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BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know # The Pfizer BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know 18 August 2022 العربية 中文 Français Русский Español Português Updated 18 August 2022, to reflect the latest SAGE recommendations The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) has issued interim recommendations for the use of the Pfizer BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccine against COVID-19. This article provides a summary of those interim recommendations; you may access the full guidance document here. Here is what you need to know. According to SAGE, the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is safe and effective. Who can take the vaccine? The vaccine is safe and effective for all individuals aged 6 months and above. In line with the WHO Prioritization Roadmap and the WHO Values Framework, older adults, immunocompromised persons and health workers are the highest priority-use groups. All efforts should be taken to achieve high vaccine coverage rates in the highest and high priority-use groups. ### Should pregnant and breastfeeding women be vaccinated? Given the adverse consequences of COVID-19 disease during pregnancy and the increasing data supporting a favorable safety profile of BNT162b2 in pregnancy, WHO recommends the use of BNT162b2 in pregnant individuals. WHO does not recommend pregnancy testing prior to vaccination. WHO does not recommend delaying pregnancy or terminating pregnancy because of vaccination. Vaccine effectiveness is expected to be similar in breastfeeding women as in other adults. WHO recommends the use of the vaccine in breastfeeding women as in other adults. WHO does not recommend discontinuing breastfeeding because of vaccination. Vaccine-elicited antibodies have been found in breast milk following vaccination of breastfeeding women, suggesting possible neonatal as well as maternal protection. ### Who should not take the vaccine? People with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine should not take it. Anyone with fever (body temperature over 38.5 ºC) should postpone vaccination until they are afebrile. ### Is this vaccine recommended for children and adolescents? This vaccine is authorized for use for those aged 6 months and older, with an adjustment in the recommended dosage for those aged 6 months to 4 years, and an adjustment for those aged 5-11 years. WHO recommends that countries should consider using the vaccine in children aged 6 months and older to 17 only when high vaccine coverage with 2 doses has been achieved in the highest and high priority-use groups as identified in the WHO Prioritization Roadmap. Children and adolescents aged 6 months - 17 years of age with comorbidities that put them at significantly higher risk of serious COVID-19 disease, should be offered vaccination, alongside other high-risk groups. In accordance with the WHO Prioritization Roadmap, the priority remains to prevent deaths by achieving high vaccine coverage (primary series and boosters) in the highest and high priority-use groups. In general, children are at lower risk of COVID-19. That is why WHO recommend that countries prioritize vaccinating people who have higher risk first, like people who are older, have existing health conditions and health workers. ### Is it safe? The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS), a group of experts that provides independent and authoritative guidance to WHO on the topic of safe vaccine use, receives and assesses reports of suspected safety events of potentially international impact. In October 2021, the GACVS COVID-19 subcommittee concluded that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have clear benefits in all age groups in reducing hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19. A very rare serious adverse event is myocarditis, which is mainly observed in young males aged 18-35 after the second dose. These myocarditis cases typically occurred within a few days after vaccination, are generally mild, respond to conservative treatment, and are less severe with better outcomes than classical myocarditis or COVID-19 related myocarditis. ### How efficacious is the vaccine? The Pfizer BioNTech vaccine against COVID-19 has very high efficacy against severe disease and moderate efficacy against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. ### What is the recommended dosage? For all persons aged 12 years and above, SAGE recommends two doses (30 µg, 0.3 ml each), 4-8 weeks apart given intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle. For children aged 5 to 11 years SAGE recommends two doses (10 µg, 0.2 ml each) given intramuscularly into the deltoid muscle and provided 4-8 weeks apart, preferentially 8 weeks. For infants and children aged 6 months to 4 years, the recommended schedule is three doses (3µg, 0.2 ml each): a schedule of two doses 3 weeks apart followed by a third dose at least 8 weeks after the second dose are recommended according to the label. However, countries could consider extending the interval between the first and second dose up to 8 weeks. Compliance with the full schedule is recommended and the same product can be used for both doses. SAGE recommends that severe and moderately immunocompromised persons, including children, should be offered an additional dose of vaccine, as part of the primary series. This is due to the fact that this group is less likely to respond adequately to vaccination following a standard primary vaccination series and are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. ### Is a booster dose recommended for this vaccine? The first booster dose is recommended for the highest priority-use groups (e.g. older adults, persons with moderate to severe immunocompromising conditions, and health workers) followed by lower priority-use groups, 4-6 months after the completion of the primary series. If more than 6 months have elapsed since completion of the primary series, the booster dose should be given at the earliest opportunity. WHO recommends countries should consider a second booster dose 4-6 months after the first booster dose for the highest priority-use groups. There is currently no recommendation for either first or second booster doses in children under the age of 12, except for children with immunocompromising conditions. ### Can this vaccine be ‘mixed and matched’ with other vaccines? SAGE accepts two doses from different COVID-19 vaccine platforms of WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) COVID-19 vaccines as a complete primary series. For countries considering mix-and match schedules, WHO has made recommendations to ensure equivalent or favourable immunogenicity or vaccine effectiveness for heterologous versus homologous schedules: * Either of the WHO EUL COVID-19 vectored vaccines (Janssen or AstraZeneca Vaxzervia/COVISHIELD) can be used as a second dose following a first dose of the Pfizer vaccine, dependent on product availability. * The Pfizer vaccine can also be used as a second dose following any of the WHO EUL COVID-19 inactivated vaccines (Sinopharm, Sinovac or Bharat) or any of the vectored vaccines (Janssen or AstraZeneca Vaxzervia/COVISHIELD). * The Pfizer vaccines can also be used as a booster dose following any of the COVID-19 vaccines with WHO EUL. ### Does it prevent infection and transmission? There is modest vaccine impact on transmission. In the meantime, we must maintain and strengthen public health measures that work: masking, physical distancing, handwashing, respiratory and cough hygiene, avoiding crowds, and ensuring good ventilation. ### Does it work against new variants? The vaccine remains effective against virus variants, though for the Omicron variant, vaccine effectiveness against severe and mild disease after two doses is lower compared to Delta, and waning is more rapid. Therefore, a third dose (first booster) is recommended for all adults, and a second booster for the highest priority-use groups. ### How does this vaccine compare to other COVID-19 vaccines in use? It is impossible to compare vaccines head-to-head due to the different approaches taken in designing the respective studies, but overall, all of the vaccines that have achieved WHO Emergency Use Listing are highly effective in preventing severe disease and hospitalization due to COVID-19. This webpage was updated on 18 August 2022 to reflect the latest guidance. This webpage was updated on 19 January 2022 to include the latest guidance. This webpage was updated on 5 January 2022 to update the latest guidance and ensure consistency of information and formatting. This webpage was updated on 20 April 2021 to ensure consistency of information and formatting. This article was corrected on 12 January 2021 to remove an erroneous reference relating to pregnancy. WHO does NOT recommend that pregnancy be avoided post- vaccination. This article was corrected on 10 June to assure consistency of formatting. There will be no further updates to this page. For more information on Covid-19 vaccines. Related ### Advisory Groups Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization ### Interim guidance Interim recommendations for use of the Pfizer– BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, BNT162b2, under Emergency Use Listing ### COVID-19 COVID-19 vaccines COVID-19 vaccine-specific resources Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic Coronavirus health topic News SAGE April 2022 meeting highlights 11 April 2022 Guidance for an additional vaccine dose for COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised persons published 25 October 2021 Feature stories The Oxford/AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine) COVID-19 vaccine: what you need to know 13 June 2022 The Janssen Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know 6 June 2022 The Moderna COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) vaccine: what you need to know 18 August 2022 The Sinovac-CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know 10 June 2022 The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know 10 June 2022 The Bharat Biotech BBV152 COVAXIN vaccine against COVID-19: What you need to know 10 June 2022 The CanSino Biologics Ad5-nCoV-S [recombinant] COVID-19 vaccine: What you need to know 10 June 2022 The Novavax vaccine against COVID-19: What you need to know 28 September 2022 * Regions * Africa * Americas * Eastern Mediterranean * Europe * South-East Asia * Western Pacific * Policies * Cybersecurity * Ethics * Information disclosure * Permissions and licensing * Preventing sexual exploitation * Terms of use * About us * Careers * Frequently asked questions * Library * Newsletters * Procurement * Publications * Contact us Report misconduct ![\\"Home\\"](\\"/ResourcePackages/WHO/assets/dist/images/logos/en/h-logo- white.svg\\"/) Privacy policy © 2024 WHO |
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LTD. 212/2, Hadapsar, Pune 411028 India ![\\"news\\"](\\"images/icon-healthfaq.png\\"/) ## HEALTH FAQ Serum - Protection from birth onwards COVISHIELD | MEASLES | MUMPS | RUBELLA | DTP | HEPATITIS | INFLUENZA #### COVISHIELD FAQs (Updated 05 July 2021) Frequently Asked Questions 1. What kind of vaccine is COVISHIELDTM ? 2. What excipients are present in COVISHIELDTM ? 3. COVISHIELDTM regimen consists of how many doses? 4. Is there any difference between 1st and 2nd dose? 5. Do I require any test (e.g. CRP, BTCT, RTPCR etc.) before getting the vaccine? 6. I have taken the 1st dose of COVISHIELDTM? What is the current Government recommendation for the 2nd dose. 7. Do I need to take the 1st dose again if more than 12 weeks have passed after my 1st dose? 8. Do I need to take both the doses of COVISHIELDTM? 9. What are the contraindications for receiving COVISHIELDTM vaccine? 10. Are there any contraindications for receiving the 2nd dose in people who have received the 1st dose? 11. Can people with co-morbidities like Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Asthma, Cardiovascular Disease receive the vaccine? 12. Can patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis, SLE, ankylosing spondylitis, sickle cell disease, any cancer or any other disease take the vaccine? 13. Can patients with G6PD deficiency take the vaccine? 14. Are people on anti-platelet, anti-coagulant therapy eligible to receive the vaccine? 15. Can patients with any food or drug allergy (e.g. penicillin, sulfa, NSAIDs, or any other drug) take the vaccine? 16. Can patients receiving immunosuppressant therapy take the vaccine? 17. When should I expect adverse reactions to start? Till how many days after vaccination the adverse events should be monitored? 18. What adverse reactions can I get after vaccination? 19. Where can I get treatment if I get adverse event? 20. Are there any specific medicines to treat adverse events after the vaccine? 21. Is there any need to report Adverse Events? 22. When can I take second dose of vaccine if I get COVID-19 disease after first dose of vaccine? 23. When can I take 1st dose of vaccine after developing COVID-19? 24. Whether a person after receiving vaccine can consume alcohol/ smoke? 25. Are any animal products used in COVISHIELDTM? 26. Can pregnant women receive COVISHIELDTM? 27. What is the effect of COVISHIELDTM on fertility? 28. Can women on their periods (menstruating) receive COVISHIELDTM? 29. Can breastfeeding women receive COVISHIELDTM? 30. A person outside India, who has received first dose of AstraZeneca\'s vaccine, whether he can take second dose of COVISHIELDTM in India? 31. Can I take 1 dose of COVISHIELDTM and 1 dose of another COVID-19 vaccine? 32. What is the efficacy data available with the ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine? 33. Can people still get COVID-19 even after receiving 2 doses of the vaccine? 34. What is the risk of developing blood clots after receiving ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine 35. Is it recommended to test antibodies after vaccination? 36. How long will the vaccine protect me against COVID-19? 37. Do I need to take 3rd dose of vaccine? 38. Against which variants does the the ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine offer protection? 39. Can COVISHIELDTM cause a positive test result for the disease, such as for a RT-PCR or antigen test? Disclaimer: The information on this site is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this web site is for general information purposes only and subject to change. You are encouraged to review all information regarding any medical condition or treatment with your physician. NEVER DISREGARD PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL ADVICE OR DELAY SEEKING MEDICAL TREATMENT BECAUSE OF SOMETHING YOU HAVE READ ON THIS SITE. ##### COVISHIELDTM ###### 1\. What kind of vaccine is COVISHIELDTM? It is a recombinant, replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus vector encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein. Following administration, the genetic material of part of corona virus is expressed which stimulates an immune response. ###### 2\. What excipients are present in COVISHIELDTM? COVISHIELDTM contains the following excipients: * L-Histidine * L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate * Magnesium chloride hexahydrate * Polysorbate 80 * Ethanol * Sucrose * Sodium chloride * Disodium edetate dihydrate (EDTA) ###### 3\. COVISHIELDTM regimen consists of how many doses? It consists of two doses of 0.5 ml each. ###### 4\. Is there any difference between 1st and 2nd dose? No. There is no difference between the 1st and 2nd dose. Each dose has the same content of viral particles. ###### 5\. Do I require any test (e.g. CRP, BTCT, RTPCR etc.) before getting the vaccine? No. There are no such recommendations. ###### 6\. I have taken the 1st dose of COVISHIELDTM? What is the current Government recommendation for the 2nd dose. The Indian government has recommended that the time interval between the 1st and 2nd dose should be between 12-16 weeks. (1) ###### 7\. Do I need to take the 1st dose again if more than 12 weeks have passed after my 1st dose? You do not need to repeat the 1st dose even if more than 12 weeks have passed after the 1st dose. ###### 8\. Do I need to take both the doses of COVISHIELDTM? Both doses of COVISHIELDTM need to be taken for optimum protection. ###### 9\. What are the contraindications for receiving COVISHIELDTM vaccine? COVISHIELDTM is contraindicated in 1. People with hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed below: * L-Histidine * L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate * Magnesium chloride hexahydrate * Polysorbate 80 * Ethanol * Sucrose * Sodium chloride * Disodium edetate dihydrate (EDTA) 2. Patients who have experienced major blood clotting (venous and/or arterial thrombosis) in combination with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) following any COVID-19 vaccine. ###### 10\. Are there any contraindications for receiving the 2nd dose in people who have received the 1st dose? The contraindications to second dose of vaccine are: 1. Severe allergic reaction after a previous dose of this vaccine. If your treating physician considered this event as a severe allergic reaction to the vaccine, then you should not take second dose of vaccine. If you experience any other adverse event (known or unknown) after first dose, you can take the second dose. 2. Patients who have experienced major blood clotting (venous and/or arterial thrombosis) in combination with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) following first dose of vaccine. ###### 11\. Can people with co-morbidities like Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Asthma, Cardiovascular Disease receive the vaccine? COVISHIELDTM has been administered in people with or without comorbid conditions in clinical trials and the safety profile was comparable in those with or without comorbid condition (e.g.: Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, Asthma, Diabetes, etc.). People with clinically stable comorbid conditions can receive the vaccine. Kindly follow up with your treating physician for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. ###### 12\. Can patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis, SLE, ankylosing spondylitis, sickle cell disease, any cancer or any other disease take the vaccine? History of any disease is not a contraindication for receiving the vaccine. Kindly follow up with your healthcare provider for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. ###### 13\. Can patients with G6PD deficiency take the vaccine? History of G6PD deficiency is not a contraindication for receiving the vaccine. Kindly follow up with your healthcare provider for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. ###### 14\. Are people on anti-platelet, anti-coagulant therapy eligible to receive the vaccine? History of receipt or currently ongoing anti-platelet/anti-coagulant therapy is not a contraindication for receiving the vaccine. Kindly follow up with your healthcare provider for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. As with other intramuscular injections, COVISHIELDTM should be given with caution to individuals with thrombocytopenia, any coagulation disorder or to persons on anticoagulation therapy, because bleeding or bruising may occur following an intramuscular administration in these individuals. ###### 15\. Can patients with any food or drug allergy (e.g. penicillin, sulfa, NSAIDs, or any other drug) take the vaccine? History of food or drug allergy is not a contraindication for receiving the vaccine. COVISHIELDTM is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients mentioned above (Refer to Question 9.) Kindly follow up with your healthcare provider for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. ###### 16\. Can patients receiving immunosuppressant therapy take the vaccine? History of receiving immunosuppressants is not a contraindication for receiving the vaccine. We anticipate that individuals including those receiving immunosuppressant therapy may have relatively weaker immune response to the vaccine regimen compared to immunocompetent individuals. Kindly follow up with your healthcare provider for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. ###### 17\. When should I expect adverse reactions to start? Till how many days after vaccination the adverse events should be monitored? Most of the side effects with COVISHIELDTM occur on the day of vaccination (6 to 8 hours later) and resolve within 2 to 3 days. These are uncommon by Day 5 to 7 after vaccination, indicating that these effects are self-limiting and of short duration. Adverse reactions are relatively less after the second dose as compared to the first dose. ###### 18\. What adverse reactions can I get after vaccination? Following side effects or adverse reactions have been reported with COVISHIELDTM vaccine. 1. Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) - tenderness, pain, warmth, or itching where the injection is given, generally feeling unwell, feeling tired (fatigue), chills or feeling feverish, headache, feeling sick (nausea), joint pain or muscle ache 2. Common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) - swelling or redness where the injection is given, fever, being sick (vomiting) or diarrhoea, pain in legs or arms, flu-like symptoms, such as high temperature sore throat, runny nose, cough and chills 3. Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people) – sleepiness or feeling dizzy, abdominal pain, enlarged lymph nodes, excessive sweating, itchy skin, rash or hives 4. Not known (the frequency cannot be determined from the available data) -severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), severe swelling of the lips, mouth, throat (which may cause difficulty in swallowing or breathing) 5. Rarest: Major blood clotting (venous and/or arterial thrombosis) in combination with low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) have been observed very rarely (with a frequency less than 1 in 100,000 vaccinated individuals) ###### 19\. Where can I get treatment if I get adverse event? You should consult your health care provider / physician for the management of your adverse event. The manufacturer cannot prescribe or provide or recommend any treatment. ###### 20\. Are there any specific medicines to treat adverse events after the vaccine? No. There are no such medicines. The physicians shall apply their clinical judgement for the treatment of the adverse events. In clinical trials on different vaccines and medicines also, all the adverse events are treated by the investigating doctors based on their clinical judgement. If required, medicines used to treat fever like paracetamol may be used to provide relief from the common side effects of vaccine like fever, body pain, headache, muscle or joint pain etc. In case you need medical advice, kindly consult your healthcare provider / doctor. ###### 21\. Is there any need to report Adverse Events? Yes, as a part of pharmacovigilance, it is useful to report adverse events to the Govt authorities/manufacturer so that they can collate all the data and monitor the safety of the vaccine. You may also report the adverse event to SII through toll free no (1800 1200 124) or via email pharmacovigilance@seruminstitute.com. ###### 22\. When can I take second dose of vaccine if I get COVID-19 disease after first dose of vaccine? As per the guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHWF), you can take the 2nd dose of the COVID-19 vaccine 3 months after recovery from COVID-19 symptoms. (2) ###### 23\. When can I take 1st dose of vaccine after developing COVID-19? As per the guidelines of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHWF), COVID-19 vaccine can be deferred by 3 months after recovery in individuals having lab test proven SARS-2 COVID-19 illness. (2) ###### 24\. Whether a person after receiving vaccine can consume alcohol/ smoke? There is no recommendation regarding avoidance of alcohol/ smoking following vaccination. ###### 25\. Are any animal products used in COVISHIELDTM? No animal products are used in COVISHIELDTM ###### 26\. Can pregnant women receive COVISHIELDTM? There is a limited experience with the use of the vaccine in pregnant women. Preliminary animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to pregnancy, embryofetal development, parturition or postnatal development; definitive animal studies have not been completed yet. The full relevance of animal studies to human risk with vaccines for COVID-19 remains to be established. Administration of COVISHIELDTM in pregnancy should only be considered when the potential benefits outweigh any potential risks for the mother and foetus. Recently, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India said that, \'a pregnant woman who opts for vaccination, could be vaccinated at any time of the pregnancy. To help pregnant women make an informed decision to be vaccinated, they should be provided with information about the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy, the benefits of vaccination, along with the likely side effects of vaccination\'.(3) For further details, please refer to ###### 27\. What is the effect of COVISHIELDTM on fertility? Preliminary animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to fertility. ###### 28\. Can women on their periods (menstruating) receive COVISHIELDTM? There is no correlation between menstruation and the effect of the vaccine. Moreover, this is a physiological phenomenon and it has nothing to do with immunity. Women on their periods can take the vaccine. In fact, there is no prohibition to take any vaccine during menstruation. ###### 29\. Can breastfeeding women receive COVISHIELDTM? It is unknown whether COVISHIELDTM is excreted in human milk. However, the current guidelines of the Indian Government state that COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for all lactating women. (2) WHO guidelines state that vaccine efficacy is expected to be similar in lactating women as in other adults. Since COVISHIELDTM (ChAdOx1-S [recombinant]) vaccine is not a live virus vaccine, it is biologically and clinically unlikely to pose a risk to the breastfeeding child. On the basis of these considerations, a lactating woman who is part of a group recommended for vaccination according to the WHO Prioritization Roadmap, e.g. health workers, should be offered vaccination on an equivalent basis. WHO does not recommend discontinuing breastfeeding after vaccination. (4) It is advisable that breastfeeding mothers should consult their healthcare provider for a risk benefit assessment based on clinical judgement before taking the vaccine. ###### 30\. A person outside India, who has received first dose of AstraZeneca\'s vaccine, whether he can take second dose of COVISHIELDTM in India? Both COVISHIELDTM(manufactured by Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd) and COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca (manufactured by AstraZeneca) are ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccines (Recombinant). There is no data available when both these vaccines are used interchangeably. However, the World Health Organization (WHO) states that ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] products (AstraZeneca AZD1222, SII COVISHIELDTM) are considered equivalent and interchangeable for both doses and recommends that both doses should be administered with ChAdOx1-S product. (4) ###### 31\. Can I take 1 dose of COVISHIELDTM and 1 dose of another COVID-19 vaccine? There is no safety, immunogenicity or efficacy data to support interchangeability of COVISHIELDTM with other COVID-19 vaccines. It is recommended that individuals who receive a first dose of COVISHIELDTM complete the vaccination course with COVISHIELDTM. ###### 32\. What is the efficacy data available with the ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine? Studies | Efficacy Percentage ---|--- UK and Brazil Data (5) | Overall efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 after more than 14 days after the 2nd dose | 66.7% Vaccine efficacy against severe disease, hospitalization and death from 22 days after the first dose | 100% Vaccine Efficacy 22 days after single dose which was maintained up to day 90 following single dose | 76% Vaccine Efficacy in participants who had an interval of ≥12 weeks between the 1st and the 2nd dose | 81.3% Overall efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 after more than 14 days after the 2nd dose | 76% US Data (6) | Overall efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 after more than 14 days after the 2nd dose | 100% ###### 33\. Can people still get COVID-19 even after receiving 2 doses of the vaccine? Yes, no vaccine is 100% protective. People can get COVID-19 even after vaccination. However, the vaccination will help protect them from developing severe disease. Kindly note that people who get vaccinated should continue to follow all current guidance to protect themselves against COVID-19 after they are vaccinated. That means: * Wearing a mask * Staying at least six feet away from others * Avoiding crowds * Washing hands with soap and water or using hand sanitizer ###### 34\. What is the risk of developing blood clots after receiving ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine Very rare events of serious thrombosis with thrombocytopenia, including unusual sites such as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and splanchnic vein thrombosis, some associated with arterial thrombosis, have been observed following vaccination during post-authorization use. The majority of the events occurred within the first 14 days following vaccination whereas the outer limit was 33 days and some events had a fatal outcome. Get medical attention immediately if from a few days following vaccination you get any of the following symptoms: 1. experience a severe or persistent headache, blurred vision, confusion or seizures (fits) 2. develop shortness of breath, chest pain, leg swelling, leg pain or persistent abdominal pain 3. notice unusual skin bruising or pinpoint round spots beyond the site of vaccination The European Medical Agency (EMA) stated that the overall benefits of the vaccine in the prevention of COVID-19 outweigh risks from adverse events including thrombosis in combination with thrombocytopenia (TTS). (7) ###### 35\. Is it recommended to test antibodies after vaccination? Our clinical trials have shown that after 2 doses of the vaccine almost all recipients developed antibodies. The Centre for Disease Control (CDC), USA does not recommend antibody testing to assess for immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following COVID-19 vaccination. ###### 36\. How long will the vaccine protect me against COVID-19? The duration of protection has not yet been established. ###### 37\. Do I need to take 3rd dose of vaccine? As of now, there are no such recommendations. ###### 38\. Against which variants does the the ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine offer protection? Data as of now shows that that the vaccine offers protection against the B 1.1.7 (UK) (8), B.1.167.1 (9) and P.1 (Brazil) variant. (10) The efficacy against the B.1.351 (South Africa) variant was lower. However, it prevented severe disease. (11) As regards the other variants, as of now there is no indication that the vaccine is not working against them. ###### 39\. Can COVISHIELDTM cause a positive test result for the disease, such as for a RT-PCR or antigen test? No, COVISHIELDTM will not cause a positive test result for a COVID-19 RT-PCR or Rapid antigen test. This is because the tests check for active disease and not whether an individual is immune or not. ##### References: 1. Letter by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare dated 13 May 2021 2. Letter by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare dated 19 May 2021 3. 