a product of high levels of proximity and physical contact with individuals", "on the ways in which people find love. Users are able to interact with one another and find if they have common interests. Many sites have been developed that target many different interest groups, and relationships form and develop using the internet. If the users decide that they share a mutual bond, they are able to interact via the telephone, and eventually in person. The relationship begins on the internet, but can lead to real life dating and eventually even marriage.", "the lips between both men and women is a common form of greeting. In South and Eastern Asia, it might often be a greeting between women, however, between men, it is unusual. Kissing a baby on the cheeks is a common form of affection. Most kisses between men and women are on the cheeks and not on the lips unless they are romantically involved. And sexual forms of kissing between lovers encompass the whole range of global practices. Kissing in films The first romantic kiss on screen was in American silent films in 1896, beginning with the film The Kiss.", "over 700 years ago, that love is primarily actions towards nurturing the spiritual growth of another.\nPeck seeks to differentiate between love and cathexis. Cathexis is what explains sexual attraction, the instinct for cuddling pets and pinching babies' cheeks. However, cathexis is not love. All the same, true love cannot begin in isolation, a certain amount of cathexis is necessary to get sufficiently close to be able to truly love.\nOnce through the cathexis stage, the work of love begins. It is not a feeling. It consists of what you do for another person. As Peck says in The Road Less Traveled,", "Should We Kiss First? Synopsis The story of a middle-aged man and woman who have given up any dreams of a passionate romance, but are both afraid of living and dying alone.", "fast, my heart throbs, it is as if I were about to suffocate, yet, nevertheless, I want to have another kiss. Strange, never-suspected pain! Has Chloe, I wonder, drunk some poisonous draught ere she kissed me? How comes it that she herself has not died of it?\nRomantic kissing \"requires more than simple proximity,\" notes Cane. It also needs \"some degree of intimacy or privacy, ... which is why you'll see lovers stepping to the side of a busy street or sidewalk.\" Psychologist Wilhelm Reich \"lashed out at society\" for not giving young lovers enough privacy and making it difficult to", "cheek kissing is a universal form of greeting between a man and a woman or two women.\nIt is not necessary to know a person well or be intimate with them to kiss them on the cheek. When introduced to someone new by a mutual acquaintance in social settings, it is customary to greet him or her with a cheek kiss if the person being introduced to them is a member of the opposite sex or if a woman is introduced to another woman. If the person is a complete stranger, i.e. self-introductions, no kissing is done. A cheek kiss", "as an issue that touches (or should touch) both genders. Love The prospect of love often entails anxiety, sometimes with a fear of commitment and a fear of intimacy for persons of both sexes. One woman said \"being really intimate with someone in a committed sense is kind of threatening\" and described love as \"the most terrifying thing.\" In her Psychology Today column, research scientist, columnist, and author Debby Herbenick compared it to a roller coaster:\nThere's something wonderful, I think, about taking chances on love and sex. ... Going out on a limb can be roller-coaster scary because none", "is kiss, because when two guys kiss it's like a bomb going off in the straight world. Our kisses are louder than bombs.\" Spencer admits that he has fallen in love with India but is terrified because he's losing control. But he also feels safe, like he's home. India tells him that wherever they are, as long as they are together they're home. They kiss, and with each kiss they call out a target that their kiss has destroyed like a bomb, finally declaring that they will blow up the whole straight world. Critical response FAQs was generally poorly received", "focusing. In the first stage, the couple may touch each other's bodies excluding breasts and genitals. They are encouraged to enjoy and become increasingly aware of the warmth, texture and other qualities of their partner's skin. Participants attend to whatever they find interesting in each other, rather than attend to what they think the other wants.\nContact with the breasts, or male or female genitalia is banned at least for the first initial session, but other aspects of intimacy are explored: touching, talking, hugging, kissing, and so on. This includes taste, smell, and sound, as partners are encouraged", "kissing each other.", "organizers of the public kiss-in that took place in October 12, 2013, to support three teenagers arrested for posting a picture of themselves kissing on Facebook. The protesters were confronted by onlookers as they kissed and chanted \"Long live love\". The kissing case has sparked uproar online, with citizens protesting against what they see as creeping conservatism in the Muslim country long known for being relatively liberal and tolerant. \nIn an interview with France 24 about the kiss-in, she said: “For us, the message got through. It was a success. There were couples and single people, and the couples were", "of falling in love.\" Since Darwin's time there have been similar speculations about the evolution of human interest in music also as a potential signaling system for attracting and judging the fitness of potential mates. It has been suggested that the human capacity to experience love has been evolved as a signal to potential mates that the partner will be a good parent and be likely to help pass genes to future generations. Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as 'unconditional selflessness', suggesting utterly cooperative instincts developed in modern humans' ancestor, Australopithecus. Studies of bonobos (a great ape previously referred to", "emotional and Sean sometimes gets Alex to recognize that he likes her. Despite Sean giving many signs of attraction to Alex, she either ignored them or she was oblivious to them since she was emotionally not ready to commit to a relationship with all the things happening in her life. He and Alex share a first kiss in a car with Birkoff driving and Ryan in the passenger seat. In the second-season finale, he tries to ask her out on a date four times, but Alex never lets him finish due to being in action, criticizing that he said that", "example maintaining eye contact or leaning forward). Reciprocal liking and desirability of a person appear to be the most influential when falling in love. Aron et Al (1989) reported that in their sample of Canadian college students who recently fell in love, approximately 90% of them mentioned some indicator of thinking that the other person was attracted to them and the study also showed that maintaining eye contact was the most common clue. It has also been shown that people often flatter and praise people whose favour they are trying to win, and people said that they even modify their", "\"Love is as love does.\" It is about giving yourself and the other person what they need to grow. It is about truly knowing and understanding them. Neurotic and legitimate suffering Peck believes that it is only through suffering and agonizing using the four aspects of discipline (delaying gratification, acceptance of responsibility, dedication to truth, and balancing) that we can resolve the many puzzles and conflicts that we face. This is what he calls undertaking legitimate suffering. Peck argues that by trying to avoid legitimate suffering, people actually ultimately end up suffering more. This extra unnecessary suffering is what Scott", "you make it so, without torment,\nWe could kiss, kiss, and kiss?!”\n\nHe sees Love in the modern world as doomed, being destroyed by art, religion and the society itself.\nThe theme of madness that first appeared in Part III (\"The thought of psychiatric wards came and curtained my brain in despair\" and \"This is all madness. Nothing with happen.\") develops into a mental breakdown of the protagonist in the Finale, which is followed by emotional exhaustion and silence.", "but that she herself was not. \"I feel much safer with girls, so I felt more comfortable kissing [Seyfried] than kissing any of the other people that I had to kiss\", she said. Seyfried's uneasiness in the scene caused \"giggling fits\" between takes. Seyfried said that neither of them wanted to do the kiss because they felt it was just for promotional purposes. She agreed with Fox that she was uneasy about acting out the scene. \"It was my first time doing a real kissing scene with a woman\", she stated. \"It is just weird. It is a woman. With", "is an attraction between them. Of the kiss, Pranita said \"Jade and Lucas have only just met, but Jade is very free-spirited and does things on impulse.\" Lucas pulls away from the kiss as he has feelings for someone else, but Sonya witnesses it and is angry with her sister. Pranita admitted that she was nervous about filming the scene as it was her first screen kiss and it occurred during her first week on the show. When asked if the kiss is the start of a romance for Jade and Lucas, Pranita said that Jade is caught up with", "him in a Tokyo park, holding his hand and kissed him in public; at the time, kissing in public and couples holding hands in Japan were considered to be deeply immoral acts that no decent person should ever engage in, and many people in the park chided the couple for their behavior. Later that same day, when Ōsugi met Ichiko, he told her that he had kissed a woman in public for the first time in his entire life, which, as the woman in question was not Ichiko, caused a very heated scene. Itō, who was hoping to see Ōsugi", "seconds. This type of \"kiss\" has given H. temminkii the common name of kissing gourami has been considered an intraspecific aggressive behavior also known as \"mouth fight\" due to the contraction of the jaw muscles. However, it is not completely confirmed that it is an aggressive behavior and is rather understood as a ritualized form of aggression. Ecosystem roles Helostoma temminkii can become the host tosome parasitic algal species. These algae are able to survive under kissing gourami skin and look like color spots. Some hypothesis affirm that these algae communities receive some nutrients required for photosynthesis from the H.", "grave and solemn moments,\" notes Nyrop, \"not only among those who love each other, but also as an expression of profound gratitude. When the Apostle Paul took leave of the elders of the congregation at Ephesus, \"they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck and kissed him\" (Acts 20:37). Kisses can also be exchanged between total strangers, as when there is a profound sympathy with or the warmest interest in another person.\nFolk poetry has been the source of affectionate kisses where they sometimes played an important part, as when they had the power to cast off spells or to", "be alone. However, Cane describes how many lovers manage to attain romantic privacy despite being in a public setting, as they \"lock their minds together\" and thereby create an invisible sense of \"psychological privacy.\" He adds, \"In this way they can kiss in public even in a crowded plaza and keep it romantic.\" Nonetheless, when Cane asked people to describe the most romantic places they ever kissed, \"their answers almost always referred to this ends-of-the-earth isolation, ... they mentioned an apple orchard, a beach, out in a field looking at the stars, or at a pond in a secluded area" ]

[ "As far as I know, QuiBids charges $0.60 a bid. So if they see something for $10, that's 1000 bids, and they've made $610. The person buying it gets a pretty good deal and everyone else who bid is screwed.", "You buy bids for 60 cents each, and every bid you spend raises the auction price by 1 cent. When the auction ends, the last bidder gets to buy the item for the final price.\n\nThe major difference between Quibids and other auction sites is that you pay for your bids whether you win the auction or not. If you bid 10 times on something and don't win, that's $6 down the drain.\n\nWhat this means is that if the final auction price for an item with an MSRP of $500 is $15, there were 1500 bids on that item. And since each bid was purchased from Quibids at a cost of $0.60 each, Quibids made $900 just on the spent bids alone. The final bidder pays $15 for the item so Quibids makes 915 - 500 = $415 on the transaction and get to advertise to the world that they just sold a laptop for $15.\n\nAs /u/Sir_topem_hat pointed out, there are also some auctions that are purposefully kept to a limited pool of users or only to beginner Quibids users in order to generate attractive sales like the ones you mentioned--a $1200 Macbook selling for $1.50 wouldn't make a profit for Quibids but it would definitely drive people to the site. Those types of wins are uncommon and Quibids can afford to lose money on them because they make so much more on every other auction on the site.\n\nThe whole thing is genius, really.", "Generally the cost of all the bids put together outweighs the price of the original item, so everybody's bids all together will add up to like $1500, and the item cost $1200, the site makes a profit", "On ebay, if you bid and aren't the highest bidder, you haven't paid any money.\n\nOn QuiBids, when you bid, that money is gone from your account whether you win the item or not." ]

[ "extension of the penny auction site, offering the same merchandise found in their auctions that could be purchased directly rather than having to be won in a bidding fee auction. The Beezid Store additionally allowed the members to sell their auction wins from Beezid directly. Upon winning an item, a user could choose to sell the item instead of claiming it, and other website visitors could then purchase the items in the store. Critical reception Beezid has drawn criticism of its business model for requiring the purchase of bids to participate, and for not disclosing the cost of bidding in", "Such auctions are typically held over the Internet, rather than in person. How it works Participants pay a fee to purchase bids. Each of the bids increases the price of the item by a small amount, such as one penny (0.01 USD, 1¢, or 0.01 GBP, 1p; hence the name of the auction), and extends the time of the auction by a few seconds. Bid prices vary by site and quantity purchased at a time, but generally cost 10–150 times the price of the bidding increment. The auctioneer receives the money paid for each bid, plus the final price ", "are adopting alternate means to maximize revenue. This includes selling food, beverages, game and telephone cards to its patrons.\nBy 2010, a variation of the internet café known as a \"sweepstakes parlor\" had become widespread in certain regions of the United States. These facilities offer entries in a contest to customers who purchase internet usage. The result of the customers' entries are revealed using software installed on the computer terminals, which may simulate the appearance and operation of casino games such as a slot machine. Although meant to resemble it, these sweepstakes and software are designed in such a way that", "product. In a conventional auction, bids are based on prices that participants are willing to pay, with the item sold to the final bidder within a set period that bids the highest price. This usually allocates the item to the person who is willing to pay the most. By contrast, penny auctions award items to parties that are persistent or lucky enough to place the final bid, with money raised primarily from the cost of bidding rather than the final price of the item. In most cases, users spend substantial sums of money without winning anything. DealDash and others have", "or more Bidbutlers were active they would repeatedly bid against each other until the one with the most bids left was the \"winner\".\nThe money collected by Swoopo consisted of the cost of bids placed plus the final auction amount. As an example, a MacBook Pro with a suggested retail price of $1,799 was sold on Swoopo for $35.86. However, a total of 3,585 bids were placed, so the total amount paid by Swoopo customers was $2,151. Controversy The method of selling employed by Swoopo is controversial and has been criticized. The company, responding to claims that Swoopo is a type", "how much other advertisers have offered. The actual amount paid may be lower than the amount bid, for example 1 cent more than the next highest bidder.\nA \"bidding\" plan does not guarantee that the highest bidder will always be presented in the most prominent advertising slot, or will gain the most user actions.\nThe publisher will want to earn the maximum revenue from each advertising slot, and may decide (based on actual results) that a lower bidder is likely to \nbring more revenue than a higher bidder - they will pay less but be selected more often.\nIn a competitive market,", "California investor. In 2008, Mohnish Pabrai won the auction for $650,100. The 2009 auction was won with a bid of $1.68 million by an anonymous bidder In 2011 an anonymous bidder paid $2,626,411 for a lunch with Buffet. The June 9, 2012 auction for lunch with Buffett yielded a record figure of $3,456,789; the highest figure paid for lunch with the investor. This number was tied at the 2016 auction. The 2017 winning bid was $2.68 million. In 2019, the annual auction closed with a winning record bid of $4,567,888.The Glide auction's winners traditionally dine with Buffett at New", "Bidtopia Unique features and policies Bidtopia was designed with innovative features meant to enhance the online auction format, such as a unique feedback system, a requirement that all items have the ability to sell for as little as 99 cents, and \"popcorn bidding\", a response to concerns about last second bids, or auction \"sniping\", wherein the auction deadline was extended by one minute if there was a bid within the last minute before the auction was to close. Bidtopia later allowed other sellers with online business experience into their marketplace, and added the requirement that seller accounts and bidder accounts", "possible increment.\nConversely, under proxy bidding, the price paid is determined only by competitors' bids and not by the amount of the new bid; this eliminates the economically rational incentive to place a bid below the amount one is willing to pay or to place multiple increasing bids. An \"economically rational\" bidder will therefore bid the maximum amount they are willing to pay on their first bid, and never raise their bid.\neBay's approach, however, reveals the bidder's limit to rival bidders early in the auction, which can sometimes artificially inflate the price of the item higher than its actual intrinsic value,", "Swoopo Mechanics In order to participate in an auction, registered users had to first buy bids (called credits, and henceforth referred to as \"Bid-credits\") before entering into an auction. For the US version of the site, bid-credits cost $0.60 apiece and were sold in lots (called BidPacks) of 40, 75, 150, 400, and 1,000. Each credit was good for one bid. Standard auctions began with an opening price of $0.12 and every time someone bids the price increases by $0.12. Other bidding fee auctions use different values - \"penny auctions\" use $0.01, 6¢ auctions $0.06, etc. The price of bids", "bidder: a $99 Apple TV sold on Sixjax for $0.14, won with a bid of one token, the winner paid $0.54 (1 token spent @ $0.40 + $0.14 final auction price) plus shipping.\nRevenue is derived from the sale of token packages, modified by many token giveaways and promotions. Auctions and features Sixjax currently has the functionality for 6 types of auction, but runs certain types more frequently than others. The six types are Standard, Specialty, Upper Hand, Last Man Standing, Hyrbid, and VIP. The Upper Hand and Last Man Standing formats are not used on any other pay-per-bid", "their advertisements. Only one person can win any given auction, while the website profits from the bids spent by all the losing participants. Even the winner pays the cost in bids needed to win an item over and above the closing auction price.", "Bidding fee auction A bidding fee auction, also called a penny auction, is a type of all-pay auction in which all participants must pay a non-refundable fee to place each small incremental bid. The auction is extended each time a new bid is placed, typically by 10 to 20 seconds. Without new bids the last participant to have placed a bid wins the item and also pays the final bid price. The auctioneer makes money in two ways: the fees for each bid and the payment for the winning bid, totalling typically significantly more than the value of the item.", "Beezid History Beezid CEO Max Bohbot had previously worked on developing other E-commerce websites, and decided on the bidding fee auction model after observing its success in the European market. Following nearly a year and a half of development, Beezid launched in October 2009. The company's name is a play on the word \"bid,\" using a form of slang similar to izzle-speak.\nOn September 30, 2016 Beezid auction site was placed on standby. Beezid confirms the site is not functional on October 11, 2016 on their Facebook page. Auctions Beezid's auctions require the purchase of bids to participate. Members purchase bids", "of Woot.com in July 2004, although Woot itself was a modified version of earlier dot-com bubble sites such as uBid. By late 2006, the deal-of-the-day industry had greatly expanded to over 100 deal-a-day sites. In November 2008, Groupon entered the market and became the second fastest online company to reach a billion-dollar valuation.\nOther online businesses, including Facebook, and Google tested their own daily deal sites, withdrawing them after they proved unsuccessful. However, the rise of social networks, such as Facebook and Myspace, has accelerated the growth of daily deals sites, allowing popular deals to spread virally. Business model overview The", "bids when they won. GoTo faced bidders who were constantly changing their bid in response to new information and changing information from other bidders.\nCurrently, charging per action is a common pricing scheme in affiliate networks, such as the Amazon Associates Program.\nIn 2002, Google AdWords began using a second price auction to sell the single advertisement slot. Shortly thereafter, pages had multiple advertisements slots, which were allocated and sold via generalized second-price auction (GSP) auction, the natural generalization of a second price, single item, multi bidder auction. Generalized Second Price Auction Generalized second-price auction (GSP) is the most commonly used auction", "using mobile technology (e.g. bidders submit their bids via reverse charge text messages) or they are on-line auction sites, or both. Paying a non-refundable fee Unique bid auction companies typically avoid calling the payment by the bidder an outright fee for the chance of winning an item, applying synonyms to elude the purpose of raising revenue from a collective pool of bidders that covers the cost of the auction item.\nSome businesses, rather than refunding the fee paid, provide something else in kind to distance themselves from being a lottery. In the New Zealand case Department of Internal Affairs v Hayes", "up with phony bids, they seek to provoke a bidding war among other participants. Often they are told by the seller precisely how high to bid, as the seller actually pays the price (to her or himself, of course) if the item does not sell, losing only the auction fees. Shilling has a substantially higher rate of occurrence in online auctions, where any user with multiple accounts can bid on their own items. One detailed example of this has been documented in online auctions for used cars. Many online auction sites employ sophisticated (and usually secret) methods to detect", "bid.\nBidding finishes when only one bidder remains willing to purchase the lot at the bidder's declared price. The auctioneer \"knocks down\" the lot, declaring it sold to the winning bidder. The winning bid for a lot is also called the hammer price. Sotheby's organises the delivery of the lot in private with the buyer. Buying Buyers can find out what is for sale at Sotheby's by browsing e-catalogues, visiting pre-sale exhibitions, purchasing print catalogues and registering for e-mail alerts. Buyers can register to bid in person at Sotheby's offices, or online. Sotheby's requires that prospective buyers provide government-issued proof of", "Industries, MDI Entertainment, LLC, and NYX Gaming Group Limited.\nIn 2006, the company acquired the lottery operations of the Swedish firm EssNet, as well as The Global Draw which provides server-based gambling machines to betting shops in the UK. Another UK-based gaming company Barcrest was acquired from IGT in 2010. Barcrest is the owner of Deal Games and a producer of betting and gambling terminals. Scientific Games later acquired the slot machine maker Bally Technologies, in November 2014, for $3.3 billion plus $1.8 billion in assumed debt. In October 2013, the company bought WMS Industries, the third largest manufacturer of slot", "Times Buyout Track 100, the list of the 100 privately owned companies with the fastest-growing profits, with 80.91% annual profit growth.\nEuphony offers telephone, broadband, VOIP, and gas & electricity services in eight European countries including the UK, Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Portugal and the Czech Republic to both consumer and small business customers. An online casino and bingo service called euPLAY was released in July 2008; this system allows anyone to set up their own online casino for free and earn commissions from gameplays from their own players and also the players of anyone they introduce. An online sign", "for sale, and 40% bids by telephone, internet or fax connecting some 500 participants from around the world, the auction has in recent years evolved from a wholesale market to a retail market.", "not all penny auction sites are scams, some are being investigated as online gambling. BBB recommends you ... know exactly how the bidding works, set a limit for yourself, and be prepared to walk away before you go over that limit.\" A penny auction may make the seller a far higher price than the item value.\nPotential fraudulent practices which can disadvantage buyers even more include shill bidding, where a human or software (bot) bidder covertly acting for the seller places bids which make legitimate bidders continue bidding where otherwise the auction would end, and simply not sending out goods for", "Minneapolis, Minnesota. In August of that year, the company also created the site DealDashReviewed.com to house and aggregate reviews and testimonials from their customers. Business model DealDash, like other auction sites, has been described as a gamified approach to e-commerce. To participate, registered bidders first buy \"bids\" priced at $0.60 each, that they may spend bidding on auctions. Standard auctions begin with an opening price of $0.00, with every bid placed increasing the price by $0.01 and removing one paid \"bid credit\" from the user's balance. Bidders may choose to place single bids, by manually clicking the bid button,", "online equivalent of the World Series of Poker. The WCOOP tournament series is the largest online poker series and pays out the largest prizes in online poker. The WCOOP 2010 Main Event champion Tyson “POTTERPOKER” Marks won $2.2 Million, the largest online tournament prize in history.\nSpring Championship of Online Poker (SCOOP) was established in 2009 and has since become the most popular online tournament series. Unlike WCOOP, there are three different buy-in stakes in the SCOOP events: Low, Medium (10x Low stake) and High (100x Low stake).\nMicro Millions was launched in March 2012 as a tournament series designed for recreational", "The offering alone acts as a free verification of business plans. Beesfund creators want its offerings to be associated with an emotional charge — so far, the platform issued shares of sports clubs, alcohol manufacturers, and video game producers. In addition to issuing shares, Beesfund also provides tax and legal advice for issuers, transforms legal form of their businesses.\nThe fact of interest by several dozen or several hundred shareholders helps in obtaining a bank loan for development and may affect the involvement of potential strategic investors. It may also be a way of an incentive program for employees. In turn,", "Unique bid auction Profitability of unique bid auctions Although items worth thousands of dollars can, under some circumstances, be won by very low bids of far less than their value, the auction organizer typically charges a participation fee, which in an auction with a sufficiently large number of bidders will exceed the value of the item being sold, allowing the auction organizer to make a profit.\nBecause such auctions typically require very large numbers of bidders to be profitable, virtually all instances of unique bid auctions are heavily dependent on the use of technology, in that they are either run solely", "to (potentially) multiple buyers in different bidding rounds. To speed up this process, the initial auction price for any subsequent bidding round is set just slightly higher than the previous winning bid (around 15-20 cents, or 15-30% on average).", "these bids are sealed - not revealed to the other buyers until the auction closes. The auctioneer then serves the highest bidder first, giving them the number of units requested, then the second highest bidder and so forth until the supply of the commodity is exhausted. All bidders then pay a per unit price equal to the lowest winning bid (the lowest bid out of the buyers who actually received one or more units of the commodity) - regardless of their actual bid. Some variations of this auction have the winners paying the highest losing bid rather than the lowest", "offer – was deemed too low by two members of United's board (chairman Martin Edwards and Professor Sir Roland Smith), who pressed for a higher figure. Two days of talks followed and in an attempt to close the deal, BSkyB made a final bid of £623.4 million.\nA year earlier, Murdoch's Fox Entertainment Group purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers for $311m. Fox also held exclusive rights to Major League Baseball which meant from a strategic point of view, Murdoch's acquisition looked more appealing. He was now able to control both programming content on his network and distribution rights to the Dodgers. For" ]

[ "I'll explain the difference between them, without going into what either form of Relativity actually *is*: Special Relativity only deals with objects (and reference frames) moving at constant speed. General Relativity extends Special Relativity, by figuring out how to deal with acceleration. (Spoiler alert: All acceleration is indistinguishable from gravity.)\n\nSpecial Relativity doesn't actually require complicated maths either. High-school algebra (variables, square roots) is sufficient to cover the entire subject, making it less complicated than high-school physics (which if you're not using calculus, you're not doing correctly). On the other hand, General Relativity requires ass-butt maths. As in, I have a bachelor's degree in mathematics, and I don't know enough math do to general relativity. It's a topic called Differential Geometry, which *starts* by figuring how out to draw straight lines when space itself is curved. It then goes into trying to count the number of different incompatible ways that you can do calculus to the inside of a four-dimensional sphere (lack of spoiler alert: not yet proven to be finite; generally believed to be more than 1).", "Special relativity describes flat space; general relativity describes curved space.\n\nNote that general relativity is a superset of special. It's not an evolutionary step - GR doesn't replace SR like GR replaced Newton.\n\nOn a scale where the curvature of space is approximately zero, things behave just like SR says. \n\nNote that all other forces and particles inhabit space, so SR is really a statement about the geometry that applies to all forces and particles. Although it was first discovered in the context of electromagnetism, it's not unique to electromagnetism." ]

[ "Physical theories modified by general relativity Classical mechanics and special relativity Classical mechanics and special relativity are lumped together here because special relativity is in many ways intermediate between general relativity and classical mechanics, and shares many attributes with classical mechanics.\nIn the following discussion, the mathematics of general relativity is used heavily. Also, under the principle of minimal coupling, the physical equations of special relativity can be turned into their general relativity counterparts by replacing the Minkowski metric (ηab) with the relevant metric of spacetime (gab) and by replacing any partial derivatives with covariant derivatives. In the discussions that follow,", "of relativity, which states that the laws of physics remain the same for any non-accelerating frame of reference (called an inertial reference frame), to the laws of electrodynamics and optics as well as mechanics. In the second postulate, Einstein proposes that the speed of light has the same value in all frames of reference, independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.\nSpecial relativity is thus consistent with the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment, which had not detected a medium of conductance (or aether) for light waves unlike other known waves that require a medium (such as water or", "points, and determined, in their turn, by physical factors, namely the distribution of mass/energy. Thus the aether of general relativity differs from those of classical mechanics and special relativity in that it is not ‘absolute’ but determined, in its locally variable characteristics, by ponderable matter.\n— Albert Einstein, Über den Äther (1924) General relativity Special relativity eliminates absolute time (although Gödel and others suspect absolute time may be valid for some forms of general relativity) and general relativity further reduces the physical scope of absolute space and time through the concept of geodesics. There appears to be absolute space in relation to", "symmetry of special relativity is the Poincaré group, which includes translations, rotations and boosts.) The differences between the two become significant when dealing with speeds approaching the speed of light, and with high-energy phenomena.\nWith Lorentz symmetry, additional structures come into play. They are defined by the set of light cones (see image). The light-cones define a causal structure: for each event A, there is a set of events that can, in principle, either influence or be influenced by A via signals or interactions that do not need to travel faster than light (such as event B in the image), and", "special theory of relativity was proposed by Einstein as an explanation for the seeming inconsistency between the constancy of the speed of light and the non-existence of a special, preferred or absolute frame of reference.\nAlbert Einstein's theory of general relativity could not easily be tested as it did not produce any effects observable on a terrestrial scale. However, as one of the first tests of general relativity, the theory predicted that large masses such as stars would bend light, in contradiction to accepted theory; this was observed in a 1919 eclipse. Finance Mathematical models of stock market behaviour (and economic", "Relativity of simultaneity In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. Description According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. If one reference frame assigns precisely the same time to two events that are at different points in space, a reference frame that is moving relative to the first will generally assign", "relativity generalizes the notion of inertial frame to include all physical laws, not simply Newton's first law.\nNewton viewed the first law as valid in any reference frame that is in uniform motion relative to the fixed stars; that is, neither rotating nor accelerating relative to the stars. Today the notion of \"absolute space\" is abandoned, and an inertial frame in the field of classical mechanics is defined as:\nAn inertial frame of reference is one in which the motion of a particle not subject to forces is in a straight line at constant speed.\nHence, with respect to an inertial frame, an", "or general relativity.", "of the universe (special relativity) Special relativity places space and time on equal footing, so that one considers the geometry of a unified spacetime instead of considering space and time separately. Minkowski geometry replaces Galilean geometry (which is the three-dimensional Euclidean space with time of Galilean relativity).\nIn relativity, rather than considering Euclidean, elliptic and hyperbolic geometries, the appropriate geometries to consider are Minkowski space, de Sitter space and anti-de Sitter space, corresponding to zero, positive and negative curvature respectively.\nHyperbolic geometry enters special relativity through rapidity, which stands in for velocity, and is expressed by a hyperbolic angle. The study of", "Criticisms Some criticized Special Relativity for various reasons, such as lack of empirical evidence, internal inconsistencies, rejection of mathematical physics per se, or philosophical reasons. Although there still are critics of relativity outside the scientific mainstream, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that Special Relativity has been verified in many different ways and there are no inconsistencies within the theory.", "Relativity: The Special and the General Theory Relativity: The Special and the General Theory began as a short paper and was eventually published as a book written by Albert Einstein with the aim of giving:\n. . . an exact insight into the theory of relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics.\n— from the Preface\nIt was first published in German in 1916 and later translated into English in 1920. It is divided into 3 parts, the first dealing", "may be perceived by another (in a different frame of reference) as a magnetic force, or a mixture of electric and magnetic forces.\nFormally, special relativity combines the electric and magnetic fields into a rank-2 tensor, called the electromagnetic tensor. Changing reference frames mixes these components. This is analogous to the way that special relativity mixes space and time into spacetime, and mass, momentum, and energy into four-momentum. Quantum electrodynamics In modern physics, the electromagnetic field is understood to be not a classical field, but rather a quantum field; it is represented not as a vector of three numbers at each", "changing present. This conventional model presents a number of difficult philosophical problems, and seems difficult to reconcile with currently accepted scientific theories such as the theory of relativity.\nSpecial relativity eliminates the concept of absolute simultaneity and a universal present: according to the relativity of simultaneity, observers in different frames of reference can have different measurements of whether a given pair of events happened at the same time or at different times, with there being no physical basis for preferring one frame's judgments over another's. However, there are events that may be non-simultaneous in all frames of reference: when one event", "is no preferred frame. There are theories, such as Lorentz ether theory that are experimentally and mathematically equivalent to special relativity but have a preferred reference frame. In order for these theories to be compatible with experimental results the preferred frame must be undetectable. In other words, it is a preferred frame in principle only, in practice all inertial frames must be equivalent, as in special relativity.", "is applicable only to inertial frames, and that it is unable to handle accelerating objects or accelerating reference frames. Actually, accelerating objects can generally be analyzed without needing to deal with accelerating frames at all. It is only when gravitation is significant that general relativity is required.\nProperly handling accelerating frames does require some care, however. The difference between special and general relativity is that (1) In special relativity, all velocities are relative, but acceleration is absolute. (2) In general relativity, all motion is relative, whether inertial, accelerating, or rotating. To accommodate this difference, general relativity uses curved spacetime.\nIn this section,", "Four-acceleration In the theory of relativity, four-acceleration is a four-vector (vector in four-dimensional spacetime) that is analogous to classical acceleration (a three-dimensional vector, see three-acceleration in special relativity). Four-acceleration has applications in areas such as the annihilation of antiprotons, resonance of strange particles and radiation of an accelerated charge.", "relativity resolves an inconsistency between Maxwell's equations and classical mechanics. The theory is based on two postulates: (1) that the mathematical forms of the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems; and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and independent of the source or observer. Reconciling the two postulates requires a unification of space and time into the frame-dependent concept of spacetime.\nGeneral relativity is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915/16. It unifies special relativity, Newton's law of universal gravitation, and the insight that gravitation can be described by", "though it indicates that spacetime must be very different at small scales from what we are familiar with.\nGeneral relativity by contrast, is a model theory based on a geometric symmetry principle from which its dynamics can be elegantly derived. The symmetry is called general covariance or diffeomorphism invariance. It says that the dynamical equations of the gravitational field and any matter must be unchanged in form under any smooth transformation of spacetime coordinates. To understand what that means you have to think of a region of spacetime as a set of events, each one labelled by unique values of four", "a similar result using inertiality (the preservation of time-like lines) rather than causality. Physical principles Einstein based his theory of special relativity on two fundamental postulates. First, all physical laws are the same for all inertial frames of reference, regardless of their relative state of motion; and second, the speed of light in free space is the same in all inertial frames of reference, again, regardless of the relative velocity of each reference frame. The Lorentz transformation is fundamentally a direct consequence of this second postulate. From physical principles The problem is usually restricted to two dimensions by", "can know, the term \"inertia\" has come to mean simply the phenomenon itself, rather than any inherent mechanism. Thus, ultimately, \"inertia\" in modern classical physics has come to be a name for the same phenomenon described by Newton's First Law of Motion, and the two concepts are now considered to be equivalent. Relativity Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, as proposed in his 1905 paper entitled \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\" was built on the understanding of inertial reference frames developed by Galileo and Newton. While this revolutionary theory did significantly change the meaning of many Newtonian concepts such", "state of motion. As regards special relativity, also in this theory acceleration is absolute as in Newton's mechanics. However, the difference from the electromagnetic aether of Maxwell and Lorentz lies in the fact, that \"because it was no longer possible to speak, in any absolute sense, of simultaneous states at different locations in the aether, the aether became, as it were, four dimensional, since there was no objective way of ordering its states by time alone\". Now the \"aether of special relativity\" is still \"absolute\", because matter is affected by the properties of the aether, but the aether is not", "system. There being no absolute frame of reference, all observers of given events make different but equally valid (and reconcilable) measurements. What remains absolute is stated in Einstein's relativity postulate: \"The basic laws of physics are identical for two observers who have a constant relative velocity with respect to each other.\"\nSpecial Relativity had a profound effect on physics: started as a rethinking of the theory of electromagnetism, it found a new symmetry law of nature, now called Poincaré symmetry, that replaced the old Galilean (see above) symmetry.\nSpecial Relativity exerted another long-lasting effect on dynamics. Although initially it was credited", "History of special relativity The history of special relativity consists of many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. It culminated in the theory of special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein and subsequent work of Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others. Introduction Although Isaac Newton based his physics on absolute time and space, he also adhered to the principle of relativity of Galileo Galilei restating it precisely for mechanical systems. This can be stated as: as far as the laws of mechanics are concerned, all observers in inertial motion are equally", "fundamental for the special theory of relativity is this: The assumptions relativity and light speed invariance are compatible if relations of a new type (\"Lorentz transformation\") are postulated for the conversion of coordinates and times of events... The universal principle of the special theory of relativity is contained in the postulate: The laws of physics are invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations (for the transition from one inertial system to any other arbitrarily chosen inertial system). This is a restricting principle for natural laws...\nThus many modern treatments of special relativity base it on the single postulate of universal Lorentz covariance,", "Observer (physics) Special relativity The term observer in special relativity refers most commonly to an inertial reference frame.\nIn such cases an inertial reference frame may be called an \"inertial observer\" to avoid ambiguity. Note that these uses differ significantly from the ordinary English meaning of \"observer\". Reference frames are inherently nonlocal constructs, covering all of space and time or a nontrivial part of it; thus it does not make sense to speak of an observer (in the special relativistic sense) having a location, except for denoting the origin of his reference frame. Also, an inertial observer cannot accelerate at a", "consistent with the equivalence principle and Einstein's general theory of relativity and this is when the precise and regular form of the universe's expansion had its origin (that is, matter in the universe is separating because it was separating in the past due to the inflaton field).\nWhile special relativity prohibits objects from moving faster than light with respect to a local reference frame where spacetime can be treated as flat and unchanging, it does not apply to situations where spacetime curvature or evolution in time become important. These situations are described by general relativity, which allows the separation between", "\"general relativity\".", "Very special relativity Ignoring gravity, experimental bounds seem to suggest that special relativity with its Lorentz symmetry and Poincaré symmetry describes spacetime. Surprisingly, Cohen and Glashow have demonstrated that a small subgroup of the Lorentz group is sufficient to explain all the current bounds.\nThe minimal subgroup in question can be described as follows: The stabilizer of a null vector is the special Euclidean group SE(2), which contains T(2) as the subgroup of parabolic transformations. This T(2), when extended to include either parity or time reversal (i.e. subgroups of the orthochronous and time-reversal respectively), is sufficient to give us all the", "relativity, space and time are not modeled as separate entities but are instead unified to a four-dimensional spacetime, three spatial dimensions and one time dimension. In this framework, the phenomenon of gravity is viewed as a consequence of the geometry of spacetime.\nIn spite of the fact that the universe is well described by four-dimensional spacetime, there are several reasons why physicists consider theories in other dimensions. In some cases, by modeling spacetime in a different number of dimensions, a theory becomes more mathematically tractable, and one can perform calculations and gain general insights more easily. There are also situations where", "relative to what?\" General relativity dispenses with absolute space and with physics whose cause is external to the system, with the concept of geodesics of spacetime. Background Newton was concerned to address the problem of how it is that we can experimentally determine the true motions of bodies in light of the fact that absolute space is not something that can be perceived. Such determination, he says, can be accomplished by observing the causes of motion (that is, forces) and not simply the apparent motions of bodies relative to one another (as in the bucket argument). As an example where" ]

[ "This isn't correct at all. Western depictions of cyborgs/robot are often positive (Chappie, WallE, Short Circuit), and depictions in Japanese media are often negative (Bubblegum Crisis is the only one I can think of now because it's been a while since I watched anime). You are seeing a correlation where one does not exist.", "The way this has been explained to me, and keep in mind I'm no expert on Japanese culture, I'm just parroting what others have told me, is this is partially a product of Shintoism.\n\nShintoism is similar to the old polytheistic religions of Rome and Greece in that everything has some kind of protective spirit. I believe the Japanese word for spirits in general is \"[神\\(kami\\)](_URL_1_)\", and for our purposes the equivalent words in Latin and Greek are respectively \"[genius](_URL_5_)\" and \"[δαίμων\\(daimon\\)](_URL_0_)\".\n\nI don't know how seriously the Japanese hold Shintoism, but at least many are familiar with it. My understanding is the idea of everything having some form of spirit makes it easy to anthropomorphize objects that *appear* to have autonomy, even if they're just simple robots. It's like the spirit is acting through the robot.\n\n[I have no idea if this article is accurate, if its contents reflect what I'm saying, or if it's purely anecdotal, but here's an article about Japanese people doting on their AIBOs. It at least seems to suggest what I'm saying among other things.](_URL_3_)\n\nIn the West this idea isn't as prevalent. Instead we tend to see robots as methods of industry or convenience, not autonomous beings, and a lot of our science fiction has explored the potential ethical problems of this attitude. Stories where robots are the *antagonists* often make a point of acknowledging there's more than one side to the conflict, that mankind isn't without fault either. I feel compelled to mention these stories are also often allegories for imperialism and slavery, but considering Japan's history in WWII that's a can of worms I don't want to open. I leave that to your own research and speculation.\n\nAn interesting side note is we actually get the word, \"[robot](_URL_6_)\", from a Czech word meaning \"feudal labor\", \"[robota](_URL_4_)\". The source is a play called [Rossum's Universal Robots](_URL_2_.).\n\nIf I'm not spouting shit I'm sure this is just a small part of the difference here, so take everything I'm saying with a grain of salt. It's at least an interesting idea.", "Depends on what you're watching, really. Johnny-V, R2-D2, Optimus Prime, Robocop, The Vision, Baymax, and Cyborg are all heroes embraced by Western audiences. And Japan's cyberpunk scene has lovingly portrayed all the ways robots could look cool killing us, with an almost fetishistic attention to detail. \n\nBut there seems to more acceptance of everyday robots in Japan, at least as far as the news filters out here in America. I think part of that is due to Japan's efforts to modernize. Begun long before World War II...\n\nWe know that tragedy. \n\nThere was much to rebuild. And new technologies to explore. \n\nAnd during that time, many artists looked towards the future. For example, while Walt Disney dug into the past in shaping America's culture, his Japanese counterpart, Osamu Tezuka, wrote stories about a heroic little robot boy who was abandoned by his creator for the crime of looking too much like his dead flesh and blood son. \n\nBack then, audiences were less fractured than they are now. Cultures were more homogenous...\n\nIt's possible to trace direct influences, and then watch as the arts influence later generations of scientists.\n\nOf course, I'm criminally oversimplifying all of this. And I really hope someone gives you a more in-depth answer. This is just all I know, off the top of my head...", "Because, when the Japanese introduce their evil robot overlords, they're gonna need the people to be accepting of them.\n\nIt's the first step to complete robot takeover of earth.", "I am not sure about Japan, but the West is going to be heavily influenced by Frankenstein and to a lesser extent Golem myths... Artificial life, while not inherently evil, has infinite opportunity to go wrong. If you don't have these myths, then it's not an immediate assumption." ]

[ "systems have been portrayed in the media on many accounts. Cyborgs, seen in movies such as The Terminator and Robocop, are fantastical depictions of what human-machine systems may, one day, look like.", "making the Kaiju too similar to any Earth creatures, instead opting to make them otherworldly and alien. Del Toro called the film's Kaiju \"weapons\", stating that they are \"the cleaning crew, the cats sent into the warehouse to clean out the mice.\" Certain design elements are shared by all the Kaiju; this is intended to suggest that they are connected and were designed for a similar purpose. Each Kaiju was given a vaguely humanoid silhouette to echo the man-in-suit aesthetic of early Japanese Kaiju films. While del Toro's other films feature ancient or damaged monsters, the Kaiju lack scars or", "of CGI Aliens. The decision was made to use CGI Aliens rather than puppets or suited actors whenever the creatures' legs were in frame, as Jeunet felt that a man in a suit is easy to distinguish when the full body is seen.\nAll of the spaceships in the film were miniatures, as visual effects supervisors believed CGI was not effective enough to create realistic spaceships. The USM Auriga was originally designed by artist Nigel Phelps and resembled a medical instrument. This design proved to be too vertical for the film's opening shot, in which the camera pans out to show", "rather use largely conventional, albeit futuristic weapons and power sources, and are often mass-produced on a large scale for use in wars. The real robot genre also tends to feature more complex characters with moral conflicts and personal problems. The genre is therefore aimed primarily at young adults instead of children. The genre has been compared to hard science fictions by its fanbase, and is strongly associated with sales of popular toy models such as Gunpla.\nOne of the \"founding fathers\" of real robot design was Kunio Okawara, who started out working on Gundam and continued on to other real", "where you can.' ... Basically if they're not walking or fighting, that's a real robot.\" Levy added that Spielberg gave the example of Jurassic Park, where Winston's animatronic dinosaurs \"got a better performance from the actors, as they were seeing something real, and gave the visual effects team an idea of what it would look like.\" As Real Steel was not based on a toy, Meyer said that \"there was no guideline\" for the robots, and each was designed from scratch, with an attempt to put \"different personality and aesthetics,\" according to Levy. In Atom's case, it tried to have", "Yamaga's film was honest because, \"sending up a rocket may give the characters meaning in their lives, but you understand very well they live in a world where they'll be caught up by reality again. That’s why I make anachronistic [anime] films on purpose.\" In the OUT roundtable later that year, Okada would also affirm this difference: \"People make serious movies trying to give answers. Mr. Miyazaki’s stories are good examples. He creates a fictitious world where he can respond, 'this is what's important.' But our generation knows that it doesn’t work that way.\"\nCritical reaction to the English-dubbed version of", "integrated into the costume itself, increasing their realism. The animatronics were usually puppeteered by an operator with a remote control. However, their use dropped due to the advent of CGI, which was often cheaper to implement. For example, the suit used in the television series Harry and the Hendersons cost USD $1 million.\nNevertheless, despite the fluidity of CGI animals and monsters, purely visual effects are often panned, or, at least, not preferred by discerning film viewers. It is extremely difficult to mimic realistic lighting, leading to most CGI creatures and characters looking obviously fake when placed alongside real environments, especially", "people. Unlike more dystopian portrayals of the rise of technology in modern cinema, the filmmakers wanted Robot & Frank to explore the subject without any particular moral undercurrent. According to Schreier, technology is \"not bad or good but it will change the way we relate to each other. There’s no stopping it.\"\nThe futuristic smartphones and tablets featured in the film were designed by Justin Ouellette of Tumblr, and the robot was created by Alterian, Inc., a Los Angeles-based effects company notable for their costume design for Daft Punk. The filmmakers wanted to emulate the style of caretaker robots made in", " Mondo films like Faces of Death mix real and fake footage freely, and they gain their cult following through the outrage and debate over authenticity that results. Like \"so bad it's good\" cult films, old propaganda and government hygiene films may be enjoyed ironically by more modern audiences for the camp value of the outdated themes and outlandish claims made about perceived social threats, such as drug use. Academic Barry K. Grant states that Frank Capra's Why We Fight World War II propaganda films are explicitly not cult, because they are \"slickly made and have proven their", "(\"machine-human\"), a gynoid humanoid robot, also called \"Parody\", \"Futura\", \"Robotrix\", or the \"Maria impersonator\" (played by German actress Brigitte Helm), was the first robot ever to be depicted on film.\nThe most famous Japanese robotic automata was presented to the public in 1927. The Gakutensoku was supposed to have a diplomatic role. Actuated by compressed air, it could write fluidly and raise its eyelids. Many robots were constructed before the dawn of computer-controlled servomechanisms, for the public relations purposes of major firms. These were essentially machines that could perform a few stunts, like the automata of the 18th century. In 1928,", "Yokai Monsters Influence and legacy Receiving little attention outside Japan, the films are remembered in the main for their special effects, which include a lot of puppetry, suitmation, and even traditional animation. The films made use of yōkai (\"strange apparition\"), based on traditional illustrations from Japanese folklore. The puppet used for the Kasa-obake in particular has become a recognisable rendering of the creature.\nIn 2005 Takashi Miike directed a remake of Yokai Monsters: Spook Warfare titled The Great Yokai War. The film is not officially related to the Yokai Monsters trilogy, but draws a lot of its influence from similar sources:", "Japanese Humane Societies allowed their names to be used in connection with the film and that the film \"shows no animals being injured or harmed.\"", "was shown, the monster was smoother and slower than in the original shot. Kaiju films also used a form of puppetry interwoven between suitmation scenes which served for shots that were physically impossible for the suit actor to perform. From the 1998 release of Godzilla, American-produced kaiju films strayed from suitmation to computer-generated imagery (CGI). In Japan, CGI and stop-motion have been increasingly used for certain special sequences and monsters, but suitmation has been used for an overwhelming majority of kaiju films produced in Japan of all eras.", "one of the more bizarre jokes in the later James Bond films, which were the ultimate in technological gadgetry.\"\nCurrent-day British critic Steven Puchalski refers to the film as a \"colourful dose of swill\" with a \"silly plot and comical goofiness going for it.\" He makes specific mention of the special effects, sarcastically noting that \"The highly technical duplication process involves the victims standing in a circular cage while red and blue lights flash at them,\" after which \"they sit under clear plastic hair dryers until their brains harden.\" He adds that for unknown reasons the androids have heads made of", "Yakuza film Early films In the silent film era, films depicting bakuto (precursors to modern yakuza) as Robin Hood-like characters were common. They often portrayed historical figures who had accumulated legends over time as \"sympathetic but lonely figures, forced to live an outlaw existence and longing, however hopelessly, to return to straight society.\" Kunisada Chūji was a popular subject, such as in Daisuke Itō's three-part A Diary of Chuji's Travels from 1927. During World War II, the Japanese government used cinema as wartime propaganda, and as such depictions of bakuto generally faded. Mark Schilling named Akira Kurosawa's Drunken Angel from", "robot from the Matrix setting. Shortly afterward, Square Pictures was closed and absorbed into Square Co. and the company ceased use of the character.\nWhile the near lifelike appearance of the characters in the film was well received, some commentators felt the character renderings fell into the trap that many robotics scientists refer to as the \"uncanny valley\". This concept describes when a robot or animated character becomes very realistic, but subtly different enough from reality to feel \"creepy\". John Mangan from The Age cited the film as an example of this phenomenon. Box office Before the film's release, there was", "science fiction and fantasy creatures, and can be depicted as antagonistic, protagonistic, or a neutral force of nature. Godzilla has taken on all three roles at various points in the Godzilla franchise. Other examples of kaiju include Rodan, Mothra, King Ghidorah, Gigan, Gaira and Sanda, King Kong, Gamera, Daimajin, Gappa, and Guilala. Mecha characters, such as Mechagodzilla and M.O.G.U.E.R.A., have also been referred to as kaiju. The term urutora-kaijū (\"ultra-kaiju\") is longhand for kaijū in the Ultra Series. Daikaiju Daikaijū (大怪獣) literally translates as \"large kaiju\" or \"great kaiju\" and refers to the larger monsters. The exact distinction is debated.", "Japanese TV dramas and movies, as they are often used as filming locations.", "Japanese kaiju movies imported and dubbed through producer Sandy Frank, particularly those in the Gamera series.\nMST3K's riffing style to poke fun at bad movies, films, and TV shows, have been used in other works. In 2003, the television series Deadly Cinema, starring Jami Deadly, debuted, which featured the cast making fun of bad movies, MST3K-style. In 2004, the ESPN Classic series Cheap Seats, debuted, which featured two brothers making fun of clips of old sporting events, MST3K-style, and is noteworthy for containing an episode in which Mike, Crow, and Tom Servo briefly appeared in a cameo to make fun of", "inspired by the Sonny Chiba samurai film titled Shogun’s Shadow. Animation Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation used Autodesk software to animate both the film and the series using the Maya 3D modeling program to create highly detailed worlds, characters and creatures. The film's animation style was designed to pay homage to the stylized looks of both Japanese anime and manga, and the supermarionation of the British 1960s series Thunderbirds. At a Cartoon Network-hosted discussion, Lucas said he did not want the Clones Wars film or television series to look like such movies as Beowulf, because he wanted a stylized look rather", "the robots make jokes mocking the film as they watch. During the episode, their silhouetted images are superimposed over the film to give the impression that they are sitting in a movie theater as they make their jokes. The Brute Man was the second episode of the seventh season, which was broadcast on Comedy Central on February 10, 1996. The description for The Brute Man in The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide, a book by the cast and writers of the series, reads: \"A dark film about dark things. Rondo Hatton's swan song; he died just weeks", "1990s partly because Stanton and Pixar were not confident enough yet to have a feature-length film with a main character that behaved like Luxo Jr. or R2-D2. Stanton explained there are two types of robots in cinema: \"human[s] with metal skin\", like the Tin Man, or \"machine[s] with function\" like Luxo and R2. He found the latter idea \"powerful\" because it allowed the audience to project personalities onto the characters, as they do with babies and pets: \"You're compelled ... you almost can't stop yourself from finishing the sentence 'Oh, I think it likes me! I think it's hungry! I", "whether or not he is truly human. He likes to be seen as a human, not a robot.\nIn the Star Wars film series, robots of all shapes and sizes can be found assisting the humans with several tasks. C-3PO is a robot designed to assist humans in translation, and etiquette.\nMany cartoons feature robot maids, notably Rosie the Robot from The Jetsons. Maid Robots are especially prominent in anime (in Japanese, they are called Meido Robo, Meido Roboto or meido robot), and their artificial intelligence ranges from rudimentary to fully sentient and emotional, while their appearance ranges from obviously mechanical to", "as an artistic and discerning filmmaker, despite his affection for blockbuster action and grotesqueness. But too often he gets lost in his computer ... Why go to the movies to look at somebody else's computer after looking at your own all week? ... The actors can't make Pacific Rim any better. They can only relieve some of the pain.\" Slant Magazine's Ed Gonzalez, who said the film lacked poignancy, compared it to a video game: \"a stylish but programmatic ride toward an inevitable final boss battle\". The Wrap's Alonso Duralde criticized the choice to set most battles at night or", "produce \"natural looking stories\" to enhance the reality of the situation. Many Japanese films contain these \"natural looking stories\" because they were based off life events, such as the internment camps. Jungle prison films The \"Jungle Prison\" subgenre has films set in fictional Banana republic nations run by corrupt dictators in either South America or Southeast Asia. The majority of these were filmed in the Philippines where production costs are low. Here, a group of nubile prisoners are herded together in a stockade prison camp and used as slave labor, doing tasks such as cutting sugar cane or digging in", "Tsuchiya's wish was granted and he appeared in a role in Godzilla Raids Again.\nAlthough Tsuchiya appeared in many films by Akira Kurosawa, he also appeared in many science fiction films, saying \"Most actors get comfortable with a certain genre, and they stick to that. But as far as I was concerned, it was equally prestigious to appear in science-fiction films or in Kurosawa movies.\" Tsuchiya especially liked to play aliens (or people controlled by aliens). When originally given the role of one of the heroes in The Mysterians, he turned down the role in favor of the Mysterian leader, because", "computer keyboards inexplicably mounted on the walls. The characters tend to wear the silver or white lamé outfits that were common to science fiction/futurist productions of the time, while many of the female characters wear spandex leotards.\nThe film's notable flaws provided substantial material for later spoofing on Mystery Science Theater 3000, and Eccentric Cinema described it as \"quite possibly the worst science fiction/space adventure film made in English\". The engineering deck interiors include several shots of windows, which show sky beyond. In one scene, the camera passes by a bridge officer, Lt. Lemont, working at her computer console as an", "puppet was used in six shots, including the fight scene with the Predator which took one month to film.\nThe crew tried to keep CGI use to a minimum, as Anderson said people in suits and puppets are scarier than CGI monsters as they are \"there in the frame\". Roughly 70% of scenes were created using suits, puppets, and miniatures. The Alien queen was filmed using three variations: a 4.8-meter practical version, a 1.2-meter puppet, and a computer-generated version. The practical version required 12 puppeteers to operate, and CGI tails were added to the Aliens and the queen as they were", "Team Shinkansen in Car Robots is similar to Liner Dagwon. \nOne striking difference between the Brave Series and Transformers is that very few villain robots were released for the former. This is in sharp contrast to most of the Transformers series, for which heroes and villains were and are released in relatively equal numbers (with the exception of Zone and Battlestars). Generally speaking, the lack of villain toys is more the norm for such toy lines in Japan, with the various Transformers lines (save for aforementioned two) being the exception there rather than the rule.", "human. Films that have attempted photorealistic human characters, such as The Polar Express, Beowulf, and A Christmas Carol\nhave been criticized as \"creepy\" and \"disconcerting\".\nThe goal of computer animation is not always to emulate live action as closely as possible, so many animated films instead feature characters who are anthropomorphic animals, fantasy creatures and characters, superheroes, or otherwise have non-realistic, cartoon-like proportions. Computer animation can also be tailored to mimic or substitute for other kinds of animation, like traditional stop-motion animation (as shown in Flushed Away or The Lego Movie). Some of the long-standing basic principles of animation, like squash &" ]

[ "Inside your eye are 3 different kinds of cells for detecting colors, one can see red, one can see green, and one can see blue. In colorblind individuals, one of those is either missing or not functioning properly, and so the number of combinations of colors you can distinguish is drastically lowered. You can still tell most colors apart because even if you may not see green properly, you'll detect the varying shades of red and blue in that color but you're missing some of the information.", "Fun fact: There is a small percentage of women with a 4th color receptor, enabling them to see an enormous extra amount of shades of colors." ]

[ "the person was classified as \"coloured\" (of mixed racial heritage). The classification as coloured allowed a person more rights than one considered \"black,\" but fewer rights and duties than a person considered white.\nAn alternate version of the pencil test was available for blacks who wished to be reclassified as coloured. In this version, the applicant was asked to put a pencil in their hair and shake their head. If the pencil fell out as a result of the shaking, the person could be reclassified. If it stayed in place, they remained classified as black. Effects As", "or Europeans, and considered his mixed-race children a barrier to an impending race war.\n\"The red aborigines were in this country a healthy people. The negroes are not only a healthy people, but robust and durable even in the swamps. The intermediate grades of color are not only healthy, but when condition is favorable, they are improved in shape, strength and beauty.... Daily experience shows that there is no natural antipathy between the casts [sic] on account of color; and it only requires to repeal laws as impolitic as they are injust and unnatural; which confound beauty, merit and condition in", "the artists' blackness. A fluid depiction of whiteness causes there to be more defining and re-defining of what blackness is as black people are marked as a racial \"other\" by the changing parameters of whiteness. The Kinship Schema In Race and Mixed Race The Kinship Schema, Naomi Zack attempts to explain why a person is considered black or white:\n“If a person has a black parent, a black grandparent, or a black greatn -grandparent (where n represents any number of past generations), then that person is designated black. But if a person has a white parent, or three white grandparents, or", "white person who is generally not accepted as a coloured person; or is generally accepted as a white person and is not in appearance obviously a white person.\" Many criteria, both physical (e.g. examination of head and body hair) and social (e.g. eating and drinking habits, familiarity with Afrikaans or a European language) were used when the board decided to classify someone as white or coloured. This was virtually extended to all those considered the children of two White persons, regardless of appearance. The Act was repealed on 17 June 1991. Post-apartheid era In Employment Equity Act of 1994, legislation", "Color anomaly Colour anomaly, sometimes referred to as partial colour blindness, is an inherited condition in which people have full trichromatic colour vision, but do not make the same colour matches as the majority of the human population. It is much more common than dichromacy or other forms of colour blindness, affecting about 6% of human males in Northern European populations. Two forms are common, known as protanomaly and deuteranomaly. In order to match a given spectral yellow light, protanomalous observers need more red light in a red/green mixture than the majority of observers, and deuteranomalous observers need more green.", "used for school buses and taxi cabs since it is such a bright, noticeable color. Green Green is a secondary color. It is most often used to represent nature, healing, or fertility, since it is such a dominant color in nature. It can be a very relaxing color but is also used in the US to symbolize money, greed, or jealousy. Saying that someone is \"green\" means they're inexperienced or new. Black Black, in Western culture, is considered a negative color and usually symbolizes death, grief, or evil. People often wear black for mourning, although this practice isn't as widespread", "of mixed race or ethnicity, \"usually encompassing 'White'\", in the 20th century. From the 1920s to 1960s, he argues it was \"used in Britain as a derogatory racial category associated with the moral condemnation of 'miscegenation'\".\nThe National Union of Journalists has stated that the term half-caste is considered offensive today. The union's guidelines for race reporting instructs journalists to 'avoid words that, although common in the past, are now considered offensive, e.g. half-caste and coloured. Ask people how they define themselves. Check if a person identifies as mixed-race or Black'. NHS Editorial guidance states documents should 'Avoid offensive and stereotyping", "subject matter of Coloured identity and heritage. Terminology The term \"coloured\" is currently treated as a neutral description in Southern Africa, classifying people of mixed race ancestry. \nOnce used in the Western countries as well, especially so in North America, the term has shifted in meaning and is now regarded as derogatory in the Western World; a newly-coined term \"person of color\" has since become common and preferred by the members of the community and the general populace. This term tends to mean any non-white person, as opposed to a mixed-race person, where the term \"multiracial\" is used. \"Coloured\"", "stores, dressing in “professional” clothing to attract or avoid attention, only shopping online and boycotting stores in which they felt discrimination.   Responses People who have experienced consumer racial profiling have described it as embarrassing, insulting, hurtful and frightening.\nSome black shoppers try to avoid racial discrimination either by avoiding white-owned businesses entirely or by deliberately dressing in a middle-class style. Because they are likelier to live and work in majority-white neighbourhoods, middle-class black people experience more racial profiling than poorer black people.\nResponses to \"shopping while black\" treatment can be divided into the three categories of exit, voice and loyalty: shoppers", "in mind and through studying hard at university, she is able to hope for a better life. Racial prejudice Accounts of racism are peppered throughout the book. In the chapter titled “Those Who Don’t” Esperanza discusses how other ethnicities, in this case most likely white, accidentally arrive in Esperanza's neighborhood and are filled with fear by the sight of brown skinned people whom they believe to be dangerous.\nIn the Chapter “Red Clowns,” not only is Esperanza assaulted, but she is referred to as “Spanish girl” when she's being catcalled. Loose and wild sexuality is a Hispanic stereotype. Feminism Esperanza struggles", "\"As a white person, there are so many misconceptions to what racism is, but the fact that you can turn a blind eye to issues of racial brutality is a symptom of being white\". Her literary inspirations are often cited to be Cormac McCarthy, Emily Brontë, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Edgar Allan Poe.", "Color blindness Signs and symptoms In almost all cases, color blind people retain blue–yellow discrimination, and most color-blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats. In practice, this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red–green axis of color space, although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is reduced. Color blindness very rarely refers to complete monochromatism.\nDichromats often confuse red and green items. For example, they may find it difficult to distinguish a Braeburn apple from a Granny Smith or red from green of traffic lights without other clues—for example, shape or position. Dichromats", "Carla Sims, its communications director, said \"the term 'colored' is not derogatory, [the NAACP] chose the word 'colored' because it was the most positive description commonly used [in 1909, when the association was founded]. It's outdated and antiquated but not offensive.\" Canadian writer Lawrence Hill changed the title of his 2007 novel The Book of Negroes. The name refers to a real historical document, but he felt compelled to find another name for the American market, retitling the US edition Someone Knows My Name.\nNineteenth-century literature features usages of \"nigger\" without racist connotation. Mark Twain, in the autobiographic book Life on", "Color blindness (race) Colour blindness Racial or color blindness reflects an ideal in the society in which skin color is insignificant. The ideal was most forcefully articulated in the context of the Civil Rights Movement and International Anti-racist movements of the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates for color blindness argue that persons should be judged not by their skin color but rather by \"the content of their character\", in the words of Martin Luther King Jr. Color-blind ideology is based on tenets of non-discrimination, due process of law, equal protection under the law, and equal opportunities regardless of race, ideas which", "make-up) of Yiddish and English, almost being able to adapt to any situation, according to Trey Ellis' \"New Black Aesthetic\" she exists in the world as a \"neutered mutation.\" A \"Neutered mutation\" is one that conforms to mainstream society by ridding themselves of their \"blackness.\" Oreo would be deemed a \"neutered mutation\" because she is in search of her \"whiteness\" and not her \"blackness.\" Oreo does subtle things to stray away from what she believes is authentic \"blackness.\" In doing these things she is trying to avoid her \"blackness\" as if she is not really apart of the Black", "a diminishment of self-confidence in African American children. Nelson explains that children interpret the altering of skin color in the beauty industry in a negative way, and can develop a viewpoint that they are \"unattractive\" and \"undesirable\". Because of the lack of Black role models in popular media, this causes them to see the Caucasian community as the \"default race\".\nAs Ronald Hall describes in his Journal of Black Studies, whitewashing has caused people of color to develop a \"bleaching syndrome\" which causes an internalization of preference for the dominant, or White, culture’s ideals. This results in people of color developing", "facts relating to the vision of colours, was published by the English chemist John Dalton in 1798 after the realization of his own color blindness. Because of Dalton's work, the general condition has been called daltonism, although in English this term is now used only for deuteranopia. Occupations Color blindness may make it difficult or impossible for a person to engage in certain occupations. Persons with color blindness may be legally or practically barred from occupations in which color perception is an essential part of the job (e.g., mixing paint colors), or in which color perception is important for safety", "Brown (racial classification) Brown or light-brown is a racial and ethnic term. Like black people and white people, it is a metaphor for race based solely on human skin color. In racialist ideas, the color brown and the term brown people were used to describe a series of hypothesized racial groups that included South Asians, Southeast Asians, people from the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin Americans. Bronze skin tones are commonly also placed under the brown racial classification, in Mexico (and Southwestern United States) and the Philippines the term is associated with mestizo", "\"brown people\"), Kleurlinge (translates to \"Coloured\") or Bruin Afrikaners (translates to \"brown Africans\" and is used to distinguish them from the main body of Afrikaners (translates to \"African\") who are white). Under Apartheid law through the latter half of the 20th century, the government established seven categories of Coloured people: Cape Coloured, Cape Malay, Griqua and Other Coloured - the aim of subdivisions was to enhance the meaning of the larger category of Coloured by making it all encompassing. Legally and politically speaking, all people of colour were classified \"black\" in the non-racial terms of anti-Apartheid rhetoric of the Black", "Polynesian. Ethnic and racial identifier The appellation \"brown people\" has been applied in the 20th and 21st centuries to several groups. Edward Telles, a sociologist of race and ethnicity, and Jack Forbes both argue that this classification is biologically invalid. However, as Telles notes, it is still of sociological significance. Irrespective of the actual biological differences amongst humans, and of the actual complexities of human skin coloration, people nonetheless self-identify as \"brown\" and identify other groups of people as \"brown\", using characteristics that include skin color, hair strength, language, and culture, in order to classify them.\nForbes remarks upon a", "Dark Girls Scenes \"I don't like to be called black because I'm not black,\" were the opening words of a young African American girl at the beginning of Dark Girls. Dark Girls explores the many struggles, including self-esteem issues, which women of darker skin face as a result of the colorism they have experienced, allowing women of all ages recount \"the damage done to their self-esteem and their constant feeling of being devalued and disregarded.”(Haque) \nDuke and Berry even take it a step farther and interview different groups of African American get an insight on dating preferences that are", "both colored and white people\"\nThis also serves as a prime example of Krappe's unpopularity among Folklorists and anthropologists, as Krappe's work many times shows him to be racist and sexist.", "persons appearance is still a way of contributing to this issue. Racial profiling in retail has become so prominent, that over the years, researchers developed the term \"shopping while black\" which describes the experience of being denied service or given poor service because one is black. Usually, it involves a black person being followed around or closely monitored by a clerk or guard who suspects he or she may steal, but it can also involve being denied store access, being refused service, use of ethnic slurs, being searched, being asked for extra forms of identification, having purchases limited, being required", "are not white; examples include The Viper, The Darkraver, Gizmo, Bass-D, Nexes, Loftgroover, Dark Twins, Bass Technician, MC Raw (of Rotterdam Terror Corps) and HMS.\nIn the mid-1990s, artists like Gabber Piet and Hakkuhbar started to appear in the scene, making tracks that satirise the gabber subculture, such as the stereotype of gabbers being bald, the use of drugs, wearing Aussie and Cavello clothing, dance moves associated with the subculture, and other aspects.\nThese parodies even extended to television as well with Ruben van der Meer, the face of Hakkuhbar, appearing on the children's program Erwassus in 1997 in an episode titled", "the automatic assignment of children of a mixed union between different socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the group with the lower status. As Whites are historically a dominant social group, people of Black/White ancestry would be categorized as Black using this concept. Physiognomy A way of classifying someone by looking at their physical appearances, like skin color, nose shape, lip size, etc. and choosing their race based on what they look like. Doyle and Kao (2007) said biracial individuals (black/white) felt more keen to identify as black because of the process of physiognomy, in comparison to racial minorities with a", "Poor White Identity Throughout American history the Poor Whites have regularly been referred to by various terms; the majority of which are often considered disparaging. They have been known as \"rednecks\" (especially in modern context), \"hillbillies\" in Appalachia, \"crackers\" in Georgia and Florida, and \"poor white trash\". In the past the use of the term \"Poor White\" by the white Southern elite, who considered it an oxymoron, was to distance themselves from elements of society they viewed as \"undesirable\", \"lesser\" or \"antisocial.\" It denoted a separation, reflective of a social hierarchy, with \"poor\" used to demonstrate a low position,", "racialists, but it is a fallacy; for to the racialist or the anti-semite the only acceptable number is nought. The proof of what I am saying can be seen in the fact that the National Front admit that their major support lies in areas near to but not in areas of high coloured concentration. The reason for that is that ignorance leads to fear. Thus, when a person fears that his next door neighbour will in future be coloured he wants immigration stopped. However, you will find that the least hostility to coloured people is found among the whites who", "waste would seem to confirm a \"globally ubiquitous racial construction\" that people of color are dirty and polluted. As one freegan of color wrote, \"I am extremely embarrassed for people to see me diving, because I can tell that I’m not just me, I’m also a representation of black people in general...I got harassed by security several times while diving on my own campus, until my white friends pop their heads out of the dumpsters.\" In contrast, the portrait of the gender balance of freeganism is more mixed, with some accounts saying groups are majority men and others majority women.", "models, resulting in a white-washing effect. Typically either a white model represents a character of color or the character's image is distorted beyond complete recognition. Ursula Le Guin was a champion for dispelling the \"white sells\" phenomenon. At the 2004 BookExpo America convention, she specifically criticized this practice, saying,\n\"Please consider that 'what sells' or 'doesn't sell' can be a self-fulfilling prophecy. If black kids, Hispanics, Indians both Eastern and Western don't buy fantasy – which they mostly don't – could it be because they never see themselves on the cover?\"\nA high profile instance of white-washing in YA was Justine Larbalestier's", "Redskin Redskin is a slang term for Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada. The term \"redskin\" underwent pejoration through the 19th to early 20th centuries and in contemporary dictionaries of American English it is labeled \"usually offensive\", \"disparaging\", \"insulting\", or \"taboo\".\nThe origin of the choice of \"red\" to describe Native Americans in English is debated. While related terms were used in anthropological literature as early as the 17th century, labels based on skin-color entered everyday speech around the middle of the 18th century. \"At the start of the eighteenth century, Indians and Europeans rarely mentioned" ]

[ "What's getting left out is where the border guards ask to see your passport, ask what you're bringing in to the country, and so on.", "Border patrol who let you through checkpoints generally do quite a bit of profiling. If everyone they see is white in a nice car you probably are just passing back into the US and don't feel the need to check you. If you so much as look Mexican in a junker they're going to check you Holmes. Your friends are pretty much spot on.", "Northern and Southern are pretty different with the southern border having a bit more security. The border patrol for whatever country you are entering either questioms you (usually if you drive a shitty car and/or a minority (especially Hispanic) and asks for ID and if they have probale cause, a search.", "In arizona I often cross the border. Basically my white family of 4 in a mom van gets the usual passport check. But when I drive by myself with my old truck I get more of a talking to. Basically seeing my business in mexico" ]