4. WHO Interim recommendations for use of the ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine against COVID-19, 21 April 2021 5. 6. (Accessed 13 May 2021) 7. (Accessed 13 May 2021) 8. 9. 10. 11. Disclaimer: The information on this site is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this web site is for general information purposes only and subject to change. You are encouraged to review all information regarding any medical condition or treatment with your physician. 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Is the person who has taken 6 Covishield doses' | 3,151 | British Broadcasting Corporation Register* Home * News * US Election * Sport * Business * Innovation * Culture * Arts * Travel * Earth * Video * Live RegisterHome News US Election Sport Business Innovation Culture Arts Travel Earth Video Live Audio Weather Newsletters # Covid-19: Indian man has taken at least eight Covid jabs 7 January 2022 Share Save Soutik Biswas India correspondent Share Save ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"BBC](\\" Brahmdeo Mandal, 65, has claimed that he received 11 doses of the vaccine A man in India got jabbed with a Covid-19 vaccine at least eight times last year, a health official said. Brahmdeo Mandal, 65, has claimed that he received 11 doses of the vaccine in Bihar state. The retired postman said the jabs had helped him to get rid of aches and pains and \"stay healthy\". He claimed he had not suffered any adverse effects. Mr Mondal was finally stopped from taking what he claimed was his 12th jab at a camp last week. A probe is underway to find out how Mr Mandal, who lives with his family in Madhepura district, managed to get multiple jabs. \"We have already found evidence that he took eight jabs from four places,\" Amarendra Pratap Shahi, civil surgeon of Madhepura, told the BBC. Since vaccination began on 16 January last year, India has been mainly administering two locally-manufactured vaccines, Covishield and Covaxin. The two-dose vaccines have a gap from 12-16 weeks and four to six weeks after the first dose respectively. Vaccination is voluntary, and more than 90,000 centres, mostly state-run, are offering jabs across the country. These include vaccination camps offering walk-in jabs without prior online registration. The beneficiary needs to furnish identity proof - a biometric card, voter ID or driving licence, among 10 documents - to register. The data gathered from the sites is uploaded to India\'s vaccine portal, CoWin. ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"Getty](\\" Images Some 36% of the adult population in Bihar is fully vaccinated Early investigations had found that Mr Mandal had managed to take \"two jabs in a half hour gap\" on the same day and each of these jabs \"were registered on the portal\". \"We are flummoxed how this could happen. There seems to be a portal failure happening. We are also trying to find out whether there was any negligence by people manning the vaccination centres,\" Mr Shahi said. Public health expert Chandrakant Lahariya told the BBC that the \"only way\" this can happen is if the vaccination data from the sites is uploaded on the portal after a long lag. \"But I still wonder it was not detected after so many jabs over so long a time.\" Mr Mandal, who kept detailed handwritten notes of the dates, timings and camps, claims he received 11 doses between February and December last year. He told the BBC that he travelled to vaccination camps across Madhepura and even to at least two neighbouring districts - one more than 100km (62 miles) away - to get the jabs. He used different identity cards to register at these sites. Mr Mandal said he had been a \"practising quack\" in his village before taking up a postman\'s job and \"knew a thing about diseases\". \"After taking the jabs my body aches and pain disappeared. I used to have knee pain and walked with a stick. Now I don\'t. I feel fine.\" Fever, headache, fatigue and pain - mostly mild to moderate - are the most commonly reported side effects after getting a Covid-19 vaccine. Severe allergic reactions are rarer. \"You will usually get these reactions after the first and the second dose. Multiple doses of these vaccines should be fairly harmless, as antibodies have already been formed and the vaccines are made up of harmless components,\" Dr Lahariya said. Some 65% of India\'s adult population is fully vaccinated and around 91% have got at least one dose. The numbers in Bihar are lower: 36% of the adult population is fully vaccinated and 49% have received at least one dose. ![\\"Presentational](\\" The jungle-trekking Covid vaccinators helping to protect remote Indian villages. ## Why has India missed its vaccine target? ## India second country to cross two billion Covid jabs Asia Coronavirus vaccines India Coronavirus Related ## Maldives to seek bailout from India despite strained ties 7 hrs ago ## My mission is to take Tamil music global, says Sid Sriram 14 hrs agoWorld ## Could the deaths of 20 school children help make Thailand\'s roads safer? 2 days agoAsia More 8 hrs ago ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"Two](\\" baa5-97cd905da6bd.jpg.webp\\") ## Covid booster and flu vaccines available Eligible people would be able to get Covid and Flu vaccines from their GP. 8 hrs agoJersey 14 hrs ago ![\\"Indian](\\" ## Maldives president visits India amid trouble in tourist paradise President Muizzu is visiting India at a time when his country is staring at an economic crisis. 14 hrs agoAsia 2 days ago ![\\"A](\\" ## The Polish artist who painted Hindu gods in Indian palaces Stefan Norblin painted beautiful murals in the art deco style for Indian maharajas in the 1940s. 2 days agoAsia 2 days ago ![\\"Actor](\\" ad45-893aa022fcbc.jpg.webp\\") ## Legendary film track voted best noughties Bollywood song Stars from the world of Bollywood have been reacting to BBC Asian Network\'s top 50 noughties songs. 2 days agoNewsbeat 2 days ago ![\\"India\\'s](\\" ## India\'s foreign minister to visit Pakistan for the first time since 2015 India\'s foreign minister S Jaishankar will be attending a regional meeting in Pakistan this month. 2 days agoAsia British Broadcasting Corporation * Home * News * US Election * Sport * Business * Innovation * Culture * Arts * Travel * Earth * Video * Live * Audio * Weather * BBC Shop BBC in other languages ## Follow BBC on: * Terms of Use * About the BBC * Privacy Policy * Cookies * Accessibility Help * Contact the BBC * Advertise with us * Do not share or sell my info * Contact technical support Copyright 2024 BBC. 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Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (2024-2025 Formula) is authorized for use as follows: Individuals 6 months through 4 years of age: * Unvaccinated individuals: Two doses of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (2024-2025 Formula) are administered. The second dose is administered 1 month after the first. * Individuals who have received one previous dose of any Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine that is no longer authorized for use in the United States: A single dose of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (2024-2025 Formula) is administered 1 month after the previous dose. * Individuals who have received two or more previous doses of any Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine that is no longer authorized for use in the United States: A single dose of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (2024-2025 Formula) is administered at least 2 months after the last previous dose. Individuals 5 years through 11 years of age, regardless of vaccination status: * A single dose of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine (2024-2025 Formula). If previously vaccinated with any COVID-19 vaccine that is no longer authorized for use in the United States, administer at least 2 months after receipt of the last previous dose of any COVID-19 vaccine. Immunocompromised individuals 6 months through 11 years of age: * Complete at least a three-dose series with a COVID-19 vaccine, each dose one month apart. 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All vaccinated people die within 2 years Vaccines create more mutations Vaccination causes more deaths' Luc Montagnier | 3,152 | Become a Member Dark Mode Become a Member * Naukri Crisis * Uncovering Hate * Haryana Election * Manipur Conflict * Jammu and Kashmir Election * Climate Change * Members Only * WebQoof * My Report * More * Brand Studio * FIT * Gender * Opinion * Videos * Entertainment * Sports * World * Explainers * More * Podcasts * Politics * The Quint Lab * Graphic Novels * Law * Education * Members\' Opinion * South Asians * NEON Dark Mode Become a Member * Home * Naukri Crisis * Haryana Election * Uncovering Hate * About Us * T&C * Privacy Policy ## BECOME A MEMBER Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019 FOLLOW US ON About UsContact UsPrivacy Policy ADVERTISEMENTREMOVE AD # Will All Vaccinated People Die in 2 Years? Viral Claim Is False ## Former Nobel prize laureate Luc Montagnier has made several claims in the past for which he has been criticised. Aishwarya Varma Updated: 26 May 2021, 7:21 PM IST WebQoof 5 min read ![\\"story-hero- img\\"](\\" i Aa Aa Small Aa Medium Aa Large A widely circulated text message, attributed to French virologist Luc Montagnier, is being shared to claim that he said all the vaccinated people will “die within two years” and that there is no scope of survival. It further goes on to state that he said they will “all die from antibody- dependent enhancement (ADE)”. Another version of the viral claim also states that he blamed the vaccines for “creating” the variants. However, we found that the claims made by Montagnier are unfounded and not backed by science or data. Further, the statement about people dying has been misattributed to him. But in an 11-minute-long interview, originally in French, the former Nobel laureate does talk against the vaccines and asserts that the effect will be known after two to three years. Also Read ### 42% People in Parts of UP, Bihar, MP Say Won’t Take COVID Vaccine ![\\"alsoRead-img\\"](\\"\\") ADVERTISEMENTREMOVE AD CLAIM The claim, which is massively viral on WhatsApp and has also being picked up by several news outlets, goes on to make the following claims: 1. “All vaccinated people will die within two years.” 2. “The history books will show that, because it is the vaccination that is creating the variants.” 3. “Many epidemiologists know it and are “silent” about the problem known as “antibody-dependent enhancement.” ![\\"Former](\\"\\") Various news organisations carried stories about vaccines creating variants, including Hindi news portal Amar Ujala and Hindi news channel TV9 Bharatvarsh and Zee News. Also Read ### Free COVID Vaccine in India But Not in UK, US? ABP News Misreports ![\\"alsoRead-img\\"](\\"\\") CLAIM 1: ALL VACCINATED PEOPLE WILL DIE WITHIN TWO YEARS We found the full video interview on a website called ‘Odysee’. We went through the content of the interview but didn’t find any comment where Montagnier talks about “all vaccinated people dying within two years”. It is true that he does make unsubstantiated claims about the vaccine and raises doubts, but he doesn’t say that vaccinated people will die. However, when the interviewer speaks about the “ill-effects” of the vaccine, Montagnier says it will be known after two to three years. CLAIM 2: VACCINATION IS CREATING VARIANTS On being asked about the variants, the former Nobel laureate says that “the variants come from vaccinations. The virus has a very strong ability to change.” He also added that this is an “unacceptable mistake”. But is that true? Well, the simple answer to the question is NO. The Quint had earlier debunked this claim and shown that there is no known evidence for it. > There is certainly no doubt that viruses ‘mutate’, and these mutations > create an updated version of the virus which is called a “variant”. Several > variants of the SARS-CoV-2 were found even before the vaccination drive > started. Also Read ### No, COVID-19 Vaccine Doesn’t Pose a Risk When Taken During Periods ![\\"alsoRead-img\\"](\\"\\") ADVERTISEMENTREMOVE AD We had earlier spoken to Dr Satyajit Rath, an adjunct faculty of IISER Pune, who told us, “We should keep in mind that these variants will not necessarily be any more \'lethal\', since all they will have been ‘selected for’ is avoiding pre-existing immunity just enough so as to establish infection and spread.” He further added that we become ‘immune’ both by natural infection and vaccination. We also spoke to Professor Sandhya Koushika in the Department of Biological Sciences at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) who told us that there is no evidence to suggest that vaccines were the cause for the different variants of coronavirus. > “The reason that we have the variants is because a very large number of > people are infected and the virus itself can change... The vaccine by itself > is not going to cause the variants, the variants arising is a natural > process that comes from the virus.” Professor Sandhya Koushika, TIFR Further, if we take into consideration the variant which was found in the UK, the vaccination started in December but the government had announced that the variant was first discovered in September. According to news reports and the WHO, the B.1.617 variant of COVID-19, which has become the most dominant variant in India, was first found in October 2020, much before the vaccination drive started in India. ADVERTISEMENTREMOVE AD Further, microbiologist and often referred to as India’s vaccine “God Mother” Dr Gangandeep Kang also took to Twitter to explain how the statement was “not true”. She wrote that the only way to “decrease variants is to not stop vaccination, but to increase it to stop virus circulation and replication!” > Bear with me.. About Luc Montagnierâs statements-Well, apparently he did > not say all vaccinated people will die in two years (Given human variation > why 2? Not 1 or 6??). But he did sayNew variants are created through > selection imposed by antibodies made through vaccination 1/n > > — G Kang (@GKangInd) May 26, 2021 CLAIM 3: EPIDEMIOLOGISTS KNOW ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF \'ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT\' AND ARE SILENT Montagnier also said that the epidemiologists know about the phenomenon of “Antibody-Dependent Enhacement” and are silent. But what is ADE? Antibody-dependent enhancement refers to the biological phenomenon wherein a pathogen (in this case, a virus) binds itself to an antibody and gains the ability to target cells it previously could not. The antibodies act as a carrier for the pathogen and increases its ability to enter the host cells, worsening the disease. However, experts have dismissed these claims calling it “pretty much a non- issue” in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, as “scientists sought to target a SARS-CoV-2 protein that was least likely to cause ADE” in the early stages of vaccine development, as per a report by MedPage Today. ADVERTISEMENTREMOVE AD A 2020 paper titled ‘COVID-19 Vaccines: Should We Fear ADE?’ published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in 2020 also explored the phenomenon, calling it “unlikely” as coronavirus diseases in humans “lack the clinical, epidemiological, biological, or pathological attributes of ADE disease”. WHO IS LUC MONTAGNIER? Luc Montagnier had won the Nobel price in medicine in 2008 for his discovery of HIV. However, he has made several claims in the past for which he has been criticised by the fraternity. In early 2020, he propagated the oft-repeated conspiracy theory that the coronavirus is man-made. Though there is no evidence for the same, people like top US expert on infectious disease Dr Anthony Fauci has also called for an investigation into the origins of COVID-19, stating that he is “not convinced” about the origin. He has also made statements like “flu shots will kill COVID patients”, a claim disputed by the health experts. In the past, Montagnier has also supported anti-vaxxers, claiming that DNA emits “electromagnetic waves” and that DNA molecules can teleport in the past. Clearly, the claims made by Montagnier are not only unsubstantiated and unfound but he has a past record of making such statements. (Not convinced of a post or information you came across online and want it verified? Send us the details on WhatsApp at 9643651818, or e-mail it to us at webqoof@thequint.com and we\'ll fact-check it for you. You can also read all our fact-checked stories here.) (At The Quint, we question everything. Play an active role in shaping our journalism by **becoming a member** today.) ### Read Latest News and Breaking News at The Quint, browse for more from news and webqoof ### Topics: Fact Check Webqoof coronavirus Published: 26 May 2021, 11:20 AM IST Read Full Article Speaking truth to power requires allies like you. Become a Member Check Member Benefits Read More Loading Comments... 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All vaccinated people die within 2 years Vaccines create more mutations Vaccination causes more deaths' Luc Montagnier | 3,152 | ![](\\"/assets/newTheme/img/logo-newSkin.png\\") menu * About * About * Curious by Nature Podcast * Member Services * Pricing * Accessibility Statement * Newswise Live * Invoice Lookup * Archived Wires * Media Subscribers * Services for Journalists * Sample Effectiveness Reports * Terms of Service * Privacy Policy * Our Staff * Contact Us * Blog * FAQ * Help * News * Latest News * Coronavirus News * Currently Embargoed * Research News Releases * Google Fact Check * Research Alert * Preprints * Marketplace * News With Video/Audio * RSS Channels * Medicine * Science * Life * Business * Journal News * By Location * Meeting, Grants & Events * Biotech * Cancer * Coronavirus/COVID-19 * Clinical Trials * Diabetes * Genetics * Infectious Disease * Neuro * Obesity * Women\'s Health View all Medicine Channels arrow_right_alt * Chemistry * Climate Science * Dinosaurs * DOE Science News * Engineering * Materials Science * Physics * Space View all Science Channels arrow_right_alt * Behavioral Science * Education * Government * History * Politics * Social Media View all Life Channels arrow_right_alt * Economics * Wall Street * In the Workplace * Women in Business View all Business Channels arrow_right_alt * Cell (journal) * JAMA * Journal of Experimental Medicine * Nature (journal) * NEJM * Neurology (journal) * PLoS View all Journal Channels arrow_right_alt * Afghanistan News * African News * China News * Cuba News * Europe News * Germany News * Gulf of Mexico * India/Pakistan News * Iraq News View all by Location Channels arrow_right_alt * Grant Funded News * Medical Meetings * Newswise Live - Event in Progress * Newswise Live - Expert Spotlight * Newswise Live - Events * Scientific Meetings View all Meeting, Grants & Events Channels arrow_right_alt Sign up for the wires and see archived wires * Sign Up Now * Experts * ###### Expert Pitch Browse experts available to comment on breaking news * ###### Expert Query Request an expert contact, get responses directly to your inbox * ###### Expert Directory Find an expert by topic in a comprehensive database * Journalists * Pricing * search Request a Demo * Login * Register ![\\"Newswise\\"](\\"/legacy/image.php?image=/images/institutions/logos/Logo.png&width=320&height=100\\") # Debunking the claim that vaccines cause new COVID-19 variants 25-May-2021 3:00 PM EDT, by Newswise favorite_border #### Fact Check By: Craig Jones, Newswise ###### Truthfulness: ![](\\"/assets/img/factcheck/1.png\\") > ### Claim: > > ## It is clear that the new variants are created by antibody-mediated > selection due to the vaccination > > **Claim Publisher and Date:** Luc Montagnier, a French virologist and > recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine on 2021-05-19 In an interview in the French documentary \"Hold-Up,\" Luc Montagnier, a French virologist and recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), claimed that Covid-19 vaccines are creating new variants in various parts of the world. He believes that the ongoing vaccinations across the world is an ”enormous mistake.” ”The history books will show that because it is the vaccination that is creating the variants.” Multiple French social media posts that have been shared by thousands have also claimed that COVID-19 vaccines are causing variants of the virus to emerge. We find these claims to be false. There is no evidence the vaccines are creating more variants. In fact, most human vaccines have not been undermined by microbial evolution. Variants of the SARS-COV-2 virus are created at random, through the mass spread of the virus.4 Vaccination is part of the solution for suppressing transmissions. Nearly all of the approved COVID vaccines used in humans prevent asymptomatic infection and spread.1* WHO’s Vaccines Explained series > When a virus is widely circulating in a population and causing many > infections, the likelihood of the virus mutating increases. The more > opportunities a virus has to spread, the more it replicates – and the more > opportunities it has to undergo changes. The variants that are currently most concern to scientists Include the UK\'s B.1.1.7 variants, South Africa\'s B.1.351 variants, Brazil\'s P.1 variants and India\'s B.1.617 variants. Some of these variants appear to be more infectious than the original Wuhan strain. Recent studies have found that antibody responses generated through natural infection to the original strain or via vaccination are less effective in neutralizing these variant strains.2 According to the CDC, a growing body of evidence suggests that fully vaccinated people are less likely to have asymptomatic infection and potentially less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to others.3 Stopping the spread of COVID means slowing mutations of the virus too. 1\. JAMA. 2021;325(13):1241-1243. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3370 2\. Scientists reveal structural details of how SARS-CoV-2 variants escape immune response 3\. vaccinated-people.html 4\. *Update: Full vaccination is about 88% effective at preventing symptomatic Delta infections. Full vaccination is 96% effective in preventing Delta-caused hospitalizations. Request an Expert ##### MEDIA CONTACT Register for reporter access to contact details ##### FACT CHECK DETAILS Claim: It is clear that the new variants are created by antibody-mediated selection due to the vaccination Claim Publisher: Luc Montagnier, a French virologist and recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Medicine Date of Claim: 2021-05-19 Author of Article: Craig Jones Truthfulness: ##### TYPE OF ARTICLE Fact Check ##### SECTION MEDICINE ###### CHANNELS Infectious Diseases Pharmaceuticals Public Health Vaccines Coronavirus U.S. Politics Staff Picks COMMENTS | COMMENTING POLICY View All Latest News ## Join Newswise! 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All vaccinated people die within 2 years Vaccines create more mutations Vaccination causes more deaths' Luc Montagnier | 3,152 | ![\\"Logo\\"](\\" Subscribe * * * * Sign in * VIDEO VIDEO * No Filter * Let me explain * Yen Endra Kelvi * LONG FORM * SUBSCRIBER ONLY * PODCAST PODCAST * Whats Your Ism? * Pakka Politics * FLIX * NEWSLETTERS * SUBSCRIBE ![\\"contribute](\\" ![\\"contribute](\\" News # Message claiming ‘vaccinated people will die in two years’ by Nobel Laureate is FAKE The fake message has been attributed to French virologist and Nobel Prize winner Luc Montagnier and has been doing the rounds on WhatsApp. ![\\"Fake](\\"//media.assettype.com/tnm%2Fimport%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFactCheck_Vaccination_LucMontagnier_250521_1200x800.jpeg?w=480&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=max\\") Fake message stamp on Lun Montagnier\'s message with vials of covid-19 vaccine in the foreground Written by: Sanyukta Dharmadhikari Published on: 26 May 2021, 9:05 am * * * * * * Copied A viral message has been doing the rounds on WhatsApp claiming that French virologist and Nobel Prize winner Luc Montagnier has said that “all vaccinated people will die within two years” and that the COVID-19 vaccination drive is a “big blunder.” This message is FAKE. The fake message claims, “Nobel Prize Winner Luc Montagnier has confirmed that there is no chance of survival for people who have received any form of the vaccine. In the shocking interview, the world\'s top virologist stated blankly.” The fake message was linked to a report in LifeSiteNews, which is a Canadian far-right anti-abortion advocacy and news publication. Just earlier this month, the website was banned by Facebook for spreading misinformation on COVID-19. Snopes.com, a fact-checking resource, has previously described the website as “a known purveyor of misleading information.” LifeSiteNews attributed its claim to an article published on the website of RAIR Foundation, a US-based NGO “to combat the threats from Islamic supremacists, radical leftists and their allies.” The article included a two- minute video, where the French virologist disparages the vaccine programme for COVID-19. TNM perused the original 11-minute video in French, which has a lot of cuts. However, while Luc Montagnier, who is known for his anti-vaccination stance, did term the mass vaccination as an “enormous mistake”, he did not explicitly state that “vaccinated people will die in two years,” as claimed in the message. Several anti-vaccine groups picked up professor Luc Montagnier\'s video to push their message. While the French professor claimed that “vaccines create new variants” (also mentioned in the fake message), scientists and international health organisations have repeatedly pointed out that virus mutation is a common phenomenon and expected. Variants are produced when viruses have one or more mutations, which takes place when it replicates in the human body. Some mutations in the COVID-19 variants are said to escape the immune system or antibodies in the body. However, the more the viruses transmit, the more it mutates. This is where vaccines play a role in limiting this transmission and preventing the emergence of new mutants and variants, say experts. Speaking to TNM, Dr T Jacob John, an eminent virologist from Vellore, also dismissed the claims shared in the WhatsApp message and said the video doing the rounds on social media with the claims could be doctored. \"It is absolutely fake. A lie can travel across the world faster than the truth can tie its shoes. The COVID-19 vaccine is safe and this claim is absolutely false,\" he said. Neuroscientist Dr Sumaiya Sheikh, who has a PhD in medicine, took to Twitter to fact-check the claims made in the message. “The French laureate Luc Montagnier’s message about vaccines creating new variants is FALSE. 1. Vaccines prevent transmission and inhibit the formation of new variants by inhibiting large scale viral replication. 2. The COVID-19 vaccine will not kill you within two years,” wrote Dr Sumaiya Sheikh on Twitter. ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") The official Twitter handle of the Press Information Bureau’s fact check account has also clarified that this message is fake. “An image allegedly quoting a French Nobel Laureate on #COVID19 vaccines is circulating on social media. The claim in the image is #FAKE. #COVID19 Vaccine is completely safe. Do not forward this image,” PIB tweeted. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has said that COVID-19 vaccines in India are safe and has urged all citizens to get vaccinated. The government has said that the vaccines have been introduced in the country only after the regulatory bodies clear it based on its safety and efficacy. Coronavirus ## Related Stories No stories found. ![\\"thenewsminute\\"](\\" * About Us * Terms and Conditions * Privacy policy * Grievance Redressal * Disclaimer * Contact us © thenewsminute 2024 Powered by Quintype The News Minute INSTALL APP |