[ "in North America. The United States maintains two zones in North America — the Contiguous U.S. ADIZ and Alaska ADIZ — and two more overseas — Hawaii ADIZ and Guam ADIZ. Canada operates two other sections of the North American ADIZ, one off the Pacific coast of British Columbia and another that encompasses the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and its Atlantic provinces.\nUnder U.S. law and policy, the zone applies only to commercial aircraft intending to enter U.S. airspace. An air defense command and control structure was developed in 1950, creating five air defense identification zones around North America. If", "5/8 westernmost miles of the border, extending from the Pacific Ocean to the San Ysidro Port of Entry near San Diego. U.S. migration routes immediately shifted eastward, and the use of professional human smugglers known as coyotes or polleros increased. In May 1995, the Border Patrol initiated Operation Disruption to target human smugglers, and also established new checkpoints on interior highways.\nPhase two, although not formally part of Gatekeeper, was launched in October 1995. It consisted of the appointment of Alan Bersin as the Attorney General's Special Representative on Southwest Border Issues and the establishment of the first Immigration Court", "The Interstate Highway system is almost completely composed of multi-lane, dual-carriageway freeways. The contiguous United States are also connected to its exclave, Alaska, via the Alaska Highway, which links the state to Yukon Territory, British Columbia, and the Lower 48 states. The continental United States is disconnected from the state of Hawaii and various insular areas in Oceania.\nMany settlements in Alaska are disconnected from the continental road network except by ferry or boat, including the capital Juneau, Sitka, Kodiak, Bethel, Nome, and Utqiagvik. The Dalton Highway connects the mainland via Fairbanks with the otherwise remote Prudhoe Bay, Alaska", "the 25 mile border zone, but still within the 100 mile border zone. Notwithstanding these setbacks, billions of dollars of governmental funding are still spent on the \"prevention through deterrence\" strategy, especially within the rise of the Trump administration.\nIn 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the Southwest border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include Operation Gatekeeper in San Diego, CA, Operation Hold the Line in El Paso, TX, Operation Rio Grande in McAllen, TX, Operation Safeguard in Tucson,", "crossing the border must be checked per Immigration and Customs Laws. The relatively low level of security measures stands in contrast to that of the United States – Mexico border (one-third as long as the Canada–U.S. border), which is actively patrolled by U.S. Customs and Border Protection personnel to prevent illegal migration and drug trafficking.\nParts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans. The border", "control policies. The term most commonly refers to the areas of international airports after border exit controls or before border entry controls. These areas often contain duty-free shopping, but they are not fully extraterritorial. It is usually possible to transfer between flights without needing either the passport check or visa otherwise needed to enter the country. In areas of conflict there may be international zones called green zones that form protective enclaves to keep diplomats safe. Countries in conflict may also have international zones separating each other. Some of the international zones are subject to international law. Airport", "Interstates are signed as either east–west or north–south, depending on the general orientation of the route, without regard to the route number. For instance, I-190 in Massachusetts is labeled north–south, while I-195 in New Jersey is labeled east–west. Some looped Interstate routes use inner–outer directions instead of compass directions, when the use of compass directions would create ambiguity. Due to the large number of these routes, auxiliary route numbers may be repeated in different states along the mainline. Some auxiliary highways do not follow these guidelines, however. Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico The Interstate Highway System also extends to Alaska,", "of eight other routes. Seven of the eight other designations overlap between exits 46 and 47 to create an eight-way concurrency. North America In the United States, concurrencies are simply marked by placing signs for both routes on the same or adjacent posts. The federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices prescribes that when mounting these adjacent signs together that the numbers will be arranged vertically or horizontally in order of precedence. The order to be used is Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, state highways, and finally county roads, and within each class by increasing numerical value.\nSeveral states do not officially", "Fort Astoria on the Columbia River in 1811. On 20 October 1818, the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 was signed setting the border between British North America and the United States east of the Continental Divide along the 49th parallel north and calling for joint Anglo-American occupancy west of the Great Divide. The Anglo-American Convention ignored the Nootka Convention of 1794 which gave Spain joint rights in the region. The Convention also ignored Russian settlements in the region. The United States referred to this region as the Oregon Country, while the United Kingdom referred to the region", "that may have bypassed official border crossings along the frontier. The checkpoints are divided among nine Border Patrol sectors. There are a number of these checkpoints near the northern border of the contiguous U.S. as well (such as in the states of New York or Maine); within 100 miles (160 km) of the Canada–U.S. border. Role of checkpoints The checkpoints are described as \"the third layer in the Border Patrol's three-layer strategy\", following \"line watch\" and \"roving patrol\" operations near the border. According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office, \nBorder Patrol agents at checkpoints have legal authority that agents do", "the U.S. border agents stop all vehicles and the lines can be very long. Recently a Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection−SENTRI lane was designated, which for an extra yearly fee shortens the U.S. entry time from Mexico.\nCrossing the bridge south into Tamaulipas is generally quicker, as the Mexican border agents usually check few incoming vehicles.\nSince 1996, all northbound trucks are required to use the Pharr–Reynosa International Bridge to enter the U.S.", "Border Patrol, whose responsibility is to patrol the rest of the border to monitor for unauthorized border-crossing. At a port of entry The most common place of issue of Form I-94 is at ports of entry, including airports, sea ports, and land ports. The form is issued electronically at airports and sea ports but can be issued both electronically and as a paper form at land ports.\nFor air and sea travel, the process begins even before the alien has departed for the United States: the alien's air and sea carrier collect information about the alien (such as passport number) and", "Southwest Border Security Consortium The Southwest Border Security Consortium (SBSC) is a joint venture of nine U.S. universities in the states of Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas to develop and promote scientific and policy solutions to issues facing the United States-Mexico border region.\nThe SBSC is also addressing border issues by offering a comprehensive, multi-institutional set of capabilities to relevant agencies such as the federal departments of Homeland Security, Defense, Energy and Transportation.", "1927 to ensure that foreign crewmen departed on the same ship on which they arrived. In 1932, the Border Patrol was divided into two offices. Mexican border operations were directed from El Paso, Texas, and Canadian border operations were directed from Detroit, Michigan. The Canadian border operations from Detroit employed more men than the El Paso operations along the Mexican border because of a focus on the prevention of liquor smuggling during prohibition. Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Executive Order 6166 formed the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in 1933 by consolidation of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization.", "hosts the busiest international border crossing in the world, in the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry. A second, primarily commercial border crossing operates in the Otay Mesa area; it is the largest commercial crossing on the California-Baja California border and handles the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings.\nOne of the Port of San Diego's two cargo facilities is located in Downtown San Diego at the Tenth Avenue Marine Terminal. This terminal has facilities for containers, bulk cargo, and refrigerated and frozen storage, so that it can", "their efforts were noted as \"singularly effective\".\nThe National Origins Act authorized the formation of the U.S. Border Patrol on May 26, 1924. Two days later, the Labor Appropriation Act of 1924 established the Border Patrol as an agency of the U.S. Department of Labor assigned to prevent illegal entries—primarily along the Mexico–United States border, as well as the Canada–U.S. border. The first Border Patrol station began operations in Detroit, Michigan in June 1924. A second station in El Paso, Texas, began operations in July 1924. In 1925, coastal patrols began as well. Operations were established along the Gulf Coast in", "United States border preclearance The United States federal government operates border preclearance facilities at a number of ports and airports in foreign territory. They are staffed and operated by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers. Travelers pass through U.S. Immigration and Customs, Public Health, and Agriculture inspections before boarding their aircraft, ship, or train. This process is intended to streamline border procedures, reduce congestion at U.S. ports of entry, and facilitate travel between the preclearance location and U.S. airports unequipped to handle international travelers.\nPreclearance exists at most major Canadian airports. Arrangements also exist with some airports in", "issued by provincial and state authorities in Canada and America that enables its bearer to clear border controls along the border between the two countries. It is not valid for air travel and does not permit its holder to clear border controls at airports. It also serves as a valid driving licence. Certain provinces and states may issue similar enhanced versions of regional identity cards issued to individuals who do not drive. Quilantan entry A ‘Quilantan’ or ‘Wave Through’ Entry is a phenomenon in American border control law authorising a form of non-standard but legal entry without any inspection of", "the same parallel in exchange for the Russian right to trade south of that border and the British right to navigate north of that border. This set the absolute limits of the Oregon Country/Columbia District between the 42nd parallel north and the parallel 54°40′ north west of the Continental Divide.\nBy the mid-1830s, a controversy developed regarding the border with Texas, during which the United States demonstrated that the Sabine and Neches rivers had been switched on maps, moving the frontier in favor of Mexico. As a consequence, the eastern boundary of Texas was not firmly established until the independence", "digit to their parent route. Routes increase from east-to-west and north-to-south, such that U.S. Route 1 follows the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, while U.S. Route 101 does the same at the Pacific Ocean Coast. Likewise U.S. Route 2 runs near the Canadian border, while U.S. Route 98 follows the Gulf Coast. Major cross-country routes end in either a \"1\" or a \"0\". For example, U.S. Route 20 is a route that runs over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from Boston, Massachusetts, to Newport, Oregon, while U.S. Route 41 spans the country from Miami, Florida, to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Routes like", "Domestic airport Regional airport A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or lightly populated geographical area. A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration facilities to process traffic between countries. In Canada regional airports usually service connections within Canada and some flights to the United States. A few U.S. regional airports, some of which actually call themselves international airports, may have customs and immigration facilities staffed on an as-needed basis, but the vast majority serve domestic traffic only.\nAircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets, private aircraft and", "country's western border also shifted westward, and consequently, so did the location of the Southwestern and Northwestern United States. In the early years of the United States, newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains were detached from North Carolina and given the name Southwest Territory. During the decades that followed, the region known as \"the Southwestern United States\" covered much of the Deep South east of the Mississippi River.\nHowever, as territories and eventual states to the west were added after the Mexican–American War, the geographical \"Southwest\" expanded, and the relationship of these new acquisitions to the South", "between British North America and the United States by extending the 49th parallel boundary to the west coast, ending in the Strait of Georgia; it then circumvents Vancouver Island through Boundary Pass, Haro Strait, and the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This had the side effect of isolating Point Roberts, Washington. As border Although parts of Vancouver Island and parts of Eastern Canada are south of the 49th parallel, and parts of the United States (Alaska, Northwest Angle) are north of it, the term 49th parallel is sometimes used metonymically to refer to the entire Canada-U.S. border. Actually, many of", "in Switzerland). In border areas, the border itself regularly features as a control city, e.g. the U.S.-Mexico border for Interstate 5 southbound.\nThe control city is typically on or close to the route for which it serves as the primary focal point. In exceptional situations, towns along prominent intersecting roads could serve as such, notably when the vast majority of traffic would turn off to that intersecting road. Equally, towns beyond a route's terminus could serve as control city. Particularly when a route merges into another route, a major town along that other route could serve as control city. In the", "and follows it outward to the Dixon Entrance. The border then follows the Dixon Entrance out into the Pacific Ocean, and terminates upon reaching international waters.\nThe latter begins at the terminus of international waters in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Vancouver Island and northwest of the Olympic Peninsula. It follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward and then turns northeastward to enter Haro Strait. The border follows this strait in a northerly direction and turns sharply in an easterly direction through Boundary Pass, separating the Canadian Gulf Islands from the American San Juan Islands. Upon reaching the", "our law enforcement agencies have made to protect this border and the people who live in border communities. ... We can tell you first hand that the Southwest Border Initiative is certainly working. We have seen unprecedented investment in terms of manpower, resources, and technology that has resulted in a more secure border. We have implemented a successful strategy which includes greater collaboration with federal, state, local and tribal, and Mexican partners while facilitating legal trade and travel.\nHuckabee was added to ALIPAC's Cantor List of Republicans that GOP primary voters should reject due to his support for amnesty for illegal immigrants", "Southern United States, including parts of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Carolina. ZJX also covers portions of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. \nJacksonville Center lies adjacent to 5 different Air Route Traffic Control Centers, including Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center, New York Air Route Traffic Control Center, Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center, Atlanta Air Route Traffic Control Center, and Miami Air Route Traffic Control Center. ZJX overlies or abuts several approach control facilities (including Jacksonville, Orlando, Daytona Beach, Tampa, Casper, Savannah, Charlotte, and Shaw AFB).", "sent west by rail through the United States to rendezvous with the first part of the force at Fort Dufferin. Deployment The force was given orders to proceed to Fort Edmonton in order to resolve problems around Fort Whoop-Up, before then dispersing to various posts stretching westwards across the territories. From Fort Dufferin, one option was to trace the southern line of the frontier, following a well-established trail created two years before by the British and United States Boundary Commission. Morris disagreed with this approach, arguing that it might encourage an attack by the Sioux First Nation, and encouraged the", "north to the Rio Grande border between the United States and Mexico in the south and west to the Pacific Ocean coastline. This was adjusted in 1951 with the activation of Central Air Defense Force (CADF) with the region being adjusted slightly to the west to the border of Montana and North Dakota at the Canada–US border, south along the eastern borders of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico to the Mexico–US border. Organizations stationed east of that boundary were transferred to CADF.\nThe delineation was again adjusted in March 1956 to the region generally to the west of the", "of barriers in place. The total length of the continental border is 1,954 miles (3,145 km). Description The 1,954 miles (3,145 km) border between the United States and Mexico traverses a variety of terrains, including urban areas and deserts. The barrier is located on both urban and uninhabited sections of the border, areas where the most concentrated numbers of illegal crossings and drug trafficking have been observed in the past. These urban areas include San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas. The fencing includes a steel fence (varying in height between 18 and 26 feet) that divides the border towns of Nogales," ]

[ "The commonality across all those big trucks having a doubled rear wheel. On a doubled wheel, you need to be able to bolt the two wheels together to be secure them. The rims budge out so they can touch each other.\n & nbsp;\n\nThe front wheel can't be doubled because it would interfere with steering. In order to only need one spare tire, the truck using the same wheel across the entire trunk, meaning that the budged rim is used for the front wheels.\n\nedit: spelling", "I'm not sure if you are referring to the wheel to hub offset in large vehicles but for the dually work trucks in the company I work for the reason is so that a single spare wheel and tire can replace a flat tire anywhere on the vehicle." ]

[ "the rear wheels did not have to dig new \"ruts\" on muddy curves because most roads of the day were unpaved and often badly rutted.\nThis four-wheel steering mechanism was integrated with Muehl limited-slip differentials on both the front and rear axles. \nFrom the transfer case, shafts led to the top of both the front and rear solid portal axles giving the trucks a very high ground clearance allowing it to drive through mud up to its hubcaps. Engine power was transmitted by half-shafts with a u-joint and bearing that was connected by a pinion gear to each of the four", "rather than cargo trucks with close-set rear axles) the front two wheels are arranged so that both steer, the rear less so than the leading wheel. The varying track radii mean that when the vehicle drives in a curve on firm tarmac each wheel travels a different distance. Without differential action between the wheels on each side, wind-up can occur in the bevels and shafts.\nThis system and its drawbacks are probably best known through the Alvis FV600 chassis, the Stalwart and family. As well as the bevel boxes in the hull, these used an epicyclic hub gear. Standard operating instructions", "possibly four axles, making the truck quite long. Such a long truck, particularly the three and four axle variants, makes it difficult for the wheels to go around curves. To solve this problem, Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) designed the Radial Steering Truck. This design allows the wheels to pivot around the center of the curve somewhat, allowing less wear on the wheel flanges and rails.\nClaims are made of an increased factor of adhesion with radial steering trucks. \nWhile sound in theory, the design has produced mixed results in practice. Increased flange wear and decreased ride quality have been", "is heavily loaded or towing. One reason that most trucks have live axle rear suspensions is because it completely avoids toe and camber changes with a load. Cars with multi-link rear suspension should have an alignment while loaded if they are going to be operated under heavy loads for extended periods. Difference between bump steer and roll steer During a bump, both wheels rise together. When rolling as the car leans during a curve, the inside suspension extends and the outside suspension compresses. Typically this produces \"toe in\" on one wheel, and \"toe out\" on the other, thus producing a", "Center cap A center cap, or centercap is a decorative disk on an automobile wheel that covers a central portion of the wheel. Early center caps for automobiles were small and primarily served the purpose of keeping dirt away from the spindle nut and wheel bearings of vehicles. Center caps are often found on new cars to hide the lug nuts, and/or the bearing. Center caps are a type of hubcap, the other primary type being wheel covers. Some modern center caps are retained to the wheel using spring clips, while others are retained by the wheel lugs or other", "two 'kingpin'-type bolts to create a floating pivot, an axle with a plate into which the bolts go, an angled base plate that attaches to the deck, and polyurethane bushings to dampen the turn. The amount of turn available in the trucks can be adjusted by tightening the bolts or by using bushings of different hardness. A similar design was adopted by Howla Mountainboards for the limited time that they manufactured boards. Wheels Wheels are made up of plastic or metal hubs and pneumatic tires ranging in size of 8–13 inches. The 8\" wheel has evolved into the best choice for", "truck is bolted to the underside of the skateboard deck using a set of four nuts and bolts. Rubber wheels containing bearings are positioned at each end of a truck component's axle and are secured using large threaded nuts at each end of the threaded axle rod. The manoeuvrability of the axle can be adjusted by adding or removing tension via a large central nut and bolt called the \"kingpin.\" Adjusting the kingpin has the effect of either increasing or decreasing the turning circle of the skateboard. Onto the kingpin are positioned two rubber bushings used for compact movement and", "quill shaft from a chain drive at the rear of the engine. Although the engines gained a reputation for good performance, this quill shaft was somewhat prone to breaking if over-worked. Dimensions Data from Trucks The TS3 was used in both the Commer and Karrier range of trucks. As the horizontal cylinders were lower than a vertical engine, the engine was mounted beneath the floor of the cab. The bonnet (hood) of the truck could be dispensed with, moving the windscreen and driver forward to give one of the first of the now common cab forward trucks.\nAccess for maintenance was", "angle of the wheel hubs is an independent function of the suspension system. This is typical of the independent suspensions found on most newer cars and SUVs, and on the front of many light trucks. These systems still have differentials, but will not have attached axle housing tubes. They may be attached to the vehicle frame or body, or integral in a transaxle. The axle shafts (usually constant-velocity type) then transmit driving torque to the wheels. Like a full floating axle system, the drive shafts in a front-wheel drive independent suspension system do not support", "lifted axle centre, but the wheels' centre remains unchanged, meaning that a high ground clearance can be achieved with small wheels and tyres. Unlike \"regular\" trucks, the Unimog has coil springs with hydraulic shock absorbers rather than leaf springs, as coil springs provide more spring travel. The axles themselves have only one longitudinal pivot point each, the so called torque tubes. The torque tubes contain the drive shafts and connect the axles' differential gearboxes to the Unimog gearbox, but being also parts of the suspension system, the torque tubes prevent longitudinal movement of the axles, whilst still allowing limited vertial", "such as chip, peat and light gravel and when the bucket is emptied from a height.\nUnlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as \"articulated steering\" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to \"steer\" his load", "more likely to cause \"wheel-bite\".\nSome of the high quality deck brands are Loaded, Bustin, Original, Sector 9, Arbor, Santa Cruz, and Landyachtz. Trucks Trucks are the metal turning mechanism that attach the longboard wheels to the deck. They come in a wide range of styles, with wider trucks meaning a wider turning circle. They use the motion of the rider's feet and body to turn the board by pivoting a joint in the middle of the truck. There are generally two types of trucks used on longboards: reverse kingpin trucks and conventional skateboard trucks (vertical kingpin). Conventional skateboard trucks have", "big tyres. The coil sprung axles with torque tubes allow an axle angle offset of up to 30°, giving the tyres a wide range of vertical movement to allow the truck to comfortably drive over extremely uneven terrain, even boulders of one metre in height.\nUnimogs are equipped with high visibility driving cabs to enable the operator to see the terrain and more easily manipulate mounted tools. The newest Unimog models can be changed from left-hand drive to right-hand drive in the field to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck. The ability to operate on", "this, drop through decks decrease grip, as the deck is closer to the axle and moment arm of the wheel. There is also less leverage on the truck, which makes turning negligibly more difficult.\n\"Top mount\" boards are the simplest design of the three. There are no dramatic bends aside from the foot concave. The board sits on top of the trucks as it would in a street skateboard. Advantages to this design include increased grip and ease of turning; disadvantages include a high center of gravity, which could contribute to a lack of stability.\nThere are many variations of the aforementioned", "involve six or eight wheels, and so have often used a H-drive layout for the drivetrain. Rather than axles connected by a central propeller shaft, the two sides are linked fore-and-aft by driveshafts in the lower corners of the punt. This also allows greater useful space inside for crew or equipment.", "because it will create excessive internal forces at other positions and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage.\nThe worm and sector was an older design, used for example in Willys and Chrysler vehicles, and the Ford Falcon (1960s). To reduce friction the sector is replaced by a roller or rotating pins on the rocker shaft arm.\nGenerally, older vehicles use the recirculating ball mechanism, and only newer vehicles use rack-and-pinion steering. This division", "engine since the front of the vehicle does not bear as much of a load as the back. Design developments include frames that use more than one shape in the same frame rail. For example, some pickup trucks have a boxed frame in front of the cab, shorter, narrower rails underneath the cab, and regular C-rails under the bed.\nOn perimeter frames, the areas where the rails connect from front to center and center to rear are weak compared to regular frames, so that section is boxed in, creating what is known as torque boxes. Ladder frame So named for its", "any vehicle weight Structural features and design A straight axle is a single rigid shaft connecting a wheel on the left side of the vehicle to a wheel on the right side. The axis of rotation fixed by the axle is common to both wheels. Such a design can keep the wheel positions steady under heavy stress, and can therefore support heavy loads. Straight axles are used on trains (that is, locomotives and railway wagons), for the rear axles of commercial trucks, and on heavy duty off-road vehicles. The axle can optionally be protected and further", "the kingpin on the inner side (towards the center of the board) of the axle, whereas reverse kingpin trucks have the kingpin on the outer side (towards the nose and tail) of the axle.\nPopular conventional skateboard trucks include Independent and Tracker. Popular reverse kingpin trucks include Randal and Paris. Reverse kingpin trucks were created with longboarding in mind. While they are usually considered to have more grip and stability (two important things in the downhill discipline), conventional trucks have a very different feel that is often preferred by many longboarders.\nThe angle of the baseplate can also greatly influence the turning", "by a vertical hydraulic ram mounted under the front of the body, or a horizontal hydraulic ram and lever arrangement between the frame rails, and the back of the bed is hinged at the back of the truck. The tailgate can be configured to swing up on top hinges (and sometimes also to fold down on lower hinges) or it can be configured in the \"High Lift Tailgate\" format wherein pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body.\nIn the United States most standard dump trucks have one front steering axle and one (4x2 4-wheeler)) or two", "on many large quarrying dump trucks and they were also an iconic feature of the Alvis FV600 chassis vehicles, such as the Stalwart and Saracen. The FV600 used a version of the DAF H-drive, with a single differential between sides and all wheels on each side linked by an internal driveshaft and bevel gearboxes to the halfshafts. This has no differential axle between wheel stations on each side and so 'wind-up' was a regular problem for these vehicles when driven on roads. If individual wheels were out of phase with their neighbours, possibly caused by cornering or slightly varying tyre", "and can cause wheel bite to occur more easily when turning.\nLongboard-specific trucks are a recent development. A longboard truck has the kingpin laid at a more obtuse angle (usually between 38 and 50 degrees) to the deck, giving a greater degree of turning for the same tilt of the deck. Many longboard-specific trucks also have a reverse kingpin arrangement with the kingpins facing outward. Wheels The wheels of a skateboard are usually made of polyurethane, and come in many different sizes and shapes to suit different types of skating. Larger diameters (55–85 mm or 2.17–3.35 inches) roll faster, and move more", "that carries the load from the axle and that the axle rotates through.\nThe full-floating design is typically used in most 3/4- and 1-ton light trucks, medium duty trucks and heavy-duty trucks, as well as most agricultural applications, such as large tractors and self-propelled agricultural machinery. There are a few exceptions, such as many Land-Rover vehicles and in American stock car racing since the early 1960s. The overall assembly can carry more weight than a semi-floating or non-floating axle assembly, because the hubs have two bearings riding on a fixed spindle. A full-floating axle can be identified by a protruding hub", "large turning radii. To facilitate maneuvering, the additional axles may be \"lift axles\", which allows them to be raised off the ground so that they do not scrub (get dragged sideways across the ground) on tight turns, or increase the vehicle's turning radius. Axles installed behind the drives are known as \"tag axles\" or \"booster axles\", and are often equipped to turn opposite to the steering axle to reduce scrubbing and automatically lift when the truck is put into a reverse gear.\nTractor trailer combination mixers where the mixer is installed on a trailer instead of a truck chassis are used", "are also prone to warping slightly, causing uneven contact pressure on the wheels. Precision trucks can counter these limitations at a much higher price tag, although not all brands achieve this equally. Precision trucks are milled out of Aluminum billet and usually house two separate axles.\nThe angle and width of trucks also come into play with most falling in the 35°-52° range. A 45° truck is the center point, providing an equal ratio of lean to turn while also providing the most overall turn. A higher degree truck initiates a turn faster with less lean, but reduces the overall turn", "largely identical but the top rollers, to which a tension wheel is added, are placed somewhat higher to prevent track resonance, a persistent problem with the Char D1. The armour plate covering the three vertical coil springs consists of six instead of eight panels; mud-chutes are added below each top roller. There are three bogies per side, each with four road wheels, a coil spring and two shock absorbers. In front, and at the back below the sprocket, there is a tension wheel with its own damper; identical to the road wheels proper they bring the total number of such", "and off-road. There the inherent reduced stability on roads is compensated by an increased stability on rough terrain, allowing for higher off-road speeds, all else being equal. This is especially manifested in long 6+ wheel vehicles where offroad chassis twisting can be a major issue. Twin I-Beam Another use of the swing axle concept is Ford's \"Twin I-Beam\" front suspension for trucks. This system has solid axles, and may transmit power in four-wheel-drive versions, where it is called \"Twin Traction Beam\". Though it is an independent suspension system, as each tyre rises and falls without affecting the position of the", "important to consumers, new shapes were incorporated into frames. The most visible of these are arches and kick-ups. Instead of running straight over both axles, arched frames sit lower—roughly level with their axles—and curve up over the axles and then back down on the other side for bumper placement. Kick-ups do the same thing, but don't curve down on the other side, and are more common on front ends.\nAnother feature seen are tapered rails that narrow vertically and/or horizontally in front of a vehicle's cabin. This is done mainly on trucks to save weight and slightly increase room for the", "wheels to plastic. Bearing wheels can be made from a range of materials such as teflon, urethane, silicon, fiberglass, and even clay. The wheels are usually put into a lathe to ensure the best shape. Once the wheels have been readied, bearings are put into place to increase the smoothness of the wheels rolling on the axle. Tuning screws for the wheels cause the wheels to roll more smoothly. Rather than using the stock axles and kingpins that come on Tech Deck trucks, some more advanced fingerboards use tuning screws, softer 'foam griptape' and custom kingpins to ensure that wheels", "hub. Larger direct-drive wheels tend to have shorter cranks to allow for easier cadence and more speed. Geared wheels, with an effective diameter larger than the wheel itself, tend to use longer cranks to increase torque as they are not required to achieve such high cadences as direct-drive wheels, but demand greater force per pedal stroke. A 36\" Commuter unicycle was used by Bob Mueller to complete a cross-country unicycle trek from Cape Elizabeth, ME to Westport, WA on August 8, 2011. Training aids Training aids are sometimes used to make it easier to become comfortable with riding a unicycle." ]

[ "The GED is the \"General Educational Development\" test. It is the test that those who drop out of high school, or who fail out of high school take to show that they have learned the equivalent of a high school education. They are made fun of because they have already proven themselves failures by societal standards just having to take the test. It is not a kind thing, but society is seldom kind." ]

[ "D.E.B.S. (2003 film) Plot A narrator explains that there is a test hidden in the SATs which measures an applicant's ability to fight, cheat, lie and kill. Female students who score well on this hidden test are selected to become members of the secret paramilitary group D.E.B.S. which stands for Discipline, Energy, Beauty and Strength.\nFocusing on one squad of D.E.B.S. composed of the team captain Amy (Alexandra Breckenridge), the tough Max (Tammy Lynn Michaels), French exchange student Dominique (Shanti Lowry), and the prissy and insecure Janet (Jill Ritchie), all of whom faces off against a ruthless villain named Lucinda Reynolds", "not made public. It is known that the assessment consists of a physical fitness assessment, an individual obstacle course, three multiple-choice tests on current affairs, general knowledge and military knowledge, three interviews, a group discussion and essay on current and moral affairs, a 5-minute lecturette, individual planning exercise, and both leaderless team tasks and a series of command tasks where an individual team member commands the rest. There are also group races where each group gets an opportunity to test themselves against the other groups undergoing selection at the time.\nCandidates are only permitted to make 2 attempts to pass the", "D.E.B.S. (2004 film) Plot Embedded in the SAT is a secret test that determines aptitude for espionage. Women who score highly on the test are recruited into D.E.B.S. (Discipline, Energy, Beauty, Strength), a clandestine paramilitary academy. Four D.E.B.S. — squad leader Max, naïve Janet, promiscuous Dominique, and Amy, who dreams of attending art school despite being the academy's top recruit — are tasked by Ms. Petrie and Mr. Phipps, the heads of D.E.B.S., to surveil supercriminal Lucy Diamond. They observe Lucy on what they believe to be a meeting with Russian assassin Ninotchka Kaprova, only to learn the women are", "guests on these specials are given an innocuous-sounding work assignment or a scheduled appearance at a certain place. When they turn up, however, they find themselves walking onto a set rigged out as a makeshift classroom. They are then told that they will be taking a middle school level end-of-term exam (in school uniform, no less) on Japanese, mathematics, science, society (which covers geography and history in Western curricula) and English. Each test for each subject lasts 50 minutes.\nAt the end of the exam, the \"teacher\" and his assistant (Takashi Okamura and Fuji TV announcer Mizuki Sano) grade", "Every Second Counts (video contest) Every Second Counts is the name under which a parody video contest amongst European satirical late-night talk shows was launched by German comedian Jan Böhmermann's Neo Magazin Royale on 2 February 2017. The goal is to ridicule U.S. President Donald Trump, especially his inaugural statement that \"From this day forward, it's gonna be only America first! America first!\" by introducing one's own country with a dose of self-deprecating humour and requesting to become 'second' after America. Origins The contest was inspired by Dutch comedian Arjen Lubach's show Zondag met Lubach, which broadcast the parody video", "grade. Greg complains that Rowley was the only one who did classwork, causing the teacher to increase Rowley's grade to a \"B.\"\nRowley then brings up an anecdote in which he and Greg draw their own superheroes. In the penultimate diary entry, Rowley has a sleepover at Greg's house, where they sneak out to bounce on a trampoline. Greg's parents get mad, his mother divides his and Rowley's room in half. Greg draws an \"invisible forcefield\" that \"zap\"s Rowley if he tries to pass through it. Greg prevents Rowley from using the bathroom, and he pees out the window in the", "Stanine Stanine (STAndard NINE) is a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.\nSome web sources attribute stanines to the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. Psychometric legend has it that a 1-9 scale was used because of the compactness of recording the score as a single digit but Thorndike claims that by reducing scores to just nine values, stanines \"reduce the tendency to try to interpret small score differences (p. 131)\". The earliest known use of stanines was by the U.S. Army Air", "Testees Premise The series follows two friends (Steve Markle and Jeff Kassel) as they work as human test subjects at Testico, a product testing facility. Besides being an obvious play on testes – including the descended double \"e\" in its logo – the show's title plays up the vulnerability of test subjects, which is the source of much of the humour in the series. DVD releases Paradox Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 (Canada only) on February 22, 2011.\nOn April 26, 2011, Entertainment One released the entire series on DVD in the US.", "of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between B− and B+, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the Britannica received one \"D\" and seven \"A\"s, Encyclopedia Americana received eight \"A\"s, and Collier's received one \"D\" and seven \"A\"s; thus, Britannica received an average score of 92% for accuracy to Americana's 95% and Collier's 92%. In the timeliness category, Britannica averaged an 86% to Americana's 90% and Collier's", "each question. The questions were based on surveys of 100 people. The first couple would guess how many of the 100 gave a certain answer to the question, and the second would guess whether the actual number was higher or lower than the other couple's guess. (If the first couple guessed exactly the number of people, they would win a case of champagne, as opposed to a cash bonus depending on type of question on the US versions ($100 for 10-person surveys with another $100 split among the panel, $500 for 100-person surveys or general knowledge questions.) Whoever was correct", "who took the AIME, 2,696 were in grades 10 and below. Of those, 998 qualified for the AIME from the AMC 12 and 1,698 qualified from the AMC 10. 1996 to 2001 The test consisted of two three-problem sets. Three hours were given for each set; one set was given in the morning (9:00-12:00), and the other in the afternoon (1:00-4:00). 1995 and earlier The test consisted of five problems to be solved in three and a half hours (earlier, three hours). Each problem was worth 20 points, for a perfect score of 100. Test procedures In most years, students", "The examiner no longer announces the students' exact rankings, but they still identify the Senior Wrangler, nowadays by tipping their academic hat when reading out the person's name. Others who finished in the top 12 The difficulty of the examinations is illustrated by the identities of some of those who have performed well, but less well than the Senior Wrangler.\nThose who have achieved second place, known as Second Wranglers, include Alfred Marshall, James Clerk Maxwell, J. J. Thomson, Lord Kelvin, William Clifford, and William Whewell.\nThose who have finished between third and 12th include Karl Pearson and William Henry Bragg (third),", "are to be completed in 30 minutes. and the Self Description Test which consists of 5 questions asking about the candidate's parent's, teacher's, friend's and his own perception about himself. Days 3 and 4, Group test by GTO (Group Testing Officer) – Stage II On the third and fourth days, there are tasks including group discussion; group (military) planning exercises; progressive group tasks; small (half) group tasks; individual tasks (obstacles); group obstacle or \"snake race\"; command tasks; a lecturette and a final group task. Days 2, 3 & 4, Interview by IO (Interviewing Officer) – Stage II On day 2,", "facts about the challenge, also the part where they get Darren when the audience boo at him, each of the challenges is rewarded with three points. Round 2: The Grilling Simon presses the button and the light chosses the contestant for a humorous interview with Nick Mohammad. Interviews may consist of solely yes-no questions, quickfires, or choices. For instance, in the Chief of Police episode, Caprice was asked to choose between Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. Round 3: Speed Round This is the final chance to earn points. Simon answer the celebs questions that are based on facts, and they receive", "recruitment, the tests normally include a series of text passages regarding a random topic. Then there will be a series of statements regarding the passages. The candidate must then determine if the statement is true, false or they can't tell (it's ambiguous). The candidate is not expected to know anything about the topics, and the answer is to be based purely on the information in the passage.", "test by asking questions and setting-up tasks for the candidates. The other acts as assessor only and does not join the conversation.\nPart 1 is a short conversation with the examiner. The examiner asks a series of questions which give candidates an opportunity to talk about themselves.\nPart 2 is a collaborative task with the other candidate. The examiner gives the candidates spoken instructions and one or more pictures to look at. Each candidate answers a question about the picture(s) and then undertakes a decision-making task with the other candidate.\nPart 3 is a long monologue and a group discussion. The examiner gives", "edition of the End of Term Exams featuring female personalities, is considered the worst scoring with a score of 192. Fuji TV television presenter Rei Kikukawa, who partook in the 14th edition of the End of Term Exams celebrating Fuji TV's 55 years of television broadcast, has the highest score of 459.\nThe End of Term Exams led to several running gags. Yasuko Mitsura portrays herself as a high-scoring, overachieving teacher's pet while, Koji Kato is considered a math wiz of the group, once scoring 100 on the mathematics portion of the exam. Yabe Hiroyuki, the tsukkomi of Ninety-nine, performs poorly", " In recent years, it has become a popular subject of discourse among test-takers on various social media networks, especially after the Wednesday administration of the test, when most students take it. Many of them poke fun at passages or questions in the PSAT that they find strange or amusing. The level of discussion is so significant that in 2013, the hashtag #PSAT reached trending status on Twitter near its administration date. This is despite the fact that since 2012, test participants have been required to copy and sign a statement agreeing to the test regulations, which include not discussing", "for 1st Place, 200 for 2nd, and 100 for 3rd. Round 2 This was the \"Gakfest Question Round\", a trivia round in which one team poses questions to the other teams, one player for each team tries to answer each question. If a team buzzes in with a correct answer, they earn 100 Points and the team member they competed against, not the one who read the question got slimed; otherwise they did. If both teams answer wrong, they both get slimed, and the questioning team gets 100 Points. After each question, the one with a correct answer gets to", "100 people are each given 100 seconds to give as many answers as they can to the questions that will be asked to the teams during the show. Correct answers are assigned a point value equal to the number of panelists who gave them, so that less commonly given answers have lower values than those given by many panelists. Players on the show attempt to give answers worth as few points as possible, aiming to have the lowest score amongst the players in each round. Celebrity edition First two episodes were celebrity editions. First winners were actors Aleksandar Radojičić and", "Training Day (The Office) Synopsis Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is waiting in a hotel bar for his replacement Deangelo Vickers (Will Ferrell) to show up. While waiting, he meets a man at the bar and the two instantly hit it off. When Michael calls Vickers to see where he is, it is revealed that the man Michael has been talking to is actually Deangelo, though it takes the two some time to actually realize this.\nDeangelo comes to the branch the next day, and most of the staff is eager to make a good first impression. Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) wears", "and 0, and in the second test he scored 0 and 29.", "the United States, is an open-ended rating system with higher numbers indicating a higher degree of difficulty. The V1 rating indicates that a problem can be completed by a novice climber in good physical condition after several attempts. The scale begins at V0, and as of 2013, the highest V rating that has been assigned to a bouldering problem is V17. Some climbing gyms also use a VB grade to indicate beginner problems.\nThe Fontainebleau scale follows a similar system, with each numerical grade divided into three ratings with the letters a, b, and c. For example, Fontainebleau 7A roughly corresponds", "gold medal in debate, writing, a couple of the academic subjects, and ranked #62 overall (factoring in every event in the World Scholar's Cup), out of again, over 1000 students. Additionally, she was chosen for the Showcase Debate, based on her performance in the competition and delivered a sterling performance for all the students, coaches, and parents to watch. Student evaluation Students are expected to achieve mastery grades of \"A\" or \"B\". Student evaluations, called \"status reports\", are issued five times each year at the end of each \"Quintile\". Data is electronically entered regularly and parents may request a status", "no no no no\", \"that's ridiculous, that is ridiculous\" and \"modern day gladiators\".\nPhil is renowned for repeating his point over and over again, e.g. \"that's a try, that's a try, that's a try, that's a try, that's a try.\"\nHe won the TV Week Logie Award for \"Most Popular Sporting Commentator\" in 2002, 2006, 2007 and 2008. Honours In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours List, Gould was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM), for \"significant service to rugby league football as an administrator, commentator, coach and player, and to the community\".", "test-takers with the format of the tests, and two practice tests, one to be taken before reading the book as a diagnostic, and another to be taken at the end as a comparison. The writing and speaking portions of the test are self-graded to help test-takers grasp the criteria that will be used to evaluate their work. The Prep Guide is sold online for about $27USD. An edition for the Chinese market was published by Beijing Foreign Studies University-based Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press in 2016 and retails for ¥88.", "Good-bye (The Wonder Years) Plot Kevin Arnold (Fred Savage) is averaging a \"respectable\" C in Mr. Collins' math class. Despite his best efforts, Kevin can only muster average 'C' grades. Kevin is mostly content with this, particularly after he does pull off a 'B' on a recent test, reasoning to himself that he is trying his best. However, Kevin becomes curious when he sees that Paul received a note from Mr. Collins on his math paper which read, \"Good job, Paul.\" Kevin stops to talk with Mr. Collins regarding his progress in the class, expecting Collins to be impressed with", "Assessment centre An assessment center is a process where candidates are examined to determine their suitability for specific types of employment, especially management or military command. The candidates' personality and aptitudes are determined by techniques including interviews, group exercises, presentations, examinations and psychometric testing. History An early example of assessment is the story of Gideon selecting the most suitable Israelite warriors:\nThen the Lord said to Gideon, “The people are still too many; bring them down to the water and I will test them for you there. Therefore it shall be that he of whom I say to you, ‘This", "R&D 100 Awards. The R&D 100 Awards are presented annually by R&D Magazine to recognize the 100 most significant proven research and development advances introduced over the past year. An independent expert panel selects the winners.", "Series\", \"Male Actor\", \"Female Character\", etc.), a list of questions on a touch-sensitive screen and reads questions selected from the list to one of his/her two opponents. The opponents outside The Box are shown only a photograph and the name of the character/actor/show which is the correct answer on their monitor screens.\nThe contestant in the booth has two minutes to determine the correct answer by alternately asking his/her opponents the \"Yes or No\" questions he is shown. If an opponent answers the question incorrectly, he is given a time penalty of 5 seconds. Each Yes-response question is displayed on screen" ]

[ "Because the software it's running is made for newer-gen models. \n \n > Is my new iPad going to do this in a couple years? \n \nEventually, but not for much longer. The newer-gen models are magnitudes faster and more powerful than the first gen.", "There is increasingly heavier and heavier javascript on webpages causing them to be very slow on older computers. Also another thing is very high resolution images that are now posted on the Internet apologetically.\n\nYou can try using the equivalent of NoScript for the iPad, if it exists, which it probably doesn't.", "Could be issues in the software, could be issues in the hardware, could be that newer webpages demand more of your ipad that it cannot handle anymore, especially in combination with new software installs.\n\nThere is some things you can do to figure out where the problem lies, chief among those is a clean software install. That falls more into tech support though, which is not really the purpose of this subreddit. Might be useful to google clean install ipad, or post to one of the apple subreddits to get help doing a fresh install of your device so you can see how it reacts afterwards." ]

[ "the iPod nano 6th generation with a Mac computer requires iTunes 10 or higher, which in turn requires Mac OS X Leopard system software, Apple will upgrade the system software of participants running earlier versions of OS X, on request but this leaves users that do not have access to iTunes without a working device (because Apple changed the hashing of the music database which prevented the 6th generation iPod Nano from being used with open source software via libgpod).", "iPhone 6. This is due to the new product (the iPhone) being large enough to have a lot of the features of the iPad without being as large making the iPad outdated and irrelevant (Marko, 2015). While the iPhone shipped massive amounts of product, the iPad never recovered to its previous sales plateau. Overall, this is a positive effect as turnover of new products allows company to get old users to spend money and keeps their products current which is very important in technology related fields. This is still an example of Apple betting sales of the old product to", "and North America. The cellular model was released in-store a few weeks after the initial release of the device.\nThe release of the fourth-generation iPad led to the discontinuation of its predecessor, which angered many third-generation iPad users. In response, Apple extended its 14-day return policy to 30 days. ITProPortal noted that, since the price of both models is identical, consumers that purchased the third-generation iPad within this time frame were effectively allowed to exchange their discontinued device for the fourth-generation model.\nOn January 29, 2013, Apple announced and scheduled the launch of the 128 GB variant of 4th generation iPad. It", "iPad for being a closed system and mentioned that the iPad faces competition from Android-based tablets. However, at the time of the first-generation iPad's launch, Yahoo News noted that the Android tablet OS, known as \"Honeycomb\", was not open source and has fewer apps available for it than for the iPad,; although later Google released the source code for Honeycomb. The Independent criticized the iPad for not being as readable in bright light as paper but praised it for being able to store large quantities of books. After its UK release, The Daily Telegraph said the iPad's lack of Adobe", "2015, more than 250 million iPads have been sold.", "a firmware update to the first-generation iPod.\nOn April 9, 2007, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced the shipment of its 100 millionth iPod, making the Pixo OS one of the most widely used embedded operating systems.\nWith the 2014 discontinuation of the iPod Classic\nand the 2017 discontinuation of the iPod Nano, which did not run\niOS, Apple no longer sells a Pixo-based iPod.", "iPad. Despite the noted slump in sales, Apple's stock price, in direct response to the figures released, rose by 1.4% to $584.62 on November 5. Criticism In a repairability review conducted by iFixit, the fourth-generation iPad scored 2 out of 10 (10 being the easiest to repair) due to the use of adhesive to attach components. However, reviewers noted that several components such as the screen and battery could be removed easily for replacement.", "conference call on October 18, 2010, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had sold more iPads than Macs for the fiscal quarter. In total, Apple sold more than 15 million first-generation iPads prior to the launch of the iPad 2 – more than all other tablet PCs combined since the iPad's release, and reaching 75% of tablet PC sales at the end of 2010. Criticism CNET criticized the iPad for its apparent lack of wireless sync, which other portable devices such as Microsoft's Zune have had for a number of years.\nWalt Mossberg called it a \"pretty close\" laptop killer. David Pogue of", "A firmware update released in September 2006 brought some extra features to fifth-generation iPods including adjustable screen brightness, gapless playback, and downloadable games. However, as of September 30, 2011, these games are no longer available on the iTunes Store. 1st generation Apple introduced the first-generation iPod (M8541) on October 23, 2001, with the slogan \"1,000 songs in your pocket\". They went on sale on November 10, 2001. The first iPod had a monochrome LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen and featured a 5GB hard drive capable of storing 1,000 songs encoded using MP3 and was priced at US$399. Among the iPod's", "statistics, that tracks web use and gives operating system/platform share based on it, the iPad has lost majority of use in South America to Android, did also lose majority while gaining back in Asia and in Africa has lost by a wide margin, where Android is up to 70%. Business While the iPad is mostly used by consumers, it also has been taken up by business users. Within 90 days of its release, the iPad managed to penetrate 50% of Fortune 100 companies. Some companies are adopting iPads in their business offices by distributing or making available iPads to employees.", "that doesn't look like an iPad wannabe\" while PC World said \"[Sony] has not lost its design mojo over the years, as this model brings Sony's originality and flair to a tablet market that desperately needs both.\" Asher Moses from the Sydney Morning Herald called it \"best Android tablet yet.\"\nNegative comments are directed at the device's high price and poor build quality. Tech blog Gizmodo called it \"plasticky\" and pointed out that Sony's use of inferior materials to save on weight led to their unit getting \"seriously scratched during a totally routine photo shoot\" and commented that it would \"smash", "IPad (4th generation) History Rumors regarding the next-generation iPad emerged shortly after the release of the third-generation iPad. At that point some speculated that the next iPad released would be of a smaller size. Further speculations emerged in July 2012 when DigiTimes, with the help of unspecified sources, claimed that Apple made small revisions to the then upcoming iPad and scheduled its release for late 2012. On October 16, 2012, Apple announced a media event scheduled for October 23 at the California Theatre in San Jose, California. The company did not pre-disclose the subject of the event, but it was", "to Tim Cook speaking at WSJD Live, the iPod Classic was discontinued because the parts were unavailable and a redesign was unwarranted given the small amount of consumer interest in the product.\nThree months after its discontinuation, the price for sixth-generation iPod Classic increased by up to four times its original retail price on eBay.", "seen to be hurting sales of traditional laptops there was likely a collaborative effort to destroy demand for them. Hence the original source of this computer class died off in the marketplace.\nAs a result of successes with Stick PCs and Linux Mint-based Nettop-like computers, as well as continued success of the Mac Mini, the idea was possibly unintentionally revived as Mini PCs, which continue to be sold through online retailers as of August, 2017.", "that the iPod Classic was nearing its end, and the site’s readers generally agreed it would not still be produced in 2013. The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2013 revealed no new iPod Classic and Apple was not expected to produce another one. Production of the iPod Classic continued in low volumes as a stop-gap measure to clear out and monetize inventory of unused stand-alone parts.\nOn September 9, 2014, Apple discontinued the iPod Classic. The sixth-generation 160GB iPod Classic was the last Apple product in the iPod line to use the original 30-pin iPod connector and the Click Wheel. According", "user data and settings to/from other devices, was also made available through this update. On June 11, 2012 it was announced that iOS 6 would not be released for the first-generation iPad, making iOS 5.1.1 the final operating system officially available for the device. Hardware The first-generation iPad features an Apple A4 SoC, which comprises a 1 GHz processor, 256 MB of RAM and a PowerVR SGX535 GPU. There are four physical switches on the iPad, including a home button near the display that returns the user to the main menu, and three plastic physical switches on the sides: wake/sleep and volume", "the Fifth Avenue Apple Store in New York City for the product's release. According to an Apple press release, three million units were sold in the first three days. The iPad was purchased mainly by a younger, male demographic. Most of the buyers were either \"die-hard Apple fans\" or had previously purchased an iPad. An Apple retailer in Dayton, Ohio, claimed that the demand for the tablet was \"chaotic\" and claimed that its launch was \"drastically more significant than the iPad 2 launch.\" By Q2 of 2012, Apple would hit an all-time high, claiming 69.6 percent of the global tablet", "iPad comes with several applications, including Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, iPod, iTunes, App Store, iBooks, Maps, Notes, Calendar, and Contacts. Several are improved versions of applications developed for the iPhone or Mac. The apps currently missing are the weather, calculator, and health apps.\nThe iPad syncs with iTunes on a Mac or Windows PC. Apple ported its iWork suite from the Mac to the iPad, and sells pared down versions of Pages, Numbers, and Keynote apps in the App Store. Although the iPad is not designed to replace a mobile phone, a user can use a wired headset or the built-in", "IPad (2019) Reception This iPad has been criticized for a lack of upgrades over the previous generation iPad, especially for using the same Apple A10 Fusion chip as the preceding iPad, considering the approximately 18-month gap between the release of this iPad and the 2018 version. This iPad was also criticized for the entry version having 32 GB of storage but it was praised for having 3 GB of RAM, a 50% increase over the previous version and decent battery life.", "Bove of the Bove & Rhodes Report generally complained that \"[f]or Unix super-users there is no compelling reason to buy Apple's Unix. For Apple A/UX has always been a way to sell Macs, not Unix; it's a check-off item for users.\" Legacy Because A/UX requires very specific raw hardware access, the execution of A/UX within Macintosh emulation software was impossible until 2014's introduction of the Macintosh II emulator named Shoebill.\nVintage A/UX users had one central repository for most A/UX applications: an Internet server at NASA called Jagubox. It was administered by Jim Jagielski, who was also the editor of", "it does not bring anything new to the iPad. Smith strongly criticized the lack of Touch ID, and noted that the updates, such as the increased speed and the decreased size and weight, are only slight improvements. Commercial reception The launch date for the iPad Air did not see as large of a turnout as usual for Apple products; however, this was expected by analysts due to the delayed release of the iPad Mini 2. The Air sold out in Hong Kong two hours after becoming available online.", "TechCrunch said, \"the iPad beats even my most optimistic expectations. This is a new category of device. But it also will replace laptops for many people.\" PC World criticized the iPad's file sharing and printing abilities, and ArsTechnica critically noted that sharing files with a computer is \"one of our least favorite parts of the iPad experience.\"", "longer than its predecessor. However, the battery of the updated iPad 2 is able to outlast the fourth-generation iPad. Commercial reception In the first weekend of sales of the iPad Mini and fourth-generation iPad, Apple reported that it sold an aggregated number of 3 million units. TechRadar noted that the first weekend sales figures for the fourth-generation iPad are lower than corresponding figures for the third-generation iPad, which sold 3 million units in its first weekend. Subsequent reports and analysis such as that from David Hsieh, a technology analyst, suggest that the iPad mini is selling better than the fourth-generation", "the \"world's thinnest desktop computer\", measuring in at around two inches (around 5 centimeters).\n2004, however, was a turning point for Apple. After creating a sizable financial base to work with, the company began experimenting with new parts from new suppliers. As a result, Apple was able to produce new designs quickly over a short amount of time, with the release of the iPod Video, then the iPod Classic, and eventually the iPod touch and iPhone.\nOn April 29, 2005, Apple released Mac OS X v10.4 \"Tiger\" to the general public.\nApple's wildly successful PowerBook and iBook products relied on Apple's previous generation", "computers have always provided. By operating system According to a survey conducted by the Online Publishers Association (OPA) now called Digital Content Next (DCN) in March 2012, it found that 72% of tablet owners had an iPad, while 32% had an Android tablet. By 2012, Android tablet adoption had increased. 52% of tablet owners owned an iPad, while 51% owned an Android-powered tablet (percentages do not add up to 100% because some tablet owners own more than one type). By end of 2013, Android's market share rose to 61.9%, followed by iOS at 36%. By late 2014, Android's market share", "IPad (3rd generation) History Speculation about the product began shortly after Apple released the iPad 2, which featured front and back cameras as well as a dual-core Apple A5 processor. Speculation increased after news of a 2,048-by-1,536 pixel screen leaked.\nDuring this time, the tablet was called the \"iPad 3\", a colloquial name sometimes still used after the release. On February 9, 2012, John Paczkowski of All Things Digital stated that \"Apple’s not holding an event in February—strange, unusual or otherwise. But it is holding one in March—to launch its next iPad.\"\nAnother common rumor at the time was that the tablet", "led to some criticism, as the device was on sale until June 2015 and by June 2016, no further versions of the operating system beyond iOS 9 will be made available to the tablet. Hardware There are four buttons and one switch on the iPad Mini, including a \"home\" button near the display that returns the user to the home screen, and three aluminum buttons on the right side and top: wake/sleep and volume up and volume down, plus a software-controlled switch whose function varies with software updates. The tablet is manufactured either with or without the capability to communicate", "iPod was carried over, but its price was reduced to US$299.\nNotably, the second-generation iPods and the updated first-generation iPod were now Windows-compatible. These versions came with a 4-pin to 6-pin FireWire adapter and were bundled with Musicmatch Jukebox. At that time iTunes was Mac only and unavailable for Windows.\nIn December 2002, Apple unveiled its first limited edition iPods, with either Madonna’s, Tony Hawk’s, or Beck’s signature or No Doubt's band logo engraved on the back for an extra US$50. 3rd generation On April 29, 2003, Apple announced a completely redesigned third-generation iPod. Thinner than the previous models, the third-generation models", "and 64 GB models were discontinued with the release of its successor, the iPad Mini 2, on October 22, 2013. After almost 3 years on June 19, 2015, the remaining 16 GB model was discontinued as well. As well as being discontinued from stores, the iPad mini no longer receives software updates and is not supported by Apple. Software The iPad Mini shipped with iOS 6.0. It can act as a hotspot with some carriers, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also access the App Store, a digital application distribution platform for iOS that is developed and maintained", "portable digital audio player. Then iPod started as a 5 gigabyte player capable of storing around 1000 songs. Since then it has evolved into an array of products including the Mini (now discontinued), the iPod Touch, the Shuffle (now discontinued), the iPod Classic (also discontinued), the Nano (now discontinued), the iPhone and the iPad. Since March 2011, the largest storage capacity for an iPod has been 160 gigabytes. Speaking to software developers on June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs said the company's share of the entire portable music device market stood at 76%.\nThe iPod gave an enormous lift to Apple's financial" ]

[ "_URL_0_\n\nCheck this out. Pretty much answers your questions." ]

[ "the year 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through mobile phones). As of 2008, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world.\nThe Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer", "(London INternet eXchange), the largest Internet Exchange Point in the world, carrying over 846 Gbit/s of Internet traffic (as of July 2012).", "consultant, Maurice de Kunder, calculated that the Internet consists of roughly 4.7 billion pages of searchable Web. Each webpage is approximately 6.5 printed pages. To print the Internet it would take about 305.5 billion pages. This paper equates to 74.6 million copies of the Harry Potter series, 212.2 million copies of War and Peace, 256.3 million copies of Women and Men, 276.7 million copies of Infinite Jest, or 280.8 million copies of Atlas Shrugged. 20,000 contributors submitted ten tons of paper to the exhibit. Derivative Projects Goldsmith's project, Printing out the Internet, inspired other works of", "had reached half the planet, when the ITU reported that the subscriber number was to reach 4.6 billion user which means 3.8 billion activated mobile phones in use, and 3.4 billion unique users of mobile phones. The Mobile Internet data connections are following the growth of mobile phone connections albeit at a lower rate. In 2009 Yankee Group reported that 29% of all mobile phone users globally were accessing browser-based internet content on their phones. According to the BBC, there are now (2010) over 5 billion mobile phone users in the world.\nAccording to Statista there were 1.57 billion smartphone", "the world's Internet traffic passes through Ashburn, Virginia. Access Common methods of Internet access by users include dial-up with a computer modem via telephone circuits, broadband over coaxial cable, fiber optics or copper wires, Wi-Fi, satellite, and cellular telephone technology (e.g. 3G, 4G). The Internet may often be accessed from computers in libraries and Internet cafes. Internet access points exist in many public places such as airport halls and coffee shops. Various terms are used, such as public Internet kiosk, public access terminal, and Web payphone. Many hotels also have public terminals that are usually fee-based. These terminals are widely", "effective capacity to exchange information through telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 exabytes in 2000, 65 exabytes in 2007 and predictions put the amount of internet traffic at 667 exabytes annually by 2014. According to one estimate, one-third of the globally stored information is in the form of alphanumeric text and still image data, which is the format most useful for most big data applications. This also shows the potential of yet unused data (i.e. in the form of video and audio content).\nWhile many vendors offer off-the-shelf solutions for big data, experts recommend the", "2016. Global IP traffic refers to all digital data that passes over an IP network which includes, but is not limited to, the public Internet. The largest contributing factor to the growth of IP traffic comes from video traffic (including online streaming services like Netflix and YouTube).\nThe Zettabyte Era can also be understood as an age of growth of all forms of digital data that exist in the world which includes the public Internet, but also all other forms of digital data such as stored data from security cameras or voice data from cell-phone calls. Taking into account this second", "data centers scattered around the world. At least 12 significant Google data center installations are located in the United States. The largest known centers are located in The Dalles, Oregon; Atlanta, Georgia; Reston, Virginia; Lenoir, North Carolina; and Moncks Corner, South Carolina. In Europe, the largest known centers are in Eemshaven and Groningen in the Netherlands and Mons, Belgium. Google's Oceania Data Center is claimed to be located in Sydney, Australia. Project 02 One of the largest Google data centers is located in the town of The Dalles, Oregon, on the Columbia River, approximately 80 miles (129 km) from Portland. Codenamed", "mail, mobile applications, multiplayer online games, Internet telephony, file sharing, and streaming media services.\nThe terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, are often used interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is an application that billions of people use on the Internet, and it has changed their lives immeasurably. Most servers that provide these services are today hosted in data centers, and content is often accessed through high-performance content delivery networks. World Wide Web The World Wide Web is a global collection of documents, images, multimedia, applications, and other resources, logically interrelated", "publications make references to the \"Atlas Top 10\" report that ranks Google as the third largest ISP behind Level 3.\nIn order to run such a large network, with direct connections to as many ISPs as possible at the lowest possible cost, Google has a very open peering policy.\nFrom this site, we can see that the Google network can be accessed from 67 public exchange points and 69 different locations across the world. As of May 2012, Google had 882 Gbit/s of public connectivity (not counting private peering agreements that Google has with the largest ISPs). This public network is used", "Global network A global network is any communication network which spans the entire Earth. The term, as used in this article refers in a more restricted way to bidirectional communication networks, and to technology-based networks. Early networks such as international mail and unidirectional communication networks, such as radio and television, are described elsewhere.\nThe first global network was established using electrical telegraphy and global span was achieved in 1899. The telephony network was the second to achieve global status, in the 1950s. More recently, interconnected IP networks (principally the Internet, with estimated 2.5 billion users worldwide in 2014 ), and the", "of networks is the size. These types of networks work at certain speeds, also known as broadband. The Internet network connects worldwide.\nInternet network: access to the network allows users to use many resources. Over time the Internet network will replace books. This will enable users to discover information almost instantly and apply concepts to different situations. The Internet can be used for recreational, governmental, educational, and other purposes. Businesses in particular use the Internet network for research or to service customers and clients.\nTelephone network: the telephone network connects people to one another. This network can be used in a variety", "networks. It is based on the networking technologies of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is the successor of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense. The Internet is also the communications backbone underlying the World Wide Web (WWW).\nParticipants in the Internet use a diverse array of methods of several hundred documented, and often standardized, protocols compatible with the Internet Protocol Suite and an addressing system (IP addresses) administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and address registries. Service providers and large enterprises exchange information about the reachability of their address", "Just 6.6 percent of homes had access to 4 Mbit/s or higher speed connections. But in Q4 2014, the average internet connection speed was 1.9Mbit/s or dropped about 50 percent from Q3 2014 with 3.7Mbit/s.\nBased on the Indonesia Internet Service Providers Association, in Q4 2013 there were 71.19 million Internet users in Indonesia or about 28 percent of Indonesia's population. According to Cisco's Visual Networking Index, in 2013 Indonesia had the world's second fastest growth of IP traffic and has become an \"Internet of Everything\" country.\nBased on Communication Ministry data, at end of June 2011, there were 45 million Internet", "Internet of things The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.\nThe definition of the Internet of Things has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of Things. In the consumer market, IoT", "Global Internet usage Global Internet usage is the number of people who use the Internet worldwide. Web index The Web Index is a composite statistic designed and produced by the World Wide Web Foundation. It provides a multi-dimensional measure of the World Wide Web’s contribution to development and human rights globally. It covers 86 countries as of 2014, the latest year for which the index has been compiled. It incorporates indicators that assess the areas of universal access, freedom and openness, relevant content, and empowerment, which indicate economic, social, and political impacts of the Web. IPv4 addresses The Carna", "\nThe telecom circles of Maharashtra (40.21 million), Andhra Pradesh & Telangana (38.28 million), Tamil Nadu (35.90 million) Gjarat (32.16 million) and Karnataka (31.74 million) have the most broadband subscribers as on 31 September 2018.\nThe total International Internet bandwidth owned by Indian ISPs was 2,933 Gbit/s as on 30 June 2017. International Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transmission from a single country to the rest of the world. Net neutrality As of August 2015, there were no laws governing net neutrality in India, which would require that all Internet users be treated equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by", "Internet The history of the Internet in India started with launch of services by VSNL on 15 August 1995. They were able to add about 10,000 Internet users within 6 months. However, for the next 10 years the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive with narrow-band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit/s (dial-up). In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as \"an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above.\" From 2005 onward the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated, but remained below the growth estimates of", "computer ownership in the US rose from 15% to 35%. Cell phones of the early-1990s and earlier ones were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the wealthiest nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the World Wide Web had only just been invented. The first web browser went online in 1993 and by 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access. Eurostars The opening of the Channel Tunnel between France and the", "us. SPv2 explores to what extent we are accessible online and what we may look like through mining Internet data.", "American (Internet2),\nEuropean (GÉANT) and Asian (TEIN3) components of the global network.\nAs at late 2014, AARNet operated a total capacity of 120 Gbit/s to North America and a further 5 Gbit/s to Asia. This equates to a 2.2 million-fold increase over AARNet's initial trans-Pacific capacity of 56 kbit/s in 1990 and represents an average doubling time of aggregate international capacity of only 14 months over the entire history of AARNet (cf. Moore's Law). Supporting big science Throughout their life, a major driver for the very high capacities of advanced Research and Education Internet networks including AARNet has been to meet the needs of data-intensive research across", "of the cheapest, with 1 Gbit/s internet connections being sold for around 8 euros a month. Broadband Internet access Broadband penetration as of June 2017: 23.5 broadband connections for every 100 people.\nDistribution of broadband connections by type, as reported by Ancom, is as follows 94% FTTx (FTTH/FTTB/FTTC/FTTN) internet access connections,\n4.8% Coaxial cable,0.2% other.\nIn Romania, broadband internet has been available since 2000, through coaxial cable, first from Kappa (now owned by UPC) and currently from RCS&RDS and UPC. Recent speeds range between 10 Mbit/s and 1000 Mbit/s for household targeted plans, and the data traffic is unmetered.\nHowever, the most popular broadband", "37 per cent of the users access the Internet from cyber cafes, 30 per cent from an office, and 23 per cent from home. However, the number of mobile Internet users increased rapidly from 2009 on and there were about 359.80 million mobile users at the end of January 2018, with a majority using 4G mobile networks.\nOne of the major issues facing the Internet segment in India is the lower average bandwidth of broadband connections compared to that of developed countries. According to 2007 statistics, the average download speed in India hovered at about 40 KB per second (256 kbit/s),", "offered a vivid description of the Internet as \"...a place for conversation or publication, like a giant coffee-house with a thousand rooms; it is also a world-wide digital version of the Speaker's Corner in London's Hyde Park, an unedited collection of letters to the editor, a floating flea market, a huge vanity publisher, and a collection of every odd-special interest group in the world\" (Rheingold 1993, p. 130).\nIn 1991, Al Gore's choice to use the information superhighway as a metaphor shifted perceptions of the Internet as a communal enterprise to an economic model that emphasized the speed of information transmission. ", "diplomatic and educational purposes. Internet As a global system of computers interconnected by telecommunication technologies consisting of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government resources, it is difficult to argue that the Internet is a global commons. These computing resources are largely privately owned and subject to private property law, although many are government owned and subject to public law. The World Wide Web, as a system of interlinked hypertext documents, either public domain (like Wikipedia itself) or subject to copyright law, is, at best, a mixed good.\nThe resultant virtual space or cyberspace, however, is often viewed", "significantly lowered the cost of transmitting information. Reflecting this, the mid-1990s saw the network industry such as Yahoo, Google and Rakuten appear one after the other. Optical fiber communications has progressed and the Internet has developed, and instantaneous transmission of a large volume of knowledge is now a daily occurrence. In 2018, the Internet population reached 39 Billions, 52% of world population.\nIn the electrical communication era of the 1960s, large volumes of data, such as documents on which civilization depend on, were circulated slowly in forms such as books. In contrast, the proliferation of high-capacity and long-distance optical fiber communications", "web-based email, social networking websites, websites providing real-time stock market data, as well as sites providing various other services. End users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, smartphones and smart TVs. History The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1990 by the British CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone. Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from", "2007.\nThe world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 petabytes in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007, and some 100 exabytes in 2014.\nThe world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007. ICT Development Index The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world. In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunications Union) released the", "than any other mobile handset. According to Deutsche Telekom CEO René Obermann, \"The average Internet usage for an iPhone customer is more than 100 megabytes. This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers.\" Nielsen found that 98% of iPhone users use data services, and 88% use the internet. In China, the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS were built and distributed without Wi-Fi.\nWith the introduction of the Verizon iPhone in January 2011, the issue of using internet while on the phone was brought to the public's attention. Under the two U.S. carriers, internet and phone could be used", "available bandwidth to the end user never exceeds 10Mbit/s.\nInternet service providers (ISPs): 1\nInternet hosts: 23,368 (2008)\ncountry comparison to the world: 90\nInternet users: 58,900 (2007)\ncountry comparison to the world: 161\nCountry codes: AD (1997)\nCountry calling code: 376" ]

[ "It's all chemistry. You start with a real grape and you sit down in the lab and try to figure out what it is in a grape that makes it 'grape like' in flavor. You could physically break down the grape into a slurry, and then use mechanical processes like centrifuges, or chemical processes like solvents and acids to separate the different chemicals in the grape and then examine the individual molecules for ones that create the grape flavor, grape color, grape scent (which is not always the same chemicals responsible for the flavor). \n\nWhen the chemicals responsible for the flavor and odor of the grape are isolated in this way, their structure can be studied, and using chemistry you can create a method of taking other chemicals and processing them in such a way that they form these same flavor compounds. \n\nLastly once you have something viable, you test it for toxicity and eventually palletability. \n\nWhile the actual grape may contain hundreds of molecules responsible for it's subtle flavors, the artificial flavoring may contain only a few that are primary influences of grape flavor. \n\nThe substances that create these flavors may appear in many other fruits and flavors as well but in differing ratios so study of grape flavor may discover compounds that are also responsible for berry flavor, or cherry flavor etc. Eventually a working set of \"fruit flavors\" are developed and over time the secret gets out and they become industry standard flavors. \n\nMany lemon and lime flavors for instance are just citric acid and sweetener.", "What we call 'flavors' are merely a mix of chemicals in the right portions. Scientists recreate these flavors by synthetically creating the chemical formula." ]

[ "of the flavors used are consumed in processed and packaged food.\nMost flavors represent a mixture of aroma compounds, the raw material that is produced by flavor companies. In rare cases, a single synthetic compound is used in pure form. Artificial vanilla flavors vanillin and ethylvanillin are a notable exception, as well as the artificial strawberry flavor (ethyl methylphenylglycidate). The ubiquitous \"green apple\" aroma is based on hexyl acetate.\nThe flavor creation is done by a specially trained scientist called a \"flavorist\", whose job combines scientific knowledge of the chemical palette with creativity to develop new and distinctive flavors. The flavor creation", "made, like Italian grappa, by distilling the grape residue, primarily the skins and pulp (hollejo) plus the stems (escobajos) and seeds, left over from winemaking after pressing the grapes. It is used to make several other flavored liquors, such as the murtado or enmurtillado (using sun dried murtilla, an orange-reddish wild rose fruit), the enguindado (soaking sun-dried morello cherries) and licor de oro (flavored with saffron and lemon peel). Dried mint, peeled walnuts, almonds, and other aromatic herbs are also used to flavor the aguardiente. It is mainly consumed by itself, or as a base to make cola de mono", "of the artificial ingredients found in soft drinks like Coca-Cola and is instead made from natural fruit.\nThree academic papers, produced by researchers at Oxford Brookes University and the University of Aberdeen were commissioned by Innocent. In the first study, scientists at the Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, claimed suggestions that puréeing fruit destroys the cell wall matrix that gives fruit its structure and makes smoothies less fibrous than fruit eaten whole were not justified. \n\"This is particularly evident when you look at a smoothie under the microscope and can see big chunks or undamaged cellular material,\"", "reaction. Flavors and fragrances Lactones contribute significantly to the flavor of fruit, and of unfermented and fermented dairy products, and are therefore used as flavors and fragrances. Some examples are γ-decalactone (4-decanolide), which has a characteristic peach flavor; δ-decalactone (5-decanolide), which has a creamy coconut/peach flavour; γ-dodecalactone (4-dodecanolide), which also has a coconut/fruity flavor, a description which also fits γ-octalactone (4-octanolide), although it also has a herbaceous character; γ-nonalactone, which has an intense coconut flavor of this series, despite not occurring in coconut, and γ-undecalactone.\nMacrocyclic lactones (cyclopentadecanolide, 15-pentadec-11/12-enolide) have odors similar to macrocyclic ketones of animal origin (muscone, civetone), but", "and \"X-flavour\", where it has the taste of X but does not contain it.\nThe U.S. Code of Federal Regulations describes a \"natural flavorant\" as:\nThe essential oil, oleoresin, essence, or extractive, protein hydrolysate, distillate, or any product of roasting, heating, or enzymolysis, which contains the flavoring constituents derived from a spice, fruit, or fruit juice, vegetable or vegetable juice, edible yeast, herb, bark, bud, root, leaf, or any other edible portions of a plant, meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy products, or fermentation products thereof, whose primary function in food is flavoring rather than nutritional\nThe European Union's guidelines for natural flavorants are", "be made into jams and jellies which set readily because of the fruit's high content of pectin and acid. For culinary use, the fruit is usually cooked with sugar to produce a purée, which can then be passed through muslin to separate the juice. The purée can be used to make blackcurrant preserves and be included in cheesecakes, yogurt, ice cream, desserts, sorbets, and many other sweet dishes. The exceptionally strong flavour can be moderated by combining it with other fruits, such as raspberries and strawberries in summer pudding, or apples in crumbles and pies. The juice can be used", "softens both the flavor and texture). Some blender manufacturers now specifically target their products towards making green smoothies and provide a booklet of recipes for them.\nIf the fruit ingredients and the green vegetable ingredients are both juiced ahead of time, the mixed juice doesn't even have to be blended like a smoothie, i.e. a green juice. Around the world Many different smoothies are part of Indian, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Fruit sharbat (a popular West and South Asian drink) sometimes include yogurt and honey, too. In India, the lassi is a smoothie or milkshake comprising crushed ice, yogurt, sometimes", "ingredients that will inhibit the fermentation, such as chlorine in tap water or preservatives in dried fruit (sulfites). The fruits used may be changed and mixed to create different flavors.\nAdditional precautions should be taken to keep the cultures healthy. The use of reactive metals such as aluminium, copper, or zinc should be minimized, since the acidity of the solution can draw these metals out, damaging the culture. Instead, plastic, lead-free ceramic, or glass containers should be used. Culturing grains in a glass jar and using clean plastic or wooden utensils when handling the grains is recommended.", "flavours and enhancing the finished product. These infusions allow unexpected combinations of flavours in cocktails, including flavourings from non-edible substances, such as tobacco and leather (found in the Smoked Old Fashioned cocktail) and perfume (as in the Champagne No.5).Another machine which is used by mixologists is the Rotavap. This is a vacuum rotary distillation setup, which allows the extraction of aromas, low temperature reduction of juices and the production of flavored spirits. Techniques The techniques used by a mixologist are mostly bound to the new equipment which is provided by the molecular gastronomy. They are, for the most part, adaptations", "Artificially Speaking Plot Where does artificial fruit flavoring come from? Artificial fruit, of course. Holly Hockenberry owns an artificial fruit farm, maintained by overworked gardener Sparky Schlosser. The farm is caught in the middle of a scandal regarding a case of tainted artificial fruit. Some questionable companies may be involved in a massive cover-up, which has caused the farm's profit to plummet.", "in pectin, they are used to make jam, jelly and quince pudding, or they may be peeled, then roasted, baked or stewed; pectin levels diminish as the fruit ripens. The flesh of the fruit turns red after a long cooking with sugar by formation of anthocyanins. The very strong perfume means they can be added in small quantities to apple pies and jam to enhance the flavor. Adding a diced quince to apple sauce will enhance the taste of the apple sauce with the chunks of relatively firm, tart quince. The term \"marmalade\", originally meaning a quince jam, derives", "whole cloves, and cinnamon sticks. Flavoured syrup Flavoured syrups are made by infusing simple syrups with flavouring agents during the cooking process. A wide variety of flavouring agents can be used, often in combination with each other, such as herbs (rosemary), spices (chipotle chilis; cardamom), or aromatics (orange peel; lemongrass; ginger). For instance, syrupus aromaticus is prepared by adding certain quantities of orange flavouring and cinnamon water to simple syrup. This type of syrup is commonly used at coffee bars, especially in the United States, to make flavoured drinks. Infused simple syrups can be used to create desserts, or, to", "berry nuance. Uses Methyl anthranilate acts as a bird repellent. It is food-grade and can be used to protect corn, sunflowers, rice, fruit, and golf courses. Dimethyl anthranilate (DMA) has a similar effect. It is also used for the flavor of grape Kool-Aid. It is used for flavoring of candy, soft drinks (e.g. grape soda), fruit (e.g. Grāpples), chewing gum, drugs, and nicotine products.\nMethyl anthranilate both as a component of various natural essential oils and as a synthesised aroma-chemical is used extensively in modern perfumery. It is also used to produce Schiff bases with aldehydes, many of which", "of apple may be blended to accord with market taste. If the cider is to be bottled, usually some extra sugar is added for sparkle. Higher quality ciders can be made using the champagne method, but this is expensive in time and money and requires special corks, bottles, and other equipment. Some home brewers use beer bottles, which work perfectly well, and are inexpensive. This allows the cider to become naturally carbonated. Flavour compounds Tannins are crucial flavour compounds in cider. Since perfecting the tannin content in the cider is needed for optimal success, the tannins or \"polyphenols of apples", "them and removing most of the unwanted aromas. However, this technique also leads to the formation of several bitter and astringent flavors. This limits the use of the dried fruits and extracts to the preparation of diluted tea, soup, and as a sweetener for products that would usually have sugar or honey added to them. Commercial manufacturing The process for the manufacture of a useful sweetener from luo han guo was patented in 1995 by Procter & Gamble. The patent states that luo han guo has many interfering flavors, which render it useless for general applications, and describes a process", "Mycologist David Arora claims the flavor to be inferior to Craterellus. Fruit bodies may be preserved by drying. Bioactive compounds The compound polyozellin—a chemical which can be isolated and purified from P. multiplex—inhibits prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins (specifically, amyloid precursor protein) in Alzheimer's disease. Chemicals that inhibit PEP have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects. Further analyses of extracts from P. multiplex revealed similar dibenzofuranyl derivatives of polyozellin, each with different chemical properties, including kynapcin-12, kynapcin-13 and -28, and -24. A total synthesis of kynapcin-24 was achieved in 2009. Antitumor properties", "one other Flavor, it can inherit from one or more mixins. Note that the original Flavors did not use generic functions.\nIn New Flavors (a successor of Flavors) and CLOS, methods are organized in \"generic functions\". These generic functions are functions that are defined in multiple cases (methods) by class dispatch and method combinations.\nCLOS and Flavors allow mixin methods to add behavior to existing methods: :before and :after daemons, whoppers and wrappers in Flavors. CLOS added :around methods and the ability to call shadowed methods via CALL-NEXT-METHOD. So, for example, a stream-lock-mixin can add locking around existing methods of a stream", "(unripe) apples, the flavor it most readily projects in wine. Its name comes from the Latin malum meaning “apple”. In the grape vine, malic acid is involved in several processes which are essential for the health and sustainability of the vine. Its chemical structure allows it to participate in enzymatic reactions that transport energy throughout the vine. Its concentration varies depending on the grape variety, with some varieties, such as Barbera, Carignan and Sylvaner, being naturally disposed to high levels. The levels of malic acid in grape berries are at their peak just before veraison, when they can be found", "dramatically different flavors due to the use of different scents or fragrances. The flavorings of commercially produced food products are typically created by flavorists.\nAlthough the terms flavoring and flavorant in common language denote the combined chemical sensations of taste and smell, the same terms are used in the fragrance and flavors industry to refer to edible chemicals and extracts that alter the flavor of food and food products through the sense of smell. Due to the high cost or unavailability of natural flavor extracts, most commercial flavorants are \"nature-identical\", which means that they are the chemical equivalent of natural flavors,", "flavors for processed foods in the flavoring industry, since the type of amino acid involved determines the resulting flavor.\nMelanoidins are brown, high molecular weight heterogeneous polymers that are formed when sugars and amino acids combine through the Maillard reaction at high temperatures and low water activity. Melanoidins are commonly present in foods that have undergone some form of non-enzymatic browning, such as barley malts (Vienna and Munich), bread crust, bakery products and coffee. They are also present in the wastewater of sugar refineries, necessitating treatment in order to avoid contamination around the outflow of these refineries. Browning of grapes during", "Alpinia caerulea Uses The white pulp of native ginger has a sour flavour, used to activate salivary glands to moisten the mouth when bushwalking, with the seeds usually being discarded. The capsules can also be used as a flavouring spice, using the whole fruit and seed dried and ground. They can also be used to impart a sour flavour and red color in herbal teas.\nThe centers of new shoots have mild gingery flavour, and are excellent in various dishes as a ginger substitute. The roots can also be used in cooking, and have a more earthy resinous flavour.", "of flavors: orange (most common), cherry, pineapple, mango, guava, bubblegum, peach, apricot, fig, and plum. In industrial use, it is also one of the cheapest chemicals, which only adds to its popularity. Production It can be synthesized by reacting ethanol and butyric acid. This is a condensation reaction, meaning water is produced in the reaction as a byproduct. Ethyl butyrate from natural sources can be distinguished from synthetic ethyl butyrate by Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis (SIRA).", "Amer Picon), bitters, fruit juices and \"smoothing agents\" such as sugar, eggs, and cream.\nSpecial flavoring and coloring agents include liqueurs (such as Grand Marnier or Chartreuse), Cordials, bitters like Angostura Bitters, etc. and non-alcoholic flavored syrups (such as grenadine or orgeat syrup). These are typically used in place of simple syrup, and are to be used sparingly. Categories of cocktails Embury breaks all cocktails down into two categories:\nCocktails of the Aromatic Type use as modifying agents bitters or aromatic wines or spirits.\nCocktails of the Sour Type use as modifying agents a fruit juice (typically, lemon or lime) and sugar. For", "of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as \"salt and vinegar\" flavored potato chips.\nIn citrus, fruits produced in organic farming contain higher levels of malic acid than fruits produced in conventional agriculture.\nThe process of malolactic fermentation converts malic acid to much milder lactic acid. Malic acid occurs naturally in all fruits and many vegetables, and is generated in fruit metabolism.\nMalic acid, when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296. Malic acid is the source of extreme tartness in United States-produced confectionery, the so-called extreme candy. It is also used with or in place of the less sour citric", "level. See copolymers, above. Another way to improve the stability of the polymer is to use stabilizers, mainly antioxidants such as phosphites. Recently, molecular level stabilization of the material using nanostructured chemicals has also been considered. Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde is a colorless, volatile substance with a fruity smell. Although it forms naturally in some fruit, it can cause an off-taste in bottled water. Acetaldehyde forms by degradation of PET through the mishandling of the material. High temperatures (PET decomposes above 300 °C or 570 °F), high pressures, extruder speeds (excessive shear flow raises temperature), and long barrel residence times all contribute to the", "the flavor compounds that are present in the products. This results in possible combinations that are innovative, rather than being influenced or restricted by the cultural and traditional context of the products. This independence occasionally results in surprising and unusual combinations (e.g. endives in a dessert, white chocolate and caviar, or chocolate and cauliflower). They may be unusual, but these combinations are quite tasty to many people because the combined food products have flavor components in common. The Foodpairing methodology opens a whole new world of possible food combinations.\nAdditionally, Foodpairing is able to provide a scientific, modern basis for the", "ingredient among the \"natural and artificial flavors\" is apple juice. The version sold in the United States is colored pink and comes in a clear bottle, while the international version is colorless and currently comes in a pink bottle. It was renamed and reformulated as Cherry 7 Up Antioxidant in January 2009. It contains 10% of U.S. daily recommended vitamin E dosage per 8 fl oz serving (4.2% per 100 ml). On November 8, 2012, Keurig Dr Pepper said they will pull 7 Up with antioxidants off the shelves to reformulate them by 2013. They also said that its", "of methods of extracting flavour and juice from the fruits or plants being used; pressing the juice, stewing and fermenting the pulp of the fruits are common. Few foods other than grapes have the balanced quantities of sugar, acid, tannin, nutritive salts for yeast feeding and water to naturally produce a stable, drinkable wine, so most country wines are adjusted in one or more respects at fermentation. However, some of these products do require the addition of sugar or honey to make them palatable and to increase the alcoholic content (sugar is converted to alcohol in the fermentation). Two commonly", "of high-fructose corn syrup. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has no general definition of \"natural\"; however, FDA regulations define \"natural flavoring\" to include products of vegetables. Current FDA policy is that it does not object to labeling HFCS as \"natural.\" The CSPI also state that HFCS is not a \"natural\" ingredient due to the high level of processing and the use of at least one genetically modified (GMO) enzyme required to produce it. On January 12, 2007, Cadbury Schweppes agreed to stop calling 7 Up \"all natural\". They now label it \"100% Natural Flavors\".", "adding flavors to a medication or otherwise altering taste or texture. \nCompounding is most routine in the case of intravenous/parenteral medication, typically by hospital pharmacists, but is also offered by privately owned compounding pharmacies and certain retail pharmacies for various forms of medication. Whether routine or rare, intravenous or oral, etc., when a given drug product is made or modified to have characteristics that are specifically prescribed for an individual patient, it is known as \"traditional\" compounding.\nDue to the rising cost of compounding and the shortage of drugs, many hospitals have shown a tendency to rely more upon" ]