In Udaipur Rajasthan a man named Kanaya Lal was hacked to death by two terrorists for posting in support of Nupur Sharma | 3,153 | Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file ![\\"\\"](\\"/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png\\") ![\\"Wikipedia\\"](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark- en.svg\\") ![\\"The](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline- en.svg\\") Search Search * Donate Appearance * Create account * Log in Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk ## Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Background * 2 Murder * 3 Aftermath * 4 Perpetrators * 5 Reactions * 6 See also * 7 References Toggle the table of contents # Murder of Kanhaiya Lal 4 languages * العربية * বাংলা * हिन्दी * Português Edit links * Article * Talk English * Read * Edit * View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Murder case in India, 2022 Murder of Kanhaiya Lal --- Part of 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy Location| Udaipur, Rajasthan, India Date| 28 June 2022 (2022-06-28) Attack type| Murder, Islamic terrorism Weapon| Cleaver Deaths| 1 Injured| 1 Victim| Kanhaiya Lal No. of participants| 2 Accused| Muhammad Riyaz AttariMuhammad Ghaus Charges| Charged under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act[1] Part of a series on --- Violence against Hindus in independent India Issues * Religious persecution * Freedom of religion * Religious violence Incidents * 1982 Bijon Setu massacre * 1983 Khoirabari massacre * 1983 Dhilwan bus massacre * 1986 Kashmir riots * 1987 Fatehabad bus massacre * 1987 Lalru bus massacre * 1990 Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus * 1991 Punjab killings * 1993 Kishtwar massacre * 1998 Chamba massacre * 1998 Wandhama massacre * 1998 Chapnari massacre * 1998 Prankote massacre * 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre * 2000 Murder of Shanti Kali * 2001 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre * 2001 Kishtwar massacre * 2002 Godhra train burning * 2002 Qasim Nagar massacre * 2002 Akshardham Temple attack * 2002 Amarnath attack * 2002 Raghunath temple attacks * 2002-03 Marad massacres * 2016–17 targeted killings in Punjab, India * 2017 Amarnath Yatra massacre * 2024 Reasi attack * v * t * e On 28 June 2022, Kanhaiya Lal Teli, an Indian tailor, was beheaded by two radical men in Udaipur, in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The attackers captured the attack on camera and circulated the video online.[2][3][4] Lal was killed for allegedly sharing a social media post in support of Indian politician and Bharatiya Janata Party spokesperson Nupur Sharma, whose comments led to the 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy.[2] The assailants entered Lal\'s store posing as customers before killing him.[5] Videos of the murder were posted on the internet,[6] with two alleged assailants holding butcher knives and claiming responsibility for the murder, identifying themselves as Muhammad Riyaz Attari and Muhammad Ghaus.[7] Local authorities announced a curfew and blocked internet access after videos of the attack went viral on social media, triggering mass outrage across India.[3] ## Background [edit] Kanhaiya Lal Teli (also reported as Kanhaiya Lal Sahu, born c. 1982) was a tailor from the Dhanmandi area of Udaipur, the father of two sons who belonged to the Hindu Teli community.[8][9][10] On June 11, Lal\'s neighbor Nazim had registered a case against him over a controversial social media post, stating support for Nupur Sharma, which led to Lal\'s arrest. Subsequently, Lal was released on bail. On June 15, Lal had filed a request for protection with the local police after receiving death threats.[2] In his complaint against Nazim and five others at Dhan Mandi police station, Lal stated that he was receiving threats from Nazim and others and alleged that the group had circulated his photo within their community on social media with a message that Lal should be killed if seen anywhere or if he opens his shop. The police said that they had mediated and resolved the matter between Nazim and Lal. Kanhaiya then gave a statement to police that he does not want any further action in the case. Lal said that the controversial post was shared inadvertently by his son while playing a game on his phone, and that Lal did not know how to operate a phone.[11] ## Murder [edit] Muhammad Riyaz Attari, one of the two accused, had made a video days before the attack on June 17 where he stated his intent for murder for remarks against the prophet Muhammad, to make a \"viral\" video and his disregard for further consequences.[12] On June 28, two assailants entered Lal\'s tailor shop posing as customers. When Lal began taking the measurements for one of them, he was attacked with cleavers at 2.45 p.m. The entire attack was caught on video by the assailants. After subduing Lal, the two accused dragged him out of the shop and slit his throat with a makeshift dagger made at their welding workshop.[13] Lal was stabbed at different parts of the body.[14] A shop assistant of Lal also sustained severe head injuries trying to save him.[15] Other shopkeepers did not make attempts to rescue him. The assailants fled on foot and then drove away on a motorcycle.[13] In what seems to be a second video (taken after the attack), they boasted about the murder to avenge the insult to Islam[16] and also made threats against India\'s Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[17] ## Aftermath [edit] After the incident, the local markets in the area were shut down and the traders demanded arrest of the accused.[18] Protests demanding immediate action were staged in various parts of India.[19] Local authorities of Udaipur imposed a 24-hour curfew and blocked internet access across the state of Rajasthan.[3][20] The central government deployed the National Investigation Agency, India\'s primary counterterrorism unit, to investigate the incident.[2] The police said that the perpetrators had attempted to behead Kanhaiya during the attack but had failed.[21] On 28 June, the Rajasthan government announced a compensation of ₹50 lakh (US$60,000) for the family of Kanhaiya. On 6 July, the government announced jobs for Kanhaiya\'s two sons.[22] On 2 July, Bharatiya Janata Party leader Kapil Mishra visited the family of Kanhaiya Lal, where he announced a compensation of ₹1 crore (US$120,000) for the family of Kanhaiya. Further, he announced compensation amounting to ₹25 lakh (US$30,000) for Ishvar, who was also wounded in the attack, and of ₹5 lakh (US$6,000) to a police constable, Sandeep, who had been injured by a violent mob.[23] ## Perpetrators [edit] The assailants were identified as Muhammad Riyaz Attari of Asind in Bhilwara and Ghaus Muhammad, both welders (Ghaus also ran a chit fund and was a broker) who had shifted to Udaipur years back and were residents of the Khanjipeer locality.[24][17][25] The two belonged to the Barelvi sect of Sunni Islam and were members of the Dawat-e-Islami, a Barelvi organization based in Karachi, Pakistan and led by Muhammad Ilyas Attar Qadri.[26][27] Ghaus Mohammad had attended religious sessions organized by Dawat-e-Islami in Karachi in 2014 and the \"Attari\" surname of Mohammad Riyaz Attari is carried by followers of Muhammad Ilyas Attar Qadri.[28][29] While the Barelvi movement, a subsect of the Hanafis which is the most numerous in India, is seen as a less stringent strand of Islam as compared to the Deobandis, most vigilante beheadings in the region for alleged blasphemers of Islam have been linked to the sect. Such as those of Pakistani Punjab governor Salman Taseer by his bodyguard Malik Mumtaz Qadri recently in 2011 or of Mahashe Rajpal, publisher of Rangila Rasul, by Ilm-ud-din before partition in 1929.[26][30][27] This variance between the Deobandis and Barelvis might be linked to juridical differences between the two groups, where the former believes foremost in achieving an Islamic administration in a country before meting out punishment according to sharia while the latter in \'instant justice\'.[26] The recent rise in such lynching cases has been attributed to Khadim Hussain Rizvi, follower of Barelvi founder Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi hence the surname \"Rizvi\" and leader of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan, who popularized the slogan \"Gustakh-e-Rasul/Nabi ki ek hi saza, sar tan se juda\" (lit. \'Only one punishment for insult of the prophet [Muhammad], head separated from body\') against alleged blasphemers.[26][27] The assailants were arrested by authorities in the Rajsamand district of Rajasthan on June 28, reportedly while trying to flee.[31] In a 2020 post on Facebook, Attari had been described by a local Bharatiya Janata Party and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh leader as a \"dedicated worker of the BJP\".[25][32][33] Investigations also revealed that Attari was riding a motorbike with a customized number plate carrying the number \"2611\", in reference to the 26/11 terrorist attacks.[34][35] During interrogations, the assailants described themselves as \"self-radicalized\".[29] According to police investigation, the duo planned to initially kill Lal at his home.[36] ## Reactions [edit] In response to the murder, nearly 7000 people took out silent protest march in the city of Udaipur.[37] United Nations spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric called for religious harmony and peace globally in response to Kanhaiya Lal\'s murder.[38][39][40] The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) condemned the murder stating, \"taking law into your own hands is highly condemnable, regrettable and un- Islamic\" and added, \"Neither the law nor the Islamic Sharia allow it.\"[41] Head of Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, Maulana Mahmood Madani stated, \"Udaipur incident is a disgrace to humanity; It is disgrace to humanity & an act of defaming Islam. No matter whosoever is a killer, no one has the authority to take the law and order into his own hands.\" Religious body Jamaat-e-Islami Hind called the incident \"barbaric, Uncivilized and there is no room for Justification of violence in Islam. Peace should not be disturbed. Nobody should try to take advantage of this ugly crime\".[41] Shahabuddin Razvi of the Barelvi All India Tanzeem Ulama-e-Islam also condemned the attack, stating \"Muslims should not take the law in their own hands, complain to the government, it is the government\'s job to punish.\"[42] Hindu organisations like Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal staged protests and demanded strict action against the culprits. Although the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh remained silent, RSS-linked Muslim Rashtriya Manch demanded capital punishment for the accused.[43] Dutch politician Geert Wilders condemned the incident and cautioned the Indian Hindus against \"appeasement of Muslims\".[44] Amnesty International condemned the incident and urged the Indian government to take action against killers.[45][46] ## See also [edit] * Murder of Umesh Kolhe * Murder of Kishan Bharvad * Kamlesh Tiwari * Murder of Rinku Sharma * Lynching of Priyantha Kumara * Murder of Samuel Paty * Murder of Lee Rigby * Blasphemy in India * Internet censorship in India * Beheading video * Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy ## References [edit] 1. **^** \"Udaipur tailor murder | NIA registers UAPA case, says accused wanted to \'strike terror among masses\'\". _The Hindu_. PTI. 29 June 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022. 2. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ Raj, Suhasini (29 June 2022). \"Religious Unrest Spreads in India With Killing of Hindu Man\". _The New York Times_. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 3. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ Gupta, Swati; Mogul, Rhea; Mitra, Esha; Stambaugh, Alex (29 June 2022). \"Brutal killing caught on camera stokes India religious tensions\". _CNN_. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 4. **^** \"Udaipur: Rajasthan on edge after Prophet Muhammad row beheading\". _BBC News_. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 5. **^** \"Tailor murdered in Udaipur Rajasthan, accused confessed on social media\". _The Hindu_. 28 June 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022. 6. **^** PTI (28 June 2022). \"Tailor murdered in Rajasthan\'s Udaipur, assailants film crime\". _millenniumpost.in_. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022. 7. **^** \"Udaipur: Tailor beheaded on video over \'social media posts\' supporting Nupur Sharma, both accused arrested\". _The Financial Express (India)_. 28 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022. 8. **^** \"Leaders, Muslim Bodies Condemn Beheading Of Udaipur Tailor Kanhaiya Lal Over Prophet Remarks\". _Outlook India_. 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022. 9. **^** \"Kanhaiya Lal Sahu murder case: 7 accused in remand at NIA court\". _Patrika_ (in Hindi). 11 July 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022. 10. **^** Misra, Shubhangi (29 June 2022). \"Empty streets, \'Jai Shri Ram\', RAF – Udaipur prepares for Hindu tailor\'s funeral\". _ThePrint_. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022. 11. **^** \"Udaipur murder | Kanhaiya Lal had told cops some people were conducting recce of his shop\". _The Hindu_. PTI. 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 12. **^** \"Udaipur murder: Killer announced his plan in \'June 17\' video\". _The Times of India_. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022. 13. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Pandey, Devesh K. (29 June 2022). \"Udaipur tailor murder | Initial probe finds Pakistan link\". _The Hindu_. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 14. **^** \"Udaipur Tailor\'s Killers Attacked At Court, How It Happened: 10 Latest Facts\". _NDTV_. 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022. 15. **^** \"Family of Kanhaiya Lal\'s aide struggles to survive\". _The Times of India_. 3 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022. 16. **^** \"Watch: How Men in Video of Udaipur Murder were caught\". _NDTV_. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022. 17. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Backhouse, Andrew (30 June 2022). \"Tailor beheaded in India, protests erupt, internet cut off\". _news.com.au_. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 18. **^** \"Udaipur: Tailor murdered in his shop, assailants film crime\". _Business Today (India)_. PTI. 28 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022. 19. **^** \"Udaipur killing: Protests held in different cities\". _The Indian Express_. 29 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022. 20. **^** Zargar, Arshad R. (29 June 2022). \"Curfew imposed as sectarian tension soars after a brutal murder in India\". _CBS News_. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. 21. **^** \"Udaipur Tailor\'s Killers Attacked At Court, How It Happened: 10 Latest Facts\". _NDTV_. 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022. 22. **^** Upadhyay, Omvesh (8 July 2022). \"Udaipur killing: Rajasthan announces govt jobs for Kanhaiya Lal\'s sons\". _Financial Express_. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022. 23. **^** \"BJP leader Kapil Mishra meets Udaipur tailor\'s kin, announces Rs 1 cr aid\". 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. 24. **^** Pandey, Devesh K. (30 June 2022). \"Police search metal factory for clues in Udaipur tailor murder case\". _The Hindu_. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022. 25. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ \"As Photos Emerge of Udaipur Killer\'s Links to BJP Leaders, Party Moves to Damage Control Mode\". _The Wire (India)_. 2 July 2022. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. 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In Udaipur Rajasthan a man named Kanaya Lal was hacked to death by two terrorists for posting in support of Nupur Sharma | 3,153 | * ![\\"The](\\" * India * World * Movies * Technology * e-Paper * Menu ![](\\" 1. Science 2. Data 3. Health 4. Opinion 5. SEARCH ![\\"Icon\\"](\\" FREE TRIALGIFT a Subscription![\\"Gift\\"](\\" online/myaccount-gift-black-icon.svg\\") Subscribe LOGIN ACCOUNT ![](\\" black.svg\\"/) PREMIUM ![](\\" online/account-btn-icon-black.svg\\"/) ![\\"HamberMenu\\"](\\" hamber-icon.svg\\"/) Open in The Hindu App![\\"Open](\\" online/open-app-arrow.svg\\") FREE TRIALLOGINGIFT a Subscription![\\"Gift\\"](\\" online/myaccount-gift-black-icon.svg\\") ACCOUNT ![\\"The](\\" black.svg\\") PREMIUM ![\\"The](\\" online/account-btn-icon-black.svg\\") ![\\"The](\\" logo.svg\\") Subscribe![\\"Share](\\" page-icon.svg\\") ![\\"HamberMenu\\"](\\" hamber-icon.svg\\"/) 1. Science 2. Data 3. Health 4. Opinion 5. 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Udaipur hate killing # Tailor beheaded in Udaipur for social media post backing Nupur Sharma ## One of the assailants, identified as Riyaz, attacked Kanhaiya Lal with a sharp weapon while the other recorded the crime on his mobile phone, police said. Updated - June 29, 2022 08:19 am IST Published - June 28, 2022 08:19 pm IST - Jaipur: The Hindu Bureau * Copy link * Email * Facebook * Twitter * Telegram * LinkedIn * WhatsApp * Reddit READ LATER Remove SEE ALL PRINT ![\\"Kanhaiya](\\" online/1x1_spacer.png\\") Kanhaiya Lal, a tailor at his shop before he was attacked by an assailant with a sharp weapon while the other filmed the crime, in Udaipur on June 28, 2022. | Photo Credit: PTI Two persons beheaded a 40-year-old man in broad daylight at his tailoring shop in a market in Rajasthan’s Udaipur city on Tuesday, after an exchange of a series of inflammatory social media posts in the last few days. The victim, Kanhaiya Lal, had shared posts in support of suspended BJP leader Nupur Sharma, who had made offensive remarks against the Prophet in a television debate last month. Sources in the Union Home Ministry said a National Investigation Agency (NIA) team was being sent to Udaipur to get the facts of the case. The NIA was likely to take over the probe, treating it as a terror act, according to the sources. Tension prevailed in Udaipur, where the markets were closed and mobile internet services were suspended to check the spread of rumours. Curfew was imposed in seven police station areas of the city late in the evening as a preventive measure. The murderers filmed the incident and posted the video on social media. They later released another video, showing two daggers used for beheading, and claimed responsibility for the crime. The two accused were arrested from neighbouring Rajsamand district late in the evening. Kanhaiya Lal, who was earlier booked in connection with his post and questioned by the city police, had closed his shop in the Maldas Street area for a week and told the police that he feared danger to his life. He started coming to his shop only from Monday. Traders in the area kept his body outside the shop and demanded the immediate arrest of the killers. Additional Director-General of Police (Law & Order) Hawa Singh Ghumaria said a general alert had been issued across the State and additional police force rushed to Udaipur. He said preliminary investigation indicated that it was a “premeditated murder”. Udaipur Collector Tara Chand Meena reached the spot of the crime and assured the protesters that financial assistance would be given to the next of kin of the victim as per the State government’s norms. Two senior police officers were scheduled to arrive in the city late in the night to assess the situation. #### CM Gehlot assures strict action against criminals Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot told reporters in Jodhpur that the way the murder had been committed was “beyond imagination”. He assured strict action against the criminals involved and appealed to the people to maintain peace and not share videos the accused had circulated. He said the investigation would be carried out under the case officer scheme. The criminals would be punished by ensuring a speedy probe and fast trial in the court. Mr. Gehlot reiterated his demand that Prime Minister Narendra Modi issue an appeal for communal harmony and brotherhood, and declare that violence in any form would not be tolerated. “What is the harm in saying this? The Prime Minister’s statement will make a big difference... Tension is rising in small towns and the gulf between the communities is widening,” he said. Former Congress president Rahul Gandhi expressed his deep shock and said in a Twitter post that the brutality in the name of religion could not be tolerated. “Those who spread terror with such cruelty should be punished immediately,” he said. The Opposition BJP strongly criticised the Congress government. BJP State president Satish Poonia said the State government was following a “policy of appeasement”. Former Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje said the government’s laxity had paved the way for communal frenzy and violence. 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In Udaipur Rajasthan a man named Kanaya Lal was hacked to death by two terrorists for posting in support of Nupur Sharma | 3,153 | Advertisement Skip linksSkip to Content play Live Close navigation menu Navigation menu * NewsShow more news sections * Middle East * Africa * Asia * US & Canada * Latin America * Europe * Asia Pacific * War on Gaza * US Election * Opinion * Sport * Video * MoreShow more sections * Features * Ukraine war * Economy * Climate Crisis * Investigations * Interactives * In Pictures * Science & Technology * Podcasts play Live Click here to searchsearch Sign up News|Religion # Hindu tailor murdered in India’s Udaipur over prophet remarks row Police arrest two Muslim men for allegedly beheading the tailor on camera over his post supporting ex-BJP official’s comments on the Prophet Muhammad. ![\\"India](\\"/wp- content/uploads/2022/06/2022-06-29T102934Z_918701097_RC2M1V98BQH5_RTRMADP_3_INDIA- RELIGION-TENSION.jpg?resize=770%2C513&quality=80\\") People carrying Kanhaiya Lal\'s body for cremation in Udaipur, Rajasthan [Reuters] Published On 29 Jun 202229 Jun 2022 | Updated: 29 Jun 2022 01:31 PM (GMT) Save articles to read later and create your own reading list. Close Tooltip facebooktwitterwhatsappcopylink Two Muslim men have been arrested in India’s Udaipur city in the western state of Rajasthan for allegedly beheading a Hindu tailor over his support online for a former ruling party official whose remarks about Prophet Muhammad sparked global protests. Mobile internet services and large gatherings remained restricted in Udaipur on Wednesday, a day after the murder of Kanhaiya Lal. Lal was stabbed multiple times inside his tailoring shop on Tuesday by the two cleaver-wielding men who also filmed the attack. The duo accused Lal of blasphemy in the video. The two men later claimed responsibility for the killing in another video and allegedly threatened to kill Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the same manner. TV reports aired video of Lal lying on the ground with his throat slit. The accused were arrested within hours of the incident as they were trying to flee the city on motorcycles, reports said. “Both the accused in the killing have been arrested and we will ensure strict punishment and speedy justice,” Ashok Gehlot, chief minister of Rajasthan, said on Twitter. ### Sign up for Al Jazeera #### Weekly Newsletter The latest news from around the world. Timely. Accurate. Fair. Subscribe ![](\\"/static/media/error-icon.c8fb9e1b.svg\\"/)Your subscription failed. Please try again. ![](\\"/static/media/right-mark-icon.3a446adc.svg\\"/)Please check your email to confirm your subscription By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Policy protected by **reCAPTCHA** Gehlot appealed to people to stay calm and not share the video as it would “serve the attackers’ motive of creating discord in society”. Advertisement Authorities rushed additional police into Udaipur on Tuesday to counter any religious unrest. “We are under strict orders to prevent any form of protests or demonstrations scheduled to condemn the murder,” Hawa Singh Ghumaria, a senior police officer told Reuters news agency, adding that the crime had sent “shockwaves through the country”. Asaduddin Owaisi, a member of parliament, condemned the murder. “One cannot take law in their own hands. It is a horrible thing to do. It’s inhuman,” he told Al Jazeera. ![\\"India](\\" content/uploads/2022/06/2022-06-28T173400Z_1590010154_RC251V94H5BL_RTRMADP_3_INDIA- CRIME.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C432&quality=80\\"/)Police stand guard as people gather on road after Lal’s killing in Udaipur [ANI/Handout via Reuters] Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, a Muslim religious organisation, said the Udaipur incident is “barbaric, uncivilised and there is no room for justification of violence in Islam”. “We strongly condemn it. No citizen should take law in his own hands. Let the law prevail,” the organisation posted on Twitter. Critics accuse Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of marginalising the Muslim community and sewing divisions with the Hindus since he came to power in 2014. Advertisement Rajasthan, a state governed by the opposition Congress party, saw tensions last month as well when Hindus and Muslims in Jodhpur city clashed during religious festivals of both the communities. In 2017, a Hindu man in Rajasthan brutally killed a Muslim labourer in a religious attack and shared a video of the victim being hacked to death and then set on fire. According to local media, Lal had shared a social media post 10 days ago supporting Nupur Sharma, the suspended spokeswoman for the BJP who made controversial remarks on the Prophet Muhammad and his wife Aisha on a TV show in May. Another BJP official, Naveen Kumar Jindal, supported Sharma’s statements and made more anti-Islam remarks in his tweets, sparking a furore in India and many Muslim nations. The BJP, in a damage control mode, suspended Sharma, expelled Jindal and issued a rare statement, saying it “respects all religions”. Advertisement The controversy led to nationwide protests in India which turned violent in some places. At least two people were killed in police firing and many houses of Muslims were bulldozed by the authorities. ![\\"India](\\" content/uploads/2022/06/2022-06-28T173359Z_498874132_RC251V9XUKV7_RTRMADP_3_INDIA- CRIME.jpg?w=770&resize=770%2C434&quality=80\\"/)Smoke rises from a burning material as people gather on a road amid tensions over Lal’s killing in Udaipur [ANI/Handout via Reuters] Lal’s wife told NDTV news channel that on June 10, her husband was arrested over his social media post supporting Sharma and released on bail a day later. Five days later, the father of two said he had received death threats but on Tuesday returned to work in his shop, she said. The purported video of the killing – which police have not yet confirmed is genuine – showed Lal measuring one of the men for new clothes before he and his accomplice attack him. On Wednesday, hundreds gathered outside Lal’s house ahead of his funeral, chanting slogans and demanding the death penalty for the accused. On social media, many depicted the killing as an attack on all Hindus, with thousands of tweets carrying hashtags such as #IslamicTerrorismInIndia. Federal Home Minister Amit Shah said the National Investigation Agency (NIA) would take over the investigation of the “brutal murder”. Advertisement “The involvement of any organisation and international links will be thoroughly investigated,” Shah tweeted. 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In Udaipur Rajasthan a man named Kanaya Lal was hacked to death by two terrorists for posting in support of Nupur Sharma | 3,153 | ![\\"Return](\\" logo.svg\\") Leading the Debate Since 1984 Get Free Trial * Packages * Audio * Packages * Audio * Current Issue * The Nation * Politics * Columns * Archives Newsletters | Buy Print Login Account Subscribe Go to Search![\\"search- icon\\"](\\" icon.svg\\"/)![\\"hamberIcon\\"](\\" hamber-icon.svg\\"/) ![\\"Frontline](\\" thumb.svg\\"/) Login Account Subscribe Go to Search![\\"Search\\"](\\" gray-icon.svg\\"/) Sections * News * The Nation * Politics * Economy * Arts & Culture * Social Issues * Science & Technology * Environment * Books * Health * World Affairs Features * Travel * Letters * Data Stories * Columns * Interviews * Photo Essay * Packages * Video * Audio Essentials * Newsletter Sign-up * Print Subscription * Digital Subscription * Sitemap * RSS feeds * Digital Exclusive Stories Print Edition ![\\"\\"](\\" online/1x1_spacer.png\\") Current IssuePast Issues * CONNECT WITH US * ![](\\" * ![](\\" * ![](\\" * ![](\\" * ![\\"Telegram\\"](\\" 1. Home 2. Politics 3. Communalism # Udaipur-Amravati violence: A trail of hate ### Two shocking murders have unleashed communal mobilising across the northern belt. Published : Jul 10, 2022 18:00 IST ![\\"T](\\" online/1x1_spacer.png\\"/) T.K. Rajalakshmi COMMents SHARE * Copy link * Email * Facebook * Twitter * Telegram * LinkedIn * WhatsApp * Reddit READ LATERSEE ALLRemove ![\\"Suspended](\\" online/1x1_spacer.png\\") Suspended BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma. | Photo Credit: By Special Arrangement The killings of a tailor in Udaipur, Rajasthan, and a veterinary pharmacist in Amravati, Maharashtra, for sharing posts in support of suspended BJP spokeswoman Nupur Sharma have triggered a cascade of events, ranging from communal mobilisation by both Hindu and Muslim groups to scathing observations by a two-judge bench on the prevailing incendiary trends. It began on June 28 when two men, Riaz Akhtari and Ghouse Mohammad, visited the tailoring shop of Kanhaiyalal Teli in Udaipur to give their measurements. They had a brief altercation over the posts Teli had shared in support of Nupur Sharma, who had in a television debate in May made remarks deemed insulting to Prophet Muhammad. The altercation ended badly. Teli was hacked to death by Akhtari and Mohammad, who then shared the video of the murder on social media. Akhtari and Mohammad, daily wagers and small-time technicians, were soon apprehended from Rajsamand, a district adjoining Udaipur, on June 28. Rajsamand is the same place where, in December 2017, one Shambu Lal Regar had hacked and burnt to death Mohammad Afrazul, a daily wage labourer from West Bengal’s Malda district. Regar too had asked his nephew to videograph the act and put it up on social media. The video led to his identification and subsequent arrest. After the murder of Teli, the Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot, declared that the killing had a terror angle and a National Investigation Agency (NIA) team landed up in Rajasthan. It was established that Mohammad had visited Karachi in 2014, and this was presented as proof of his terror connections. The two main accused were booked by the police under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) and other provisions of the IPC. A day after the arrest, Director-General of Police, M.L. Lather, claimed that the crime had been committed to spread “terror and fear”. Gehlot too hinted that the two men had national and international terror links. ### New line of inquiry Soon, however, a photo surfaced that showed one of the accused, Riaz Akhtari, standing next to Gulab Chand Kataria, who is the leader of the Opposition in Rajasthan, a senior member of the BJP, and a former Home Minister of the State. The BJP minority cell member, Irshad Chainwala, is also seen standing beside Akhtari in the photo. Chainwala later said that both the accused have been trying to join the BJP’s minority cell for many years. The discovery of this photograph has now thrown up a whole new line of inquiry. A week before the Udaipur incident, on June 21, a veterinary pharmacist in Amravati, Maharashtra, had been stabbed to death, also for sharing messages in support of Nupur Sharma. Six persons were arrested and booked under various clauses of the UAPA. As in the Udaipur case, the Home Ministry again directed the NIA to look into the possible involvement of national and international organisations in the crime. ![\\"An](\\" online/1x1_spacer.png\\") An NIA team with local police team outside the shop of Kanhaiya Lal Teli on June 29. | Photo Credit: The Hindu The State unit of the BJP accused the Congress-led Rajasthan government of aiding the formation of a Taliban state and trying to appease Muslims. The BJP’s central leadership made joint