[ "Nope, Russia could just veto it since they are on the security council. It's a fundamentally broken system." ]

[ "the number of Russian embassy employees in Washington and indicated that the Russian government was considering retaliatory expulsion of more than thirty-five U.S. diplomats, thus evening out the number of the countries' diplomats posted. On July 28, Russia announced punitive measures that were cast as Russia's response to the additional, codified, sanctions against Moscow passed by Congress days prior, but also referenced the specific measures imposed against the Russian diplomatic mission in the U.S. by the Obama administration. Russia demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the Moscow embassy and its consulates in St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg", "any financial support to those sanctioned. Other non-EU countries Albania, Australia, Canada, Georgia, Macedonia, Moldova, Norway and Ukraine expelled a total of 27 Russian diplomats who were believed to have been intelligence officers. The New Zealand Government also issued a statement supporting the actions, noting that it would have expelled any Russian intelligence agents who had been detected in the country. NATO NATO issued an official response to the attack on 14 March. The alliance expressed its deep concern over the first offensive use of a nerve agent on its territory since its foundation and said that the attack was", "poisoning incident, president Donald Trump ordered the expulsion of sixty Russian diplomats and closure of Russian consulate in Seattle. Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov responded to the simultaneous expulsion of the total of 140 Russian diplomats by 25 countries by accusing the U.S. government of \"blackmailing\" other nations.\nIn April 2018, US-Russian relations were further exacerbated by missile strikes against the Syrian government targets following the suspected chemical attack in Douma on 7 April. The countries clashed diplomatically, with Russia′s top military officials threatening to hit U.S. military targets in the event of a massive U.S.-led strike against Syria. In late", "Germany's parliamentary foreign affairs committee, said the incident demonstrated the need for Britain to review its open-door policy towards Russian capital of dubious origin.\nSixteen EU countries expelled 33 Russian diplomats on 26 March.\nThe European Union officially sanctioned 4 Russians that were suspected of carrying out the attack on 21 January 2019. The head of the GRU Igor Kostyukov and the deputy head Vladimir Alexseyev were both sanctioned along with Mishkin and Chepiga. The sanctions banned them from traveling to the EU and froze any assets they may have there along with banning any person or company in the EU providing", "the norms of international law under a trumped-up pretext\", which \"substantially impair[ed]\" Russia–United States relations. The Russian Government also alleged that the strike was an attempt to distract the world from civilian casualties in Iraq (an apparent reference to U.S. airstrike in Mosul that killed more than 200). The Russian foreign ministry denounced the strike as being based on false intelligence and against international law, suspended the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Prevention of Flight Safety Incidents that had been signed with the U.S., and called an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council. Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov", "in Swiss court and in response to the lawsuit Russia threatened to withdraw diplomatic support for Iran in the nuclear dispute.\nSince the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, Iran and Russia have become the Syrian government's principal allies in the conflict, openly providing armed support. Meanwhile, Russia's own relations with the West plummeted due the Ukraine crisis, the 2018 Skripal poisoning incident in Great Britain, and alleged Russian interference with Western politics, prompting the U.S. and Europe to retaliate with sanctions against Russia. As a result, Russia has shown a degree willingness to ally with Iran", "Canada, Norway, Switzerland, and Japan, began to sanction Russian individuals and companies that they said were related to the crisis. Announcing the first sanctions, the United States described some individuals targeted by sanctions, among them former Ukrainian president Yanukovych, as \"threatening the peace, security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity of Ukraine, and for undermining Ukraine's democratic institutions and processes\". The Russian government responded in kind with sanctions against some American and Canadian individuals. With the unrest continuing to escalate, the European Union and Canada imposed further sanctions in mid-May. Geneva Statement on Ukraine On 10 April, Ukraine, the United States,", "patrolling various parts of the world and expand into other regions.\nIn July, the U.S. formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched cruise missile (presumably R-500, a modification of Iskander) and threatened to retaliate accordingly. In early June 2015, the U.S. State Department reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem. The US government's October 2014 report claimed that Russia had 1,643 nuclear", "Parliament of Canada, banning them from entering Russia. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird, said the sanctions were \"a badge of honour.\" Former Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler also said that he considered the sanctions a badge of honour, not a mark of exclusion.\nIn March 2014, The Christian Science Monitor reported, \"The good news is that so far, Russia has shown no inclination to use the NDN as leverage in the wake of US retaliation for its troop movements in Crimea.\"\nExpanded Western sanctions in mid-March coursed through financial markets, hitting the business interests of some of Russia's richest people. The Americans", "Long Island, and the other in Centreville, Maryland, on the Eastern Shore. Further sanctions against Russia were undertaken, both overt and covert. A White House statement said that cyberwarfare by Russia was geared to undermine U.S. trust in democracy and impact the election. President Obama said his decision was taken after previous warnings to Russia. In mid-July 2017, the Russian foreign ministry said the U.S. was refusing to issue visas to Russian diplomats to allow Moscow to replace the expelled personnel and get its embassy back up to full strength.\nInitially Putin refrained from retaliatory measures to the December 29 sanctions", "four Russian diplomats were expelled from the United Kingdom, after Russia refused to extradite FSB agent Andrei Lugovoi, who is suspected of poisoning Alexander Litvinenko.", "serve as a deterrent, and that implementing the sanctions would therefore be unnecessary. Counter-sanctions by Russia On July 27, as the sanctions bill was being passed by the Senate, Putin pledged a response to ″this kind of insolence towards our country″. Shortly thereafter, Russia's foreign ministry Sergey Lavrov demanded that the U.S. reduce its diplomatic and technical personnel in the Moscow embassy and its consulates in St Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Vladivostok to 455 persons—the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S, and suspended the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow. Putin", "the hotline with their U.S. counterparts based in Al Udeid. In the wake of the announcement, Australia suspended its military flights in Syria, while media reports speculated that the U.S. might be edging towards a full-on confrontation with Russia and Iran in Syria. Nevertheless, on 27 June 2017, U.S. Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis reassured the press: ″We deconflict with the Russians; it is a very active deconfliction line. It is on several levels, from the chairman of the Joint Chiefs and the secretary of state with their counterparts in Moscow, General Gerasimov and Minister Lavrov. Then we've", "against future concealment or destruction of evidence in the event of any investigation. Punitive measures imposed on Russia On December 29, 2016, the U.S. government announced a series of punitive measures against Russia. The Obama administration imposed sanctions on four top officials of the GRU and declared persona non grata 35 Russian diplomats suspected of spying; they were ordered to leave the country within 72 hours. On December 30, two waterfront compounds used as retreats by families of Russian embassy personnel were shut down on orders of the U.S. government, citing spying activities: one in Upper Brookville, New York, on", "and Vladivostok to four hundred fifty-five persons — the same as the number of Russian diplomats posted in the U.S. — by September 1; Russia’s government would also suspend the use of a retreat compound and a storage facility in Moscow used by the U.S. by August 1. Two days later, Vladimir Putin said that the decision on the curtailment of the U.S. diplomatic mission personnel had been taken by him personally and that 755 staff must terminate their work in Russia. After the sanction bill was on August 2 signed by Donald Trump, Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev wrote", "expulsion of sixty Russian diplomats (referred to by the White House as \"Russian intelligence officers\") and the closure of the Russian consulate in Seattle. The action was cast as being \"in response to Russia's use of a military-grade chemical weapon on the soil of the United Kingdom, the latest in its ongoing pattern of destabilising activities around the world.\"\nOn 8 August, five months after the poisoning, the US government agreed to place sanctions on Russian banks and exports. On 6 August, the US State Department concluded that Russia was behind the poisoning. The sanctions, which are enforced under the Chemical", "as a result of the U.S. strike.\nOn 20 February 2018, the Russian foreign ministry released a statement which while admitting that there had been citizens of Russia and ″countries of the CIS″ killed and wounded in the course of the ″recent clash\" in Syria, no Russian service members or their materiel had in any way been involved. Following this statement, the foreign ministries of Belarus and Kazakhstan were reported to be checking if there were casualties among their countries′ citizens, but stated they had no information that confirms Belarusians or Kazakhstanis had been killed or wounded.\nIn late February 2018, CNN", "Russia in eight years.\nIn September 2016, Roberts was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter to United States Secretary of State John Kerry advocating for the United States using \"all available tools to dissuade Russia from continuing its airstrikes in Syria that are clearly not in our interest\" and stating that there should be clear enforcement by the US of the airstrikes violating \"a legally binding Security Council Resolution\".\nIn June 2017, Roberts voted against a resolution by Rand Paul and Chris Murphy that would block President Trump's 510 million sale of precision-guided munitions to Saudi Arabia that made up", "the Russian Embassy in Rīga Pyotr Uzhumov, who had allegedly been trying to gather information on Latvia's defence forces, for activities \"incompatible with his diplomatic status\" to which Russia responded by expelling first secretary of the Latvian Embassy in Moscow.\nOn March 2018 for activities not consistent with their duties and in solidarity with the United Kingdom's response to the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal Latvia expelled a second secretary rank Russian diplomat within the Russian embassy in Rīga. Russia responded by expelling a Latvian diplomat from Russia.\nIn late May 2018 a former employee of Latvian Railways was sentenced to", "Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was quoted as saying in response that \"Russia has long since fulfilled all its Istanbul obligations relevant to CFE\". Russia has suspended its participation in the CFE as of midnight Moscow time on 11 December 2007. On 12 December 2007, the United States officially said it \"deeply regretted the Russian Federation's decision to 'suspend' implementation of its obligations under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE).\" State Department spokesman Sean McCormack, in a written statement, added that \"Russia's conventional forces are the largest on the European continent, and its unilateral action damages this", "said no \"unilateral action\" would be taken against Russia. Professor Gerhard Mangott of University of Innsbruck commented for the BBC by saying he was surprised the incident had been made public as it is business as usual and a long-standing tradition for Austrian citizens to spy for foreign powers. In early July 2019, an Austrian court extended pre-trial detention of the suspected retired army colonel until 26 August. On 25 July 2019, Austria′s Ministry of the Interior said that the suspected colonel′s handler had been a Moscow-born GRU officer Igor Egorovich Zaytsev, a Russian national, for whom an international arrest", "the perpetrators\" of the attack, adding that \"the international community must not condone such attacks against members of the diplomatic corps in the line of duty\".\n Russia – Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov sent a telegram to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, saying he was \"shocked by the tragic deaths\" of the ambassador and the other diplomats, and asked her to convey his country's condolences to the victims families.\n Serbia - Serbian MFA had strongly condemned the attack on the US Consulate in Benghazi and the killing of Ambassador Stevens and three other US Embassy staff in Libya, welcomed the rapid response", "say about the mendacity of Russian diplomacy and its contempt for international opinion when the foreign minister says something that can be proven wrong with less than 30 seconds of Google fact-checking?\" Despite this snark, Russia argued that the United States broke the third point of the agreement by introducing, and threatening further, sanctions against the Yanukovych government. 2013 Belarus sanctions The government of Belarus said that US sanctions were in breach of the Memorandum; the United States government responded that, although not legally binding, the Memorandum is compatible with its work against human rights violations in eastern Europe.", "and flares were thrown at the Embassy of Latvia in Moscow and two people were detained. The next day the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia presented a diplomatic note to the Russian authorities, demanded it \"to take all precautionary measures to prevent such attacks and to punish the perpetrators\" and \"ensure repair of the damage\", emphasizing that \"this is not the first case when the security of the Latvian diplomatic mission in Russia has been exposed to risks\".", "2018, Prime Minister Theresa May identified the nerve agent used in the attack as a Russian-developed Novichok agent and demanded explanation from the Russian government. Two days later, May said that Russia was responsible for the incident and announced the expulsion of 23 Russian diplomats in retaliation.\nIn mid-March 2018, Russia said that its diplomats were denied access to both Sergei Skripal and his daughter, who is a Russian national. On 31 March 2018 the BBC reported that the UK was considering the Russian Embassy's request, 'in line with its obligations under international and domestic law.'\nOn 6 April, Victoria Skripal, the", "called for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The agenda of that UNSC session, on what Russia described as the \"violation\" of its borders by the Ukrainian Navy, was dismissed by seven votes to four, with four abstentions. Russian first deputy ambassador to the UN, Dmitry Polyanski, said that Russia, being a permanent member of the Security Council, would continue to raise important issues \"under the agenda they relate to\". The Russian version of the incident as a violation of Russian borders was supported in addition to Russia by representatives of China, Kazakhstan and Bolivia. Four", "several European countries were issued within hours of the attack. However, discussion among US news media and officials was dominated by the American missile strike in Syria, which happened the same day.\nStéphane Dujarric, the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General of the United Nations, said, \"Our sympathy goes to the families of the victims and all those affected and we wish the injured a prompt recovery. The United Nations stands in solidarity with the people and Government of Sweden\". Pope Francis also said prayers for the victims of the attack.\nDanish government minister Inger Støjberg expressed concerns that at least 12,000 illegal immigrants", "one has the right to intervene; but Russia is obliged to ask Europe for permission if it quarrels with its neighbor. England threatens Greece to support the false claims of a miserable Jew and burns its fleet: that is a lawful action; but Russia demands a treaty to protect millions of Christians, and that is deemed to strengthen its position in the East at the expense of the balance of power. We can expect nothing from the West but blind hatred and malice... (comment in the margin by Nicholas I: ‘This is the whole point’).\n— Mikhail Pogodin's memorandum to Nicholas I\nEmperor", "an attempt to kill former GRU officer Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia. British Prime Minister Theresa May said in Parliament: \"Either this was a direct action by the Russian state against our country, or the Russian government lost control of its potentially catastrophically damaging nerve agent and allowed it to get into the hands of others.\" On 14 March 2018, the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats after the Russian government refused to meet the UK's deadline of midnight on 13 March 2018 to give an explanation for the use of the substance.\nAfter the attack, 21 members of the emergency", "the American-Russian relationship was currently at \"the worst point in our relations after the end of the Cold War. You've re-entered a policy of containing Russia … You've tried to contain Russia through economic pressure and through sanctions.\"\nOn 29 December 2016, the same day that the United States announced new sanctions against Russia for interfering with the election, Kislyak and then-U.S. National Security Advisor designate Michael T. Flynn had multiple telephone conversations and exchanged text messages. The phone calls are the subject of an investigation by U.S. counterintelligence agents. White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer stated in early January 2017" ]

[ "Wells are not technically built, they are drilled. \n\nIn reference to a water well, a company will do some research to see if they can drill a well in the desired area. This all depends on location, ground type, and various other things. If a well is drillable they will bring out a truck, that is basically a small oil derrick, and begin drilling the well. Depending on you location and ground type the depth of the well will vary. \n\nSome places have underground \"rivers\" and can be relatively shallow wells, on the other had, some need to be deeper so that more water will seep into the vacant area that is created by the drilling. \n\nOnce the well is drilled you can begin getting water from it using a bucket or a pump. \n\nThis is all i know. \nI hope this answers your question. \nResource: had a well drilled on old property. \nPlease correct me if I'm wrong." ]

[ "Well A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling to access liquid resources, usually water. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is drawn up by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be injected back into the aquifer through the well. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a simple scoop in the sediment of a dry", "say, 1000'. Therefore, the well is drilled in sections by running casing strings to cover depth ranges between which the required mud densities are suitable for that entire range. However, each bit must be smaller than the previous casing string, which in turn has to be smaller than the previous hole.\nThis requirement of well design creates a well where each hole section is ever-decreasing in diameter. The only conventional way to combat this effect is to start with an enormous hole at the top (sometimes 30\") in order to run as many as five casing strings and still end up", "watercourse to the qanats of Iran, and the stepwells and sakiehs of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, and linings of wood or wickerwork date back at least as far as the Iron Age.\nWells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, as is the case in rural areas of the developing world. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with brick or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called caissoning uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the", "hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a bit in a borehole. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.\nTwo broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location, and", "modern-day Austria. Today, wells are used all over the world, from developing nations to suburbs in the United States.\nThere are three main types of wells, shallow, deep, and artesian. Shallow wells tap into unconfined aquifers, and are, generally, shallow, less than 15 meters deep. Shallow wells have a small diameter, usually less than 15 centimeters. Deep wells access confined aquifers, and are always drilled by machine. All deep wells bring water to the surface using mechanical pumps. In artesian wells, water flows naturally without the use of a pump or some other mechanical device. This is due the top of", "of which use drilling stems that are turned to create a cutting action in the formation, hence the term drilling.\nDrilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Deeprock rotary drilling method is most common. Rotary can be used in 90% of formation types.\nDrilled wells can get water from a much deeper level than dug wells can—often down to several hundred metres.\nDrilled wells with electric pumps are used throughout the world, typically in rural or sparsely populated areas, though many urban areas are supplied", "drilling machinery is the cable tool, still used today. Specifically designed to raise and lower a bit into the bore hole, the spudding of the drill causes the bit to be raised and dropped onto the bottom of the hole, and the design of the cable causes the bit to twist at approximately ​¹⁄₄ revolution per drop, thereby creating a drilling action. Unlike rotary drilling, cable tool drilling requires the drilling action to be stopped so that the bore hole can be bailed or emptied of drilled cuttings.\nDrilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically steel (in air", "After drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'. Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produce oil or gas.\nIn a cased-hole completion, small holes called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. In open hole completion, often 'sand screens' or a 'gravel pack' is installed in the last drilled, uncased reservoir section. These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from", "partly by municipal wells. Most shallow well drilling machines are mounted on large trucks, trailers, or tracked vehicle carriages. Water wells typically range from 3 to 18 metres (10–60 ft) deep, but in some areas can go deeper than 900 metres (3,000 ft).\nRotary drilling machines use a segmented steel drilling string, typically made up of 6 m (20 ft) sections of galvanized steel tubing that are threaded together, with a bit or other drilling device at the bottom end. Some rotary drilling machines are designed to install (by driving or drilling) a steel casing into the well in conjunction with the drilling of the", "extraction rate. Drilling The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with an oil rig. A steel pipe (casing) is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the newly drilled well bore. Holes are then made in the base of the well to enable oil to pass into the bore. Finally a collection of valves called a \"Christmas Tree\" is fitted to the top; the valves regulate pressures and control flow. Drilling process comes under \"Upstream\" which is one of the 3 main services in oil industry. These services are Upstream, Mid-Stream and", "wells linked at the bottom. The technique involves the dry cutting with temporary sheathing pipes, of aligned drainage wells, with a diameter of 1200–1500 mm., positioned at an interaxis of 6–8 m., their bottoms linked together to a bottom tube for the discharge of drained water. In this way the water discharge takes place passively, due to gravity by perforated pipes with mini-tubes, positioned at the bottom of the wells themselves. The linking pipes, generally made of steel, are blind in the linking length and perforated or windowed in the length corresponding to the well. The wells have a concrete bung", "well has been drilled, it is completed to provide an interface with the reservoir rock and a tubular conduit for the well fluids. The surface pressure control is provided by a Christmas tree, which is installed on top of the wellhead, with isolation valves and choke equipment to control the flow of well fluids during production.\nWellheads are typically welded onto the first string of casing, which has been cemented in place during drilling operations, to form an integral structure of the well. In exploration wells that are later abandoned, the wellhead may be recovered for refurbishment and re-use.\nOffshore, where a", "persons from accessing the well.\nAt the bottom of wells, based on formation, a screening device, filter pack, slotted casing, or open bore hole is left to allow the flow of water into the well. Constructed screens are typically used in unconsolidated formations (sands, gravels, etc.), allowing water and a percentage of the formation to pass through the screen. Allowing some material to pass through creates a large area filter out of the rest of the formation, as the amount of material present to pass into the well slowly decreases and is removed from the well. Rock wells are typically cased", "serves to reduce both contamination and injuries by falling into the well. A more modern method called caissoning uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre-cast well rings that are lowered into the hole. A well-digging team digs under a cutting ring and the well column slowly sinks into the aquifer, whilst protecting the team from collapse of the well bore.\nHand-dug wells are inexpensive and low tech (compared to drilling) as they use mostly manual labour to access groundwater in rural locations in developing countries. They may be built with a high degree of community participation, or by local entrepreneurs", "built into the well shaft, any gaps being stuffed with straw and pitch to make it as airtight as possible. Over the projecting \"chimney\" so formed, a fireplace was built that sucked air through the well shaft below. Fresh air (and hence oxygen) circulated through the artificially built U-shaped pipe so created, its two halves being separated by the dividing wall. This supplied fresh air at the \"bend\" which provided the diggers with sufficient oxygen. Notable examples Many of the deepest castle wells in the world are in Germany. They include those at Kyffhausen Castle (176 metres (577 ft)), Königstein Fortress", "Driven wells may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated pipe). The point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a tripod and driver, with pipe sections added as needed. A driver is a weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly dropped on it. When groundwater is encountered, the well is washed of sediment and a pump installed. Drilled wells Drilled wells are typically created using either top-head rotary style, table rotary, or cable tool drilling machines, all", "Well drilling Well drilling is the process of drilling a hole in the ground for the extraction of a natural resource such as ground water, brine, natural gas, or petroleum, for the injection of a fluid from surface to a subsurface reservoir or for subsurface formations evaluation or monitoring. Drilling for the exploration of the nature of the material underground (for instance in search of metallic ore) is best described as borehole drilling.\nThe earliest wells were water wells, shallow pits dug by hand in regions where the water table approached the surface, usually with masonry or wooden walls lining the", "geologic reservoirs but also to create holes that allow the extraction of oil or natural gas from those reservoirs. Primarily in onshore oil and gas fields once a well has been drilled, the drilling rig will be moved off of the well and a service rig (a smaller rig) that is purpose-built for completions will be moved on to the well to get the well on line. This frees up the drilling rig to drill another hole and streamlines the operation as well as allowing for specialization of certain services, i.e. completions vs. drilling. Mining drilling industry Mining drilling rigs", "who specialize in hand-dug wells. They have been successfully excavated to 60 metres (200 ft). They have low operational and maintenance costs, in part because water can be extracted by hand bailing, without a pump. The water is often coming from an aquifer or groundwater, and can be easily deepened, which may be necessary if the ground water level drops, by telescoping the lining further down into the aquifer. The yield of existing hand dug wells may be improved by deepening or introducing vertical tunnels or perforated pipes.\nDrawbacks to hand-dug wells are numerous. It can be impractical to hand dig wells", "permeability to produce economically with a vertical well. Such wells, when drilled onshore, are now usually hydraulically fractured in a number of stages, especially in North America. The type of wellbore completion is used to determine how many times a formation is fractured, and at what locations along the horizontal section.\nIn North America, shale reservoirs such as the Bakken, Barnett, Montney, Haynesville, Marcellus, and most recently the Eagle Ford, Niobrara and Utica shales are drilled horizontally through the producing interval(s), completed and fractured. The method by which the fractures are placed along the wellbore is most commonly achieved by one", "stage of a well's life; when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and complete the well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or production tree. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor", "Injection well An injection well is a device that places fluid deep underground into porous rock formations, such as sandstone or limestone, or into or below the shallow soil layer. The fluid may be water, wastewater, brine (salt water), or water mixed with chemicals. Definition The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines an injection well as \"a bored, drilled, or driven shaft, or a dug hole that is deeper than it is wide, or an improved sinkhole, or a subsurface fluid distribution system\". Well construction depends on the injection fluid injected and depth of the injection zone. Deep wells that", "their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually 6 metres (20 ft) or more in length, and 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions.\nSurface contamination of wells in the United States is typically controlled by the use of a surface seal. A large hole is drilled to a predetermined depth or to a confining formation (clay or bedrock, for example), and then a smaller hole for the well is completed from that point forward. The well is typically cased from the", "rotary or cable tool drilling) or plastic/PVC (in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below. PVC or plastic is typically welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with", "drilling wells into an underground reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the \"mudlogger\") will note its presence.\nHistorically in the United States, in some oil fields the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been used up, except in parts of Alaska. Often many wells (called multilateral wells) are drilled into the same reservoir, to an economically viable extraction rate. Some wells (secondary wells) may pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure and economical", "actual bore hole. Air and/or water is used as a circulation fluid to displace cuttings and cool bits during the drilling. Another form of rotary-style drilling, termed mud rotary, makes use of a specially made mud, or drilling fluid, which is constantly being altered during the drill so that it can consistently create enough hydraulic pressure to hold the side walls of the bore hole open, regardless of the presence of a casing in the well. Typically, boreholes drilled into solid rock are not cased until after the drilling process is completed, regardless of the machinery used.\nThe oldest form of", "Open building pit An open building pit consists of a horizontal and a vertical boundary that keeps groundwater and soil out of the pit. There are several potential alternatives and combinations for (horizontal and vertical) building pit boundaries. The most important difference with cut-and-cover is that the open building pit is muted after tunnel construction; no roof is placed.", "in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a cable tool into the earth. In the 20th century, cable tools were largely replaced with rotary drilling, which could drill boreholes to much greater depths and in less time. The record-depth Kola Borehole used non-rotary mud motor drilling to achieve a depth of over 12,000 metres (39,000 ft).\nUntil the 1970s, most oil wells were vertical, although lithological and mechanical imperfections cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical. However, modern directional drilling technologies allow for strongly deviated wells which can, given sufficient depth and with the", "Borehole A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including the extraction of water, other liquids (such as petroleum) or gases (such as natural gas), as part of a geotechnical investigation, environmental site assessment, mineral exploration, temperature measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in carbon capture and storage. Uses Engineers and environmental consultants use the term borehole to collectively describe all of the various types of holes", "is lowered, the life of the well is lengthened.\nWhen the economic limit is reached, the well becomes a liability and is abandoned. In this process, tubing is removed from the well and sections of well bore are filled with concrete to isolate the flow path between gas and water zones from each other, as well as the surface. Completely filling the well bore with concrete is costly and unnecessary. The surface around the wellhead is then excavated, and the wellhead and casing are cut off, a cap is welded in place and then buried.\nAt the economic limit there often is" ]

[ "Raindrops form when water vapour in the atmosphere clusters around microscopic solid particles (such as dust) in a process called nucleation.\n\nNucleation is reversible. As water molecules attach themselves to cluster, other molecules are leaving. There is a point called the *critical nuclear size*, at which point the cluster of water molecules is stable. This is the point at which a raindrop forms.\n\nThe critical nuclear size /critical radius is controlled by temperature. The mathematics tells us that as the temperature is lowered, the critical radius decreases.\n\nHopefully this answers your first question, and if I'm wrong I'd very much like to be called out on it! Cunningham's Law and all that ;) Ultimately, though, the answer lies in thermodynamics.", "You need to know that all precipitation starts as ice and as it falls to the ground, the temperature heats up and it turns into flurries or snow or hail or raindrops that can vary in size depending on the ice that was crystallizing in the clouds.", "Basically the hotter it is the more dust and whatnot there is in the atmosphere which makes bigger rain drops. (I think)" ]

[ "macrodrops and the gravitational forces will dominate. Macrodrops will be 'flattened' by gravity and the height of the droplet will be reduced. Size Raindrop sizes typically range from 0.5 mm to 4 mm, with size distributions quickly decreasing past diameters larger than 2-2.5 mm.\nScientists traditionally thought that the variation in the size of raindrops was due to collisions on the way down to the ground. In 2009 French researchers succeeded in showing that the distribution of sizes is due to the drops' interaction with air, which deforms larger drops and causes them to fragment into smaller drops, effectively limiting the largest raindrops to", "to break up. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical. As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more oblate, with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow. Contrary to the cartoon pictures of raindrops, their shape does not resemble a teardrop. Intensity and duration of rainfall are usually inversely related, i.e., high intensity storms are likely to be of short duration and low intensity storms can have a long duration. Rain drops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other rain drops. The METAR code for rain is RA, while", "larger water droplets, or when water droplets freeze onto an ice crystal, which is known as the Bergeron process. The fall rate of very small droplets is negligible, hence clouds do not fall out of the sky; precipitati ((clouds)) on will only occur when these coalesce into larger drops. When air turbulence occurs, water droplets collide, producing larger droplets. As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain.\nRaindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 millimetres (0.0039 in) to 9 millimetres (0.35 in) mean diameter, above which they tend", "rainfall amounts farther from the cyclone's center. This is generally due to the longer time frame rainfall falls at any one spot in a larger system, when compared to a smaller system. Some of the difference seen concerning rainfall between larger and small storms could be the increased sampling of rainfall within a larger tropical cyclone when compared to that of a compact cyclone; in other words, the difference could be the result of a statistical problem. Slow/looping motion on rainfall magnitude Storms which have moved slowly, or loop, over a succession of days lead to the highest", "the liquid water content was around 1 g m⁻³, and a rain rate of approximately 20 mm per hour. The droplets had a mean mass diameter of ~1.6 mm and the maximum diameter recorded was 4.11 mm. There results indicate that prior rain rate estimates from tropical cyclones may have been underestimated due to the differences in microphysics between midlatitude and tropical storms.\nIn-situ measurements of the microphysics of tropical clouds in the Amazon show that in regions of stronger updrafts contained smaller supercooled water droplets or ice particles than weaker updrafts. In stratiform anvil regions, aggregation into graupel was the main growth mechanism.", "Cloudburst Properties Rainfall rate equal to or greater than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) per hour is a cloudburst. However, different definitions are used, e.g. the Swedish weather service SMHI defines the corresponding Swedish term \"skyfall\" as 1 mm/min for short bursts and 50 mm/h for longer rainfalls. The associated convective cloud can extend up to a height of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) above the ground.\nDuring a cloudburst, more than 20 millimetres (0.79 in) of rain may fall in a few minutes. The results of cloudbursts can be disastrous. Cloudbursts are also responsible for flash flood creation.\nRapid precipitation from cumulonimbus clouds is possible due to the", "by the blast wave and raised by the afterwinds), to millimeter and above (crater ejecta). The size of particles together with the altitude they are carried to, determines the length of their stay in the atmosphere, as larger particles are subject to dry precipitation. Smaller particles can be also scavenged by precipitation, either from the moisture condensing in the cloud itself or from the cloud intersecting with a rain cloud. The fallout carried down by rain is known as rain-out if scavenged during raincloud formation, washout if absorbed into already formed falling raindrops.\nParticles from air bursts are smaller than 10–25", "Melting layer height is also used as the limits of rain region and can be estimated from the bright band signature of radar reflectivity. The horizontal rain structure is assumed to have a cellular form, called rain cell. Rain cell sizes can vary from a few hundred meters to several kilometers and dependent upon the rain type and location. Existence of very small size rain cells are recently observed in tropical rain.\nPossible ways to overcome the effects of rain fade are site diversity, uplink power control, variable rate encoding, and receiving antennas larger than the requested size for normal weather", "accompanied by lightning. Occasionally, rising air parcels surpass the equilibrium level (due to momentum) and form an overshooting top culminating at the maximum parcel level. When vertically developed, this largest of all clouds usually extends through all three cloud regions. Even the smallest cumulonimbus cloud dwarfs its neighbors in comparison. Effects Cumulonimbus storm cells can produce torrential rain of a convective nature (often in the form of a rain shaft) and flash flooding, as well as straight-line winds. Most storm cells die after about 20 minutes, when the precipitation causes more downdraft than updraft, causing the energy to dissipate. If", "precipitation falling in the summer.\nAnnual rainfall is 324.2 millimetres (12.76 in).\nThe average flow is 11.9 cubic metres per second (420 cu ft/s) per second, with least flow 4.6 cubic metres per second (160 cu ft/s) and flood flow rates of up to 400 cubic metres per second (14,000 cu ft/s).", "Larger tropical cyclones have larger rain shields, which can lead to higher rainfall amounts farther from the cyclone's center. Storms which have moved slowly, or loop, lead to the highest rainfall amounts. Riehl calculated that 33.97 inches (863 mm) of rainfall per day can be expected within one-half degree, or 35 miles (56 km), of the center of a mature tropical cyclone. Many tropical cyclones progress at a forward motion of 10 knots, which would limit the duration of this excessive rainfall to around one-quarter of a day, which would yield about 8.50 inches (216 mm) of rainfall. This would", "Langmuir precipitation process in which large droplets can grow rapidly by coagulating with smaller droplets which fall down slowly. It is not essential that cloudbursts occur only when a cloud clashes with a solid body like a mountain. They can also occur when hot water vapor mingles into the cold resulting in sudden condensation. In the Indian subcontinent In the Indian subcontinent, a cloudburst usually occurs when a monsoon cloud drifts northwards, from the Bay of Bengal or Arabian Sea across the plains, then onto the Himalayas and bursts, bringing rainfall as high as 75 millimetres per hour. Colorado Piedmont", "through stones one or two inches thick, and gathers. In one day's time it can spread over the whole empire, but this is only so if it comes from Thai Shan.\" What he means is that from Mount Tai rain clouds can spread all over the empire, but from small mountains only over a single province — the distance depends on the height. As to this coming of rain from the mountains, some hold that the clouds carry the rain with them, dispersing as it is precipitated (and they are right). Clouds and rain are really the same thing. Water", "with very little precipitation, while wet downbursts are generated by thunderstorms with large amounts of rainfall. Microbursts are very small downbursts with winds that extend up to 2.5 miles (4 km) from their source, while macrobursts are large-scale downbursts with winds that extend in excess of 2.5 miles (4 km). The heat burst is created by vertical currents on the backside of old outflow boundaries and squall lines where rainfall is lacking. Heat bursts generate significantly higher temperatures due to the lack of rain-cooled air in their formation. Derechos are longer, usually stronger, forms of downburst winds characterized by straight-lined windstorms.\nDownbursts create", "efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates. These aggregates are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground. Guinness World Records lists the world's largest (aggregate) snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh, Montana; allegedly one measured 15 inches (38 cm) wide. Although this report by a farmer is doubtful, aggregates of three or four inches width have been observed. Single crystals the size of a dime (17.91 mm in diameter) have been observed. Snowflakes encapsulated in rime form balls known", "the land was unable to absorb a majority of the rain. Many landslides ranging from 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 9.8 ft) deep and 50 to 100 m (160 to 330 ft) wide occurred across the region. Altogether, rains were twice as heavy as the land could handle and the many landslips doubled the volume of fluids. At various points along rivers, temporary dams created by debris, namely trees, allowed a build up of water upstream. In some instances, waters reached a depth of 10 m (33 ft) before the dams collapsed. Normally, it takes water in the Anilao and Malbasag rivers roughly 3.6 and", "precipitation of 100–200 mm, about 14 mm of rain per hour for several hours, or 2–3 mm of rain per hour for about 100 hours can trigger landslides in that environment. Rafi Ahmad, working in Jamaica, found that for rainfall of short duration (about 1 hour) intensities of greater than 36 mm/h were required to trigger landslides. On the other hand, for long rainfall durations, low average intensities of about 3 mm/h appeared to be sufficient to cause landsliding as the storm duration approached approximately 100 hours. \nCorominas and Moya (1999) found that the following thresholds exist for the upper basin of the Llobregat River,", "the removal of liquid water. They noted that the effective radius started to decrease at altitudes above 2–4 km above cloud base, which they attribute to the warm rain process. Ice processes became important at temperatures between -4 °C and -10 °C, and they photographed different shapes including needles, frozen drops, and sheaths. In growing clouds, it was noted that the particle size often grew by riming.\nTokay et al. (2008) studied the raindrop size distribution in topical cyclones. They found high concentrations of small and middle sized drops regardless if larger drops were present. The total number of droplets was between 600–1000 m⁻³,", "rain.\nSevere events associated with a supercell almost always occur in the area of the updraft/downdraft interface. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is most often the rear flank (southwest side) of the precipitation area in LP and classic supercells, but sometimes the leading edge (southeast side) of HP supercells. Asia Some reports suggest that the deluge on 26 July 2005 in Mumbai, India was caused by a supercell when there was a cloud formation 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) high over the city. On this day 944 mm (37.2 in) of rain fell over the city, of which 700 mm (28 in) fell in just four hours.", "areas of the world (e.g. the mid-western USA), rainfall intensity is the primary determinant of erosivity, with higher intensity rainfall generally resulting in more soil erosion by water. The size and velocity of rain drops is also an important factor. Larger and higher-velocity rain drops have greater kinetic energy, and thus their impact will displace soil particles by larger distances than smaller, slower-moving rain drops.\nIn other regions of the world (e.g. western Europe), runoff and erosion result from relatively low intensities of stratiform rainfall falling onto previously saturated soil. In such situations, rainfall amount rather than intensity is the main", "see the opposite, there are extremely low temperatures Rains The quantity of rainfall during the year is relatively small, between 600–750 mm. The reasons for this are the geographical position(the place where Bogdanci is located), the distance from the sea, the temperatures and the frequently winds are the most important factor for this little quantity of rain, because they clear the clouds of the sky. November and December are also known as months of the rain. During the summer (June, July, August and September the quantity of rain is the smallest for the whole year). From this", "of its greater reflectivity.\nAs a tropospheric cloud matures, the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets. If the droplets become too large and heavy to be kept aloft by the air circulation, they will fall from the cloud as rain. By this process of accumulation, the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger, permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud. If the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart, a percentage of the light that enters the cloud is not reflected back out but is absorbed giving the cloud a darker look.", "many tributaries are fan-shaped, and floods are easy to collect into the main stream at the same time. There are many hills in the upper and middle reaches, and the flood convergence speed is relatively fast. There is no lake storage in the middle reaches, which it is easy to form floods with high peaks and large quantities. The biggest flood peaks in Bei River and Dong River often appear from May to June, and a flood lasts about 7 to 15 days. The largest flood peak in the Xi River often appears from June to August, while the largest", "low volatility, it can be dispersed in an area, be absorbed by the soil, and still retain its full explosive characteristics for a period of approximately 4 days. This has shown to be true even when rainwater had also been absorbed by the soil.", "per second (19 cu ft/s) during a five-year dry period, which is far from severe.\nFloods are moderately important, given the small size of its watershed. They are proportionally more or less half as large as those of its neighbor, the Orne. \nThe 2-year and 5-year peak instantaneous flows are 7.6 cubic metres per second (270 cu ft/s) and 9.5 cubic metres per second (340 cu ft/s).\nThe 10-year peak flow is 11 cubic metres per second (390 cu ft/s), the 20-year peak flow is 12 cubic metres per second (420 cu ft/s) and the 50-year peak flow is 14 cubic metres per second (490 cu ft/s).\nThe highest instantaneous flow recorded at Florange was", "(1.5 m) during heavy rain such as those that occurred in 2007 flood.", "total volume of liquid water per volume of air is increased twofold. In other words, this excessive cloud seeding from the ship causes the clouds to retain more water. Normally, rain forms when cloud drops coagulate and reach a size at which gravity can pull them to the ground. Yet, in ship tracks, the cloud seeding makes the drops so small that they can no longer easily merge to reach the size needed to escape. Since no drizzle comes out of the seeded clouds, the liquid water just keeps building in the cloud. This makes the cloud brighter and more", "the number of raindrops that hits a particular region with intensity of the rooftop is independent from the number of raindrops that hit any other subregion. Suppose that 2000 raindrops fall in 1000 subregions of the rooftop, randomly. The expected number of raindrops per subregion would be 2. So the distribution of the number of raindrops on the whole rooftop is Poisson with intensity parameter 2. The distribution of the number of raindrops falling on 1/5 of the rooftop is Poisson with intensity parameter 2/5. \nDue to the reproductive property of the Poisson distribution, k independent random scatters on the same", "hard to tell which type of cloud was producing the rain from the ground, however cumulonimbus tend to produce larger droplets and more intense downpours. The occurrence of cumulonimbus and nimbostratus together is uncommon, and usually only nimbostratus is found at a warm front. Forecast Nimbostratus is generally a sign of an approaching warm or occluded front producing steady moderate precipitation, as opposed to the shorter period of typically heavier precipitation released by a cold-frontal cumulonimbus cloud. Precipitation may last for several days, depending on the speed of the frontal system. A nimbostratus virga cloud is the same as normal", "fall is about 3 inches per mile (50 mm/km). On account of the rapid deposition of sediment near the main channel at times of overflow, the flood plain, as is normally the case on mature valley floors, has a lateral slope of as much as 5, 10, or even 12 ft (3.7 m) in the first mile from the river, but this soon decreases to a less amount. Thus just a short distance from the river, the flood plain is often swampy, unless its surface is there aggraded by the tributary streams. For this reason Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi rank immediately after Florida in" ]

[ "Well, they use very rigorous clean room techniques to minimize the amount of biological contamination that is on our probes. Beyond that, the harshness of the environment is likely to whittle down at least some of what small amount they miss. But they are not sure they are not contaminating the objects, they probably miss *some* stuff. Not that either environment is especially conducive to life as we know it. The Moon especially, although some things may be able to eek out at least survival on Mars, if not prosperity.\n\nThey care because we don't want to substantially alter the environment we are studying before we study it, and just in case there could *be* anything alive there, it'd be a shame to accidentally destroy it with competition. Additionally, if we go to all the work to find life and then bring samples back to Earth, it'd be a real bummer if by the time they got here it as just good ole tardigrades or something of the sort.", "All space-faring nations [have signed a treaty](_URL_0_) agreeing to avoid cross-contamination. This is in relation to the study of extraterrestrial life - we don't want to destroy whatever evidence there may be. \n\nAs such, there are several levels of protection depending on how likely there is to be life. ([NASA link](_URL_1_). Their SSL certificate is bad, you may need to click through a warning screen.)\n\n**Category 1**: Missions to bodies we figure have nothing to do with life. This covers missions to boring asteroids, the sun, and Io. No protections.\n\n**Category 2**: Missions to bodies which might have something to do with the chemical origins of life, but we figure there's no chance terrestrial life could survive. This covers Callisto, Venus, more interesting asteroids and small Kuiper belt objects. This also includes a number of provisional bodies, where we think we might find places life could survive if we studied further: Pluto/Charon, Ganymede, Titan, Triton, large Kuiper belt objects. For this category, you just need documentation.\n\n**Category 3/4**: Missions to bodies where there's a pretty good chance terrestrial life could survive. This is Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. Category 3 is for flybys/orbiters, category 4 for landers. Category 3 requires extensive paperwork, cleanroom construction, trajectory biasing (i.e. choosing a course that won't eventually collide with anything) and possible \"bioburden reduction\" - probably ultraviolet sterilization or gamma irradiation. Category 4 requires yet more paperwork, cleanroom construction, bioburden reduction, and possible bioshields (presumably, antimicrobial surfaces. Copper alloys, for instance, are antimicrobial). Both categories also require microbial assays (that is, you swab it and see what grows in a petri dish). There are further subcategories for Mars rover missions.\n\n**Category 5**: Missions from a body back to Earth - we don't want to import space-flu either. Currently, Mars, Europa, and Enceladus are considered Category 5 Restricted - strict quarantine procedures for all samples and equipment, until it's all been sterilized or carefully examined. Everything else is Category 5 unrestricted, so no protections required.\n\nThe reasoning for all this is to preserve evidence for future generations who may have better techniques. \n\nBy way of analogy -- We'll never know much about the city of Troy, because of crappy archaeology techniques. Nine cities were built on the site, one on top of the other. [Heinrich Schliemann](_URL_2_) figured that the famous Troy, the one from the *Iliad*, must be on the bottom, right?\n\nSo he dug through the top eight cities without cataloguing anything. The Troy he was looking for was probably the sixth or seventh city. It's because of incidents like this that modern archaeologists make a practice of leaving half a site unexcavated, for future archaeologists with better techniques." ]

[ "safe. The goal is to reduce the probability of release of a Mars particle to less than one in a million. \nThe proposed NASA Mars sample-return mission will not be approved by NASA until the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process has been completed. Furthermore, under the terms of Article VII of the Outer Space Treaty and probably various other legal frameworks, were a release of organisms to occur, the releasing nation or nations would be liable for any resultant damages.\nPart of the sample-return mission would be to prevent contact between the Martian environment and the exterior of the sample", "Mars' thin atmosphere and weak magnetic field provide less protection against high-energy particles than on Earth, this event overloads many electronics systems on Mars, as well as damaging the \"exosuit\" (space suit) systems of many people who are outdoors and otherwise unprotected, so that several members of the party are killed, including Telemachus. Furthermore, the GPS-like navigation system Teri has used all her life is permanently down.\nTeri and Alik, a boy in the party, re-invent celestial navigation and reach the nearest railhead, where there is a working phone, only to find that the disaster is planetwide and help will", "red planet; thus the Phobos samples collected by MMX may contain material originating from Mars itself. Japan has also shown interest in participating in an international Mars sample-return mission. Potential for back contamination Since it is currently unknown whether life forms exist on Mars, the mission could potentially transfer viable organisms resulting in back contamination—the introduction of extraterrestrial organisms into Earth's biosphere. The scientific consensus is that the potential for large-scale effects, either through pathogenesis or ecological disruption, is extremely small. Returned samples from Mars will be treated as potentially biohazardous until scientists can determine that the returned samples are", "military discovers their hideout, the Martians are forced to return home without their female captives. Mars still needs women. Development Buchanan was making low budget films for AIP. He said he might've rejected an idea that AlP had and told them to call him back in an hour. \"With Mars, I called Jim Nicholson with the opening. 'We get this signal from outer space... What is it, Mr. Nicholson, what is it?'. And I said, 'Mars Needs Women!' He said, 'When can you start?' It was almost like a fond throwback to the days at Columbia, when they'd just trust", "space and other structures. Some critics contend unmanned robots can perform better than humans at a fraction of the expense. If life exists on Mars, a human mission could contaminate it by introducing earthly microbes, so robotic exploration would be preferable. SpaceX The long-term goal of the private corporation SpaceX is the establishment of routine flights to Mars to enable colonization. To this end, the company is developing Starship, a spacecraft capable of crew transportation to Mars and other celestial bodies, along with its booster Super Heavy, a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. In 2017 SpaceX announced plans to send two", "the symbolism of establishing a presence in space may garner public interest to join the cause and spark global cooperation. There are also claims that a long-term investment in space travel is necessary for humanity's survival. Planetary protection Robotic spacecraft to Mars are currently required to be sterilized. The allowable limit is 300,000 spores on the exterior of general craft, with stricter requirements for\nspacecraft bound to \"special regions\" containing water. Otherwise there is a risk of contaminating not only the life-detection experiments but possibly the planet itself.\nIt is impossible to sterilize human missions to this level, as humans are host", "North America.\nHowever, the Mars colony, dubbed the Mars Base, does not forget about the plight of Earth. Troops are sent in to fight the Inbit from the Moon, only to fail miserably. The Inbit do not attack Mars and show no interest towards the other planets. Surprisingly, the aliens show no hostility towards humans unless they are directly provoked. The Inbit can also sense the presence of HBT and use of the fuel is limited under their supervision, as HBT is a common component in weapons technology. Mars Base becomes a gigantic military factory, producing vast amounts of advanced weaponry", "provides the primary working space for the crew: small laboratory areas for carrying out geology and life science research; storage space for samples, airlocks for reaching the surface of Mars, and a suiting-up area where crew members prepare for surface operations. Protection from harmful radiation while in space and on the surface of Mars (e.g. from solar flares) would be provided by a dedicated \"storm shelter\" in the core of the vehicle.\nThe Mars Habitat Unit would also include a small pressurized rover that is stored in the lower deck area and assembled on the surface of Mars. Powered by a", "active today. Its primary mission is to provide contingency communications to the Department of Defense and Military Services. MARS is also available to provide communications for Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) such as FEMA and the Department of Homeland Security. Under DSCA, MARS may also available to assist state and local emergency response agencies.\nOn a day-to-day basis MARS members are available to handle messages to and from service men and women: active duty, reserve, guard, or retired and certain employees of the federal government who are stationed outside the US. Missions Military Auxiliary Radio System provides Department", "blood pressure. There will need to be a solution to accommodate for the inhabitants' health when on Mars, and the sites in Australia will help with understanding the resources that will be available for inhabitants to remain healthy.\nThe Mars Society is not a national space agency. Most of the funding that they receive is from donations. As such, the MARS-Oz program is waiting for more support before the mock geological exploration can take place.", "CNS risks from space radiation exposure cannot be made at this time due to a paucity of data on the subject. Existing animal and cellular data do suggest that space radiation can produce neurological and behavioral effects; therefore, it is possible that mission operations will be impacted. The significance of these results on the morbidity to astronauts has not been elucidated, however. It is to be noted that studies, to date, have been carried out with relatively small numbers of animals (<10 per dose group); this means that testing of dose threshold effects at lower doses (<0.5 Gy) has not", "will have expertise in many fields because only eight people can be transported to Mars. Conflicts Conflicts unrelated to geology and the mechanics of the mission will occur. The fields of expertise needed for a successful mission is still unknown; along with this, a language barrier is a common conflict when gathering a crew. Also, space is an environment naturally unfamiliar to humans; certain health issues will arise. For instance, humans lose much of their strength and bone density when they live in space because of the microgravity environment. Other health concerns include space sickness and loss of", "population control. That is why they have built the station and made a deal with Reshetov (and, possibly, others). They explain that nobody is forcing humans to go into space — they make this choice freely, as the agency employees are supposed to explain the situation truthfully. The reason for human infertility is simple — the \"Bugs\" believe it would be cruel to allow humans to bring children into an environment where they are constantly threatened. The \"Bugs\" make it clear that the Seekers (or anyone else, for that matter) should not attempt to reach Earth using ships, under the", "the Mars Design Reference Architecture (DRA). In 2017 NASA continued research and development on NTRs, designing for space applications with civilian approved materials, with a three-year, $18.8-million contract. Risks An atmospheric or orbital rocket failure could result in the dispersal of radioactive material into the environment. A collision with orbital debris, material failure due to uncontrolled fission, material imperfections or fatigue, or human design flaws could cause a containment breach of the fissile material. Such a catastrophic failure while in flight could release radioactive material over the Earth in a wide and unpredictable area. The amount of contamination would depend", "systems to produce resources for manned outposts on Mars without altering the planet's surface or atmosphere.\nA space mission called EXPOSE-R2 was launched on 24 July 2014 aboard the Russian Progress M-24M, and was attached on 18 August 2014 outside the ISS on the Russian module Zvezda. The experiment includes samples of Chroococcidiopsis that will be exposed to simulated Martian atmosphere, UVC radiation and temperature extremes.", "the surface of Mars there are two main types of radiation: A steady dose from a variety of sources and solar proton events that can cause a dramatic increase in the amount of radiation for a short time. Solar flare events can cause a lethal dose to be delivered in hours if astronauts are caught unprotected, and this is a concern of NASA for human operations in space and on the surface of Mars. Mars does not have a large magnetic field in the same way as Earth, which shields the Earth from radiation, especially from solar flares. For example,", "also that intelligent native Martians living below the planet's surface are poisoning the food in order to drive humanity from Mars, possibly through bacterial infection. Makian offers to let Starr join a survey of the farmlands. Bigman warns him that Hennes will attack him during the survey; but when Starr decides to take part anyway, Bigman joins him.\nAs he enters Martian gravity, Starr loses control of his sand-car, nearly sending it over a crevasse; whereupon Bigman discovers that Starr's sand-car is missing the weights required for low-gravity operation, and Starr realizes that Griswold deliberately failed to warn him. He then", "surface may have adhered particles blasted from the red planet; thus the Phobos samples collected by MMX may contain material originating from Mars itself.\nNASA has long planned a Martian sample-return mission, but has yet to secure the budget to successfully design, build, launch, and land such a probe. The mission remained on NASA's roadmap for planetary science as of the 2013 Planetary Science Decadal Survey.\nChina has plans for a Mars sample return mission by 2030. Also, the Chinese Space Agency is designing a sample-retrieval mission from Ceres that would take place during the 2020s.\nChina is planning to conduct a Chang'e", "of the information systems and resources in the solar system and Earth-based corporations control much of the Mars economy (\"Objects in Motion\"). As a result, there is some hostility among Mars-born humans towards Terrans and many in EarthForce do not feel obligated to risk their lives to help Earth fight the plague. Shadow technology The galaxy is dealing with the Shadow technology legacy, which, among other things, includes the release of the plague on Earth by the Drakh, which is made out of Shadow technology and Earthforce's use of it, which Gideon had to experience tragically ten years before. Episodes", "Geneva, Switzerland. Plot summary The United States and Russia have set up habitats on Mars, and are researching ruins of an alien civilization near the Face on Mars. The facilities and research are being shared with UN observers. When the UN sends troops up to Mars, the US sends the Marine Mars Expeditionary Force, a 30-man weapons platoon, to protect American civilians and interests on Mars. The United States Marine Corps has been threatened with being disbanded and it hopes that this mission will breathe some life into the organization.\nBack on Earth, tensions increase between the UN", "Corps to Mars to protect American civilians and interests with lethal force if necessary. The discoveries on Mars, however, start a global war. The United States and its allies fight against most of the member nations of United Nations.\nAs the war drags on it is discovered that Mars is not the only place that holds ruins of an alien civilization. In Luna Marine it is discovered that the Earth's own Moon contains mysterious technologies of long vanished species. The US attempts to take those ruins currently held by the UN using another Marine force made from veterans from Mars,", "as Mars analogs. Manned Mars habitats are featured in most human Mars missions; an alternative may be terraforming or telepresence.\nThe ISS has also been described as a predecessor to Mars expedition. In relation to a Mars habitat, it was noted that they are both essentially closed systems. Scientific motivation Mars analog habitats are established to prepare astronauts, engineers, and researchers for the future challenges of sending a manned mission to Mars. These analogs are inhabited by small teams of volunteers and may operate under “Mars-like” conditions for a few days to over a year. Habitats are often located in areas", "NASA field centers have formulated a \"Reference Mission\" addressing human exploration of Mars. This report summarizes their work and describes a plan for the first human missions to Mars, using approaches that are technically feasible, have reasonable risks, and have relatively low costs. The architecture for the Mars Reference Mission builds on previous work of the Synthesis Group (1991) and Zubrin's (1991) concepts for the use of propellants derived from the Martian Atmosphere. In defining the Reference Mission, choices have been made. In this report, the rationale for each choice is documented; however, unanticipated technology advances or political decisions might", "the need for spare parts in a Mars colony based on the failure rates of parts on the ISS. They determined that a resupply mission every two years would be necessary unless a large space in the initial launch were to be reserved for extra materials. Lansdorp commented on this saying, \"They are correct. The major challenge of Mars One is keeping everything up and running. We don't believe what we have designed is the best solution. It's a good solution.\"\nIn March 2015, one of the Mars One finalists, Joseph Roche, stated to media outlets that he believes the mission", "and the Italian Space Agency) which would use cyanobacteria to process resources available on Mars directly into useful products, and into substrates for other key organisms of Bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). The goal is to make future manned outposts on Mars as independent of Earth as possible (explorers living \"off the land\"), to reduce mission costs and increase safety.\nEven though developed independently, CyBLiSS would be complementary to other BLSS projects (such as MELiSSA) as it can connect them to materials found on Mars, thereby making them sustainable and expandable there. Instead of relying on a closed loop, new elements", "Metal shielding on space vehicles protects against only 25-30% of space radiation, possibly leaving colonizers exposed to the other 70% of radiation and its short and long-term health complications. Solutions to health risks Although there are many physical, mental, and emotional health risks for future colonizers and pioneers, solutions have been proposed to correct these problems. Mars500, HI-SEAS, and SMART-OP represent efforts to help reduce the effects of loneliness and confinement for long periods of time. Keeping contact with family members, celebrating holidays, and maintaining cultural identities all had an impact on minimizing the deterioration of mental health. There are", "another planet for the first time. On 31 May 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible manned mission to Mars may involve a greater radiation risk than previously believed, based on the amount of energetic particle radiation detected by the RAD on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the Earth to Mars in 2011–2012. Identification Bruno Rossi wrote that:\nIn the late 1920s and early 1930s the technique of self-recording electroscopes carried by balloons into the highest layers of the atmosphere or sunk to great depths under water was brought to an unprecedented degree of perfection by the German physicist", "help put people on Mars, they plan to have their members test surface exploration strategies and technologies in locations dedicated to Mars analogue. One of these Mars analogue locations is Mars Desert Research Station in Utah.", "radiation is not quite as dangerous as once thought; and that radiation hormesis occurs. However, results from a 2006 study indicated that protons from cosmic radiation may cause twice as much serious damage to DNA as previously estimated, exposing astronauts to greater risk of cancer and other diseases. As a result of the higher radiation in the Martian environment, the summary report of the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee released in 2009 reported that \"Mars is not an easy place to visit with existing technology and without a substantial investment of resources.\" NASA is exploring a variety", "mission. When thinking about this problem, Lovelock wondered “how can we be sure that Martian life, if any, will reveal itself to tests based on Earth’s lifestyle?” To Lovelock, the basic question was “What is life, and how should it be recognized?” When speaking about this issue with some of his colleagues at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he was asked what he would do to look for life on Mars. To this, Lovelock replied \"I’d look for an entropy reduction, since this must be a general characteristic of life.\" Entropy and the origin of life The second" ]

[ "It is a good question. The answer is how it works on the organism. Anti-biotics work by interfering with some important function of a bacteria cell. Think of throwing a wrench into a machine and watching it gum up the works. Cells that have different machine arrangements can be more resistant to wrenches. They'll have casings around important stuff or gears that can allow a wrench to slip through the teeth without stopping. Maybe they have extra redundant machines.\n\n\nAlcohol, chlorine and copper work by physically dismantling the machine. No amount of changing the machine will help when you shown up with a screw driver and start removing things.", "Resistance to antibiotics is realistic, because they work with cleverly shaped molecules, like a key in a lock.\n\nResistance to these other things is not realistic, it's like developing a resistance to bullets or to fire. They work by brute force, so resistance isn't a thing.", "The ways which we sterilize things are often overkill on a level far above that of things like antibiotics.\n\nAntibiotics and similar substances are extremely targeted chemicals which work on very specific parts of a virus or bacteria's function to kill it because they are going into your body and the idea is to kill the bacteria without killing you. Because the effects of antibiotics etc are so targeted, it only requires a minor evolutionary change to become resistant.\n\nWith sterilization you have the luxury of not having to worry about the human that the bacteria other things are inside, so you can use much more lethal and powerful methods of killing that contamination.\n\nThink of sterilization like a nuclear weapon and antibiotics like the Black Plague with humans. With some very minor evolution it wouldn't be too difficult for humans to develop a resistance the Black Plague. Yet it would be much harder for humans to develop a biological resistance to being incinerated by a nuclear bomb. \n\nSterilizing medical equipment works the same way, most of the methods used to sterilize things kill all life, and would probably kill a person if applied in a sufficient dose.", "Antibiotics have a very narrow action - they generally interfere with the function of a single, specific type of molecule (usually an enzyme) in the bacteria, which is vital for them. If the shape of that molecule changes a little, the bacteria become immune to the antibiotic.\n\nThings like chlorine or alcohol, on the other hand, have a very simple chemical mode of action. They chemically disrupt a lot of different parts of the bacteria, so that a lot of things would need to change at once to give resistance.\n\nAnd as for why antibiotics don't use those broad mechanisms as well? The broad mechanisms work against your cells just as well, and the goal of an antibiotic is generally to kill the bacteria without killing the patient." ]

[ "active antimicrobials such as lactic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peptide bacteriocins. Some LABs produce the antimicrobial nisin, which is a particularly effective preservative.\nThese days, LAB bacteriocins are used as an integral part of hurdle technology. Using them in combination with other preservative techniques can effectively control spoilage bacteria and other pathogens, and can inhibit the activities of a wide spectrum of organisms, including inherently resistant Gram-negative bacteria.", "the lab to combat pathogenicity. Each of these three types of antimicrobials can be classified into two subsequent groups: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidal substances kill microorganisms while bacteriostatic substances inhibit microbial growth.\nThe main problem with pathogenic drug treatments in the modern world is drug resistance. Many patients don't take the full treatment of drugs, leading to the natural selection of resistant bacteria. One example of this is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Because of antibiotic overuse, only the bacteria which have developed genetic mutations to combat the drug can survive. This reduces drug effectiveness and", "tranqulizers and antihypertensives, antihistamines for nasal allergies, xanthines for asthma, and typical antipsychotics for psychosis. As of 2007, thousands of approved drugs have been developed. Increasingly, biotechnology is used to discover biopharmaceuticals. Recently, multi-disciplinary approaches have yielded a wealth of new data on the development of novel antibiotics and antibacterials and on the use of biological agents for antibacterial therapy.\nIn the 1950s, new psychiatric drugs, notably the antipsychotic chlorpromazine, were designed in laboratories and slowly came into preferred use. Although often accepted as an advance in some ways, there was some opposition, due to serious adverse effects such as tardive", "antimicrobial—which inhibit the growth of bacteria or fungi, including mold—or antioxidant, such as oxygen absorbers, which inhibit the oxidation of food constituents. Common antimicrobial preservatives include calcium propionate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sulfites (sulfur dioxide, sodium bisulfite, potassium hydrogen sulfite, etc.), and EDTA. Antioxidants include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Other preservatives include formaldehyde (usually in solution), glutaraldehyde (insecticide), ethanol, and methylchloroisothiazolinone. Irradiation Irradiation of food is the exposure of food to ionizing radiation. Multiple types of ionizing radiation can be used, including beta particles (high-energy electrons) and gamma rays (emitted from radioactive sources such as cobalt-60 or", "products and simplify the treatment of materials to eliminate product contamination. For example, self-sterilizing packaging might eliminate the need for peroxide treatment in aseptic packaging. Antimicrobial polymers can also be used to cover surfaces of food processing equipment as self-sanitizer. Examples include filter gaskets, conveyors, gloves, garments, and other personal hygiene equipment.\nSome polymers are inherently antimicrobial and have been used in films and coatings. Cationic polymers such as chitosan promote cell adhesion. This is because charged amines interact with negative charges on the cell membrane, and can cause leakage of intracellular constituents. Chitosan has been used as a coating and", "other characteristics of the polymeric substrates, should produce implants and biomedical devices with greater resistance to microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. A number of polymers have been developed that can be incorporated into cellulose and other materials, which should provide significant advances in many fields such as food packaging, textiles, wound dressing, coating of catheter tubes, and necessarily sterile surfaces. The greater need for materials that fight infection will give incentive for discovery and use of antimicrobial polymers.", "studies of the effectiveness of various antiseptics for wounds. They set out to look for a substance that did not irritate skin, yet had sufficient bactericidal power. Dakin tested more than 200 substances, measuring their action on tissues and bacteria. He found chloramines to be the best, for being stable, non-toxic and not very irritant, yet powerful bactericides, presumably due to their release of hypochlorous acid. However, the difficulty of procuring them led him to choose \"hypochlorite of soda\" as a practical alternative.\nBetween the two world wars the preparation was often called \"Carrel–Dakin solution\", even though", "cells are similar at a biochemical level it is often the case that chemical compounds intended for plant defence have an inhibitory effect on human cells, including human cancer cells. Those plant chemicals that are selectively more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells have been discovered in screening programs and developed as chemotherapy drugs Research and development process Some plants that indicate potential as an anticancer agent in laboratory-based in vitro research – for example, Typhonium flagelliforme, and Murraya koenigii are currently being studied. There can be many years between promising laboratory work and the availability of an effective anti-cancer", "phages for the eradication of bacterial infections poses a much higher safety risk than topical application. Also, there is the additional concern of uncertain immune responses to these large antigenic cocktails. \nThere are considerable regulatory hurdles that must be cleared for such therapies. Despite numerous challenges, the use of bacteriophages as a replacement for antimicrobial agents against MDR pathogens that no longer respond to conventional antibiotics, remains an attractive option. Phytochemicals Plants are an important source of antimicrobial compounds and traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious diseases. There is a recent renewed interest into the", "as an antimycotics, are pharmaceutical fungicides used to treat and prevent mycosis (fungal infection). Evolved resistance After continued exposure to antiseptics, bacteria may evolve to the point where they are no longer harmed by these compounds. \nBacteria can also develop a resistance to antiseptics, but the effect is generally less pronounced.\nThe mechanisms by which bacteria evolve may vary in response to different antiseptics. Low concentrations of an antiseptic may encourage growth of a bacterial strain that is resistant to the antiseptic, where a higher concentration of the antiseptic would simply kill the bacteria. In addition, use of an excessively", "or chloramines may also be capable of chlorinating organic material in the natural aquatic environment. Further, because residual chlorine is toxic to aquatic species, the treated effluent must also be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexity and cost of treatment.\nUltraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated water has no adverse effect on organisms that later consume it, as may be the case with other methods. UV radiation causes damage to the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages", "environmental hazards, and preserve the anatomical structures in their natural forms. This is accomplished with a variety of chemical substances that can be separated generally into groups by their purposes. Disinfectants are used to kill any potential microbes. Preservatives are used to halt the action of decomposing organisms, deprive these organisms of nutrition, and alter chemical structures in the body to prevent decomposition. Various modifying agents are used to maintain the moisture, pH, and osmotic properties of the tissues along with anticoagulants to keep blood from clotting within the cardiovascular system. Other chemicals may also be used to keep the", "pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, have varying levels of resistance to antimicrobials. As such, it is difficult to prescribe correct antimicrobials. The MIC is determined in such cases by growing the pathogen isolate from the patient on plate or broth, which is later used in the assay. Thus, knowledge of the MIC will provide a physician valuable information for making a prescription. Accurate and precise usage of antimicrobials is also important in the context of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Microbes such as bacteria have been gaining resistance to antimicrobials they were previously susceptible to. Usage of incompatible or sub-MIC levels", "Antimicrobial polymer Antimicrobial polymers, also known as polymeric biocides, is a class of polymers with antimicrobial activity, or the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi or protozoans. These polymers have been engineered to mimic antimicrobial peptides which are used by the immune systems of living things to kill bacteria. Typically, antimicrobial polymers are produced by attaching or inserting an active antimicrobial agent onto a polymer backbone via an alkyl or acetyl linker. Antimicrobial polymers may enhance the efficiency and selectivity of currently used antimicrobial agents, while decreasing associated environmental hazards because antimicrobial polymers are generally", "such polymers present in a sample. This test is used in commercial and industrial water treatment, where polyacrylates, polymaleates, and sulfonated polymers are commonly employed as dispersants. Methylbenzethonium Chloride A related compound (25155-18-4 ) is used to treat Leishmania major infections. Regulation Some data has suggested that long-term exposure to antibacterial ingredients could contribute to bacterial resistance or hormonal effects. Furthermore, there is little evidence that the use of such ingredients in consumer soaps is actually more effective than plain soap and water. In September 2016, the Food and Drug Administration issued a ban on nineteen consumer antiseptic wash ingredients.", "instruments, disposables such as syringes, and sterilize food. Ionizing radiation (electron beams, X-rays and gamma rays) may be used to kill bacteria in food or other organic material, including blood. Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to problems with public acceptance. Medicine Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging, cancer therapy and blood transfusion.\nIn 2011 researchers found that irradiation was successful in the novel theranostic technique involving co-treatment with heptamethine dyes to elucidate tumor cells and attenuate their growth with minimal side effects. Ion implantation Ion irradiation is routinely used to implant impurities atoms into materials, especially\nsemiconductors, to", "engineering Many researchers are developing methods that use bacteria to deliver drugs. These bacteria can be “programmed” to perform a specific task, and can be directed to go to targeted locations in the body. However, the bacteria may damage healthy organs or fail to deliver the medicine to the sick organ in the case of a malfunction. In such cases, a fail-safe mechanism is required to neutralize the bacteria and prevent damage. An antibiotic is generally suitable as the fail-safe agent.", "biostatistician Al Parker, antimicrobial manufacturers are eager to attain the certification because of growing awareness about bacterial biofilms. Public health entities such as hospitals — which routinely sterilize medical equipment such as surgical devices — are particularly interested, he said. “There’s been a paradigm shift,” said Parker, whose statistical analysis played a central role in shaping the testing framework.\nIn 2013 CBE Director Phil Stewart and CBE Industrial Coordinator Paul Sturman worked to partner with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to co-sponsor a one-day workshop on biofilms. The resulting workshop, \"Biofilms, Medical Devices and Anti-Biofilm Technology: Challenges and Opportunities,\"", "resistant bacteria: The widespread development and use of pharmaceutical drugs to control disease has created a situation in which bacteria are mutating and treatment-resistant bacteria are becoming a major challenge to hospitals. Here encroachment by progressive pharmaceutical response to disease engenders encroachment by bacterial resistance to those treatments.\nEncroachment from population pressure: This widely documented phenomenon is associated with the ever-increasing use of non-renewable resources. Here encroachment by increasing population (and reproductive rights) engenders encroachment by the demands on resources which there is a reasonable probability cannot be fulfilled and will therefore engender a violent and unreasonable response.\nEncroachment of old age:", "structure is known, most biologics are complex mixtures that are not easily identified or characterized. Biological products, including those manufactured by biotechnology, tend to be heat sensitive and susceptible to microbial contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to use aseptic principles from initial manufacturing steps, which is also in contrast to most conventional drugs. Biological products often represent the cutting-edge of biomedical research and, in time, may offer the most effective means to treat a variety of medical illnesses and conditions that presently have no other treatments available.\n— U.S. Food and Drug Administration\nAccording to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) biologics,", "an accepted consequence of potency. In fact, pharmacologists speak of efficacy to side-effect ratios. The fact that Bioeffectives display such a high degree of efficacy, while causing few if any side-effects, is anathema to the industry.\nBioeffectives variously contain compounds known as polyprenols, long-chain isoprenoid alcohols that play a vital role in cell metabolism. Polyprenols are similar to compounds found in the cells of humans and animals known as dolichols. Research indicates that ingested polyprenols are metabolised by human and animal liver into dolichols which then take part in the dolichol phosphate cycle, which is why Bioeffectives are so easily assimilated", "systems show promise for human medical uses, particularly with regard to cancer and ageing. However further research is required to determine whether these systems really are qualitatively different, and how that can be applied from microorganisms to humans.\nAs discussed above, acidophiles can have the option to use electron acceptors other than oxygen. Johnson (1998) points out that facultative anaerobism of acidophiles, previously dismissed, could have major implications for AMD control. Further research is needed to determine how far current methods to block oxygen will working, in light of the fact that the reaction may be able to continue anaerobically.", "lymphoblastic leukemia and other human cancer cells. One of the most common drugs derived from salicylates is aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, with anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties. Microbial metabolites Microbes compete for living space and nutrients. To survive in these conditions, many microbes have developed abilities to prevent competing species from proliferating. Microbes are the main source of antimicrobial drugs. Streptomyces isolates have been such a valuable source of antibiotics, that they have been called medicinal molds. The classic example of an antibiotic discovered as a defense mechanism against another microbe is penicillin in bacterial cultures contaminated by Penicillium", "of antibicrobials provides the selective pressure that has hastened the evolution of resistance in bacterial pathogens. As such, it is increasingly important to determine the MIC in order to make the best choice in prescribing antimicrobials.\nMIC is used clinically over MBC because MIC is more easily determined. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), which is the minimum antibacterial concentration resulting in microbial death, is defined by the inability to re-culture bacteria. In addition, drug effectiveness is generally similar when taken at both MIC and MBC concentrations because the host immune system can expel the pathogen when bacterial proliferation is at a", "are used in medical therapeutics to treat a range of diseases, and are synthesised by polymerising from proteins and amino acid-reactive initiators. Maynard has considered the mechanisms that underpin the function of known therapeutics. This includes the development of new synthetic pathways, such as controlled radical polymerization and click chemistry, to make polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions and anchoring sites for particular surfaces. Using controlled radical polymerization. Maynard has shown it is possible to use the fluorous content of poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate), fluorous methacrylate and ketene acetal 5,6-benzo-2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane co-polymers to determine whether self assembly results into single", "a drug, antiseptic or germ killer; just as it is of little, if any, consequence whether fluoridation accomplishes its beneficial result to the public health by killing germs in the water, or by hardening the teeth or building up immunity in them to the bacteria that causes caries or tooth decay. If the latter, there can be no distinction on principle between it and compulsory vaccination or inoculation, which, for many years, has been well-established as a valid exercise of police power.\"\nIn the 1955 case Froncek v. City of Milwaukee, the Wisconsin Supreme Court affirmed the ruling of a circuit", "botanical applications, and are used as a source of many antibiotics and pesticides. Antimicrobial properties Many species of Actinomycetes produce antimicrobial compounds under certain conditions and growth media. Streptomycin, actinomycin, and streptothricin are all medically important antibiotics isolated from Actinomycetes bacteria. Almost two-thirds of the natural antimicrobial drug compounds used currently are produced by different species of Actinomycetes.", "a new multi-faceted approach, along with an appreciation for the \"billion years of evolution\" that have produced today's plants and their healing properties:\nIn more than one billion years of evolution, plants have developed countless chemicals that help them ward off microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These chemical combinations also give the plants protection from insects and herbivores.\n\"Most drugs have only one active ingredient,\" said Swerdlow commenting on current Western drug research focused on medicines that contain simple chemical compounds.\nSwerdlow points out that some science-based medicines, such as the drug cocktail used to treat AIDS and a combination of", "possibility of resistance. Possible limitations Since bacteria prefer an anoxic environment, they are not efficient at eliminating cells on the periphery of the tumor, where oxygen supply is efficient. A combination of bacterial treatment with chemical drugs will increase chances of destroying the tumor. Oncolytic viruses Oncolytic viruses are engineered to infect cancerous cells. Limitations of that method include immune response to the virus and the possibility of the virus evolving into a pathogen. Natural selection By manipulating the tumor environment, it is possible to create favorable conditions for the cells with least resistance to chemotherapy drugs to become more", "be a good source of antimicrobial chemicals." ]

[ "* To kill by breaking someone's neck you need to sever the spinal cord, thus breaking the link between the brain and the rest of the body thus stopping the beating of your heart and lung function\n* Blood carries the necessary oxygen to the cells in your body so a major blood loss can stop your cells from functioning, and enough can cause organs to stop working\n* Severe head injury can cause a break in the link between your brain and your heart/lungs\n* Dying of old age mainly is a standard infection or illness but your body is weak enough to not combat it", "All deaths are a result of cerebral hypoxia. This is where your brain no longer receives the necessary oxygen it needs to keep your body working. EVERY death is caused my this." ]

[ "Death Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include aging, predation, malnutrition, disease, suicide, homicide, starvation, dehydration, and accidents or major trauma resulting in terminal injury. In most cases, bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death.\nDeath – particularly the death of humans – has commonly been considered a sad or unpleasant occasion, due to the affection for the being that has died and the termination of social and familial bonds with the deceased. Other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional", "to another.\nOther definitions for death focus on the character of cessation of something. More specifically, death occurs when a living entity experiences irreversible cessation of all functioning. As it pertains to human life, death is an irreversible process where someone loses their existence as a person.\nHistorically, attempts to define the exact moment of a human's death have been subjective, or imprecise. Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt defibrillation have rendered that definition inadequate because breathing and heartbeat can sometimes be restarted. This type of death", "Death and culture This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death, such as martyrdom, suicide and euthanasia. Death refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism, i.e. when all biological systems of a human being cease to operate. Death and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world. Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions. Grief and mourning Grief is a multi-faceted response to loss. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, it also", "of the soul are restricted by bodily senses of pleasure, pain, sight, and sound. Death, however, is a rite of purification from the \"infection\" of the body. As the philosopher practices death his entire life, he should greet it amicably and not be discouraged upon its arrival, for, since the universe the Gods created for us in life is essentially \"good,\" why would death be anything but a continuation of this goodness? Death is a place where better and wiser Gods rule and where the most noble souls exist: \"And therefore, so far as that is concerned, I not only", "the next moment, the person is dead. Strawson reasons that this type of death would not take anything away from the person, as he believes that a person cannot have a legitimate claim to ownership in the future. Society and culture In society, the nature of death and humanity's awareness of its own mortality has for millennia been a concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical inquiry. This includes belief in resurrection or an afterlife (associated with Abrahamic religions), reincarnation or rebirth (associated with Dharmic religions), or that consciousness permanently ceases to exist, known as eternal oblivion", "people still hold that they are separated from their bodies, and vanish, and that, as a matter of fact, they do not die. What is understood by separation from the body? Does it mean that the body dies, and the spirit disappears? Or that the body does not die, but drops its coil? If one says that the body dies, and the spirit is lost, there is no difference from death, and every one is a genius. And if one believes that the body does not die, but throws off its coil, one must admit that the bones and the", "that our so-called death is merely a change of abode? You do not believe that in cattle, or in wild beasts, or in creatures of the deep, the soul of him who was once a man may linger? You do not believe that nothing on this earth is annihilated, but only changes its haunts? And that animals also have cycles of progress and, so to speak, an orbit for their souls, no less than the heavenly bodies, which revolve in fixed circuits? Great men have put faith in this idea; therefore, while holding to your own view, keep the whole", "defining death. Furthermore, events which were causally linked to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants and artificial pacemakers.\nToday, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and coroners usually turn to \"brain death\" or \"biological death\" to define a person as being dead; people are considered dead when the electrical activity in their brain ceases. It is presumed that an end of electrical activity indicates the end of consciousness. Suspension of consciousness must", "people are afraid of dying. Talking about it, thinking about it, or planning for their own deaths causes them discomfort. This fear may cause them to put off financial planning, preparing a will and testament, or requesting help from a hospice organization.\nDifferent people have different responses to the idea of their own deaths.\nPhilosopher Galen Strawson writes that the death that many people wish for is an instant, painless, unexperienced annihilation. In this unlikely scenario, the person dies without realizing it and without being able fear it. One moment the person is walking, eating, or sleeping, and", "the dead—the number of living people is less than the number who have died throughout human history (in 2011 there were approximately 14 dead for every living person), so the dead are the majority in that sense. Phrases such as \"gone to a better world\", \"gone before\", and \"joined the silent majority\" served as euphemisms for \"died\". In 1902, Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan employed this sense of the phrase, saying in a speech that \"great captains on both sides of our Civil War have long ago passed over to the silent majority, leaving the memory of their splendid", "the individual dies. Throughout the course of the individual's life, between life and death, they are to be respected with dignity, regardless of their state of mental capacity or psychometric functions. What constitutes life in a body is usma (heat), ayu (vitality), and vinanna (sentiency). Among Buddhists, there is much confusion as to when one is truly dead. Some consider death to be when the brain loses its functionality. And there are those who disagree with this idea. When Buddha passed away, according to ancient texts, his 25-year personal attendant Ananda declared him as dead. However, Ananda was later corrected", "is provided by fire, and when a being dies, the body becomes the earth, the body contains water, breathe air and exist in ether or space.", "exist, death is not yet present, and when death is present, then we do not exist,\" for there is no afterlife. Death, says Epicurus, is the greatest anxiety of all, in length and intensity. This anxiety about death impedes the quality and happiness of one's life by the theory of afterlife: the worrying about whether or not one's deeds and actions in life will translate well into the region of the gods, the wondering whether one will be assigned to an eternity of pain or to an eternity of pleasure. What is good is easy to get Sustenance and shelter,", "death to severe phobias and desperate actions. Being, time and Dasein Martin Heidegger, the German philosopher, on the one hand showed death as something conclusively determined, in the sense that it is inevitable for every human being, while on the other hand, it unmasks its indeterminate nature via the truth that one never knows when or how death is going to come. Heidegger does not engage in speculation about whether being after death is possible. He argues that all human existence is embedded in time: past, present, future, and when considering the future, we encounter the notion of death. This", "A Natural Death Overview Frontman Nathan Winneke states: \"A Natural Death is about the futility and arrogance of creation and destruction, the overwhelming scale of space and time, and the brutal majesty of nature, the horror of birth, and the beauty of death. Everyone who will ever live will die a natural death, and will soon after be forgotten for eternity. Hopefully this album will serve as a warning to the human race to stop taking itself so seriously, as we have seen the dire consequences of its actions in the future. You are nothing.\"\nUpon the album's release, \"Murder\" was", "Consciousness after death Consciousness after death is a common theme in society and culture in the context of life after death. Scientific research has established that the mind and consciousness are closely connected with the physiological functioning of the brain, the cessation of which defines brain death. However, many believe in some form of life after death, which is a feature of many religions. Death Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Death was once defined as the cessation of heartbeat (cardiac arrest) and of breathing, but the development of CPR and prompt", "souls, Death meets the soul the Lord of Bones alluded to: the Crowfather's. The Crowfather tells Death that while the souls of humanity are no longer bound in a host, they have merely been transported to the Well. Death learns that the Well of Souls has power over life and death, and that with it, the spirits of all things living are cleansed and renewed before they are sent out to be reborn. In order to access it, Death would need two keys: one kept by the angels, the other by the demons. Death asks why he and the other", "When consciousness ceases, a living organism can be said to have died. One of the flaws in this approach is that there are many organisms which are alive but probably not conscious (for example, single-celled organisms). Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, hold that death does not (or may not) entail the end of consciousness. In certain cultures, death is more of a process than a single event. It implies a slow shift from one spiritual state", "die and are uncomprehending during the time between death and Judgment Day resurrection, also known as the intermediate state.\nJohn Goldingay writes, \"The life of a human being came more directly from God, and it is also evident that when someone dies, the breath (rûaḥ, e.g., Ps 104:29) or the life (nepeš, e.g., Gen 35:18) disappears and returns to the God who is rûaḥ.\" Immortality The concept of an immaterial soul separate from and surviving the body is common today but according to modern scholars, it was not found in ancient Hebrew beliefs. The word nephesh never means an immortal", "of them is said to have mental illness or unconsciousness, while a dead soul may reincarnate to a disability, lower desire realms, or may even be unable to reincarnate. Other religious beliefs and views In theological reference to the soul, the terms \"life\" and \"death\" are viewed as emphatically more definitive than the common concepts of \"biological life\" and \"biological death\". Because the soul is said to be transcendent of the material existence, and is said to have (potentially) eternal life, the death of the soul is likewise said to be an eternal death. Thus, in the concept of divine", "contends that the reason we should live on, is because our lives are not ours, and as such, reminds us that there is a commitment to keep on living. Yet, while there may be times in our lives where suicide may seem rational, mere existence allows us to enjoy certain joys, such as helping another, or healing the sick, that should be enough to sustain our commitment to living.\nAccording to Hauerwas, a \"good death is a death that we can prepare for through living because we are able to see that death is but a necessary correlative to a good", "Jozef Rulof There is no death The most important point in the teachings of Jozef Rulof is that there is no death. A human dies when the silver cord, which connects the physical body with the spiritual body, breaks. The spirit then leaves its body and goes back to the world of the unconscious awaiting a new birth, or it goes to a sphere of darkness or a sphere of light, depending on the spiritual attunement of that person. Suicide Rulof believed that each human has a certain time to live. When someone commits suicide, they only lose day-consciousness. The", "What does it mean to be alive and not able to participate? It’s like being dead in life. That’s what I am researching now, and that is the perspective I have been looking at events from for a long time.\"", "all cost. On the other hand, though death is what I loathe, there is something I loathe more than death. That is why there are dangers I do not avoid ... Yet there are ways of remaining alive and ways of avoiding death to which a person will not resort. In other words, there are things a person wants more than life and there are also things he or she loathes more than death. \nDue to the above-mentioned aversion to physical mutilation (originating from the belief that the body was a gift from one's parent's and desecrating it therefore an", "and contemplate life. Now you rest in despair. Nothing concerns you; you step aside for nothing; “If someone threw a roof tile down I would still not step aside.” You are like a dying person. You die daily, not in the profound, earnest sense in which one usually understands these words, but life has lost its reality and you “Always count the days of your life from one termination-notice to the next.” You let everything pass you by; nothing makes any impact. But then something suddenly comes along that grips you, an idea, a situation, a young girl’s smile, and", "in another form. In Islamic belief, God has made this worldly life as a test and a preparation ground for the afterlife; and with death, this worldly life comes to an end. Thus, every person has only one chance to prepare themselves for the life to come where God will resurrect and judge every individual and will entitle them to rewards or punishment, based on their good or bad deeds. And death is seen as the gateway to and beginning of the afterlife. In Islamic belief, death is predetermined by God, and the exact time of a person's death is", "the end of death would call into question one of the fundamental foundations of their dogma: the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The common citizens, however, generally enjoy their newfound immortality.\nThis joy is short-lived - it soon becomes apparent that the end of death presents unique demographic and financial challenges. The complete cessation of dying leads to a growing fear among healthcare workers that the system will collapse under its own weight: generations of incapacitated, but still living, people will populate care homes and hospitals for, presumably, all eternity. Funeral workers, on the other hand, fear the opposite problem:", "dying person consented. Third, death was a public ceremony and parents, spouses, family, neighbors and even children were present at the bedside. Death was seen as normal and it was customary for loved ones to witness the occasion. Finally, while accepted and witnessed, it lacked \"theatrics\" and a \"great show of emotions\". Ariès explains his choice of \"Tamed Death\" as a title is meant to contrast with the \"wild\" death of the twentieth century, in which people fear and avoid death.\nIn this early medieval period people were not concerned with what would happen to their bodies after death. For", "become the predominate factors in your life.\nThe fifth and final stage is acceptance. This stage does not always reach everyone but for the people who actually get it should consider this stage as a gift. It does not mean that you will not be sad anymore but it does mean that there is going to be some kind of peace that you are able to reach with the loved one that died. Summary Even though people are still conservative towards the idea of death and dying, with help and the education of death, people will come to know death as", "myth of the persecuted sage or righteous man, c.q. the \"story of the child of wisdom.\" The notion of 'dying for' refers to this martyrdom and persecution. 'Dying for our sins' refers to the problem of gentile Torah-observers, who, despite their faithfulness, cannot fully observe commandments, including circumcision, and are therefore 'sinners', excluded from God's covenant. In the Jerusalem ekklēsia, from which Paul received this creed, the phrase \"died for our sins\" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures. For Paul, it gained" ]

[ "When your brain is deprived of oxygen (which is generally happening whenever the thing that's killing you is, you know, killing you), your brain shuts down different parts of itself in a given order, in an attempt to keep you alive as long as possible. \n\nTurns out, when the visual centers of the brain begin losing oxygen, you start getting tunnel vision, plus you lose the ability to see color, which means whatever light source you look at starts looking like the \"light as the end of the tunnel\", even if you happen to be staring at a streetlight or something." ]

[ "light, meeting dead people and a feeling of well-being) have medical or scientific explanations. An awareness of being dead is known as Cotard delusion and is attributed to a brain malfunction with possible causes such as brain tumour, depression or migraine headaches. The paper suggests \"that out of-body experiences result from a failure to integrate multi-sensory information from one’s body, which results in the\ndisruption of the phenomenological elements of self-representation.\" Seeing a tunnel of light can be caused by a degradation of peripheral vision brought on by extreme fear or hypoxia of the eye. The experience of meeting dead", "as a result of his comments and his attitude I began to see, observe, how blind we are to one another's humanity. Blinded by a lot of things that have, perhaps, initiated feelings in that light. We don't see into the depths of our interconnection. The gifts, the strength and potential within other human beings. We stop at color quite often. So one of the things we have to be aware of is who we are in order to have the capacity to like others. But when you cannot visualize the offerings of another human", "Faith And Truth Combined\n\nSeeking Things Before Us,\n\nNever Look Behind.\n\n \n\nForward All Our Lifetime,\n\nClimb From Height To Height,\n\nSteadfast And Undaunted,\n\nSure In Faith And Right.\n\nForward Ever Forward,\n\nIn The Spirit's Might.\n\nPilgrims Of Our Country,\n\nForward Into Light.\n\nPilgrims Of Our Country.\n\nForward Into Light.", "the darkness has made us blind.\n\nand also from John 12:35–36: \nSo Jesus said to them, \"The light is among you for a little while longer. Walk while you have the light, lest darkness overtake you. The one who walks in the darkness does not know where he is going. While you have the light, believe in the light, that you may become sons of light.\"", "report meeting relatives or entering \"the Light\" in an otherworldly dimension, which shares similarities with the religious concept of heaven. Even though there are also reports of distressing experiences and negative life-reviews, which share some similarities with the concept of hell, the positive experience of meeting or entering \"the Light\" is reported as an immensely intense feeling of a state of love, peace and joy beyond human comprehension. Together with this intensely positive-feeling state, people who have near-death experiences also report that consciousness or a heightened state of awareness seems as if it is at the heart of experiencing a", "until their own are dealt with. He links this to the metaphor of the blind leading the blind, if you follow one who cannot see you will simply follow the blind one into disaster.", "the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born blind, endowed however with a happy natural temperament, with a lively and firm intelligence, a sure memory, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the senses he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately", "exist “because when there is duality, as it were, then one sees something” “but when to the knower of Brahman everything has become the Self, then what should one see and through what?”", "of those things that people made a living at on that instrument in those days.\"\nThe name for the mythical mentor came at a friend's suggestion. In an interview with Stefan Grossman in the 1980s, Fahey stated, \"The reason it said \"blind\" is because a lot of the people I learned from were on old 78 RPM records and a lot of them were blind, and their names were Blind Willie Johnson, Blind Boy Fuller, Blind Joe Taggart, on and on, a whole bunch of them were blind. Also I was thinking, when ever you print the word 'Death' people look", "God's glory, and seemed to be rising higher and higher from the earth and was shown something of the travels of the Advent people to the Holy City ...\nIn this vision the \"Advent people\" were traveling a high and dangerous path towards the city of New Jerusalem [heaven]. Their path was lit from behind by \"a bright (light) ... which an angel told me was the midnight cry.\" Some of the travelers grew weary and were encouraged by Jesus; others denied the light, the light behind them went out, and they fell \"off the path into the dark and wicked", "Another effect is that, as reported in Thud!, the red- and blue-shifting of light becomes noticeable when traveling at speeds of merely a hundred and twenty miles per hour. The power of belief Reality is spread thinly on the Disc, so events may be affected by expectations, especially those of 'intelligent' species such as humans, dwarves, etc. As such, the Discworld is not governed by real-world physics or logic but by belief and narrative resolution. Essentially, if something is believed strongly enough, or by enough people, it may become true. Jokes such as treacle mines and drop bears are real", "the existence of the Other. This 'Other' is said to be the only Reality, meaning that “whatever 'is' other than the Other is nonexistent.” \nAs 'Abd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin al-Qushayrī puts it: “The first passing away is the passing away of the self and its attributes to endure through the attributes of the real. Then there is the passing away from the attributes of the real through witnessing of the real. Then there is a person's passing away from witnessing his own passing away through his perishing in the ecstatic existentiality (wujud) of the real” \nThere is also the view", "is he who causes the blind man to wander in the road,\" also to speak of pleasure. Philo taught that impious pleasure caused the blind to wander, for the outward sense, devoid of reason, is blinded by nature, and the eyes of its reason are put out. Philo taught that it is by reason alone that we attain a true comprehension of things, and not by the outward senses. Pleasure deceived the outward senses, persuading the outward senses to follow a blind guide, making the mind utterly unable to restrain itself. Only through reason does the mind see clearly, and", "SLI. Others claim the alleged phenomenon is caused by individuals having psychic or psychokinetic ability. Reception Author Massimo Polidoro writing in Skeptical Inquirer has considered claims of SLI to be examples of correlation not implying causation, or of confirmation bias: people are much more likely to notice when a nearby street light turns on or off than they are to notice a light turning on or off at a distance, or a street light in a steady state at any distance. This is compounded by a failure mode of street lights, known as \"cycling\", in which street lights of the", "that sight was not only the act of seeing, but of understanding as well. The word for vision meant both to see and the image that the mind created. The word light also had dual meaning, describing “both physical and spiritual illumination”. When the viewer is placed into the mindset and understanding of a Sienese citizen of the day, it strengthens the argument that the perspective is from that of Justice, as her gaze then creates and illuminates this peaceful scene. Disagreements within location The frescoes of The Effects of Good Government seem to hold one strong point of debate.", "what the latter-day Hegelian Bette Midler called “seeing the world from a distance.\"", "of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They \"twinkled here and there, alone like stars.\"\n.... In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. It can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human beings.\nMoved as he was by a heightened awareness", "see life in them. In the same way, it is impossible to see another person's soul with the eyes or to perceive it at the end of a scalpel.\nHenry's philosophy goes on to aver that we undergo life in a radical passivity, we are reduced to bear it permanently as what we have not wanted, and that this radical passivity of life is the foundation and the cause of suffering. No-one has ever given himself life. At the same time, the simple fact of living, of being alive and of feeling oneself instead of being nothing and of not existing", "with a particular belief to see things as reinforcing their belief, even if another observer might disagree (in other words, people tend to observe what they expect to observe).\nA historical example is the belief that the legs of a galloping horse are splayed at the point when none of the horse's legs touches the ground, to the point of this image being included in paintings by its supporters. However, the first stop-action pictures of a horse's gallop by Eadweard Muybridge showed this to be false, and that the legs are instead gathered together.\nAnother important human bias that plays a role", "the meanes to make us one,\n\nAnd pictures in our eyes to get\n\nWas all our propagation.\nIn the same period John Milton wrote, of having gone blind, \"When I consider how my light is spent\", meaning that he had lost the capacity to generate eye beams.\nLater in the century, Newtonian optics and increased understanding of the structure of the eye rendered the old concept invalid, but it was revived as an aspect of monstrous superhuman capabilities in popular culture of the 20th century.\nThe emission theory of sight seemed to be corroborated by geometry and was reinforced by Robert Grosseteste.\nIn Algernon", "us this time; we let them have their own personalities and forge their own path. Paths of light, paths of darkness. This is a collection of songs that went on wild journeys of transformation.\"", "in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we're liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.\nThe passage was paraphrased in the 2005 film, Coach Carter, and in the 2006 film, Akeelah and the Bee. It has also been popularized because it has been mistakenly been attributed to Nelson Mandela since 1996.\nWilliamson herself is quoted as saying, \"As honored as I would be had President Mandela quoted my words, indeed he did not. I have no idea where that story came from, but I", "me. But can we see each other then? Suppose she stood beside someone else. When she stands that way within time, I am standing in her path and therefore shall go away. But if I stood in her path in eternity, where should I go. Compared with eternity, is time the stronger? Has time the power to separate us eternally?\" Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life's Way (1845), Hong p. 380-382, 390–391\nWhat would indeed be as disconsolate, yes, almost to the point of despair, as this-if, at the moment when the misunderstanding one returned and sought understanding, when the unfriendly one", "that its experience was associated with a mind that was completely still and had transcended itself. At times he described the light speaking to him with kindness, and explaining who it was.\nIn Discourse XXVIII Symeon wrote about the light and its power to transform:\nIt shines on us without evening, without change, without alteration, without form. It speaks, works, lives, gives life, and changes into light those whom it illuminates. We bear witness that \"God is light,\" and those to whom it has been granted to see Him have all beheld Him as light. Those who have seen Him have received", "Times \"I feel that light is like music. In some abstract, emotional, noncerebral, nonliterary way, it makes us feel, it makes us see, it makes us think, all without knowing exactly how and why.\" She talks about how probably 99.9% of the audience isn't even really aware of it. A lot of thought is put into the lighting of a show, dance, performance, etc. and almost no one really appreciates it.\nTipton also told Sylviane Gold for Vanity Fair in 1985 that one of the most important differences with designing lighting for dance and theater is that in dance, darkness is", "watch themselves being looked at. Such mores of usage and conventions of observation relate the objectifying male gaze to Lacan's theory of the social alienation that results from the psychological split, between seeing one's self and seeing an ideal version of one's self. In Italian Renaissance painting, especially in the genre of the nude subject, that perceptual split arises from being both the viewer and the viewed, and from seeing one's self through the gaze of other people. The female gaze Griselda Pollock said that the female gaze can be visually negated; using the example of Robert Doisneau's photograph Sidelong", "blind and perverted from its ownmost aim, if it has not first adequately clarified the meaning of Being, and conceived this clarification as its fundamental task.\nEarlier philosophers, namely ancient ones, have stated that only in phenomenon was it possible to posit the essence of things. Thus the phenomenon was opposed to essence, and it was the moment of opposition of the subject and object. Husserl had differentiated his new notion of phenomenon from the traditionally accepted notion of phenomenon as \"occurrence\". The notion of \"phenomenon\" as introduced by Husserl in his phenomenology carries in itself the two faces of things:", "and a culture of drinking and caring. However, it also illustrates that not everything is always is as genuine as it seems to be on first sight. An emigrated woman who openly confesses that she does not longer believe in god, also makes clear that she would never dare not to go to church when she visits her family back in Ireland. To this situation is referred in later chapters as a warning that there might be more than meets the eye. Such reflections are not included in the original newspaper articles and might reflect the author’s more sophisticated encounter", "been swept clear by eternity. Whether spirits exist or not I do not know; but in the present world when a meaningless existence ends, so that someone whom others are tired of seeing is no longer seen, it is just as well, both for the individual concerned and for others.\"\nEven more broadly, the story raises the question of what society should do to address the plight of those who are traumatized, severely depressed, or otherwise psychologically, emotionally, or spiritually broken. Finally, Lu Xun considers universal themes, showing how people's \"religious\" questions (\"What happens when you die? Is there", "on a nature completely different from his original state. He cites an example of a day when the electricity of New York City went out and how unnatural it seemed for the streets to be filled with darkness; darkness being a state of man's first nature. However, because of man's tools, a state of lighted streets has become natural. One major example of man's instruments is exemplified in technology. Technology has accomplished the task of separating man from nature. Goaded by the spirit of hierarchy This portion of Burke's description seeks to define man as being" ]

[ "There are a lot of possible explanations, someone might be able to link to studies but let's go for ELI5 and speculation.\n\nNew things are very exciting to your mind. The first taco you eat is AMAZING. The first time you play a video game it blows your mind. The first good book you read is SO POWERFUL. So you keep doing these things.\n\nBut after a while, you start running out of practical new things to do. You can try new restaurants, but eventually most of the menus have the same things you've eaten at others. You can play new video games, but after you've played a few dozen it's hard to find one with completely unique mechanics. After a few hundred books, you can't find many new plots. See the pattern?\n\nA lot of people get bitter and decide this means new things are worse than they used to be. This isn't often true. But it is true that there's no way, in 2017, to recreate the feeling you might have had playing Super Metroid for the first time in the 90s. You already played it for the first time, it's hard to be surprised in the same way again. \n\nThe best thing you can do is desperately keep trying to find new experiences. Or get a really nasty case of amnesia.\n\nThere are other bad things that happen to adults. We get in debt. We love, and lose. Sometimes people hurt us. Sometimes we hurt ourselves. Time isn't very nice to very many people. That tends to have a very bad impact on how \"happy\" you can be.", "Its most likely because you have more responsibilities as you grow. The fun you has as a child was an innocence of care, you did stuff without having those thoughts in the back of your head like: oh man this is gonna affect me in the future or that thing i gotta do tomorrow.", "I think it has to do with novelty. As we get older we tend to select routine and safety, and thus don't get the same thrill.\n\nTry doing new things and you'll experience it again." ]

[ "3 to 4 months. Expressions of happiness become more intentional with age, with young children interrupting their actions to smile or express happiness to nearby adults at 8–10 months of age, and with markedly different kinds of smiles (e.g., grin, muted smile, mouth open smile) developing at 10 to 12 months of age.\nBetween 18–24 months, children begin to acquire a sense of self. This gives rise to the onset of self-conscious emotions (e.g., shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride) around that same age, which are considered more complex in nature than basic emotions such as happiness, anger, fear, or disgust. This is", "older people are happier due to an improved level of emotional intelligence. As for less educated people, findings about relational goods being more widely consumed within that demographic supports statistical evidence that shows that less educated people aren't necessarily less happy. This is an economical issue as choice and happiness are often correlated. While education significantly improves choice in material goods, the traditional yardstick for happiness, it does less to improve your options in relational goods, and may in fact reduce your options as more educated people tend to work longer hours, thus leaving\nless time for relationships.", "to old age. Social friendships are important to emotional fulfillment, behavioral adjustment, and cognitive function. Research has shown that emotional closeness in relationships greatly increases with age even though the number of social relationships and the development of new relationships begin to decline. In young adulthood, friendships are grounded in similar aged peers with similar goals, though these relations might be more transitory. In older adulthood, friendships have been found to be much deeper and longer lasting. While small in number, the quality of relationships is generally thought to be much stronger for older adults. Retirement Retirement,", "their friendships as they age, and even as the overall number of friends tends to decline. This satisfaction is associated with an increased ability to accomplish activities of daily living, as well as a reduced decline in cognitive abilities, decreased instances of hospitalization, and better outcomes related to rehabilitation. The overall number of reported friends in later life may be mediated by increased lucidity, better speech and vision, and marital status.\nAs on review phrased it:\nResearch within the past four decades has now consistently found that older adults reporting the highest levels of happiness and general well being also report strong,", "we discover that what growing old is about for so many people is being alone. In one heart-tugging scene after another, we see the maturity it takes to make peace with yourself as you grow old. We see the strength it takes to be willing to sit quietly.\" Siskel offered particular praise for Burns' performance, stating that \"Fans of George Burns . . . will be startled by his performance in this film. Burns, who has always seemed so cheerful on film, lets out some of his rage at growing old. He does this in", "aging hippies, still caught up in some kind of hipster lifestyle and trying to hang on to their youth by doing the same things that they did in their twenties. There are a lot of those people around, but I have a different way of looking at life these days: My version of growing older is not getting depressed or being in denial about it, but instead it’s 'Hey, we’ve survived!'\"", "and understand the important things in life more.\nIt has been recorded that adolescents seem to have a lower level of life satisfaction than their older counterparts. This could be because many decisions are imminent, and an adolescent could be facing them for the first time in their life. Although many adolescents have insecurities about many aspects of their lives, satisfaction with friends stayed at a consistent level. This is hypothesized to be due to the amount one can identify with those in one's age group over other age groups. In this same study, researchers found that satisfaction with family decreased.", "20s or 30s and enrolls in college, where he or she performs particularly well and subsequently establishes a professional career. Adults A late blooming adult is a person who does not discover their talents and abilities until later than normally expected. In certain cases retirement may lead to this discovery.\nAlthough there is a common perception that intellectual development peaks in a young adult and then slowly declines with increasing age, this may be simplistic. Although the ability to form new memories and concepts may indeed diminish, the older person has the advantage of accumulated knowledge, associations between concepts, and mental", "likely to take into account their social context. For instance, adolescents show a tendency to display more emotion if they expect a sympathetic response from their peers.\nAdditionally, spontaneous use of cognitive emotion-regulation strategies increases during adolescence, which is evidenced both by self-report data and neural markers. Adulthood Social losses increase and health tends to decrease as people age. As people get older their motivation to seek emotional meaning in life through social ties tends to increase. Autonomic responsiveness decreases with age, and emotion-regulation skill tends to increase. Affective As people age, their affect – the way they react to emotions – changes,", "it is best to teach the child productive ways to handle these emotions. It is much easier to teach a child how to control their emotions while they are young rather than allowing them to develop a habit that is hard to break when they are older. In adulthood The things that drive people mad with envy change throughout their lifetime. Studies have shown that the younger the person, the more likely they are to be envious of others. Adults under the age of 30 are more likely to experience envy compared to those 30 years and older. However, what", "their lives and have been known to self-report instances of growth because of the experience. Improved Future Relationships Another positive outcome that has been observed to follow breakup has to do with the lessons that people may have learned from going through the painful experience. The stress-related growth that a person is forced to experience following a breakup causes improvements to their overall character, self-image, and ability to interact with others. These improvements have the potential to improve the quality of future romantic relationships with other people. This is due to the increased level of maturity displayed by the individual", "and happy existence after age 40, provided that one maintained the proper positive attitude.", "love and friendship. Memory for happy and sad events Different emotions have been shown to affect memory. Life events that have stronger emotions attached will be remembered more vividly. In studies looking at emotional events and the reminiscence bump, older adults tend to remember more positive events than younger adults. Typically, during the reminiscence bump only happy memories and memories of important events are recalled. It is postulated that sad events are easier to forget because there may be an increased motivation to forget them. Conversely, individuals are more likely to recall and relive happy events because they produced pleasurable", "how old people are. It matters if they love each other and have fun with each other. It has nothing to do with age. To get old is a mental disease. Everything is in the head.\nIn 1995, when Hagen got married to Gordon Polk, the lead singer of the punk rock band FiFi, she claimed it was her first wedding and the previous wedding with Iroquois was \"just for fun\" and not real.", "as \"an emotional strategy, something comforting to snuggle up to when the present day seems intolerably bleak.\"\nOne factor in declinism is the so-called \"reminiscence bump,\" meaning that older people tend \"to best remember events that happened to them at around the ages of 10-30.\" As one source puts it, \"[t]he vibrancy of youth, and the thrill of experiencing things for the first time, creates a 'memory bump' compared with which later life does seem a bit drab.\" Gopnick suggests that \"the idea of our decline is emotionally magnetic, because life is a long slide down, and the plateau just passed", "Although it is not scientifically possible to directly show that retirement either causes or contributes to depression, the newly retired are one of the most vulnerable societal groups when it comes to depression most likely due to confluence of increasing age and deteriorating health status. Retirement coincides with deterioration of one's health that correlates with increasing age and this likely plays a major role in increased rates of depression in retirees. Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies have shown that healthy elderly and retired people are as happy or happier and have an equal quality of life as they age as compared", "about just where they stand among their colleagues. It has been shown that being well socially connected has a significant impact on a person as they age, according to a 10-year study by the MacArthur Foundation, which was published in the book 'Successful Aging' the support, love, and care we feel through our social connections can help to counteract some of the health-related negatives of aging. Older people who were more active in social circles tended to be better off health-wise. Development If one brings a small collection of strangers together in a restricted space and environment, provides a common", "brains of emerging adults are fully developed, they are in fact still developing into their adult forms. Many connections within the brain are strengthened and those that are unused are pruned away. Several brain structures develop that allow for greater processing of emotions and social information. Areas of the brain used for planning and for processing risk and rewards also undergo important developments during this stage. These developments in brain structure and the resulting implications are one factor that leads emerging adults to be considered more mature than adolescents. This is due to the fact that they make fewer impulsive", "Times, Alison McCulloch summed it up, \"What you think you should do to be happy, like getting fitter and thinner, is part of a 'cultural code' — 'an unscientific web of symbolic cultural fantasies' — and once you realize this, you will perhaps feel a little more free to be a lot more happy.\" Similarly, in an interview on the Point of Inquiry podcast in 2007, she said \"I'm not trying really to get somebody out of depression, but I sure am trying to get people to not be so worried, so anxious over things that really don't matter.\"\nShe has", "but the mechanisms devoted to detection are lacking. Also, the amount of laughter exhibited by the elderly is smaller compared to young adults. In addition, the older population seems to not enjoy aggressive types of humor as much as the younger ones, and the elderly are especially sensitive to jokes referring to old age. \nIt is interesting to point out the \"see-saw\" effect aging has in terms of the brain mechanisms underlying humor. Despite the apparent decreases in the cognitive component of humor understanding, the affective element remains steady, if not more refined and enhanced. The greater bilateral activation older", "on materialism, sexuality, and having children to concerns about community and spirituality.\nIn the second half of our lives, humans reunite with the human race. They become part of the collective once again. This is when adults start to contribute to humanity (volunteer time, build, garden, create art, etc.) rather than destroy. They are also more likely to pay attention to their unconscious and conscious feelings. Young men rarely say \"I feel angry\" or \"I feel sad.\" This is because they have not yet rejoined the human collective experience, commonly reestablished in their older, wiser years, according to Jung. A common", "every teen/child's heart. They don't understand an adult's way of life which is always fully scheduled with work and social life, but not genuine fun and innocent games. They try their best to fight with the changes when they grow up. But it is hard because sometimes life would leave you no choice but to follow the mainstream. Even though you are not willing to, one day you will find yourself engaged in the adult's life, like Morio in the film. Though he only possess the mind of a 6-year-old, he eventually took off his “crown”, his party hat, indicating", "system for many individuals and an integral part of their lives from young adulthood to old age. Family Family relationships tend to be some of the most enduring bonds created within one’s lifetime. As adults age, their children often feel a sense of filial obligation, in which they feel obligated to care for their parents. This is particularly prominent in Asian cultures. Marital satisfaction remains high in older couples, oftentimes increasing shortly after retirement. This can be attributed to increased maturity and reduced conflict within the relationship. However, when health problems arise, the relationship can become strained. Studies", "that many simple things increase happiness and this aids to lessen the impact of vicarious traumatization. People who are more socially connected tend to be happier. People who consciously practice gratitude are also shown happier. Creative endeavours that are completely detachment with work also increase happiness. Self-care practices like yoga, qigong, and sitting meditation are found to be helpful for those who practice. HBR in a case study regarding to traumatization stated that it is essential to create an organizational culture in which it is cool to be a social worker or a counselor, where these professionals are empowered to", "you and the world becomes a more serious place and lot people do tend to forget what they like when they were kids; and when they do come to a Rock'n'Roll show and they are few kids in the audience. The kids actually remind them what is like being 18 again. And then those guys or those women they forget that they are 55 or 60 and they become 15 years old kids again.\nAnd it is an amazing thing to see happen.\n— Ian Paice\nI see that all around here. The music has a great power to move people.\n— Roger Glover Numbers Since", "child grows older, death is still difficult to fathom and this affects how a child responds. For example, younger children see death more as a separation, and may believe death is curable or temporary. Reactions can manifest themselves in \"acting out\" behaviors: a return to earlier behaviors such as sucking thumbs, clinging to a toy or angry behavior; though they do not have the maturity to mourn as an adult, they feel the same intensity. As children enter pre-teen and teen years, there is a more mature understanding.\nAdolescents may respond by delinquency, or oppositely become \"over-achievers\": repetitive actions are not", "more affluent may continue to find happiness elusive even for retirees.\nLeisure is intrinsically sought after by all as a way to release the tensions and stresses of work-life. It is often used to indulge in play – as is witnessed by how constantly obsessed nowadays people are with surfing the Internet, movies and games through their smartphones. There is no doubt that these are enjoyable activities.\nBut leisure also allows people – without the need of any modern gadgets – to re-connect with family and friends and experience the happiness arising from that interaction such as chatting over", "of inactivity within older adults that may have significant ramifications on their health and well-being.\nWith attention to these hypotheses, research shows play and activity tend to decline with age which may result in negative outcomes such as social isolation, depression, and mobility issues. American studies found that only 24% of seniors took part in regular physical activity and only 42% use the internet for entertainment purposes. In comparison to other age groups, the elderly are more likely to experience a variety of barriers, such as difficulty with environmental hazards and accessibility related issues, that may hinder their abilities to execute", "by conflict and aggression, they can promote delinquency, and antisocial behaviour among peers. Adulthood and old age When siblings reach adulthood, it is more likely that they will no longer live in the same place and that they will become involved in jobs, hobbies, and romantic interests that they do not share and therefore cannot use to relate to one another. In this stage the common struggles of school and being under the strict jurisdiction of parents is dissolved. Despite these factors, siblings often maintain a relationship through adulthood and even old age. Proximity is a large factor in maintaining", "adulthood brings maturity − \"Even though you're sussed and you're smart and you've worked it all out, you haven't even got the remotest inkling of what it's all about. And you can never hope to\" − and mocks those who feel that way; \"I'm constantly patronised by people who think they're really mature and have their life in order and are really together. That's so small minded.\"\n\"When I Grow Up\" was remastered in 2007 for Garbage's greatest hits album Absolute Garbage and remastered from the original studio tapes in 2018 for Version 2.0 (20th Anniversary Deluxe Edition). Single release \"When" ]

[ "What do you mean when you say brain waves? If you are thinking of the readouts of machines like EEG's or similar devices what you're seeing on these machines is the electrical activity of certain areas of the brain that are picked up by the electrodes of the machine. \n\nBecause most brain activity is a chemical exchange based on the electrostatic gradient, there are no \"waves\" or sound waves involved. What you are measuring with these machines are the minute changes in electrical activity in certain areas of the brain. \n\nHope this helps a little." ]

[ "and research has shown that synaptic noise may be a potential initiator of HFOs. HFOs between 60–70 Hz have been recorded as normal activity within the brain by EEG (electroencephalography) recordings, however frequencies within the ranges of 100–200 Hz, also called ripples, have been associated with epilepsy. Ripples, however, are not entirely abnormal nor regular. \"Ripples have been used to describe both abnormal activity associated with epileptiform sharp waves and normal behaviors such as physiological sharp waves and memory consolidation.\"\nSynaptic noise is not only caused by mass signaling from surrounding neuronal impulses, but also from the direct signaling within the neuron", "be measured.\nDifferent brain states are the result of different patterns of neural interaction. These patterns lead to waves characterized by different amplitudes and frequencies; for example waves between 12 and 30 hertz, Beta Waves, are associated with concentration while waves between 8 and 12 hertz, Alpha Waves, are associated with relaxation and a state of mental calm. (The contraction of muscles is also associated with unique wave patterns, isolating these patterns is how some NeuroSky devices detect blinks.)\n\nAll electrical activity produces these waves (even light bulbs), thus all electrical devices create some level of ambient “noise”; this “noise”", "also enable finer temporal discrimination. There are many theories of why noise is apparent in the neuronal networks, but many neurologists are unclear of why they exist.\nMore generally, two types of impacts of neuronal noise can be distinguished: it will either add variability to the neural response, or enable noise – induced dynamical phenomena which cannot be observed in a noise-free system. For instance, channel noise has been shown to induce oscillations in the stochastic Hodgkin-Huxley model.", "the rhythmic beat of a song. Brainwave entrainment Brainwaves, or neural oscillations, share the fundamental constituents with acoustic and optical waves, including frequency, amplitude and periodicity. Consequently, Huygens' discovery precipitated inquiry into whether or not the synchronous electrical activity of cortical neural ensembles might not only alter in response to external acoustic or optical stimuli but also entrain or synchronize their frequency to that of a specific stimulus.\nBrainwave entrainment is a colloquialism for such 'neural entrainment', which is a term used to denote the way in which the aggregate frequency of oscillations produced by the synchronous electrical activity in ensembles", "environment, but also the fact that both the ear and the brain are involved in a person’s listening experience.\nThe inner ear, for example, does significant signal processing in converting sound waveforms into neural stimuli, so certain differences between waveforms may be imperceptible. Data compression techniques, such as MP3, make use of this fact. In addition, the ear has a nonlinear response to sounds of different intensity levels; this nonlinear response is called loudness. Telephone networks and audio noise reduction systems make use of this fact by nonlinearly compressing data samples before transmission, and then expanding them for playback.", "Neuronal noise Neuronal noise or neural noise refers to the random intrinsic electrical fluctuations within neuronal networks. These fluctuations are not associated with encoding a response to internal or external stimuli and can be from one to two orders of magnitude. Most noise commonly occurs below a voltage-threshold that is needed for an action potential to occur, but sometimes it can be present in the form of an action potential; for example, stochastic oscillations in pacemaker neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus are partially responsible for the organization of circadian rhythms. Background Neuronal activity at the microscopic level has a stochastic character,", "that brain interference patterns could play a role in perception, but was unsure how such patterns might be generated in the brain or how they would lead to brain function.\nSeveral years later an article by neurophysiologist John Eccles described how a wave could be generated at the branching ends of pre-synaptic axons. Multiple of these waves could create interference patterns. Soon after, Emmett Leith was successful in storing visual images through the interference patterns of laser beams, inspired by Gabor's previous use of Fourier transformations to store information within a hologram. After studying the work of Eccles and that of", "without coding well the frequency content, including the presence of a distinct sound or its echoes. \n \nLike lower regions, this region of the brain has combination-sensitive neurons that have nonlinear responses to stimuli.\nRecent studies conducted in bats and other mammals have revealed that the ability to process and interpret modulation in frequencies primarily occurs in the superior and middle temporal gyri of the temporal lobe. Lateralization of brain function exists in the cortex, with the processing of speech in the left cerebral hemisphere and environmental sounds in the right hemisphere of the auditory cortex. Music, with its influence on", "region often results in a loss of the ability to hear any sounds at all. The frontal cortex has been found to be involved in processing melodies and harmonies of music. For example, when a patient is asked to tap out a beat or try to reproduce a tone, this region is very active on fMRI and PET scans. The cerebellum is the \"mini\" brain at the rear of the skull. Similar to the frontal cortex, brain imaging studies suggest that the cerebellum is involved in processing melodies and determining tempos. The medial prefrontal cortex along with the primary auditory", " Another effect of the ear's nonlinear response is that sounds that are close in frequency produce phantom beat notes, or intermodulation distortion products.\nThe term \"psychoacoustics\" also arises in discussions about cognitive psychology and the effects that personal expectations, prejudices, and predispositions may have on listeners' relative evaluations and comparisons of sonic aesthetics and acuity and on listeners' varying determinations about the relative qualities of various musical instruments and performers. The expression that one \"hears what one wants (or expects) to hear\" may pertain in such discussions. Limits of perception The human ear can nominally hear sounds in", "cells consistently get excited by sounds at specific frequencies, or multiples of that frequency.\nThe auditory cortex plays an important yet ambiguous role in hearing. When the auditory information passes into the cortex, the specifics of what exactly takes place are unclear. There is a large degree of individual variation in the auditory cortex, as noted by biologist James Beament, who wrote, “The cortex is so complex that the most we may ever hope for is to understand it in principle, since the evidence we already have suggests that no two cortices work in precisely the same way.\"\nIn the hearing process,", "and perceptual event; in other words, when a person hears something, that something arrives at the ear as a mechanical sound wave traveling through the air, but within the ear it is transformed into neural action potentials. The outer hair cells (OHC) of a mammalian cochlea give rise to an enhanced sensitivity and better frequency resolution of the mechanical response of the cochlear partition. These nerve pulses then travel to the brain where they are perceived. Hence, in many problems in acoustics, such as for audio processing, it is advantageous to take into account not just the mechanics of the", "synaptic noise aids, rather than impairs, signal detection. With stochastic resonance, synaptic noise can amplify the recognition of signals that are below threshold potential in nonlinear, threshold-detecting systems. This is important in cells that receive and integrate thousands of synaptic inputs. These cells can often require numerous synaptic events to occur at the same time in order to produce an action potential, so the potential for receiving subthreshold signals is high. Signals from neurons that integrate activity of various neurons, when taken together, can form a complete image stimulus.\nNoise also allows neurons to detect weak visual signals by processing the", "Brainwave entrainment Neural oscillation and electroencephalography (EEG) Neural oscillations are rhythmic or repetitive electrochemical activity in the brain and central nervous system. Such oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitude and phase. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity driven by mechanisms within individual neurons, as well as by interactions between them. They may also adjust frequency to synchronize with the periodic vibration of external acoustic or visual stimuli.\nThe activity of neurons generate electric currents; and the synchronous action of neural ensembles in the cerebral cortex, comprising large numbers of neurons, produce macroscopic oscillations. These phenomena can be monitored", "complex computer circuit or neural circuits is thought to slow down and negatively affect the processing power. However, current research suggests that neuronal noise is beneficial to non-linear or complex neural networks up until optimal value. A theory by Anderson and colleagues supports that neural noise is beneficial. Their theory suggests that noise produced in the visual cortex helps linearize or smooth the threshold of action potentials.\nAnother theory suggests that stochastic noise in a non-linear network shows a positive relationship between the interconnectivity and noise-like activity. Thus based on this theory, Patrick Wilken and colleagues suggest that neuronal noise is", "speech. He also showed that TFS cues are less vulnerable than temporal envelope cues when sounds are masked by competing sounds such as noise or presented at high intensities, and may play a role in robust sound coding at the low (brainstem) level. His work conducted with people with sensorineural hearing loss and computational models of auditory perception showed how cochlear lesions may alter the neural representation of TFS cues in the early stages of the auditory system, even in regions of the pure-tone audiogram where hearing is clinically considered as normal.", "multiple sounds are transduced simultaneously. The role of the auditory system is to decide which components form the sound link. Many have surmised that this linkage is based on the location of sounds. However, there are numerous distortions of sound when reflected off different media, which makes this thinking unlikely. The auditory cortex forms groupings based on fundamentals; in music, for example, this would include harmony, timing, and pitch.\nThe primary auditory cortex lies in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe and extends into the lateral sulcus and the transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri). Final sound processing", "the principal factor that limits the capacity of visual short-term memory. Investigators of neural ensembles and those who especially support the theory of distributed processing, propose that large neuronal populations effectively decrease noise by averaging out the noise in individual neurons. Some investigators have shown in experiments and in models that neuronal noise is a possible mechanism to facilitate neuronal processing. The presence of neuronal noise (or more specifically synaptic noise) confers to neurons more sensitivity to a broader range of inputs, it can equalize the efficacy of synaptic inputs located at different positions on the neuron, and it can", "and therefore in memories, whether solidifying or interfering.\nThis focus is greatly reliant on stochastic resonance. From notable research by Stacey and Durand, synaptic noise has been credited for enhanced detection of weak or distal synaptic inputs within the hippocampus. Using a computer model, subthreshold currents were simulated in the CA3 region that directly correlated with increased CA1 action potential activity when small currents were introduced. This is an example of a commonly ostracized natural occurrence that dampens important signals can now be studied and utilized for therapeutic reasons to aid neural plasticity.\nCommon injuries in the hippocampus region can result in", "sound with a missing fundamental, the human brain still receives information for all frequencies, including the fundamental frequency which does not exist in the sound. This implies that sound is encoded by neurons firing at all frequencies of a harmonic, therefore, the neurons must be locked in some way to result in the hearing of one sound. Hearing loss and deafness Congenital deafness or sensorineural hearing loss is an often used model for the study of the inner ear regarding pitch perception and theories of hearing in general. Frequency analysis of these individuals’ hearing has given insight on common deviations", "is heard, more hair cells are stimulated and the intensity of firing of axons in the cochlear nerve is increased. However, because the rate of firing also defines low pitch the brain has an alternate way of encoding for loudness of low frequency sounds. The number of hair cells that are stimulated is thought to communicate loudness in low pitch frequencies.\nAside from pitch and loudness, another quality that distinguishes sound stimuli is timbre. Timbre allows us to hear the difference between two instruments that are playing at the same frequency and loudness, for example. When two simple tones are put", "wave is found over the motor cortex, in a band approximately from ear to ear. A person suppresses mu wave patterns when he or she performs a motor action or, with practice, when he or she visualizes performing a motor action. This suppression is called desynchronization of the wave because EEG wave forms are caused by large numbers of neurons firing in synchrony. The mu wave is even suppressed when one observes another person performing a motor action or an abstract motion with biological characteristics. Researchers such as V. S. Ramachandran and colleagues have suggested that this is a sign", "Hypersonic effect Counter-contrary evidence Criticism of Oohashi's studies has been directed primarily at the conclusions regarding listener's preferences the test material; there has been little criticism aimed at the physiological aspect of the studies.\nStudies cited as contrary evidence did not address the physiological brain response to high-frequency audio, only the subject's conscious response to it. Further investigation of the observed physiological response appears to show that the ear alone does not produce the extra brain waves, but when the body is exposed to high-frequency sound it gives some brain stimulus.", "and offset cues, slow amplitude modulations composing the envelope of sounds), but also can be carried by temporal variations in “second-order” characteristics such as the temporal-envelope contrast (depth). His psychophysical conducted on normal-hearing people and patients with cochlear or brain lesions is consistent with the idea that, as in vision, nonlinear mechanisms along the auditory pathway generate an audible distortion component at the 2nd-order AM frequency in the internal modulation spectrum of sounds.\nHis more recent work on the perception of TFS information suggested that TFS cues convey as much spectro-temporal information as temporal-envelope cues do for complex sounds such as", "and consequently reduce the impact of noise. In the hippocampus The significance of synaptic noise has become clear through ongoing research of the brain, specifically the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a region of the forebrain in the medial temporal lobe closely associated with memory formation and recollection. Gamma and theta oscillations, released during exploratory activities, create modulated rhythms that transform into prolonged excitation, and furthermore into memories or improper potentiation. These oscillations can be partially composed of synaptic currents or synaptic noise. There is recent evidence that supports the role of synaptic noise in the signal functions within the hippocampus,", "to the central auditory system within the brain. This is where sound is perceived. Different groups of hair cells are responsive to different frequencies. Hair cells at or near the base of the cochlea are most sensitive to higher frequency sounds while those at the apex are most sensitive to lower frequency sounds. There are two known biological mechanisms of NIHL from excessive sound intensity: damage to the structures called stereocilia that sit atop hair cells and respond to sound, and damage to the synapses that the auditory nerve makes with hair cells, also termed \"hidden hearing loss\". Hair cell", "volley theory, at frequencies below 1000 Hz and place theory at frequencies above 5000 Hz. For sounds with frequencies between 1000 and 5000 Hz, both theories come into play so the brain can utilize the basilar membrane location and the rate of the impulse. Experimental evidence Due to the invasiveness of most hearing related experiments, it is difficult to use human models in the study of the auditory system. However, many findings have been revealed in cats and guinea pigs. Additionally, there are few ways to study the basilar membrane in vivo. Sound Stimuli Many revolutionary concepts regarding hearing and encoding sound in", "positively correlated with frequency of oscillations in induced stimuli. A number of nuclei in the brainstem have diffuse projections throughout the brain influencing concentration levels of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine and serotonin. These neurotransmitter systems affect the physiological state, e.g., wakefulness or arousal, and have a pronounced effect on amplitude of different brain waves, such as alpha activity. Mathematical description Oscillations can often be described and analyzed using mathematics. Mathematicians have identified several dynamical mechanisms that generate rhythmicity. Among the most important are harmonic (linear) oscillators, limit cycle oscillators, and delayed-feedback oscillators. Harmonic oscillations appear very frequently", "an increased level of noise in their prefrontal cortical information processing circuits. Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex might cause some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as auditory hallucinations, delusional states, and impacts on the working memory. Knowing how noise affects the signaling in this area of the brain, for example, not being able to distinguish noise from a signal, might provide more information on why these abnormalities occur.\nFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is affected by noise. Noise that is present during scanning can impact the integrity of an image by introducing an aspect of uncertainty through noise. More", "frequency is extremely vulnerable to being contaminated with spurious signals, such as adjacent radio stations, harmonics from non-adjacent radio stations, electrical equipment in the vicinity of the receiving antenna causing interference, or even atmospheric events such as solar flares and especially lightning.\nThere is evidence that white noise exposure therapies may induce maladaptive changes in the brain that degrade neurological health and compromise cognition. Work environment The effects of white noise upon cognitive function are mixed. Recently, a small study found that white noise background stimulation improves cognitive functioning among secondary students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while decreasing performance" ]

[ "A markov chain is a mathematical approach to disentangling several possible events that depend on outcomes before it. \n\nTo stay topical, take a look at March madness brackets. You have a pretty low chance of getting your bracket right. But if we apply some really simple logic, we can increase that chance. \n\nIf you fill out the bracket as a set of unorganized fill in the blank boxes, you won't do well. For instance, you could have a team that you eliminated in the sweet sixteen winning the final four. That doesn't make sense. Instead, let's create a chain of causes that predict the inputs into the next block of causes. \n\nIf a team doesn't make the first round, they can't end up in the later rounds. Better right?\n\nBut if we have even more information, we can do even better. We could fill out our bracket *as* the tournament is happening and expect to do really well. A player who lead scoring got injured in the elite 8? We can use that information to reduce the team's chances in the final four. That's why a Markov chain is so.good at making predictions. It refined it's approach as it gets information. \n\nIn real use, Markov chains get much more sophisticated. So sophisticated that becomes hard to keep track of all the variables. That's where higher level math like *linear algebra* comes in. \n\nIn a *Hidden Markov Model*, you don't actually have to know how all the pieces fit together. You just need some good relationships:\n- taller players do better\n- players have to be healthy to play\n- scoring early is important\n\nUsing *eignevectors* a mathematical approach can take a *system of related linear equations* and figure out which variables are *independent* of the rest. You do this by mathematically rearranging all the equations so that the few that dominate the rest fall out.\n\n- taller players do better and the early scoring for this team is directly caused by their best player being tall. It's really only one variable at work here. \n\nAs the Markov chain gets updated, the most important variables might shift.\n\n- Taller players do better but this team's tall player is injured so the height variable is no longer part of what contributes to their early scoring.", "Systems evolve probabilistically. Markov chains are a mathematical framework we use to capture this.\n\nThe state of a system is the information about the system that we care about. A Markov chain makes the assumption that probability distribution for the next state only depends on the current state.\n\nA simple example is Monopoly (ignore community chest, chance, jail, double rolls, etc.). Our state is what square we are on. To move, we roll a dice and move that many squares forward. Note that the probability distribution over the next state only depends on the current state (not e.g. on the whole path we have taken so far).\n\nA major object of interest of a Markov chain is its stationary distribution. This is the probability distribution over states that we arrive at after doing many transitions. For Monopoly, the stationary distribution is uniform over all the squares (i.e. if you make 1000 moves, you're roughly equally likely to end up on any of the squares).\n\nMarkov chains are an important tool in inference. One example is the Kalman filter, a popular way to better estimate a system's state (e.g. position/velocity) based on a time series of noisy data. This algorithm uses a Hidden Markov Model, which builds on the idea of a Markov chain by adding latent variables (variables that aren't observed, but are related to variables we do observe).\n\nOther applications in inference are Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms, which allow us to sample from distributions that are very difficult (computationally) to calculate/express. This is accomplished by building a Markov chain whose stationary distribution is the distribution of interest. Usually this distribution is a posterior (the distribution after seeing some observed variables) on a latent variable.", "Markov chains are used to mathematically describe a chain of random events. A simple Markov chain could be your position in a game of chutes and ladders. In this example each of the 100 possible positions are a “state” you can be in. You transition between these states with a certain probability. In this example you have a starting state at the beginning of the game. And an ending (absorbing) state at the end. If modeled correctly you could solve for an expected number of spins to reach the finish. \n\nAnother example of a markov chain could be, the amount of cash you have while playing a specific roulette betting strategy at a casino. Your state here is how much cash you have. And you transition to other states with wins and losses. A markov chain here could help solve for the probability you double your money before you go bust.\n\nMarkov chains can also describe more complex systems like Brownian motion. Even though the details are more nuanced the principle is the same. At some time the system is at a certain state. And as time progresses it changes to a different state. And properly modeling that helps you answer questions about that random process.\n\nThe reason these are important is because they help answer questions about random processes." ]

[ "Chain-linked model The chain-linked model or Kline model of innovation was introduced by mechanical engineer Stephen J. Kline in 1985, and further described by Kline and economist Nathan Rosenberg in 1986. The chain-linked model is an attempt to describe complexities in the innovation process. The model is regarded as Kline's most significant contribution. Description In the chain-linked model, new knowledge is not necessarily the driver for innovation. Instead, the process begins with the identification of an unfilled market need. This drives research and design, then redesign and production, and finally marketing, with complex feedback loops between all", "Double-loop marketing Double-loop marketing is based upon the notion that in today's information-rich world, marketing must of necessity be people and knowledge-driven rather than product driven. A company must first develop \"mind share” by building a site that offers genuinely-useful information and advice to consumers. This is the first loop of the firm's interaction with customers. Only after such a site achieves credibility among its community of readers can the company, in the second loop of customer interaction, try to convert that \"mind share\" into \"wallet share.\" In other words, first community, then commerce. Double Loop Marketing is an", "The chaining approach is an extension of the goal-oriented approach. It is seen that the main limitation of the test data generation methods is that only the control flow graph is used to generate the test data. This limited knowledge may make our selection harder. Thus, it is seen that the path-oriented approach usually has to generate a large number of paths before it finds the \"right\" path. This is because the path selection is blind. \nThe chaining approach tries to identify a chain of nodes that are vital to the execution of the goal node. The chaining approach starts", "the monomers that make up the growing polymer chain, the chain's composition may be calculated (e.g., whether monomers tend to add in alternating fashion or in long runs of the same monomer). Due to steric effects, second-order Markov effects may also play a role in the growth of some polymer chains.\nSimilarly, it has been suggested that the crystallization and growth of some epitaxial superlattice oxide materials can be accurately described by Markov chains. Testing Several theorists have proposed the idea of the Markov chain statistical test (MCST), a method of conjoining Markov chains to form a \"Markov blanket\", arranging these", "Chaining (vector processing) In computing, chaining is a technique used in computer architecture in which scalar and vector registers generate interim results which can be used immediately, without additional memory references which reduce computational speed. \nThe chaining technique was first used by Seymour Cray in the 80 MHz Cray 1 supercomputer in 1976.", "Polymer physics Models Models of polymer chains are split into two types: \"ideal\" models, and \"real\" models. Ideal chain models assume that there are no interactions between chain monomers. This assumption is valid for certain polymeric systems, where the positive and negative interactions between the monomer effectively cancel out. Ideal chain models provide a good starting point for investigation of more complex systems and are better suited for equations with more parameters. Real chains Interactions between chain monomers can be modelled as excluded volume. This causes a reduction in the conformational possibilities of the chain, and leads to a self-avoiding", "Ideal chain An ideal chain (or freely-jointed chain) is the simplest model to describe polymers, such as nucleic acids and proteins. It only assumes a polymer as a random walk and neglects any kind of interactions among monomers. Although it is simple, its generality gives insight about the physics of polymers.\nIn this model, monomers are rigid rods of a fixed length l, and their orientation is completely independent of the orientations and positions of neighbouring monomers, to the extent that two monomers can co-exist at the same place. In some cases, the monomer has a physical interpretation, such as an", "chain/network is to serve consumer needs and they need to cooperate to achieve this. As a result, a strongly connected system is formed, which can be described as a netchain. Further developments The strictly defined netchain analysis could not become popular in the field of supply chain management. After its introduction the netchain concept was widely used in the agribusiness sector. Nevertheless, the perspective of network science and network analysis is used more and more generally to examine supply chains/networks. First of all, as information technology develops communication becomes easier. Second, more and more companies start to realize the importance", "Side-chain theory The side-chain theory (German, Seitenkettentheorie) is a theory proposed by Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) to explain the immune response in living cells. Ehrlich theorized from very early in his career that chemical structure could be used to explain why the immune response occurred in reaction to infection. He believed that toxins and antitoxins were chemical substances at a time when very little was known about their nature. The theory explains the interaction of antibodies and antigens in the blood, and how antibodies are produced. History In 1891, Paul Ehrlich joined the newly established Robert Koch Institute in Berlin upon", "of the statistical regularities of systems. Even without describing the full structure of the system perfectly, such signal models can make possible very effective data compression through entropy encoding techniques such as arithmetic coding. They also allow effective state estimation and pattern recognition. Markov chains also play an important role in reinforcement learning.\nMarkov chains are also the basis for hidden Markov models, which are an important tool in such diverse fields as telephone networks (which use the Viterbi algorithm for error correction), speech recognition and bioinformatics (such as in rearrangements detection).\nThe LZMA lossless data compression algorithm combines Markov chains with", "Chain-growth polymerization Steps of chain-growth polymerization Typically, chain polymerization must contain chain initiation and chain propagation. Chain transfer and chain termination do not always happened in a chain-growth polymerization. Chain initiation Chain initiation is the process of initially generating a chain carrier (chain carriers are some intermediates such as radical and ions in chain propagation process) in a chain polymerization. According to different ways of energy dissipation, it can be divided into thermal initiation, high energy initiation, and chemical initiation, etc. Thermal initiation is a process that obtained energy and dissociated to homolytic cleavage to form active center by molecular", "Chain reaction A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.\nChain reactions are one way that systems which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can release energy or increase entropy in order to reach a state of higher entropy. For example, a system may not be able to reach a lower energy state by releasing energy into the environment, because it is hindered or prevented in some way from taking the path that will result in the", "using method chaining by having the method return the current object itself. Cascading is a key technique in fluent interfaces, and since chaining is widely implemented in object-oriented languages while cascading isn't, this form of \"cascading-by-chaining by returning this\" is often referred to simply as \"chaining\". Both chaining and cascading come from the Smalltalk language.\nWhile chaining is syntax, it has semantic consequences, namely that requires methods to return an object, and if implementing cascading via chaining, this must be the current object. This prevents the return value from being used for some other purpose, such as returning an error value.", "Glycoconjugate Glycoconjugates is the general classification for carbohydrates covalently linked with other chemical species such as proteins, peptides, lipids and saccharides. Glycoconjugates are formed in processes termed glycosylation.\nGlycoconjugates are very important compounds in biology and consist of many different categories such as glycoproteins, glycopeptides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids, glycosides and lipopolysaccharides. They are involved in cell–cell interactions, including cell–cell recognition; in cell–matrix interactions; in detoxification processes.\nGenerally the carbohydrate part(s) play an integral role in the function of a glycoconjugate; prominent examples of this are NCAM and blood proteins where fine details in the carbohydrate structure determine cell binding or not or", "Kinetic chain length In polymer chemistry the kinetic chain length of a polymer, ν, is the average number of units called monomers added to a growing chain during chain-growth polymerization. During this process, a polymer chain is formed when monomers are bonded together to form long chains known as polymers. Kinetic chain length is defined as the average number of monomers that react with an active center such as a radical from initiation to termination.\nThis definition is a special case of the concept of chain length in chemical kinetics. For any chemical chain reaction, the chain length is defined as", "polymer chains growing in a limited space. In this way, unlike what happens in free radical polymerization (FRP), the formation of huge polymer chains and large-scale combinations at early reaction stages is avoided. Therefore, a small instantaneous kinetic chain length is the prerequisite for further manipulation of intramolecular cyclization or intermolecular crosslinking. Based on the small instantaneous kinetic chain length, regulation of different chain dimensions and concentrations would lead to distinct reaction types. A low ratio of initiator to monomer would result in the formation of longer chains but of a lower chain concentration, This scenario would no doubt increases", "main chain is conjugated with the side group, but all parts are not conjugated together as strongly. Examples of cross-conjugation can be found in molecules such as benzophenone, divinylketones, p-quinones, dendralenes, radialenes, fullerene, and Indigo dye. The type of conjugation affects reactivity and molecular electronic transitions.", "into a polymer chain under the conditions of bulk or emulsion polymerization. A series of papers from Mayo (at the U.S. Rubber Co.) laid the foundation for determining the rates of chain transfer reactions.\nIn the early 1950s, workers at DuPont conclusively demonstrated that short and long branching in polyethylene was due to two different mechanisms of chain transfer to polymer. Around the same time, the presence of chain transfer in cationic polymerizations was firmly established. Current activity The nature of chain transfer reactions is currently well understood and is given in standard polymerization textbooks. Since the 1980s,", "Chain walking In polymer chemistry, chain walking (CW) or chain running or chain migration is a mechanism that operates during some alkene polymerization reactions. CW can be also considered as a specific case of intermolecular chain transfer (analogous to radical ethene polymerization). This reaction gives rise to branched and hyperbranched/dendritic hydrocarbon polymers. This process is also characterized by accurate control of polymer architecture and topology. The extent of CW, displayed in the number of branches formed and positions of branches on the polymers are controlled by the choice of a catalyst. The potential applications of polymers formed", "chains is determined by the\nnumber of initiators. Each growing chain has the same probability to propagate with monomers to form living/dormant polymer chains (R-Pₙ-X). As a result, polymers with similar molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution can be prepared.\nATRP reactions are very robust in that they are tolerant of many functional groups like allyl, amino, epoxy, hydroxy, and vinyl groups present in either the monomer or the initiator. ATRP methods are also advantageous due to the ease of preparation, commercially available and inexpensive catalysts (copper complexes), pyridine-based ligands, and initiators (alkyl halides). Components of normal ATRP There are five", "Markov models which allow consideration of more complex data structures and the modeling of nonstationary data. Terminology The states of the process are called hidden states, and is called an emission probability or output probability. Description in terms of urns In its discrete form, a hidden Markov process can be visualized as a generalization of the urn problem with replacement (where each item from the urn is returned to the original urn before the next step). Consider this example: in a room that is not visible to an observer there is a genie. The room contains urns X1,", "Chain shuttling polymerization Chain shuttling polymerization is a dual-catalyst method for producing block copolymers with alternating or variable tacticity. The desired effect of this method is to generate hybrid polymers that bear the properties of both polymer chains, such as a high melting point accompanied by high elasticity. It is a relatively new method, the first instance of its use being reported by Arriola et al. in May 2006. Olefin polymerization Olefin polymers (such as polypropylene and polyethylene) have seen widespread use in the plastics industry in the past 50 years. A way to enhance the properties", "Loopback Loopback, or loop-back, refers to the routing of electronic signals, digital data streams, or flows of items back to their source without intentional processing or modification. This is primarily a means of testing the communications infrastructure.\nMany example applications exist. It may be a communication channel with only one communication endpoint. Any message transmitted by such a channel is immediately and only received by that same channel. In telecommunications, loopback devices perform transmission tests of access lines from the serving switching center, which usually does not require the assistance of personnel at the served terminal. Loop around is a", "Channel coordination Channel coordination (or supply chain coordination) aims at improving supply chain performance by aligning the plans and the objectives of individual enterprises. It usually focuses on inventory management and ordering decisions in distributed inter-company settings. Channel coordination models may involve multi-echelon inventory theory, multiple decision makers, asymmetric information, as well as recent paradigms of manufacturing, such as mass customization, short product life-cycles, outsourcing and delayed differentiation. The theoretical foundations of the coordination are based chiefly on the contract theory. The problem of channel coordination was first modeled and analyzed by Anantasubramania Kumar in 1992. Characteristics of coordination schemes", "Information cascade An Information cascade or informational cascade is a phenomenon described in behavioral economics and network theory in which a number of people make the same decision in a sequential fashion. It is similar to, but distinct from herd behavior.\nAn information cascade is generally accepted as a two-step process. For a cascade to begin an individual must encounter a scenario with a decision, typically a binary one. Second, outside factors can influence this decision (typically, through the observation of actions and their outcomes of other individuals in similar scenarios).\nThe two-step process of an informational cascade can be broken down", "Smart bond (finance) A smart bond is a specific type of an automated bond contract that uses the capabilities of blockchain databases that can operate as cryptographically-secure yet open and transparent general ledgers. It is one of a class of financial instruments known as a smart contract, \"a computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of a contract.\" History As early as 2014, banking executives were speaking publicly about the ability of blockchain technology to trigger significant \"simplification of banking processes and cost structure.\"\nAs of 2015, UBS was experimenting with smart bonds that use the bitcoin blockchain\nin which \"risk free", "protocol(CSP) is defined exactly as a channel system. However, the notion of step and of run are defined differently.\nA CSP admits two kinds of steps. Perfect steps, as defined above, and a message loss transition step. We denote a message loss transition step by . Looseness A lossy channel system or machine capable of lossinness error is an extension of completely specified protocol in which letters may disappear anywhere.\nA lossy channel system admits two kinds of steps. Perfect steps, as defined above, and lossy step. We denote a lossy step, .\nIt should be noted that a run in which channel", "(more technically \"heaviest\") chain is considered to be the valid dataset, miners are incentivised to only build blocks on the longest chain they know about, in order for it to become part of that dataset (and for their reward to be valid).\nTransactions in this system are therefore never technically \"final\" as a conflicting chain of blocks can always outgrow the current canonical chain, however as blocks are built on top of a transactions, it becomes increasingly unlikely/costly for another chain to overtake it.\nDecentralized currencies that rely on blockchain are vulnerable to the 51% attack, in which a malicious actor can", "Converged storage Design considerations The goal of converged storage is to bring together server and storage and/or application and data to deliver services that are better optimized for target workloads. This can mean server and storage converged within a common hardware platform. For example, a blade server enclosure, applications and storage can be brought together within a server by virtualization. Server and storage can be managed as a resource pool, for example in infrastructure- as-a-service (IaaS). Common hardware platform Industry standard servers, such as those using Intel processors (x86), form the basis of converged storage. As these servers", "tacticity dictated by Cat2, not Cat1. The general result is that the chain will alternate between two different tacticities. As the forward and reverse reactions occur, the polymer chain is “shuttled” back and forth between the two catalysts and a block copolymer is formed.\nThe shuttling of chains back and forth from catalysts via a CSA can be viewed as a competing chemical equilibrium. Note that the forward and reverse reactions of CSA binding and leaving either Cat1 or Cat2 are possible. This competition means that a chain can leave Cat1 via a CSA and the reattach" ]

[ "Aside from having one of the highest death tolls (only the Congolese occupation has a higher average-estimate death toll), it receives attention partly because it was a new type of event. The word 'genocide' itself was only coined in 1944 to try and name what the Nazis had done.\n\nThe Holocaust was a planned, deliberate attempt to completely wipe a race of people from the Earth, domestically and internationally, executed in a large-scale industrial fashion using all the tools of a developed 20th-century nation, and had the fascists not been stopped by war, they would have seen it through to completion.\n\nThat's new. That hadn't happened before. That's why it's so studied. Sure, there had been lots of other mass killings and racist crimes of humanity -- but they weren't like the Holocaust. They usually fell into two categories: brutal massacres committed by invading armies (as seen in Mongol campaigns) and horrendously exploitative colonialism (as seen in the Congo Free State). \n\nThe fact that Nazi Germany was a modern highly-developed nation also factors into it, I'm sure; it has a larger, more devastating impact to think of a modern educated developed country doing this, compared to say, the tyrant King Leopold and his absolute monarchy generations and generations ago. Likewise, Eurocentric views dominated as a matter of policy until very recently, so of course an event occurring in the heart of 20th century Europe has more shock value than some old business off on the (gasp) Dark Continent. Then there's the fact that we have huge amounts of recorded testimony, photographic evidence, video evidence, etc of the Holocaust. There are a lot of factors.", "I'm not sure that \"popular\" is the right word! But I know what you mean.\n\nAccording to [Wikipedia](_URL_0_), the holocaust was he second-worst genocide in history. That in itself makes it remarkable - but the fact that it came very close to wiping out the entire European Jewish population - 78% of that population was killed - makes it stand out above any others.", "It was done by white people against whiteish people. There are still people alive who were involved. The Germans kept copious records." ]