references to Teli and the murdered Punjabi singer, Sidhu Moose Wala, in a condolence message at the national executive meeting held in Hyderabad on July 2-3. Observers pointed out that in contrast to the alacrity with which the UAPA has been invoked in these two cases, Regar’s earlier act of murder and burning was openly supported by many people, who had claimed at the time that the killing was a retribution for ‘love jihad’. Subsequently, it was also reported that Regar had perhaps killed Afrazul to hide his own illicit affair. In 2018, a tableau had been taken out for Regar, honouring him for the deed. ### Comments by the bench On July 2, a two-judge (vacation) bench of the Supreme Court, comprising Justices Surya Kant and J.B. Pardiwala, was convened to hear Nupur Sharma’s petition asking for the clubbing of all FIRs against her to a single Delhi court. During the hearing, the judges made some scathing observations, including asking why Nupur Sharma had filed the petition under the alias of N.V. Sharma. They went on to say that her “loose tongue” had “set the entire country on fire”. The judges held her responsible for “igniting the country and damaging the social fabric with her blasphemous comments”. The judges refused to give relief to the petitioner, and asked instead what action had been taken against her till date besides her suspension. When the petitioner said that she wanted the FIRs clubbed because she was facing a security threat and it would not be safe to travel to various States, the bench asked if she was not a security threat herself. The two judges also said her apology was insufficient and she should apologise on television to the entire nation. Although these were observations by the bench and not part of the final order, that the judges took such a strong stand was seen by some as a significant intervention by the judiciary in an incendiary matter. There has, however, been an outpouring of support for both Nupur Sharma and the murdered men across north India. Rallies have been taken out and slogans raised by both sides. Meanwhile, a Delhi-based priest, Ajay Gautam, while endorsing Nupur Sharma’s comments on the Prophet, sent a petition to the Chief Justice of India (CJI) demanding that the “unwarranted” comments by the judges be withdrawn. A group of retired judges, military officials and bureaucrats also wrote a letter to the CJI criticising the two judges for not protecting the fundamental rights of Nupur Sharma and for breaching “judicial ethics”. The justices faced a backlash on social media too, compelling one of them to say that personal attacks on judges harm the rule of law. Addressing the Justice H.R. Khanna Memorial Symposium, Justice Pardiwala said that social media was being used for personalised opinions rather than a critical appraisal of judgments. Meanwhile, communal mobilisation after the murders has continued unabated. At Manesar, Gurgaon, in Haryana, a panchayat was held on July 3 in which Bajrang Dal and Vishwa Hindu Parishad members called for the eviction of illegal migrants and the boycott of Muslim shopkeepers. They claimed that they were doing so in concern over the growing religious fundamentalism and jihadist forces that they alleged had taken root in the country. Gurgaon has earlier seen meat shops being shut down during Ram Navmi and a campaign against the offering of namaz in officially designated open spaces. Another aspect of this unfolding drama has been the irresponsible coverage on certain television channels, which aired disturbing images of the Udaipur murder incessantly, adding to the hysteria. Interestingly, the editor-in-chief of the television channel where Nupur Sharma had been allowed to air her inflammatory comments, argued on the editorial pages of a leading daily that the BJP should target hate speech in its ranks and be guided in its policies by pragmatism and not expediency. Meanwhile, anchors of the same channel continued convincing viewers that there was no connection between Nupur Sharma’s comments and the two killings. The BJP might try to distance itself from the comments of its former spokespersons by calling them “fringe elements”, but the difference in its approach to various communal incidents is hard to miss. While it has urgently deployed Central agencies to uncover a terror angle in the latest murders, earlier episodes such as the lynching of Afrazul or the more recent killing of Bhanwarlal Jain, a mentally ill senior citizen, by Dinesh Kushwaha, a BJP leader in Madhya Pradesh who thought the old man was a Muslim named Mohammed, have not received equal condemnation. It is significant that Rajasthan goes to polls next year. The party might be banking on the communal polarisation around Teli’s murder to reap political dividends. 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In Udaipur Rajasthan a man named Kanaya Lal was hacked to death by two terrorists for posting in support of Nupur Sharma | 3,153 | ..Do you think that Nupur Sharma is responsible for beheading Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? All related (68) Sort Recommended ![\\"Profile](\\" Balamoorty Be a Proud Indian Hindu · Author has 1K answers and 1.2M answer views · 2y No. How can it be?. It is utterly insensible for anybody to say that such a beheading of that Hindu shopkeeper happened just because Nupur Sharma had revealed the truth about Prophet Muhammad openly on a debate that being watched by crores of people in India. When the Muslim guy insulted the Shivlinga, a God of worship of Hindus, and compare it with so many vulgar things, it is the duty of any Hindu like Nupur Sharma to prevent it and safeguard the respect of Hindu beliefs too. She, thus, quoted about Prophet Muhammad as given in their religious text Hadith and exposed him in the show which th Continue Reading No. How can it be?. It is utterly insensible for anybody to say that such a beheading of that Hindu shopkeeper happened just because Nupur Sharma had revealed the truth about Prophet Muhammad openly on a debate that being watched by crores of people in India. When the Muslim guy insulted the Shivlinga, a God of worship of Hindus, and compare it with so many vulgar things, it is the duty of any Hindu like Nupur Sharma to prevent it and safeguard the respect of Hindu beliefs too. She, thus, quoted about Prophet Muhammad as given in their religious text Hadith and exposed him in the show which the Muslim community didn\'t expect. Such beheading happened only because of religious intolerance of Muslims that they used to exhibit when their religion is criticized. One should see where does the fault lie. Is it wrong for Nupur Sharma to quote certain things about the Prophet as given in Hadith ?. She didn\'t say anything on her own like that Muslim guy who insulted the Shivlinga on the debate. This fact is known to everybody, but nobody wished to expose it on the television as there was nobody else like Nupur Sharma who had the guts to reveal him. As far as the beheading of an innocent Hindu shopkeeper, it is utterly insensible for anybody to say that such a beheading happened only because Nupur Sharma had exposed the truth about the Prophet. Those who accuse her for this beheading, aren\'t ready to accept the fact that those who killed that innocent Hindu were not brought up properly in their life as their religion didn\'t permit it. They have not understood what life means!!. Can we teach about morals and ethics to be adopted in one\'s life to them?. Can they understand it and change themselves according to it?. Absolutely impossible!!. All the terrorist activities through them like WTC attack in 2001 at New York or Mumbai terror attack in 2008 which killed thousands of people was due to the reason those people weren\'t Muslims and they didn\'t convert themselves to Islam and those terrorists thought it was right to kill them too as per their God\'s wish. Can anybody change them?. It is utterly impossible!!. This beheading of an innocent Hindu shopkeeper happened because of two jihadists who couldn\'t understand about what does life mean and they took his life just for giving his views in favour of Nupur Sharma. They are the most notorious criminals ever who needs to be punished. As already said, their religion and the way they were brought up as per it, did not allow them to think in a right way. After committing this heinous crime, they were saying that those who can\'t kill Nupur sharma and her supporters must be wearing bangles. What they did is not an act of bravery or heroism, but an utter cowardly act that shames their religion the most. Upvote · 98 92 Related questions More answers below Now that the Rajasthan Police have arrested the murderers of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur, what should be the right punishment given to them? What is your view or opinion about a shocking incident in Udaipur, Rajasthan as two people beheaded or killed a tailor named Kanhaiya Lal Sahu for supporting Nupur Sharma? Who killed Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? Why is Nupur Sharma silent on the killing of Udaipur tailor Kanhaiya Lal? What happened with Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur today? ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-199160902-50-vvswsukcvklykehguroeogpzvyvjstvl.jpeg\\") Vivekanand Kr. Singh Logical Nationalist · Upvoted by Deepak (दीपक) , lives in India (2000-present) and Arnav Singh , lives in India (2003-present)Author has 286 answers and 3.9M answer views · Updated 2y Yes, Big YES! Nupur Sharma is responsible for not only Udaipur but all the incidents that happened in India. I have prepared the list of those incidents. Only Nupur is responsible for this menace. 1993 Bombay bombings 1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai 1996 Brahmaputra Mail train bombing 1998 Coimbatore bombings 2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing 2001 Indian Parliament attack in New Delhi 2002 Mumbai bus bombing 2002 Attack on Akshardham temple, Gujarat 2003 Mumbai train bombing 25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings 2004 Dhemaji school bombing 2005 Ram Janm Continue Reading Yes, Big YES! Nupur Sharma is responsible for not only Udaipur but all the incidents that happened in India. I have prepared the list of those incidents. Only Nupur is responsible for this menace. 1993 Bombay bombings 1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai 1996 Brahmaputra Mail train bombing 1998 Coimbatore bombings 2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing 2001 Indian Parliament attack in New Delhi 2002 Mumbai bus bombing 2002 Attack on Akshardham temple, Gujarat 2003 Mumbai train bombing 25 August 2003 Mumbai bombings 2004 Dhemaji school bombing 2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack 2005 Delhi bombings 2006 Varanasi bombings 2006 Mumbai train bombings 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings August 2007 Hyderabad bombings 2008 Jaipur bombings 2008 Ahmedabad bombings 2008 Assam bombings 2008 Mumbai attacks ![](\\" qimg-d2d49725fcaa05736223e6dd040be9e5-lq\\") Trust me, all these attacks and bombings took place just because of one comment done by Nupur Sharma in a heated TV debate. I am still asking a question to myself. Why did Fact Checker Mohammad Jubair edit the video of that debate and removed the Taslim Rehmani part & also translated the comments of Nupur Sharma into Arabic? I am more surprised to see that educated moderate Muslims are also advocating the beheading of Nupur Sharma. Edit 1 - Quora deleted this answer. I appealed to them and now the answer is restored again. This answer is not to propagate any hate. It’s high time we introspect ourselves and build a great country together. Pic Credit - Google Jai Bhavani! Upvote · 999960 999135 9912 ![\\"Profile](\\" Swarup Bhattacharya 2y Originally Answered: The judges of the Supreme Court say that the Muslim people who are rioting all over India and Kanhaiya Lal was killed by slitting his throat in Udaipur Rajasthan, It is not Islamic terrorism but Nupur Sharma is responsible., do you agree with this? · No, I’m not agree with the opinion of the Judges of the Supreme Court on the following grounds:- I’d like to mention here that as a citizen of India neither I promote the statement of Nupur Sharma nor favor the brutality in killing of Kanhaiya Lal until and unless I study the reason behind the incident. The episode of killing Kanhaiya Lal will not close easily. That incident has hurt me to put my head down in front of the constitution of humanity. It is not understood as to why humanity is being bulldozed by some bigots/dirty politics day by day in India. We should think about keeping ourselves Continue Reading No, I’m not agree with the opinion of the Judges of the Supreme Court on the following grounds:- I’d like to mention here that as a citizen of India neither I promote the statement of Nupur Sharma nor favor the brutality in killing of Kanhaiya Lal until and unless I study the reason behind the incident. The episode of killing Kanhaiya Lal will not close easily. That incident has hurt me to put my head down in front of the constitution of humanity. It is not understood as to why humanity is being bulldozed by some bigots/dirty politics day by day in India. We should think about keeping ourselves ahead from caste, creed and religion to substantiate a peaceful country, India. What Nupur Sharma told, it is not the fact. If I and someone speak anything which is not in favor of the Quran, then certainly I and someone would be beheaded at once by the ambassador of peace. Is it a hatred crime or honorable justice in our society? We learnt “Hate the sin not the sinner.” Does Nupur Sharma behead our solution? We should think of the consequences behind such unparliamentary action by the bigots. There will not be a single case. Such practice will be spread everywhere and so many people will succumb later. As a result of violence the dead bodies of many people of different religions will scatter here and there. We should not play the game of vengeance by taking blood. If it is accepted, the world needs no judiciary system/court of law. We should keep the word “HUMANITY” first in our mind. When humanity is collapsed, then what will be the importance of religion? My faith is the Supreme Being or God is one but others could have some different views/beliefs. So it is our foolishness to measure the Supreme Being in the little length ribbon of our thoughts. The Supreme Being is laughing today looking at our super quality of planning for killing/beheading humans who follow different religions with a view to substantiate whose God is bigger. If the Supreme Being is one, then every person and every being is created by him. In Hinduism Whole being is one and he is present everywhere even in different forms in each particle and within each being because he is whole being and nothing could be separated from him. So a real Hindu never differentiate humans in the angle of religion. In Islam Hazrat Muhammad is the last Prophet of Allah. So the noble Quran was created for the concentration of everyone on it with profound respect. We should pay our respect to both to maintain a healthy atmosphere in our society. We should not take any decision haphazardly following social media. I love the Supreme Being, but if you disregard him I’ll behead you, it is not the solution. A father has three sons, one son is a cultivator, one is Doctor and third son is a murderer. There are three places in our society. Every son will go to his appropriate place i.e. cultivator will go to the field for farming, another will go to the hospital for treatment of patients and third son will be punished by the court of law. So we should keep faith in our land for getting food grains, hospitals for getting relief from disease and court of law for getting proper justice. Here I wish to mention again the words “proper justice” from the Court of Law which should not be biased by the Judges at any cost. The human being is the best creation of the Supreme Being. Love plays a vital role for the peace of human beings. Cruelty will invite more killings and unrest. So we need to join our hands to make the world more beautiful through love, sympathy and mercy and not to follow the way of killing. Upvote · 92 91 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-224993864-50-kwujnohdhaurjllosuxlwballlwgilos.jpeg\\") Sreenivasbhat Pervela Legal Advisor at Real Estate Investing (2007–present) · Author has 1.9K answers and 4.7M answer views · 2y Originally Answered: The judges of the Supreme Court say that the Muslim people who are rioting all over India and Kanhaiya Lal was killed by slitting his throat in Udaipur Rajasthan, It is not Islamic terrorism but Nupur Sharma is responsible., do you agree with this? · As a law graduate i should accept whatever the court say. So, supreme court felt that if a spokesperson or whoever it may be, may be a woman or a man say something, and later some activities which are not accepted by court happens then that person is wholely responsible for all such things. Is it a nice observation. I think so. Nupur sharma or Sambith patra or someone else in future or in past are responsible for the deteriorating peaCe in the society. Ppl show outrage and it\'s their right. Ppl block roads and it\'s their right. Ppl burn the cities and it\'s their right What is not right is someone no Continue Reading As a law graduate i should accept whatever the court say. So, supreme court felt that if a spokesperson or whoever it may be, may be a woman or a man say something, and later some activities which are not accepted by court happens then that person is wholely responsible for all such things. Is it a nice observation. I think so. Nupur sharma or Sambith patra or someone else in future or in past are responsible for the deteriorating peaCe in the society. Ppl show outrage and it\'s their right. Ppl block roads and it\'s their right. Ppl burn the cities and it\'s their right What is not right is someone not knowing which word / statement will ignite this hidden outrage. Supreme court rightly understood that ppl are waiting for an opportunity to become violent and show their caliber in violence. I don\'t mean that apex court legalised the violence by fringe groups and fanatics. I just mean that supreme court understood the capacity of such ppl in going to any extent violence. In the recent issue apex court is Lucky enough to immediately find the one who didn\'t know the said capacity which supreme court understood (shall not be misunderstood as Supreme court approved) Ignorance is no excuse, Ignorantia juris non excustat. Before concluding i will blame congress. Congress has become so lazy that it never tried to en cash the golden opportunities. Else, it would have applied the supreme court judgement in Nupur Sharma case to punish the ppl supporting BJP. Because the spokesperson in this video will be responsible for the outrage in congress workers. And later supreme court pulls sambith patra and says you have burnt the country with your statement. Look this video which congress workers didn\'t make good use of. Dear congressis its not too late. Make this video viral. Feel hurt by Sambith patra calling congress president by the name written in her birth certificate issued in Italy, (like muslims are hurt by Nupur Sharma reading what was written in their holy book), Go and burn the country and file FIRs on sambhit patra, and Supreme court applies, Rule of precedence and makes Sambith patra responsible for the violence and declare that Patra’s loose tongue has burnt the country. And the world says on Indian judiciary, 02.07.2022. Sri Krishnam.vande jagathgurum. Upvote · 94 Related questions Now that the Rajasthan Police have arrested the murderers of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur, what should be the right punishment given to them? What is your view or opinion about a shocking incident in Udaipur, Rajasthan as two people beheaded or killed a tailor named Kanhaiya Lal Sahu for supporting Nupur Sharma? Who killed Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? Why is Nupur Sharma silent on the killing of Udaipur tailor Kanhaiya Lal? What happened with Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur today? What was the sentence given to Nupur Sharma in the Kanhaiya Lal case? How do I respond to the brutal murder of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? What should be the ideal punishment for the 2 culprits who did the brutal murder of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? Have the murderers of Kanhaiya Lal Sharma been arrested? Aren\'t all those who used slogans of beheading i.e. \"sar tan se judda\" responsible for the terrorist attack on Kanhaiya Lal, the tailor of Udaypur? Who beheaded a man in Udaipur? What are your comments on the Udaipur man Kanhaiya Lal being killed over a social media post on Nupur Sharma? What was the mistake of Kanhaiya Lal Tailor who was killed by a Muslim extremist? Do the Islamists who killed Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur have connections to BJP? Who is Kanhaiya Lal in India? Related questions Now that the Rajasthan Police have arrested the murderers of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur, what should be the right punishment given to them? What is your view or opinion about a shocking incident in Udaipur, Rajasthan as two people beheaded or killed a tailor named Kanhaiya Lal Sahu for supporting Nupur Sharma? Who killed Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? Why is Nupur Sharma silent on the killing of Udaipur tailor Kanhaiya Lal? What happened with Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur today? What was the sentence given to Nupur Sharma in the Kanhaiya Lal case? How do I respond to the brutal murder of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? What should be the ideal punishment for the 2 culprits who did the brutal murder of Kanhaiya Lal in Udaipur? Have the murderers of Kanhaiya Lal Sharma been arrested? Aren\'t all those who used slogans of beheading i.e. \"sar tan se judda\" responsible for the terrorist attack on Kanhaiya Lal, the tailor of Udaypur? About · Careers · Privacy · Terms · Contact · Languages · Your Ad Choices · Press · © Quora, Inc. 2024 |
India has new communication norms from tomorrow | 3,155 | × ![\\"vishvasnews\\"](\\" content/themes/vishvasnews-advanced/images/subscribe-popup-img.png\\") ## subscribe Subscribe to our newsletter and get exclusive fact checking news everyweek Subscribe Now ## subscribed Thank you You are now subscribed to our newsletter X X * More Categories * Viral * AI Check * Brand Safety * Business * Education * Entertainment * Health * Politics * Scam * Society * Sports * World * News * हिन्दी 10 Other Languages ਪੰਜਾਬੀ - Punjabiاردو - Urduঅসমীয়া - Assameseதமிழ் - Tamilമലയാളം - Malayalamગુજરાતી - Gujaratiతెలుగు - Teluguमराठी - Marathiଓଡ଼ିଆ - Odiaবাংলা - Bangla * follow Us * * * * * Subscribe to Newsletter * Politics * Society * Health * World * AI Check * Election * Business * Explainer * Scam * Corona * News * Tools & Training * Sach Ke Sathi * Video * Message Check * Send Message * + * Home * Viral # Fact Check: Claim Of Implementation Of New Rules Of Communication And Monitoring Of Social Media, Phone Calls Is FAKE The claim regarding the implementation of “new communication rules” granting authority to the Central government to monitor phone calls, messages, and social media is entirely false and fabricated. Recently, Parliament passed “The Telecommunications Bill, 2023,” aimed at replacing the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933. According to the provisions of this bill, messages exchanged between two or more individuals may be intercepted, monitored, or blocked solely on specified grounds. These grounds encompass matters of the security of the state, fostering friendly relations with other nations, maintaining law and order, preventing the incitement of violence and permitting the suspension of telecom services under these conditions. This new bill incorporates provisions for interception similar to those outlined in the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. Furthermore, the claim of a “triple tick” system during messaging on WhatsApp is unfounded and inaccurate. WhatsApp operates on end-to-end encryption, ensuring that messages are securely transmitted without intermediaries. This encryption guarantees that when communicating via WhatsApp, there is no third-party intervention, thereby ensuring message security and integrity. * By: Abhishek Parashar * Published: Feb 27, 2024 at 05:36 PM * Share * * * * * ![\\"vishvasnews\\"](\\" content/themes/vishvasnews-advanced/images/google-news-img.png\\") ![\\"vishvasnews\\"](\\" content/themes/vishvasnews-advanced/images/whatsapp-channel-english.png\\") ![\\"vishvasnews\\"](\\" content/uploads/2024/02/vishvasnews1-74-1.jpg\\") New Delhi, Vishvas News – Many users across various social media platforms are sharing an infographic claiming that the government plans to implement new communication regulations, under which all calls and social media platforms will be subject to monitoring by the government. It has also been claimed that messages under consideration will be indicated by three blue ticks on WhatsApp, contrary to the usual double tick upon delivery. The crux of the viral message suggests that the government intends to monitor phone calls and social media activities under the guise of “new communications rules.” Upon investigation, Vishvas News has determined that there are no forthcoming communication regulations nor any alterations to WhatsApp messaging. The Central Government has not implemented any such rule. ## What’s Going Viral? Social media user ‘law_is_supreme_official’ has shared the viral infographics which reads, “New communication rules for WhatsApp and phone calls will come into effect from tomorrow.” A user has requested to determine the truth by sending this post to Vishvas News tipline number +91 95992 99372. ## Investigation The initial claim made in the viral infographic suggests that the Central Government is about to implement “new rules of communication.” The term “government” refers specifically to the Central Government, given that communication falls within the purview of the Central List outlined in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution (Article 246). During our search, we found no news reports indicating the implementation of any “new rules” of communication in the coming days. It’s worth noting that recently, the Parliament passed “The Telecommunications Bill, 2023.” This bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on December 18, 2023, and subsequently passed on December 20, 2023. The Rajya Sabha passed the bill on December 21, 2023. Details regarding this bill and its provisions can be found on the website of PRS India.org. The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, will replace the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933. According to the stipulations of this bill, messages exchanged between two or more individuals will only be intercepted, monitored, or blocked under specific circumstances. These circumstances encompass matters of national security, diplomatic relations with other nations, maintenance of law and order, prevention of incitement to violence, and the potential suspension of telecommunications services under these grounds. This new bill retains the same interception provisions as those present in the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. Following its passage through both houses of Parliament, the bill has attained the status of law upon receiving presidential approval, and it will take effect upon official notification. Essentially, the provisions regarding monitoring, call recording, and blocking outlined in this new law mirror those of the preceding law it replaces. It’s crucial to note that the government has also refuted this claim. The viral infographic also mentions some provisions of the new rules regarding WhatsApp groups: 1\. Message sent 2\. Message received 3\. Two blue ticks = read message 4\. Three blue ticks = message noted by the government 5\. Two blue and one red tick = Government may take action against you 6\. One blue and two red ticks = Government can verify your information 7\. Three red ticks = The government has initiated proceedings against you, and you will soon receive a court summons In our investigation, we have determined that this claim is also baseless and false. According to information available on the WhatsApp website, there is no such feature as a triple tick. A single tick means that the message has been sent successfully, a double tick indicates delivery and a double blue tick signifies that the message has been read by the user to which it has been sent. Therefore, the claim made in the viral infographic regarding WhatsApp messaging is false and lacks a factual basis. Furthermore, the claim of a triple tick during WhatsApp messaging also contradicts the facts. WhatsApp operates on end-to-end encryption, ensuring that messages are securely transmitted without intermediaries. We reached out to Rajiv Kumar, a special correspondent covering the Ministry of Communications for Dainik Jagran, regarding the claim made in the viral message. He clarified that the claim of introducing such a rule is false. He stated, “Regarding surveillance, the provisions outlined in the recently passed Telecommunications Bill mirror those of the previous law, and there are specific justifications for their implementation.” It’s worth noting that this isn’t the first instance of such a message going viral on social media. Before this, a similar message circulated before the Supreme Court’s decision on the Ayodhya case, which we also investigated and debunked. The user who shared the viral post containing false claims is followed by approximately 5 lakh people on Instagram. Conclusion: The claim regarding the implementation of “new communication rules” granting authority to the Central government to monitor phone calls, messages, and social media is entirely false and fabricated. Recently, Parliament passed “The Telecommunications Bill, 2023,” aimed at replacing the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933. According to the provisions of this bill, messages exchanged between two or more individuals may be intercepted, monitored, or blocked solely on specified grounds. These grounds encompass matters of the security of the state, fostering friendly relations with other nations, maintaining law and order, preventing the incitement of violence and permitting the suspension of telecom services under these conditions. This new bill incorporates provisions for interception similar to those outlined in the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885. Furthermore, the claim of a “triple tick” system during messaging on WhatsApp is unfounded and inaccurate. WhatsApp operates on end-to-end encryption, ensuring that messages are securely transmitted without intermediaries. This encryption guarantees that when communicating via WhatsApp, there is no third- party intervention, thereby ensuring message security and integrity. * Claim Review : New communication rules for WhatsApp and phone calls will come into effect from tomorrow * Claimed By : Social media user \'law_is_supreme_official\' has shared the viral infographics which reads, * Fact Check : False False Symbols that define nature of fake news * True * Misleading * False * Fact Check By * Abhishek Parashar * __abhishekiimc * Re-Checked by * Pallavi Mishra * __pallavimishraa_ ![\\"vishvasnews\\"](\\" principles.