[ "World War II and the Rwandan Genocide have both been cited as atrocities facilitated by a government sanctioned dehumanization of its citizens. In terms of the Holocaust, government proliferated propaganda created a culture of dehumanization of the Jewish population. Crimes like lynching (especially in the United States) are often thought of as the result of popular bigotry and government apathy.\nAnthropologists Ashley Montagu and Floyd Matson famously wrote that dehumanization might well be considered \"the fifth horseman of the apocalypse\" because of the inestimable damage it has dealt to society. When people become things, the logic follows, they become dispensable, and", "suspect. Such analyses conclude that the origins of the Holocaust are more likely to be found in historical Christian anti-Semitism than in evolution.\nEvolution has been used to justify Social Darwinism, the exploitation of so-called \"lesser breeds without the law\" by \"superior races,\" particularly in the nineteenth century. Typically strong European nations that had successfully expanded their empires could be said to have \"survived\" in the struggle for dominance. With this attitude, Europeans except for Christian missionaries rarely adopted any customs and languages of local people under their empires.", "of Totalitarianism (1951), Swedish writer Sven Lindqvist, historian Hajo Holborn, and Ugandan academic, Mahmood Mandani, have also linked the Holocaust to colonialism, but moreover, place the tragedy into the context of the European tradition of antisemitism and the genocide of colonized peoples. Arendt claimed for instance that nationalism and imperialism were literally bridged together by racism. Pseudo-scientific theories elaborated upon during the 19th century (e.g. Arthur de Gobineau's 1853 Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races) were fundamental in preparing the conditions for the Holocaust according to some scholars. While other historical incidences of wholesale slaughter exist, there are", "1960s. Pius XII used the term \"holocaust\" twice in his encyclicals, but used it in its religious meaning, not referring to the historical event. The term \"genocide\" was not coined until 1944 by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish legal scholar.\nMuch scrutiny has focused on whether Pius XII specifically identified the perpetrators or victims; many of his more ambiguous statements, which make no reference to Nazi Germany or the Jews, have been argued to apply to the Holocaust by some of his supporters.\nMany of Pius XII's more important writings and speeches were not given in English, and some of his words", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and others found that 41 percent of 1,350 American adults surveyed, and 66 percent of millennials, did not know what Auschwitz was, while 22 percent said they had never heard of the Holocaust.\nMany post-atrocity communities throughout the world struggle with divided societies. Social cohesion remains fractured and progress is blocked by the country’s refusal to deal with its national history of genocide and mass atrocities and the long-term trauma such crimes cause. This challenge increases when conflicting parties or survivors and their tormentors must co-exist in the same society in the aftermaths of atrocity crimes.", "to make people believe that Jews see them as inferior. Inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II—usually referred to as the Holocaust—did not occur at all, or that it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized.\nKey elements of these claims are the rejection of any of the following: that the German Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews for extermination as a people; that more than five million Jews were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies; and", "cultural trauma. Initially, little was known about the Holocaust, leading to over-generalization. According to the just world hypothesis, Holocaust victims and survivors must have done something to deserve their fate.\nKovner's speech of October 1945 was not available to the public for four decades, and many falsely attributed the accusation against Israeli Holocaust survivors to him. Disturbed by this, Kovner said in 1947 that one who had not witnessed the events of the Holocaust could not use the phrase appropriately; \"like sheep to the slaughter\" meant something different in Israel than it had in the Vilna Ghetto in 1942. Meanwhile, he", "still scholars who remain adamant about the \"uniqueness\" of the Holocaust, as compared to other genocides. Philosopher Michel Foucault also traced the origins of the Holocaust to \"racial policies\" and \"state racism\", which are subsumed within the framework of \"biopolitics\".\nThe Nazis considered it their duty to overcome natural compassion and execute orders for what they believed to be higher ideals; members of the SS in particular, perceived that they had a state-legitimized mandate and obligation to eliminate those perceived as racial enemies. Crowd psychology has been attributed to some of the heinous acts committed by the Nazis and Gustave Le", "the differences of the persecution of Jews and the persecution of Roma in the Nazi era, in a manner indicative of \"the priorities of latter-day scholarship, about the way that the murder of the Jews has been promoted to obscure so much of the rest of the Nazi record of atrocity\". \"Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?\" In September 2004, Lewy published an essay in Commentary entitled \"Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?\": \"[E]ven if some episodes can be considered genocidal—that is, tending toward genocide—they certainly do not justify condemning an entire society. Guilt is personal, and for", "straight: In none of my writings have I ever asserted the uniqueness or singularity of the Holocaust, and indeed I do not believe that the Holocaust is the only instance of mass killing that deserves to be classified as an act of genocide. With Yehuda Bauer I would call the Holocaust unprecedented but not unique, because the term unique suggests that something like the Holocaust can never happen again. In point of fact, later in the 20th century we witnessed the terrible genocides of Cambodia and Rwanda. I would welcome it if critics of my work would limit themselves to", "Holocaust victims Scope of usage While the term Holocaust generally refers to the systematic mass murder of the Jewish people in German-occupied Europe, the Nazis also murdered a large number of non-Jewish people who were also considered subhuman (Untermenschen) or undesirable. Some victims belonged to several categories targeted for extermination, e.g. an assimilated Jew who was a member of a communist party or someone of Jewish ancestry who identified as one of Jehovah's Witnesses.\nNon-Jewish victims of Nazism included Slavs (e.g. Russians, Poles, Ukrainians and Serbs), Romanis (gypsies), French, Belgians, Dutch, Greeks, Italians (after 1943), LGBT people (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender);", "happened; they just deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people customarily use it for.\nAccording to British historian of Germany Richard J. Evans:\nLike many individual Holocaust deniers, the Institute as a body denied that it was involved in Holocaust denial. It called this a 'smear' which was 'completely at variance with the facts' because 'revisionist scholars' such as Faurisson, Butz 'and bestselling British historian David Irving acknowledge that hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed and otherwise perished during the Second World War as a direct and indirect result of the harsh anti-Jewish policies of Germany and its allies'. But", "to the Holocaust. As Holocaust scholar John K. Roth argued in the foreword of the book, \"Absent Christianity, no Holocaust would have taken place.\"\nThe book provides an account of how antisemitism developed from the very early days of the Christian movement into full-blown hatred by the time of the Crusades. Six Million Crucifixions shows how anti-Jewish sentiment stemmed out of Christian Scriptures and the teachings of the Church Fathers, until it became second-nature to European Christians. As Dr. Carol Rittner, Distinguished Professor of Holocaust & Genocide Studies at The Richard Stockton College wrote, \"Too many of those hate-filled words had", "that genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers.\nMost Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a hoax arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other peoples. For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally considered to be an antisemitic conspiracy theory. The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are criticized as based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores extensive historical evidence to the contrary.\nHolocaust deniers include former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, Germar Rudolf who had been convicted by a German", "published, controversy broke out concerning the specific definition of genocide. Many scholars believed that genocide is naturally associated with mass murder, the Holocaust being the first case, but there were also several other scholars who believed genocide has a much broader definition and is not strictly tied to the Holocaust. In Lemkin's book, he says that \"physical and biological genocide are always preceded by cultural genocide or by an attack on the symbols of the group or violent interference of cultural activities.\" He concludes that genocide is the annihilation of a group's culture even if the group themselves are", "for students how they see themselves in the context of their country’s past, present and future. The promotion of human rights The Holocaust began with abuses of power and gross human rights violations by Nazi Germany that over time escalated into war and genocide. While not all human rights violations result in genocide, the Holocaust presents an important case to be explored in a human rights context. The discriminatory policies and practices that dehumanized and marginalized Jews and other minority or political groups (such as depriving individuals of their citizenship) illuminate how human rights violations when combined with factors such", "September 26, 1986 contended against Nolte that the Holocaust was indeed a “singular” event because it had been committed by an advanced Western nation, and argued that Nolte's comparisons of the Holocaust with similar mass killings in Pol Pot's Cambodia, Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union, and Idi Amin's Uganda were invalid because of the backward nature of those societies. Kocka dismissed Fest's claims that Habermas was a racist for rejecting comparisons with Cambodia, writing \"it has to do with historical knowledge about the connection between economic development and the possibilities of sociopolitical organization, and also with taking seriously the European tradition,", "the early 1970s. However, extensive research on the topic was impeded by a continuation of Nazi policies on homosexuals in post-war East and West Germany and continued western notions of homophobia.\nThe word genocide was generated from a need for new terminology in order to understand the gravity of the crimes committed by the Nazis. First coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1944, the word became politically charged when The Genocide Act was enacted by the United Nations on December 9, 1948, which created an obligation for governments to respond to such atrocities in the future. The debate on the Gay Holocaust", "arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other peoples. For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally considered to be an antisemitic conspiracy theory. The methods of Holocaust deniers are often criticized as based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores extensive historical evidence to the contrary. Holocaust awareness According to German-British journalist Alan Posener, \"...failure of German films and TV series to deal responsibly with the country’s past and to appeal to younger audiences feeds a growing historical amnesia among young Germans. ... A September 2017 study conducted by the Körber", "genocides and mass murders (such as the Armenian, Bosnian, Cambodian and Rwandan ones) and the other crimes against humanity perpetrated in the 20th and 21st centuries;\nC. recalling all those who preserved human dignity during Nazism and Communist totalitarianism;\nD. whereas the remembrance of good is essential to the process of European integration because it teaches younger generations that everyone can always choose to help other human beings and defend human dignity, and that public institutions have a duty to highlight the example set by people who managed to protect those persecuted out of hate;\n1. Supports the call made", "whether other groups should be counted as Holocaust victims. William J. Spurlin has suggested that restricting the definition of \"Holocaust\" to Jews fosters a misrepresentation of history and devalues the suffering of other victims of Nazi atrocities. The Austrian Jewish Shoah survivor Simon Wiesenthal argued, for example, that \"the Holocaust transcended the confines of Jewish community and that there were other victims.\" In the mid-1970s new discourses emerged that challenged the exclusivity of the Jewish genocide within the Holocaust, though not without great resistance. Changes with the civil rights movement The Civil Rights Movement of the United States saw an", "the IHR's Journal of Historical Review [now Director of the IHR], \"If by the 'Holocaust' you mean the political persecution of Jews, some scattered killings, if you mean a cruel thing that happened, no one denies that. But if one says that the 'Holocaust' means the systematic extermination of six to eight million Jews in concentration camps, that's what we think there's not evidence for.\" That is, IHR doesn't deny that the Holocaust happened; they just deny that the word 'Holocaust' means what people customarily use it for.\nAccording to British historian of Germany Richard J. Evans:\nLike many individual Holocaust deniers,", "crimes perpetrated can be integrated in curricula and textbooks or tackled by teachers in formal education settings. Such a process is happening in Lithuania, where the Holocaust and the history of the Jews in Lithuania has not been taught adequately until fairly recently. Educating about genocide “Genocide education” deals with the phenomenon of genocide, while education about the Holocaust focuses above all on the causes and dynamics of the genocide of the Jewish people and responses to it. However, both fields are increasingly interconnected. To date, the Holocaust has been the most researched, documented and widely taught case of genocide.", "of Tel-Aviv University, listed Oktar as a Holocaust denier due to the publication of The Holocaust Lie. Three years later the Stephen Roth Institute expressed the opinion that Oktar had increased his tolerance toward others, asserting that \"he now works towards promoting inter-religious dialogue\". calling upon all Muslims to have \"a tolerant and friendly attitude toward other religions\".\nIn 2006, BAV published a book affirming the Holocaust, called The Holocaust Violence. The Holocaust Violence states \"The Nazis subjected European Jews to indisputable and unforgivable cruelty during World War II. They humiliated, insulted and degraded millions of Jewish civilians, forcing them from", "Alan Dershowitz, Rabbi David Goldberg, and Jonathan Freedland who criticised Phillips's labelling of Independent Jewish Voices, a group of liberal Jews, as \"Jews For Genocide\". Freedland wrote in The Jewish Chronicle: \"Now, as it happens, I have multiple criticisms of IJV ... but even their most trenchant opponents must surely blanch at the notion that these critics of Israel and of Anglo-Jewish officialdom are somehow in favour of genocide—literally, eager to see the murder and eradication of the Jewish people ... it is an absurdity, one that drains the word 'genocide' of any meaning\". United States Early in the presidency", "Kingdom, Norway, Finland, and Australia banned Cannibal Holocaust; all four have since repealed the ban, though the UK version has minutes of cuts. It is sometimes claimed that Cannibal Holocaust is still banned in over 50 countries worldwide, though this can only be verified for a handful of nations. In 2006, Cannibal Holocaust made Entertainment Weekly's Top 25 Most Controversial Movies of All-Time list, landing at number 20.", "was obsessed with social Darwinism, völkisch antisemitism (in which the Jewish people were viewed as a \"race\" biologically different from the rest of humanity rather than a religion), militarism and the perceived need for Lebensraum. However, in a 1992 essay, \"Improvised genocide?\", in which Kershaw traces how the ethnic cleansing campaign of Gauleiter Arthur Greiser in the Warthegau region annexed to Germany from Poland in 1939 led to a campaign of genocide by 1941, Kershaw argued that the process was indeed \"improvised genocide\" rather the fulfilment of a master plan. Kershaw views the Holocaust not as a plan, as argued", "punished or exculpated by the Nuremberg Tribunal. Jewish victims of Nazi oppression are named in these textbooks in association with the alleged lack of resolve of the British Mandate to stem Jewish immigration to Palestine. Selective reductionism South African and Rwandan textbooks are examples of selective narratives which partly reduce the Holocaust to a form of racism, illustrated with images of Hitler and Darwin side by side, or evoke analogies between life under apartheid and persecution carried out by the National Socialists. Connection to curricula The Holocaust in curricula discusses the ways in which the Holocaust is presented in secondary", "CPPCG states that \"at all periods of history genocide has inflicted great losses on humanity.\"\nRevisionist attempts to challenge or affirm claims of genocide are illegal in some countries. For example, several European countries ban the denial of the Holocaust or the Armenian Genocide, while in Turkey referring to the mass killings of Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians and Maronites as genocides may be prosecuted under Article 301.\nWilliam Rubinstein argues that the origin of 20th century genocides can be traced back to the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government in parts of Europe following the First World War:\nThe 'Age", "the Nazi persecution of the Gypsies the \"use of the term 'genocide' would seem to involve a dilution of the concept.\", but that the question is not to determine if the Holocaust is the Nazi's worst crime; to refuse the \"genocide\" label is not, Lewy argues, a way to minimize the sufferings of Gypsies, Poles, Russians and other non-Jewish victims of Nazism. The introduction is devoted to the long history of violence against Gypsies before the Nazis took power, with a special focus on the laws adopted in Bavaria and some other German Länder at the end of the" ]

[ "More to the point, it is almost like doing a one legged squat. In addition to holding all your weight up, you are lowering yourself several inches (with one leg) each time you kick/push with the other leg. \n\nI have a adult sized kick scooter where I experience the same thing. I could kick all day, but switch legs often because of the fatigue in the leg on the board.", "you have two legs for a reason the weight is meant to be distrusted across both of them. When you kick / push not only are you putting all of wight on one leg but you are also using extra muscles to keep your balance. That can can exert a lot of stress on said leg. As with any form of excessive If you skate often though your legs should get stronger up to a point and it shouldn't be so bad later down the road you might not even notice it.\n\nOf course if you've been on a hiatus then yes you would feel the effects to a greater extent." ]

[ "such as in-line skates and scooters, suffer a safety problem: riders may easily be thrown from small cracks and outcroppings in pavement, especially where the cracks run across the direction of travel. Hitting such an irregularity is the major cause of falls and injuries. The risk may be reduced at higher travel speeds.\nSevere injuries are relatively rare. Commonly, a skateboarder who falls suffers from scrapes, cuts, bruises, and sprains. Among injuries reported to a hospital, about half involve broken bones, usually the long bones in the leg or arm. One-third of skateboarders with reported", "deck without letting it come off and gently lifting the front foot.\nIf the user is already riding the board and the user recognizes that the foot placement is slightly undesirable, the user could replace both feet simultaneously without interrupting their ride that is already taking place. This is done by the rider's first making sure that they are riding at a normal speed and that the riding surface ahead is stable for riding on and then jumping with both feet at a minimal height that allows both shoes to separate their treads from the grips of the caster board. The", "in old school skateboarding, in which the rider grabs the board and lifts it while initiating a jumping motion. The most common technique of doing this is by placing the right hand (for goofy riders) or left hand (for regular riders) on the backside of the board between the legs, for this tends to be the technique that gives the body the least resistance when jumping/lifting. Although this has become semi-obsolete due to freeriding alternatives with kicktails which have the ability to ollie (ex. Loaded Chubby Unicorn, Omen Sugar, DK penguin), it is commonly practiced on decks that lack tails", "injury in “snowboarder’s fracture” is generally due to dorsiflexion of the ankle with inversion of the hind foot. This action occurs during a landing from an aerial maneuver or jump, especially when the landing is over rotated. The primary stress on the rider’s foot is due to the foot being locked rigidly to the board. There is no additional torque or force compelling the lower leg to turn counter to the upper leg and torso.\nWhen a free rotating binding is placed between the rider’s boot binding and the board, the effect of the torque due to the landing is reduced.", "over. Before landing, the rider stops the spin by returning the feet to the board as it nears its original position.\nThe board revolves around its longitudinal axis, like an aileron roll. To understand this motion and the direction of rotation, imagine stepping backwards off of a skateboard, leaving it in front of you, then rolling it over on the ground toward you; during the kickflip, the board spins similarly, but in mid-air beneath the rider. During a heelflip, a similar trick, the board rotates in the opposite direction.", "board and rider. If the rider's leading foot is their right foot, they are said to ride \"goofy;\" if the rider's leading foot is their left foot, they are said to ride \"regular.\" If the rider is normally regular but chooses to ride goofy, they are said to be riding in \"switch,\" and vice versa. A skater is typically more comfortable pushing with their back foot; choosing to push with the front foot is commonly referred to as riding \"mongo\", and has negative connotations of style and effectiveness in the skateboarding community.\nIn the early 2000s, electric skateboards have also appeared.", "with quick drying materials and drainage channels. The drainage channels are a system of holes in the sole and channels through the midsole.\nMost of Wakeskate boards are made with a grip tape on the upside part just as a skateboard. That grip tape is like a sand paper, it helps the rider to stay on the board and provide a good traction. It is the major reason why rider wears shoes. Some boards are made with a foam instead of the regular skateboard grip-tape. That surface is easier on the skin if you fall. Also that kind of surface", "\"Chris Haslam Crazy Ass trick\". Hang ten flip/Gingersnap The rider is in a \"hang ten\" position and then pops the board down, resulting in a pressure nollie hardflip through the rider's legs. Handstand flip This flip trick can be executed while rolling along or in a stationary position. The skateboarder can either start on the board or on the ground (if the board is rolling, the skateboarder usually hops off the board first). The skateboarder places his/her hands on the board and then quickly pulls the board's edge up, causing it to flip, and then the skater lands on the", "will feel forces on their body, and get pushed toward the outside of the cars. This happens when the ride starts lowering to the ground in a non-wavelike manner. When the ride moves in this way, it acts like a Himalaya / Musik Express ride.\nBoth the Trabant and Wipeout move forwards and backwards. Because the forces experienced on the ride can cause a rider to move sideways and potentially slip under the lap bar if riding alone, riders must be seated in pairs (sharing a lap bar). Most parks and carnivals require that riders be a minimum of", "angle of the knee when landing and the lack of stability the player has. All AFL footballers wear boots with studs at the bottom of them; this creates grip and friction with the player and the surface. Although boots help the player play football, it creates an increase in risk of injury to the ACL. Change of Direction A change of direction can cause a twisting motion through the body but in particularly the knee. AFL players do this twisting motion quite often but it is the unlucky ones that can do some serious damage. It only take one slight", "to generate and maintain momentum than on a skateboard. To perform a trick, one's feet must be strapped to the board, which makes it harder to \"bail out\" of a trick or dismount. Although the footstraps limit the amount a rider can manipulate the board, they also facilitate certain techniques. Much like a snowboarder, the rider can perform spins and somersaults higher and farther than any skateboarder. At the same time, this means a faster learning curve. While a skateboarder will spend weeks learning the most basic maneuvers, such as the Ollie (skateboarding trick), or jump, a streetboarder (snakeboarder) simply", "Psyclone (Canada's Wonderland) Ride experience The rider's experience depends on where they are seated on the ride. Before the ride begins, the floor under the riders' feet descends lower (almost like going deeper in the ground) due to how the pendulum swings. If the floor did not move, serious injury to riders' legs and bodies would occur. Due to the way in which the seats rotate, all riders face different angles of the ride. Depending on where the rider is seated, they may experience some air-time as the swing reaches its maximum angle. When the ride cycle ends, the pendulum", "Gelfand in a bowl, but was bought to flat ground by Rodney Mullen. He understood that with the proper positioning of the foot, the board could pop into the air.\nWhile standing still, the rider taps the board fast down on the tail with the back foot and then the front foot changes the upward move into a slightly forward move, thus leveling the board horizontally. In the air, the rider bends his knees and allows the skateboard to launch.\nThis trick can be done standing still or moving forward or backward. It can be done in an impressive number of variations", "The predominant force on the lower leg is the torque from the upper leg and torso. Since the foot is free to rotate on the board, the leg naturally rotates in the same direction as the upper leg, and the ability of the foot to rotate accommodates this.\nThe two motions described leave the foot, ankle and knee in the best position to continue riding after landing, increasing the probability of a successful landing, improving overall enjoyment, and reducing risk of injury from a less-than-optimal landing. Techniques The rotating device is usually installed between snowboard and binding or integrated into the", "from the vertical. Movement The motion requires that the board be twisted back and forth so as to move either just the back foot or both the front and back feet side to side, essentially pushing the board forward at the outside of the movement, before the foot is brought back in the other direction. In principle, the act is similar to what is required to propel one who is riding inline skates forward, as opposed to how skateboarders push with their feet on the ground. Riding a caster board requires using a twisting motion of hips and legs.\nA rider", "ultimately comes from the force exerted on the handlebars. In-line skaters make a similar force by repeatedly pulling both skates laterally inward in a criss cross fashion in order to accelerate themselves. Skateboarders do a similar thing by pulling laterally inward while executing a series of alternating, tight turns. The final set of wheels (located at the back of the vehicle) spin normally, but do not pivot. Reception The PlasmaCar has received critical reception from the toy industry, as well as customers. Additionally, it is the most successful product in PlaSmart's product line to date. It has received numerous awards", "board with both feet. Rail flip For a rail flip, the skateboarder stands on the side of the board and uses the back foot to flip the board with pressure. Railstand nightmare flip A Railstand nightmare flip is a double-kick flip shuvit executed from a \"primo\" position. Frightmare flip/Twisted nightmare flip A Frightmare flip is a nightmare flip with a frontside 180-degree body rotation. No comply flips A \"no comply\" is a trick where the skater plants his/her foot, and then uses the back foot and knee to lift the board off the ground. It is a freestyle trick that", "the skateboard while the rider spins 180 degrees towards the direction of the trucks. After the board and rider have rotated 180 degrees, the feet work together to nudge the skateboard down into a rolling position. Carousel This is a specific Truck-To-Truck Transfer. Think of it as a half Impossible from a 50/50 to a switch 50/50 – still standing on the back foot. The rider starts from a 50/50, \"throws\" the board over the foot that stands on the truck and jumps up. When the board has done the \"half wrap\", the rider lands on the truck and catches", "allows freedom of movement at all times, including throughout a ride. These help remove stress from your knees while riding and allow you to adjust your foot angle to an ideal position for a specific terrain. The rider's feet naturally assume the best position and angles for the fall lines and bumps in the ride, just as when skateboarding, during or wake-surfing. This is also true in landing jumps. The rider's feet will naturally assume the best position given the rider's motion and orientation prior to landing, and will move to the best position after landing to continue the run", "it is generally accepted that skaters rotate through \"pulls,\" allowing for equal energy exertion through the pack. A skater who has finished \"pulling\" steps out of the pack and slowly moves into the back of the pack. The skater in front of the pack has a better view of the road ahead and points and calls out road hazards (holes, cracks, water puddles, cars, etc.). Street skating Street skating is the practice of roller skating (commonly on inline skates or quad skates) in groups on public roads. Street skates can be formal affairs, with prespecified routes, marshals and, at times,", "the board 'snaps' up and can be guided with the back leg/knee. To ride away the rider jumps with his/her front foot back on. The No Comply was commonly used by street skaters in the mid to late 1980s, most commonly being done off parking blocks by bumping the tail off them. This trick has many variations, including 180, 360, Varials, Flips, Fingerflips, Impossibles, etc. Ray Barbee is noted as a master of No Comply variations to many who have watched the earlier Powell videos. Nosehook Impossible The original Impossible, this is a trick that flips in the same fashion", "Skateboard A skateboard is a type of sports equipment used primarily for the sport of skateboarding. It usually consists of a specially designed maplewood board combined with a polyurethane coating used for making smoother slides and stronger durability. Most skateboards are made with 7 plies of this wood.\nA skateboard is moved by pushing with one foot while the other remains on the board, or by pumping one's legs in structures such as a bowl or half pipe. A skateboard can also be used by simply standing on the deck while on a downward slope and allowing gravity to propel the", "pain. Also, many times it leads to 'locking' of the skater's ankle and/or calf muscle, thereby restricting its movements. It may take a skater several days to weeks to test and adjust the frame position of his new skates. The common inline mounting is 195mm, which is different from the ice mounting of 165mm. The frame usually mounts three, four, or five polyurethane wheels. The three wheel frames are used by skaters with small feet, otherwise 4 wheel frames are commonly used, with 90 mm to 110 mm diameter wheels. Five-wheel frames with smaller wheel have lost favor. Each wheel contains two", "rider may continue to \"hop around\" the board until a most desirable foot placement is achieved and for as long as a proper speed is maintained. Hopping around may even more easily produce better results than getting off the board and getting back on again. A much more difficult means of replacing the feet while riding is attempting to correct only one foot at a time, increasing the risk of shifting his/her weight too far forward or backward and falling to the ground. Steering In order to steer properly on a caster board, the front foot must lean into the", "on the heel that allows the rider to stop or brake gradually by pushing back the lower legs.\nThe name skike is a combination of skate and bike. The skike rider moves forward in a skating motion, usually with poles, similarly to normal cross country skate skiing.\nThe skike was invented by Otto Eder in 1997.\nSupporters of the skike claim it gives great all-round exercise similar to cross-country roller skiing, but with the benefits of being able to brake easily and utilize more varied type of terrain.", "the board. The friction between the shoe and the board's grip tape (which not all skateboarders will choose to have, although most do) helps to guide and pull the board upward, while the rear foot only maintains slight contact with board to help guide it. When nearing the peak of the jump, the rider lifts the rear leg and pushes the front foot forward, which levels the board and keeps it in contact with the back foot.\nThe skater can gain greater clearance from the ground by jumping higher, popping faster, sliding the front foot farther forwards (starting the jump with", "to overcome bumps, cracks and other minor surface obstacles. For longer distances, a heavier or longer board and larger wheels will maintain the momentum from a push longer. Commuting by longboard can be more difficult in jurisdictions that restrict skateboarding and treat longboards as a kind of skateboard, and longboarders have been cited for unauthorized skateboarding. Freeride Freeriding includes sliding and other tricks such as early grabs, where the longboarder grips the side of the board while on the ground and thrusts upward to become airborne, at medium to high speeds. The decks, which are often symmetrical, may have kicktails", "not to ride ramps or parks. By the mid 1980s, Kaupas had discovered riding walls where he would throw his skateboard up against a wall and ride off it. He then perfected this trick by riding up the side of walls without using his hands. In 1984 Thrasher Magazine photographer and skating commentator Craig Stecyk took a photo of Kaupas riding off a wall which featured on the cover of Thrasher Magazine's September 1984 issue. With this cover photo, Kaupas began to receive more magazine coverage and recognition from professional skaters. Also in 1984, SMA released Kaupas's first pro-model skateboard,", "on his leg, knee and foot joint.\nFour to 8 percent of snowboarding injuries take place while the person is waiting in ski-lift lines or entering and exiting ski lifts. Snowboarders push themselves forward with a free foot while in the ski-lift line, leaving the other foot (usually that of the lead leg) locked on the board at a 45- to 90-degree angle, placing a large torque force on this leg and predisposing the person to knee injury if a fall occurs.\nApproximately 15% of snowboarding injuries are ankle injuries, with half of those being LPT or other fractures. The mechanism of", "Skitching Types The term \"skitching\" can refer to a number of related activities. The unifying concept is that the skitcher holds onto a motorized vehicle while it is in motion, using the vehicle to propel themselves along. Skateboard skitching By far the most referenced type of skitching in news sources and popular culture, if not necessarily the most practiced in reality, skateboard skitching is the act of holding onto a moving motor vehicle while riding a skateboard. Skateboard skitching has appeared in films and video games, and is confirmed to be the cause of death for a number of youths" ]

[ "The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) defines the specifications of the web. It's largely an organization of technology companies and publishers trying to agree on standards to move the technology forward.\n\nAs streaming audio/video is being increasingly standardized (in things like HTML5), the MPAA naturally would like to have early input into how it's works - not unlike how Bloomberg cares about RSS.\n\nThe controversy is largely because MPAA has for years fought the industry rather than worked with it, so most people perceive it as a way for the MPAA to slow down tech or make a fuss about DRM (as that's how they've behaved before) rather than a step in the right direction to offer good solutions.\n\nWhat does that mean to the average Joe?\n\nWell, for years there wasn't a standardized way to do video on the web. So Flash emerged, and Flash sucked. For years Adobe had a monopoly on it, and it's the reason a lot of early video didn't play on your iPhone (because it was an Adobe-owned format that they couldn't come to agreement on).\n\nHTML5 streaming video (which the W3 standardized the specification of) fixed that by pushing it as a standard that every vendor could implement on largely their own.\n\nLots of technology like that will emerge and evolve over the coming years. How it affects the day-to-day for the non engineer in the industry is usually non-obvious (like the above example).\n\nIt simply means the MPAA will be present at a few tech meetings earlier than they have in the past. If you're an optimist, that means that they've learned their lesson somewhat and will try to work with the industry instead of fighting it. If you're a pessimist, it means they're going to make a short-sighted fusses that slow down the technology evolving." ]

[ "partner in a duopoly involving an NBC affiliate and a \"Big Four\" station. Analog-to-digital conversion When the FCC released its initial digital channel allocations on April 21, 1997, it had assigned KFBT's digital companion channel to UHF channel 32. The allocations met with considerable resistance from low-power broadcasters who would be displaced by the digital channel allocations, and on February 17, 1998, the FCC issued a revised final DTV allocation table. KFBT's original allocation would have displaced low-powered K31DO (now KNBX-CD), so the FCC substituted UHF channel 29 allowing channel 32 to be assigned to Lake Havasu City, Arizona station", "ABC,\" removing all references to its channel 38 allocation, along with a new logo. Analog-to-digital conversion WAWV-TV (as WFXW) discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 38, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 39, using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 38. Programming Syndicated programs broadcast on WAWV-TV include Two and a Half Men, Grace Under Fire, Family Guy, The", "with KJEO and became an ABC affiliate. The transaction was finalized on January 3, 1986, making channel 30 an ABC owned-and-operated station. In 1996, The Walt Disney Company acquired Capital Cities/ABC. Analog-to-digital conversion KFSN-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 30, at noon on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 9 to UHF channel 30. Programming As of 2019, five current syndicated programs on KFSN are shared with most of", "ABC 10, is the ABC-affiliated third digital subchannel of KTEN, broadcasting in high definition on UHF digital channel 26.3 (virtual channel 10.3 via PSIP). On cable and satellite, the subchannel is available in standard definition on Cable One channel 37 (in standard definition) and digital channel 1037 (in high definition) in Ada, Ardmore and Sherman; TV Cable of Grayson East channel 61 in Denison; and DirecTV channel 9 (in standard and high definition) throughout the Sherman–Ada market.\nKTEN-DT3 clears the entire ABC network schedule, although it airs the Litton's Weekend Adventure block and This Week one hour earlier than their respective", "The EPA's Part 503 regulations were developed with input from university, EPA, and USDA researchers from around the country and involved an extensive review of the scientific literature and the largest risk assessment the agency had conducted to that time. The Part 503 regulations became effective in 1993.", "powered by Inergize Digital Media (then a subsidiary of Clear Channel Communications, now a division of Nexstar). By Summer 2007, WFRV would drop the CBS Mandate, slowly transitioning from \"CBS 5\" to simply \"Channel 5,\" its branding before 2003.\nWFRV-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, at midnight (occurring within a commercial break during The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson) on February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009).", "of WFDF-AM (audio only) to the new 38.7 subchannel, on May 26, 2017. Analog-to-digital conversion WADL shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 38, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 39. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 38. Programming Syndicated programs carried on WADL include King of the Hill, Law & Order: SVU, Cheaters, American", "as reruns or feature films). The broadcast moved to ABC in September 2013 (by then reduced to a two-hour special), airing thereafter by association on WFAA until the final telecast of the retitled MDA Show of Strength in August 2014.\nFrom the show's premiere in September 1996 until September 2019, KXAS-TV was the only NBC O&O that did not carry Access Hollywood and beginning in September 2010, Access Daily (formerly Access Hollywood Live and Access Live); the show has aired for most of its run on Fox owned-and-operated station KDFW, as part of a deal with the show's former syndicator, 20th", "12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 17 to VHF channel 10 for post-transition operations.\nIt was announced on November 19, 2010 that WALB would begin airing ABC on its second digital subchannel scheduled to begin in early 2011. The subchannel officially joined ABC on April 27, 2011; prior to this, WTXL-TV had been carried on most cable systems in Southwestern Georgia since January 1992, when a plane crash forced WVGA to initially cease operations", "Production Board, and asked for broad authority to issue a AAA rating whenever it was required. Nelson initially balked but quickly caved in when Groves threatened to go to the President. Groves promised not to use the AAA rating unless it was necessary. It soon transpired that for the routine requirements of the project the AAA rating was too high but the AA-3 rating was too low. After a long campaign, Groves finally received AA-1 authority on 1 July 1944. According to Groves, \"In Washington you became aware of the importance of top priority. Most everything proposed in the Roosevelt", "which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 36 to channel 23 for post-transition operations. KTMF-DT2/KTMF-LD2 (Fox Montana) On July 13, 2009, KTMF's second subchannel was launched to carry Fox, after Equity's KMMF (channel 17) and Kalispell repeater KMMF-LP (channel 34) were taken silent on the June 12, 2009 digital switchover date due to Equity's bankruptcy and KMMF having no digital facilities to transition to. Fox's secondary network MyNetworkTV is", "not noting the issue that non-candidate spots addressed, and identifying a sponsor by an acronym rather than its full name. Analog-to-digital conversion WTVJ ended programming on its analog signal, on VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 31. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 6. After the transition, the station moved its main transmitter", "order to fine-tune its schedule, along with adding additional programming to the fledgling network. With the network having settled on a more stabilized schedule, Weigel moved the Heroes & Icons affiliation in Milwaukee to the third subchannel of CBS affiliate WDJT-TV (channel 58) on March 5, 2015, with This TV – which previously occupied the 58.3 space – moving to WMLW-DT3 in its place.\nFox Television Stations expanded its relationship with Weigel beyond Movies!, adding it to eleven of their stations in the fourth quarter of 2015.\nThe \"All Star Trek\" programming block was launched on July 24, 2016 with all five", "Analog-to-digital conversion KFSM-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 5, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 18, using PSIP to display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. Programming Syndicated programming on KFSM includes Rachael Ray, Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy!, Inside Edition, and Dr. Phil, all of which are distributed by the corporate cousin of KFSM's affiliate network, CBS Television Distribution. News operation", "its second subchannel.\nKFDM shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 21. With the mandated shut down of the station's analog signal, the channel lost its ability for its audio to be transmit on radio channel 87.7. On April 7, 2010, the FCC issued a Report & Order, granting KFDM's channel change from channel 21 to channel 25. This was done because viewers in", "enabled 36.1 to eventually air programming in high definition beginning on February 7, 2011, a move that was delayed by budget concerns. Spectrum sale, channel sharing with WMVS On April 13, 2017, Milwaukee PBS announced that it had participated in the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction and successfully sold the UHF spectrum for WMVT for just under $85 million. On August 31, 2017, WMVT's audio channels on 36.4 and 36.5 featuring classical and jazz formats were discontinued.\nSinclair, Weigel Broadcasting, and Milwaukee PBS all decided on a switch date of January 8, 2018 for their various local spectrum moves, which took place", "High-definition television in Australia ABC On 1 January 2002, the ABC began a prime-time simulcast of ABC's Sydney station ABN, except that it had no watermark and was upconverted from standard definition to 1080i high definition. On 1 January 2005 it changed to 576p to accommodate the launch of new channel ABC2 and gradually expanded its operating hours.\nOn 1 January 2008, the ABC's high definition simulcast was rebranded as ABC HD, relaunching as a high definition multichannel with its own logo and branding. The channel was also enhanced to 720p to mark the start of native high-definition content.\nThroughout its multichannel", "the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s Sixth Report and Order ended the four-year freeze on television construction permit awards in 1952, it also reorganized channel allocations to alleviate interference issues. As a result, WNHC-TV changed frequencies and moved to channel 8 in December 1953. The next year, the FCC collapsed New Haven and Hartford into a single market. WNHC-TV shared some CBS programming with New Britain's WKNB-TV (channel 30, now NBC owned-and-operated station WVIT) until 1955, since WKNB's signal was not strong enough to cover New Haven at the time.\nIn 1956, the WNHC stations were purchased by Philadelphia-based Triangle Publications. Also", "Rec. 2020 ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020, more commonly known by the abbreviations Rec. 2020 or BT.2020, defines various aspects of ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV) with standard dynamic range (SDR) and wide color gamut (WCG), including picture resolutions, frame rates with progressive scan, bit depths, color primaries, RGB and luma-chroma color representations, chroma subsamplings, and an opto-electronic transfer function. The first version of Rec. 2020 was posted on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) website on August 23, 2012, and two further editions have been published since then. It is expanded in several ways by Rec. 2100. Resolution Rec. 2020 defines two resolutions of 3840 × 2160", "over CW rights and KWWT moved MeTV to 30.1 while adding Movies! on 30.2. Analog-to-digital conversion KWWT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 30, on June 12, 2009, and \"flash-cut\" its digital signal into operation on its analog-era UHF channel 30. Because it was granted an original construction permit after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) finalized the digital television transition in the United States (DTV) allotment plan on April 21, 1997, the station did not receive a companion channel for a digital television station.\nThe move granted KWWT three additional channels with a Retro Television Network affiliate on 30.2,", "6, 2016, and on October 25, 2016, the station received FCC approval to switch its PSIP virtual channel number from 46 to channel 8, allowing it over-the-air parity within Boston proper with other low-numbered stations.\nNBCUniversal would later purchase the entirety of ZGS for $75 million in April 2018, reuniting WBTS-LD with its fourteen sister stations (all of them Telemundo affiliates converted to network O&Os) after a year-long interregnum. Launch On November 1, 2016, NBCUniversal officially announced that it would broadcast its new NBC Boston service across WBTS-LD and WNEU-DT2, and unveiled details surrounding the station's launch programming and news department.", "launch of \"The U Too\", a general entertainment programming service that replaced the WWME simulcast on digital channel 26.2. In concurrence with the launch of The U Too, PSIP channel 48.1 was deleted (to be later used by the digital signal of WMEU-CA), while 23.1 reverted to being the virtual channel number for WWME-CA (23.2 was also discontinued, but WWME restored that subchannel with the addition of Bounce TV upon the network's September 2011 launch as part of affiliation agreement with Weigel Broadcasting). WWME-CD2 As part of an affiliation agreement between the network and Weigel Broadcasting (which also included Milwaukee", "subchannels.\nIn May 2013, the station announced a fundraising drive to upgrade its infrastructure over the next three years, including a signal boost, the purchase of remote production equipment, and improvements to the station's master control. Analog-to-digital conversion WFWA shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 39, on February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 40. Through the use of PSIP,", "the Reagan Justice Department entered into a consent decree abolishing the time standards and the industry-wide limitations on the number and length of commercials. Under further threats of legal action by the Justice Department on the grounds the code violated the First Amendment and Fairness Doctrine, the NAB decided to eliminate the remainder of the Television Code as well as the Radio Code in 1983. Legacy The code paved the way for the development of the Broadcast Standards and Practices (BS&P) departments of the terrestrial broadcast networks (NBC, CBS, ABC) and most cable networks. After the Television Code’s demise and", "for the switch, WPGA began phasing out ABC network references from its branding in November 2009, changing its branding to \"Macon TV\".\nThe station's disaffiliation from ABC resulted in a dispute with Cox Communications over its channel 6 slot (as well as a high definition feed on channel 706, later moved to channel 1006), as Cox intended to drop WPGA in favor of WGXA-DT2, a move that Register contended the provider does not have the right to make. On December 22, 2009, WPGA was granted a temporary restraining order requiring Cox to continue to carry the station on channels 6 and", "55, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition UHF channel 30. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 55, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. Programming Syndicated programs broadcast by WBNX include Chicago PD, Divorce Court, Mike and Molly, Bones, The King of Queens,", " Westinghouse introduced the advanced 501F, initially rated at 150 MW (nominal). The first commercial start-up date for the 501F was in 1993 (four units, installed at the Florida Power & Light Lauderdale Station repowering project).\nA similar technology evolution path was followed for the smaller geared model W251 (see referenced ASME paper by Scalzo, et al.) shows how that model actually led the way to some of the technology steps taken in the evolution of the W501.\n(See Scalzo, et al. for tables showing evolution of both the Westinghouse model W501 and W251 gas turbines.).\nNote progression in turbine", "in 1980. Both AM and FM formats remain in place.\nContrary to popular belief, the MPAA \"PG-13\" rating (which was not incorporated until 1984) was not the inspiration for the \"PG-14\" branding. Instead it is an acronym for the call letters and frequency without having to use the \"W\" portions of the call sign at the beginning and end...exemplified by Buffalo, New York's WKBW nickname \"KB\"...hence it was one of the first brandings of its kind used in Indiana radio ...possibly a later inspiration for WFBQ \"Q-95\" in 1975 and WZWZ \"Z-93\" in 1978.\nWPGW now operates in the evening hours with", "the LMA was completed on December 3. Analog-to-digital conversion KMTW shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 36, on February 17, 2009, the original target date in which full-power television stations in the United States were to transition from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate (which was later pushed back to June 12, 2009). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 35. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 36. Programming Syndicated programs broadcast by KMTW include Maury, Jerry Springer, Judge Mathis and", "the NBC affiliation. In a ten-year deal with London Broadcasting, KBMT began to manage the programming of that station.\nKBMT shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 12, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 50 to VHF channel 12 for post-transition operations.\nTexas Telecasting, Inc. sold the station to London Broadcasting in August 2009. That channel was dropped in early 2013 in favor of MundoFOX (now MundoMax). Due to a realignment, four" ]

[ "The more general rule is that a system will tend to minimize its potential energy. For example, a ball on the top of a hill \"wants\" to roll down to minimize its gravitational potential energy. Similarly, a circuit \"wants\" to minimize its electrical potential energy, or voltage (technically voltage is electric potential energy per charge aka electric potential). *Ground* is defined as voltage=0, so a circuit being grounded is like the ball reaching the bottom of the hill.", "How about an ELI21?\n\nThink about electrons like a group of college bros barhopping on a Friday night down a crowded street during spring break or something. Each bar is a place they could be, and the street is the ground.\n\nIf they are in one bar and there aren't enough chicks there, they will probably hang out for a bit and then move on. If there are like 3 chicks for every guy, they aren't going anywhere if they can help it. They might even text their friends and tell them they should totally be there, attracting more bros until the ratio evens out.\n\nNow, the street (ground) is full of people basically all the time, drinking and hanging out or whatever. Since there are so many people outside, the ratio of bros to chicks is basically even all the time. So, if the guys are at a bar that's a total sausage-fest they will be attracted back out to the street again.\n\nEven if there is another party street across town, the bros probably aren't going to leave this one unless the ratio on the whole street is off by a lot. Getting across town is hard--even if the other street is much bigger. Thats the way another planet would work. It wouldn't attract more electrons because it is bigger. It's entirely about the ratios, not the size.", "Ground doesn't always mean the \"ground\", its a high concentration of electrons trying to even out with a low concentration. Grounding is a term used that even though sometimes literally is the ground it doesn't have to be.", "Electricity doesn't want to be grounded. It only goes into the ground if there is an excess in charge. By saying that, you're giving the concept of electricity human characteristics. It's kinda like asking an Apple why it falls off a tree.\n\nIf you have heard of potential difference, commonly known as 'voltage', you would know that it is a *difference* in voltage between two points. This creates a force known as an 'electrical field' which exerts force on positive electric charges towards a direction of lower voltage.\n\nThe ground or earth is 9/10 times the part of a system with the lowest voltage. Excess charge flows into the ground and the ground stays neutral. You could say the earth is kind of like a cup which you can keep filling with water, and it would stay empty.", "The answer is cost saving. \n\nAlternating Current (AC) electricity goes up and down in a sine wave. This means it actually changes from positive maximum to negative maximum over a length of time. This is important to understand for the next bit, unless you take it as rote. \n\nWhen electricity is generated, we don't just get 1 power line, we actually get 3. The difference between the three lines is the time at which each is at its maximum. \nLine 1 is at max at 0, line 2 is a bit later, and line 3 is a bit later again. \n\nThis is 3-phase electricity. Each line, used on its own, is single phase. \n\nWhen we generate these lines, we connect them into the power grid, the network of power cables going to the user, using transformers.\n\nThe transformers have 2 winding types for 3-phase, and they are shaped differently. One is shaped like the letter Y (called star), with all three lines being connected to a central point, while the other is connected in the shape of a triangle (called delta because of the Greek letter being triangular), with each line being connected the corners of the triangles and so to the other two lines.\nWe can select the winding for each side of the transformer based on what we want to go in and out of the two sides. \n\nWhen we go from the generator to the user, we have a star winding on the user side of the transformer. This means we get the central connection, and can call this the reference level, which we label as 0 volts. \nOn the generator side, we use a delta winding because it transfers more power.\n\nTo keep the grid all at the same voltage, we need each branch to be held at some global reference level. If we don't do this, the system can fluctuate across the network, with areas being higher in voltage and other places being low in voltage. If we connect all of the star common connections, we pin the middle of the star winding to the same voltage, and then everything can be related to that voltage. \n\nNow remember that we have multiple transformers in the grid for this transfer of electricity. Each one has a common point on the start of the leg, but at the exit end all power dumps out in a connection with no common point. So what do we do with the common point of the star?\n\nFrom the star winding, the central common connection can be sent via a wire, which adds a fourth wire to the 3 lines of electricity. This is done in the user domain to provide a good return path for the electricity, for safety reasons if you are a worse conductor, electricity won't flow through you so much when it can take the easy route. On the grid side though, it is too costly to send the connection down a wire. It is a long distance between each connection, and it is every connection. But with all the transformer systems, there is still a common point. \n\nWe use this by whacking a bloody great rod into the ground, and attaching the common connection, which gives us the term Ground or Earth. This keeps all grid sections referenced to a single 0 volt of Ground. \n\nOn the user side, even though we send this 0 volt line out as the Neutral connection, we still use Ground as a reference. This means that although you have a really good, clean, efficient conductor going into your house for this wire, you can put the electricity into the ground and the circuit will still work. The reason it doesn't do that immediately is we isolate it with insulators, and so the current take the path of least resistance and goes down the wire. But when the voltage from the line is exposed to Ground, some voltage will still go that way, in parallel to the return wire. \n\nIf we didn't attach the common points to the ground, the potential of the circuit would not see the ground as a return route.", "Ground = 0 volt is just a level definition like 0 meters above sea level. In reality 0 volt is still a certain level of charge, the level where all atoms has the amount of electrons they desire.\n\nIf there was a bigger planet nearby, that had too many or too few electrons for it's number of atoms it consisted of, it's ground level would be different and there would be an electric potential difference between the two planets. \n\nSo yes, if the planets were close enough there would be a jump of electrons between them. Probably \"close enough\" basically mean that they are about to collide seconds after though." ]

[ "National Interest Electric Transmission Corridor Background In the United States, electricity generation is growing 4 times faster than transmission, and energy sources that would make the U.S. more energy independent cannot be built because there is no transmission capacity to carry the power to consumers. Because United States energy independence is a national priority, this problem has attracted considerable federal attention.\nHistorically, local governments have exercised authority over the electricity grid and have little incentive to take action that would benefit other states, but not their own. States with cheap electricity have a disincentive to make interstate commerce in", "electricity consumption will increase worldwide. We need energy to light and heat our homes, to cook our food, to drive transport and provide power plant with energy and nowadays due to technological advances, we have so many gadgets to charge. That is why without energy all this would be impossible on the scale needed. The issue of resources of energy has become a concrete topic of modernity. As it is known, oil and coal are limited (not infinite). However, by the help of this fossil fuels we made the major routine things for life and it is hard to", "power as a dangerous, expensive way to boil water to generate electricity. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident and the 1986 Chernobyl disaster played a key role in stopping new plant construction in many countries. Major anti-nuclear power groups include Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Nuclear Information and Resource Service, and Sortir du nucléaire (France).\nSeveral countries, especially European countries, have abandoned the construction of new of nuclear power plants. Austria (1978), Sweden (1980) and Italy (1987) voted in referendums to oppose or phase out nuclear power, while opposition in Ireland prevented a nuclear program", "means that many inhabitants are not connected to the electricity grid, and this is the reason that the world's 7th and 8th most populous countries—Nigeria (177M) and Bangladesh (156M)—do not appear in the table. 2012–2014 From 2012 to 2014 worldwide electricity consumption increased 5%. Nuclear and fossil generated electricity rose 3%, renewable electricity 12%.\nA small part of the renewables, solar and wind electricity, increased much more, 46% in line with the strong growth since 1990.\nIn Brazil, wind power increased 140%, in China not only solar and wind increased fast, 81%, but also nuclear, 36%.", "calling on the government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant in their area. Specific concerns included the dangers posed by nuclear waste and the location of the country on the Pacific Ring of Fire, with geological activity (such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions) hazardous to nuclear reactors.", "parking lot. Electricity According to the Japanese trade ministry, around 4.4 million households served by Tōhoku Electric Power (TEP) in northeastern Japan were left without electricity. Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake, reducing the Tokyo Electric Power Company's (TEPCO) total capacity by 21 GW. Rolling blackouts began on 14 March due to power shortages caused by the earthquake. TEPCO, which normally provides approximately 40 GW of electricity, announced that it could only provide about 30 GW, because 40% of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area was supplied by reactors in the Niigata and Fukushima", "There is a universal demand of grid-based and off-grid solutions to ensure access to electricity all over the world, without off-grid approach increasing demand and decreasing supply cannot be stabilized for the mankind on this planet.\nAbout 80% of world's population live in rural areas and majority of these people do not have access to electricity. Due to lack of employment people from rural areas migrate to urban areas where they find employment opportunities much easily because of industrial infrastructure established primarily on availability of electricity. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) power generation projects based on renewable energy technology at", "to electricity spikes due to increased air conditioning use, which can create power outages, exacerbating the problem. During the 2006 North American heat wave, thousands of homes and businesses went without power, especially in California. In Los Angeles, electrical transformers failed, leaving thousands without power for as long as five days.\nThe 2009 South Eastern Australia Heat Wave caused the city of Melbourne, Australia to experience some major power disruptions which left over half a million people without power as the heat wave blew transformers and overloaded a power grid. Wildfires If a heat wave occurs during a drought, which dries", "Cruz said one week before the blackout that about 700,000 Americans in Puerto Rico didn't have power after a line repaired by Montana contracting firm Whitefish Energy had failed. Puerto Rico's electric grid has suffered in the months since Hurricane Maria struck the island. The territory announced earlier in 2018 that it would privatize its power system over its \"deficient service.\"\nCruiseline French America Line claimed to be working with Whitefish Energy, and that their boat the \"Louisiane\" would serve as \"headquarters for relief services\" after Hurricane Maria. Further investigation revealed that the boat had been docked in New Orleans since", "fearing such a move would raise concerns about the safety of nuclear power among residents living near atomic plants. The failure of the central and local governments to consider the possibility of a nuclear accident caused by multiple factors such as earthquakes and tsunami also caused a delay in responding to the accident. According to the report there was an insufficient crisis management structure for ensuring the safety of local communities. The Japanese government failed to give a detailed announcement about what was happening and how it might affect people living nearby, while the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency was", "did not attend classes \"due to hunger and a lack of public services\".\nIn the first three months of 2019, the electrical industry suffered major decreases. The national power grid has the capacity to produce 34,000 megawatts, but was averaging between 5,500 and 6,000; this was both one cause of, and a result of, blackouts affecting at least 70% of the country. According to The Washington Post, analysts said that two-thirds of Venezuela's population (20 million people) were without water, partially or completely, in the weeks after the blackouts. International aid Amnesty International, the United Nations and other groups have offered aid", "Finding the claim that \"In almost every country — usually for reasons completely unrelated to its ability to deliver electricity — there is almost universal political support for nuclear power\" is \"probably an exaggeration\" in the case of Japan post-Fukushima and Germany, Wald agrees that \"two countries with enormous demand for electricity and not much hand-wringing over global warming, are planning huge reactor construction projects\". Wald notes that, even in Japan, the \"catastrophe plays in some quarters as a reason to build new reactors\".\nNew Scientist's Fred Pearce panned the book, calling it \"mendacious and frequently anti-scientific\", remarking that it \"combines", "to abandon atomic energy. As of October 2011, only 11 nuclear power plants are operating. There have been electricity shortages, but Japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted. An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, says \"public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged\" by the Fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power. Jordan Jordan has signed memorandums of understanding with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Japan, China, and South Korea. In December 2009, Jordan Atomic Energy Commission", "and Small Island Developing States.\nMillions of people remain without access to electricity today, and the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals commit the global community to provide a solution. The map on the right demonstrates energy disparity between developed countries such as the US, China, and Europe while South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia still have many communities that lack reliable, sustainable, affordable energy. Mini-grids are currently being viewed as one of the most effective solutions to bringing energy to rural populations where the energy demands are such that individual stand-alone systems such as nano-grids are impractical but where the population is", "grids through ground connections, driving uncontrolled electric currents that interfere with grid operation, damage transformers, trip protective relays and sometimes cause blackouts. This complicated chain of causes and effects was demonstrated during the magnetic storm of March 1989, which caused the complete collapse of the Hydro-Québec electric-power grid in Canada, temporarily leaving nine million people without electricity. The possible occurrence of an even more intense storm led to operational standards intended to mitigate induction-hazard risks, while reinsurance companies commissioned revised risk assessments. Geophysical exploration Air- and ship-borne magnetic surveys can be affected by rapid magnetic field variations during geomagnetic storms.", "accidents, the safety record of nuclear power, in terms of lives lost (ignoring nonfatal illnesses) per unit of electricity delivered, is better than every other major source of power in the world, and on par with solar and wind. Energy transition The Energy transition is the shift by several countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development. This trend has been augmented by diversifying electricity generation and allowing homes and businesses with solar panels on their rooftops to sell electricity to the grid. In the future this could \"lead to a majority of our", "these homes without power were located in the town of Rochdale in Greater Manchester, where a major electricity substation was flooded. As a result of power outages in Rochdale, electricity customers were told to limit their electricity usage to prevent further blackouts, for example by switching off their Christmas lights. Electricity provider Electricity North West warned that some homes may be without power until 28 December.\nIn York the Environment Agency were forced to open the Foss Barrier which has protected the city centre since 1987, as the control room had become flooded and the pumps were in danger of failing.", "Negrito. Approximately 400 megawatts of electricity production was lost. On March 1, 2018, a second major blackout occurred when a transmission line failed and caused two power stations to shut down; more than 970,000 people lost electricity. Excluding those affected by the second blackout, more than 200,000 people remained without power following Maria, on March 2, 2018. Another large-scale blackout occurred on April 12 from a line failure. Less than a week later on April 18, another blackout affected all of Puerto Rico. Rapid transit line passengers required help to disembark stalled trains.\nFEMA has been a major supplier of relief in the form of bereavement, food, and", "recent example of vulnerable infrastructure was the electrical grid in 2003, when Northeastern American areas experienced a power outage that appears to have originated in the Midwest, and possibly from a tree branch. Security challenges for the electricity infrastructure One of the fundamental foundations of modern society is the electrical power systems. An intentional disruption of electricity supplies would affect national security, the economy, and every person's life. Because power grids and their sources are widely dispersed, this is a challenge for the effectiveness of defensive organizations and structures.\nSabotage can damage electrical sources for the power grid, including civilian nuclear", "achieve autonomy; they do not rely on one or more of municipal water supply, sewer, gas, electrical power grid, or similar utility services. A common misconception is that a true off-grid house is able to operate completely independently of all traditional public utility services. Although this is not the case. The term \"off the grid\" traditionally refers to the electrical grid only. In popular culture The idea has been recently popularized by certain celebrities including Ed Begley, Jr. who stars in the Living with Ed television show on the Home & Garden Television (HGTV) network. Actress Daryl Hannah promotes off-grid", "plants in our country'. \"Because the government and the power utilities, including Tepco, were biased by the safety myth, thinking they would never ever face such a serious accident, they were unable to realize that such a crisis could occur in reality. This appears to be the fundamental problem,\" the panel said in its final report. Tepco thus failed to prepare adequate tsunami defenses or crisis management procedures to deal with a station blackout, the panel's report said. \"The Fukushima crisis occurred because people didn't take the impact of natural disasters so seriously,\" University of Tokyo engineering professor Yotaro Hatamura,", "2011, to issue its report. Electricity generation The environmental impact of electricity generation is significant because modern society uses large amounts of electrical power. This power is normally generated at power plants that convert some other kind of energy into electricity. Each such system has advantages and disadvantages, but many of them pose environmental concerns. Nuclear power The environmental impact of nuclear power results from the nuclear fuel cycle processes including mining, processing, transporting and storing fuel and radioactive fuel waste. Released radioisotopes pose a health danger to human populations, animals and plants as radioactive particles enter organisms through various", "lines. In 2019, after \"red flag\" warning about the possibility of wildfires was declared in some areas of California, the electricity company \"Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E)\" begun to shut down power, for preventing inflammation of trees that touch the electricity lines. Millions can be impacted. The climatic conditions that cause this warning, became more frequent because of climate change. If the temperatures keep rising, such power outage could become common Oil, coal and natural gas Oil and natural gas infrastructure is vulnerable to the effects of climate change and the increased risk of disasters such as storm, cyclones, flooding", "of nuclear power. Platts has reported that \"the crisis at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plants has prompted leading energy-consuming countries to review the safety of their existing reactors and cast doubt on the speed and scale of planned expansions around the world\".\nThe World Nuclear Association has reported that nuclear electricity generation in 2012 was at its lowest level since 1999. Several previous international studies and assessments, suggested that as part of the portfolio of other low-carbon energy technologies, nuclear power will continue to play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Historically, nuclear power usage is estimated to have prevented the", "citing difficulties with currency controls. Other airlines also cut back on flights and required that passengers pay fares in US$. Energy The Venezuelan electrical grid is plagued with occasional blackouts in various districts of the country. In 2011, it had so many problems that rations on electricity were put in place to help ease blackouts. On 3 September 2013, 70% of the country plunged into darkness with 14 of 23 states of Venezuela stating they did not have electricity for most of the day. Another power outage on 2 December 2013 left most of Venezuela in the dark again and", "The Guardian reported that half the country was affected, and other media sources said 14 to 16 of Venezuela's 23 states were without power. The Caracas Metro shut down, shops closed early to avoid looting, private and government workers were sent home, and 91% of telecommunications were down. Oil exports in Puerto José were halted due to lack of electricity.\nThe BBC reported that Information Minister Jorge Rodríguez \"had gone on state TV earlier to repeat the now-familiar assertion that opposition sabotage rather than a lack of maintenance had caused the afternoon blackout, saying hackers had attacked computers at the country's", "with international investors have also been affected by the electricity crisis and have had no choice but to announce these effects to the international community, bringing the situation to the attention of potential foreign investors. Crisis management As of February 2008 blackouts were temporarily halted due to reduced demand and maintenance stabilization. This drop in demand was caused by many of the country's mines shutting down or slowing to help alleviate the burden. However, regularly scheduled mandatory load shedding started in April 2008, to allow maintenance periods of power generators, and recovery of coal stockpiles before the winter, when electricity", "networks increase in reliability and carbon neutrality. However, providing off-grid electricity to rural users without also including training and education about its use and applications can result in under-utilization. To counteract this possibility, off-grid systems should reflect the cultural structures, values, and mores of host communities.\nThe term \"off-grid\" is taken to mean not connected to a national energy grid. Off-grid electrical systems can power individual residences or a community linked in a shared arrangement known as a micro-grid. In addition, they may be powered by renewable energy sources or by conventional fossil fuels. In Kenya, Mpeketoni township began a community-based,", "went into \"safe mode\" to prevent damage in the case of an overload. This put much of the nuclear power offline until those plants could be slowly taken out of \"safe mode\". In the meantime, all available hydro-electric plants (as well as many coal- and oil-fired plants) were brought online, bringing some electrical power to the areas immediately surrounding the plants by the morning of August 15. Homes and businesses both in the affected area and in nearby areas were requested to limit power usage until the grid was back to full power. Water supply Some areas lost water pressure", "a storm if a tree falls on a line, the system shuts itself down, similar to a circuit breaker. This protects the company's customers and employees from accidentally coming into contact with a live electrical line; it also protects appliances like televisions from uncontrolled surges and drops in voltage. In addition, when there is a fault, the line must be dead. Also when solar panels are attached to such lines, they must also be shut down when there is a fault on the line. If they are not shut down, electricity keeps flowing from the solar panels to all points" ]

[ "If you're not brushing your teeth well enough before you go to bed, it may be plaque. But if you are, it might just be the inner lining of your mouth shedding and congealing nastily due to the nighttime dryness of your mouth.\n\nYour mucus membranes shed even faster than the rest of your skin.", "Is it white stringy weird shit? You might wanna try a different brand of toothpaste and mouthwash.\n\nCrest products do this to me. I'm a straight up Colgate person now." ]

[ "waking or occurs before the first meal of the day. After several hours, the swelling goes down suddenly with a rush of foul tasting saliva. Strictures are more common in the parotid duct system compared to the submandibular duct system. Causes Chronic inflammation of the duct system (sialodochitis) may cause some segments of the duct to narrow due to fibrosis, and others to dilate.\nSaliva stagnates and forms a mucus plug behind the stricture during sleep when the salivary output of the parotid is reduced. Then, when salivary secretion is stimulated, the mucus plug becomes stuck in the stricture. The backlog", "and drinks. A tooth weakened by extensive internal decay can sometimes suddenly fracture under normal chewing forces. When the decay has progressed enough to allow the bacteria to overwhelm the pulp tissue in the center of the tooth, a toothache can result and the pain will become more constant. Death of the pulp tissue and infection are common consequences. The tooth will no longer be sensitive to hot or cold, but can be very tender to pressure.\nDental caries can also cause bad breath and foul tastes. In highly progressed cases, an infection can spread from the tooth to the", "for a thumb infection. Shulgin drank the juice and, assuming that the powder at the bottom of the glass was a sedative, fell asleep rapidly. Upon waking he learned that the powder was undissolved sugar. The experience made him aware of the influence of placebos over the human mind.\nAfter serving in the Navy, Shulgin returned to Berkeley, California, and in 1954 earned his PhD in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. Through the late 1950s Shulgin completed post-doctoral work in the fields of psychiatry and pharmacology at University of California, San Francisco. After working at Bio-Rad Laboratories as a", "several episodes. Dentistry Recurrent vomiting, such as observed in bulimia nervosa, may lead to the destruction of the tooth enamel due to the acidity of the vomit. Digestive enzymes can also have a negative effect on oral health, by degrading the tissue of the gums. Phases The vomiting act has two phases. In the retching phase, the abdominal muscles undergo a few rounds of coordinated contractions together with the diaphragm and the muscles used in respiratory inspiration. For this reason, an individual may confuse this phase with an episode of violent hiccups. In this retching phase, nothing has yet been", "drinks lower the pH level of the oral cavity which causes the enamel to demineralize. Drinking drinks such as orange juice or cola throughout the day raises the risk of dental cavities tremendously.\nAnother factor which affects the risk of developing cavities is the stickiness of foods. Some foods or sweets may stick to the teeth and so reduce the pH in the mouth for an extended time, particularly if they are sugary. It is important that teeth be cleaned at least twice a day, preferably with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste, to remove any food sticking to the teeth. Regular", "and lowered immune responses (such as in diabetes). Periodontal abscess can also occur after periodontal scaling, which causes the gums to tighten around the teeth and trap debris in the pocket. Toothache caused by a periodontal abscess is generally deep and throbbing. The oral mucosa covering an early periodontal abscess appears erythematous (red), swollen, shiny, and painful to touch.\nA variant of the periodontal abscess is the gingival abscess, which is limited to the gingival margin, has a quicker onset, and is typically caused by trauma from items such as a fishbone, toothpick, or toothbrush, rather than chronic periodontitis. The", "will be no purulent discharge. There may be regional lymphadenitis.\nWhen pus forms, the pressure increases, with increasing pain, until it spontaneously drains and relieves the pain. When pus drains into the mouth, a bad taste and smell are perceived. Usually drainage occurs via the periodontal pocket, or else the infection may spread as a cellulitis or a purulent odontogenic infection. Local anatomic factors determine the direction of spread (see fascial spaces of the head and neck). There may be systemic upset, with an onset of malaise and pyrexia. Diagnosis Periodontal abscesses may be difficult to distinguish from periapical abscesses. Since", "for acid-creating bacteria in the mouth.\nChewy and sticky foods (such as candy, cookies, potato chips, and crackers) tend to adhere to teeth longer. However, dried fruits such as raisins and fresh fruit such as apples and bananas disappear from the mouth quickly, and do not appear to be a risk factor. Consumers are not good at guessing which foods stick around in the mouth.\nFor children, the American Dental Association and the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry recommend limiting the frequency of consumption of drinks with sugar, and not giving baby bottles to infants during sleep (see earlier discussion). Parents", "an apical abscess, the character of the toothache may simply change without any pain-free period. For instance, the pain becomes well localized, and biting on the tooth becomes painful. Hot drinks can make the tooth feel worse because they expand the gases and likewise, cold can make it feel better, thus some will sip cold water. Examination The clinical examination narrows the source down to a specific tooth, teeth, or a non-dental cause. Clinical examination moves from the outside to the inside, and from the general to the specific. Outside of the mouth, the sinuses, muscles of", "anti-microbial mouthwashes. Since smoking is associated with many of forms of oral candidiasis, cessation may be beneficial. Denture hygiene Good denture hygiene involves regular cleaning of the dentures, and leaving them out of the mouth during sleep. This gives the mucosa a chance to recover, while wearing a denture during sleep is often likened to sleeping in one's shoes. In oral candidiasis, the dentures may act as a reservoir of Candida species, continually reinfecting the mucosa once antifungal medication is stopped. Therefore, they must be disinfected as part of the treatment for oral candidiasis. There are commercial denture cleaner preparations", "Gamasoidosis Clinical signs The most common symptoms are \"itching and punctiform, erythematous papules\" with a size of \"1–3 mm\" and a \"central punctum\", the itching and irritation are reactions to the saliva the mites secrete when feeding.\nBites are normally located in groups around the neck and body areas covered by clothes (waist, trunk, upper extremities and abdomen), but can also be found on the legs, finger webs, axillae, the groin, and buttocks. If feeding occurs while a patient is sleeping, bedclothes and pillows may show red spots caused by droppings or crushed mites.\nD. gallinae is capable of infesting the ear", "wounds or open sores on or in his or her mouth, or bleeding gums. Brushing the teeth, flossing, undergoing dental work soon before or after performing oral sex can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are microscopic, increase the chances of contracting STIs that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common bacteria and viruses found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of the aforementioned factors, medical", "day following the burn the area becomes necrotic and the epithelium sloughs off.\nElectrical burns in the mouth are usually caused by chewing on live electrical wiring (an act that is relatively common among young children). Saliva acts as a conducting medium and an electrical arc flows between the electrical source and the tissues, causing extreme heat and possible tissue destruction. Chemical injury Caustic chemicals may cause ulceration of the oral mucosa if they are of strong-enough concentration and in contact for a sufficient length of time. The holding of medication in the mouth instead of swallowing it occurs mostly in", "morning, as the intracranial pressure naturally increases when in the supine position. This elevation similarly stimulates the medullary vomiting center and area postrema, leading to morning vomiting. \nOther symptoms and findings depend largely on the specific location of the abscess in the brain. An abscess in the cerebellum, for instance, may cause additional complaints as a result of brain stem compression and hydrocephalus. Neurological examination may reveal a stiff neck in occasional cases (erroneously suggesting meningitis). Bacterial Anaerobic and microaerophilic cocci and gram-negative and gram-positive anaerobic bacilli are the predominate bacterial isolates. Many brain abscesses are polymicrobical. The predominant organisms", "children, those under psychiatric care, or simply because of a lack of understanding. Holding an aspirin tablet next to a painful tooth in an attempt to relieve pulpitis (toothache) is common, and leads to epithelial necrosis. Chewable aspirin tablets should be swallowed, with the residue quickly cleared from the mouth.\nOther caustic medications include eugenol and chlorpromazine. Hydrogen peroxide, used to treat gum disease, is also capable of causing epithelial necrosis at concentrations of 1–3%. Silver nitrate, sometimes used for pain relief from aphthous ulceration, acts as a chemical cauterant and destroys nerve endings, but the mucosal damage is increased. Phenol", "headache, &c., but a desire \" to\nbe on the move \" and a slight feeling of stiffness in the jaw.\n\nThese worked off during the day. Treatment There is no specific antidote for strychnine. \"The convulsions are often triggered by stimuli – when your body senses something, neurons want to fire, and if they aren’t controlled seizures occur – so patients are generally kept in quiet, dark rooms.\" Treatment of strychnine poisoning involves an oral application of an activated charcoal infusion which serves to absorb any poison within the digestive tract that has not yet been absorbed into the blood.", "stress, menstruation, trauma, food allergies or hypersensitivity to sodium lauryl sulphate (found in many brands of toothpaste). Aphthous stomatitis has no clinically detectable signs or symptoms outside the mouth, but the recurrent ulceration can cause much discomfort to sufferers. Treatment is aimed at reducing the pain and swelling and speeding healing, and may involve systemic or topical steroids, analgesics (pain killers), antiseptics, anti-inflammatories or barrier pastes to protect the raw area(s). Drug-induced Many drugs can cause mouth ulcers as a side effect. Common examples are alendronate (a bisphosphonate, commonly prescribed for osteoporosis), cytotoxic drugs (e.g. methotrexate, i.e. chemotherapy), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory", "cleansing action when it froths as it comes into contact with debris in mouth. It is often used in the short term to treat acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis. Side effects with prolonged use might occur, including hypertrophy of the lingual papillae. Lactoperoxidase (saliva substitute) Enzymes and proteins such as Lactoperoxidase, Lysozyme, Lactoferrin have been used in mouthrinses (e.g. Biotene) to reduce oral bacteria and hence the acid produced by bacteria. Lidocaine/xylocaine Oral lidocaine is useful for the treatment of mucositis symptoms (inflammation of mucous membranes) that is induced by radiation or chemotherapy. There is evidence that lidocaine anesthetic mouthwash", "no symptoms are reported from the patient. Most often solitary entities are therefore found by the dentist.\nThe gums are red, friable, or sometimes granular, and sometimes bleed easily if traumatised. The normal stippling is lost. There is not usually any loss of periodontal attachment. In a few cases a sore mouth can develop, and if so pain is sometimes made worse by toothpastes, or hot or spicy food. The lesions can extend to involve the palate.\nPlasma cell cheilitis appears as well defined, infiltrated, dark red plaque with a superficial lacquer-like glazing. Plasma cell cheilitis usually involves the lower lip. The", "Metal fume fever Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms are generally flu-like. They include fever, chills, nausea, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, joint pains, lack of appetite, shortness of breath, pneumonia, chest pain, change in blood pressure, and coughing. A sweet or metallic taste in the mouth may also be reported, along with a dry or irritated throat which may lead to hoarseness. Symptoms of a more severe metal toxicity may also include a burning sensation in the body, shock, no urine output, collapse, convulsions, shortness of breath, yellow eyes or yellow skin, rash, vomiting, watery or bloody diarrhea or", "chronic pulpitis. Teeth with pulp necrosis will need to undergo root canal treatment or extraction to prevent further spread of infection which may lead to an abscess. Symptoms Pulp necrosis may be symptomatic or asymptomatic for the patient. If the necrosis is symptomatic it could result in lingering pain to hot and cold stimuli, spontaneous pain that may cause a patient to wake up during sleep, difficulty with eating and being tender to percussion. If the necrosis is asymptomatic it will be non-responsive to thermal stimuli or electric pulp tests, the patient may even be unaware of the pathology. Diagnosis", "resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth), extended periods of poor oral hygiene, frequent consumption of high-calorie, carbonated beverages and bruxism (teeth grinding and clenching)\". As dry mouth is also a common side effect of other stimulants, which are not known to contribute severe tooth decay, many researchers suggest that methamphetamine associated tooth decay is more due to users' other choices. They suggest the side effect has been exaggerated and stylized to create a stereotype of current users as a deterrence for new ones. Sexually transmitted infection Methamphetamine use was found to be related to higher frequencies of unprotected sexual intercourse in", "the dorsum of the tongue in persons taking long term corticosteroids or antibiotics, but occasionally it can occur after only a few days of using a topical antibiotic. This is usually termed \"antibiotic sore mouth\", \"antibiotic sore tongue\", or \"antibiotic-induced stomatitis\" because it is commonly painful as well as red.\nChronic erythematous candidiasis is more usually associated with denture wearing (see denture-related stomatitis). Hyperplastic This variant is also sometimes termed \"plaque-like candidiasis\" or \"nodular candidiasis\". The most common appearance of hyperplastic candidiasis is a persistent white plaque that does not rub off. The lesion may be rough or nodular in", "known as bruxism, which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Additionally, stimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and even caffeine cause dehydration and dry mouth. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one's oral pH level, chronic stimulant abusers who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low (below 5.5). Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots. This increase in blood clot formation is attributed to cocaine-associated increases in the activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor, and an increase in the number, activation, and aggregation", "effects prior to and after unconsciousness). With the man unconscious he pulls his tooth, but then he can't get him to wake up. He calls for Charlie and when he arrives the dentist runs off. Charlie tries to wake him and eventually tries hitting his head with a mallet. The man revives but starts laughing. Charlie knocks him out with the mallet.\nThe dentist then returns and Charlie is sent to the drug store to get a prescription. After more fighting with the patients, he goes from Dr Pain's surgery to the Sunset Pharmacy. He strikes a man standing at a", "effects of the drug. Miscellaneous Patients who suffer from muscle weakness due to myasthenia gravis or have poor respiratory reserves due to severe chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or other lung disease, nor can a patient with any untreated abnormality of the thyroid gland. Adverse reactions Sleeping pills, including zopiclone, have been associated with an increased risk of death. The British National Formulary states adverse reactions as follows: \"taste disturbance (some report a metallic like taste); less commonly nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache; rarely amnesia, confusion, depression, hallucinations, nightmares; very rarely light headedness, incoordination, paradoxical effects [...] and sleep-walking also", "Proctitis Symptoms A common symptom is a continual urge to have a bowel movement—the rectum could feel full or have constipation. Another is tenderness and mild irritation in the rectum and anal region. A serious symptom is pus and blood in the discharge, accompanied by cramps and pain during the bowel movement. If there is severe bleeding, anemia can result, showing symptoms such as pale skin, irritability, weakness, dizziness, brittle nails, and shortness of breath.\nSymptoms are ineffectual straining to empty the bowels, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and possible discharge, a feeling of not having adequately emptied the bowels, involuntary spasms and", "are sometimes termed \"kissing lesions\" because they approximate when the tongue is in contact with the palate. Denture wearing Denture wearing and poor denture hygiene, particularly wearing the denture continually rather than removing it during sleep, is another risk factor for both candidal carriage and oral candidiasis. Dentures provide a relative acidic, moist and anaerobic environment because the mucosa covered by the denture is sheltered from oxygen and saliva. Loose, poorly fitting dentures may also cause minor trauma to the mucosa, which is thought to increase the permeability of the mucosa and increase the ability of C. albicans to invade", "for the stomach. John Gerard's Herbal (1597) states that: \"It is good against watering eyes and all manner of break outs on the head and sores. It is applied with salt to the biting of mad dogs,\" and that \"They lay it on the stinging of wasps and bees with good success.\" He also mentions that \"the smell rejoice the heart of man\", for which cause they used to strew it in chambers and places of recreation, pleasure and repose, where feasts and banquets are made.\"\nSpearmint is documented as being an important cash crop in Connecticut during the period", "Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal Causes A number of different causes contribute to this class of headache. Several common chemicals may be the culprit. Nitrite compounds dilate blood vessels, causing dull and pounding headaches with repeat exposure. Nitrite is found in dynamite, heart medicine and it is a chemical used to preserve meat (ergo these being known as \"nitrite\" or \"hot dog\" headaches). Eating foods prepared with monosodium glutamate (MSG) may thus result in headache. Acetaldehyde from alcohol may also cause a headache either acutely or after a number of hours (hangover).\nPoisons, like carbon tetrachloride found" ]

[ "Whoever those bills are owed to, as the corporation does not have to pay them, so the debtors are shit outta luck on recouping that money.", "The **meaning** of bankruptcy is that the business either won't pay its whole debt or won't pay it in time. If you're a creditor, then you can experience one or more of the following:\n\n1. You get paid later than you were supposed to;\n2. You get paid less than the whole amount you were owed;\n3. You don't get paid at all.\n\nIt all depends on the details of the loans and the bankruptcy." ]

[ "which is inability to pay debts that should have been paid. A creditor or the company itself can apply for bankruptcy. An external bankruptcy manager takes over the company or the assets of the person, and tries to sell as much as possible. A person or a company in bankruptcy can not access its assets (with some exceptions).\nThe formal bankruptcy process is rarely carried out for individuals. Creditors can claim money through the Enforcement Administration anyway, and creditors do not usually benefit from the bankruptcy of individuals because there are costs of a bankruptcy manager which has priority. Unpaid debts", "bankruptcy, Professor Zywicki testified before Congress that the law was likely to reduce the costs of debt to all borrowers by reducing losses to credit card lenders:\n[W]hen creditors are unable to collect debts because of bankruptcy, some of those losses are inevitably passed on to responsible Americans who live up to their financial obligations. . . . We all pay for bankruptcy abuse in higher down payments, higher interest rates, and higher costs for goods and services.\nThis bankruptcy 'tax' takes many forms. It is obviously reflected in higher interest rates.... It is [also] reflected in shorter grace periods for paying", "as a separate person, be the first liable entity for any obligations its directors and employees create on its behalf. If a company does not have enough assets to pay its debts as they fall due, it will be insolvent - bankrupt. Unless an administrator (someone like an auditing firm partner, usually appointed by creditors on a company's insolvency) is able to rescue the business, shareholders will lose their money, employees will lose their jobs and a liquidator will be appointed to sell off any remaining assets to distribute as much as possible to unpaid creditors. Yet if business remains", "purpose. The bankrupt's assets (excluding tools of his trade and other essentials) vest in his trustee who is obliged to realise them (generally by selling them) to pay a dividend to creditors.\nA bankrupt person is subject to certain restrictions, principally that he may not raise credit without informing the person from whom he is borrowing that he is a bankrupt, and that he may not act as a director of a company. He is also subject to obligations to give information to his trustee and to cooperate with him in the administration of his affairs. Extensive powers are available to", "question of who will end up paying for the party. You don't have to be a genius to see that the bill won't be charged to those responsible for the bankruptcies but rather the general public...\n— Carlos Sánchez Mato. The first attempt - real estate companies Luis de Guindos indicated that, since there would be no public money The government won't create a bad bank, or anything of the sort.\nHaving ruled out the option of a bad bank Mariano Rajoy's government searched for a place where institutions could deposit real estate assets, many of which are covered by provisions, with the", "that a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due. Because of this, section 122(1)(a) contains a specific test for insolvency. If a company owes an undisputed debt to a creditor of more than £750, the creditor sends a written demand, but after three weeks the sum is not forthcoming, this is evidence that a company is insolvent. In Cornhill Insurance plc v Improvement Services Ltd a small business was owed money, the debt undisputed, by Cornhill Insurance. The solicitors had repeatedly requested payment, but none had come. They presented a winding up petition in the Chancery", "works if the debt is trading at a discount. If creditors think they are going to get 80 cents for every dollar they are owed, they may be overjoyed to get 90 cents. Mr. Trump's companies had sometimes been able to retire debt at a discount because creditors feared they might default ... However, the United States simply cannot pursue a similar strategy. The government runs an annual deficit, so it must borrow to retire existing debt. Any measures that would reduce the value of the existing debt, making it cheaper to repurchase, would increase the cost of issuing new", "debts. A company is deemed to be unable to pay its debts if: it is unable to pay its debts as they fall due; the value of its assets is less than the amount of its liabilities taking into account both contingent and prospective liabilities; or where section 214(a) or (b) of the Companies Act 1963 applies to the company.\nA company does not have to be insolvent at the time of the presentation of the petition; the court can take account of a future event which is likely to have an adverse effect on the company's ability to", "creditors cannot attempt to collect on the individual's previously incurred debt except through the bankruptcy court. In general, the individual gets to keep his property, and his or her creditors end up with less money than they would, were the amount given to the debtor to continue collecting interest, allowing the debtor to find a way to pay the amount owed without losing their assets entirely. Disadvantages The disadvantage of filing for personal bankruptcy is that, under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, a record of this stays on the individual's credit report for up to 7 years (up to", "to eliminate most or all of their debts over a period of as little as three or four months. In a typical consumer bankruptcy, the only debts that survive a Chapter 7 are student loans, child support obligations, some tax bills and criminal fines. Credit cards, pay day loans, personal loans, medical bills, and just about all other bills are discharged.\nIn Chapter 7, a debtor surrenders non-exempt property to a bankruptcy trustee, who then liquidates the property and distributes the proceeds to the debtor's unsecured creditors. In exchange, the debtor is entitled to a discharge of some debt. However, the", "500 unsecured creditors were affected by the bankruptcy, including many independent labels and numerous bands. Companies affected included Epitaph (which was owed $511,000, making it the company's largest single unsecured creditor), Windsong, Caroline, Overground Trading, Om, Victory, Shock and Mushroom. Even Goodis and Hill were still owed over half a million dollars on their 1995 sale of the company. In total, the company had $3.77 million in unpaid debts by the time of its bankruptcy.", "company could only be paid at the expense of the creditors, since, although the company could pay, it could only do so out of assets available for distribution to the creditors.", "made bankrupt or a corporation is liquidated. Usually this means that all the property held by that person is 'vested in' (transferred to) the Official Receiver or Trustee in Bankruptcy. However, it is open to the Receiver or Trustee to refuse to accept that property by disclaiming it. It is relatively common for a trustee in bankruptcy to disclaim freehold property which may give rise to a liability, for example the common parts of a block of flats owned by the bankrupt would ordinarily pass to the trustee to be realised in order to pay his debts, but the property", "than the amount by which you are insolvent.”\nFor example, if a taxpayer is $10,000 in debt and owns $3,000 in assets, he/she cannot exclude more than $7,000 of forgiven debt from his/her income tax. Any forgiven debt over $7,000 that year must be reported as taxable income. Criticism In May 2009, the New York Attorney General issued subpoenas to fourteen \"debt settlement\" companies, looking for violations of New York law. On May 19, 2009, the New York Attorney General filed suit against two \"debt settlement\" firms and their affiliates, alleging violations related to fraudulent business practices and false advertising.\nA", "to a loan shark. They were able to complain to the defaulter's employer, because many employers would fire employees who were mired in debt, because of the risk of them stealing from the employer to repay debts. They were able to send agents to stand outside the defaulter's home, loudly denouncing him, perhaps vandalizing his home with graffiti or notices. Whether out of gullibility or embarrassment, the borrower usually succumbed and paid.\nMany customers were employees of large firms, such as railways or public works. Larger organizations were more likely to fire employees for being in debt, as their rules were", "the insolvent company, mutual debts are set-off against each other, and then either the bankrupt's creditor can claim the balance in the bankruptcy or the trustee in bankruptcy can ask for the balance remaining to be paid, depending on which side owed the most. The primary argument This has been criticized as an undeclared security interest that violates the principle of pari passu. The alternative, where a creditor has to pay all its debts, but receive only a limited portion of the leftover moneys that other unsecured creditors get, poses the danger of 'knock-on' insolvencies, and thus a systemic market", "expense by concluding the affairs of a bankrupt company. The assignment for the benefit of creditors is a state form of bankruptcy action versus a federal form of bankruptcy action. The assignment for the benefit of creditor’s process is similar in character to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy and parallels some of the same procedures, but is not an actual \"bankruptcy\" in the form the word is used in the United States. Mechanism The assignment for the benefit of creditors is a common law contract between the board of directors and the assignee in which the board \"assigns\" the assets and", "the worst bills in the history of the United States of America ... It robs from the future [and] it rewards the rich ... and corporations at the expense of tens of millions of working middle-class families in our country.\" She said \"this is Armageddon\" and argued that the tax bill increased the debt in a way that would cause an adverse impact on social insurance spending. In January 2018, shortly after the tax bill was passed, Pelosi was asked by a reporter to respond to statements by companies attributing the tax cuts for allowing them to raise wages and", "law, that it is the first time in the history of more than 150 years of American bankruptcy law when secured creditors received less than unsecured creditors, and that it violated the Fifth Amendment's clause that private property cannot be taken without due process of law. The funds include teachers and police officers funds, holding about $42.5 million in face value of Chrysler's $6.9 billion in secured debt; the secured debt has priority for repayment. Holders of 92 percent of that class of debt agreed to a proposed government that would exchange debt for a value of 29 cents on", "its assets and the business is unable to pay debts as they come due, the bankruptcy restructuring may result in the company's owners being left with nothing; instead, the owners' rights and interests are ended and the company's creditors are left with ownership of the newly reorganized company.\nAll creditors are entitled to be heard by the court. The court is ultimately responsible for determining whether the proposed plan of reorganization complies with the bankruptcy law.\nOne controversy that has broken out in bankruptcy courts concerns the proper amount of disclosure that the court and other parties are entitled to receive from", "Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code Chapter 11 overview When a business is unable to service its debt or pay its creditors, the business or its creditors can file with a federal bankruptcy court for protection under either Chapter 7 or Chapter 11.\nIn Chapter 7, the business ceases operations, a trustee sells all of its assets, and then distributes the proceeds to its creditors. Any residual amount is returned to the owners of the company.\nIn Chapter 11, in most instances the debtor remains in control of its business operations as a debtor in possession, and is subject to the", "future earnings. This is so since creditors may legally garnish wages when a borrower defaults. Effects A homeowner who is under water might be financially incapable of selling their current house and buying another one.", "bills of credit to the amount of $60,000, made them a legal tender in all payments on pain of confiscating the debt or forfeiting the commodity, imposed sufficient penalties on all persons who presumed to make any bargain or sale on cheaper terms in case of being paid in gold or silver, and provided for the gradual reduction of the bills by enacting that one-eighth of the principal, as well as the whole interest, should be paid annually. Pennsylvania made no loans but on land security or plate deposited in the loan office, and obliged borrowers to pay 5%", "primary stated purposes of the bankruptcy bill was to cut down on abusive or fraudulent uses of the bankruptcy system. As Congressman F. James Sensenbrenner Jr. (R-Wis), one of the bill's key supporters in the House, argued, \"This bill will help restore responsibility and integrity to the bankruptcy system by cracking down on fraudulent, abusive, and opportunistic bankruptcy claims.\" Opponents of the bill argued that claims of bankruptcy abuse and fraud were wildly overblown, and that the vast majority of bankruptcies were related to medical expenses and job losses. These arguments were bolstered by an in-depth study and survey", "call in its loans early, businesses might be forced to disrupt their production while individuals might need to sell their homes and/or vehicles, causing further losses to the larger economy. Even so, many if not most debtors would be unable to pay the bank in full on demand and would be forced to declare bankruptcy, possibly affecting other creditors in the process.\nA bank run can occur even when started by a false story. Even depositors who know the story is false will have an incentive to withdraw, if they suspect other depositors will believe the story. The story becomes a", "appliances, tools of the trade and vehicles up to a certain value. All other assets of value are sold. If a house or car is above a certain value, a third party can buy the interest from the estate in order for the bankrupt to utilise the asset. If this is not done, the interest vests in the estate and the trustee is able to take possession of the asset and sell it.\nThe bankrupt must pay income contributions if their income is above a certain threshold. If the bankrupt fails to pay, the trustee can issue a notice to garnishee", "Corporation, the parent of Lincoln Savings, went bankrupt in 1989, more than 21,000 mostly elderly investors lost their life savings. Lincoln Savings was seized by federal authorities the day following American Continental's bankruptcy filing. This total came to about $285 million, largely because such investors held securities backed by the parent company rather than deposits in the federally insured institution, a distinction apparently lost on many if not most of them until it was too late. The federal government covered almost $3 billion of Lincoln's losses when it seized the institution. Many creditors were made whole, and the government", "value for its shareholders will equalize the marginal cost of debt that results from these bankruptcy costs with the marginal benefit of debt that results from tax benefits.\nIn the personal bankruptcy there is a cost associated with filling the paperwork. For Chapter 13 Bankruptcy there is a fee of $281 and for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy it is $306. Additionally there can be other payments required, like Lawyer's fee, Conversion fee, Credit counselling and debtor education fee.", "he ceases to be liable for his bankruptcy debts. However, in cases where the bankrupt is considered culpable for his or her insolvency, a bankruptcy restrictions order may be made to extend some of the restrictions of bankruptcy for up to 15 years.\nAs an alternative to bankruptcy, a debtor may propose an individual voluntary arrangement (IVA) to his creditors (see Part VIII of the Insolvency Act 1986) or a debt relief order if debts do not exceed a certain threshold. An IVA takes the form of a proposal to creditors to pay some or all of the debtor's debts over", "a greater return to creditors than the firm's closure and a liquidation of assets. It may also give a troubled company a new start, albeit under strict conditions. In this case, \"debtor in possession\" financing refers to debt incurred while in bankruptcy, and \"exit financing\" is debt incurred upon emerging from reorganisation under bankruptcy law. Examples Two notable examples are the government financing of Chrysler and General Motors during their respective 2009 bankruptcies. American law vs. French law The willingness of governments to allow lenders to place debtor-in-possession financing claims ahead of an insolvent company's existing debt varies; US bankruptcy" ]

[ "Because only a small number are printed. If you print a million of something, the costs are divided across that large number and it can be cheaper. Print only 10,000 and the \"fixed\" costs are now divided across 1/100 the number of books." ]

[ "books from online distribution channels outside the United States at lower prices, which may result in a loss of sales for U.S. retailers. Additionally, the availability of lower-priced textbooks through these channels has heightened distrust and frustration among students regarding textbook prices, and college stores find it difficult to explain why their textbook prices are higher, according to the National Association of College Stores. Retailers and publishers have also been concerned that some U.S. retailers may have engaged in reimportation on a large scale by ordering textbooks for entire courses at lower prices from international distribution channels. While the", "the issue of expensive textbooks. \"The expense of textbooks is a concern for students, and e-textbooks, address the face of the issue, Williams says \" As publishers we understand the high cost of these materials, and the electronic format permit us diminish the general expense of our content to the market\". Rental programs In-store rentals are processed by either using a kiosk and ordering books online with a third party facilitator or renting directly from the store's inventory. Some stores use a hybrid of both methods, opting for in-store selections of the most popular books and the online option", "the costs of textbooks which surged over three times the rate of inflation for many years must not hinder education. Based on the NBC News review of the Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics data, prices of student books increased three times inflation rates from January 1977 until June 2015 reflecting an increase of 1,041 percent.\nOER can possibly address this problem since materials are free online and economical in printed form. Resources intended for buying textbooks can be rechanneled towards technology, enhancing the medium of instructions, and lowering debt. Research studies also showed many students learn more because of", "market in the USA Some students save money by buying used copies of textbooks, which tend to be less expensive, and are available from many college bookstores in the USA, who buy them back from students at the end of a term. Books that are not being re-used at the school are often purchased by an off-campus wholesaler for 0-30% of the new cost, for distribution to other bookstores. Some textbook companies have countered this by encouraging teachers to assign homework that must be done on the publisher's website. Students with a new textbook can use the pass code", "these things separately, and often the one-time-use supplements destroy the resale value of the textbook.\nAccording to the Student PIRGs, the typical bundled textbook is 10%-50% more than an unbundled textbook, and 65% of professors said they “rarely” or “never” use the bundled items in their courses.\nA 2005 Government Accountability Office (GAO) Report in the USA found that the production of these supplemental items was the primary cause of rapidly increasing prices:\nWhile publishers, retailers, and wholesalers all play a role in textbook pricing, the primary factor contributing to increases in the price of textbooks has been the increased investment publishers have", "$700–$1000 per year on textbooks.\nWhile many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores or faculty, the ACSFA also found that assigning blame to any one party—faculty, colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive and without merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work together to find productive solutions, which included a movement toward open textbooks and other lower-cost digital solutions.\nTextbook prices are considerably higher in law school. Students ordinarily pay close to $200 for case books consisting of cases available free online. Textbook bias on controversial topics In cases of history, science, current events,", "book, which could range from 5 to 35 percent of the new retail price, according to the GAO report.\nWhen students resell their textbooks during campus “buyback” periods, these textbooks are often sold into the national used textbook distribution chain. If a textbook is not going to be used on campus for the next semester of courses then many times the college bookstore will sell that book to a national used book company. The used book company then resells the book to another college bookstore. Finally, that book is sold as used to a student at another college", "sensitive to every aspect of college pricing, including textbooks, which in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. The 2005 Government Accountability Office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s, textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past two decades. A 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost students $900 per year, and that prices increased four times the rate of inflation over the past decade. A June 2007 Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, “Turn the Page,” reported that the average U.S. student spends", "percent since 1994, while prices charged for all finished goods increased only 14 percent. Similarly, the prices charged by publishers for general books increased just 19 percent during the same time period.\"\nAccording to the 2007 edition of the College Board’s Trend in College Pricing Report published October 2007: \"College costs continue to rise and federal student aid has shown slower growth when adjusted for inflation, while textbooks, as a percentage of total college costs, have remained steady at about 5 percent.\" K-12 textbooks In most U.S. K-12 public schools, a local school board votes on which textbooks to purchase from", "“never”. The PIRG study has been criticized by publishers, who argue that the report contains factual inaccuracies regarding the annual average cost of textbooks per student.\nThe Student PIRGs also point out that recent emphasis on e-textbooks does not always save students money. Even though the book costs less up-front, the student will not recover any of the cost through resale. Bundling in the USA Another publishing industry practice that has been highly criticized is \"bundling\", or shrink-wrapping supplemental items into a textbook. Supplemental items range from CD-ROMs and workbooks to online passcodes and bonus material. Students often cannot buy", "for more obscure titles or books they consider too risky to put in the rental system. Textbook sharing Another method to help students save money that is coming up is called Textbooks Sharing. Using textbook sharing the students share the physical textbook with other students, and also the cost of the book is divided among the users of the textbook. So over the life of the textbook, if 4 students use the textbook, the cost of the textbook for each student will be 25% of the total cost of the book. Open textbooks The latest trend in textbooks is \"open", "textbook catalog for free. This option has since been eliminated because too many students were taking advantage of this option and the FWK business model was becoming unsustainable without increased revenue from the other options.\nAccessible formats of published works for people with qualifying disabilities are available at no charge through Bookshare. Paid Textbooks in formats including print, individual PDF chapters, ePub, .MOBI (Kindle), audio mp3, abridged audio study mp3, and optional study tools are available for purchase by students direct, through bookstores, and via select online providers.\nFor users that desire note taking, highlighting, flash cards, or access to a condensed", "the millennia-old tradition of the sale of used books, and would make that entire industry illegal. E-textbooks Another alternative to save money and obtaining the materials you are required are e-textbooks.The article \"E books rewrite the rules of education\" states that, alternately to spending a lot of money on textbooks, you can purchase an e-textbook at a small amount of the cost. With the growth of digital applications for iPhone, and gadgets like the Amazon kindle, e-textbooks are not an innovation, but have been \"gaining momentum\". According to the article \" Are textbooks obsolete?\", publishers and editorials are concerned about", "expenses Textbooks can be expensive; however, Union County College has launched programs in conjunction with college bookstores to make textbook rentals a viable alternative. Typically, students can rent a textbook for a semester at reduced cost, paying by cash or credit card or with financial aid funds, and may even use highlighters on the pages, but at the end of the semester must return the book in good condition or else face a steep fine. The school can offer scholarships via a Foundation to selected students and raises money sometimes by promoting gala events. Faculty Professor Lawrence D. Hogan taught", "textbooks on the used market, with publishers only earning profits on sales of new textbooks. Research According to the GAO study published July 2005:\nFollowing closely behind annual increases in tuition and fees at postsecondary institutions, college textbook and supply prices have risen at twice the rate of annual inflation over the last two decades.\nRising at an average of 6 percent each year since academic year 1987-1988, compared with overall average price increases of 3 percent per year, college textbook and supply prices trailed tuition and fee increases, which averaged 7 percent per year. Since December 1986, textbook and supply prices", "Brian Kramer, son of Lily Kramer, who ran the shop for 30 years. Kramer attributed the store's closure to the continuous rise in the cost of textbooks. Students began to seek alternatives to buying textbooks from bookstores, including renting or purchasing them on the internet from online competitors, such as Amazon and eBay.\nAfter Marwil had been in business at WSU for some 59 years, Brian Kramer had seen textbook prices nearly triple over a period of two decades. According to a 2005 survey conducted by the National Association of College Students, about 25 percent of students had begun purchasing textbooks", "of third party suppliers might cause confusion when books needed to be returned at the end of the semester. Chegg was the \"most expensive rental\" and charged sales tax. The least expensive alternative was Textbooks.com, although this firm required an upfront expense of $117.50; King surmised the upfront payout would mean college students had less money available during the semester. In all cases, books had to be returned by the deadline to make the cost savings worthwhile. The online alternatives were substantially better than buying the book from the college bookstore and selling it back to that bookstore at the", "an increasing number of authors are avoiding commercial publishers and instead offering their textbooks under a creative commons or other open license. The market for textbooks As in many industries, the number of providers has declined in recent years (there are just a handful of major textbook companies in the USA). Also, elasticity of demand is fairly low. The term \"broken market\" appeared in the economist James Koch's analysis of the market commissioned by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance.\nThe market for textbooks doesn't reflect classic supply and demand because of agency problems. New editions and the used book", "often wait for weeks to get textbooks in accessible formats and, in some cases, are forced to drop courses due to lack of accessible books. Flat World is the first postsecondary textbook publisher to recognize and alleviate this problem.\" Price disclosure and edition availability Flat World Knowledge claims to make compliance with the recent Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA) simple as the basic price for their textbooks is free and once published, any edition number remains available online at no charge or available for order in print by students, educators, and bookstores on-demand; educators change versions only when they wish", "in the book to register on the site; otherwise they must pay the publisher to access the website and complete assigned homework.\nStudents who look beyond the campus bookstore can typically find lower prices. With the ISBN or title, author and edition, most textbooks can be located through online used book sellers or retailers.\nMost leading textbook companies publish a new edition every 3 or 4 years, more frequently in math and science. Harvard economics chair James K. Stock has stated that new editions are often not about significant improvements to the content. \"New editions are to a considerable extent simply another", "material. In multiple studies, strong majorities of college students, teens, and children continue to express a preference for printed books. Furthermore, there is conflicting information about how digital textbooks affect learning, cognition and retention. However, students are growing more exposed to digital textbooks, and new research suggests that student performance is about the same whether students work from digital or printed texts.", "and book versions are never \"out of print.\" Sustainability Digital textbook and course material formats offer sustainability advantages over traditional paper textbooks. According to a publishing industry study, an estimated \"net [carbon] emission of 8.85 pounds per book [is created for each paper book] sold to consumers.\" The net carbon emission for textbooks is much higher as the industry average includes high volume small paperbacks, children's books, and many other small form factors popular with consumers.\nIn 2010-2011, approximately 57.5% of students using Flat World texts opted for entirely digital delivery. As of fall 2011, 70% of students opt for digital", "students are more likely to pursue a degree program and tuition and fees are lower, the average estimated cost of books and supplies per first-time, full-time student was $886 in academic year 2003-2004, representing almost three-quarters of the cost of tuition and fees.\nAccording to the 2nd edition of a study by the United States Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG) published in February 2005: \"Textbook prices are increasing at more than four times the inflation rate for all finished goods, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index. The wholesale prices charged by textbook publishers have jumped 62", "big book publishing companies chose to continue selling textbooks to school districts because of the tremendous profits rendered rather than transform education into the digital and interactive revolution. It was and is our opinion that the downward spiral in math, science and literacy has continued in the U.S. and fragmentation and deterioration of the 'old style' of teaching is starving and holding back the youth of the nation. Madcap's goal had been invented to provide the complete curriculum and make it available to all students on their cell phone or pad or any other device any day and at", "attempts at bribery. Higher education In the U.S., college and university textbooks are chosen by the professor teaching the course, or by the department as a whole. Students are typically responsible for obtaining their own copies of the books used in their courses, although alternatives to owning textbooks, such as textbook rental services and library reserve copies of texts, are available in some instances.\nIn some European countries, such as Sweden or Spain, students attending institutions of higher education pay for textbooks themselves, although higher education is free of charge otherwise.\nWith higher education costs on the rise, many students are becoming", "list their books for a fixed price. In either case, the student must create the listing for each book themselves and wait for a buyer to order, making the use of marketplaces a more passive way of selling used textbooks. Unlike campus buyback and online book, students are unlikely to sell all their books to one buyer using online marketplaces, and will likely have to send out multiple books individually. Online book buyers Online book buyers buy textbooks, and sometimes other types of books, with the aim of reselling them for a profit. Like online marketplaces, online book buyers operate", "TextbookStop Business Model TextbookStop offers its customers the option to either return their textbooks via mail (similar to a service like Netflix), or via one of TextbookStop's \"drop-stops,\" a local business that accepts textbook returns. The postage for return shipping by mail is included in the rental price.\nFor students that elect to purchase their textbooks, TextbookStop offers the option of an online textbook buyback service. This online buyback service is similar to the online buyback offerings from other textbook websites. All online textbook buyback services traditionally buy textbooks at higher prices than their brick and mortar counterparts.", "of Chegg's service. One report is that Barnes & Noble will rent books at about 42% of their original price, on average. Students can also rent textbooks from their college bookstore or online, with orders shipped to their college bookstore for pickup, according to one Associated Press report.\nThe U.S. Congress set aside $10 million to encourage college bookstores to rent textbooks, so bookstores are starting an up rental programs as well. Follett Higher Education Group started up a rental program in 2009.\nWall Street Journal reporter Peter King compared several options for textbook rentals in April, 2009. He compared firms such", "made in new products to enhance instruction and learning...While wholesalers, retailers, and others do not question the quality of these materials, they have expressed concern that the publishers’ practice \nof packaging supplements with a textbook to sell as one unit limits the opportunity students have to purchase less expensive used books....If publishers continue to increase these investments, particularly in technology, the cost to produce a textbook is likely to continue to increase in the future.\nBundling has also been used to segment the used book market. Each combination of a textbook and supplemental items receives a separate ISBN. A single textbook", "year-round, giving students the opportunity to sell their books even when campus \"buyback\" periods are not in effect. Students enter the ISBN numbers of the books they wish to sell and receive a price quote or offer. These online book buyers often offer \"free shipping\" (which in actuality is built into the offer for the book), and allow students to sell multiple books to the same source. Because online book buyers are buying books for resale, the prices they offer may be lower than students can get on online marketplaces. However, their prices are competitive, and they tend to focus" ]

[ "Two things\n\n1. Remember how you spent the first several years of your life sitting in rooms reading stuff all day? and then you go to work and read stuff all day?, etc, etc. Your brain does \\- so when it sees words, even without you telling it to, it goes \"ooh, I know what to do here\" and reads them. The brain just gets conditioned to read words that it becomes \\(somewhat\\) automatic. You can notice yourself doing this in other parts of your life too where you will automatically read stuff even if you weren't specifically trying to focus on it \\(e.g. signs on the side of the road\\)\n2. Often in movies where there's dialogue being exchanged between two characters there's not that much else going on but the subtitles are changing, so they are actually the most \"interesting\" thing happening. Next time your watching a movie with subtitled but not trying to pay attention to the subtitles pay attention to when you pay attention to them \\(as weird as that sounds\\) and you'll probably notice that you're more likely to notice what the subtitles are doing when there isn't much else going on than you are during the action sequences." ]

[ "experience. Reasons for not subtitling a foreign language Most times a foreign language is spoken in film, subtitles are used to translate the dialogue for the viewer. However, there are occasions when foreign dialogue is left unsubtitled (and thus incomprehensible to most of the target audience). This is often done if the movie is seen predominantly from the viewpoint of a particular character who does not speak the language. Such absence of subtitles allows the audience to feel a similar sense of incomprehension and alienation that the character feels. An example of this is seen in Not Without My Daughter.", "Films with dialogue in Galician, Catalan or Basque are always dubbed, not subtitled, when they are shown in the rest of the country. Some non-Spanish-speaking TV stations subtitle interviews in Spanish; others do not.\nIn many Latin American countries, local network television will show dubbed versions of English-language programs and movies, while cable stations (often international) more commonly broadcast subtitled material. Preference for subtitles or dubbing varies according to individual taste and reading ability, and theaters may order two prints of the most popular films, allowing moviegoers to choose between dubbing or subtitles. Animation and children's programming, however, is nearly universally", "is shown in cinemas but subtitled versions are shown as well. Foreign TV shows for adults are shown in their original versions with subtitles, most cartoons, for example, The Flintstones and The Jetsons were always dubbed, while Family Guy and American Dad! are always subtitled and contain the original English dialogue, since they are mostly for adults rather than children, (even though the movie Space Jam was subtitled instead of being dubbed, since also this is suitable for children). Also some Japanese anime series are dubbed in Greek (such as Pokémon, Pichi Pichi Pitch, Sailor Moon etc.) The only television", "in every foreign-language documentary, TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience.\nWhile on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in two versions, one dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for versão portuguesa - \"Portuguese version\") and another subtitled version (V.O. for versão original - \"original version\"). This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use subtitles only. While the quality of these dubs is recognized (some have already received international recognition and prizes), original versions with subtitles are usually", "films are usually shown in theaters with their original languages (with English subtitles). It is because live-action dubbed movies rarely did well in United States box office since the 1980s. The 1982 United States theatrical release of Wolfgang Peterson's Das Boot was the last major release to go out in both original and English-dubbed versions, and the film's original version actually grossed much higher than the English-dubbed version. Later on, English-dubbed versions of international hits like Un indien dans la ville, Godzilla 2000, Anatomy, Pinocchio and High Tension flopped at United States box office. When Miramax planned to", "versions with subtitles, or without any translation. However, digital pay-TV programming is often available in the original language, including the latest movies. Prior to the rise of DVDs, which in these countries are mostly issued with multi-language audio tracks, original-language films (those in languages other than the country's official language) were rare, whether in theaters, on TV, or on home video, and subtitled versions were considered a product for small niche markets such as intellectual or art films. Spain In Spain, practically all foreign television programs are shown dubbed in European Spanish, as are most films. Some dubbing actors have", "increasingly have a basic knowledge of English (the dominant language in film and TV) and thus prefer to hear the original dialogue.\nNevertheless, in Spain, for example, only public TV channels show subtitled foreign films, usually at late night. It is extremely rare that any Spanish TV channel shows subtitled versions of TV programs, series or documentaries. With the advent of digital land broadcast TV, it has become common practice in Spain to provide optional audio and subtitle streams that allow watching dubbed programmes with the original audio and subtitles. In addition, only a small proportion of cinemas show subtitled films.", "case for movies like Babe, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Finding Nemo, Cars, Shrek the Third, Ratatouille, Kung Fu Panda and WALL-E. Other foreign TV shows and movies are shown in the original language with Romanian subtitles. Subtitles are usually preferred in the Romanian market. According to \"Special Eurobarometer 243\" (graph QA11.8) of the European Commission (research carried out in November and December 2005), 62% of Romanians prefer to watch foreign films and programmes with subtitles (rather than dubbed), 22% prefer dubbing, and 16% declined to answer. This is led by the assumption that watching movies in their original versions is", "of age), both a dubbed and a subtitled version are usually available. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, the vast majority of foreign language films are subtitled, although mostly animated films and TV programmes are dubbed in English. These usually originate from North America, as opposed to being dubbed locally. There have, however, been notable examples of films and TV programmes successfully dubbed in the UK, such as the Japanese Monkey and French Magic Roundabout series. When airing films on television, channels in the UK often choose subtitling over dubbing, even if a dubbing in English exists. It is also", "differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on PTS are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while Korean dramas, Hong Kong dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer a dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films", "live-action films are shown in the original English and Russian languages with subtitles at cinemas. Subtitles are usually presented in both Estonian and Russian languages. Cartoons and animated series voiced by dubbing or voiceover and live-action films and television series only with Estonian subtitles also but with English and Russian Dub Languages. Animated films are commonly shown in both the originals and Russian languages and dubbed into Estonian (or Russian in many cinemas). Most Estonian-language television channels use subtitles English and Russian Audio for foreign-language films and TV channels. However, Russian language channels tend to use dubbing more often, especially", "originally broadcast in English, was dubbed into Icelandic, amongst thirty-two other languages, and it remains the TV show to have been dubbed into the most languages.\nIn movie theaters, films for adult audiences have both Finnish and Swedish subtitles, the Finnish printed in basic font and the Swedish printed below the Finnish in a cursive font. In the early ages of television, foreign TV shows and movies were voiced by narrator in Finland. Later, subtitles became a practice on Finnish television. Dubbing of films other than children's films is unpopular in Finland, as in many other countries. A good example is", "this practice are either when an English dub has not been produced for the program (usually in the case of feature films) or when the program is being presented by a network that places importance on presenting it in its original format (as was the case when Turner Classic Movies aired several of Hayao Miyazaki's works, which were presented both dubbed and subtitled). Most anime DVDs contain options for original Japanese, Japanese with subtitles, and English-dubbed, except for a handful of series that have been heavily edited or Americanized. In addition, Disney has a policy that makes its directors undergo", "dubbed into Standard Spanish, while broadcasts on cable and satellite pan-regional channels are either dubbed or subtitled. In theaters, children's movies and most blockbuster films are dubbed into Standard Spanish or Mexican Spanish, and are sometimes further dubbed into regional dialects of Spanish where they are released. Mexico In Mexico, by law, films shown in theaters must be shown in their original version. Films in languages other than Spanish are usually subtitled. Only educational documentaries and movies rated for children, as well as some movies that are expected to have a wide audience (for example, The Lord of the Rings:", "dubbed, as in other regions.\nSince the introduction of the DVD and, later, the Blu-ray Disc, some high budget films include the simultaneous option of both subtitles and/or dubbing. Often in such cases, the translations are made separately, rather than the subtitles being a verbatim transcript of the dubbed scenes of the film. While this allows for the smoothest possible flow of the subtitles, it can be frustrating for someone attempting to learn a foreign language.\nIn the traditional subtitling countries, dubbing is generally regarded as something strange and unnatural and is only used for animated films and TV programs intended for", "live-action films and TV series for adults are always airing subtitled, because in this region people prefer subtitling for live-action formats. Turkish soap opera Lale Devri started airing dubbed in 2011, on RTV Pink, but because of bad reception, dub failed and rest of TV series was aired subtitled. Married... with Children was dubbed, too.\nThe dubbing of cartoon series in former Yugoslavia during the 1980s had a twist of its own: famous Serbian actors, such as Nikola Simić, Mića Tatić, Nada Blam and others provided the voices for characters of Disney, Warner Bros., MGM and other companies, frequently using region-specific", "Also, at most theaters, kids films (on rare occasions) subtitled are commonly shown at nighttime. Most subtitled Pay-TV channels show both dubbed and subtitled version of every film they broadcast, being offered with a separate subtitle track and a second audio track in English. There is an increase of people preferring subtitle films and series rather than dubbed starting the late-2000s, as Peruvians viewers tend to get used to their original version.\nPeru used to do not produce their own dubs since dubbing studios never existed in that country until 2016, when the company \"Big Bang Films\" started to dub movies", "have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a Cantonese version. Israel In Israel, only children's movies and TV programming are dubbed in Hebrew. In programs aimed at teenagers and adults, dubbing is rarely considered for translation, not only because of its high costs, but also because the audience is mainly multi-lingual. Most viewers in Israel speak at least one European language in addition to Hebrew, and a large part of the audience also speaks Arabic. Therefore, most viewers prefer to hear the original soundtrack, aided by Hebrew subtitles. Another problem is that dubbing", "pre-school children. As animated films are \"dubbed\" even in their original language and ambient noise and effects are usually recorded on a separate sound track, dubbing a low quality production into a second language produces little or no noticeable effect on the viewing experience. In dubbed live-action television or film, however, viewers are often distracted by the fact that the audio does not match the actors' lip movements. Furthermore, the dubbed voices may seem detached, inappropriate for the character, or overly expressive, and some ambient sounds may not be transferred to the dubbed track, creating a less enjoyable viewing", "operas in Spanish. Since CC1 and CC2 share bandwidth, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recommends translation subtitles be placed in CC3. CC4, which shares bandwidth with CC3, is also available, but programs seldom use it. Subtitles vs. dubbing and lectoring The two alternative methods of 'translating' films in a foreign language are dubbing, in which other actors record over the voices of the original actors in a different language, and lectoring, a form of voice-over for fictional material where a narrator tells the audience what the actors are saying while their voices can be heard in the background. Lectoring", "foreign movies, Biyahe ni Drew (English: Drew's Explorations) and Idol sa Kusina (English: Kitchen Idol) are the programs and shows that they air with proper closed captioning.\nClose Captioning in some Filipino Films either to be \"included\" if film production companies have a bias on having impact on their viewing experience for those who did not understand the language nor not understand what it heard to it or distributed internationally. Since 2016, all Filipino-Language Films and also on some Streaming Services like iWant had included their English Subtitles in some showing on films. The Law regarding do that was passed by", "voice actors dubbing different original voices with a small percent of art-house/documentaries shown in the original language with Ukrainian subtitles. For television, TV channels usually release movies and TV-shows with a Ukrainian voiceover, although certain high-profile films and TV shows are dubbed rather than voice-overe'ed.\nIn the past Russian-language films, TV series, cartoons, animated series and TV programs were usually not dubbed but were shown with the original audio with Ukrainian subtitles. However, this practise has been slowly abandoned since the late 2010s: all children's films and cartoons regardless of the original language (including Russian) are always dubbed into Ukrainian; example", "is common for television in Russia, Poland, and a few other East European countries, while cinemas in these countries commonly show films dubbed or subtitled.\nThe preference for dubbing or subtitling in various countries is largely based on decisions taken in the late 1920s and early 1930s. With the arrival of sound film, the film importers in Germany, Italy, France and Spain decided to dub the foreign voices, while the rest of Europe elected to display the dialog as translated subtitles. The choice was largely due to financial reasons (subtitling is more economical and quicker than dubbing), but during the 1930s", "The Return of the King or The Avengers) may be dubbed, but this is not compulsory, and some animated films are shown in theaters in both dubbed and subtitled versions (for instance, some DreamWorks productions). Nonetheless, a recent trend in several cinemas is to offer the dubbed versions only, with a stark decrease in the showing of the original ones.\nDubbing must be made in Mexico by Mexican nationals or foreigners residing in Mexico. Still, several programs that are shown on pay TV are dubbed in other countries like Venezuela, Chile or Colombia.\nMost movies released on DVD feature neutral Spanish as", "access of the less literate to certain ideas. According to law 2027 of 1948, when António Ferro was in charge of the Secretariado Nacional de Informação (National Information Secretariat), he forbade the dubbing of foreign movies, not out of any aesthetic concern, but simply because dialog could thus be left untranslated or purposely mistranslated so as to avoid forbidden subjects. Even though censorship ended, today's Portuguese moviegoers still prefer subtitles over dubbing, and in recent years even children's cartoons have been available in subtitled, non-dubbed versions.\nSeveral Portuguese intellectuals have showed how the various forms of censorship have hindered the cultural", "However some films have been dubbed into Irish by TG4, including the Harry Potter film series. Romania In Romania, virtually all programmes intended for children are dubbed in Romanian, including cartoons, live-action movies and TV series on Disney Channel, Cartoon Network, Minimax, and Nickelodeon, as well as those shown on general television networks, children-focused series (such as Power Rangers, Goosebumps, The New Addams Family, The Planet's Funniest Animals) or movies screened on children's television. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Romanian dubbing. However, those cinemas with more screening rooms usually also provide the original subtitled version. Such was the", "my life.\"\nBecause the film specifically targeted Western audiences rather than the domestic audiences who were already used to Wuxia films, English subtitles were needed. Ang Lee, who was educated in the West, personally edited the subtitles to ensure they were satisfactory for Western audiences. Soundtrack The score was composed by Tan Dun, originally performed by Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Shanghai National Orchestra, and Shanghai Percussion Ensemble. It also features many solo passages for cello played by Yo-Yo Ma. The \"last track\" (\"A Love Before Time\") features Coco Lee, who later performed it at the Academy Awards. The music for the entire", "release the English-dubbed versions of Shaolin Soccer and Hero in the United States cinemas, their English-dubbed versions scored badly in test screenings in the United States, so Miramax finally released the films in United States cinemas with their original language.\nStill, English-dubbed movies have much better commercial potential in ancillary market; therefore, more distributors would release live-action foreign films in theaters with their original languages (with English subtitles), then release both original versions and English-dubbed versions in ancillary market.\nOn the other hand, anime is almost always released in English-dubbed format, regardless of its content or target age group. The exceptions to", "popular by dubbing Goku in Dragon Ball Z) or Humberto Vélez (who dubbed Homer Simpson in the first 15 seasons of The Simpsons).\nThe popularity of pay TV has allowed people to view several series in their original language rather than dubbed. Dubbing has been criticized for the use of TV or movie stars as voice actors (such as Ricky Martin in Disney's Hercules, or Eugenio Derbez in DreamWorks' Shrek), or for the incorrect use of local popular culture that sometimes creates unintentional jokes or breaks the feeling of the original work (such as translating Sheldon Cooper's \"Bazinga!\" to \"¡Vacilón!\").\nSeveral video", "cable networks Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and Disney Channel shown on TV5 or ABS-CBN, have long been dubbed into Tagalog or another Philippine regional language. Also animated Disney films are often dubbed in Tagalog, except for the singing parts, which retains its original language (though in recent years, there has been an increase in number of Disney musicals having their songs also translated such as Frozen). Dubbing is less common in smaller free-to-air networks such as ETC, 2nd Avenue and the former RPN and the original language version is aired. Also popular in the Philippines are Chinese, Korean, and Mexican dramas," ]

[ "You're not paying for \"the internet\". You're paying for a company to *connect* you to the internet. They build the infrastructure, they run a lot of very high-end, very specialised equipment, and they spent a *lot* of money on it. They're not going to let you use those for free.", "The Internet is a network. We say that nobody \"owns\" the Internet because that term refers to the connection between many different computers; you can own a server or a cable but not the concept of the Internet itself.\n\nTo connect to the Internet, your computer needs to route through many servers and cables. These cost money to install, maintain and expand, which is part of the job of the Internet service provider. That's why you have to pay your ISP for access. By \"limit,\" are you referring to caps on data transfer? It actually doesn't really matter to the ISP that much how much data you are transferring in total, but it cares about the peak demand, since that determines what the capacity of the network should be. More capacity costs more money. Data caps are just one way for the ISP to generate income to cover its costs and make a profit; ISPs generally think that billing methods more accurate to what you cost specifically (such as level-of-service pricing) would be confusing to consumers.", "The internet is a series of computers that are all connected to one another, using a commonly agreed upon way to communicate.\n\nSomeone has to maintain the connections between those computers - there are millions of miles of copper and fiber optic cables, thousands of servers to direct traffic, hundreds of servers to perform DNS lookups etc - in order to keep the internet going. \n\nWhile no single entity owns the entire internet, companies do own and maintain parts of the communication system. Its fair that you have to pay them to use those systems, since they had to pay to build and maintain them." ]

[ "Taxation of digital goods History In 1997, the United States federal government decided to limit taxation of Internet activity for a period of time. The Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA) prohibits taxes on Internet access, which is defined as a service that allows users access to content, information, email or other services offered over the Internet and may include access to proprietary content, information, and other services as part of a package offered to customers. The Act has exceptions for taxes levied before the statute was written and for sales taxes on online purchases of physical goods.\nThe statute", "in pro-consumer terms. \"Net neutrality means consumers will be stuck paying more for their Internet access to cover the big online companies' share,\" the ad claims.\nIn November 2005, Edward Whitacre Jr., then chief executive officer of SBC Communications, stated \"there's going to have to be some mechanism for these [Internet upstarts] who use these pipes to pay for the portion they're using\", and that \"The Internet can't be free in that sense, because we and the cable companies have made an investment,\" sparking a furious debate. SBC spokesman Michael Balmoris said that Whitacre was misinterpreted and his comments only referred", "promote illegal activities such as gambling, prostitution, theft of intellectual property, hate speech, and inciting violence.\nPublic and private institutions that provide Internet access for their employees, customers, students, or members will sometimes limit this access in an attempt to ensure it is used only for the purposes of the organization. This can include content-control software to limit access to entertainment content in business and educational settings and limiting high-bandwidth services in settings where bandwidth is at a premium. Some institutions also block outside e-mail services as a precaution, usually initiated out of concerns for local network security or concerns that", "years.\nThe thought of whether the cost is too high also raises other points in the media. John Horrigan of the Pew Research Center commented that the high cost of broadband now is why more Americans are not already using it. There is also the consideration that not every American has access to a computer. Although smartphones with Internet capabilities have been on the rise for many years now, there is still a reason the entire nation is not \"online\". Whether it is the cost of an Internet-ready device or computer, or obtaining Internet service, cost is still a big factor", "or the qualitative difference between free and toll highways. Consequently, some experts contend that the option of offering network flexibility provides a means for consumers and carriers to utilize premium services. Internet censorship The concept of freedom of information has emerged in response to state sponsored monitoring, surveillance, and censorship of the Internet. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of publishing or accessing information on the Internet. Data discrimination may also occur on a national level to censor political, 'immoral' or religious Internet content.\nFor example, China and Saudi Arabia both filter content on the Internet, preventing access to certain", "censorship of the Internet has slowly relaxed. In 2007, it became possible for members of the public to legally buy a computer. Since June 4, 2013 Cubans can sign up with ETECSA, the state telecom company, for public Internet access at 118 centers across the country. The government approved wifi hotspots which were opened in 2015 give largely unfettered internet access and access to social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter; however, opposition sites are blocked. The cost of the new access at $4.50 an hour is still high in a country where state salaries average $20 a month.", "maintain power because they have the means to fund faster Internet speeds. On the other hand, smaller competitors have less financial capabilities making it harder for them to succeed in the online world. Legal aspects Legal enforcement of net neutrality principles takes a variety of forms, from provisions that outlaw anti-competitive blocking and \"throttling\" of Internet services, all the way to legal enforcement that prevents companies from subsidizing Internet use on particular sites. Contrary to popular rhetoric and statements by various individuals involved in the ongoing academic debate, research suggests that a single policy instrument (such as a no-blocking policy", "the possibility of Internet download without the ability to restrict physical distribution within national boundaries presents legal problems that are usually solved by selling language or translation rights rather than national rights. Thus, Internet access across the European Union is relatively open because of the laws forbidding discrimination based on nationality, but the fact of publication in, say, France, limits the target market to those who read French.\nHaving agreed on the scope of the publication and the formats, the parties in a book agreement must then agree on royalty rates, the percentage of the gross retail price that will be", "with American individuals and businesses.\nAdditionally, widespread use of the Internet by businesses and corporations drives down energy costs. Besides the fact that Internet usage does not consume large amounts of energy, businesses who utilize connections no longer have to ship, stock, heat, cool, and light unsellable items whose lack of consumption not only yields less profit for the company but also wastes more energy. Online shopping contributes to less fuel use: a 10-pound package via airmail uses 40% less fuel than a trip to buy that same package at a local mall, or shipping via railroad. Researchers in 2000 predicted", "services, as well as refuse access to those unable to pay. According to Tim Wu, cable companies plan to reserve bandwidth for their own television services, and charge companies a toll for priority service. Proponents of net neutrality argue that allowing for preferential treatment of Internet traffic, or tiered service, would put newer online companies at a disadvantage and slow innovation in online services. Tim Wu argues that, without network neutrality, the Internet will undergo a transformation from a market ruled by innovation to one ruled by deal-making. SaveTheInternet.com argues that net neutrality puts everyone on equal terms, which helps", "access to the internet who may not have had it otherwise.” Free Basics is available in dozens of countries.", "unintended).\nAlthough some have argued that the Internet is free from any regulatory oversight or jurisdictional restraints and should remain so, the Internet internally was never entirely a rule-free nor a ‘law-free zone’, nor was it a different universe to external legal constraints. Due to its unique design and composition, many have argued that the Internet requires non-traditional forms of governance – and particularly governance forms encouraging the participation of more stakeholders in addition to governments (democratic or otherwise), which have been the key agent of governance in the Westphalian system of national states.\nThe Internet is often cited as not only", "Information wants to be free \"Information wants to be free\" is an expression that means all people should be able to access information freely. It is often used by technology activists to criticize laws that limit transparency and general access to information. People who criticize intellectual property law say the system of such government granted monopolies conflicts with the development of a public domain of information. The expression is often credited to Stewart Brand, who was recorded saying it at a hackers conference in 1984. History The iconic phrase is attributed to Stewart Brand, who, in the late 1960s, founded", "delivering content (once to consumer and again to content providers). This equates to a toll being required for certain internet access, essentially limiting what is available to all people, in particular low income households.\nLarge already well established companies may not be hurt by the cost increase that providers such as Comcast intend to levy upon them, but it would permanently stifle small businesses and the internet's ability to encourage start-ups. Many have pointed out that sites such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon would not have been able to survive if net neutrality hadn't been in place. Concerns abound as to", "Act. Conceptual issues Beyond the questions of direct taxation of Internet access through levies such as bit taxes, bandwidth taxes, email taxes, and franchise fees, a related issue concerns the imposition of sales taxes on Internet sales of goods and services. This taxation is not prohibited by federal statute, but rather by a series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions including Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992). Those cases held that state taxation of in-state sales by vendors with no significant physical presence in the state violates the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Because of this constitutional prohibition", "and lack of infrastructure and bureaucratic government regulation. The study says that the monopoly resulted to high broadband subscription fees.\nA study released in March 2014 by United States-based, Pew Research Center states that most Filipinos find access to the internet without censorship is important or somewhat important. 35% of the respondents said they found internet access without censorship as \"very important\", 38% as \"somewhat important\", 18% \"not too important\", 6% \"not important\" and the rest said they don't know or refused to answer.", "bill, online gambling sites are only allowed to offer services within the United Kingdom, if they are registered at the UK Gambling Commission.\nThe situation is more confused in the United States, which has attempted to restrict operators of foreign gambling websites accessing their domestic market. This resulted in 2007 in a ruling against the US government by the World Trade Organization. However, common online gambling laws in the United States still don't exist - itt differs from state to state. All forms of online gambling is illegal within the states of Utah and Hawaii, while the states of Delaware, Pennsylvania", "a law explicitly banning online poker is Washington. The federal government holds that playing online is a violation of the Act. Arlo Devlin-Brown, the assistant U.S. attorney for the SDNY, says that the U.S. government can seize the funds \"because they constitute property involved in money laundering transactions and illegal gambling offenses.\" In seizing the money, the federal government did not cite the UIGEA but rather the 1961 law \"The Wire Act and Illegal Gambling Business Act.\" According to the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a think tank \"dedicated to free enterprise and limited government\", the Justice", "Internet tax Internet tax is a tax on Internet-based services. A number of jurisdictions have introduced an Internet tax and others are considering doing so mainly as a result of successful tax avoidance by multinational corporations that operate within the digital economy. Internet taxes prominently target companies including Facebook, Google, Amazon, Airbnb, Uber.\nAs of 2019, several countries have passed various Internet tax laws including France (at 3%) and the Czech Republic (at 7%). Internet access tax Internet access taxes normally take the form of taxation on Internet service provider (ISP) access charges. ISPs levy these charges on users. Currently, these", "intangible property are taxable; however, labor which permanently modifies real property is exempt. Internet transactions Through the Internet's history, purchases made over the Internet within the United States have generally been exempt from sales tax, as courts have followed the Supreme Court ruling from Quill Corp. v. North Dakota (1992) that a state may only collect sales tax from a business selling products over the Internet if that entity has a physical location in the state. This decision was based on the Dormant Commerce Clause that prevents states from interfering in interstate commerce, unless granted that authority by Congress. Some", "in the Communications Act:\nThe legislation also includes the requirement to make compensatory payments for loss or damage. Would the Government want to foot the bill for switching off a multi- billion-pound industry? If a notice is served on an ISP and ignored, the penalty is only a fine. If the public were massing on the streets of London, I believe that many internet providers would be happy to argue the legitimacy of such a penalty in court. Egypt On January 27, 2011, during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the government of President Hosni Mubarak cut off access to the Internet", "fees are typically imposed at the state level. There is no national tax on ISP user charges. No uniform description of Internet access taxes is possible; they fall within the category of sales taxes in some states, and telecommunications taxes in others; and they are considered service charges, which are usually exempt from taxation, in still other states. Ten states (which were grandfathered under the Internet Tax Freedom Act as part of a political compromise) are allowed to provide for some manner of taxation on ISP charges. The ten states are Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota,", "from their citizens. Most of the ordinary people there never have an opportunity to open an offshore account or to get their hands on more than a few bills of a stable currency like U.S. dollars. Eventually PayPal will be able to change this. In the future, when we make our service available outside the U.S. and as Internet penetration continues to expand to all economic tiers of people, PayPal will give citizens worldwide more direct control over their currencies than they ever had before. It will be nearly impossible for corrupt governments to steal wealth from their people through", "provided with the \"Internet Right\". Also, according to the proposals, under the reformed act, exercise of copyright will be restricted and instead, owner of the copyright and neighboring right may claim compensation. Opposition There has been strong opposition to the proposals regarding the \"Internet Right\" mentioned above. According to the opinion of opponents, establishment of such \"Internet Right\" can impose unfair restriction on exercise of copyright and neighboring rights and there is no reason to make special arrangement only for use of digital content on internet. This issue has been discussed at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of", "to receive an income from companies such as Google which provide links to their content. Draft Article 13 requires websites that host user-generated content, such as YouTube and Facebook, to work with rights holders to prevent users uploading copyrighted content without consent. While this should mainly affect those living in the EU, it may limit the content seen on the Internet in other countries.", "a division of the Internet or a defense of the status quo. The United States has traditionally considered its function as a defender of citizens' rights worldwide, which is one reason it wants to keep the Internet free for private individuals rather than overly regulated by governments or international organisations. Some of the options presented in the WGIG Report may be seen by some as too government-oriented, while one option reflects the status quo, and may be seen as being too US-centric.\nThe final agreements reached in Tunis, the Tunis Agenda and the Tunis Commitment, include the formation of the Internet", "in broadband build out, because if you don't know that you can recover on your investment, you won't make it.\" According to the Wall Street Journal, in one of Google's few lobbying sessions with FCC officials, the company urged the agency to craft rules that encourage investment in broadband Internet networks—a position that mirrors the argument made by opponents of strong net neutrality rules, such as AT&T and Comcast. Opponents of net neutrality argue that prioritization of bandwidth is necessary for future innovation on the Internet. Telecommunications providers such as telephone and cable companies, and some technology companies that supply", "especially those in developing countries. However, the practice violates net neutrality rules as traffic would have to be treated equally regardless of the users' ability to pay.\nIn 2014, Chile banned the practice of Internet service providers giving users free access to websites like Wikipedia and Facebook, saying the practice violates net neutrality rules. In 2016, India banned Internet.org's Free Basics application, which provides users in less developed countries with free access to a variety of websites like Wikipedia, BBC, Dictionary.com, health sites, Facebook, ESPN, and weather reports—ruling that the initiative violated net neutrality. Inability to allocate Internet traffic efficiently Net", "is also seen as essential for Cuba's economic development.\nIn recent times, censorship of the Internet has slowly relaxed. For example, in 2007, it became possible for members of the public to legally buy a computer.\nIn order to get around the government's control of the Internet, citizens have developed numerous techniques. Some get online through embassies and coffee shops or purchase accounts through the black market. The black market consists of professional or former government officials who have been cleared to have Internet access. These individuals sell or rent their usernames and passwords to citizens who want to have access. Mobile", "websites are not only usable by people of all abilities and disabilities but that all users - whatever their computing platform - get equal access to all the site's information and functionality. Sometimes there is extra work involved in achieving this, but web accessibility is not an optional extra in many countries. For example, in the UK, the Equality Act 2010, while it does not refer explicitly to website accessibility, makes it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities and applies to anyone providing any service in the public, private and voluntary sectors. While a lot of effort may" ]

[ "Lighting mainly. When a volcano is conveniently located that will suffice. Plus if you have a decent damp pile of plant matter as it decays it can just get hot enough to burn.", "There are plenty of hot things in nature. Lightning being the main culprit. \n\nThe Australian bush is designed to burn. That how it germinates. Dry leaves and hot summers and it doesn't take much" ]

[ "bushfires for hunting purposes) in the Adelaide Hills, which the early European settlers spotted before the Kaurna were displaced. These fires were part of a scrub clearing process to encourage grass growth for Emu and Kangaroo. This tradition led to conflict with the colonists as the fires tended to cause considerable damage to farmland. In an official report, Major Thomas O'Halloran claimed the Kaurna also used this as a weapon against the colonists by lighting fires to deliberately destroy fences, survey pegs and to scatter livestock. Due to this regular burning by the time the first Europeans arrived, the foothills'", "bushfires) on the gene pool of Telopea speciosissima, which relies on outcrossing, is unclear. Although largely protected within National Parks and conservation reserves in the Sydney area, most populations are small, numbering under 200 plants, and are often located near urban developments. Ecology Telopea speciosissima is a pyrogenic-flowering species, relying on post-fire flowering followed by production and dispersal of non-dormant seeds to take advantage of favourable growing conditions in the altered environment following a fire. Of the woody resprouter species of southeastern Australia, it is one of the slowest to produce seedlings after bushfires, taking at least two years. The", "to high risk bush fire zones in each state, the 10/30 rule or the 10/50 rule might apply. This allows the clearing of trees within 10 meters of homes or clearing undergrowth within 30 or 50 meters of home. This reduces fuel for fire near homes which has proven effective since implementation. New South Wales Clearing of native vegetation in NSW is regulated by the Local Land Services Act 2013 (NSW) and by the protections on the habitat of threatened species contained in the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (NSW). It is also regulated by development control and Environmental", "of under-brush. Dead undergrowth that amasses over the years is a potential forest fire hazard. To prevent such calamities settlers had controlled burns by burning off the under-brush in a confined area. Early settlers had an ingenious method to burn off the unwanted undergrowth. They would capture a fox and tie a rag to his tail which had been soaked in oil which was an expensive commodity in those early years. Settlers were thrifty in their use of oil. They would set the rag on fire and the frightened fox would run around frantically dragging the flaming rag behind him", "the end of this stage.\nFire moss will colonize burned areas through lightweight, off-site, wind-dispersed spores. High-severity fire, which exposes mineral soil, provides ideal conditions for the germination of fire moss spores. Fire moss is often the dominant vegetation for several years following high-severity fire. It produces few spores late in the first postfire year and many in the second. If fire takes place in early spring; gametophores can develop in 4 to 5 months. If the fire takes place in the fall, colonization is slower.", "blazes on the Atherton Tableland to keep a bushfire behind containment lines near Millstream on 24 September, the fires were thought to be started by arsonists. It was brought under control later the following day after three houses were evacuated and 15 square kilometres (3,707 acres) of bushland were burnt out. New South Wales Fire broke out in the Awabakal Nature reserve between Dudley and Redhead 24 September. During the course of the day the fire consumed 140 hectares (346 acres) of bushland and was brought under control the following day following rain in the area. Northern Territory Two fires", "fire creates a mosaic of different habitat patches, with areas ranging from those having just been burned to those that have been untouched by fire for many years. This is a form of ecological succession in which a freshly burned site will progress through continuous and directional phases of colonization following the destruction caused by the fire. Ecologists usually characterize succession through the changes in vegetation that successively arise. After a fire, the first species to re-colonize will be those with seeds are already present in the soil, or those with seeds are able to travel into the burned", "occupy about 10% of the land consist mostly of Maytenus oleoides, Cunonia capensis, Kiggelaria africana, Ilex mitis and Brabejum stellatifolium. Wildfires may burn the leaf litter but only spread to the crown canopy of forest trees if the fire is very intense. This may be because the tree foliage has a higher moisture content than that of the surrounding fynbos shrubs. The foliage may not burn but the trees may be scorched, however they have great regenerative ability and readily sprout from the blackened branches.", "a dry ladder fuel that can accelerate the fire to the crown of living trees. When the fire reaches the crowns of the trees, it can jump from tree to tree and becomes relatively unstoppable.\nThe natural fire regime for this species is primarily driven by climate. The fires occur most often after years of drought. Pinus contorta occurs from the upper montane to the subalpine region. These types of forests experience a lot of moisture in the form of snow in the winter due to their altitude. The density of the tree stand also prohibits the establishment of an understory.", "in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels around a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands. Spotting can create spot fires as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In Australian bushfires, spot fires are known to occur as far as 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the fire front.\nThe incidence of large, uncontained wildfires in North America has increased in recent years, significantly impacting both urban and agriculturally-focused areas. The physical damage and health pressures left in the wake of uncontrolled fires has especially devastated farm and ranch operators in affected areas, prompting concern from", "first tree species to re-establish itself. Other species will come in later, but because the cedar is relatively fast growing, it will not face much competition for sunlight.\nThe Malawi Department of Forestry is responsible for protecting the cedar forests from damaging fires. Each year, at the beginning of the dry season, firebreaks are cleared of vegetation to provide barriers that will impede the advance of wildfires. In addition, controlled early burning is carried out to reduce the build-up of combustible material that might cause intense and damaging fires later in the dry season. For further safety, gangs equipped with fire-fighting", "decades. Major bushfires Internationally, southern Australia and particularly the State of Victoria combined with the adjacent States of New South Wales (NSW), South Australia together with the island State of Tasmania, is commonly regarded one of the three landscapes on Earth most prone to damaging bushfires. The other two are southern California and the Mediterranean coast.\nMoreover, much of eastern Victoria and alpine parts of NSW are remote, mountainous and inaccessible and bushfires are often caused by multiple lightning strikes which can grow quickly in size. Even with the aid of modern firebombing aircraft to slow the spread of a bushfire,", "in chaparral and oak woodlands at 340–1,340 m (1,115–4,396 ft) altitude, between the San Joaquin River and Kings River. It is well adapted to wildfire, reproducing by stump sprouts after burning. Natural seedlings are rare.June 2019", "ahead of a flame front. A vegetation factor measures the risk those wind carried embers have of starting a fire; lower vegetation has a lower risk.\nA quantitative risk assessment simulation combines wildfire threat categories. Areas at the highest risk are those where a moderate population overlaps or is adjacent to a wildland that can support a large and intense wildfire and is vulnerable with limited evacuation routes. Risk factors The Calkin framework predicts a catastrophic wildfire in the Wildland-urban Interface (WUI), with three categories of factors. These factors allow for an assessment of a degree of wildfire threat. These are", "Burning Bush, Georgia Burning Bush is an unincorporated community in Catoosa County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Etymology Burning Bush was named after a local church.", "near overwintering roasts. Removal of trees within the perimeter of the habitat should be prohibited. Tree maintenance should be performed by experts in the field. They propose that it should be unlawful to remove trees, under-story plants and vegetation near roosting sites. Reforestation efforts should be instituted. Erosion control needs to be taken into account to maintain suitable habitat. Conservationists suggest that wood-burning fireplaces and structures should not be built near roosting sites.\nOne conservation group, the International Environmental Law project issued a policy statement regarding eucalyptus management at monarch overwintering sites. This group recognizes the wide variety of tree species", "survival Local authorities provide education and information for residents in bushfire-prone regions regarding the location of current fires, preservation of life and property and when to escape by car. Seasonality Bushfires in Australia can occur all year-round, though the severity and the \"bushfire season\" varies by region. These seasons are commonly grouped into years such as \"2006-07 Australian bushfire season\" and typically run from June one year until May the next year.\nIn southeast Australia, bushfires tend to be most common and most severe during summer and autumn (December–March), in drought years, and particularly severe in El Niño years. Southeast Australia is", "or subdue wildfires. Fires can also be blocked by cliff faces and rocks or boulders on these slopes, and by streams or rivers at the base of the slopes. The coastal regions are conducive to forest formation, because of high rainfall and humidity which are favoured by forest trees and also help to prevent or subdue fires. The rivers of the coastal areas are also broader than further inland, which may often prevent fires from spreading long distances, and fires generally burn uphill and therefore more often away from areas at low altitude. Forest types Various forest types can be", "at which time the firestorm breaks up into isolated conflagrations.\nIn Australia, the prevalence of eucalyptus trees that have oil in their leaves results in forest fires that are noted for their extremely tall and intense flame front. Hence the bush fires appear more as a firestorm than a simple forest fire. Sometimes, emission of combustible gases from swamps (e.g., methane) has a similar effect. For instance, methane explosions enforced the Peshtigo Fire. Weather and climate effects Firestorms will produce hot buoyant smoke clouds of primarily water vapor that will form condensation clouds as it enters the cooler upper atmosphere, generating what", "bushland next to Anstey Hill. Most fires in the park are deliberately lit and the park is regarded as a \"hotspot\" for arson. Arson in the park is not a recent phenomenon; an early record comes from an 1869 coronial inquiry. The park has more than one arson attack, on average, each year. In the hill's face, encompassing Anstey Hill, approximately 60% of all fires (1999–2004) are deliberately lit and less than 5% are classed as naturally occurring. Most deliberately lit fires begin at the park's boundaries and are contained within it. Geology Elevation rise across the park results from", "Burning Bush Colony The Burning Bush Colony was a short-lived Methodist intentional community in Smith and Cherokee counties in Texas, U.S., south of Bullard. It was active in the early 20th century.", "fire, will sprout new trees soon after a fire. Disturbances such as fires seem to be a necessary ecological event in order for aspens to compete with conifers, which tend to replace aspens over long, disturbance-free intervals. The current dieback in the American West may have roots in the strict fire suppression policy in the United States. On the other hand, the widespread decimation of conifer forests by the mountain pine beetle may provide increased opportunities for aspen groves to proliferate under the right conditions.\nBecause of the vegetative regeneration method of reproduction used by the aspen, where an", "such as the sites of forest fires and forest clearings. Plants grow and flower as long as there is open space and plenty of light. Fireweed reaches its average peak colonization after 5 years and then begins to be replaced as trees and brush grow larger. Seeds remain viable in the soil seed bank for many years. When a new fire or other disturbance occurs that opens up the ground to light again, the seeds germinate. Some areas with heavy seed counts in the soil can, after burning, be covered with pure dense stands of this species and when in", "in operation) was extended from Jarrahwood, linking to the Bunbury-Busselton railway.\nMenaced by bushfires in 1928, settlers had to battle hard against the flames in order to save their properties. More bushfires, fanned by strong winds, swept across the region in 1935 burning out over 100 hectares (247 acres) and destroying one house and a barn. More bushfires were burning in the district over the course of several days in 1937 resulting in the stables and the sheds at the local race course to be burned down, the destruction of large amounts of feed for stock and the loss of telephone", "Wildfire A wildfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a brush fire, bushfire, desert fire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire. Many organizations consider wildfire to mean an unplanned and unwanted fire, while wildland fire is a broader term that includes prescribed fire as well as wildland fire use (WFU; these are also called monitored response fires).\nFossil charcoal indicates that wildfires began soon after", "roots also provide erosion control and protection for watersheds. Fire ecology According to the United States Forest Service, wildfires typically “top kill” azaleas. After wildfires have come through an area, R. periclymeniodes can resprout from subsurface structures.", "of May through July. The danger of a major wildfire is increased by the fact that there are a number of cities and communities surrounded by forest land. Restrictions on campfires and smoking in the forest are common during peak fire season. Occasionally, the fire danger will become so great that the forest is closed to all public entry until substantial precipitation is received to minimize the danger of a stray spark setting off a destructive wildfire.\nOver the past few years, the Coconino National Forest has increased its use of prescribed burns as a tool to prevent major wildfires. This", "the smoke of the burning cedar is used to drive away evil spirits prior to conducting a ceremony, such as a healing ceremony.\nDuring the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, the Prairie States Forest Project encouraged farmers to plant shelterbelts (wind breaks) made of Juniperus virginiana throughout the Great Plains. They thrive under adverse conditions – both drought tolerant and cold tolerant, they grow well in rocky, sandy, and clay substrates. Competition between trees is minimal, so they can be planted in tightly spaced rows, and the trees still grow to full height, creating a solid windbreak in a short", "reserve's vegetation consists of tallowwood, Grey Gum, Brush Box, Queensland Blue Gum and White Mahogany with small instances of Rainforest. The reserve is prone to potentially catastrophic bushfires during the summer months; given many residences (some in the multi-million range) border the dry bushland. The Brisbane City Council actively practices anti-bushfire methods, such as sacrificial back burning. This involves burning selected sections of bushland to inhibit the spread of potentially damaging fires in the event of an emergency. The reserve is also dotted with a number of fire trails. Facilities Whites Hill Reserve currently plays home to a number of", "from the burned area. In addition to consuming trees, more intense wildfires tend to produce substantial amounts of smoke by consuming flammable material located on the ground. Flammable ground litter, also referred to as duff, that has less moisture contributes to the complete destruction of groundcover, which directly contributes to soil burning and erosion. The types and amount of ground litter directly influence the intensity of a wildfire. For instance, a wildfire requires 12 tons of pine litter to burn at high intensity whereas a high intensity wildfire would only require 7 tons of hardwood litter. However, wildfires require 60" ]

[ "You just need to let it rest for 5-10 minutes before cutting into it. When you cut it right away after removing from heat, you will notice the plate will fill with liquid. That liquid is full of flavor that the steak loses.", "You aren't supposed to wait until it's cold. Heating the meat makes the proteins \"tense\" up, thus pushing juices out, when you let the meat rest the proteins loosen up some and reabsorb the juices." ]

[ "is half of the vertebral foramen. Preparation T-bone and porterhouse steaks are suited to fast, dry heat cooking methods, such as grilling or broiling. Since they contain a small amount of collagen relative to other cuts, longer cooking times are not necessary to tenderize the meat. The bone also conducts heat within the meat so that it cooks more evenly and prevents meat drying out and shrinking during cooking. The meat near the bone will cook more slowly than the rest of the steak, and the tenderloin will tend to reach the desired temperature before the strip. Bistecca alla fiorentina", "the higher grades of meat can be dry aged, as the process requires meat with a large, evenly distributed fat content. Because of this, dry-aged beef is seldom available outside of steak restaurants and upscale butcher shops or groceries. The key effect of dry aging is the concentration and saturation of the natural flavour, as well as the tenderization of the meat texture.\nThe process changes beef by two means. Firstly, moisture is evaporated from the muscle. The resulting process of desiccation creates a greater concentration of beef flavour and taste. Secondly, the beef's natural enzymes break down the connective tissue", "tool can cause the leakage of precious \"juices\" that give flavor to the meat.\nThere is a third way of cooking, called \"reverse searing\", consisting in heating the piece of meat (in the Bbq or in a conventional oven) up to a temperature of about 50° at the heart; then place the steak in a grill or pan (preferably in cast iron) previously heated (they must be hot) to create a brown crust and tasty, the reaction of Maillard. Finally, let the steak rest for 4/5 minutes and then serve, trying to cut against fiber.\nTraditional accompaniment are the cannellini beans dressed", "aromatic crust is formed as quickly as possible obtaining the so-called Maillard reaction, then after the first minute it must be raised to a gentler fire.\nPut on top of the meat without seasoning, a fundamental operation to prevent it from hardening, it should be turned once, cooking it about 3-5 minutes per side, no more. Finally, it should be cooked \"standing\" on the side of the bone (the steak must be thick enough to stand alone), for 5/7 minutes, no longer, until the traces of blood disappear from the bone (which actually is not blood, but myoglobin, a protein).", "as the Chateaubriand steak and beef Wellington. The tail, which is generally unsuitable for steaks due to size inconsistency, can be used in recipes where small pieces of a tender cut are called for, such as beef Stroganoff.", "used as a crust with no egg being used as a binder. Steak can also be cooked using a similar method rather than broiling it and risk the loss of its juices. Coating a pan with salt and cooking the steak, ideally approximately an inch thick or less, on top yields a more moist and flavourful cut. The pan is heated until the salt crackles and steaks cooked with this method usually involves a crispy crust made of the salt. This is a key difference to other salt crusts as usually it is discarded but in this case it is", "in the muscle, which leads to more tender beef.\nThe process of dry-aging usually also promotes growth of certain fungal (mold) species on the external surface of the meat. This does not cause spoilage, but rather forms an external \"crust\" on the meat's surface, which is trimmed off when the meat is prepared for cooking. These fungal species complement the natural enzymes in the beef by helping to tenderize and increase the flavor of the meat. The genus Thamnidium, in particular, is known to produce collagenolytic enzymes which greatly contribute to the tenderness and flavor of dry-aged meat.\nDry-aged beef is typically", "Warmed-over flavor Warmed-over flavor is an unpleasant characteristic usually associated with meat which has been cooked and then refrigerated. The deterioration of meat flavor is most noticeable upon reheating. As cooking and subsequent refrigeration is the case with most convenience foods containing meat, it is a significant challenge to the processed food industry. The flavor is variously described as \"rancid,\" \"stale,\" and like \"cardboard,\" and even compared to \"damp dog hair.\" Warmed-over flavor is caused by the oxidative decomposition of lipids (fatty substances) in the meat into chemicals (short-chain aldehydes or ketones) which have an unpleasant taste", "are not normally served with steak in this manner, but a green salad may follow or (more commonly) be served at the same time. This is also the case in Argentina. Steaks are often served with classic French sauces. Italy In Italy, steak was not widely eaten until after World War II because the relatively rugged countryside does not readily accommodate the space and resource demands of large herds of cattle. Some areas of Piedmont and Tuscany, however, were renowned for the quality of their beef. Bistecca alla Fiorentina is a well-known specialty of Florence; it is typically served", "meat. This is why, for example, it is typically safe for humans to consume steak that is cooked \"rare\" in such a way that the interior of the cut remains red in colour - the searing of the exterior of the meat is enough to kill any bacteria on the surface. However, when meat is ground, bacterial contamination from the surface can be distributed throughout the meat. If ground beef is not well cooked all the way through, there is a significant chance that enough pathogenic bacteria will survive to cause illness. Moreover, the warming will speed the reproduction of", "and seafood. Other unsafe practices such as drinking unpasteurized milk or untreated water can increase odds of infection. Because T. gondii is typically transmitted through cysts that reside in the tissues of infected animals, meat that is not properly prepared can present an increased risk of infection. Freezing meat for several days at subzero temperatures (0 °F or −18 °C) before cooking eliminates tissue cysts, which can rarely survive these temperatures. During cooking, whole cuts of red meat should be cooked to an internal temperature of 145 °F (63 °C). Medium rare meat is generally cooked between 130 and 140 °F (55 and 60 °C),", "freeze-dried, the protein is extracted and put into other meat products to keep the meat and seasonings bound tightly together, allowing costs to be lowered and enhancing the flavor and texture of the product.", "the bone. It can then be served immediately, hot, or can be left to cool down so that it can be served cold.", "and use few ingredients, and often use prepared sauces or seasonings. The long, moist cooking is particularly suitable for tough and cheap cuts of meat including pork shoulder, beef chuck and brisket. For many slow-cooked dishes, these cuts give better results than more expensive ones. They are also often used to cook while no one is there to care for it, meaning the cook can fill the pot with its ingredients and come back several hours later to a ready meal. Advantages Cheaper cuts of meat with connective tissue and lean muscle fibers are suitable for stewing, and produce tastier", "Steak au poivre Preparation and ingredients The peppercorn crust itself is made by placing the steak in a bed of cracked black (or mixed) peppercorns. Typically, the steak is seared in a hot skillet with a small amount of butter and oil. The steak is seared at a high temperature to cook the outside quickly and form the crust while leaving the interior rare to medium-rare. The steak is then left to rest for several minutes and then served.\nSteak au poivre is often served with pan peppercorn sauce consisting of reduced cognac, heavy cream, and the fond from the bottom", "and mutton are not eaten after such a short period. The second stage, ræstur, is of less predictable length, and provides dried meat suitable for eating without cooking. In reaching the final stage, turrur, cold weather can on occasion virtually eliminate the typical smell with a resulting weakening of taste. If, however, the weather is warm and wet during the first period, the fermentation process can cause the meat to decay, giving it too strong a taste. There can therefore be variations in taste from year to year, but this is not usually a problem. A much more serious problem", "it from veal. It was mild, good meat with no other sharply defined or highly characteristic taste such as for instance, goat, high game, and pork have. The steak was slightly tougher than prime veal, a little stringy, but not too tough or stringy to be agreeably edible. The roast, from which I cut and ate a central slice, was tender, and in color, texture, smell as well as taste, strengthened my certainty that of all the meats we habitually know, veal is the one meat to which this meat is accurately comparable.\"\nWhen Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashed into", "Diane, Bordelaise, mushroom, Hollandaise, au poivre (peppercorn), or Béarnaise. Other vegetables such as peas or a green salad can also be served. Various types of mustard are sometimes offered as a condiment. United States In the United States, a restaurant that specializes in beef steaks is known as a steakhouse. The more expensive steakhouses serve the highest grades of beef in the USA, and can offer beef dry-aged for flavor for long multi-week periods, as opposed to typical un-aged supermarket beef. The combination of well-aged beef and very high-heat grills and broilers produce a steak difficult to emulate in a", "generally considered desirable, caused by the Maillard reaction. Meat can be cooked at a high temperature for a short time to brown just the surface, before or after being cooked at low temperature, thus obtaining the benefits of both methods. Bacteria Bacteria are typically killed at temperatures of around 68 °C (154 °F). Most harmful bacteria live on the surface of pieces of meat which have not been ground or shredded before cooking. As a result, for unprocessed steaks or chops of red meat it is usually safe merely to bring the surface temperature of the meat to this temperature and", "steaks where the fat is in a separate layer. Cooking causes melting of the fat, spreading it throughout the meat and increasing the tenderness of the final product. Testing The meat industry strives to produce meat with standardized and guaranteed tenderness, since these characteristics are sought for by the consumers. For that purpose a number of objective tests of tenderness have been developed, gauging meat resistance to shear force, most commonly used being Slice Shear Force test and Warner–Bratzler Shear Force test. Research Efforts have been made since at least 1970 to use explosives to tenderize meat and a company", "such as actin, myosin and collagen, that combined form the structure of the muscle tissue. Heating these proteins causes them to denature, or break down into other substances, which in turn changes the structure and texture of meat, usually reducing its toughness and making it more tender. This typically takes place between 55 and 65 °C (131 and 149 °F) over an extended period of time. Flavour Flavours may be enhanced by the Maillard reaction, which combines sugars and amino acids at temperatures above 115 °C (239 °F). Meat roasted traditionally in a hot oven has a brown crust which is", "food is an important consideration. Cabernet Sauvignons with high alcohol levels do not pair well with spicy foods due to hotness levels of the capsaicins present in spices like chili peppers being enhanced by the alcohol with the heat accentuating the bitterness of the tannins. Milder spices, such as black pepper, pair better due to their ability to minimize the perception of tannins—such as in the classic pairings of Cabernet Sauvignon with steak au poivre and pepper-crusted ahi tuna.\nFats and proteins reduce the perception of tannins on the palate. When Cabernet Sauvignon is paired with steak or dishes with a", "body. Some dinersconsider it a delicacy, but others avoid it because they consider it a toxin source; dislike eating innards; or are put off by its texture and appearance, that of a grainy greenish paste.\nA set of nutcrackers and a long, thin tool for pulling meat from inaccessible areas are suggested as basics, although more experienced diners can eat the animal with their bare hands or a simple tool (a fork, knife or rock). Eating a lobster can get messy, and most restaurants offer a lobster bib. Meat is generally contained in the larger claws and tails, and stays warm", "Steak sauce Overview Steak sauce is normally brown or orange in color, and often made from tomatoes, spices, vinegar, and raisins, and sometimes anchovies. The taste is either tart or sweet, with a peppery taste similar to Worcestershire sauce. Three major brands in the U.S. are Lea & Perrins, Heinz 57, and A1 Steak Sauce (a tart variant). There are also numerous regional brands that feature a variety of flavor profiles. Several smaller companies and specialty producers manufacture steak sauce, as well, and most major grocery store chains offer private-label brands. These sauces typically mimic the slightly sweet flavor of", "home kitchen. A typical steak dinner consists of a steak, optionally topped with sautéed onions or mushrooms, with a starchy side dish; usually baked or mashed potatoes, or thick cut fried potatoes known as steak fries. Chili, rice, pasta, or beans are also common sides. A side salad or a small serving of cooked vegetables often accompanies the meat and side, with corn on the cob, green beans, creamed spinach, asparagus, tomatoes, mushrooms, peas, and onion rings being popular. A well-known accompaniment to steak is shrimp or a cooked lobster tail, a combination often called \"surf and turf\" or \"reef", "steaks and other subdivisions are cut. The term \"primal cut\" is quite different from \"prime cut\", used to characterize cuts considered to be of higher quality. Since the animal's legs and neck muscles do the most work, they are the toughest; the meat becomes more tender as distance from hoof and horn increases. Different countries and cuisines have different cuts and names, and sometimes use the same name for a different cut; for example, the cut described as \"brisket\" in the United States is from a significantly different part of the carcass than British brisket. Output-based standards Some standards are", "vegetables, a Barolo will overwhelm the food; its tannins will react with the proteins on the tongue and sides of the mouth, accentuating the bitterness and drying the palate. In Piedmont, the wines are often paired with meat dishes, heavy pastas and rich risottos; the tannins bind to the food proteins and come across as softer.", "\"white bacon\" or \"soap bacon\") and ribs. Then they are cured by hanging them in freezing winter winds, over a smoldering lumber (smoke being essential part of the flavor) for typically up to two months, because the freezing continental temperatures and lack of insects in the winter help curing and preservation. The smolder is occasionally extinguished completely to expose the meat fully to the freezing wind.\nThe flavor is, as a consequence, much more intensely smoked and garlic tinged than is the case with Mediterranean-style cured meat and the cuts are typically dryer and harder. They are typically served as cold", "When ready, the meat is cut into pieces of about 1 sq ft (0.093 m²) each. These pieces are then hanged on a rope and exposed it to extreme cold (this process is carried out only from mid November to mid December). The meat is ready for use in about a month. It is fit for use until early March. However, as a delicacy it is tasteworthy only from December to mid-February. During these months across the district the cold is sharp-edged, flesh-biting, and even the bright sun during the day is without strength.\n\"Kaddi Kabab\" is another delicious dish. Also", "served on ceramic plates heated to 500° Fahrenheit (260 °C). Half an ounce (1 Tbsp) of butter is added just before the plates leave the kitchen in order to create the signature 'sizzle'. Fertel firmly believed that the success of her steaks was due as much to the sound and smell of the 'sizzle' as well as the taste. \"You hear that sizzle, and you think, 'I wonder if that's my steak'\", she commented in an interview shortly before her death.\nIn addition to steaks, the restaurant also serves entrees of chicken, lamb, fish, shrimp and lobster.\nPortions generally are large enough to" ]