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/storage/badges/F4763216-516B-7CF2-C4EB-5045191A979E.png\\") ## Know the truth! If you have any doubts about any information or a rumor, do let us know! Knowing the truth is your right. 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India has new communication norms from tomorrow | 3,155 | * India Today * Aaj Tak * GNTTV * Lallantop * Business Today * Bangla * Malayalam * Northeast * BT Bazaar * Harper\'s Bazaar * Sports Tak * Crime Tak * Astro Tak * Gaming * Brides Today * Cosmopolitan * Kisan Tak * Ishq FM * India Today Hindi * Reader’s Digest * Aaj Tak Campus * India Today * Aaj Tak * GNTTV * Lallantop * Business Today * Bangla * Malayalam * Northeast * BT Bazaar * Harper\'s Bazaar * Sports Tak Magazine Live TV Search SEARCH SIGN IN Edition IN * IN * US * Home * TV * Live TV * Primetime * Magazine * Latest Edition * Insight * Best Colleges * Life+Style * India * South * World * Business * All Sports * Sports Today * Cricket * Football * Tennis * Technology * Entertainment * Showbuzz * Bollywood * Hollywood * OTT * Latest Reviews * Newspresso * Specials * Podcasts * First Things Fast * Sunday Special * History of It * NewsMo * DIU * Interactives * Opinion * Games * Videos * Short Videos * Fact Check * Other News * Education * It\'s Viral * Science * Health * Auto * Law Today * Environment * Cities * Weather * Web Stories * Horoscopes ### Download App ![\\"Download](\\" in.tosshub.com/sites/indiatoday/resources/img/default-690x413.png\\"/) Follow Us On: NewsTechnologyNewsNew rule for incoming calling and messages starting today, brings relief from spam calls # New rule for incoming calling and messages starting today, brings relief from spam calls ## Starting May 1, 2023, you might get relief from unsolicited spam calls and messages. The new rules from TRAI have made it mandatory for telecom operators to introduce AI-backed services to curb spam calls and related frauds. Listen to Story Live TV Share Advertisement ![\\"\\"](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202305/scam- sixteen_nine.jpg?VersionId=Mate7AdnNzHnkd7hTmPn3FeWEqK1Nn4u&size=690:388\\") ![\\"Divya](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/reporter/202209/WhatsApp_Image_2022-09-09_at_1_x.jpeg?VersionId=czQWeN2Jwlb4hxDn1T5iMy3vEYxFWihq&size=50:50\\") Divya Bhati New Delhi,UPDATED: May 1, 2023 14:50 IST ### In Short * Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio have announced to implement the AI filter service for their users. * The new filters will detect and block fake calls and SMS using AI. * TRAI also allow users to block spam by activating DND. If you are tired of receiving unwanted calls and messages from unknown numbers, you may soon get some relief. Starting from May 1, 2023, the Telecom regulator in India (TRAI), will implement new rules to combat these unwanted communication calls. The new rules will require all telecom companies to use AI spam filters in their call and SMS services. This is a major step taken by TRAI, the telecom regulator in India, to protect consumers from fraud and harassment. advertisement According to media reports, the new rules released by TRAI require telecom companies such as Airtel, Jio, Vodafone Idea and BSNL to use artificial intelligence (AI) spam filters for their call and SMS services. These filters will identify and block fake and promotional calls and messages from various sources, which are often used by scammers to cheat them out of their money. The aim is to combat the increasing cases of spams and the nuisance caused by such calls and messages to customers. Following the mandate, Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio are among the telecom giants that have agreed to implement the AI filter service. Airtel has confirmed this in an official statement, while Jio is expected to launch the service soon. Earlier, in February, TRAI held a meeting with service providers such as Bharti Airtel, Jio, and Vodafone Idea (VIL) to discuss the problem of UCC detection system. During the meeting, TRAI announced that \"Today we have made it very clear that telcos have to come out with an integrated system of stopping fraud (calls and messages). They are doing work...but more needs to be done.\" \"Unsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC) is a major source of inconvenience to the public and impinges on the privacy of individuals. To curb the menace of UCC, TRAI issued the Telecom Commercial Communications Customer Preference Regulations, 2018 (\"TCCCPR, 2018\") on 19th July 2018, which put in place a framework for controlling UCC. The regulations came into force w.e.f. 28.02.2019. With its implementation in a co-regulatory manner with support from all Telecom Service Providers (TSPs), an ecosystem based on blockchain (Distributed Ledger Technology-DLT) has been created,\" TRAI earlier said in a press statement. According to a previous report by Outlook, TRAI further announced that from May 1, voice calls will also use the blockchain-based DLT system that is currently used for unwanted messages. TRAI checked how well the telcos followed its directions on cleaning up headers and content templates and urged them to act quickly to stop annoying calls and messages. During the implementation, the telecom companies will ask principal entities (PEs) like banks, financial institutions (FIs) and others to remove unused headers and templates. With that TRAI also asked banks, FIs and other PEs to send SMS to do this without delay and clean up headers and templates, and if they fail to follow, the regulator will have to block their messages in DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) for the sake of consumers. Meanwhile, to curb the issue of fake calls and messages, TRAI has asked telecom companies to stop sending promotional calls on 10-digit mobile numbers, which are often used by spammers and fraudsters. The government has also asked telcos to implement a Call ID feature that will help customers identify the caller by showing their photo and name on the mobile phone screen. However, telecom companies like Airtel and Jio are reluctant to use the technology for privacy reasons. Although no clear information has been released related to this announcement. As of now, The implementation of AI technology to filter spam will begin on May 1. In the meantime, if you want to permanently block spam calls you can activate DND on your mobile number. TRAI has a special service that blocks spam calls permanently. It is called the National Customer Preference Register (NCPR), which was earlier known as the National Do Not Call Registry (NDNC). It helps people stop spam calls. You can sign-up for this DND service to avoid all or some telemarketing calls. advertisement The National Consumer Preference Register ensures that DND activation only stops unwanted third-party commercial calls and not SMS alerts from your bank, online portals and services, or personal calls from others. ### How to activate DND on your mobile number Step 1: Open your SMS app and type START. Step 2: Send this message to 1909. Step 3: You will receive a list of categories with their codes from your service provider. These categories include banking, hospitality, real estate, education, health, etc. Step 4: Choose the code for the category that you want to block and reply to the message. For example, if you want to block real estate calls, reply with 7. Step 5: You will get a confirmation message from your service provider that your request has been received. Step 6: Wait for 24 hours for the DND service to start working. Published By: Divya Bhati Published On: May 1, 2023 \--- ENDS --- Also Read | Vi removes Rs 549 plan shortly after launch, here are alternative plans to consider Also Read | WhatsApp will soon allow Android users to transfer chats without Google Drive: details here Also Read | Swiggy starts charging Rs 2 per food order from users to earn money, improve performance Watch Live TV Advertisement ## Also Watch ![\\"Pet](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/video/202409/pit- bull-243524740-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=kp95Bz3g6cUpXRkCcJZ1TYDjkkssOCxG&size=200:113\\") ### Watch: Pet dog fights off cobra to protect children in Uttar Pradesh\'s Jhansi ![\\"\\"](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/video/202409/vinesh-243642701-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=remwlwvdxt7Ro0KMH6aWwH5X1Afznghd&size=200:113\\") ### Vinesh Phogat says she decided to join politics after Olympics ![\\"\\"](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/video/202409/lal-244254726-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=hPZ8AF1OlDv8L0t5nGv56_fh39p8GEuN&size=200:113\\") ### BJP will form government for third time in Haryana: Manohar Lal Khattar ![\\"\\"](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/video/202409/siddaramaiah-244949126-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=RFQTxGBDXuYl0wW1KLKiQokadp2WRnLb&size=200:113\\") ### BJP trying to dislodge our government: Siddaramaiah after setback in MUDA case ![\\"\\"](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/video/202409/police-242819301-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=HBLwGtXRHQi_2jF4dSK4FYiwOjtbhU69&size=200:113\\") ### Heavy police deployment outside Karnataka CM\'s residence after High Court verdict Advertisement ## Read This ![\\"Are](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202409/are-indian-workers-facing- struggles-with-new-h-1b-visa-rules-amid-tech-industry- layoffs-250630678-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=pQDgEfXux8wW3.KjGfyG6Z5WTs9TW4GK&size=200:113\\") ### Are Indian workers facing struggles with new H-1B Visa rules amid tech industry layoffs? ![\\"\\"](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202409/india-vs- bangladesh-250407291-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=Ft9VWTlG296xT31Ysv6vjtVhFfCFZdsX&size=200:113\\") ### \'Ash anna\' bullied, Yashasvi feels like Tendulkar as Team India reaches Kanpur ![\\"Bharatpur](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202409/bharatpur-police- station-252741780-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=HNkfhjzTYHd2u5RiU2HLc3ryx0utsrhc&size=200:113\\") ### Odisha custodial assault case: Polygraph test to be conducted on suspended cop ![\\"Amitabh](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202409/amitabh- bachchan-171159787-16x9_1.jpg?VersionId=CdK2hwrKOev0mDBdsc.AP0knYpZrfZ5D&size=200:113\\") ### KBC 16: UPSC aspirant fails to answer Rs 1 crore question on World War I ![\\"World](\\" in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/202409/world-pharmacist-day-2024-date-- history--significance-- wishes-254852969-16x9_0.jpg?VersionId=KW36Gpnco083z5NWBS_boAnvmaJHBxfF&size=200:113\\") ### World Pharmacist Day 2024: Date, history, significance, wishes Advertisement Follow Us On: ![](\\" in.tosshub.com/sites/indiatoday/resources/img/instagram.png\\") Advertisement ### PUBLICATIONS * India Today * Business Today * India Today-Hindi * TIME ### TELEVISION * India Today TV * Aaj Tak * Good News Today ### EVENTS * Agenda AajTak * India Today Conclave * Sahitya AajTak ### RADIO * Ishq FM * AajTak Radio ### GAMING * India Today Gaming * World Esports Cup ### USEFUL LINKS * Press Release * Sitemap * News * Newsletter * Privacy Policy * Correction Policy * LMIL Documents ### PRINTING * Thomson Press ### WELFARE * Care Today ### DISTRIBUTION * Rate Card ### SYNDICATIONS * Headlines Today ### WEBSITES * India Today * India Today Malayalam * India Today NE * Business Today * DailyO * AajTak * Lallantop * Bangla * GNTTV * iChowk * Reader’s Digest * Cosmopolitan ### EDUCATION * Vasant Valley * Best Colleges * Best Universities TRENDING TOPICS EY Employee Death Northern Arc Capital Shares Listing Sensex Crosses 85000 Assembly Election News Live Tirupati laddu Row Badlapur Rape Case Amit Shah Modi- Zelenskyy Meeting in US Israel- Hezbollah War Bengaluru Murder Case India Today Conclave Horoscope LATEST Horoscope Today September 2024 Festival Calendar Download App ![\\"Andriod](\\" in.tosshub.com/sites/indiatoday/resources/img/googlestore.png\\") ![\\"ios](\\" in.tosshub.com/sites/indiatoday/resources/img/applestore.png\\") ![\\"SmartTv](\\" in.tosshub.com/sites/indiatoday/resources/img/Androidtv-app.png\\") * ABOUT US * CONTACT US * TERMS AND CONDITIONS * ARCHIVES Copyright © 2024 Living Media India Limited. 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India has new communication norms from tomorrow | 3,155 | Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World * Newsletters * Press * My Account * Donate * Contacted By Us? Read our research on: * Economy & Work * Hispanics * Election 2024 Search * Research Topics __ ##### Topics Politics & Policy International Affairs Immigration & Migration Race & Ethnicity Religion Age & Generations Gender & LGBTQ Family & Relationships Economy & Work Science Internet & Technology News Habits & Media Methodological Research Full Topic List ##### Regions & Countries Asia & the Pacific Europe & Russia Latin America Middle East & North Africa North America Sub-Saharan Africa Multiple Regions / Worldwide ##### Formats Feature Fact Sheet Video Data Essay * Publications * Our Methods * Short Reads * Tools & Resources * Experts * About Us * * Research Topics * Publications * Short Reads * Tools & Resources * About Pew Research Center * Newsletters * My Account * Contacted By Us? * Search Read Our Research On: * Economy & Work * Hispanics * Election 2024 Home Research Topics Internet & Technology Emerging Technology * Report | February 18, 2021 * X * Facebook * Threads * LinkedIn * WhatsApp Share # Experts Say the ‘New Normal’ in 2025 Will Be Far More Tech-Driven, Presenting More Big Challenges ## A plurality of experts think sweeping societal change will make life worse for most people as greater inequality, rising authoritarianism and rampant misinformation take hold in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. Still, a portion believe life will be better in a ‘tele-everything’ world where workplaces, health care and social activity improve By Janna Anderson, Lee Rainie and Emily A. Vogels ## Table of Contents ## Table of Contents * Experts Say the ‘New Normal’ in 2025 Will Be Far More Tech-Driven, Presenting More Big Challenges * 1\. Emerging change * 2\. Worries about life in 2025 * 3\. Hopes about life in 2025 * About this canvassing of experts * Acknowledgments ## A plurality of experts think sweeping societal change will make life worse for most people as greater inequality, rising authoritarianism and rampant misinformation take hold in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak. Still, a portion believe life will be better in a ‘tele-everything’ world where workplaces, health care and social activity improve How we did this This is the 12th “Future of the Internet” canvassing Pew Research Center and Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center have conducted together to get expert views about important digital issues. In this case, the questions focused on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 on the evolution of humans-plus-technology. This is a nonscientific canvassing based on a nonrandom sample; this broad array of opinions about where current trends may lead in the next few years represents only the points of view of the individuals who responded to the queries. Pew Research Center and Elon’s Imagining the Internet Center built a database of experts to canvass from a wide range of fields, choosing to invite people from several sectors, including professionals and policy people based in government bodies, nonprofits and foundations, technology businesses, think tanks and in networks of interested academics and technology innovators. The predictions reported here came in response to a set of questions in an online canvassing conducted between June 30 and July 27, 2020. In all, 915 technology innovators and developers, business and policy leaders, researchers and activists responded to at least one of the questions covered in this report. More on the methodology underlying this canvassing and the participants can be found in the final section. When pandemics sweep through societies, they upend critical structures, such as health systems and medical treatments, economic life, socioeconomic class structures and race relations, fundamental institutional arrangements, communities and everyday family life. A new canvassing of experts in technology, communications and social change by Pew Research Center and Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center finds that many expect similar impacts to emerge from the COVID-19 outbreak. Asked to consider what life will be like in 2025 in the wake of the outbreak of the global pandemic and other crises in 2020, some 915 innovators, developers, business and policy leaders, researchers and activists responded. Their broad and nearly universal view is that people’s relationship with technology will deepen as larger segments of the population come to rely more on digital connections for work, education, health care, daily commercial transactions and essential social interactions. A number describe this as a “tele-everything” world. Notable shares of these respondents foresee significant change that will: * worsen economic inequality as those who are highly connected and the tech-savvy pull further ahead of those who have less access to digital tools and less training or aptitude for exploiting them and as technological change eliminates some jobs; * enhance the power of big technology firms as they exploit their market advantages and mechanisms such as artificial intelligence (AI) in ways that seem likely to further erode the privacy and autonomy of their users; * multiply the spread of misinformation as authoritarians and polarized populations wage warring information campaigns with their foes. Many respondents said their deepest worry is over the seemingly unstoppable manipulation of public perception, emotion and action via online disinformation – lies and hate speech deliberately weaponized in order to propagate destructive biases and fears. They worry about significant damage to social stability and cohesion and the reduced likelihood of rational deliberation and evidence-based policymaking. At the same time, a portion of these experts express hope that changes spawned by the pandemic will make things better for significant portions of the population because of changes that: * inaugurate new reforms aimed at racial justice and social equity as critiques of current economic arrangements – and capitalism itself – gain support and policymaker attention; * enhance the quality of life for many families and workers as more flexible-workplace arrangements become permanent and communities adjust to them; * produce technology enhancements in virtual and augmented reality and AI that allow people to live smarter, safer and more productive lives, enabled in many cases by “smart systems” in such key areas as health care, education and community living. These six themes were commonly expressed by these experts in their responses to a question that asked them to consider the changes that were set in motion in 2020 by the COVID-19 outbreak and describe what the “new normal” might look like in 2025. Some 47% of these respondents said life will be mostly worse for most people in 2025 than it was before the pandemic, while 39% said life will be mostly better for most people in 2025 than it was pre-pandemic. Another 14% said most people’s lives in 2025 will not be much different from the way things would have turned out if there had been no pandemic. Among the 86% who said the pandemic will bring about some kind of change, most said they expect that the evolution of digital life will continue to feature both positives and negatives. These expert views link in interesting ways with public attitudes. A Pew Research survey in August 2020 found that 51% of U.S. adults said they expected their lives to remain changed in major ways even after the pandemic is over. This is a nonscientific canvassing, based on a nonrandom sample. The results represent only the opinions of the individuals who responded to the queries and are not projectable to any other population. The bulk of this report covers these experts’ written answers explaining their responses. They sounded many broad themes about the ways in which individuals and groups are adjusting in the face of the global crisis, describing the most likely opportunities and challenges emerging as humans accelerate their uses and applications of digital technologies in response. It is important to note that the responses were gathered in the summer of 2020, before the completion of the presidential election in the United States and before COVID-19 vaccines had been approved. As these experts pondered what was happening in mid-2020 and the likely changes ahead, they used words like “inflection point,” “punctuated equilibrium,” “unthinkable scale,” “exponential process,” “massive disruption” and “unprecedented challenge.” They wrote about changes that could reconfigure fundamental realities such as people’s physical “presence” with others and people’s conceptions of trust and truth. They wondered, too, if humans can cope effectively with such far-reaching changes, given that they are required to function with “paleolithic emotions, medieval institutions and god-like technology,” in the words of biologist E.O. Wilson. Among the scores of changes they see is the emergence of: an “Internet of Medical Things” with sensors and devices that allow for new kinds of patient health monitoring; smart millimeter wave machines to diagnose people with disease symptoms; advances in synthetic biology and computational virology that improve drug testing and targeted disease therapies; diagnostic screenings that cover a person’s diet, genes and microbiome; handheld detection devices that citizen swarms use to address environmental problems; and a new class of tele-care workers. Additionally, these experts forecast the creation of 3-D social media systems that allow for richer human interaction (sometimes via hologram avatars); mediated digital agents (interdigital agents) gradually taking over significantly more repetitive or time-consuming tasks; a “flying Internet of Things” as drones become more prolific in surveillance, exploration and delivery tasks; ubiquitous augmented reality; an expanded gig economy built around work-from-home free agents; urban farming that reaches industrial scale; advances in trusted cryptocurrency that enable greater numbers of peer- to-peer collaborations; locally based, on-demand manufacturing; “local in spirit and local in practice” supply chains; a robust marketplace of education choices that allow students to create personalized schooling menus; “tele- justice” advances that allow courts to handle large numbers of cases remotely; “truth valuation” protocols that diminish the appeal of disinformation; and small, safer nuclear reactors for energy production. At the more everyday level, these experts also think there will be better speech recognition, facial recognition (including sentiment discernment from facial expressions), real-time language translation, captioning and autocorrect capacity, sensory suits, robust video search, body motion sensors, 3D glasses, multimedia databases and broader network bandwidth that will enable full 3D virtual experiences and developments in AI allowing it to serve more of people’s needs. These themes and more are outlined in the accompanying tables. #### Emerging change: As the global pandemic unfolds, experts predict people will develop greater reliance on swiftly evolving digital tools for good and for ill by 2025 The pandemic proves that world-upending phenomena can emerge from anywhere. The turn to living and working more intensively within digital communications networks shows the value of these complex systems. The pandemic brings more focus on both the upsides and the downsides of digital life. * Tele-everything is embraced: The broad adoption of “remote” processes – telework, telemedicine, virtual schooling, e-commerce and more – is growing. In 2025, there will be more people working from home, more virtual social and entertainment interactions and fewer forays in public than has been in the case in recent years. * Humans’ yearning for convenience and safety fuels reliance on digital tools: The pandemic has rearranged incentives so that consumers will be more willing to seek out smart gadgets, apps and systems. This will speed up adoption of new education and learning platforms, rearrange work patterns and workplaces, change family life and upend living arrangements and community structures. * The best and worst of human nature are amplified: The crisis is enhancing digital interconnectedness that engenders empathy, better awareness of the ills facing humanity and positive public action. On the flip side, some individuals, cities and nation-states will become more insular and competitive as survival mode kicks in. Xenophobia, bigotry and closed communities will also increase. * Worries: As the global pandemic unfolds, experts fear growing social and racial inequality, worsening security and privacy and the further spread of misinformation * The advantaged enjoy more advantages; the disadvantaged fall further behind. Concerns particularly focus on the growing power of technology firms. Many suggested solutions have a double-edged quality because they threaten civil liberties. Automation could take many humans out of the work equation. And the spread of lies via social media and other digital platforms is likely to further damage all social, political and economic systems. * Inequality and injustice are magnified: The pandemic and quick pivot to the use of digitally driven systems will widen racial and other divides and expand the ranks of the unemployed, uninsured and disenfranchised. Power imbalances between the advantaged and disadvantaged are being magnified by digital systems overseen by behemoth firms as they exploit big data and algorithmic decision-making that are often biased. More people will be pushed into a precarious existence that lacks predictability, economic security and wellness. * As risk grows, security must also; privacy falls and authoritarianism rises: The health crisis spawned by the pandemic and broader dependence people have on the internet heighten threats of criminal activity, hacks and other attacks. Optimized security solutions may further reduce individuals’ privacy and civil liberties. They are likely to expand mass surveillance, as authoritarian states will use this as an opportunity to silence dissent and abuse citizens’ civil rights. * Threats to work will intensify from automation, artificial intelligence, robotics and globalization: In order to survive, businesses are reconfiguring systems and processes to automate as many aspects as possible. While artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics will enhance some lives, they will damage others, as more work is taken over by machines. Employers may outsource labor to the lowest bidder globally. Employees may be asked to work for far less; they may have to shift to be gig and contract workers, supplying their own equipment, and they may be surveilled at home by employers. * Misinformation will be rampant: Digital propaganda is unstoppable, and the rapidly expanding weaponization of cloud-based technologies divides the public, deteriorates social cohesion and threatens rational deliberation and evidence-based policymaking. * People’s mental health will be challenged: Digital life was already high-stress for some people prior to the required social isolation brought on by the pandemic. The shift to tele-everything will be extensive and that will diminish in-person contact and constrict tech users’ real-world support systems and their social connections. #### Hopes: As the global pandemic unfolds, experts urge that calls for social justice be heeded and that technology design focus on human well-being People have the chance now to reconfigure major systems such as the structure of capitalism, education, health care and workplaces. Advances in technologies such as artificial intelligence, smart cities, data analytics and virtual reality could make all systems safer, more humane and more helpfully productive. Better communication of more-accurate information can dramatically improve emergency responses in crises and alleviate suffering. * Social justice will get priority: The reawakening of public movements for social justice and economic equality may create more-responsive government and sociopolitical systems that are more attuned to diversity, equity and inclusion. This includes a focus on closing digital divides. * People’s well-being will prevail over profit: Businesses may start to value serving the greater good above the typical goals of market capitalism. This could produce policies to fund broader safety nets such as universal health care, universal basic income and broadband as a basic utility. A reckoning for tech companies and their leaders might also occur. * The quality of life will improve: The transition to home-based work will reduce urban air pollution, overcrowding and transportation gridlock. It will enhance the overall quality of life, create a better environment for family life, allow more accommodations for those with disabilities and inspire other enhancements. * AI, VR, AR, ML will yield good: Artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, deep learning, machine learning and natural language processing will make virtual spaces feel much more real, in-person, authentic and effective. * Smarter systems will be created: Municipal, rural, state and independent services, especially in the health care sector, will be modernized to better handle future crises, quickly identifying and responding to emerging threats and sharing information with all citizens in more timely and helpful ways. Source: Nonscientific canvassing of select experts conducted June 30-July 27, 2020. N=915.