[ "It is calculated by measuring the rates of breakdown under less than ideal storage conditions. With ice cream, the limiting factor is likely to be the time it takes for ice crystals to grow, as well as the oxidation of some fats, degrading the taste and texture of the product. Because of this, it is likely to be called a 'Best Before' than an 'Expiry' date.\n\nAll of this is very complex, but is reduced to a certain number of days, from which is subtracted a safety margin, again carefully calculated. This is added to the date of production to give an expiry date. \n\nIf it has been in your properly functioning freezer, and is a few days over, then chow down and enjoy.", "Also, in case you miss it: _URL_0_ This site will give you a good indicator of various foods and how long they will remain good.", "I work for a beverage manufacturer and the way we have to test our drinks for longevity is the same as a food manufacturer. Depending on the size of your company, you will either have your own lab and QA staff, or send off samples to a third party lab for testing. A range of tests are performed to make sure it is okay to sell and consume, and as you never change a formula due to contractual obligations, you're 'best before' or 'expiration' (two different things) will always be the same from the day of production. They perform tests in different climates (eg heating the product), differing reactions, etc. In drinks, generally natural flavors are what gives drinks a shorter life span, not because they go off, just because the coloring fades and customers do not recognize the brand.\nAlso keep in mind, the reason those dates are put on the product is so the people who make/sell it don't get sued, so there will always be a grace period on those dates despite what anyone tells you.", "The date doesn't generally indicate when food's no longer safe to eat. It's simply the average date after which company taste testers feel the flavor, texture, etc will no longer meet the standards for their brand's quality. Most food and drink are technically safe to eat well past the \"best by\" date.\n\n\nTLDR: company taste testers eat it until they go \"meh\", then slap a date on it." ]

[ "and Drug Administration (FDA) administers do not preclude the sale of food that is past the expiration date indicated on the label. FDA does not require food firms to place \"expired by\", \"use by\" or \"best before\" dates on food products. This information is entirely at the discretion of the manufacturer.\nMost expiration dates are used as guidelines based on normal and expected handling and exposure to temperature. Use prior to the expiration date does not guarantee the safety of a food or drug, and a product is not necessarily dangerous or ineffective after the expiration date. According to the United", "of a date stamped on the package of a food product to help determine how long to display the product for sale. This benefits the consumer by ensuring that the product is of best quality when sold. An open date does not supersede a use-by date, if shown, which should still be followed. United States The Food and Drug Administration in the United States notes that \"[a] principle of U.S. food law is that foods in U.S. commerce must be wholesome and fit for consumption\". However, the agency also states:\nWith the exception of infant formula, the laws that the Food", "or swollen. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years.\n\"Sell by date\" is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an \"expiration date\". Most food is still edible after the expiration date. A product that has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized by using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and", "Expiration date Best before Best before or best by dates appear on a wide range of frozen, dried, tinned and other foods. These dates are only advisory and refer to the quality of the product, in contrast with use by dates, which indicate that the product may no longer be safe to consume after the specified date. Food kept after the best before date will not necessarily be harmful, but may begin to lose its optimum flavour and texture. Eggs are a special case, since they may contain salmonella which multiplies over time; they should therefore be eaten before the", "day/month/year format. Technical expertise should be hired for regular end of shelf life safety and quality testing. Shelf life trials should be conducted using the same ingredients, equipment, procedures and manufacturing environment as will be used during the actual production. Regulation in the US Sale of expired food products, per se, is lightly regulated in the US. Some states restrict or forbid the sale of expired products, require expiration dates on all perishable products, or both, while other states do not. However, sale of contaminated food is generally illegal, and may result in product liability litigation if consumption", "on packaged perishable foods. The concept of expiration date is related but legally distinct in some jurisdictions. Background Shelf life is the recommended maximum time for which products or fresh (harvested) produce can be stored, during which the defined quality of a specified proportion of the goods remains acceptable under expected (or specified) conditions of distribution, storage and display.\nAccording to the USDA, \"canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2° C)\". If the cans look okay, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted,", "on the label. If formula is stored too long, it may lose its nutritional value.\nThe United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which regulates fresh poultry and meats, only requires labeling of the date when poultry is packed. However, many manufacturers also voluntarily add sell-by or use-by dates.\nThe DoD Shelf-Life Program operates under the DoD Regulation 4140.1-R, DoD Material Management Regulation, ()\n A. There are items in the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Federal Supply System that require special handling due to certain deteriorative characteristics. These items are to be properly", "Inspection Agency produces a Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising which sets out a \"Durable Life Date\". The authority for producing the guide comes from the Food and Drugs Act. The guide sets out what items must be labelled and the format of the date. The month and day must be included and the year if it is felt necessary and must be in the format year/month/day. However, there is no requirement that the year be in four digits. Regulations in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, prepackaged food which from the microbiological point of view is highly perishable", "UK minister Hilary Benn announced plans to end the use of Use by date as he sees them as a major cause of food waste. There are plans to replace the use-by-date by new technologies such as Time-temperature-indicators", "best before date, which is, in the USA, a maximum of 45 days after the eggs are packed.\nSometimes the packaging process involves using pre-printed labels, making it impractical to write the best before date in a clearly visible location. In this case, wording like best before see bottom or best before see lid might be printed on the label and the date marked in a different location as indicated. Use by Generally, foods that have a use by date written on the packaging must not be eaten after the specified date. This is because such foods usually go bad quickly", "million foodborne illnesses, leading to 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths.\nAccording to former UK minister Hilary Benn, the use by date and sell by dates are old technologies that are outdated and should be replaced by other solutions or disposed of altogether. The UK government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs revised guidance in 2011 to exclude the use of sell by dates. The guidance was prepared in consultation with the food industry, consumer groups, regulators, and Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP). It aims to reduce the annual £12bn of wasted supermarket food. Regulations in Canada The Canadian Food", "The printed expiration date will always be sooner than the true expiration date, because the drug should always be effective and safe before the labeled expiration date if kept properly. Disposal The United States' Center for Drug Evaluation and Research officially recommends that drugs past their expiration date be disposed. It has been argued that this practice is wasteful, since consumers and medical facilities are encouraged to purchase fresh medication to replace their expired products, also resulting in additional profits for pharmaceutical firms. Consumer use as normal Some consumers can face the difficult position of being unable to afford their", "world markets or other factors may also influence choice of beginning date for the marketing year for some commodities in some countries. Especially in the case of certain perishable fresh fruits and vegetables, the marketing year may be less than a full year in length, because economic activity of interest for reporting and analysis may be concluded within just a few months.", "to 2.4 μg. A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28, 2018, but on September 29, 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020, for large companies and January 1, 2021, for small companies. Manufacturers of single-ingredient sugars such as honey and maple syrup and certain cranberry products have until July 1, 2021, to make the changes. H2-receptor antagonists and proton-pump inhibitors Gastric acid is needed to release vitamin B₁₂ from protein", "of the food results in injury.\nAfter losing an expensive lawsuit, one pharmacy chain – CVS – implemented a system that causes its registers to recognize expired products and avert their sale.\nVoluntary industry guidelines announced in 2017 from the Grocery Manufacturers Association and the Food Marketing Institute recommend using only \"best if used by\" or \"use by\", to avoid confusion. US federal government guidelines The Food and Drug Administration, which regulates packaged foods and drugs, only requires a use-by, or expiration, date on infant formula and some baby foods, because formula must contain a certain quantity of each nutrient as described", "its basic form on major brand commercial packaging in the United States. Its appearance depended on the particular packaging, canning, or bottling plant more than any particular brand. The format is particularly useful for quality assurance, so that production errors can be readily traced to work weeks, and products can be correctly targeted for recall. RFCs RFC 3339 defines a profile of ISO 8601 for use in Internet protocols and standards. It explicitly excludes durations and dates before the common era. The more complex formats such as week numbers and ordinal days are not permitted.\nRFC 3339 deviates from ISO 8601", "level. Every Ad copy is assumed to have a unique half-life. Some academic studies have suggested half-life range around 7– 12 weeks, while industry practitioners typically report half- lives between 2–5 weeks, with the average for Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Brands at 2.5 weeks. Adstock half-life can be estimated through a distributed lag model response with lags of the TV Gross Ratings Point (GRP) variable, using Least Squares.\nSimple Decay-Effect Model:\nBelow is a simple formulation of the basic Adstock model:\nWhere Aₜ is the Adstock at time t, Tₜ is the value of the advertising variable at time t, and λ", "must be paid even if stock is not sold). Therefore, it is imperative that sell by dates are strictly adhered to, and that products which will perish earlier be sold as quickly as possible.\nShoppers, on the most part, will simply walk up to a shelf and take the front most box of the product they are looking for; this is especially true if they are in a hurry. They will generally also, unless they are specifically looking for a product that will last longer, not pay much attention to sell by/use by dates. If products with an early sell by", "with the common expiry date. Products that spoil quickly, such as minced meat, have to be given a Verbrauchsdatum and are barred from sale upon expiry. Other products are given Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatum, which is set by the individual producers of said product and do not bar the product from being sold past the date determined. Products with an expired MHD may be sold if the seller is satisfied that the goods are in perfect condition. Accordingly, it follows that the customer is not entitled to compensation if he unintentionally acquires a product with an expired shelf life, provided that the product", "The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28, 2018, but on September 29, 2017 the Food and Drug Administration released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies. Food sources Food composition databases such as those maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture do not contain information on the chromium content of foods. A wide variety of animal-sourced and vegetable-sourced foods contain chromium. Content per serving is influenced by the chromium content of the soil in which the plants are grown and by feedstuffs fed", "has passed its shelf life might still be safe, but quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized by using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and then to the front of the shelf, so that most shoppers will pick them up first and thus they are likely to be sold before the end of their shelf life. This is important, as consumers enjoy fresher goods, and furthermore some stores can be fined for selling out of date products; most if not all", "and may be injurious to health if spoiled. It is also important to follow storage instructions carefully for these foods (for example, if they specify that the product must be refrigerated).\nBathroom products and toiletries usually state a time in months from the date the product is opened, by which they should be used. This is often indicated by a graphic of an open tub, with the number of months written inside (e.g., \"12M\" means use the product within 12 months of opening). Similarly, some food products say \"eat within X days of opening\". Open dating Open dating is the use", "a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For molybdenum labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 75 μg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 45 μg. A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28, 2018, but on September 29, 2017 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies. Food sources Average daily intake varies between", "and is therefore likely after a short period to constitute an immediate danger to human health, are required to use the 'Use by' label instead of the 'Best before' label. Examples include pasteurised fresh milk, packed egg and ham sandwiches, etc. Dates are usually presented in the DD MM YY (or YYYY) format. Regulations in the European Union In the EU food quality dates are governed by Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, \"On the Provision of Food Information to Consumers\". Regulations in Germany In Germany, one differentiates between the \"Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatum\" (MHD), roughly minimum shelf-life and \"Verbrauchsdatum\", which is more in line", "States Department of Agriculture, \"canned foods are safe indefinitely as long as they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2° C). If the cans look okay, they are safe to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or swollen. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) will keep their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years\". 80 °F (27 °C).\n\"Sell by date\" is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to as an \"expiration date\". Most food is still edible after the expiration date. A product that", "of prolonging produce lifetime in this way was approved by the EU in 2005, and can be combined with standard controlled atmosphere technology. Consumer concerns The use of 1-MCP to prevent fruit ripening came under scrutiny by the press during late 2005, when it was shown that the method is occasionally used to inhibit ripening of fruit by as much as a year, causing consumers to purchase year-old fruit without being aware of it. Fruits which have been treated with 1-MCP do not trigger any labelling regulations, and are allowed for use with certified organic foods, and are therefore non-distinguishable", "months figures are generated using the last interim or quarterly report a company has issued before the date in question. You generate a trailing twelve months figure for each item in the income statement by adding the figure for the reporting period since the company's financial year end to the figure in the annual report and taking off the figure for the matching period the previous year (e.g. 3 months from 1 Jan 2008 to 31 March 2008 plus 12 months to 31 December 2007 minus 3 months from 1 January 2007 to 31 March 2007 to give you 12", "Radionuclide analyses are only done from two market baskets per year at FDA's Engineering and Analytical Center in Winchester, Massachusetts.\nWith the analysis, FDA estimates the average consumption by the entire U.S. population, and split up by age and gender (from age 14 years onward) each year. The food list is adjusted about every 10 years to account for food trends, changing patterns of what people eat. Likewise data on how much of those foods consumers eat may be adjusted.\nFDA states the purpose as tracking food trends and trends in the consumption of contaminants and nutrients in the average American diet,", "First expired, first out Perishable drugs: charity and waste management Perishable goods (like foods and drugs) lose all their use value after the expiration date and can't be bought nor sold as their commercial price and value falls to zero. As the drug or food expiration date comes forth, any perishable good loses its value day-by-day.\nBoth drugs and foods are equally necessary for the law enforcement of the universal right to life, and, if not reused, they contribute to an expensive waste management form, namely the food waste or the drug waste.\nGlobal Trade Item Number barcode (GTIN, the former", "and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA) requires companies to disclose on the label whether a packaged food product contains any of these eight major food allergens, added intentionally: cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, shellfish, fish, tree nuts, soy and wheat. This list originated in 1999 from the World Health Organisation Codex Alimentarius Commission. To meet FALCPA labeling requirements, if an ingredient is derived from one of the required-label allergens, then it must either have its \"food sourced name\" in parentheses, for example \"Casein (milk),\" or as an alternative, there must be a statement separate but adjacent to the ingredients list:" ]

[ "Because sound travels through the solid medium ( the floor slab). On the floor above, people are directly in contact with the surface; while on the floor below, you're only depending on the noise traveling through air and noise traveling in air is divided into reflected, absorbed and transferred, major percentage of which, is reflected." ]

[ "to find out where the voice comes from, she finds an old hidden, big ventilation system with tunnels that seem to run throughout the building. She can now clearly hear something moving through the ventilation-tunnels. She grabs into one of the ventilation gutters and pulls out a decomposed, human foot! As the mysteries about the murders in the house start to unravel, she finally starts to realize in what horrible danger she truly is... Reception The film was generally poorly received by critics. Variety's writer Jay Weissberg criticized the direction of Avati, marked as \"incapable of turning the gothic", "that of a flax dresser – was of that kind with permits conversation during working hours. The noise is not such as to drown the sound of the voice, but in a large shop, in which a dozen, or perhaps a score of heckles, are ringing, it is so great as to require the voice to be pitched on a rather high key, that the words may be heard and understood. Hecklers, for this reason, have a rather disagreeable habit of talking and reading in the octave key, even in a private room where there is not necessity for any", "Occlusion effect The occlusion effect occurs when an object fills the outer portion of a person's ear canal, and that person perceives \"hollow\" or \"booming\" echo-like sounds of their own voice. It is caused by bone-conducted sound vibrations reverberating off the object filling the ear canal. When talking or chewing, these vibrations normally escape through an open ear canal; most people are unaware of their existence. When the ear canal is blocked, the vibrations are reflected back toward the eardrum. Compared to a completely open ear canal, the occlusion effect can boost low frequency (usually below 500 Hz) sound pressure", "Material, scale, memory and familiarity all create a sense of sound inside a building. It is up to individuals within a space to identify and associate with the sounds present. Sound is both a tangible and intangible sensational atmospheric quality. It allows the individual to physically hear, as well as feel and sense the characteristics present in architecture.", "Due to the architecture, when standing directly in the center, an echo can be heard by the speaker. This area is known as the \"echo spot\" to most students on the campus.", "more trapped in a do-or-die situation.\nWhen asked, the receptionist tells them the source of the sound from the neighboring room is a ghost. The manager says it is not a ghost, but a thief. Frightened at their gestures, Sudheer and Rani try to get out of the resort, but the manager, receptionist, and servant (Brahmaji) hold them captive and keep Rani in room 9 - the same room as the one with the ghost. However, Sudheer and Rani manage to escape from them but are trapped in the same building. The three men at the resort are actually kidnappers working", "is simply attenuating some frequencies of the ambient noise in the environment, including air flowing within the resonator and sound originating within the human body itself, more than others.\nThe human ear picks up sounds made by the human body as well, including the sounds of blood flowing and muscles acting. These sounds are normally discarded by the brain; however, they become more obvious when louder external sounds are filtered out. This occlusion effect occurs with seashells, cups, or hands held over one's ears, and also with circumaural headphones, whose cups form a seal around the ear, raising the acoustic impedance", "will hear the echoes of all our conversations, every thought and word we've exchanged. Long after we have gone our voices will linger in these walls, for as long as this place remains. But I will admit that the part of me that is going, very much will miss the part of you that is staying.", "The only voice is from the voicemail coming from the cellphone's speaker. The viewer is left wondering if the voice on the phone was probably the thief's conscience all along. Day 13 - Closure Lita and Josh traced the stolen bag to the park where the thief left it. It seems when the thief retrieved the voicemail, it triggered something which could be traced. Lita tries to explain this but Josh disagrees. Lita returns playful remarks then suddenly embraces Josh and gives him a passionate kiss. Lita says \"YES\" but Josh is confused. Lita reminds him of the dream he", "because that’s what I can hear. When I walk into a theater, I always sit just off to the left so I can hear more with my good ear. It’s funny, though, my wife still talks into my left ear. When I go to sleep with my right ear to the pillow, I can’t hear anything. It’s like having an earplug. So, if someone is talking to me and I don’t care what they’re saying, I can just sit with my left ear to them.\"", "say that here her voice had such resonances as to make one think at times of a ventriloquist ... or else the voice could sound as though it were resonating in a rubber tube. There was another troublesome spot ... between the middle and upper registers. Here, too, around the treble F and G, there was often something in the sound itself which was not quite right, as though the voice were not functioning properly.\nAs to whether these troublesome spots were due to the nature of the voice itself or to technical deficiencies, Celletti says: \"Even if, when passing from one register", "each other. The sound design emphasises the outside noises (birds singing, children playing) over the people’s dialogue, giving the effect of the outside world coming in and affecting what occurs in the home.", "Acoustic shadow An acoustic shadow or sound shadow is an area through which sound waves fail to propagate, due to topographical obstructions or disruption of the waves via phenomena such as wind currents, buildings, or sound barriers. Short-distance acoustic shadow A short-distance acoustic shadow occurs behind a building or a sound barrier. The sound from a source is shielded by the obstruction. Due to diffraction around the object, it will not be completely silent in the sound shadow. The amplitude of the sound can be reduced considerably, however, depending on the additional distance the sound has to travel between source", "more likely to say that a suspect's voice sounded familiar than his/her face even though they cannot remember anything about the suspect. This discrepancy is due to a larger amount of guesswork and false alarms that occur with voices.\nTo give faces a similar ambiguity to that of voices, the face stimuli were blurred in the follow-up experiment. This experiment followed the same procedures as the first, presenting two groups with sets of stimuli made up of half celebrity faces and half unfamiliar faces. The only difference was that the face stimuli were blurred so that detailed features could not", "subject's voice has to be removed from his earpiece. Otherwise, the subject would hear themselves with a slight (but very distracting) delay. \nAnother common example is in the field of sound reinforcement. Consider a room with sound stations for multiple users, each station containing a microphone and a loudspeaker. Such a room might be used in a government house of parliament. The microphone in station #1 would feed the loudspeakers in every other station except station #1. In other words, station #1 receives a mix of all microphones minus the station #1 microphone. This", "as the police sirens are heard in the distance. Willy, however, thinks he is safe and attempts to get out but realizes he's locked in the trunk.\nBefore long, the trunk is sitting in the living room of a girl who has apparently just moved into her apartment. She receives a phone call from her mother and they talk about her finding a man. The girl off-offhandedly says \"I wish.\" All the while she is talking, the girl is trying to pry open the trunk apparently not knowing what's inside. She manages to get it open and out pops", "Ambience (sound recording) In filmmaking, ambience (also known as atmosphere, atmos, or background) consists of the sounds of a given location or space. It is the opposite of \"silence.\" Ambience is similar to presence, but is distinguished by the existence of explicit background noise in ambience recordings, as opposed to the perceived \"silence\" of presence recordings.\nEvery location has distinct and subtle sounds created by its environment. These sound sources can include wildlife, wind, music, rain, running water, thunder, rustling leaves, distant traffic, aircraft and machinery noise, the sound of distant human movement and speech, creaks from thermal contraction, air conditioning", "Quire, said that \"the effect here is of a jumble of voices, none of which feels particularly well fleshed-out or authentic\".", "and a sound is produced in a remote corner of one of them. A person in the other room will hear the sound as if it originated at the doorway. As far as the second room is concerned, the vibrating air in the doorway is the source of the sound. Huygens' theory and the modern photon wavefunction Huygens' theory served as a fundamental explanation of the wave nature of light interference and was further developed by Fresnel and Young but did not fully resolve all observations such as the low-intensity double-slit experiment first performed by G. I. Taylor in 1909.", "to noise by residents in adjacent apartments.", "a sound similar to that of a person banging on a steel pipe. He informs the emergency officials, who attempt to communicate with anyone possibly trapped beneath the rubble, but they give up after receiving no response. House decides to go looking himself, and crawls under the mountain of rubble until he reaches a deep cavity and finds a trapped woman named Hanna.\nAs House treats Hanna while waiting for reinforcements, he also begins the differential on the crane operator through the phone and speaks with Cuddy, who reveals that she has gotten engaged to Lucas. House suggests that the crane", "incidents being related to His Voice, the unknown entity that is controlling operatives of the bombings.\nJoe Shimamura, who had his memories blocked and reset every 3 years by Professor Gilmore, is now a typical high school student, falsely believing that he has an unseen family and friends due to the \"Augmented Reality\" implanted in his brain. He also has a girlfriend named Tomoe, who seems familiar to him in some way. However, Joe is hearing His Voice due to his cybernetic brain. We learn that he was about to plant a bomb at the Roppongi Hills Tower, until 005 and", "Listener is an omniscient narrator albeit a flawed one, which is why each of the voices has some insight into the others’ times and repeats phrases from at least one of the other time frames. Krapp’s Last Tape In Krapp's Last Tape Beckett clearly instructs that the voice on the tapes be audibly different (“Strong voice, rather pompous, clearly Krapp’s at a much earlier time”) whereas in That Time the notes say simply, “Voices A B C are his own coming to him from both sides and above”, suggestive of the fact that these voices belong to the present time", "a voice that is too high or low whereas abnormal loudness can be characterized by a voice that is too quiet or loud. Similarly, a voice that has frequent, inappropriate breaks characterizes abnormal quality while a voice that is monotone (i.e., very flat) or inappropriately fluctuates characterizes abnormal variability. While hoarseness is used interchangeably with the term dysphonia, it is important to note that the two are not synonymous. Hoarseness is merely a subjective term to explain the perceptual quality (or sound) of a dysphonic voice. While hoarseness is a common symptom (or complaint) of dysphonia, there are several other", "should be both physically symmetrical about the perpendicular to the line between the speakers, and the absorbing characteristics of the left and right walls. An absorptive piece of furniture close to one speaker, and not matched on the other side will cause the sound field to shift to the \"live\" side of the room. The resulting \"sound stage\" is affected by asymmetry.", "Archaeologists dubbed it the \"acoustic room.\" It measures 20 square metres (220 sq ft) and is located between the fourth and the fifth floors. A person standing in one corner of this room can whisper words to another person in the opposite corner and they will be readily audible. Researchers do not know whether the room was built like this on purpose or not. It could be that Demidov used this acoustic room for gathering intelligence on his high-ranking guests. The purpose of inclination One of the legends has it that the inclination of the tower was the idea of a talented", "sound playback from loudspeakers.\nHumans have just two ears, but can locate sounds in three dimensions – in range (distance), in direction above and below, in front and to the rear, as well as to either side. This is possible because the brain, inner ear and the external ears (pinna) work together to make inferences about location. This ability to localize sound sources may have developed in humans and ancestors as an evolutionary necessity, since the eyes can only see a fraction of the world around a viewer, and vision is hampered in darkness, while the ability to localize a sound", "sound, which his servant does not hear. The master sets about to leave, and the servant asks where he is going. The man's only answer is that his goal is to get away from his present location, rather than to seek out any particular destination.", "kill you kid. You're the only friend I've got\" and \"I'm not in danger, I am the danger!\") Sounds will also sometimes be added (e.g. a falcon screech, a train whistle.)", "can cause a partial loss of low frequency information, making the resulting sound somewhat \"tinny.\" This negative effect can be heard on any stereo speaker system, but makes headphone listening particularly un-natural sounding. This is because the lead vocalist or performer's audio waveform would be attempting to partially cancel itself inside the listener's head, confusing the brain's audio positioning sense.\nDue to complicated interaction of phase and frequency it is difficult to predict exactly how the reduction from two channels to one will affect the sound of a particular instrument. Therefore mono sound from a true mono mix is" ]

[ "You would want to lower your metabolic rate. Decrease heart rate. Calm down. Take long deep breaths. Make each breath last as long as possible....... I think.", "I found this out from a diver training website,\n > Breathe almost as if you were asleep — slowly and deeply. This saves air by promoting the most complete exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.\nYou might think that taking shallow breaths, as if sipping from your tank, would conserve air. In fact, it wastes air. Every breath first brings to your lungs the \"dead air\" that remained in your throat and trachea from your last exhalation. This dead air has a high concentration of carbon dioxide and a low concentration of oxygen. The high carbon-dioxide concentration triggers the urge to take another breath, even before you need more oxygen.\n\nSo basically, ELI5, deeper breaths conserve more air, as it allows a complete exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide." ]

[ "of artificial respiration can be greatly increased by the simultaneous use of oxygen therapy. The amount of oxygen available to the patient in mouth-to-mouth is around 16%. If this is done through a pocket mask with an oxygen flow, this increases to 40% oxygen. If either a bag valve mask or a mechanical ventilator is used with an oxygen supply, this rises to 99% oxygen. The greater the oxygen concentration, the more efficient the gaseous exchange will be in the lungs.", "Prone ventilation Physiologic effects Prone ventilation may improve oxygenation by redistributing pulmonary blood flow, but some research has shown that this improved oxygenation is not accompanied by a change in survival.", "circuit systems may be used to conserve the breathing gas, which may be in limited supply - in the case of mountaineering the user must carry the supplemental oxygen, and in space flight the cost of lifting mass into orbit is very high. Medical breathing gases Medical use of breathing gases other than air include oxygen therapy and anesthesia applications. Oxygen therapy Oxygen is required by people for normal cell metabolism. Air is typically 21% oxygen by volume. This is normally sufficient, but in some circumstances the oxygen supply to tissues is compromised.\nOxygen therapy, also known as supplemental oxygen, is", "SaO\n₂ ≤ 88% and has been shown to increase lifespan.\nOxygen is often prescribed for people with breathlessness, in the setting of end-stage cardiac or respiratory failure, advanced cancer or neurodegenerative disease, despite having relatively normal blood oxygen levels. A 2010 trial of 239 subjects found no significant difference in reducing breathlessness between oxygen and air delivered in the same way. Acute conditions Oxygen is widely used in emergency medicine, both in hospital and by emergency medical services or those giving advanced first aid.\nIn the pre-hospital environment, high-flow oxygen is indicated for use in resuscitation, major trauma, anaphylaxis, major bleeding, shock,", "acceleration protection may never be practical because of the difficulty of finding a suitable breathing medium of similar density to water that is compatible with lung tissue. Perfluorocarbon fluids are twice as dense as water, hence unsuitable for this application.", "the casualty can breathe pure oxygen further improvements will occur because the increase in the proportion of oxygen in the blood may keep previously oxygen-starved tissues alive and the oxygen will remove other inert gases from the bubbles making the bubbles smaller.\nThe use of in-water oxygen at 6 meters has been shown to reduce bubble loads in divers compared to divers breathing oxygen on the surface. In-water recompression tables Six IWR treatment tables have been published in the scientific literature. Each of these methods have several commonalities including the use of a full face mask, a tender to supervise the", "sale that offer \"oxygen massage\" and \"oxygen detoxification\" with claims of removing body toxins and reducing body fat. The American Lung Association has stated \"there is no evidence that oxygen at the low flow levels used in bars can be dangerous to a normal person's health\", but the U.S. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research cautions that people with heart or lung disease need their supplementary oxygen carefully regulated and should not use oxygen bars.\nVictorian society had a fascination for the rapidly expanding field of science. In \"Dr. Ox's Experiment\", a short story written by Jules Verne in 1872, the", "Aerobic conditioning Effect of aerobic conditioning on maximum oxygen intake (Vo2) Aerobic conditioning has the ability to raise a person's maximum oxygen intake, meaning that they are able to diffuse more oxygen into their blood than they previously could.\nAlthough exercising at lower intensities will improve aerobic conditioning, the most rapid gains are made when exercising close to an individual's anaerobic threshold. This is the intensity at which the heart and lungs can no longer provide adequate oxygen to the working muscles and an oxygen debt begins to accrue; at this point the exercise becomes anaerobic. Anaerobic training intensity for most", "insufficient oxygen saturation often seen in well trained athletes such as marathoner's. Not all inspired air and its components make it into the pulmonary system due to the human body's anatomical dead space, which, in terms of exercise, is a source of oxygen wasted. Running economy Despite being one of the most salient predictors of marathon performance, a large VO2Max is only one of the factors that may effect performance in a marathon. A marathoner's running economy is their sub maximal requirement for oxygen at specific speeds. This concept of running economy helps to explain different marathon", "used in elderly patients or patients who can benefit from oxygen therapy but do not require it to self respirate. These patients do not need oxygen to the degree of wearing a non-rebreather mask. It is especially useful in those patients where vasoconstriction could negatively impact their condition, such as those suffering from strokes.\nA nasal cannula may also be used by pilots and passengers in small, unpressurized aircraft that do not exceed certain altitudes. The cannula provides extra oxygen to compensate for the lower oxygen content available for breathing at the low ambient air pressures of high altitude, preventing hypoxia.", "altitude One of the most significant breakthroughs in the prevention of altitude DCS is oxygen pre-breathing. Breathing pure oxygen significantly reduces the nitrogen loads in body tissues by reducing the partial pressure of nitrogen in the lungs, which induces diffusion of nitrogen from the blood into the breathing gas, and this effect eventually lowers the concentration of nitrogen in the other tissues of the body. If continued for long enough, and without interruption, this provides effective protection upon exposure to low-barometric pressure environments. However, breathing pure oxygen during flight alone (ascent, en route, descent) does not decrease the risk", "person breathing 100% oxygen is the standard hospital and military medical response to decompression illness. The success of recompression therapy as well as a decrease in the number of recompression treatments required has been shown if first aid oxygen is given within four hours after surfacing. There are suggestions that oxygen administration may not be the most effective measure for the treatment of decompression illness and that heliox may be a better alternative. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Care needs to be exercised in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, such as emphysema, especially in those known to retain carbon dioxide", "end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and ventilation at higher-than-normal pressures may be helpful in maintaining adequate oxygenation. However, such measures can also increase leakage of air through a tear, and can stress the sutures in a tear that has been surgically repaired; therefore the lowest possible airway pressures that still maintain oxygenation are typically used. Mechanical ventilation can also cause pulmonary barotrauma when high pressure is required to ventilate the lungs. Techniques such as pulmonary toilet (removal of secretions), fluid management, and treatment of pneumonia are employed to improve pulmonary compliance (the elasticity of the lungs).\nWhile TBI may be managed without surgery,", "supplemental oxygen and retinopathy of prematurity, but subsequent curtailment of supplemental oxygen caused an increase in infant mortality. To balance the risks of hypoxia and retinopathy of prematurity, modern protocols now require monitoring of blood oxygen levels in premature infants receiving oxygen. Hypobaric setting In low-pressure environments oxygen toxicity may be avoided since the toxicity is caused by high partial pressure of oxygen, not merely by high oxygen fraction. This is illustrated by modern pure oxygen use in spacesuits, which must operate at low pressure (also historically, very high percentage oxygen and lower than normal atmospheric pressure was used in", "the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, there are no long-term, well-controlled scientific studies that support claims of benefit for increased oxygen in healthy people. There are many like Lewis today, however, including breath therapists, breathing teachers, MDs, and researchers, who maintain that good breathing increases the likelihood of a longer, healthier, more-rewarding life—physically, emotionally, and spiritually.", "even at high altitudes, such as OXYFLY.\nUsually, \"demand\" or pulse-flow oxygen concentrators are not used by patients while they sleep. There have been problems with the oxygen concentrators not being able to detect when the sleeping patient is inhaling. Some larger portable oxygen concentrators are designed to operate in continuous-flow mode in addition to pulse-flow mode. Continuous-flow mode is considered safe for night use when coupled with a CPAP machine.\nCommon models retail at around $600. Leasing arrangements may be available through various medical-supply companies and/or insurance agencies. Alternate applications Repurposed medical oxygen concentrators or specialized industrial oxygen concentrators can", "airway. Preserving life To save a person's life, you need to have an open airway so it makes a clear passage where air can go through the mouth or nose through the pharynx and down into the lungs, without obstruction. Conscious people will maintain their own airway automatically, but those who are unconscious (with a GCS of less than 8) may be unable to maintain a patent airway, as the part of the brain which automatically controls breathing in normal situations may not be functioning.\nIf the patient was breathing, a first aider would normally then place them in the recovery", "for inert gas elimination (oxygen window) by using a high partial pressure of oxygen increases the rate of inert gas elimination in the treatment of decompression sickness.\nFor many other conditions, the therapeutic principle of HBOT lies in its ability to drastically increase partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues of the body. The oxygen partial pressures achievable using HBOT are much higher than those achievable while breathing pure oxygen under normobaric conditions (i.e. at normal atmospheric pressure). This effect is achieved by an increase in the oxygen transport capacity of the blood. At normal atmospheric pressure, oxygen transport is limited", "of these methods increases the partial pressure of oxygen by raising the FiO₂ (fraction of inspired oxygen). Other methods Increased water intake may also help in acclimatization to replace the fluids lost through heavier breathing in the thin, dry air found at altitude, although consuming excessive quantities (\"over-hydration\") has no benefits and may cause dangerous hyponatremia.", "active convulsions, and hypothermia.\nIt may also be indicated for any other people where their injury or illness has caused low oxygen levels, although in this case oxygen flow should be moderated to achieve oxygen saturation levels, based on pulse oximetry (with a target level of 94–96% in most, or 88–92% in people with COPD). Excessively use of oxygen in those who are acutely ill however increases the risk of death. In 2018 recommendations within the British Medical Journal were that oxygen should be stopped if saturations are greater than 96% and should not be started if above 90 to 93%.", "proven effective in clinical study. Oxygen enrichment In high-altitude conditions, oxygen enrichment can counteract the hypoxia related effects of altitude sickness. A small amount of supplemental oxygen reduces the equivalent altitude in climate-controlled rooms. At 3,400 metres (11,200 ft) (67 kPa or 0.66 atm), raising the oxygen concentration level by 5% via an oxygen concentrator and an existing ventilation system provides an effective altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft) (70 kPa or 0.69 atm), which is more tolerable for those unaccustomed to high altitudes.\nOxygen from gas bottles or liquid containers can be applied directly via a nasal cannula or mask. Oxygen concentrators based upon pressure swing adsorption", "forms the majority of the functional residual capacity with oxygen. This provides an oxygen reservoir in the lungs that will delay the depletion of oxygen in the absence of ventilation (after paralysis). For a healthy adult, this can lead to maintaining a blood oxygen saturation of at least 90% for up to 8 minutes. This time will be significantly reduced in obese patients, ill patients and children. Preoxygenation is usually performed by giving 100% oxygen via a tightly fitting face mask. Preoxygenation or a maximum of eight deep breaths over 60 seconds results in blood oxygenation is not different from", "are at risk of pulmonary toxicity. Hyperbaric setting The presence of a fever or a history of seizure is a relative contraindication to hyperbaric oxygen treatment. The schedules used for treatment of decompression illness allow for periods of breathing air rather than 100% oxygen (oxygen breaks) to reduce the chance of seizure or lung damage. The U.S. Navy uses treatment tables based on periods alternating between 100% oxygen and air. For example, USN table 6 requires 75 minutes (three periods of 20 minutes oxygen/5 minutes air) at an ambient pressure of 2.8 standard atmospheres (280 kPa), equivalent to a depth of 18 metres (60 ft).", "treatment schedules may not require air breaks, because the risk of oxygen toxicity is low due to the lower oxygen partial pressures used (usually 1.3 ATA), and short duration of treatment.\nFor alert, cooperative patients, air breaks provided by mask are more effective than changing the chamber gas because they provide a quicker gas change and a more reliable gas composition both during the break and treatment periods. Treatments Initially, HBOT was developed as a treatment for diving disorders involving bubbles of gas in the tissues, such as decompression sickness and gas embolism, It is still considered the definitive treatment for", "Integrated two-way snorkels include the internal volume of the mask as dead space in addition to the volume of the snorkels. To some extent the effect of dead space can be counteracted by breathing more deeply, as this reduces the dead space ratio. Slower breathing will reduce the effort needed to move the air through the circuit. There is a danger that a snorkeler who can breathe comfortably in good conditions will be unable to ventilate adequately under stress or when working harder, leading to hypercapnia and possible panic, and could get into serious difficulties if they are unable to", "amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest, and is equal to 3.5 ml oxygen per kilogram body weight per minute. In other words, a means of expressing energy cost of physical activity as a multiple of the resting rate. For instance; walking on level ground at about 6 km/h or carrying groceries up a flight of stairs expends about 4 METs of activity. Generally, >7 METs of activity tolerance is considered excellent while <4 is considered poor for surgical candidates. Determining one's functional capacity can elucidate the degree of surgical risk one might undertake for procedures that", "symptoms that can be cured by descending to a lower altitude. It can also mask symptoms, and they sometimes resume upon discontinuation. Dexamethasone's prevention of angiogenesis may explain why it treats HACE well. Three studies that examined how mice and rat brains react to hypoxia gave some credence to this idea.\nIf available, supplemental oxygen can be used as an adjunctive therapy, or when descent is not possible. FiO2 should be titrated to maintain arterial oxygen saturation of greater than 90%, bearing in mind that oxygen supply is often limited in high altitude clinics/environments.\nIn addition to oxygen therapy, a portable hyperbaric", "the absorption of oxygen in the human body, offering considerable advantage to the home team who are more accustomed to such conditions.", "Oxygen given at a high flow rate may accelerate resorption as much as fourfold. Aspiration In a large PSP (>50%), or in a PSP associated with breathlessness, some guidelines recommend that reducing the size by aspiration is equally effective as the insertion of a chest tube. This involves the administration of local anesthetic and inserting a needle connected to a three-way tap; up to 2.5 liters of air (in adults) are removed. If there has been significant reduction in the size of the pneumothorax on subsequent X-ray, the remainder of the treatment can be conservative. This approach has been shown to", "Oxygen window in diving decompression Background Oxygen is used to decrease the time needed for safe decompression in diving, but the practical consequences and benefits need further research. Decompression is still far from being an exact science, and divers when diving deep must make many decisions based on personal experience rather than scientific knowledge.\nIn technical diving, applying the oxygen window effect by using decompression gases with high ppO₂ increases decompression efficiency and allows shorter decompression stops. Reducing decompression time can be important to reduce time spent at shallow depths in open water (avoiding dangers such as water currents and boat" ]

[ "The usb standard originally allowed for only 500mA to be drawn per port. This isn't really enough for smartphones and especially power hungry tablets etc., so the manufacturers came up with a way for chargers to indicate they were willing to supply more power to the device. The device charging circuit can then draw more power than that safely - without that signaling the device could try to draw more than the charger/port can supply and possibly burn it out. \n\nSadly there were different methods chosen - some short together the data leads, some use different resistors between them or between them and the ground pin etc. \n\nThe wrong charger/cable with the wrong device won't step up to the higher current. \n\nI've just bought a small gadget from dealextreme which sits in the usb port and tells you how much current is being drawn from it. My cables vary from 0.3 to 0.95A to the same device - I'm in the process of labeling them and exploring the various combinations of charger, cable and device. \n\nTl;Dr it's complicated.", "Chargers also need to tell the phone - in some way - how much power is available. The 1A wall charger provided with your device has the circuitry there to properly communicate with device. The third-party car charger doesn't, so the device might assume it is an overloaded version 1 USB port, and draw the minimum 1/10th of an amp.\n\nAn interesting point is the Samsung chargers. Although they will provide 1 amp at 5 volts to anything that plugs into them, plug a Samsung device in and it will negotiate up to 20 volts to charge the device quickly.", "I would download an app to make sure you're actually getting the full current. Sometimes USB cables aren't grounded so they don't offer more than 500ma." ]

[ "These are geared for consumers who wish to have smaller chargers that would be located in common areas and blend in with the current décor of their home. Due to the adoption of the Qi standard of wireless charging, any of these chargers will work with any phone as long as the phone is Qi capable. Stationary In one inductive charging system, one winding is attached to the underside of the car, and the other stays on the floor of the garage. The major advantage of the inductive approach for vehicle charging is that there is no possibility of electric", "manufacturers, where the most efficient chargers consume less than 0.03 watts and obtain a five-star rating.\nGet to know about the best and fastest phone chargers. Battery A popular early mobile phone battery was the nickel metal-hydride (NiMH) type, due to its relatively small size and low weight. Lithium ion batteries are also used, as they are lighter and do not have the voltage depression due to long-term over-charging that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone manufacturers use lithium–polymer batteries as opposed to the older lithium-ion, the main advantages being even lower weight and the possibility to make the battery", "as well as the public.\nThe Valiant Charger came in four model guises, closely mirroring the existing sedan range — Charger, Charger XL, Charger 770, and Charger R/T. The first of the serious \"track pack\" R/T Chargers had option E38. Despite being hampered by a three-speed gearbox, it still drew favourable comments from Wheels: \"We achieved a time of 14.8 seconds for the quarter-mile — on smoother surfaces the Charger galloped away so easily that a best of 14.5 seconds is within reach\". Being a three-speed gearbox, these quarter-mile runs took only one gear change.\nThe most recognised performance Chargers were the", "line came with an additional CHAdeMO port for DC fast charging. Beginning in late 2016, all three models (S, SV, and SL) came equipped with both charging receptacles.\nModels with an on-board 3.6 kW charger can be fully charged in 8 hours from an appropriate 240-volt charger, while models with an on-board 6.6 kW charger can be fully recharged in 4 hours.\nIn North America and Japan, using a standard household outlet and the 7.5-meter (25 ft) cable included by Nissan, the Leaf will regain approximately 5 miles of range per hour. This type of charging is ideal for the commuter that can plug into", "functions. With the original 60Ah battery, AC fast charging can take less than 3 hours with the use of the BMW i Wallbox Pure or any 3rd party charging equipment (EVSE) supporting 32A, when charging from 0 to 80%. The i3 also has a rapid charging option suitable for public DC charging stations and can take less than 30 minutes to charge the 60Ah version from 0% to 80%. Later 94Ah and 120Ah models take proportionally longer. In the US, it can also be charged from any public charging station with an SAE J1772 connector. In 2016, BMW and", "6 hours for Extended Mode. Toyota had arranged with Leviton to offer a custom level 2 charging station priced at US$1,590 including basic installation. On the other end of the scale, and due to its large battery pack, charging at 110 volts with the cord that comes standard under the rear deck takes 44 hours for Standard Mode and 52 hours for Extended Mode.\nAn aftermarket company called Quick Charge Power has come up with a way to add 48 kW CHAdeMO DC Quick Charging to the RAV4ev which dramatically shortens charge times for the 41.8 kWh battery. This can", "in June 2013, the CHAdeMO association, Volkswagen and Nissan all advocate multi-standard DC chargers, as the additional cost of a dual-protocol station is only 5%.\nIn Germany, the Charging Interface Initiative e. V. (CharIN) was founded by car makers and suppliers (Audi, BMW, Daimler, Mennekes, Opel, Phoenix Contact, Porsche, TÜV SÜD and Volkswagen) to promote the adoption of CCS. They noted in a press release that most cars cannot charge faster than 50 kW, so that was the first common power output of CCS stations to be built during 2015. The next step was the standardization of stations with 150 kW output that", "Charging station Costs In 2017, Tesla gave the owners of its Model S and Model X cars a credit that gives 400 kWh for free at a Supercharger. After that credit is used, drivers using Tesla Superchargers have to pay per kWh. The price ranges from $0.06 to $0.26 per kWh in the United States. Tesla superchargers are only usable by Tesla vehicles. \nOther charging networks are available for non-Tesla vehicles. The Blink network of chargers has both Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers and charges separate rates for members and non members. Their prices range from $0.39", "Normal, Overdrive, Range along with an Individual mode in which the driver can customise various settings of the car.\nPorsche has developed an 800-volt charging system specifically for the Taycan. According to manufacturer estimates, the battery pack can be charged from a 5% state of charge to 80% in 22.5 minutes in ideal situations, with a DC fast charger offering 270 kW of power. Charge times are dependent on weather conditions and infrastructure.\nTo reduce charge times in both hot and cold temperatures, the battery can be thermally preconditioned using a charging planner. Owners simply need to set a departure time in", "is shorter on HDD configurations with Windows XP, at approximately 2.5 hours for the three cell. Although the standard three cell battery is 2.2 Ah, some users have reported 2.4 Ah and 2.9 Ah batteries from the factory. Various suppliers online now carry aftermarket batteries, including the six cell. Aftermarket nine cell batteries are available though they are quite heavy, and also protrude out of the back, reducing the aesthetics but improving airflow. Additional hardware Since November 2008 the 3G-enabled model Aspire One A150X-3G is available in Europe, while models with 3G modems began shipping in the United Kingdom in December", "battery with Huawei's SuperCharge technology, which allows 58 percent charge in half-an-hour and a full charge in 90 minutes. The battery provides the Mate 9 with over two days of battery life.\nIt supports GSM, UMTS, LTE-TDD, LTE-FDD networks (support bands vary by models). In some countries, the Dual SIM version is available. The Mate 9 supports Wi-Fi, GPS, Bluetooth and NFC.\nThe dual camera module is powered by Leica. The rear (main) camera is compounded with f/2.2 12-megapixel color camera and one f/2.2 20-megapixel monochrome camera, which lets users take two images together to produce an image with more detail. The", "the 90-second charge time was \"the longest minute and a half in a kid's life\" as they waited impatiently for the car to charge sufficiently to get back into the race.\nThe Sizzler electric technology spun off into the Hotline Trains, which ran on track similar to regular Hot Wheels, and the Earthshakers construction vehicles. Both lines of vehicles were charged using the Sizzler Juice Machine or Power Pit.\nIn the 1990s, Mattel's trademark on the \"Sizzlers\" name had lapsed and toy company Playing Mantis released a line new Sizzlers line in NASCAR stock car models and copied the Fat Track as", "Battery charging with FireWire Starting with the second generation model, the iPod Touch dropped support charging from the 12 V pin of a FireWire cable. Charging the iPod Touch takes about 2 hours (80 percent capacity) for fast charge, and full charge takes about 4 hours. Apple Lightning connector The fifth, sixth, and seventh generations of the iPod touch both feature a new dock connector, called \"Lightning\", which replaces the 30-pin dock connector on older iPhone, iPad and iPod models. The Apple Lightning connector has eight pins and all the signaling is digital. This new connector is smaller than the", "although they are available in surface-mount, TO-92, and TO-3 packages. These devices support an input voltage anywhere from around 2.5 volts over the intended output voltage up to a maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the model, and typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating). 78xx There are common configurations for 78xx ICs, including 7805 (5 V), 7806 (6 V), 7808 (8 V), 7809 (9 V), 7810 (10 V), 7812 (12 V), 7815 (15 V), 7818 (18 V), and 7824 (24 V) versions. The 7805 is the most common, as its regulated 5-volt supply", "Charger R/T concept car. It took many styling cues from the 1960s Chargers, sharing their long nose and rearward cab, but was shorter at 187 in (4,750 mm), compared to 203 in (5,156 mm) for the 1966 Charger. It was also 650 lb (295 kg) lighter. It featured a four-door sedan body design, whereas all the previous production Chargers had two doors.\nIt was a return to a rear wheel drive sedan platform Dodge had not offered since the mid-size Dodge Diplomat had been discontinued in 1989. Daytona R/T The 2006 Charger Daytona R/T debuted at the Chicago Auto Show. It featured a high output 350 hp (261 kW)", "2007 revision of the standard specified a smaller 20-pin connector to succeed the 24-pin connector and added analog (composite) video output support, among other changes. Chargers with the new 20-pin connectors started appearing in 2008 and phone manufacturers were urged to include 24-to-20-pin adapters with new phones sold in Korea to enable the charging of new phones with the older 24-pin chargers. Charger and interface standard in China In December 2006, the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MII) released a new China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) standard, \"Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for", "but it is controlled or buffered via the energy management system to use only 10.3 kWh of this capacity to maximize the life of the pack. For this reason the battery pack never fully charges or depletes, as the software only allows the battery to operate within a state of charge (SOC) window of 65%, after which the engine kicks in and maintains the charge near the lower level. The minimum SOC varies depending on operating conditions. When the car needs more power, such as in mountain mode, the lower limit of the SOC rises to 45% to ensure enough power", "colour code, or the charger is referred to as a MagSafe 1 charger rather than the second generation charger.", "power. A study on 16 different iBeacon vendors reports that battery life can range between 1–24 months. Apple's recommended setting of 100 ms advertising interval with a coin cell battery provides for 1–3 months of life, which increases to 2–3 years as advertising interval is increased to 900 ms.\nBattery consumption of the phones is a factor that must be taken into account when deploying beacon-enabled apps. A recent report has shown that\nolder phones tend to draw more battery in the vicinity of iBeacons, while the newer phones can be more efficient in the same environment. In addition to the", "car. The cost is reportedly about $100 cheaper per kWh than the price LG was giving other customers at the time. GM estimated a cell price of $130/kWh in December 2016.\nWhile initially expected to share its lithium-ion battery technology with the second generation Chevrolet Volt, the production version of the Bolt uses batteries with a different chemistry more suited to the different charge cycles of a long-range electric vehicle, compared to the more frequent charging/discharging of hybrids and short-range EVs.\nThe 2020 model year will have the battery capacity increased to 66 kWh, because of a small change made to the", "a more dependable range than other BEVs and improved battery system durability. The vehicle featured a 6.6 kW on board charger which charges the vehicle at a rate twice that of the Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt. The Coda sedan could be charged from depletion in under six hours when plugged into a level-two (220 V) charge station. The company estimated that it would cost less than US$3, on average, to charge the vehicle overnight. The electric car had a 3-year, 36,000 mile limited warranty, the powertrain a 5-year, 60,000 mile limited warranty, and both battery pack options available", "charging stations charged BEVs in one hour. In November 1997, Ford purchased a fast-charge system produced by AeroVironment called \"PosiCharge\" for testing its fleets of Ranger EVs, which charged their lead-acid batteries in between six and fifteen minutes. In February 1998, General Motors announced a version of its \"Magne Charge\" system which could recharge NiMH batteries in about ten minutes, providing a range of sixty to one hundred miles.\nIn 2005, handheld device battery designs by Toshiba were claimed to be able to accept an 80% charge in as little as 60 seconds. Scaling this characteristic up to the same 7 kilowatt-hour EV", "of 15.3kWh including the optional Power Tank. Also introduced in 2015 were standard ABS brakes and Showa suspension. CHAdeMO fast charging was eliminated as an option, leaving instead an optional quick charger accessory at added cost.\nIn 2016, Zero announced the DSR and FXS models. The DSR is based on the DS, but with the more powerful motor from the SR. The FXS is a supermoto version of the FX. Additional changes for the model year include the availability of a \"Charge Tank\" accessory, which is an on-board Level 2 charging system compatible with the J1772", "for trips. The BMW i3 can charge 0–80% of the battery in under 30 minutes in rapid charging mode. The superchargers developed by Tesla Motors provided up to 130 kW of charging, allowing a 300-mile charge in about an hour. Connectors Most electric cars have used conductive coupling to supply electricity for recharging after CARB settled on the SAE J1772-2001 standard as the charging interface for electric vehicles in California in June 2001. In Europe, the ACEA has decided to use the Type 2 connector from the range of IEC_62196 plug types for conductive charging of electric vehicles in the European", "of 113 mi (182 km) according to Toyota estimates. The EPA rated just one range of 103 mi (166 km). Standard mode is designed to optimize battery life over range; however, the 8-year, 100,000-mile battery warranty cover the packs regardless of the mix of charge modes over the pack’s life. However, due to EPA's procedures, Toyota expects the Monroney label to show the combined range of 103 mi (166 km).\nCharging time with a 40 A/240 V charging station is 5 hours in Standard Mode and 6 hours for Extended Mode; the onboard charger delivers 9.6 kW at 40 amperes input, which yields a recharge time of just", "\"poly\") design, it was rated at 230 bhp (170 kW). The 383 4-barrel rated at 325 bhp (242 kW) and the 426 Street Hemi rated at 425 bhp (317 kW) remained as options. A mere 27 Chargers were built with the 426 engine.\nSales of the 1967 Chargers dropped to half of the previous introductory half-year with a total of 15,788 units. According to automotive historian Patrick Foster, both the AMC Marlin and the very similar looking first generation Dodge Charger \"flopped on the market as sporty car buyers were showing their preference for compact pony cars.\" 1969 The 1969 model year brought few modifications. Exterior changes", "the Dart Charge was introduced in 2014.\nUnder the 2008 Charging Order introduced on 15 November 2008, charges between 10 pm and 6 am were discontinued, but standard daytime rates increased, starting at £1.50 for cars. On 7 October 2012 the charges increased to £2 for cars, £2.50 for 2 axle goods vehicles and £5 for multi-axle goods vehicles. By 2012, local businesses were complaining that the crossing's charge booths were impeding local growth. The government announced that a new electronic charging system would be introduced in 2014. Drivers would be able to pay by phone, text, online or in shops. The charge", "and are often located near restaurants with restrooms. As of May 2019, there are about 1500 stations with 13 thousand chargers.\nThe average number of Tesla cars per Supercharger stall was 34 in 2016. Cost estimates per station range from US$100,000 in 2013 to US$270,000 in 2015, depending on the number of stalls and other circumstances. Tesla estimates that station equipment lasts 12 years. \nMost car charging occurs at home or work, a situation that Tesla has compared to cell phone charging. As of 2014, less than 10% of charging came from Superchargers. In the month of July 2019, Tesla delivered", "updates as much as 60 percent smaller, and app launches up to twice as fast. Battery lifespan extender Similar to many laptops, iOS 13 has a feature to limit the battery charging percentage to 80%.\nThis feature allows leaving the mobile phone charging overnight without needing a timeclocked power outlet for preserving battery lifespan.\nKeeping the battery percentage more centered instead of complete charges and discharges reduces strain onto the battery. This reduces the battery aging of the lithium-ion battery and extends its lifespan, which is a severe issue of mobile phones with non-replaceable batteries. Haptics iOS 13 introduced a new Core Haptics", "its Power Charger, which allows a maximum charge rate of 7.4 kW (single-phase) or 22 kW (three-phase), depending on the supplied power. With a 32-amp power supply, the vehicle will charge to 100% capacity using the Power Charger in approximately 4 hours. Features The instrument panel, which extends the full width of the interior, consists of five screens, including one dedicated 8.8 in (220 mm) instrument display in front of the driver and two large 12.3 in (310 mm) infotainment touchscreen displays flanked by two smaller 6 in (150 mm) displays for what Honda calls its Side Camera Mirror System. The dual infotainment displays can independently run separate" ]

[ "There is no such concept as \"defensive weapon\" in any of the UK legal systems. Anything carried with the sole or primary intent of causing injury upon another is always considered an offensive weapon in the UK.\n\nNote that the perceived intent of usage is important. If you were carrying a baseball bat outside a town park at 11 o'clock on a Sunday morning you'd be highly unlikely to be stopped by the police. If you had the same bat outside the same park at 2am the police would almost certainly consider it an offensive weapon.\n\nAlso note that defending yourself in a threatening situation is perfectly legal in the UK, as long as you use \"proportional force\" and that you haven't pre-armed yourself with a weapon." ]

[ "Phenacyl chloride Riot control agent It was investigated, but not used, during the First and Second World Wars.\nBecause of its significantly greater toxicity, it has largely been supplanted by CS gas. Even though CN is still supplied to paramilitary and police forces in a small pressurized aerosol known as “Mace” or tear gas, its use is falling as pepper spray both works and disperses more quickly than CN and is less toxic than CN.\nThe term \"Mace\" came into being because it was the brand-name invented by one of the first American manufacturers of CN aerosol sprays. Subsequently, in the United", "Mace (spray) Mace is the brand name of an early type of aerosol self-defense spray first invented by Allan Lee Litman in 1965. The first commercial product of its type, Litman's design packaged phenacyl chloride (CN) tear gas dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents into a small aerosol spray can, usable in almost any environment and strong enough (when sprayed in the face) to act as a credible deterrent and incapacitant. It is unrelated to the spice mace. History The original formulation consisted of 1% phenacyl chloride (CN) in a solvent of 2-butanol, propylene glycol, cyclohexene, and dipropylene glycol methyl ether. The", "to buy or to use, and carry none of the risk of cross-contamination of OC aerosol canisters such as pepper spray in confined areas (in houses, if police use pepper spray, the officers may get the spray in their eyes accidentally). Tasers and OC canisters have limited ammunition, whereas batons use none. Like Tasers and pepper spray, batons are referred to as \"less-lethal\" rather than \"non-lethal\". That is, these weapons are not designed to be fatal, but they can be. The baton is considered to have a greater risk of lethality than most less-lethal weapons, and so is higher", "of such a magazine will cause any firearms licenses to be revoked. Personal protection and self-defense In the 1980s and 1990s roughly 7% of firearm licenses were granted for the purpose of personal protection. Since 1998 new licences have not been granted on that basis, although existing permits remain valid. It is still possible to obtain a licence for pepper spray for the purpose of self-defense if a concrete threat exists. Carrying a firearm licensed for hunting or sporting use outside of that specific activity is not allowed. One can nevertheless legally defend himself by any means available, including firearms.", "pain-inducing non-lethal weapons on humans have not been well understood or studied in any great details. Any such studies require explicit consent of all participants so as not to violate the UN Convention against torture and other cruelties. Misuse Pepper spray is one non-lethal weapon alleged to have been misused by American police. In two incidents in California in 1997, police swabbed pepper spray directly into the eyes of protesters. Amnesty International condemned these actions, and claimed that they were likely a violation of the 1984 United Nations Convention Against Torture. Terrorism concerns Loren Thompson, chief operating officer of the", "of weapons. Caning is also a mandatory punishment for certain offences such as rape, drug trafficking, illegal moneylending, and for foreigners who overstay by more than 90 days – a measure designed to deter illegal immigrants.\nWhile most of Singapore's laws on offences punishable by caning were inherited from the British legal system through the Indian Penal Code, the Vandalism Act was only introduced in 1966 after independence, in what has been argued to be an attempt by the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) to suppress the opposition's activities in the 1960s because opposition supporters vandalised public property with anti-PAP graffiti.", "taken in its use to prevent the wrong ammunition from being used.\nA recent addition to the class of riot guns is the pepper ball gun, an example of which is the FN 303. This is essentially a paintball marker, either purpose built for riot control, or modified from a commercial paintball marker. The pepper ball guns use special pepper spray ammunition based on paintball technology, consisting of a gelatin capsule filled with the riot control agent. The guns use compressed gas and provide semiautomatic fire, and the pepperballs act just like paintballs, fracturing on impact and splattering", "move has been welcomed by the country's union for law enforcement. United Kingdom Tasers are considered \"prohibited weapons\" under the Firearms Act 1968 and possession is an offence. The maximum sentence for possession is ten years in prison and an unlimited fine. There is a minimum sentence of 5 years imprisonment if the taser is disguised as another object such as a torch or a mobile phone.\nTaser guns are now used by some British police as a \"less lethal\" weapon. It was also announced in July 2007, that the deployment of Taser by specially trained police units who are", "Kingdom the possession and purchase of any weapon of whatever description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious liquid, gas or other thing is prohibited. This includes electroshock weapons. Argentina In 2010, one court ruled against the use of five imported Tasers by the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police, to comply with a claim from the Human Rights Observatorium, that states that Tasers are considered an instrument of torture by NGOs and the Committee against Torture of the UN. Austria Austria allows police to use stun guns, including Tasers. After using a Taser, police must immediately call for", "Weteye bomb The Weteye bomb was a U.S. chemical weapon designed for the U.S. Navy and meant to deliver the nerve agent sarin. The Weteye held 160 kg (350 lb) of liquid sarin and was officially known as the Mk 116 (Mark 116). Stockpiles of Weteyes were transferred to Utah in the 1980s amidst controversy and protest. History The Weteye bomb was developed for the United States Navy during the early 1960s. The US Navy at China Lake, California attempted to develop a massive chemical bomb with a high fill efficiency (~70%). At the same time the US Army Chemical Center", "Barrister Matthew Scott described the act as an attempt to \"ban pleasure\", saying it could drastically overreach by banning areca nuts, additives used in vapourisers and electronic cigarettes, hop pillows, and the sale of toads and salamanders that naturally produce psychoactive substances. Scott went further and suggested it may also ban flowers and perfumes as the scents can produce an emotional response. He described it as \"bad legislation\", compared its drafting with the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991, and described it as incompatible with a conservative philosophy of only banning something when there is clear evidence of harm.\nThe government's own Advisory", "Fireworks Act states that caning is mandatory for a manager or owner of a company which imports, delivers or sells dangerous fireworks. Another example is the transporting of illegal immigrants; a manager of a company who authorises or participates in such activity can be sentenced to caning. In July 1998, police reported six cases of employers sentenced to imprisonment and caning for hiring illegal immigrants.\nContrary to what has sometimes been misreported, the importation of chewing gum is subject only to fines; it is not and has never been an offence punishable by caning. Caning officers The prison officers who administer", "or modified version of it\" as \"prohibited firearms\". However, Canadian police forces typically treat Tasers as \"prohibited weapons\", inconsistent with the restrictions on firearms.\nThe direct source for this information comes from an independent report produced by Compliance Strategy Group for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The report is called An Independent Review of the Adoption and Use of Conducted Energy Weapons by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In the report that is available through access to information, the authors argued that the CEW was, for several years after its adoption by the RCMP, erroneously characterized as a prohibited \"weapon\" under", "the chemical agent on impact. These can be used for direct fire, to break the balls on the target, or indirect fire, breaking near the target and spraying the agent into the target's vicinity.\nPolice have been known to use paintball guns loaded with paint projectiles, to mark particular rioters so that police can easily identify and arrest them later.\nSome weapons discharge teargas as a solution in water: see Category:Teargas solution squirters. Legal issues Large-bore launchers are classified as firearms in most countries. Shotguns intended for riot use are semi-automatic shotguns subject to relevant regulations. Riot control ammunition may", "offensive back up the case for the use of weapons by the United States, while reporters who were stationed in Iraq discuss the American government's attempts to suppress the news by covert means. Incendiary weapons used against personnel and civilians The film states that the use of napalm and similar agents was banned by the United Nations in 1980 for use against civilians and also for use against military targets in proximity to civilians.\nThe use of white phosphorus, as a marker, smokescreen layer or as a weapon, is not banned by Protocol III of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional", "their use by private security companies, but such use is unusual because of the expense of maintaining a Taser compared with an ordinary gun. Canada According to previous interpretation of the Firearms Act, Tasers were considered \"prohibited weapons\" and could be used only by members of law-enforcement agencies after they were imported into the country under a special permit. The possession of restricted weapons must be licensed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Canadian Firearms Program unless exempted by law. A 2008 review of the Firearms Act found that the act classifies \"the Taser Public Defender and any variant", ".68 caliber paintball guns.\nStink bombs are devices designed to create an extremely unpleasant smell for riot control and area denial purposes. Stink bombs are believed to be less dangerous than other riot control chemicals, since they are effective at low concentrations. Sticky foam weapons are being tested, which cover and immobilize rioters with a gooey foam.\nLow frequency sound cannons are weapons of various types that use sound to injure or incapacitate subjects using a focused beam of sound or infrasound. Active denial systems (ADS) are a non-lethal, directed-energy weapon developed by the U.S. military. The ADS directs electromagnetic radiation, specifically,", "vanishing spray is said to help prevent unnecessary delays by preventing the defensive team from encroaching closer than the mandated 10 yards (9.1 m) from the ball during a free kick, and also by preventing the attacking team from illegally moving the ball from the spot where the referee awarded the kick. Its use in football is not regulated by the Laws of the Game, with authorisation being in the hands of the governing body of a match, league, or tournament. Overview Vanishing spray is applied from an aerosol can carried by the referee in a holster secured to their shorts.", "the first place. The point of unauthorized use by the police was also raised by Dirk Ryneveld, British Columbia's Police Complaint Commissioner at the Braidwood inquiry on June 25, 2008. Taser safety and issues have been extensively rehearsed and investigated after the Robert Dziekański Taser incident at Vancouver International Airport. Czech Republic Electroshock weapons that require direct contact are not regulated by Czech law. They may be purchased, owned and carried for personal protection without any limitations and are a popular choice for self-defense alongside pepper sprays by people who don't have a license to carry a concealed firearm.\nTasers are", "Calico M100 Legislation Possessing a unique 100-round helical-fed magazine mounted on top of the weapon, the introduction of the Federal assault weapons ban made manufacture of the Calico family of weapons for sale to civilians illegal, until the legislation expired on September 13, 2004, in accordance with its sunset provision. \nThe company is now allowed to build the exotic firearms in their original configuration.", "of federally defined features that could cause a rifle to be defined as illegal, if the lower receiver was manufactured after the effective date of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban that went into effect in 1994 in the United States. In the context of that law, the National Rifle Association deemed flash suppressors a \"cosmetic feature\". This ban expired in 2004, although some states, such as California, Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey, have similar bans in place restricting the use of flash suppressors. Germany & Australia Flash suppressors and muzzle brakes can be legally acquired and used on all", "prevent removal once in place. Earlier Taser models had difficulty in penetrating thick clothing, but newer versions (X26, C2) use a \"shaped pulse\" that increases effectiveness in the presence of barriers.\nTasers may provide a safety benefit to police officers. Tasers have a greater deployment range than batons, pepper spray or empty hand techniques. This allows police to maintain a greater distance. A study of use-of-force incidents by the Calgary Police Service conducted by the Canadian Police Research Centre found that the use of Tasers resulted in fewer injuries than the use of batons or empty hand techniques. The study found", "states. Tasers are illegal for civilians to possess in the states of Hawaii and Rhode Island.\nIn 1991, a Taser supplied by Tasertron to the Los Angeles Police Department failed to subdue Rodney King—even after he was shocked twice with the device—causing officers to believe he was on PCP. Its lack of effectiveness was blamed on a possible battery problem. Legality Taser devices are considered the same as firearms by the United States government for the purposes of the Second Amendment protection, the right to keep and bear arms. They can be legally carried (concealed or openly) without a permit in", "sale or trade of amyl nitrite without permission violates the drug laws of the corresponding countries. Occasionally, poppers were seized from sex shops, when sold there illegally. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, poppers are sold in nightclubs, bars, sex shops, drug paraphernalia head shops, over the Internet, and in markets. It is illegal under Medicines Act 1968 to sell them advertised for human consumption. The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs noted in 2011 that poppers, rather than being psychoactive substance or 'legal high', \"appear to fall within the scope of The Intoxicating Substances (Supply) Act 1985\". The", "Blow (drink) FDA Action On January 31, 2008, the Food and Drug Administration sent a Warning Letter to Blow. According to the FDA, Blow is a drug under 21 U.S.C. §321(g)(l) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and violates the Act because it was not approved by the FDA.", "Legality Allen's came into some legal question when the United States placed a ban on caffeinated alcoholic beverages. However, with a significantly lower caffeine content, produced by the coffee flavorings and not added intentionally as with Four Loko and the other alcoholic energy drinks targeted by the ban, Allen's Coffee Brandy is still legal to sell.", "Despite this prohibition, gun manufacturers skirted the ban by making cosmetic changes to their weapons to comply with the law. The Clinton administration reviewed the case, and as a result banned certain weapons from import. \nThe VPC argues that today the import ban has for the most part been abandoned, and foreign-made assault weapons—whole and in parts—are being freely imported into the United States. In response, the VPC has asked the ATF to enforce a ban on the import of foreign-made assault weapons. Eddie Eagle study In November, 1997 the Violence Policy Center published a study of the National", "cases in recent years have addressed the legality of Taser use by police officers. In Bryan v. MacPherson, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that a Taser had been used in a way that constituted excessive force and hence a violation of the Fourth Amendment. In the latter case Mattos v. Agarano, the same Court of Appeals found that in two situations involving Taser use, one in Dry Stun and one in dart mode, officers had used excessive force. According to an article in Police Chief magazine, this decision implies guidelines for the use of Tasers and other Electronic", "banning it. Besides, if you banned pink, there would be a toddlers' revolution. It speaks to their deepest instincts of what is feminine\". International impact Pinkstinks has attracted attention in other countries and has inspired the setting up of a similar campaign in Germany, set up in 2012 and based in Hamburg-Eimsbüttel.", "against publications for reporting slurs against them, and that a libel law that usually favors plaintiffs was sending a chill through the British press." ]

[ "To answer your questions: no, and yes. \n\nBacterial infections treated by antibiotics vary widely. There are gram negative and positive, cocci and bacilli and several other ways to isolate or classify organisms. A physician will order a culture/sensitivity test which takes several days to determine what cootie you're growing and what antibiotic it is most sensitive to. Antibiotic stewardship follows treating the infection with the least broad spectrum medicine available to avoid creating more resistant strains. Also remember the common cold is a virus which are not affected by antibiotics." ]

[ "engineering Many researchers are developing methods that use bacteria to deliver drugs. These bacteria can be “programmed” to perform a specific task, and can be directed to go to targeted locations in the body. However, the bacteria may damage healthy organs or fail to deliver the medicine to the sick organ in the case of a malfunction. In such cases, a fail-safe mechanism is required to neutralize the bacteria and prevent damage. An antibiotic is generally suitable as the fail-safe agent.", "the lab to combat pathogenicity. Each of these three types of antimicrobials can be classified into two subsequent groups: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidal substances kill microorganisms while bacteriostatic substances inhibit microbial growth.\nThe main problem with pathogenic drug treatments in the modern world is drug resistance. Many patients don't take the full treatment of drugs, leading to the natural selection of resistant bacteria. One example of this is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Because of antibiotic overuse, only the bacteria which have developed genetic mutations to combat the drug can survive. This reduces drug effectiveness and", "supposed superiority of bactericidal agents over bacteriostatic agents is of little relevance when treating the vast majority of infections with gram-positive bacteria, particularly in patients with uncomplicated infections and noncompromised immune systems. Bacteriostatic agents have been effectively used for treatment that are considered to require bactericidal activity. Furthermore, some broad classes of antibacterial agents considered bacteriostatic can exhibit bactericidal activity against some bacteria on the basis of in vitro determination of MBC/MIC values. At high concentrations, bacteriostatic agents are often bactericidal against some susceptible organisms. The ultimate guide to treatment of any infection must be clinical outcome.", "species to show antibiotic (both antibacterial and antifungal) activity against all six microorganisms tested, namely, the human pathogenic bacteris Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and the yeast Candida albicans.", "Bacteriostatic agent A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise. Depending on their application, bacteriostatic antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives can be distinguished. When bacteriostatic antimicrobials are used, the duration of therapy must be sufficient to allow host defense mechanisms to eradicate the bacteria. Upon removal of the bacteriostat, the bacteria usually start to grow again. This is in contrast to bactericides, which kill bacteria.\nBacteriostats are often used in plastics to prevent growth of bacteria on surfaces. Bacteriostats commonly used in laboratory work include", "(i.e., metronidazole) generally should not be given because they may enhance systemic infection by aerobic or facultative bacteria, thus facilitating mortality after irradiation.\nAn empirical regimen of antimicrobials should be chosen based on the pattern of bacterial susceptibility and nosocomial infections in the affected area and medical center and the degree of neutropenia. Broad-spectrum empirical therapy (see below for choices) with high doses of one or more antibiotics should be initiated at the onset of fever. These antimicrobials should be directed at the eradication of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli (i.e., Enterobacteriace, Pseudomonas) that account for more than three quarters of the isolates", "determined (for example, alcoholism puts patients at risk for Klebsiella pneumonia). Then, the most likely bacterial species for this type of infection are identified (for lobar pneumonia in healthy adults: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, etc). Lastly, an antibiotic or group of antibiotics are chosen that are reliably effective against the potential species of bacteria (for example in lobar pneumonia, levofloxacin covers the majority of relevant bacteria). Clinicians often aim to choose empiric antibiotic combinations that cover all appropriate bacteria but minimize coverage of inappropriate bacteria, as to reduce the incidence of antimicrobial resistance (see below). Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have been shown", "possible alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments for bacterial infection. It is conceivable that, although bacteria can develop resistance to phage, the resistance might be easier to overcome than resistance to antibiotics. Just as bacteria can evolve resistance, viruses can evolve to overcome resistance.\nBacteriophages are very specific, targeting only one or a few strains of bacteria. Traditional antibiotics have a more wide-ranging effect, killing both harmful bacteria and useful bacteria such as those facilitating food digestion. The species and strain specificity of bacteriophages makes it unlikely that harmless or useful bacteria will be killed when fighting an infection.\nA few research groups", "pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, have varying levels of resistance to antimicrobials. As such, it is difficult to prescribe correct antimicrobials. The MIC is determined in such cases by growing the pathogen isolate from the patient on plate or broth, which is later used in the assay. Thus, knowledge of the MIC will provide a physician valuable information for making a prescription. Accurate and precise usage of antimicrobials is also important in the context of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Microbes such as bacteria have been gaining resistance to antimicrobials they were previously susceptible to. Usage of incompatible or sub-MIC levels", "active antimicrobials such as lactic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peptide bacteriocins. Some LABs produce the antimicrobial nisin, which is a particularly effective preservative.\nThese days, LAB bacteriocins are used as an integral part of hurdle technology. Using them in combination with other preservative techniques can effectively control spoilage bacteria and other pathogens, and can inhibit the activities of a wide spectrum of organisms, including inherently resistant Gram-negative bacteria.", "new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin). Production With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and", "in order to effectively infect and kill bacteria. Bioengineering can play a role in creating successful bacteriophages.\nUnderstanding the mutual interactions and evolutions of bacterial and phage populations in the environment of a human or animal body is essential for rational phage therapy.\nBacteriophagics are used against antibiotic resistant bacteria in Georgia (George Eliava Institute) and in one institute in Wrocław, Poland. Bacteriophage cocktails are common drugs sold over the counter in pharmacies in eastern countries.", "was found that using probiotics, competitive exclusion, enzymes, immunomodulators and organic acids prevents the spread of bacteria and can all be used in place of antibiotics. Another research team was able to use bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages in the control of bacterial infections. While further research is needed in this field, alternative methods have been identified in effectively controlling bacterial infections in animals. All of the alternative methods listed pose no known threat to human health and all can lead the elimination of antibiotics in factory farms. With further research it is highly likely that a cost effective and", "frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial.\nTo predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy. Combination therapy In important infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, combination therapy (i.e., the concurrent application of two or more antibiotics) has been used to delay or prevent the emergence of resistance. In acute bacterial infections, antibiotics as part of combination therapy are prescribed for their synergistic effects to", "as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis and to shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease, thus promoting persistent infection. Other Food industry - Since 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) have approved several bacteriophage products. LMP-102 (Intralytix) was approved for treating ready-to-eat (RTE) poultry and meat products. In that same year, the FDA approved LISTEX (developed and produced by Micreos) using bacteriophages on cheese to kill", "antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria. Antibiotic choice depends initially on the characteristics of the person affected, such as age, underlying health, and the location the infection was acquired. Antibiotic use is also associated with side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, taste distortion, or headaches. In the UK, treatment before culture results with amoxicillin is recommended as the first line for community-acquired pneumonia, with doxycycline or clarithromycin as alternatives. In North America, where the \"atypical\" forms of community-acquired pneumonia are more common, macrolides (such as azithromycin or erythromycin), and doxycycline have displaced amoxicillin as first-line outpatient treatment in adults. In", "Bactericide Antibiotics Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria; bacteriostatic antibiotics slow their growth or reproduction.\nBactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis: the beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems) and vancomycin.\nAlso bactericidal are daptomycin, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, co-trimoxazole, telithromycin.\nAminoglycosidic antibiotics are usually considered bactericidal, although they may be bacteriostatic with some organisms.\nThe distinction between bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents appears to be clear according to the basic/clinical definition, but this only applies under strict laboratory conditions and it is important to distinguish microbiological and clinical definitions. The distinction is more arbitrary when agents are categorized in clinical situations. The", "antimicrobials are given to a person before the specific bacterium or fungus causing an infection is known. Fighting an infection sooner rather than later is important to minimize morbidity, risk, and complications for serious infections like sepsis and suspected bacterial meningitis. Other than antibiotics Another much less common sense of the term empiric therapy involves quackery, and empiric as a noun has been used as a synonym of quack. \nThis sense applies when the amount of guessing involved by the clinician transcends so far beyond science that the standard of care is not upheld. Whereas prescribing a broad-spectrum antibiotic to", "resistance and cross-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This was not observed with exposure to chlorhexidine or a hydrogen peroxide-based agent (during the conditions in said study). Alternatives A comprehensive analysis in 2007 from the University of Michigan School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are just as effective as consumer-grade antibacterial soaps with triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands. This is despite the fact that the World Health Organization, the American College of Surgeons and the Surgical Infection Society point out the antibacterial benefit of triclosan.\nNonorganic antibiotics and organic biocides are effective alternatives", "that found in the host. An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilising the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilised to prevent contamination by", "(typhoid fever), Mycobacterium (leprosy and tuberculosis) and Listeria (listeriosis), to name but a few, are intracellular.\nSeveral antibiotics cannot penetrate eukaryotic cells. Therefore, these antibiotics cannot hurt intracellular bacteria that are already internalized. Using such antibiotics enables us to differentiate between bacteria that succeed in penetrating eukaryotic cells and those that do not. Applying such an antibiotic to a culture of eukaryotic cells infected with bacteria would kill the bacteria that remain outside the cells while sparing the ones that penetrated. The antibiotic of choice for this assay is the aminoglycoside gentamicin. Procedure HeLa cells are commonly used as eukaryotic cells", "caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, but other types of antibiotics are more potent and less damaging to the host. In the past, the aminoglycosides have been used in conjunction with beta-lactam antibiotics in streptococcal infections for their synergistic effects, in particular in endocarditis. One of the most frequent combinations is ampicillin (a beta-lactam, or penicillin-related antibiotic) and gentamicin. Often, hospital staff refer to this combination as \"amp and gent\" or more recently called \"pen and gent\" for penicillin and gentamicin. Nonsense suppression The interference with mRNA proofreading has been exploited to treat genetic diseases that", "If the culture result is negative, antibiotics should be de-escalated according to person's clinical response or stopped altogether if infection is not present to decrease the chances that the person is infected with multiple drug resistance organisms. In case of people having high risk of being infected with multiple drug resistance organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, addition of antibiotic specific to gram-negative organism is recommended. For Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin or teicoplanin is recommended. For Legionella infection, addition of macrolide or fluoroquinolone is chosen. If fungal infection is suspected, an echinocandin, such as caspofungin or micafungin, is", "against pathogens, can be recolonized with favorable bacteria, which in turn has therapeutic effects.\nFMT is being used as a new and effective treatment for C. diff infections, a gastrointestinal disease in which Clostridium difficile colonizes the gut of an organism disrupting microbial balance and causing diarrhea that can potentially be deadly. Bacteriotherapy has also begun to be used in the treatment of mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Recolonization of gut flora can be used effectively in the treatment of mental disorders because of the existence of the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional route of communication", "cannot defend against. Failing to take the antibiotics until the prescription is depleted can cause the bacteria to \"rebound\" in a new form, possessing a greater resistance to antibiotics (MRSA developed through this process). Antivenin availability CroFab antivenin is effective in treating A. c. phaeogaster bites, but it may cause severe anaphylactic shock and should not be used in any individuals allergic to anything contained within the formula, unless the allergy is limited to nonlethal grievances such as rashes and itching. One other exception to this occurs when the envenomation is so severe that the victims' doctors determine this risk", "L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, and L. casei), had the most potential to be useful for certain central nervous system disorders. Effects of antibiotic use Altering the numbers of gut bacteria, for example by taking broad-spectrum antibiotics, may affect the host's health and ability to digest food. Antibiotics can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) by irritating the bowel directly, changing the levels of gut flora, or allowing pathogenic bacteria to grow. Another harmful effect of antibiotics is the increase in numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria found after their use, which, when they invade the host, cause illnesses that are difficult to treat with", "botanical applications, and are used as a source of many antibiotics and pesticides. Antimicrobial properties Many species of Actinomycetes produce antimicrobial compounds under certain conditions and growth media. Streptomycin, actinomycin, and streptothricin are all medically important antibiotics isolated from Actinomycetes bacteria. Almost two-thirds of the natural antimicrobial drug compounds used currently are produced by different species of Actinomycetes.", "the causative agent of the disease, regardless of whether it is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites, bacteriologist through various coloration's, microscopic observation, specific crops for growth of each organism, biochemical tests whether manual, semi-automated or automated used to determine the genus and species of the organism causing the disease. a bacteriologist should be able to identify and name any parasitic observe microscopic structure, recently antimicrobial susceptibility tests have become very important for the emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains in clinical microbiology section of the laboratory tests performed bacteriologists antimicrobial susceptibility to determine which antibiotics should treat various", "drugs via environmental exposures, many researchers have speculated about the potential for inducing an antibiotic resistance. One study found 10 different antibiotics in sewage treatment effluents, surface water, and sediments. Some microbiologists believe that if antibiotic concentrations are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a species of pathogenic bacteria, a selective pressure would be exerted and, as a result, antibiotic resistance would be selectively promoted. It has also been proven that at even sub-inhibitory concentrations (e.g., one-fourth of the MIC), several antibiotics are able to have an effect on gene expression (e.g., as shown for the modulation of", "Antibiotic Medical uses Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial infections, and sometimes protozoan infections. (Metronidazole is effective against a number of parasitic diseases). When an infection is suspected of being responsible for an illness but the responsible pathogen has not been identified, an empiric therapy is adopted. This involves the administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take several days.\nWhen the responsible pathogenic microorganism is already known or has been identified, definitive therapy can be started. This will usually involve the use of a narrow-spectrum" ]

[ "Coincidence, confirmation bias and faulty memory.\n\nThere are no special forces. Rather, sometimes when you happen to think of someone they will contact you soon after. More frequently when you happen to think of someone, they won't contact you at all. Human memories are fairly flawed. Some of us might think we are masters of remembering stuff, but really, we aren't. Maybe rough lines, but details? Nope. And our memories are quite easy to influence as well, both by others and by ourselves.\n\nAll of this leads to the situation where you are more likely to remember those times you were thinking of someone and they just happened to call you. That makes you believe someone is always calling you as you think of them (because you don't remember the more frequent times when they don't) and you confirm your bias with your flawed recollection. \n\nJust grab a notepad and start marking down every time someone crosses your mind, even for a moment. Write down when these people call you. Do this for a week, and you'll quickly see that you think of people far more often than they call you, and them calling you is not related to you thinking about them.", "Confirmation bias:\nYou don't notice all the times you didn't think of someone before they called you but the coincidence times you do stick in your mind more." ]

[ "situations in which a person’s thoughts do not fully do justice to what they are actually thinking. When having conversations, people may tend to say “That’s not what I had meant to say” or may wonder why they said something, when they realize that they are saying something which might not accurately depict what they are thinking internally. People will do this all the time, and this was a topic that Wundt used Völkerpsychologie to study. When someone disagrees with a statement that someone has made in conversation, we may find ourselves interrupting with a “What? Wait a minute, you", "processing are evident in many psychological phenomena. For example, the \"cocktail party effect\" notes that people attend to the sound of their names even during other conversation or more prominent, distracting noise. Also, people tend to evaluate things related to themselves more positively (This is thought to be an aspect of implicit self-esteem). For example, people tend to prefer their own initials over other letters. The self-reference effect (SRE) has received the most attention through investigations into memory. The concepts of self-referential encoding and the SRE rely on the notion that relating information to the self during the process of", "attention on the inner feeling of 'I' and to hold that feeling as long as possible. They would be told that if their attention was distracted by other thoughts they should revert to awareness of the 'I'-thought whenever they became aware that their attention had wandered. He suggested various aids to assist this process – one could ask oneself 'Who am I?’ or 'Where does this I come from?’ — but the ultimate aim was to be continuously aware of the 'I' which assumes that it is responsible for all the activities of the body and the mind.\nSelf-enquiry can be", "to a machine that could \"transfer thoughts\" from one person to another. They were then told a target word, and were to click a mouse every time they thought about the target word. However, they were only to click the mouse when they believed the target word they were thinking of was not generated by their own mind. It was stressed that the paradigm did not always work and that it was okay to not experience another person's thoughts. The vast majority (72%) of participants made at least one misattribution of agency, meaning they attributed a thought they experienced", "when we use their own body language to communicate, provided we respond using the repertoire of their personal behaviours. We are shifting their attention from solitary self-stimulation to shared activity\" It is important to pay attention to how they do this and the feelings behind it, just mimicking tends to only catch their attention for a short period of time; we need to answer. By echoing them, this will interact with their brain in a positive way and reducing stress, \"Aloneness becomes a shared interest.\" Legitimacy Phoebe Caldwell has been recognised ) by BBC news and The Times. She", "see for example that whenever certain questions arise, there are fleeting sensations of fear, which push him away from consideration of those questions, and of pleasure, which attract his thoughts and cause them to be occupied with other questions. So, one is able to keep away from whatever it is that he thinks may disturb him. And as a result, he can be subtle at defending his own ideas, when he supposes that he is really listening to what other people have to say. When we come together to talk, or otherwise to act in common, can each one of", "feel in order to reduce the conflict and turn off the alarms.\" Alternative explanations Psychologist Yu Niiya attributes the phenomenon to the requestee reciprocating a perceived attempt by the requester to ignite friendly relations. This theory would explain the Ben Franklin effect's absence when an intermediary is used. Converse The opposite case is also believed to be true, namely that we come to hate a person whom we did wrong to. We de-humanize them to justify the bad things we did to them.\nIt has been suggested that if soldiers who have killed enemy servicemen in combat situations later come to", "is the lack of emotional cues. Facial cues dictate the mood and corresponding diction of two people in a conversation. During phone conversations, tone of voice communicates the emotions of the person on the other line. But with chat rooms, instant messaging apps and texting, any signals that would indicate the tone of a person's words or their state of emotion are absent. Because of this, there have been some interesting accommodations. Perhaps the two most prevalent compensating behaviors are the use of emoticons and abbreviations. Emoticons use punctuation marks to illustrate common symbols that pertain to facial cues. For", "fears are often linked to the absence of body language over a phone line, and the individual fearing a loss of their sense of control. Sufferers typically report fear that they might fail to respond appropriately in the conversation, or find themselves with nothing to say, leading to embarrassing silence, stammering, or stuttering. Past experiences, such as receiving traumatic news, or enduring an unpleasant and angry call, may also play a part in creating fear. Symptoms A variety of symptoms can be seen in someone suffering from telephone phobia, many of which are shared with anxiety. These symptoms may include", "You're watching the thoughts come. As soon as the thoughts come, in a gentle way you enquire, 'To whom do these thoughts come? They come to me. I think them. Who is this I? Where did it come from? How did it arise? From where did it arise? Who is the I? Who am I?' You remain still. The thoughts come again. You do the same thing again and again and again.", "presentation of what they are thinking, even to the point of changing the focus of their eyes. Someone thinking in terms of hearing might turn their eyes as much as possible to one of their ears. A person thinking in terms of what they feel could look downwards, as if looking toward their emotion coming from their body.\nWhether or not someone intends to send a particular meaning, or someone else perceives meaning correctly, the exchange of communication happens and can initiate emotion. It is important to understand these dynamics, because we often establish relationships (on small and grand scales) with", "could cause lags in the screen updates. In such cases, even some small head motions could trigger the motion sickness by the defense mechanism that mentioned above: The inner ear transmits to the brain that it senses motion, but the eyes tell the brain that everything is still. As a result of the incongruity, the brain concludes that the individual is hallucinating and further concludes that the hallucination is due to poison ingestion. The brain responds by inducing vomiting, to clear the supposed toxin. Motion seen but not felt In these cases, motion is detected by the visual system and", "has, as its very reality, an inner warrant to command assent, and that invisible predeterminations constitute it and make it definable as that which has an antecedent call on the intellect\nDEWART ON CONSCIOUS COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTERS\nIndeed, some people who have first hand acquaintance with speech are nevertheless so confused about what they do when they speak - and therefore when they think - that they even wonder whether computers do not think.\nAn eminent computer scientist once thus proposed - he was serious, and convinced many of his colleagues - that unless one could tell the difference between teleprinter exchanges between", "life. There is an absence of discursive thought and judgment, so the person is totally free to act and react towards an opponent without hesitation and without disturbance from such thoughts. At this point, a person relies not on what they think should be the next move, but what is their trained natural reaction (or instinct) or what is felt intuitively. It is not a state of relaxed, near-sleepfulness, however. The mind could be said to be working at a very high speed, but with no intention, plan or direction.\nSome masters believe that mushin is the state where", "allowed students to engage more deeply with the information presented. Still, Derounian mentioned that there could be \"an element of social desirability conveyed in the student views given.\"\nAn article by Emma Henderson, a journalist for the United Kingdom (UK) publication The Independent, describes phantom vibrations caused by \"learned bodily behavior,\" where the part of the body to which the phone is closest becomes very sensitive. As a result, even the slightest vibrations can cause a person to believe that the phone has vibrated when, in reality, it has not. These are known as phantom vibrations. Nine out of ten people", "processes that occur in the brain and nervous system, and (c) the observable expressive patterns of emotion, particularly those on the face\" (p. 4). This third component is where oculesics plays a role in nonverbal communication of emotion.\nOculesics is a primary form of communicating emotion. The study of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) establishes three main types of thinking: in terms of what you see, hear or feel. According to this science, oculesics can show which type of thinking someone is using when they are communicating. A person thinking visually might physically turn their eyes away, as if to look at an imagined", "of The Tomorrow People). A person taking a mind burst experiences an overload of incoming telepathic information, which will cause the person to pass out.\nA telepath is usually depicted as being born with telepathic abilities or developing them gradually in childhood. But in the case of those people with latent telepathic abilities, the ability can be suddenly switched on. Stress or body changes can cause this.\nPeople experiencing a mind burst are usually taken in for medical care. When they wake up, a trained telepath is usually on hand to help them. Prior to the Telepath War,", "by subtle clues (Hyman 1977).\nSome operators claim to use ideomotor responses to communicate with a subject's \"unconscious mind\" using a system of physical signals (such as finger movements) for the unconscious mind to indicate \"yes\", \"no\", \"I don't know\", or \"I'm not ready to know that consciously\".\nA simple experiment to demonstrate the ideomotor effect is to allow a hand-held pendulum to hover over a sheet of paper. The paper has keywords such as YES, NO and MAYBE printed on it. Small movements in the hand, in response to questions, can cause the pendulum to move towards key words on the", "the listener what to do. Sometimes the commands are quite benign directives such as \"Stand up\" or \"Shut the door.\" Whether it is a command for something simple or something that is a threat, it is still considered a \"command hallucination.\" Some helpful questions that can assist one in figuring out if he/she may be suffering from this include: \"What are the voices telling you to do?\", \"When did your voices first start telling you to do things?\", \"Do you recognize the person who is telling you to harm yourself (or others)?\", \"Do you think you can resist doing what", "that her training took for granted that the process worked, and that the complexity of facilitation made it hard to realise that messages were coming from her expectations and not from her patients: \n\"When you're facilitating, you're so distracted by other things. You're carrying on conversations, you're asking and answering questions, you're trying to look at the person to see if they're looking at the keyboard...Your brain is so engaged that you lose sight of what's happening with your hand...that's what makes it feel like it's working because the more you practice it, the more the movements feel really fluid.”\nScott", "be coming from, but can actually manipulate how one reacts to an experience as well, given that it is vision that is taking charge.\nA study by Remington, Johnston, & Yantis (1992) found that attention is involuntarily drawn away from a given task when a visual stimulus interferes. In this study, participants were presented with four boxes; they were told that an image would precede a letter that they were to memorize. The conditions were either to attend to the same box, a different one, all four, or to focus on the center. However, even though they were told to not", "process. If the person is exposed to a stimulus, and they choose to pay attention, the brain will treat that mediated message like it was reality. That is, the brain creates an \"orienting response (OR), which is an automatic cognitive response to novel information\". This response is a cognitive reaction to a change in the environment, and can be measured via implicit measures of recognition and explicit measures such as electrochemical reactions in the body. These cognitive processes can be both automatic, as in the case of OR’s, or controlled. In either event, the next step in the message engagement", "like this, your mind, you're in a combat situation. Your mind is functioning. You're not thinking in a normal way. Your memory isn't even working normally. You are so hyped up. Your vision actually changes. Your field of view changes. Your capabilities change. What you are capable of changes. You are under adrenaline, a drug called adrenaline. And you respond very quickly, and you think very quickly. That's all. ... You think! You think, you analyze, and you act. And in any situation, you just have to think more quickly than your opposition. That's all. You know. Speed is very", "up to 10 seconds before the subject acted – well before the subject felt they had decided. This data is even more striking in light of other research suggesting that the decision to move, and possibly the ability to cancel that movement at the last second, may be the results of unconscious processing.\nJohn Dylan-Haynes has also demonstrated that fMRI can be used to identify whether a volunteer is about to add or subtract two numbers in their head. Virtual environments It has also been shown that brain-reading can be achieved in a complex virtual environment. Emotions Just and Mitchell also", "voice saying, \"loudly and distinctly\": ‘You can't do it, you know\". He adds: \n\"It was so clear and resonant that I turned and looked at my companion who was gazing placidly at the screen ... I was amazed and somewhat relieved when it became apparent that I was the only person who had heard anything.\"\nThis case would be an example of what Posey and Losch call \"hearing a comforting or advising voice that is not perceived as being one's own thoughts\". They estimated that approximately 10% of their population of 375 American college students had this type of experience.\nIt has", "that you are in the surroundings you suppose you are in ... various hypotheses could explain how things look and feel. You might be sound asleep and dreaming or a playful brain surgeon might be giving you these experiences by stimulating your cortex in a special way. You might really be stretched out on a table in his laboratory with wires running into your head from a large computer. Perhaps you have always been on that table. Perhaps you are quite a different person from what you seem...\"\nSuch scenarios had been used many times in science fiction but in philosophy", "patients have also stated that at some point in time they were being manipulated by an exterior or interior force depending on the delusion that the patient faced and only later realized that thoughts weren't theirs, this is linked to patients \"losing control\" of what they do.\n\nExamples of thought insertion: \nShe said that sometimes it seemed to be her own thought 'but I don't get the feeling that it is'. She said her 'own thoughts might say the same thing', 'but the feeling isn't the same', 'the feeling is that it is somebody else's.'\nI look out the window and I", "They may also feel uncomfortable meeting people they do not know, and act distant when they are with large groups of people. In some cases, they may show evidence of this disorder by avoiding eye contact, or blushing when someone is talking to them.\nAccording to psychologist B. F. Skinner, phobias are controlled by escape and avoidance behaviors. For instance, a student may leave the room when talking in front of the class (escape) and refrain from doing verbal presentations because of the previously encountered anxiety attack (avoid). Major avoidance behaviors could include an almost pathological or compulsive lying behavior in", "reasons. It may be its brightness or intensity, its predictive capacity, or other features such as uniqueness or enormity that catches one's attention.\nOnce the attention is engaged, our brain will begin to process this information and make assessments and judgements about the encounter. Our minds and bodies will activate useful memories, biological responses and feelings that were generated from prior encounters with the object of similar objects. These memory-evaluative-feeling-biology responses will determine if the object is salient. If it is salient, we will devote more cognitive processing resources to the encounter and it will enhance or", "feeling of agency. If there is a mismatch between the body and its predicted position, perhaps due to obstructions or other cognitive disruption, no feeling of agency occurs.\nJones and Fernyhough believe that the forward model might explain AVH and inner speech. Perhaps, if inner speech is a normal action, then the malfunction in schizophrenic patients is not the fact that actions (i.e. voices) are occurring at all. Instead, it may be that they are experiencing normal, inner speech, but the generation of the predictive efferent copy is malfunctioning. Without an efferent copy, motor commands are judged as alien (i.e. one" ]

[ "They provide step inputs to your suspension that can't be completely soaked up by the shock absorbers, causing the vehicle and its contents to vibrate at an audio frequency that most people are sensitive to.\n\nHere is what the [US Federal Highway System](_URL_0_) has to say about them." ]

[ "it can be quickly torn by hand, and its tight weave of cotton fibers allows for straight tearing without stretching. In addition to creating spike marks in performance areas, spike tape also makes a good material for bundling, decorating and labeling.\nSpike tape may also be fluorescent (in which case it is made of plastic or vinyl rather than cotton) so that it can be easily seen by the running crews moving set pieces during a dark scene change. This is usually referred to as \"glow tape\" or \"glo-tape\". Glow tape is notoriously less sticky than spike tape and", "Roll slitting Roll slitting is a shearing operation that cuts a large roll of material into narrower rolls. There are two types of slitting: log slitting and rewind slitting. In log slitting the roll of material is treated as a whole (the 'log') and one or more slices are taken from it without an unrolling/re-reeling process. In rewind slitting the web is unwound and run through the machine, passing through knives or lasers, before being rewound on one or more shafts to form narrower rolls. The multiple narrower strips of material may be known as mults (short", "strip. This single continuous curve demonstrates that the Möbius strip has only one boundary.\nCutting a Möbius strip along the center line with a pair of scissors yields one long strip with two full twists in it, rather than two separate strips; the result is not a Möbius strip. This happens because the original strip only has one edge that is twice as long as the original strip. Cutting creates a second independent edge, half of which was on each side of the scissors. Cutting this new, longer, strip down the middle creates two strips wound around each other, each", "with two full twists.\nIf the strip is cut along about a third of the way in from the edge, it creates two strips: One is a thinner Möbius strip – it is the center third of the original strip, comprising one-third of the width and the same length as the original strip. The other is a longer but thin strip with two full twists in it – this is a neighborhood of the edge of the original strip, and it comprises one-third of the width and twice the length of the original strip.\nOther analogous strips can be obtained by similarly", "slitting involves cutting it into several sheets. Aluminum foil is the most commonly produced product via pack rolling. This is evident from the two different surface finishes; the shiny side is on the roll side and the dull side is against the other sheet of foil. Ring rolling Ring rolling is a specialized type of hot rolling that increases the diameter of a ring. The starting material is a thick-walled ring. This workpiece is placed between two rolls, an inner idler roll and a driven roll, which presses the ring from the outside. As the rolling occurs the wall thickness", "the characters talk with their mouths closed. Their dialogue has many exclamation points when they talk quietly or nicely like the dialogue in Peanuts. Also, in some strips, there are repeated drawings and lines (i.e. in the May 21, 2008 strip, Buckles steps back from a harmless garter snake, horrified. He then hides behind Paul, who rolls his eyes and says, \"For crying out loud, Buckles! It's just a harmless garter snake!\" After that, like Buckles, Paul steps back from the harmless garter snake, horrified. Then he hides behind Jill, who is gardening but rolls her eyes, saying, \"For crying", "Decambering Processes Decambering may be accomplished by a choice of several processes:\nThe material may be \"stretchformed\" or stretched typically 1-2% elongation past its elastic limit, such that the camber is strained out, and the strip relaxes straight. Typically this is accomplished by routing the strip through two sets of 180 degree or more wrap driven \"bridle rolls\" with the second rolls rotating faster than the first. Cut strip can be gripped each end then stretched on a static rig with one end being mechanically pulled. The \"stretchforming\" process is most suited to thin strip.\nWider material can be flat rolled with", "Power strip A power strip (also known as an extension block, power board, power bar, plug board, pivot plug, trailing gang, trailing socket, plug bar, trailer lead, multi-socket, multi-box, socket board, super plug, multiple socket, multiple outlet, polysocket and by many other variations) is a block of electrical sockets that attaches to the end of a flexible cable (typically with a mains plug on the other end), allowing multiple electrical devices to be powered from a single electrical socket. Power strips are often used when many electrical devices are in proximity, such as for audio, video, computer systems,", "Repeating coil In telecommunications, a repeating coil is a voice-frequency transformer characterized by a closed magnetic core, a pair of identical balanced primary (line) windings, a pair of identical but not necessarily balanced secondary (drop) windings, and low transmission loss at voice frequencies. It permits transfer of voice currents from one winding to another by magnetic induction, matches line and drop impedances, and prevents direct conduction between the line and the drop.\nIt is a special application of an isolation transformer, and is often used to prevent ground loops or earth loops, which cause humming or buzzing in audio circuits. It", "A vertical slit is cut along the length of the cylinder using a hammer and a chisel. The artist then stuffs the drum with straw and paper, which is set on fire to burn off any paint or chemical residue. After the drum cools, it is flattened by climbing on top of the drum and use all his weight and strength to pull it apart. The whole sheet of metal would then be hammered to make the metal softer and easier to work with. Jonas would then draw on his designs using chalk and be cut out.", "Stripe (pattern) A stripe is a line or band that differs in color or tone from an adjacent area. Stripes are a group of such lines. Usage and appearance As a pattern (more than one stripe together), stripes are commonly seen in nature, food, emblems, clothing, and elsewhere.\nTwo-toned stripes inherently draw one's attention, and as such are used to signal hazards. They are used in road signs, barricade tape, and thresholds.\nIn nature, as with the zebra, stripes may have developed through natural selection to produce motion dazzle.\nStripes may give appeal to certain sweets like the candy cane. Fashion For hundreds", "Strip squeeze A strip squeeze is a declarer technique at contract bridge combining elements of squeeze and endplay.\nThis squeeze occurs when declarer has two or more losers remaining. By cashing winners, declarer forces the squeezed defender to discard cards so that he cannot defeat the contract. Eventually, the defender will be forced to unguard a potential winner, exposing it to capture or be put on lead and forced to lead a suit that will cost his side a trick.", "the form of suspended stripline. However, stripline has since become a generic term for that structure with any dielectric. The unadorned term stripline would now likely be assumed to mean stripline with a solid dielectric. Early on, stripline was the planar technology of choice, but has now been superseded by microstrip for most general purpose applications, especially mass-produced items.", "coiling cable on a spool. If the cable comes off the spool the same way it goes on, the internal 'lay' is preserved, and the cable isn't damaged or twisted internally. If a cable is straight coiled and then pulled from the coil, it has the effect as coiling cable on a spool and then pulling the cable off the top of the spool, imparting a twist in the cable with every coil that is removed. To make it lie flat, the twist will need to be removed. The advantages of straight coiling cable are that it will not produce", "in front of the climber. Over/under cable coiling Over/under cable coiling refers to a method of storing cables that preserves the capacitance and common-mode rejection ratio built in by the manufacturer with a twist in the cable, and the shielding that encases the twisted pairs within. It allows the cable to lie flat when uncoiled, and makes for easier and faster work.\nThe \"over/under\" name refers to the practice of twisting the cable in one direction to make the first coil, and un-twisting it to make the next, and repeating this until all the cable is neatly coiled. Care needs to", "\"strip lights\" are most often used, especially when used in \"theatrical\" applications.\nSimilar design is used in computing, where it is known as \"marching ants\"\nSeveral separate circuits of lights (called channels) are needed to create a chase effect which is a simulation of motion achieved by turning these circuits ON and OFF in sequence. \nThe standard is 3 or 4 channels. \nFor 4 channels the lights are wired with one common and 4 different feeds. \nLight #1 is wired with lights #5 & 9 & 13, etc. (+4); \nLight #2 is wired with lights #6 & 10 & 14, etc. (+4);\nLight", "coasters for more than a decade. A variation of the element was created by Bolliger & Mabillard, which the company refers to as a \"flat spin\". Flat spins snap riders quickly through the inversion at varying speeds, whereas a typical corkscrew element rotates riders at a slower, constant speed. Cutback A cutback is a roller coaster inversion similar to a corkscrew; however, the two half-corkscrews are in opposite directions causing the train to exit the inversion in the same direction from which it entered. Arrow Dynamics debuted the feature on Drachen Fire at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in 1992. Only", "Gag-a-day A gag-a-day comic strip is the style of writing comic cartoons such that every installment of a strip delivers a complete joke (or other kind of artistic statement). It is opposed to story or continuity strips, which rely on the development of a story line across a sequence of the installments. Most syndicated comics are of this type. Another term for this distinction is non-serial (gag-a-day) vs. serial strips.\nCompared to single-panel cartoons (\"gag panels\"), gag-a-day comic strips can deliver a better timing for the narrative of a joke.\nThe distinction between continuity and gag-a-day strip may be blurred: a continuous", "deburring is a deburring process that either mechanically grinds a burr off of metal or rolls the edge of dangerous slit or sheared metal burrs into itself. Rolled mechanical deburring was first developed in the 1960s by Walter W. Gauer from Gauer Metal Product, Inc. as a means to speed up the process of hand deburring strips of metal that were used in bakery racks.", "Buckles (comics) Buckles Buckles is a guileless and innocent dog, and is the strip's protagonist. He was born on March 25, 1996 (The same day the first strip was published). Most of the storylines of the Buckles comic series involve moral issues within Buckles himself. Of course since he is a puppy, issues are more to the point of whether or not to get in the garbage, roll in the mud, or chew up a valuable piece of clothing. Buckles also fears cats. One of Buckles' favorite things to chew up seems to be the remote control to the TV,", "Zip-cord Zip-cord is a type of electrical cable with two or more conductors held together by an insulating jacket that can be easily separated simply by pulling apart. The term is also used with optical fiber cables consisting of two optical fibers joined in a similar manner. The design of zip-cord makes it easy to keep conductors that carry related electrical or optical signals together and helps avoid tangling of cables. Typical uses include lamp cord and speaker wire. Conductors may be identified by a color tracer on the insulation, or by a ridge molded into the insulation of one", "by the narrator. Rollings' dead-pan style became a feature of the programme, and was similar to that used by Eric Thompson in his characterisation of Dougal the dog in the English version of The Magic Roundabout. Comics A comic strip based on the series was drawn by Bill Mevin.", "Slider In baseball, a slider is a breaking ball pitch that tails laterally and down through the batter's hitting zone; it is thrown with less speed than a fastball but greater than the pitcher's curveball.\nThe break on the pitch is shorter than that of the curveball, and the release technique is 'between' those of a curveball and a fastball. The slider is similar to the cutter, a fastball pitch, but is more of a breaking ball than the cutter. The slider is also known as a yakker or a snapper. Standout sliders A Hall of Fame pitcher famous for", "of traffic control devices are used in work zones in high traffic density urban areas. Rumble strips Rumble strips are roughened surfaces that are either embossed or recessed. When a vehicle drives over them, they make a loud rumbling sound and vibration. They can be placed across traffic lanes to alert drivers that they are approaching a potentially hazardous location, such as a work zone or an isolated intersection. They are used along the shoulders or centerlines of highways to alert drivers that they are leaving their traffic lane.", "states that \"a balance is required between installing effective rumble strips and minimizing noise impacts. Studies show that rumble strips terminated approximately 200 m (660 ft) away from residential or urban areas produce tolerable noise impacts on residences. At an offset of 500 m (1,600 ft), the noise from rumble strips is negligible.” In an Open Public Records Act Request, this study was the only document provided by the New Jersey Department of Transportation when requested to provide policy documents and safety studies relating to its implementation of centerline rumble strips. Cycling complaints Numerous US and Canadian cycling associations have complained about encroachment", "tube with a 90° bend known as the \"noodle\" (a noodle with a 135° bend is used where the front brake is operated by the right hand, as this gives a smoother curve in the cable housing). The noodle seats in a stirrup attached to the arm. A flexible bellows often covers the exposed cable.\nSince there is no intervening mechanism between the cable and the arms, the design is called \"direct-pull\". And since the arms move the same distance that the cable moves with regard to its housing, the design is also called \"linear-pull\". The term", "rolls. As speed increases the suction developed in the nip of a table roll increases and at high enough speed the wire snaps back after leaving the vacuum area and causes stock to jump off the wire, disrupting the formation. To prevent this drainage foils are used. The foils are typically sloped between zero and two or three degrees and give a more gentle action. Where rolls and foils are used, rolls are used near the headbox and foils further down machine.\nApproaching the dry line on the table are located low vacuum boxes that are drained", "distances while tethered to a power source and control cabling. There are several common methods of cable management.\nWith a suspended sliding coil, the cables are coiled like a spring, with each loop of the coil attached to a sliding shoe on a track. As the cabling is played out, the shoes slide individually along the track and the coils expand. When sliding the other direction, the coils fold back together into a compact spiral.\nFolded linear cable uses either a flexible backbone shell, or a flat cable folded into an arc along its long axis. This style of cabling is very", "Rumble (noise) Turntable design One way to reduce rumble is to make the turntable very heavy, so that it acts as mechanical damper or low-pass filter, but even with the best turntables a lot of rumble tends to be generated by warped records or pressing irregularities sometimes visible as ‘bobbles’ in the surface. An important factor affecting rumble is low-frequency resonance resulting from pickup arm mass bouncing against stylus compliance. This resonance is usually in the 10–30 Hz region, and will increase rumble as well as reducing tracking ability if not well-damped. Some pickup arms incorporate viscous damping aimed at eliminating", "a kind of ribbing made of cables where the individual cable strands can be exchanged freely. A typical example is a set of parallel two-cable plaits in which, every so often, the two cables of each plait separate, going left and right and integrating themselves in the neighboring cables. In the process, the right-going cable of one plait crosses the left-going cable of its neighbor, forming an \"X\". Cable textures Many patterns made with cables do not have a rope-like quality. For example, a deep honeycomb pattern can be made by adjacent serpentines, first touching the neighbor on" ]

[ "Why does Bud Light have commercials of a guy playing ping-pong with Arnold Schwarzenegger instead of advertising its price and alcoholic content? Like any other advertiser, the Army spends millions trying to find the best way to sell themselves. The simplest answer is likely the exciting action commercials are the result of a group of very intelligent people studying data and crafting a pitch they think will attract the largest group of people. As with any commercial reaching millions, the results tend to be generic and inoffensive.\n\nThere are many reasons I think they'd avoid a \"Hitler is killing all these people\" commercial:\n\n* It's a complex situation. We're talking about a fifteen second commercial designed to grab your attention, not a WWII newsreel.\n\n* A commercial focusing on the enemy subconsciously reinforces the danger of serving in the armed forces. The single biggest downside to joining the military is that you could end up dead, and they obviously want to avoid anything that could reinforce that idea.\n\n* Hot-headed assholes yelling \"Let's go kill us some ISIS!\" is NOT what the military wants. The keywords they use instead (bravery, commitment, service, etc.) are the more important indicators of military success that they're looking for.\n\n* Our enemy isn't exactly the most... politically correct. The White House [refuses to even use the term \"radical Islam\"](_URL_0_) when referring to people like the Charlie Hebdo murders, for fear of alienating American Muslims and Muslim allies. The armed forces are likewise strongly recruiting Arabic-speakers and Muslim-Americans, and angry faces with turbans on your commercials won't help." ]

[ "Bureau of Motion Pictures (BMP) worked with the Hollywood movie studios to produce films that advanced American war aims. According to Elmer Davis, \"The easiest way to inject a propaganda idea into most people’s minds is to let it go through the medium of an entertainment picture when they do not realize that they are being propagandized.\" Successful films depicted the Allied armed forces as valiant \"Freedom fighters\", and advocated for civilian participation, such as conserving fuel or donating food to troops.\nBy July 1942 OWI administrators realized that the best way to reach American audiences was to present war films", "advertisers and urged the United States Army to pull recruiting commercials, citing the Army's recruitment of women and problems with sexual harassment scandals. Video games Thompson has heavily criticized a number of video games and campaigned against their producers and distributors. His basic argument is that violent video games have repeatedly been used by teenagers as \"murder simulators\" to rehearse violent plans. He has pointed to alleged connections between such games and a number of school massacres. According to Thompson, \"In every school shooting, we find that kids who pull the trigger are video gamers.\" Also, he claims that scientific", "of the military entertainment complex or \"militainment\" with criticism that it contributes to a militarization of society. Because America's Army focuses on the technological aspect of war rather than the moral, it has been referred to as How We Fight, alluding to the U.S. government's series of films named Why We Fight, which supported the war effort for World War II.\nMedia theorist David B. Nieborg criticized the game and noted that its mechanics are a careful blend of propaganda, advertising and education. Use of the game by recruitment and training centers has been criticized and protested against, among others by", "We Serve (1942) – \"the most successful British film of the war years\", Millions Like Us (1943), and The Way Ahead (1944).\nIn America, documentaries were produced in various ways: General Marshall commissioned the Why We Fight propaganda series from Frank Capra; the War Department's Information-Education Division started out making training films for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy; the Army made its own through the U.S. Signal Corps, including John Huston's The Battle of San Pietro. Hollywood made films with propaganda messages about America's allies, such as Mrs. Miniver (1942), which portrayed a British family on the home front;", "a propaganda device\". The game, considered by the U.S. Army to be a \"cost-effective recruitment tool\", aims to become part of youth culture's \"consideration set\" as confirmed by Army Deputy Chief of Personnel Timothy Maude in testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee.\nAmerica's Army and its official web page contain links to the \"Go Army\" recruitment website, another recruiting tool that, according to the Army Subcommittee Testimony from February 2000, has a higher chance of recruiting than \"any other method of contact\". Guiding American players to the website is a major goal of the game and it was confirmed that", "that in most countries, propaganda is a monopoly of the state, but that in the United States the most notable examples of propaganda 'come from the state's adversaries.' This is ridiculous. In America, the state spends millions of dollars every year on propaganda.\"\nDavid Dugas of United Press International, in a 1975 review printed in Pacific Stars and Stripes, saw that \"Davis' approach clearly is one-sided and is not likely to impress Vietnam hawks. But his film is brilliantly assembled, biting and informative.\"\nColin Jacobson wrote in his review of the movie for the DVD Movie Guide: \"Probably the biggest criticism", "as a film director: \nLooking back, I came from a generation of filmmakers who couldn't have really started anywhere but commercials, because we had no film industry in the United Kingdom at the time. People like Ridley Scott, Tony Scott, Adrian Lyne, Hugh Hudson, and myself. So commercials proved to be incredibly important.\nAfter writing the Waris Hussein film Melody in 1971, Parker shot his first fictional film titled No Hard Feelings in 1973, for which he wrote the script. The film is a bleak love story set against the Blitz on London during the Second World War, when the Luftwaffe", "movie because it was ahead of its time both aesthetically and thematically. Back in '87, it was talking already about automated violence — both in war and law enforcement. And now, we actually have that happening in our lives and it's going to be more and more present. So we already have the drones. Now we're going to have automated robots doing law enforcement and replacing soldiers in the battlefield. So we had a chance to make this movie and talk about this.\" Two main posters were released in late 2013, with one showing CTBA complex in Madrid. TV spots", "industry to \"insert morale-building and citizenry arousing themes in its films by all means possible.\" Luckily, many directors recognized the necessity (and likely the commercial success they would reap) of supporting the battle against fascism as public opinion lay with the war effort. One such filmmaker, Frank Capra, created a seven-part U.S. government-sponsored series of films to support the war effort entitled Why We Fight (1942-5). This series is considered a highlight of the propaganda film genre. Other propaganda movies, such as Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944) and Casablanca (1942), have become so well loved by film viewers that they", "telling the stories of American warriors, the less than 1% who’ve answered the call, and others who have served for the greater good. It works with creators (actors, writers & directors) and brands early in the creative process to ensure their vision comes to life in film and television.", "in films that show the US military in a positive light. Because alternatives to using real military aircraft can be expensive, films that do not get US military approval often do not get financed or made. Sean McElwee, writing for Salon.com concluded of this problem, \"This is a prima facie case for de facto censorship...If the government wants to allow its equipment to be used by studios, it needs to grant access to anyone who wants to use it – that is the meaning of pluralism. The Pentagon fears that some of the movies may hurt the military's reputation and", "propaganda games may have a higher representation in this group due to their subject matter. These games are typically designed to be played by professionals as part of a specific job or for skill set improvement. They can also be created to convey social-political awareness on a specific subject.\nOne of the longest-running serious games franchises is Microsoft Flight Simulator, first published in 1982 under that name. The United States military uses virtual reality-based simulations, such as VBS1 for training exercises, as do a growing number of first responder roles (e.g., police, firefighters, EMTs). One example of a non-game environment utilized", "American entry into the war. During the war, Disney regularly produced propaganda and training films for the U.S. government including its armed forces to increase morale among Americans that the fight against the Axis powers was waged for a just cause.\nIn the years after the war, the studio began regular work on live-action features, as they needed the money. Though their first films were shot in England, the necessity to build live-action facilities still arose. Lacking the capital to do it themselves, Jack Webb offered to put up some of the money to build live-action soundstages in exchange for the", "message, writing:\nThis is an unashamed propaganda film to inspire workers to work harder in order to help the War effort. The story is predictable and dated and it is hard to ignore the message that is driven home: that the greater good (ie the war effort) is more important than individual wealth and petty entanglements.", "have typically used commercials during the Super Bowl as a means of building awareness for their products and services among this wide audience, while also trying to generate buzz around the ads themselves so they may receive additional exposure, such as becoming a viral video.\nSuper Bowl commercials have become a cultural phenomenon of their own alongside the game itself; many viewers only watch the game to see the commercials, national surveys (such as the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter) judge which advertisement carried the best viewer response, and CBS has aired yearly specials since 2000 chronicling notable commercials from", "America's Army: True Soldiers Gameplay According to a preview of the game by IGN, players get an accuracy and damage resistance increase for sticking together with the rest of their fire squad. Players can only talk to and hear players that are near them. Team leaders can talk to each other by radio and can also call in artillery strikes. There are 5 classes: Rifleman, Grenadier, Sniper, Automatic Rifleman, and Squad Leader. In multiplayer, players' characters appear as U.S. soldiers while the opponents appear as non-U.S. soldiers. When players are shot they are kept on the ground and cannot be", "clever, however the message could have been depicted much easier. Purpose Most propaganda is politicized, an engineering tool for America during the Second World War. David Culbert regarded the propaganda as 'Social Engineering', influencing popular attitudes amongst the masses through media to manufacture social solidarity. This was the purpose of the film, produce an animation that will influence popular attitudes – supporting production for the war effort, and enabling American's to understand that production levels were high enough to avoid starvation at home. \nLindley Fraser outlines what he believes are the key principles behind a successful propaganda campaign. 'Home", "advertisements during commercial breaks, and brief promotions for movies and television series. In the latter instance, he commonly gets attacked by a CGI character from the subject of the advertisement (such as Iron Man, a dragon from the movie Eragon, a T-1000 robot from the Fox drama Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, and The Burger King, who taunted Cleatus by throwing objects at him). Cleatus is also seen doing various things such as hopping on two feet, playing an electric guitar, shaking out his limbs, and performing dance moves such as The Swim and the Electric Slide; during the Fox", "deflecting earlier criticism. The media cooperated with the federal government in presenting the official view of the war. All movie scripts had to be pre-approved. For example, there were widespread rumors in the Army to the effect that people on the homefront were slacking off. A Private SNAFU film cartoon (released to soldiers only) belied that rumor. Tin Pan Alley produced patriotic songs to rally the people. Posters Posters helped to mobilize the nation. Inexpensive, accessible, and ever-present, the poster was an ideal agent for making war aims the personal mission of every citizen. Government agencies, businesses, and private organizations", "The United States Marine Corps had enthusiastically lent bases, Marine extras, and film of its campaigns to Hollywood films to boost its public image (see The United States Marine Corps on film). But the Army was not so keen on this project. The Army felt that Ranger operations led to heavy losses of excellent soldiers that the Army thought would be better employed leading regular infantry units. By the 1950s, rather than the separate Ranger units shown in the movie, the Army preferred training individual officers and NCOs at the Ranger School, who then returned to their parent units and", "numerous commercials, particularly for the NFL's sponsors, including Sprint Nextel and Burger King.\nNFL Films has won 112 Sports Emmys. NFL Films Lab NFL Films operates its own in-house 16mm and 35mm Color Negative Processing Lab. This enables the film that is shot at each game to be rushed back to the Mt. Laurel facility and processed immediately so as to give the production team the maximum amount of time to produce its weekly shows.\nThe lab is open to the public for development needs. Clients include feature length and short films shot on location in Philadelphia as well as", "the series of army, navy and air corps features which are doing good business, helped no little by current events ... Payne and Scott make an entertaining pair of fighters.\" Harrison's Reports called it \"A fine picture ... The direction and acting are of high standard.\" Film Daily wrote: \"No finer masterpiece of raw, red-blooded, thumping action has come out of Hollywood's studios.\" John Mosher of The New Yorker found that the target practice scenes had \"a quiet charm\" and wrote that \"No one could look more military than Randolph Scott.\"\nThe Marines credit the movie as the biggest single recruitment", "And The Show Goes On, Sheldon Leonard explained that the armed forces offer levels of \"cooperation\" with filmmakers. Because the Marines felt that the show would be good for the branch's image, Gomer Pyle was given \"total cooperation,\" meaning that the show was allowed unlimited access to military equipment.\nThe vehicles in the show were provided by the Chrysler Corporation, as opposed to the parent series' vehicles that came from the Ford Motor Company. Although Jeeps are also prominent in the show, the brand itself would not become a part of Chrysler until the AMC buyout that occurred in 1987.\nNabors and", "Cinesound's studio under the supervision of Damien Parer. The US Army lent fighting equipment for battle scenes. To add realism to sequences live ammunition was used.\nKen Hall later said he wanted to use professional actors rather than real workers and farmers \"to give the film a professional finish, and that the majority of them were real-life war workers, either in the services, or in essential industry.\"\nPrime Minister John Curtin wrote a special foreword for the film which stated that the film:\nWas made to give the people of Great Britain, America, Soviet Russia, and the United Nations some accurate idea of", "autonomous military force, which they use to keep the cast in line. The cast is inquisitive of the true purpose of the experiments but have no major problems as, aside from having to watch bad movies, they are well-treated. Relation to RiffTrax When asked about potential collaborations with those involved in RiffTrax, Hodgson told New York magazine, \"I don't know. I think those guys—Bill, Kevin and Mike—are really talented, obviously. I think anything’s possible, but I thought it might get confusing to try to merge them together or do crossover projects. I would never rule it out because it's", "trickled down the chain of command and found application in the current release of America's Army\".\nAs the game became more widely distributed, it generated additional media interest. In December 2003, The Boston Globe columnist said \"America's Army isn't just a time-wasting shoot-'em-up. It's full of accurate information about military training and tactics, intended to prepare a new generation of potential recruits. Amidst all the shouting drill sergeants and whistling bullets, some real education is going on. America's Army is a 'serious game', part of a new wave of computer simulations that provide entertaining lessons about real-world activities.\"\nAfter the game proved", "a contender for Best Picture, particularly based on the unique subject matter pursued by a female director and on being an exception to other films about the Iraq War, which had performed poorly.\nTara McKelvey from The American Prospect wrote that the film is pro-U.S. Army propaganda, although it suggests it is anti-war with the opening statement: \"War is a drug.\" She continues,\n\"You feel empathy for the soldiers when they shoot. And in this way, the full impact of the Iraq war—at least as it was fought in 2004—becomes clear: American soldiers shot at Iraqi civilians even when, for example, they", "into a propaganda machine for the United States government. While most World War II films were created for training purposes, films such as Victory Through Air Power were created to catch the attention of government officials and to build public morale among the U.S. and Allied powers. Among the notables who decided after seeing the film that Seversky and Disney knew what they were talking about were Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.\nThe Disney studio sent a print for them to view when they were attending the Quebec Conference. According to Leonard Maltin, \"it changed FDR's way of thinking—he agreed", "that combat films have always been \"grounded in the need to help an audience understand and accept war\". Its success revived interest in World War II films. Others tried to portray the reality of the war, as in Joseph Vilsmaier's Stalingrad (1993), which The New York Times said \"goes about as far as a movie can go in depicting modern warfare as a stomach-turning form of mass slaughter.\" Military–film industry relations Many war films have been produced with the cooperation of a nation's military forces. Since the Second World War, the United States Navy has provided ships and technical", "\"They're still on the drawing board but they will be in use by the time the movie is out a year later.\"\nBostwick claimed the Pentagon \"tried to stop the movie\" by withholding 40 army tanks needed for the bigger battle sequences because the movie's strike force \"was very close to covert CIA strike forces still in existence.\"\n\"You know what's good about this film?\" Bostwick later reflected. \"It's plausible. We need an international force like this to keep the peace. I wouldn't mind betting that one day there's a real Megaforce operating somewhere in the world.\"\nThe film was shot on location" ]

[ "The North Pole is in the middle of the water, usually covered by ice (less so nowadays because of climate change), and has polar bears, but no penguins.\n\nThe South Pole is on land (Antarctica) and has penguins, but no polar bears. \n\nAlso, the North Pole is in the Northern Hemisphere and the South Pole is in the Southern Hemisphere.", "North Pole points towards the Pole Star.\n\nThe South Pole is exact opposite considering the Earth is a globe.\n\nThe North Pole is on water/ice whereas South Pole is on land(Antarctica)\n\nYou can correlate the poles with Earth's magnetic field, however the magnetics poles are at slightly different location than the geographic poles.\n\nEdit: Also, the poles can shift because of movement within the Earth's crust.", "The North Pole is water/ice surrounded by land. \n\nThe South Pole is land/ice surrounded by water." ]

[ "South Pole Geography For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small \"wobbles\" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.\nThe geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this", "century. The magnetic north and south poles reverse through time, and, especially important in paleotectonic studies, the relative position of the magnetic north pole varies through time. Initially, during the first half of the twentieth century, the latter phenomenon was explained by introducing what was called \"polar wander\" (see apparent polar wander) (i.e., it was assumed that the north pole location had been shifting through time). An alternative explanation, though, was that the continents had moved (shifted and rotated) relative to the north pole, and each continent, in fact, shows its own \"polar wander path\". During the late 1950s it", "reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to \"grid north\", which points northward along the prime meridian. Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole.\nThe Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to", "Geographical pole A geographical pole is either of the two points on a rotating body (planet, dwarf planet, natural satellite, sphere...etc.) where its axis of rotation intersects its surface. As with Earth's North and South Poles, they are usually called that body's \"north pole\" and \"south pole\", one lying 90 degrees in one direction from the body's equator and the other lying 90 degrees in the opposite direction from the equator.\nEvery planet has geographical poles. If, like the Earth, a body generates a magnetic field, it will also possess magnetic poles.\nPerturbations in a body's rotation mean that geographical poles", "directions can become complicated, with all geographic north–south lines converging at the poles. The difference between UPS grid north and true north can therefore be anything up to 180°—in some places, grid north is true south, and vice versa. UPS grid north is arbitrarily defined as being along the prime meridian in the Antarctic and the 180th meridian in the Arctic; thus, east and west on the grids when moving directly away from the pole are along the 90°E and 90°W meridians respectively. Projection system As the name indicates, the UPS system uses a stereographic projection. Specifically, the projection used", "Pole is currently in Northern Canada and is moving generally south. A straight line can be drawn from the Geographic North Pole, down to the Magnetic North Pole and then continued straight down to the equator. This line is known as the agonic line, and the line is also moving. In the year 1900, the agonic line passed roughly through Detroit and then was east of Florida. It currently passes roughly west of Chicago, IL, and through New Orleans, LA. If a navigator is located on the agonic line, then variation is zero: the Magnetic North Pole and the Geographic", "equal degree of latitude and supplementary degrees of longitude respectively (2017: Lat. 80.5°N, 80.5°S; Long. 72.8°W, 107.2°E). If the Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical to the surface at the Geomagnetic Poles, and they would coincide with the North and South magnetic poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart. Location Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the", "apart.\nLike the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the center of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2015 it was located at approximately 80.37°N 72.62°W, over Ellesmere Island, Canada but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia. Geomagnetic reversal Over the life of Earth, the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has reversed many times, with magnetic north becoming magnetic south and vice versa –", "center of Earth.\nEarth's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, with reference to the vertical \"dip\" of the magnetic field lines at those points. Polarity All magnets have two poles, where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge. By analogy with Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's \"north\" and \"south\" poles. The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to Earth's North Magnetic Pole the \"north pole\" (or \"north-seeking pole\") and the other end the \"south pole\" (the names are often abbreviated to \"N\" and \"S\").", "pole (actually corresponding to the magnetic south) lay near the geographic south pole.", "Polar regions of Earth The polar regions, also called the frigid zones, of Earth are the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles. These high latitudes are dominated by Earth's polar ice caps: the northern resting on the Arctic Ocean and the southern on the continent of Antarctica. Definitions The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44\" N), or the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline. The", "North Pole appear to be directly in line with each other. If a navigator is east of the agonic line, then the variation is westward; magnetic north appears slightly west of the Geographic North Pole. If a navigator is west of the agonic line, then the variation is eastward; the Magnetic North Pole appears to the east of the Geographic North Pole. The farther the navigator is from the agonic line, the greater the variation. The local magnetic variation is indicated on NOAA nautical charts at the center of the compass rose. The magnetic variation is indicated along with the", "Pole the stern, as Rama accelerates in the direction of the north pole and its drive system is at the South Pole.\nThe North Pole contains Rama's airlocks, and is where the Endeavour lands. The airlocks open into the hub of the massive bowl shaped cap at the North Pole, with three 8-kilometre long stair systems, called Alpha, Beta, and Gamma by the crew, leading to the plain.\nThe Northern plain contains several small \"towns\" interconnected by roads, dubbed London, Paris, Peking, Tokyo, Rome, and Moscow. The South Pole has a giant cone-shaped protrusion surrounded by six smaller ones, which are thought", "of the Magnetic North Pole) is called Deviation. Variation is the difference between \"Magnetic North\" and \"True North\" and is dealt with elsewhere. The combined result of Deviation and Variation is called Compass Error.", "not coincide with the North and South Magnetic Poles. If the Earth's magnetic fields were exactly dipolar, the north pole of a magnetic compass needle would point directly at the North Geomagnetic Pole. In practice it does not because the geomagnetic field that originates in the core has a more complex non-dipolar part, and magnetic anomalies in the Earth's crust also contribute to the local field. \nThe locations of geomagnetic poles are calculated by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field, a statistical fit to measurements of the Earth's field by satellites and in geomagnetic observatories. The Geomagnetic Poles are wandering for", "of 90° North (written 90° N or +90°), and the South Pole has a latitude of 90° South (written 90° S or −90°). The latitude of an arbitrary point is the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal to the surface at that point: the normal to the surface of the sphere is along the radius vector.\nThe latitude, as defined in this way for the sphere, is often termed the spherical latitude, to avoid ambiguity with the geodetic latitude and the auxiliary latitudes defined in subsequent sections of this article. Ellipsoids In 1687 Isaac Newton published the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia", "the surface of the Earth is approximately the same as if a giant bar magnet were positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11° off the rotational axis of the Earth (see the figure). The north pole of a magnetic compass needle points roughly north, toward the North Magnetic Pole. However, because a magnetic pole is attracted to its opposite, the North Magnetic Pole is actually the south pole of the geomagnetic field. This confusion in terminology arises because the pole of a magnet is defined by the geographical direction it points.\nEarth's magnetic", "a secondary intercardinal direction, the eight shortest points in the compass rose that is shown to the right (e.g. NNE, ENE, and ESE). Direction versus bearing To keep to a bearing is not, in general, the same as going in a straight direction along a great circle. Conversely, one can keep to a great circle and the bearing may change. Thus the bearing of a straight path crossing the North Pole changes abruptly at the Pole from North to South. When travelling East or West, it is only on the Equator that one can keep East or West and", "each other, the path their magnetic pole follows will be different from others. Conversely, when two continents are moving parallel to each other their path will be the same. Earth True polar wander represents the shift in the geographical poles relative to Earth's surface, after accounting for the motion of the tectonic plates. This motion is caused by the rearrangement of the mantle and the crust in order to align the maximum inertia with the current rotation axis (fig.1). This is the situation with the lowest kinetic energy for the given, unchanging, angular momentum of the earth, and is attained", "the South Pole (thus encompassing all the present British Antarctic Territory). The new claim covered \"all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude\".\nIt was the ambition of Leopold Amery, then Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, that Britain incorporate the entire continent into the Empire. In a", "North Pole, Alaska Description The name \"North Pole\" is often applied to the entire area covered by its zip code, 99705. This area stretches between Fort Wainwright and Eielson Air Force Base, and between the Chena River and the Tanana River, including subdivisions off of Badger Road, a loop road connecting the eastern edge of Fairbanks city limits with North Pole city limits, and in the nearby census-designated place of Moose Creek. Despite the name, the city is about 1,700 miles (2,700 km) south of Earth's geographic North Pole and 125 miles (200 km) south of the Arctic Circle.\nThe city", "North Magnetic Pole The North Magnetic Pole is the wandering point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole.\nThe North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in Earth's core. In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in", "for straight north-south paths than straight paths on the equatorial plane. Even taking into account the flattening of the Earth at the poles (about 0.33% for the whole Earth, 0.25% for the inner core) and crust and upper mantle heterogeneities, this difference implied that P waves (of a broad range of wavelengths) travel through the inner core about 1% faster in the north-south direction than along directions perpendicular to that.\nThis P-wave speed anisotropy has been confirmed by later studies, including more seismic data and study of the free oscillations of the whole Earth. Some authors have claimed higher values", "the South pole.\nThe rest of North America (called Laurentia by scientists) lay to the north and west of Gondwana, at (like Australia) low and relatively warmer climates. Rotated almost 45 degrees from its modern orientation, the eastern states of today's U.S. were located along the southeast coast of the continent, while the coastal areas of what are now the southeastern states faced south.\nTo the east of Laurentia, across a long, narrow sea, was Baltica. Composed of modern Norway, Sweden, Finland, the UK, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, northern Germany, eastern Ireland, and Russia west of the Ural mountains, this area ranged", "a celestial pole, north in the northern hemisphere. Seen from zero latitude the north pole's elevation is zero; that is, it is a point on the horizon. The declination of the observer's zenith also is zero and therefore so is their latitude.\nAs the observer's latitude increases (traveling north) so does the declination. The pole rises over the horizon by an angle of the same amount. The elevation at the terrestrial North Pole is 90° (straight up) and the celestial pole has a declination of the same value. The latitude also is 90.\nModerns have Polaris to mark the approximate location of", "is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator, the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.\nThe \"longitude\" (abbreviation: Long., λ, or lambda) of a point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich, in south-east London, England, is the international prime", "Circle of latitude Movement of the Tropical and Polar Circles By definition, the positions of the Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle all depend on the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun (the \"obliquity of the ecliptic\"). If the Earth were \"upright\" (its axis at right angles to the orbital plane) there would be no Arctic, Antarctic, or Tropical circles: at the poles the sun would always circle along the horizon, and at the equator the sun would always rise due east, pass directly overhead,", "Geography of Chile Natural regions Since Chile extends from a point about 625 km (388 mi) north of the Tropic of Capricorn to a point hardly more than 1,400 km (870 mi) north of the Antarctic Circle, a broad selection of the Earth's climates can be found in this country. Therefore, geographically, the country can be divided into many different parts. It is usually divided by geographers into five regions: the far north, the near north, central Chile, the south, and the far south. Each has its own characteristic vegetation, fauna, climate, and, despite the omnipresence of both the Andes and the Pacific, its", "northern Canada at 81.3°N 110.8°W. It was situated at 83.1°N 117.8°W in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic at 84.9°N 131.0°W, it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres (34 and 37 mi) per year. As of 2019, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic to 86.448°N 175.346°E.\nIts southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric", "north polar region is densely cratered, and has a much older surface age than the south pole. Thickness variations in Enceladus's lithosphere is one explanation for this discrepancy. Variations in lithospheric thickness are supported by the correlation between the Y-shaped discontinuities and the V-shaped cusps along the south polar terrain margin and the relative surface age of the adjacent non-south polar terrain regions. The Y-shaped discontinuities, and the north-south trending tension fractures into which they lead, are correlated with younger terrain with presumably thinner lithospheres. The V-shaped cusps are adjacent to older, more heavily cratered terrains. South polar plumes Following" ]

[ "I remember that this was explained on Ask Science a year ago (Don't know why I know about it, but eh...); here's the link to the answer given, as it's really nice: _URL_0_\n\nTo paraphrase the analogy:\n\nGenes code for different things. Some genes code for different structural proteins. You can think of these genes as coding for bricks. Our \"good\" alleles (b) code for rectangular bricks, and bad alleles (B) code for spherical bricks. If you have one gene for each, you're going to be making both spherical bricks & rectangular bricks. But that's a problem - your building needs all rectangular bricks, and having some spheres and some rectangles doesn't build your building. You have loss of function, so that negative trait is dominant. (the bad allele B is the dominant one)\n\nIn contrast, if a gene codes for an enzyme, it's likely to be recessive. These are like building trucks. A good truck works, and a bad one doesn't work. But, if you have some good trucks (good alleles, T) and some bad trucks (bad alleles, t), you might just have enough good trucks in total to transport the material you need from one place to another. Thus, we say that the bad trait is \"recessive\", because you're not going to experience full loss of function unless you have two bad alleles (only the tt case shows total loss of function, so the good allele T is dominant over the bad one t). Now, you might have some negative effects, particularly if you need a lot of the enzyme, but it's not going to be a total loss for the most part, and you may well be able to function on a day-to-day basis without major issues.", "It all has to do with protein production. DNA codes for a certain protein which is how the trait is expressed. Take hair color for example: Brown hair is dominant over blonde, blonde hair is the absence of the protein for brown, so if there is even just one allele for brown you will have brown hair (this is a simplification because the protein interaction are very complex that produce a large range of hair color)" ]

[ "effect. Due to their reduced phenotypic expression and their consequent reduced selection, recessive genes are, more often than not, detrimental phenotypes by causing the organism to be less fit to its natural environment.\nAnother mechanism responsible for inbreeding depression is the fitness advantage of heterozygosity, which is known as overdominance. This can lead to reduced fitness of a population with many homozygous genotypes, even if they are not deleterious or recessive. Here, even the dominant alleles result in reduced fitness if present homozygously (see also hybrid vigour).\nCurrently, it is not known which of the two mechanisms is more prevalent in nature.", "that is, whether it is regarded as \"normal\" or \"abnormal,\" \"standard\" or \"nonstandard,\" \"healthy\" or \"diseased,\" \"stronger\" or \"weaker,\" or more or less extreme. A dominant or recessive allele may account for any of these trait types.\nDominance does not determine whether an allele is deleterious, neutral or advantageous. However, selection must operate on genes indirectly through phenotypes, and dominance affects the exposure of alleles in phenotypes, and hence the rate of change in allele frequencies under selection. Deleterious recessive alleles may persist in a population at low frequencies, with most copies carried in heterozygotes, at no cost to those individuals.", "coined by William Bateson, and Durham invoked it to explain how genes could interact in a more complex way than the simple dominant and recessive characteristics identified by Gregor Mendel. She wrote, \"the terms 'dominant' and 'recessive' should only be applied to express relationship between factors in the same allelomorphic pair\". Medical Research Council From 1917 until her retirement in 1930, Durham worked for the Central Research Laboratory (now the National Institute for Medical Research), in its Division of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, working under Henry Dale. Her work mainly focused on neosalvarsan, an organoarsenic compound that was used to treat", "from one parent by dominant (usually wild-type) alleles from the other (see Complementation (genetics)). It attributes the poor performance of inbred strains to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive alleles. The genetic overdominance hypothesis states that some combinations of alleles (which can be obtained by crossing two inbred strains) are especially advantageous when paired in a heterozygous individual. This hypothesis is commonly invoked to explain the persistence of some alleles (most famously the Sickle cell trait allele) that are harmful in homozygotes. In normal circumstances, such harmful alleles would be removed from a population through the process of natural selection.", "phenotypes may be beneficial or deleterious. Since many genetic disease alleles are recessive and because the word dominance has a positive connotation, the assumption that the dominant phenotype is superior with respect to fitness is often made. This is not assured however; as discussed below while most genetic disease alleles are deleterious and recessive, not all genetic diseases are recessive.\nNevertheless, this confusion has been pervasive throughout the history of genetics and persists to this day. Addressing this confusion was one of the prime motivations for the publication of the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Molecular mechanisms The molecular basis of dominance was unknown", "the probability that any such deleterious allele is inherited from the common ancestor through both parents is increased dramatically. It should also be noted that for each homozygous recessive individual formed there is an equal chance of producing a homozygous dominant individual — one completely devoid of the harmful allele. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes; however, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred populations. In", "reproduction – an especially disadvantageous recessive trait expressed in a homozygous recessive individual is likely to eliminate itself, naturally limiting the expression of its phenotype. Third, recessive deleterious alleles will be \"masked\" by heterozygosity, and so in a dominant-recessive trait, heterozygotes will not be selected against.\nWhen recessive deleterious alleles occur in the heterozygous state, where their potentially deleterious expression is masked by the corresponding wild-type allele, this masking phenomenon is referred to as complementation (see complementation (genetics)).\nIn general, sexual reproduction in eukaryotes has two fundamental aspects: recombination during meiosis, and outcrossing. It has been proposed that these two aspects", "Heterozygote advantage In theory When two populations of any sexual organism are separated and kept isolated from each other, the frequencies of deleterious mutations in the two populations will differ over time, by genetic drift. It is highly unlikely, however, that the same deleterious mutations will be common in both populations after a long period of separation. Since loss-of-function mutations tend to be recessive (given that dominant mutations of this type generally prevent the organism from reproducing and thereby passing the gene on to the next generation), the result of any cross between the two populations will be fitter than", "sexually-reproducing species, most genes are present in two copies (which can be the same or different alleles), either one of which has a 50% chance of passing to a descendant. By biasing the inheritance of particular altered genes, synthetic gene drives could spread alterations through a population. Technical limitations Because gene drives propagate by replacing other alleles that contain a cutting site and the corresponding homologies, their application is limited to sexually reproducing species (because they are diploid or polyploid and alleles are mixed at each generation). As a side effect, inbreeding could in principle be an escape mechanism, but", "of mutation natural selection will gradually increase the level of homozygosity. Bruce Wallace, working with J. C. King, used the overdominance hypothesis to develop the balance position, which left a larger place for overdominance (where the heterozygous state of a gene is more fit than the homozygous states). In that case, heterosis is simply the result of the increased expression of heterozygote advantage. If overdominant loci are common, then a high level of heterozygosity would result from natural selection, and mutation-inducing radiation may in fact facilitate an increase in fitness due to overdominance. (This was also the view of Dobzhansky.)\nDebate", "is an estimate of the percent of homozygous alleles in the overall genome. The more biologically related the parents are, the greater the coefficient of inbreeding, since their genomes have many similarities already. This overall homozygosity becomes an issue when there are deleterious recessive alleles in the gene pool of the family. By pairing chromosomes of similar genomes, the chance for these recessive alleles to pair and become homozygous greatly increases, leading to offspring with autosomal recessive disorders.\nInbreeding is especially problematic in small populations where the genetic variation is already limited. By inbreeding, individuals are further decreasing genetic variation by", "if the genetic disorder is recessive, it may not be possible to completely eliminate the allele due to its presence in unaffected heterozygotes. In this case, the best option is to attempt to minimize the frequency of the allele by selectively choosing mating pairs. In the process of eliminating genetic disorders, it is important to consider that when certain individuals are prevented from breeding, alleles and therefore genetic diversity are removed from the population; if these alleles aren't present in other individuals, they may be lost completely. Preventing certain individuals from the breeding also reduces the effective", "dominant allele. Therefore, a cross between a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive will always express the dominant phenotype, while still having a heterozygous genotype.\nThe Law of Dominance can be explained easily with the help of a mono hybrid cross experiment:-\nIn a cross between two organisms pure for any pair (or pairs) of contrasting traits (characters), the character that appears in the F1 generation is called \"dominant\" and the one which is suppressed (not expressed) is called \"recessive.\"\nEach character is controlled by a pair of dissimilar factors. Only one of the characters expresses. The one which expresses in the F1", "heterozygous gene loci, the two alleles interact to produce the phenotype. Complete dominance In complete dominance, the effect of one allele in a heterozygous genotype completely masks the effect of the other. The allele that masks the other is said to be dominant to the latter, and the allele that is masked is said to be recessive to the former. Complete dominance, therefore, means that the phenotype of the heterozygote is indistinguishable from that of the dominant homozygote.\nA classic example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape (pea shape) in peas. Peas may be round (associated with allele R)", "manifestation of the phenotype.\nThe phenomenon of redundancy explains that often multiple genes are able to compensate for the loss of a particular gene. However, if two or more genes involved in the same biological processes or pathways are lost, then this leads to non-allelic non-complementation.\nIn a non-complementation screen, an ENU-induced male is crossed with a female carrying a mutant allele (a) of the gene of interest (A). If the mutation is dominant, then it will be present in every generation. However, if the mutation is recessive or if the G₁ progeny are non-viable, then a different strategy is used to", "due to the highly adaptive heterozygous phenotype (resistance to the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum). \nLow genetic diversity also reduces the opportunities for chromosomal crossover during meiosis to create new combinations of alleles on chromosomes, effectively increasing the average length of unrecombined tracts of chromosomes inherited from parents. This in turn reduces the efficacy of selection, across successive generations, to remove fitness-reducing alleles and promote fitness-enhancing allelels from a population. (A simple hypothetical example would be two adjacent genes - A and B - on the same chromosome in an individual. If the allele at A promotes", "pair is, the more homozygous, deleterious genes the offspring may have, resulting in very unfit individuals. For alleles that confer an advantage in the heterozygous and/or homozygous-dominant state, the fitness of the homozygous-recessive state may even be zero (meaning sterile or unviable offspring).\nAn example of inbreeding depression is shown to the right. In this case, a is the recessive allele which has negative effects. In order for the a phenotype to become active, the gene must end up as homozygous aa because in the geneotype Aa, the A takes dominance over the a and the a does not have any", "allele frequencies (the proportion of members carrying a particular variant of a gene). High rates of gene flow can reduce the genetic differentiation between the two groups, increasing homogeneity. For this reason, gene flow has been thought to constrain speciation by combining the gene pools of the groups, thus preventing the development of differences in genetic variation that would have led to full speciation. In some cases migration may also result in the addition of novel genetic variants to the gene pool of a species or population. \nThere are a number of factors that affect the rate of gene", "reality provides constraints on the power of random mutation followed by natural selection.\nWith pleiotropy, some genes control multiple traits, so that adaptation of one trait is impeded by effects on other traits that are not necessarily adaptive. Selection that influences epistasis is a case where the regulation or expression of one gene, depends on one or several others. This is true for a good number of genes though to differing extents. The reason why this leads to muddied responses is that selection for a trait that is epistatically based can mean that an allele for a gene that is epistatic", "recessive as its qualities recede and are not observed. Some alleles do not have complete dominance and instead have incomplete dominance by expressing an intermediate phenotype, or codominance by expressing both alleles at once.\nWhen a pair of organisms reproduce sexually, their offspring randomly inherit one of the two alleles from each parent. These observations of discrete inheritance and the segregation of alleles are collectively known as Mendel's first law or the Law of Segregation. Notation and diagrams Geneticists use diagrams and symbols to describe inheritance. A gene is represented by one or a few letters. Often a \"+\" symbol is", "Allelic heterogeneity Allelic heterogeneity is the phenomenon in which different mutations at the same locus lead to the same or very similar phenotypes. These allelic variations can arise as a result of natural selection processes, as a result of exogenous mutagens, genetic drift, or genetic migration. Many of these mutations take the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms in which a single nucleotide base is altered compared to a consensus sequence. They can also exist as copy number variants (CNV) in which the copies of a gene or DNA sequence is different from the population.\nMutated alleles expressing allelic heterogeneity can be", "undergo frequent adaptive evolution. It should be noted here that although positive evolution is associated with most of the male and female biased genes, it's difficult to isolate genes which shown bias solely due to sexual conflict/antagonism. Nevertheless, since sexually antagonistic genes give rise to biased expression and most biased genes are under positive selection we can argue the same in favor of sexually antagonistic genes. A similar trend as seen in coding sequence evolution was seen with gene expression levels. Interspecific expression divergence was higher than intraspecific expression polymorphism. Positive selection in Accessory gland proteins (Acps) (produced by males)", "mutations lead to environmental advantages allowing those genes to be inherited and eventually clear gene families are separated out. An example of a gene family that may have been created due to copy number variations is the globin gene family. The globin gene family is an elaborate network of genes consisting of alpha and beta globin genes including genes that are expressed in both embryos and adults as well as pseudogenes. These globin genes in the globin family are all well conserved and only differ by a small portion of the gene, indicating that they were derived from a common", "expression of these genes either at transcriptional or translational level. In certain cases these differences are as dramatic as genes not being expressed at all in either of the sexes. These differences in gene expression are the result of either natural selection on reproductive potential and survival traits of either sex or sexual selection on traits relevant to intra-sexual competition and inter-sexual mate choice.\nSex biased genes could either be male or female biased and sequence analysis of these protein coding genes have revealed their faster rate of evolution which has been attributed to their positive selection vs. reduced selective constraint.", "the other, counter adaptations in the form of suppressor alleles at different genetic loci can develop that reduce the effects of deleterious allele, giving rise to differences in gene expression. Selection on such traits in males would select for suppressor alleles in females thus increasing the chances of retaining the deleterious allele in the population in interlocus sexual conflict.\nThe retention of such antagonistic alleles in a population could also be explained in terms of increase in the net fitness of the maternal line, for example, the locus for male sexual orientation in humans was identified on subtelomeric regions of X", "individual selection, in their book Unto Others. This framework argues that while genes serve as the means by which organisms' designs are transmitted across generations, individuals and groups are vehicles for those genes and both are arenas for genes to act on. Indeed, genes themselves can be affected by selection, not just because of their effects on the design of their vehicle (the organism) but also because of their effect on the functioning of the DNA on which they reside. Hence the notion of multilevel selection. Wilson has also coined the concept of a trait-group, a group of organisms linked", "parents to their offspring is called heredity. In the sense of classical genetics, variation is known as the lack of resemblance in related individuals and can be categorized as discontinuous or continuous. Genes are a fundamental part of DNA that is aligned linearly on a eukaryotic chromosome. Chemical information that is transported and encoded by each gene is referred to as a trait. Many organisms possess two genes for each individual trait that is present within that particular individual. These paired genes that control the same trait is classified as an allele. In an individual, the allelic genes that are", "In general, any real-world situation will deviate from these assumptions to some degree, introducing corresponding inaccuracies into the estimate. If the recessive trait is rare, then it will be hard to estimate its frequency accurately, as a very large sample size will be needed. Dominant versus advantageous The property of \"dominant\" is sometimes confused with the concept of advantageous and the property of \"recessive\" is sometimes confused with the concept of deleterious, but the phenomena are distinct. Dominance describes the phenotype of heterozygotes with regard to the phenotypes of the homozygotes and without respect to the degree to which different", "diversity Alternatively, selection can be divided according to its effect on genetic diversity. Purifying or negative selection acts to remove genetic variation from the population (and is opposed by de novo mutation, which introduces new variation. In contrast, balancing selection acts to maintain genetic variation in a population, even in the absence of de novo mutation, by negative frequency-dependent selection. One mechanism for this is heterozygote advantage, where individuals with two different alleles have a selective advantage over individuals with just one allele. The polymorphism at the human ABO blood group locus has been explained in this way. By life", "allele, and the trait coded by the recessive allele will not be present. In more complex dominance schemes the results of heterozygosity can be more complex.\nA heterozygous genotype can have a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype – this is called a heterozygote advantage. Hemizygous A chromosome in a diploid organism is hemizygous when only one copy is present. The cell or organism is called a hemizygote. Hemizygosity is also observed when one copy of a gene is deleted, or, in the heterogametic sex, when a gene is located on a sex chromosome." ]