“Experts Say the ‘New Normal’ in 2025 Will Be Far More Tech- Driven, Presenting More Big Challenges” Following is a selection of some of the most comprehensive overarching responses shared by a number of the 915 thought leaders participating in this canvassing. > Privacy was always a luxury in the past – only the rich enjoyed it. Then it > spread to a large fraction of the population in the West. Now it is receding > again, in a way that mirrors the rise in inequality and the inevitable fall > in civil liberties.MARCEL FAFCHAMPS, PROFESSOR OF ECONOMICS AND SENIOR > FELLOW AT THE CENTER ON DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT AND THE RULE OF LAW AT > STANFORD UNIVERSITY Marcel Fafchamps, professor of economics and senior fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, commented, “Here are some of the changes I anticipate. Please note that many of them were already in the background and could have occurred anyway, but I suspect less fast and less strongly. * Economic and social inequality: The economic contrast between the ‘confined,’ the ‘essentials’ and the ‘unemployed’ will perdure. The confined are those who can work from home and be productive. Because employers save money on them, they will continue to prosper. Anyone who cannot work from home will as a result earn comparatively less than without the introduction of work-from-home as a normal way of life. Many workers will be displaced or made redundant by this change, e.g., all those who support work-life (restaurants, transport including car making, maintenance of office buildings, etc.). A gig economy will arise that caters to the same needs for those working from home but, because they will work in a very competitive industry (they will compete with each other for each home-worker-customer) and they will be much harder to organize in unions, strikes, etc., they will earn less. And they will become invisible, like domestic workers or gardeners today. * The generalization of work-from-home will change where people live – possibly away from city centers, but this need not be the case if people value their social life, as is likely, especially for the young – possibly into small towns instead of big metropolis. This will in turn lead to more social segmentation/parochialism/segregation in terms of residential choice and social circle. Business districts force different people together by need rather than choice. If people can choose who they live with, they will sort on similar attributes, including wealth and all its correlates. * By reducing the cost of congestion inherent to having a workforce in large office buildings, these changes will enable even larger firms, leading to an even stronger concentration of corporate power into a small number of key actors. The last wave saw the concentration of financial and service industry into a small number of world banks into a small number of geographical centers (e.g., New York, London, Shanghai, Singapore, etc.). We have already seen this with Amazon, Alibaba, Google and the like for their respective industries. We will now see this spread to other work-from-home industries: more agglomeration, but this time happening in the digital world, and not requiring geographical concentration itself. * Civil liberties were severely curtailed during COVID-19. New tools and technologies were introduced to control people better, including phone apps that identify likely social interactions between people. These tools will be used by totalitarian regimes to control their population better, on the Chinese model. Furthermore, people working from home will be much harder to organize and much easier to target individually by repression. I therefore anticipate population control to become more efficient and effective, cutting down the productivity gap between autocratic regimes and democracies. As a result, democracy will be on the defensive, its spread will be reversed in many parts of the world, and democracies themselves will infringe more on civil liberties. We are entering a post-democratic era. * Privacy was always a luxury in the past – only the rich enjoyed it. Then it spread to a large fraction of the population in the West. Now it is receding again, in a way that mirrors the rise in inequality and the inevitable fall in civil liberties. The poor never have privacy. COVID-19 has justified the loss of the last bit of privacy we had left, namely, our health data and who we meet in the park. * In a not-too-distant future the Soviet Union will be seen as ahead of its time: Its main weakness was the inability to deal with the complexity of matching production and consumer demand. Now this can be achieved via Amazon or Alibaba, and the complex dispatch or matching algorithm that they and Google and Facebook have created. With concentration of corporate power, increase in inequality and weakening of civil liberties, it will be easy to recreate a post-democratic world that fulfills the Soviet promise, without necessarily requiring public ownership in the means of production: It will no longer matter who is formally the owner of capital, as China today demonstrates.” Amy Webb, quantitative futurist and founder of the Future Today Institute, said: “We’ve entered a new Bioinformation Age, a new period in human history characterized by the shift from privacy and personal choice to new social, government and economic structures that require our data to operate. You can expect to see a Flying Internet of Things: smart drones equipped with object- and face-recognition, audio analytics, motion detection and sense-and-avoid systems that communicate with each other in the air and back down to a command center on the ground. The Flying Internet of Things will be used for surveillance and deliveries of small payloads, such as medicines, medical supplies and other necessities. Drones will transport specimens between buildings on hospital campuses, and they will move prescriptions between drugstores and homes. “The availability of diagnostic testing will be far more ubiquitous. Drugstores, schools and large company offices will have compact COVID-19 testing machines and technicians. A specimen will be taken, put onto a cartridge and results will be delivered within minutes. Meanwhile, at airports, offices and event spaces, smart millimeter wave machines will be used to algorithmically diagnose people with COVID-19 symptoms. The machines will include a thermal imager and a powerful suite of AI algorithms that in seconds will scan someone’s heart rate, respiration rate, blood oxygen level and body temperature. Our new normal will include decentralized, persistent biometric surveillance. Within just a few years, biometric-recognition technology will transition from suspect, to reviled, to acceptable, to essential. Eventually, a massive biometric surveillance apparatus will become the invisible infrastructure enabling our economies to function again. … “The fate of regulation, as national governments try to reconcile the desire for public safety with a reality in which algorithms are encoded with bias, could take many years to sort out, and the result is likely a patchwork of different protocols and permissions around the world. In the Bioinformation Age, transparency, accountability and data governance are paramount, but few organizations are ready. Everyone alive today is under persistent surveillance from a host of technologies, and what most people don’t realize is that tech companies don’t need cameras to see you. From Wi-Fi signals to single strands of hair, it is possible to recognize you without submitting to face scans. “Catastrophe can be a catalyst for positive change. In a race to find a vaccine, important areas of science – synthetic biology, computational virology – are accelerating. This will result in more-efficient drug testing, new approaches to targeted therapies and, someday, a future in which we engineer life itself. > In a race to find a vaccine, important areas of science – synthetic biology, > computational virology – are accelerating. > > AMY WEBB, QUANTITATIVE FUTURIST AND FOUNDER OF THE FUTURE TODAY INSTITUTE “Many organizations in the public and private sectors had not invested in digital transformation. The virus provided an immediate impetus to change. On the other side of this, organizations should have better workflows, data management, information and cybersecurity, and new efficiencies. The virus could finally be an accelerant to healthcare equity in the U.S. The virus has highlighted the lack of broadband infrastructure in the U.S. and a growing digital divide. One of the coronavirus aftershocks will be a realization that American kids need internet access to perform well in school, and many families don’t have it. We could categorize internet access the way we categorize food security and emerge from the pandemic with federal programs to provide internet and device assistance to families in need.” David Brin, physicist, futures thinker and author of “Earth” and “Existence,” commented, “Assuming we restore the basic stability of the Western Enlightenment Experiment, and that is a big assumption, then several technological and social trends may come to fruition in the next five to 10 years. * Advances in cost-effectiveness of sustainable energy supplies will be augmented by better storage systems. This will both reduce reliance on fossil fuels and allow cities and homes to be more autonomous. * Urban farming methods may move to industrial scale, allowing similar moves toward local autonomy (perhaps requiring a full decade or more to show significant impact). Meat use will decline for several reasons, ensuring some degree of food security, as well. * Local, small-scale, on-demand manufacturing may start to show effects in 2025. If all of the above take hold, there will be surplus oceanic shipping capacity across the planet. Some of it may be applied to ameliorate (not solve) acute water shortages. Innovative uses of such vessels may range all the way to those depicted in my novel ‘Earth.’ * Full-scale diagnostic evaluations of diet, genes and microbiome will result in micro-biotic therapies and treatments. AI appraisals of other diagnostics will both advance detection of problems and become distributed to handheld devices cheaply available to all, even poor clinics. * Handheld devices will start to carry detection technologies that can appraise across the spectrum, allowing NGOs and even private parties to detect and report environmental problems. * Socially, this extension of citizen vision will go beyond the current trend of assigning accountability to police and other authorities. Despotisms will be empowered, as predicted in ‘Nineteen Eighty-four.’ But democracies will also be empowered, as in ‘The Transparent Society.’ * I give odds that tsunamis of revelation will crack the shields protecting many elites from disclosure of past and present torts and turpitudes. The Panama Papers and Epstein cases exhibit how fear propels the elites to combine efforts at repression. But only a few more cracks may cause the dike to collapse, revealing networks of blackmail. This is only partly technologically driven and hence is not guaranteed. If it does happen, there will be dangerous spasms by all sorts of elites, desperate to either retain status or evade consequences. But if the fever runs its course, the more transparent world will be cleaner and better run. * Some of those elites have grown aware of the power of 90 years of Hollywood propaganda for individualism, criticism, diversity, suspicion of authority and appreciation of eccentricity. Counterpropaganda pushing older, more traditional approaches to authority and conformity are already emerging, and they have the advantage of resonating with ancient human fears. Much will depend upon this meme war. “Of course, much will also depend upon short-term resolution of current crises. If our systems remain undermined and sabotaged by incited civil strife and distrust of expertise, then all bets are off. You will get many answers to this canvassing fretting about the spread of ‘surveillance technologies that will empower Big Brother.’ These fears are well-grounded, but utterly myopic. First, ubiquitous cameras and facial recognition are only the beginning. Nothing will stop them and any such thought of ‘protecting’ citizens from being seen by elites is stunningly absurd, as the cameras get smaller, better, faster, cheaper, more mobile and vastly more numerous every month. Moore’s Law to the nth degree. Yes, despotisms will benefit from this trend. And hence, the only thing that matters is to prevent despotism altogether. “In contrast, a free society will be able to apply the very same burgeoning technologies toward accountability. We are seeing them applied to end centuries of abuse by ‘bad-apple’ police who are thugs, while empowering the truly professional cops to do their jobs better. I do not guarantee light will be used this way, despite today’s spectacular example. It is an open question whether we citizens will have the gumption to apply ‘sousveillance’ upward at all elites. But Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. likewise were saved by crude technologies of light in their days. And history shows that assertive vision by and for the citizenry is the only method that has ever increased freedom and – yes – some degree of privacy. > Handheld devices will start to carry detection technologies that can > appraise across the spectrum, allowing NGOs and even private parties to > detect and report environmental problems. > > David Brin, Author of “EartH” and “Existence” “I would wager that I am almost alone in saying this in this canvassing. The hand wringers are totally right about the problem and the danger presented by surveillance tech! And they are diametrically wrong in the common prescription. Trying to ban technologies and create shadows for citizens to hide within is spectacularly wrongheaded and disastrous. See my book, ‘The Transparent Society: Will Technology Make Us Choose Between Privacy and Freedom?’” Barry Chudakov, founder and principal of Sertain Research, commented, “The ‘new normal’ for the average person in 2025 will entail adapting to multiple simultaneous accelerations. … COVID-19 will be followed by other pandemics. Atmospheric climate change will accelerate. Wetlands deterioration will accelerate. The number of homeless refugees – due to soil, crop and weather devastation – will accelerate. Information speeds and content compression will accelerate. The invasiveness and accuracy of tracking, search and recognition technologies will accelerate. Our reliance on remote-distance technologies and interfaces will accelerate. “The consequence of these accelerations is complexity: Problems and issues, programs and technologies, all are becoming more complex. The substrate of the new normal will be ineradicable complexity: Both our problems and our technologies (including how we deploy these technologies) have passed the stage of simple approaches. To quote McKinsey: ‘Telemedicine experienced a tenfold growth in subscribers in just 15 days. Similar acceleration patterns can be seen in online education, nearshoring, and remote working, to name but a few areas. All these trends were clear before the crisis and have been amplified by it.’ “This is a fundamental amplification. The way people use and think about technology will progress further on the continuum of actual to virtual. We will become even more screen-dependent. We will see less of the world IRL (in real life) and more through interfaces and screens whose distancing will shield us from deadly viruses but also isolate us. Thus, the new normal with regard to the role of digital technologies in individuals’ personal and professional lives will be to usher in, and learn to navigate, the emerging metaverse. … What worries me most about the role of technology and technology companies in individuals’ lives in 2025 is the deliberate depreciation of complexity. The diminishment of complexity invites tyranny. It is the tyranny of simple-ism and reductionism papered over by happy talk, lies and distortions designed to distract us from real issues. “We urgently need clarity and sound thinking. Simplistic clichés and slight- of-hand responses won’t solve the complex problems we face such as accelerating climate change, soil and shoreline erosion, global immigration or morphing pandemics. We must embrace transparency – make the science required to tackle this complexity easily understandable. To be clear: Complexity is not an end in itself; it is a fact of life that must be addressed, like the melting of the Greenland ice sheet. For example, Rana el Kaliouby, CEO of Affectiva, has written and spoken often about the need to embrace the complexity of gender, race, cultural context, accessibility, socioeconomic status and other variables that often are lacking in the environments that design the computer programs and algorithms that mediate our lives. We must humanize AI and make human variability the substrate of bits and qubits. “A second level of complexity – and the more urgent one – is our engagement with our devices. We use them; we typically are not present with them. We don’t notice how they bend our perceptions and behaviors. As complexity accelerates, curiously, our ability to embrace and engage with that complexity diminishes. This is in no small measure due to the ergonomic design of our devices that makes them both indispensable and makes us more likely to adhere in our thinking and action to their compression logic: They compress time, distance, communication, relationships. We have an active and reactive relationship with our tools. Because of this we need a meta layer of awareness that monitors how we change and adapt. Merely adopting tool logic as our own – texting while we drive, ghosting, growing alone together – is hardly a healthy response. Further, our lack of presence with our tools effectively means we are at the mercy of the surveillance capitalism and interruptive logic that pervades their inception. These technologies and the companies that create them daily gain in sophistication; this is a new acceleration. “Much of this accelerated sophistication is outstanding and useful. But we pick up and use our devices and, as it were, live our lives eyes wide shut. We don’t look at what we’re using and how we’re using it – we practice unconscious tech engagement. Our tools are so ergonomic, so easy to use, so quick to respond that we are seduced by the slick way they reorganize our thinking, our behavior and our lives. But we have reached a tipping point with our tools: They are now more sophisticated than our ability to fully appreciate their effects; those effects are hidden in the tool logic, the actions of the tool. We must become present with our tools; we must gain in meta-awareness, retool our understanding of how we think while tech-immersed versus how we think otherwise. > We have reached a tipping point with our tools: They are now more > sophisticated than our ability to fully appreciate their effects; those > effects are hidden in the tool logic, the actions of the tool. > > Barry Chudakov, founder and principal of Sertain Research “Why is this a concern? In prior human history, the power to manipulate reality, facts, behaviors and lives was centered in visible entities with physical representatives: the king, the pope, the organizer, the leader. Institutions from churches to schools to governments were concrete entities with no metalife. If you couldn’t talk to the king or the pope every day, you knew where they lived in a castle or the Vatican. While many institutions can fossilize and grow weedy with bureaucratic complexity, newer technologies present the ability to avoid presence. More than absence, this is the ability to hide, to obfuscate, to distort. The more virtual we become, the more I worry that we abandon the concrete for becoming gadgeteers and, as Neil Postman put it, ‘amusing ourselves to death.’ The more we disembody, the more virtual our realities become, the more we exhibit antisocial, even psychopathic behaviors. Alone together we lose empathy; we lose compassion; we lose focus. As computing goes quantum, as algorithms and AI mediate more of our interactions, our educational structures have either lagged far behind or have given up altogether trying to prepare young minds for the world they will inherit. The more device dependent we become, the more incumbent it is upon all users to fully understand the tool logic and business model of the tool they pick up and use. Surveillance is a business model; exploitation of data exhaust is a business model; tracking is a business model; observation and analysis is a business model. In whose interest is it for us to embrace that business model? In ‘Everybody Lies’ Seth Stephens-Davidowitz says, ‘Google searches are the most important dataset ever collected on the human psyche.’ In other words, the human psyche is an emerging business model.” Brad Templeton, internet pioneer, futurist and activist, a former president of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, said, “It has been suggested that this is the first battle in our last war on disease – that, partly as a result of this, we will come to understand viruses at a fundamental level. And now the budget will be there (due to the obvious benefit) to create the ability to make a vaccine or counter-agent to a virus on demand – just sequence the virus and quickly be able to generate agents that will be known to be safe and effective. It’s very likely we’ll get much better at diagnostics as well. These are tremendous goods, and one would even say worth the cost of the pandemic, except we were trying to make them before and this just kickstarts them. This could prevent the death of millions, and if you can attribute it to the pandemic, you would have to go into the ‘wildly, wildly positive’ camp on the pandemic. “We’re learning a great deal about videoconferences and meetings, holding large events online, holding parties online. We still suck at it, but we’re learning lots and getting better. The video call was something that was going to be ‘the next thing’ since the 1950s. The pandemic made that finally happen, and it’s probably here to stay. We may even develop means to do pretty significant business travel without the travel, which has benefits in cost, time and pollution. … “We may learn to do occasional ‘dry runs’ of all the technologies necessary for hard lockdown – online shopping, delivery, virtual meeting spaces and remote learning and more. We will probably learn that the right approach is to use those technologies to generate a very hard lockdown for a short time, rather than a moderate lockdown for a very long time. Delivery robots (in which I am involved) will gain more appreciation. Public transit will mostly recover but only because it has to; long-overdue changes away from its 20th- century models will be hastened in reaction to that decline, and fear for several years of cramped, packed spaces. This will slightly hasten the eventual replacement of most public transit with robotic group and solo transportation. The world will probably get a bit cleaner. Ultraviolet disinfection will become common. This may reduce the spread of other infections like flu.” > Digital technologies always mirror and magnify the good, bad and ugly. > > danah boyd, founder and president of the Data & Society Research Institute > and principal researcher at Microsoft danah boyd, founder and president of the Data & Society Research Institute and principal researcher at Microsoft, wrote, “Inequality will create a huge division between those who are thriving and those who are in dire straits. There will be plenty of high-status people who will come out of the pandemic with wealth, health and their life goals intact. But a large amount of society will be dealing with all sorts of ripple effects. There will be those who got sick and never fully recovered. There will be those who lost their jobs and precarity turned to poverty fast. But there will also be mothers whose careers took a left turn after multiple years of trying to be a stay-at-home parent plus a teacher while working at home. There will be so many people who will be facing tremendous post-traumatic stress disorder as they struggle to make sense of the domestic violence they experienced during the pandemic, the loss of family and friends and the tremendous amount of uncertainty that surrounded every decision. Digital technologies always mirror and magnify the good, bad and ugly. People will continue to use technology to get support and help, but they will also struggle with how technology becomes a place of hostility and information confusion. A cohort of young people will be accustomed to engaging friends through technology, but also struggle with a range of face-to-face encounters as the fears/confusion over illness persist. If we’re lucky, schools, conferences, mental health and general health care will be forever reimagined to consider hybrid ways of approaching services. But this is more likely to be something that magnifies inequality rather than actually doing the connective work that could be possible. The biggest unknown in the United States concerns political leadership.” Douglas Rushkoff, media theorist and author, wrote, “2025 may be a whole lot more local in spirit and local in practice. As global supply chains falter and reveal their structural inadequacies, people will come to depend more on locally produced goods. This will also mean fewer ridiculous, meaningless, valueless cubicle jobs, and more time spent actually creating value. I’m thinking simple, real tasks like growing food, building houses, teaching kids, health care and providing energy may dominate what we now think of as ‘work.’ In other words, instead of developing careers in industries, people will learn how to do things – which could prove truly fulfilling and psychologically stabilizing. “The climate and economic challenges may be bigger, but our resilience as people could be stronger. It’s only three or four years out, so I don’t anticipate we’ll be through the disillusionment at the failure of global corporate capitalism. As for the role of digital technologies? I don’t know if they will be quite as important in their own right. They’ll likely be more embedded into other stuff, and less fetishized on their own. The only tech- related change I’m really hoping for is less of it. It’s really draining. Even typing this right now I’m using tech to write to you about the future of tech? As for tech making life better? The obvious ones: solar, regenerative energy, less-industrial agriculture (more low- or light-tech solutions to topsoil depletion, air pollution, watershed destruction). More simple stuff that solves real problems. Less social networks designed to create new problems. “My worries? Well, there are now trillions of dollars invested in companies that depend on addiction, isolation and fear to keep growing. That’s very dangerous, since these companies will spend their war chests on deliberately causing panic, pain and fear. They know the more upset and reactive we are, the more likely we are to engage with their platforms. So, when the wealthiest industry in the world is doing everything it can to attack our basic sense of well-being, I do get concerned we may not have the resilience as people to oppose these forces. Once they really get a handle on using AI for this purpose, I’m not sure how we get ourselves out of it. Even now, we see people on social media platforms attacking those with whom they should be allied. They cancel people rather than collaborate with them. If AIs determine that turning people against each other is the easiest way for them to deliver desired metrics, then we could be in great trouble.” Esther Dyson, internet pioneer, journalist, entrepreneur and executive founder of Wellville, responded, “Things will be both better and worse. Many people will be dead and many others more will be permanently damaged, physically or mentally or economically. And those people will mostly be the ones who were worse-off in the first place, poor, Black or another minority, disabled or ill, or otherwise challenged. Yet at the same time, the U.S. and even the world at large are much more aware of the disparities and the unfairness of this situation. “With luck, we will start to think long-term (to the next pandemic?) and realize how much better things could be for all (including rich employers who want educated, happy, productive employees and well-off customers) if we would invest in our greatest asset – human beings. The money one spends keeping pregnant/new mothers healthy, providing child care (and paying care workers’ wages that honor their work), educating children, keeping people healthy instead of trying to fix them when it’s too late – all that money delivers a huge return on investment. It’s just that the rewards don’t go directly to those who pay; they go to society as a whole and make the world a better place for both rich and poor (but with more impact on the poor because their condition has so much more room for improvement). “That’s the optimistic view of things. I’m doing everything in my power to make it come true. The short version is that we need to think long-term and invest in everyone’s future versus grabbing what we can for our narrowly defined selves. Ah yes, and you were asking about ‘digital tech.’ We’re going to discover that it is getting cheaper to do a lot of things, including many varieties of telemedicine, less travel and jet lag for the rich, upper-class workers, and that we can actually afford to invest in human capital cost- effectively. We need to do that and we need to train a large new cadre of tele-care workers to help deal with the residual effects of COVID-19 (including contact tracing). The human communication skills needed for contact tracing now are the same skills that will also make for better child care, mental health and other care workers. > We need to do that and we need to train a large new cadre of tele-care > workers to help deal with the residual effects of COVID-19 (including > contact tracing). The human communication skills needed for contact tracing > now are the same skills that will also make for better child care, mental > health and other care workers. > > Esther Dyson, internet pioneer, journalist, entrepreneur and executive > founder of Wellville “One really interesting impact will be on privacy: Any stranger could be infectious, so there will be demands for testing and immunity passports and the like – and a similar demand for secrecy from (usually poor) people terrified of losing their physical-presence-required jobs, their ability to travel, etc., etc. It’s akin to issues around concealed weapons, etc., etc. A lot will depend on how immunity/vaccines/and other medical issues play out over the next year. “There will be a lot less traveling and a lot more appreciation for face-to- face (or mask-to-mask) connections when we do make them. Much more telehealth and a healthier population. More self-aware use of social networks and an understanding of how addictive they can be. The use of all kinds of digital monitors should help people to manage their own health and resilience better (though they can be abused/addictive like everything else). I would love for every third grader in this country to get a continuous glucose monitor along with an age-appropriate scientific curriculum so that they could see for themselves how the food they eat affects their bodies and their mood. Or more cheaply, at least a Mouse House with four mice – two sedentary and two with a running wheel, orthogonally two on a healthy diet and two eating the kind of processed, overly sweetened junk still found in many schools’ cafeterias. Maybe PETA would sue, which would just help to make the point of how badly we feed so many children. Meanwhile, the kids could just watch and see the impact of the four combinations of choices. I worry that poor and minority people still will have limited access to all the tech and tools that the rich take for granted. … Disparities in access to tech can aggravate other disparities. I also worry that people will turn to tech rather than to other people for human comfort.” Jamais Cascio, research fellow at the Institute for the Future, predicted, “Three big arenas of technological uncertainty we’re likely to see by 2025 emerge from social dynamics well underway now: the prevalence and availability of remote work and the technologies used to enable it; the manifestation of authority and policing, particularly in the balance of surveillance of citizens and surveillance by citizens; and the degree of trust and accountability of social media systems, in terms of both personal privacy and protections against manipulation. All three of these issues could have radically divergent outcomes in a relatively short amount of time, making it very difficult to pin down 2025. * Remote work: The speed and stability of an actual recovery from the pandemic will shape how much we continue to rely upon remote work; there’s a very good chance that a significant portion of the pandemic remote workforce will want to continue to work from home, but the longer the forced isolation lasts, the greater the likelihood that people will be desperate to return to human contact at work. Increasing improvements in automation will eliminate some of the ‘essential’ delivery jobs. It’s possible that these may be semi-automated tasks, where a remote pilot controls the drone or robot used to make deliveries (to handle the unexpected and customer interaction). * Policing and surveillance: The capacities of surveillance technologies are increasing rapidly, but their use against civilian populations and their use as a way to monitor authorities are not necessarily correlated. The degree to which institutions of authority adapt to changing social demands will shape the level to which surveillance could be imposed upon them; conversely, if authorities are able to suppress demands for change, the spread of top-down surveillance will likely accelerate. * Social media networks: Even as Facebook demographics continue to age, Millennials desiring a more stable platform for social (and family) engagement will start to look beyond transient interaction apps. Facebook could remain the default if it manages to act as a bulwark against social manipulation and tighten up its privacy-related behavior, but since that’s not a highly likely scenario, we’ll probably see the emergence of something else that fills that role for younger adults. This ‘something’ will allow for both persistent interaction and advanced privacy protection; what that would look like remains to be seen. I’d like to see more systems that allow for improved privacy, accountability and insight. “Beyond information technology, we could see major improvements in our lives through the acceleration of the shift away from fossil fuels: more electric cars and the corresponding infrastructure, more power-self-sufficient homes and much longer-lived energy storage/batteries. I also hope that the pandemic will trigger a variety of advances in medical and biotech systems, improving the overall quality of health and life for millions (or billions).” Jim Spohrer, director of cognitive open technologies and the AI developer ecosystem at IBM, noted, “The new normal by 2025 will likely be better. 1) Dealing with pandemics will be improved, vaccine speed of development will be improved, preparedness for next pandemic will be improved. 2) Online education, health and government services will be improved, and more people will have experience with them. 3) Businesses will continue to encourage more online meetings (less travel) and more work from home (less travel). 4) There will be more retail robots, tele-presence robots and robots at home – all with more investment, deployments and success stories. 5) There will be a resurgence in community approaches to local jobs in service of community culture and development.” Fernando Barrio, a lecturer in business law at Queen Mary University of London expert in AI and human rights, wrote, “More than 20 years ago we all had a very optimistic and naive view of the evolution of technology in people’s lives, so it was paramount to allow the technology to develop unhindered by regulatory intervention. The result is a vast and resilient network that allows us to do even more things than we envisioned. But it also means a world where wealth is more concentrated than ever, where science takes second place to charlatans and gossipers that cause serious damage to millions, where the political arena is hijacked by a combination of media and foreign interventions making a mockery of democracy, and the list of not very nice things is quite longer than the nice moments of the Arab Spring and #MeToo movements. And it seems that, yet again, we are planting the seeds for the new normal to be very nice in the surface, while creating a society more unequal, unfair and sharply divided about too many things that need social consensus. In 2025 the new normal will imply a society more sharply divided between those who have access and those who don’t. In this context, access is multi-pronged: access to food, access to wealth, access to connectivity and technology, access to power. > And it seems that, yet again, we are planting the seeds for the new normal > to be very nice in the surface, while creating a society more unequal, > unfair and sharply divided about too many things that need social consensus. > In 2025 the new normal will imply a society more sharply divided between > those who have access and those who don’t. > > Fernando Barrio, a lecturer in business law at Queen Mary University of > London expert in AI and human rights “When one thinks about people’s relationship with technology, one is thinking of the group of people that have access to it – unfettered access. If we restrict the view to that group, the new normal will be an enhanced form of what we are living today, where the economy, the education, the human relations and the politics are technologically mediated. Before the COVID-19 crisis, there was already a push by certain sectors of the media-IT corporations to normalize the use of certain technologies where the possibility of individuals’ control is purely theoretical. That push was supported in part by elite universities, academia, due to funding from those corporations or because the ideological shift had already taken place within them. “Accordingly, it was possible to see all around the globe members of those groups advocating the change from text to voice, therefore encouraging voice- managed assistants in every room of people’s homes, disregarding the immense possibilities of surveillance and absolute control over people’s lives that those technologies introduce. Not focusing on the need to have better privacy agreements regardless of the countless examples of violations of agreements that discourage the use of the information for any purpose without individuals’ control and consent. “The COVID-19 crisis showed that the resilience of the vast global network over which different layers of protocols, software and applications run is being used to exalt the upper applications layer because it is the one that made possible the tele-everything that we are experiencing. Thus, in the new normal hyper-intrusive technology is taken for granted. Instead of embedding privacy, security and protection of individual rights in every layer that runs over the network, in the crisis the new normal is that those concepts are modified to allow technologies to intrude in people’s lives (as they already do in certain nondemocratic countries). That paradigm shift will also blur the limits between people’s personal, professional and public lives. For example, instances of cyber-sacking – in which one loses a job for comments or information posted online – will become more common, having an impact on the quality of the discussions and information put forward by individuals, and even private conversation held in private groups or within hearing of voice- managed assistants at home might be also processed at that effect.” Christine Boese, a consultant and independent scholar, wrote, “Thanks to the horrors of COVID-19, as we sit in our homes and take stock of our personal economic situations, make hard decisions, suddenly what is absolutely essential becomes clear. It is a reset, and – despite the horrors – it was long, long overdue. … “It is in difficult times when we see the seams and frayed edges of our thin veneer of civilization, the illusions of the fractured U.S. health care system and even the severe limits to much-touted electronic medical records innovations. In times like this, we don’t have to look so hard to separate technology hype from reality. We face failing infrastructure across the U.S. Other countries have systems that work, at all levels, while ours falters. Without this horrific stress test, we would not be able to see, let alone correct for, these fault lines. That thin veneer of civilization balances precariously on a consumption engine, and American culture is literally consuming itself, even as Rush Limbaugh suggests we need to adapt to this self-consumption ‘like the Donner Party did.’ As with most absurdities, it comes with its own irony: Like the Roman Empire, we make little ourselves and instead consume the cheaply produced, slavery-inducing trifles created elsewhere, as if it fills some kind of deep emptiness inside. The extremis of the COVID-19 situation glaringly exposes several things that had previously been invisible: * The actual power of mass media, even as channels multiply and become diffuse. One channel, Fox News, has created an entire class of people who are actively putting themselves at risk of death or lifelong health problems. As someone with relatives who have fallen prey to this external programming, I can attest that no rhetoric, no persuasion, no methods currently known to me can penetrate this closed belief set. What we are living in right now makes Leni Riefenstahl look like a mere piker. * The manipulative panoptic power of interactive social media in the hands of malevolent agents. When I began to do internet research in the 1990s, I speculated that the active and interactive power of user-directed and navigated media would lead to a more aware and awake populace, even if not fully democratized. What I did not anticipate (and I am currently studying now) is the power of dark UX patterns driven by algorithmic assumptions, whether accurate or not, and, very soon, a real Pandora’s box of AI-driven machine learning. * How dangerously hollowed out the U.S. infrastructure is, from endemic underfunding of systems and anything that requires attention to detail below the surface to business-school ‘top-line’ summaries of a management layer that flies above anything that takes more than five minutes to scan. Newspapers and universities were hollowed out first, the agents that created and fostered critical thinkers. The gutting of public education was the third leg of that stool. Remove anything that might question the status quo, that engages in detailed work (even engineering!) or requires long-term planning. Boeing itself fell prey to something that, from the outside, looks like the Agile-ification of all work, which must, despite protestations by the manifesto’s philosophy, degenerate into surface-level patch work and the delivery of marginal improvements called ‘features.’ * Lastly, how deeply distorted the cultural fabric of American life has become, when, upon being forced to actually live in our homes for extended months on end rather than merely using them as places to sleep and consume things because our primary away-from-home activity was work, we discovered how much our homes lacked in all those ‘things’ we own that actually enrich our lives. As livelihoods were put perilously at risk, many of us came to realize what we were being expected to die for and discovered that that was as hollowed out as everything else, driven by a churn to consume as a red herring to keep us from noticing how thin our lives were becoming, even as we all, as a society at large, have consumed ourselves into larger and larger sizes.” Craig Silliman, an executive vice president for a major global company, wrote, “While COVID-19 has forced us to distance physically, it has brought individuals closer together. Many of us have spent years in countless meetings and meals and on airplanes with colleagues and yet never learned as much about them as we have in the past four months. When we lost our physical proximity, we created emotional bridges that connected us in new and profound ways. It turns out that it took forced distancing to bring out our most complete and authentic humanity. I believe that once we are together again physically, we will not forget what we learned while we were apart, and that will make for richer and deeper relationships for years to come. > When we lost our physical proximity, we created emotional bridges that > connected us in new and profound ways. It turns out that it took forced > distancing to bring out our most complete and authentic humanity. > > Craig Silliman, an executive vice president for a major global company “On the technology front, most of the technologies that we are using daily are not new. What has changed is not the capability but our behavior. I have talked to numerous colleagues who have observed that they never again will board a six-hour flight for a two-hour meeting. We previously might have thought that this was highly inefficient but didn’t feel we had ‘permission’ to suggest video conferencing because we weren’t sure how a boss/client/customer might react. Because this was a simultaneous discontinuity in work patterns globally, it will have caused us all to change our work habits, particularly involving the use of technology to be more efficient. We will be working in very (positively) different ways in 2025 as a result of COVID-19. We previously have thought about the office as a place where one must go to ‘be at work’ or to ‘do work,’ even if the office environment wasn’t the most effective location for a particular task. We will increasingly think about a spectrum of locations where work can be done, and a spectrum of technologies that are a platform for work to be done, and start by asking what the task is that we seek to accomplish and then using the appropriate location and technology to best accomplish that task. That will allow us to design office spaces to serve as platforms for what shared, collaborative spaces do best while liberating workers to find the mode and place of working that makes them most effective.” Abigail De Kosnik, associate professor and director of the Center for New Media at the University of California, Berkeley, predicted, “Climate change, invasive corporatized technologies and increasing economic precarity will all combine to give rise to a far more paranoid society in 2025 than we had at the start of 2020. In some ways, widespread fear and anxiety will have positive results, as people will be more environmentally conscious than ever before and will engage en masse in efforts to regulate corporate resource extraction and pollution, and will show a collective willingness to adopt less environmentally harmful lifestyles (for example, I expect a huge upsurge in mass transit use and a corresponding movement to improve the quality of mass transit in cities across the U.S.). However, the paranoia will be justified – there will be fewer opportunities for college graduates who do not have family connections, and climate change will make large regions uninhabitable. This will lead to huge problems in mental health and will negatively impact at least a couple of generations of Americans in terms of their relationships, sense of self and lifetime- happiness quotient. “I am especially worried about the fact that technology companies are overall having a hugely negative effect on the environment and on humans’ ways of thinking about and understanding the world … and they don’t seem to care much about spreading misinformation and training hundreds of millions of people all over the world to think less critically about information are my biggest concerns. The tech industry will likely continue to produce technologies that either do nothing to improve everyday life or make it significantly worse. What can happen to improve technology is better organization on the part of users and tech workers who object to their companies’ negative social impact. “I have hope that we will see a wave of activism and unionization and the formation of alternate types of organizations (B Corps or P Corps for example) that will yield new technologies whose aim will not be profit but actual problem solving – mobilizing collective intelligence to solve the problems of environmental disaster, massive social inequity and lack of opportunity that we will face in 2025.” Adam Clayton Powell III, senior fellow at the USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership and Policy, predicted, “The 2025 ‘new normal’ will be better, often much better, for the affluent and for other global elites. They have now and will continue to have access to and can afford the best technologies to serve them in their personal and professional lives. But 2020 has been such a setback for the hundreds of millions of people, most in Asia and Africa, who have just emerged from poverty and whose progress has now been reversed that it is difficult to imagine these reversals can be entirely cured by 2025. In the U.S. we had record employment – some said ‘full’ employment – as recently as February of this year. While one can hope that the sudden plunge to Depression-level unemployment can be temporary, there are so many changes – especially in any industry relying on people crowding together (transportation, entertainment) – that the shift to video communication and streaming home entertainment suggests these coping mechanisms for 2020 will not entirely recede. “Many have said that the virus pandemic has accelerated changes in uses of digital technologies that were already underway. There does not seem to be any reason to believe we will return to 2019. For a start, why would I ever want to commute to an office again? For decades, we have said that the internet brings to our fingertips the riches of the world’s libraries. Now people around the world – people who are connected, that is – realize they have the riches of the world’s information and entertainment video and experiential technologies at their fingertips. This will not go away. Consider history: The Metropolitan Opera is streaming opera productions every day. It was during the Depression that the Met started transmitting its productions on radio. The Depression ended but the Met’s radio broadcasts didn’t.” Susan Etlinger, an industry analyst for Altimeter Group, observed, “Technology is ultimately about power – about who frames a problem, what ‘solving’ it looks like, who benefits, who is overlooked. So, if anything would make post- pandemic life better, it would be a willingness to, as John Lewis has said, ‘get in good trouble.’ My main concern is that the large technology companies have far too much power to frame what we know and how we live, and that, ultimately, we are all assets to be leveraged for shareholder value. Technology should be a tool – not a weapon, a religion or a government. The biggest issue for technology is essentially a choice: Do we commit to building models that describe and classify people and the world without excluding, discriminating and amplifying inequality? > My main concern is that the large technology companies have far too much > power to frame what we know and how we live, and that, ultimately, we are > all assets to be leveraged for shareholder value. Technology should be a > tool – not a weapon, a religion or a government. > > Susan Etlinger, an industry analyst for Altimeter Group “In a year in which we mourn the deaths of George Floyd, Tony McDade, Breonna Taylor and too many others and again confront our long history of systemic racism can we finally acknowledge that technology has been deeply complicit? More to the point, can we stop hiding behind the fig leaf that data and technology are a) neutral and b) always the answer? Yes, people are messy, yes this is hard. But we need to stop hiding behind excuses. This isn’t to say we should toss our phones and flee to the hills. But we do have to ask the hard questions and make the harder choices about how we solve problems, and whether, in solving one set of problems, we’re creating others that are more insidious and longer-lasting. “Will we, in the interest of public health and safety, increasingly surveil our employees, guests, customers, neighbors? Will we address the inevitable issues of discrimination and exclusion of vulnerable and marginalized populations? Do these technology solutions actually work, and are there other, less invasive ways to keep people safe? Did we leave anyone behind? I hope we can use this moment in our history as an opportunity to reflect on the choices we’ve made and what, finally, we value. If we say Black Lives Matter, are we willing to speak up in meetings where design decisions have the potential to put Black lives at risk? Are we willing to challenge cultural norms to ensure that we have representation from the people who are most affected by the decisions we make and whose talent we have overlooked? Are we willing to sit down so someone else can speak, and amplify their voices?” Paul Jones, professor emeritus of information science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, predicted, “Let’s look at changes that were underway and that will likely prevail by 2025: * Cashless payments: No stopping them. COVID-19-era purchasing, whether retail or curbside pickup, is making cashless the norm. In the U.S. this was already apace. In China, cashless is already a done deal. Every phone, every new card, every over-the-phone purchase is cashless and checkless. Goodbye money, coins, etc. Too late for Harriet Tubman to replace Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill, except in the area – much needed – of symbolism in the U.S. * Officeless organizations: They will proliferate. The organization of work within a physical location is, for the most part, done. At home, everyone has their own corner office with a view. Every day is Bring Your Pet to Work Day. Every day is – from the waist down anyway – Casual Friday. The toll paid to commute is fully recognized and rejected. All of this was underway but now the issues are resolved and normalized. * Distributed access to education: This is much more complex that virtual offices or virtual organizations. Despite various rhetorical stances that education is actually job training or something of the sort, countries who provide actual education always take the lead in innovation and tech. That said, we have quickly gotten much better in the U.S. at pushing the limits of our skills to both educate and train, learning what we knew in the physical classroom that, as Marshall McLuhan quipped, ‘Anyone who tries to make a distinction between education and entertainment doesn’t know the first thing about either.’ A straightforward, traditional online lecture has limited educational utility. The reimagining of the classroom for digital life is still underway, but we can expect both the practice and expectations of learning to be changed radically by tech. Mentorship, whether in the classroom, laboratory, or at work, is indispensable. Tools for collaboration will be extended and embraced. Slack, Zoom, GitHub, Google Drive and cousins are already firmly in place and will be improved upon. If tech and policy align correctly, this will make our lives better. * Transportation: Post-COVID-19 we will have seen this shift accelerated, but in which direction? In the near term, public transport (trains, buses, etc.), mass transport (air, cruises, ferries, etc.) and shared ride services including taxis are stagnated. Personal transport is also underused. We are realizing we need not drive, fly or float as much as we have been doing before. We may yearn to travel but not for work. The lack of traditional benefits for ride-share drivers will have to be better addressed – by their own organizing or by government advocacy and regulation. Transportation ownership by people under 35 was already on the decline – except for skateboards. Fewer people will own cars in the U.S. – this will have accelerated by 2025. Business air travel will have also decreased and perhaps become novel. * Food: During COVID-19, people have learned to cook again and to enjoy doing so. We have turned in a few months from a nation of restaurant-goers to a nation of pickup and home cooking. Tech will continue to assist this trend which should continue through 2025. Instapot is only the first shot fired. Plant-based eating will continue to trend. Americans having gained weight during lockdown are looking in the mirror and thinking of carrots and salads. Our taste for vegetables has returned as quickly as our reluctance to eat as much meat. Thank you, Instagram, for making meal presentation, even of home cooking, into a visual art. * Tech itself: Training in tech has had the attitude that tech is at worst neutral, that people will do with tech what they will (absolving tech from any responsibility), that ‘we just create this stuff then people used it or don’t.’ This concept of socially agnostic engineering was already under challenge but computer science departments in particular are slow at letting go. Father John Culkin said, ‘We become what we behold. We shape our tools and then our tools shape us.’ This is often incorrectly attributed to Marshal McLuhan. Techno-social scholars have been on the forefront of this concept, looking closely through qualitative and quantitative means at the tech landscape. This has led to overdue attention to diversity issues within tech and to inquiries into social limits as well as tech limits. I expect these inquiries to become much more important than, say, increasing the number of pixels rendered or megaflops produced. We used to teach people how to use tech, now we teach tech how to use people. Not just in information architecture, but in design, the tech business has learned that the lower the barriers to use, the more people will use a product and use it more often and be more engaged. We will see more engagement from sociology, psychology and other disciplines in what we now know as tech. Information science will be more significant than computer science or a disengaged data science.” > The use of AI to optimize the logistics of resource use could dramatically > improve our nutrition, education, health and even our social interactions. > The addition of sensor feedback into automation of all types, from traffic > handling to regulatory regimes, could greatly improve the functionality of > our systems. > > Jeanne Dietsch, New Hampshire senator and former CEO of MobileRobots Inc. Jeanne Dietsch, New Hampshire senator and former CEO of MobileRobots Inc., said, “Disruption is always difficult. Until we task AI with the complex logistics needed to optimize the use of resources and the smart automation needed to perform low-skilled jobs, many workers will be overtaxed: teachers, bus drivers, health professionals, mental health professionals, caregivers, administrators, just to name a few. We face a vast amount of work that has been ignored over the past decades full of short-sighted decisions. We have failed to maintain our infrastructure, but more importantly, we have failed to care for the future of the next generation. To turn that work into jobs requires determination and the ability to stand up for our values, stand up against a system that rewards corporations seeking short-term profit over any other goal. Carbon fee and dividend is the first step toward shifting the structure of our economy toward a more egalitarian one, with better values. The use of AI to optimize the logistics of resource use could dramatically improve our nutrition, education, health and even our social interactions. The addition of sensor feedback into automation of all types, from traffic handling to regulatory regimes, could greatly improve the functionality of our systems. What concerns me most is technology’s ability to enable people to magnify ignorance and misinformation.” Alexa Raad, co-founder and co-host of the TechSequences podcast and former chief operating officer at Farsight Security, commented, “The pandemic has already highlighted and exacerbated the gap between the haves and the have- nots, not only in terms of the cost of lives lost but also in terms of economic disparity. The policies of the current administration have accelerated that divide. … The pandemic also put a spotlight on broken systems and processes such as health care that require a significant effort and will to fix. … “The pandemic highlighted the importance of internet connectivity. Many companies in the tech and service industries will realize that a work-at-home model is efficient and less costly for some or many of their workforce and that they do not need expensive commercial urban real estate. Therefore, more people will work from home, which affects everything from daily routines to the makeup of services offered to the home. However, this is a luxury for only a set of individuals who can work from home and can afford the set up (high- speed access, required space and internet-enabled equipment) to work from home. This of course sets a new and quite complex normal for managing cybersecurity threats. Large-scale industry events will be less prevalent, as will the frequency of corporate travel. All of these will have rippling affects across multiple industries like airlines, hospitality and event/exhibit management. Overall, there will be less economic security. One of the legacies of the pandemic is the realization that although many conveniences of modern life are predicated on the simple assumption that close proximity of people yields economic and social benefits, in an age of accelerating climate change and multiple pandemics (COVID-19 is likely a precursor of others yet to come) that will no longer hold true. Conveniences such as airplane travel, movies, amphitheater, subways, high-rise apartment units, shopping malls, were based on this assumption and as a result densely packed areas were sustained hotspots of infection. … Technologies to identify and manage the spread of infections will be intrusive in terms of privacy (example – contact-tracing apps) unless very thoughtful governance of data privacy is implemented. … “The new normal will put a greater strain on our health care system. The pandemic highlighted how unprepared we as a nation are, not only in terms of our acceptance of scientific and evidence-based advice, but also in regard to having the means to efficiently and economically deal with a public health crisis. A beneficial tech-related change will be the delivery of some aspects of health care into the home. For example, people will continue to have online consultations with health professionals instead of an inconvenient in-person visit. This is already happening and will be the new normal. > Internet of Things-based devices will be more plentiful and will serve as a > means to monitor everyday health and diagnose and in some cases remotely > manage illnesses without the need for intrusive surgery. However, they will > also pose a much greater threat in terms of privacy and cybersecurity. More > and more private data will be generated, collected and used. > > Alexa Raad, co-founder and co-host of the TechSequences podcast and former > chief operating officer at Farsight Security, “Internet of Things-based devices will be more plentiful and will serve as a means to monitor everyday health and diagnose and in some cases remotely manage illnesses without the need for intrusive surgery. However, they will also pose a much greater threat in terms of privacy and cybersecurity. More and more private data will be generated, collected and used. Unless there are appropriate safeguards and controls as to how the data is handled, we will see an erosion of our privacy and further loss of control over our choices and decisions as a result. Internet of Things devices have the potential to greatly improve our well-being, and we will see AI-enabled IoT devices which will, for example, monitor our health, provide biological feedback, anticipate and warm of an impending health crisis, etc. But IoT devices increase the attack surface and vectors for bad actors. We will see rise of new cybersecurity threats. Imagine, for example, a nation-state targeting a public figure by hacking into his/her pacemaker. Given where we are now in terms of lacking a basic level of cyber hygiene for these devices, unless we make significant progress we will fall further and further behind the bad actors. “A few of my concerns: * The consolidation of services and power into very few largely unregulated companies worries me a great deal. If this trend continues, we will be beholden to very few companies for the many services our lives rely on. These companies will become ‘too big to fail.’ In the financial crisis of 2008, the government bailed out financial institutions who were deemed too big to fail, even though the actions of those same institutions were directly and indirectly responsible for the crisis. Many organizations use Amazon’s AWS cloud services for their web presence and mission-critical applications. Concentrated dependency has never been a harbinger of benefits. * I also worry about the lack of proper governance for potential threats posed by AI. And by ‘threats’ I mean in regard to security (AI can also be used by our adversaries), economic impact (the loss of blue collar jobs without provisions for retraining or alternative employment will only increase the economic gap) loss of privacy, loss of agency, etc. Although the promise of the best of AI is probably likely to come to fruition beyond 2025, we need to be thinking of proper governance and risk mitigation now, and we are behind. * I worry about the societal cost of social media. Social media platforms have become the breeding ground for disinformation campaigns, conspiracy theories, extremist groups, online bullying, anti-vaxxers and bots that manipulate opinions and sow division and discord. … When journalism and legitimate news media struggle to compete, we lose one of the fundamental bulwarks of democracy – a free press. And then there is the lack of proper guardrails and defined consequences for social media companies’ use of our personal data (example – Cambridge Analytica). Lastly, social media effects tap into the brain’s reward system and the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is addictive, and its premise is that of addictive entertainment and not critical thinking. When critical thinking is eroded, so is trust in science – and we collectively pay the price.” Maja Vujovic, a consultant for digital and ICT at Compass Communications, predicted, “If entire sectors – education, tourism and hospitality, food production, entertainment and more – continue to experience the deep freeze caused by COVID-19 through 2020 and beyond, the ‘new normal’ will likely not remain limited to benign disruptions, such as blended learning or continued work from home and the related office space redux. If the pandemic persists for many months or spills over into another year, the recession will go into free fall. Countries with strong social security systems and/or capital will activate a range of protective measures to prevent public disorder. Countries without such a safety net will be forced to choose between solidarity and oppression. “If the pandemic persists longer than a year, it will affect the world’s economy like a global war; in that case, food rationing and other wartime measures will become inevitable. This will entail identification, allocation, distribution and delivery – all of it enabled by a range of digital tech. Identity control will therefore have to be enforced very strictly, to avoid fraud. Other previously inconceivable disruptions will occur, e.g., primary and secondary education will need to enter into public-private partnerships with commercial providers of automated instruction, learning and testing platforms at scale, able to instruct the majority of students, while teachers from formal schools deal with small numbers of exceptions, such as special- needs students etc. > A ‘marketplace’ will emerge, where students will be able to pick and choose > courses from any university, to create unique, personalized schooling > ‘menus.’ > > Maja Vujovic, a consultant for digital and ICT at Compass Communications “Higher education will become a terrain where a small number of entertainment- savvy lecturers attract huge student audiences via tech-enabled remote learning, while professors unskilled in it become dispensable. A ‘marketplace’ will emerge, where students will be able to pick and choose courses from any university, to create unique, personalized schooling ‘menus.’ This will create a demand for a certification mechanism at a level above individual universities. Distinguished schools with vast traditions will thus have to reconsider and redefine their missions and their very purpose and a number of them may not prove sustainable. Overwhelmed health systems will become the reserve of emergency and infection treatments. Workplaces will become leaner and nimbler. Specialized teams will work on project-based assignments, often without the need for a large enterprise to sustain them. Taxation and labour laws will need to change, to enable individuals to participate in a more secure, more equitable digitally enabled gig economy.” Jon Lebkowsky, CEO, founder and digital strategist at Polycot Associates, wrote, “My hopes: * Technical innovations to address and mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Not just clean energies, but also technologies to balance CO2 in the air. Regarding clean energy, innovative battery technologies for energy storage. * (related) Smarter and lighter transportation technologies, including proliferation of high-speed rail systems and smarter last mile travel, diminishing the number of individual automobiles and the use of fossil fuels. * Improved space technology and potential colonization of the moon and Mars. * Innovative methods for managing disease, including ways to combat viruses through genetic modifications and nanotech. * Development of small, safer nuclear reactors as new sources for energy. * Ongoing development of new food sources and evolution away from meat consumption as we can derive complete proteins from lab-developed sources. * And I am most worried about technology-mediated indoctrination through propaganda and ‘managed alternate truths.’ And I am also concerned about the potential for the increasing and evolving use of AI-driven surveillance technologies.” Mary Chayko, author of “Superconnected,” said, “In the absence of a national commitment and strategy to assist marginalized populations in attaining online access, skills and literacy, social inequalities will persist and deepen in the ‘new normal.’ This will exacerbate all current societal problems: racial and gender discrimination, poverty, health crises and complications, educational and work-related inequities, privacy and surveillance. Digital technologies can be employed to help to improve these conditions, but unless their benefits can be realized by all, social justice and equality will remain elusive. Digital technology, and the means to use and understand it, must be considered a primary social good. Technologies that will assist people in living productive, healthy lives – like online learning, working and telemedicine tools – should be freely and widely available, along with necessary and relevant information and support. I am most worried that the scope of tech companies’ impact on our lives will become so deep, sophisticated and far-reaching that we will fail to see and resist it or grow weary of doing so.” > Social media enabled us to connect with people anywhere in glancing ways; > video conferencing in many forms – virtual conferences, happy hours and so > on – will let us connect in more direct and meaningful ways. > > Jeff Jarvis, director of the Tow-Knight Center and professor of journalism > innovation at City University of New York Jeff Jarvis, director of the Tow-Knight Center and professor of journalism innovation at City University of New York, commented, “Yes, there may be unintended positive consequences, including greater awareness of racial inequities in society; less travel and thus less environmental damage; greater ability to work at home and remotely and be closer to family. But we cannot gloss over the still-unknown health repercussions that millions of needlessly infected people will have to deal with; the severe economic impact on so many sectors of a service economy permanently affecting the employment of people in lower-paid jobs; the likely permanent economic damage to universities and colleges as institutions; the lost educational time for children during the pandemic; and mental stress on everyone. As much we may now suffer Zoom fatigue, I believe that in the long run, having become accustomed to seeing people in online calls, we will find they provide richer interaction. At work we will still be addicted to having too many damned meetings but if we can waste less time traveling or commuting to them, all the better. Social media enabled us to connect with people anywhere in glancing ways; video conferencing in many forms – virtual conferences, happy hours and so on – will let us connect in more direct and meaningful ways. I would like to think that we would see the value in gathering and sharing health data at a level that would allow us to spot and treat problems early in their spread in the future, but I fear a growing moral panic around data may prevent that.” Jillian York, director of international freedom of expression for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, wrote, “I expect that, when it comes to technology, our ‘new normal’ will be an even greater dependency on privately owned infrastructure and platforms, making us more beholden to Silicon Valley than before. I worry that the amount of time that we’re now spending at home has led us to this greater reliance on it, and that companies are not adapting along with us. When it comes to platforms, specifically, one of my biggest concerns is the impact they have on our speech and our well-being or dignity. On the one hand, hate speech is rampant and companies are responding piecemeal. On the other hand, at a time when many of us need platforms for our livelihoods, companies are cracking down prudishly on nudity, sexuality and the human body. The impact that this has on sex workers, burlesque performers and others whose work touches on these themes must not be ignored; by banning content around these topics without their consultation, we’ve essentially created an untouchable class of workers. “I worry about the unaccountability of Silicon Valley and the ways in which corporate policymakers practice ‘both-sidesism’ in order to craft policies that benefit the lowest common denominator without upsetting too many others. I worry about the fact that so many people are willing to hand over the governance of their speech to unaccountable actors. I worry about the potential for technology companies to keep our own history from us – already we’ve seen images from U.S. protests taken down (often for violating rules on ‘graphic violence’ – even when it’s the Feds committing the violence – or in some cases, bans on nudity), echoing what Syrians have been pointing out for years about the erasure of videos, many of which contain documentation of war crimes, emerging from their country. I worry about the continued capture of data for no purpose other than to sell us more stuff we don’t need.” Morgan G. Ames, associate director of the University of California, Berkeley’s Center for Science, Technology & Society, responded, “While I am heartened by the #BlackLivesMatter protest movement in the United States as well as protest movements in Hong Kong and elsewhere around the world, I look to previous disasters and broader trends as a probable guide to what will be coming. And what I see are too many opportunities for the powerful to retrench and expand their power. Ubiquitous surveillance, increasingly fascist policing tactics, the expansion of hate groups that amplify the worst state ideologies, and the widening chasm between the ultra-rich and everyone else are all global structural trends that will be incredibly difficult, and incredibly disruptive, to reverse. As much as I would like to hold out hope that the disruptions caused by the novel coronavirus can be turned toward social justice, the evidence so far that this is the case is really not good.” Vint Cerf, Internet Hall of Fame member and vice president at Google, observed, “We may see more flexibility in work-from-home provisions. Travel may be less necessary thanks to video conferencing. I have maintained significant international interactions despite time zone challenges for the past three months. I further expect: * Cloud computing and cloud commuting! * We will see an Internet of Medical Things (sensors mostly), as remote doctor house calls escalate. There is an interesting tension involved in digitally linking a lot of one’s online life: calendar, messaging, travel, geo-tracking/location – all this information can be usefully correlated to make life easier but, if exposed, also erodes (destroys?) privacy. The more we rely on online resources, the more tempting it is to interlink information to take automatic and useful actions. * Reminders and notifications, etc. For example, I am on email a lot of my time, and getting an email saying a FedEx package has arrived is actually very helpful. Of course, if there are too many ‘messaging’ applications all running at once they ‘self-pollute’ as in getting an email because you have a LinkedIn message (Aaaaargh!). * I am optimistic about the use of information technology to automate chores and to facilitate cooperative work. Shared access to Google Docs has been a remarkably enabling capability – shared spreadsheets for tracking group activity for example. Still, there is the exposure of personal information, lax security leading to serious compromises, poor user attention to security. Reliance on autonomous software leading to unexpected failures and consequences.” Christina J. Colclough, an expert on the future of work and the politics of technology and ethics in AI, observed, “Unless our governments step into another gear, we will: * Become super-surveilled at the expense of our fundamental rights and human rights. * Work will become more and more individualised and precarious as companies first cut costs by making working from home the norm and then by hiring contract workers rather than permanent employees. * Mental health will suffer as loneliness, financial struggles and competitive forces pressure individuals. * Innovation will decline as social capital declines due to the above. * Workers who need to go to work (physically) will be segmented from the ‘others.’ I am tech optimist under the condition that it is regulated and governed. “I would like the following to be regulated: * Improved workers’ data rights. These are either weak in current regulation, or nonexistent. * Collective data rights. All data regulations (bar some discussions currently held within Indian Parliament) are concerned with an individual’s rights. We need to think of communities, of workers, of citizens, of businesses and of the relationship between state, market and civil society and ask: How can we benefit from digital tech so it benefits people and planet? * We must break up Big Tech. Its power is unfathomable and comes even at the expense of democracy and governments’ scope to regulate. * Public procurement must include a demand that all data generated and produced is shared between public and private actors. * We must globally enforce the principle of data minimisation and, preferably, data emphermality. * We need to talk redistribution again and close tax havens. Probably tax revenue and not profit. * We need vastly improved rights over data inferences. “Among my worries are these: * That we lose the right to be human, in as such that who you are, what you want, your dreams, desires and aspirations become subordinate to algorithms and algorithmically defined choices on your behalf. * That we are monitored and surveilled at home, in the public space and at work without the means and power to resist. * That democracy will suffer, as the public sector is fundamentally dependent on data from tech companies and all that that entails of desired versions of ‘reality.’” > The failures of social media and AI are not technology problems. They are > problems of human design and execution. > > Alan D. Mutter, a consultant and former Silicon Valley CEO Alan D. Mutter, a consultant and former Silicon Valley CEO, wrote, “We are not going to code our way out of the moral and political mess we are in. Technology will help if the right people do the right things. It will do epic damage if they don’t. The social media were hijacked by thugs and trolls to do incalculable damage. Their efforts were at once ignored and abetted by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and his ilk to amp up page views to boost ad revenues. Social media had great promise to level the intellectual playing field by giving everyone the power to give or get whatever information they wanted. Instead, the social media have become treacherous cesspools of mis- and mal-information. Artificial intelligence can do wondrous things so long as it is properly trained and deployed. That is its notable fail. For instance, AI often fails to accurately recognize the faces of people of color. When AI is used to recommend sentences for criminals, it tends to discriminate against people of color. The failures of social media and AI are not technology problems. They are problems of human design and execution. Technology is only as good as the people who devise and control it. I am less interested in potential technology advances; I am worried about whether new developments will be wisely and safely deployed.” Kathleen M. Carley, director of the Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems at Carnegie Mellon University, commented, “More people will be able to work remotely, allowing companies access to greater pools of talent, and a possible leveling of pay across cities. There will be an increased understanding of viruses and how to create vaccines and improved technology to support health care. There will be regulation of and self-imposed constraints on social media platforms. “There will also be: increased public understanding of the limits of, and problems with, machine learning; police-hiring reform; an international response to disinformation; improved technologies for group meetings online; new agile business models for technologies that mainly employ the web; improved health standards in schools and public places; improved sick leave policies; a decrease in business travel, possibly leading to a better carbon footprint; less middle management. There will be a small increase in automation, but more effort on designing and building even more automation for the home and small businesses that will become more ubiquitous and some type of certification for AI to show that it meets some ethical standards. There will be certification for online tools to show that they meet some privacy standard. * Expect to see: increased access to the internet; more stores that operate only for pickup and returns; more mail-in voting, and experiments with online voting; increased provision of medical advice and appointments online; increased online services for legal issues. * There will be: more jobs requiring more computer skills, or skills with online web tools; improved search routines; new parental control panels for online-group-meeting technologies; new toys that support interaction through the internet for very young children and grad school ‘children’; an increase in self-paced online master’s programs for those working remotely. * There are some things that are likely to reduce the quality of life: a decrease in the variety of items carried by grocery stores and, indeed, all stores; a decrease in gourmet food items, specialty tools, and high-end fashion or a major increase in their cost; favorite restaurants will have closed; food prices will increase. * There will be an emergence of an overwhelming number of stories, movies, songs dealing with the pandemic. * In many countries, there will be fewer women in the workforce, and fewer women in schools. * There will be an initial increase in income disparity, which should eventually be reduced through an increase in service jobs and greater access to the internet. * Scams, fraud and price gouging will rise due to new internet services, delivery services and online shopping services. “Other things – it is not clear if they will be good or bad, but are possible: * There will be a new baby boom entering preschool and kindergarten in 2025. * Expect to see mandatory health screening in organizations. * I hope we will increase the national debate and create a shared perception about what level of regulation is acceptable on what type of technology. * That there will be recognition that disinformation is like pornography and it has to be treated similarly in legal terms. There will be improved transparency through online access, etc., of health processes, legal and government processes and assorted other processes. * There will be certification programs for privacy-preserving software and for ethical software and there will be international treaties relating to information on social media. * There will be more funding for research on robotics for home use, and a consequent transition to market, improved technologies for measuring and removing particulates from the air, improvements in our understanding of how viruses and bacteria impact the human body, and so increased speed in generating and testing vaccines. If the cost of computing does not go down, it will slow down the development of the Internet of Things, however, we should expect to see more smart technology in the home and workplace.” > The U.S. court system has been all but shut down during the pandemic. Some > jails have released large numbers of lesser offenders to prevent pandemic > blooms. This pandemic straw will break the judicial backlog’s back, and a > number of new approaches will take root. I predict this will also force > legal reforms in how trials are conducted, which may even cause major > changes in the legal profession. > > Sam S. Adams, a 24-year veteran of IBM now working as a senior research > scientist in artificial intelligence for RTI International Sam S. Adams, a 24-year veteran of IBM now working as a senior research scientist in artificial intelligence for RTI International, wrote, “The confluence of the global pandemic and the U.S. presidential election cycle is likely to accelerate a large number of large-scale changes in multiple domains and industries. Given the caveats of no multiple concurrent pandemics and no revolution-scale social unrest, these changes will likely accelerate a number of positive transitions that will improve life in general. * Telework and resulting de-urbanization: The forced telework situation due to the pandemic has opened many eyes to new possibilities. Living in the city to avoid nasty commutes gives way to moving to the country and buying land vs. a high-priced apartment. If commuting patterns change drastically, then lots of other dominoes fall, including pollution and its impacts. * Telehealth is here to stay: No way customer management systems will return to requiring in-person visits for practitioners to get paid. This will accelerate other forms of telehealth, expand the physician assistant and nurse practitioner ranks, and allow doctors and specialists to telework as well, resulting [in] more optimal use of medical resources without reducing quality of care. I expect quality of care by 2025 to actually improve because of this transition. * Tele-justice: The U.S. court system has been all but shut down during the pandemic. Some jails have released large numbers of lesser offenders to prevent pandemic blooms. This pandemic straw will break the judicial backlog’s back, and a number of new approaches will take root. I predict this will also force legal reforms in how trials are conducted, which may even cause major changes in the legal profession. * Tele-education: Forced virtual schooling (where most parents are also forced into part-time homeschooling as well) forces state public school systems to create virtual curricula, which is then available to non-local, non-physical attending students, including traditional homeschoolers. Competition for quality and the digital nature of the content transforms the education system into a hybrid physical-virtual system, where access and quality of content and instructors is better distributed. The MOOC revolution in college and professional training will accelerate into the primary/secondary grade levels, and commercial education content providers will grow dramatically as parents of even public school children are able to augment their kids’ education with high-quality commercial sources, cafeteria-style at low costs. * Communication networks: In 2025, 5G deployment is widespread, driven by a national mandate to eliminate internet have-nots. Broadband access becomes a human right-level issue.” J. Scott Marcus, an economist, political scientist and engineer who works as a telecommunications consultant, predicted, “The impact of the pandemic is large, but the world will eventually recover (assuming that the virus does not mutate to a still-more-dangerous form). This was the case in 1919 and there is no reason to expect anything different here. Changes such as remote work, teleconferencing, telemedicine and remote learning are mostly positive. The changes that have emerged were technically feasible for years but held up by institutional rigidities. “Things will not go back to where they were – not entirely, anyway. As a whole, I think most people will be worse off, not solely because of the pandemic, but at least as much due to intensifying trade wars, a decline in international cooperation and more. The impact of climate change will still not be catastrophic, but it will continue to grow. I hope for the acceleration of trends toward remote work for jobs in the upper-income quartile or two. The greatly increased use of teleconferencing, with a corresponding decline in travel; tourism will take a long time to return to previous levels, if ever. Increased reliance on telemedicine. A major retooling of the education and training systems was needed anyway, not only to shift to remote learning (which is not simply the same as current practice done from afar), but also to lifelong learning. “My worries are information bubbles, fake news and their negative impact on traditional (more reliable) news media and public broadcasting. I worry about the growing dominance of a small number of platforms. My worry for AI and big data is challenges with explainability.” Glenn Edens, professor at Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University, previously a vice president at PARC, observed, “There is a good chance by 2025 society will have forgotten all about the current crisis. A key question is, how soon do we find a viable vaccine and how long does it take to put that into production, and when does it become part of the annual flu-season vaccine? If for some reason a vaccine and treatment continue to be elusive, then all bets are off for recovery by 2025. “The economic fallout from the current crisis will likely take a decade to ‘fix’ – we should be prepared for five to seven years of lower growth prospects, higher taxes, continued failures of firms and an uneven recovery. It is reasonable to expect that some industries will find it harder to return to ‘pre-COVID-19’ status quo. Some will not recover – for example, e-commerce, on-demand delivery and working from home are not retreating. Many firms are realizing they don’t need huge commercial real estate or physical infrastructure – I’d predict a significant restructuring of commercial real estate. The displacement of brick-and-mortar retail by e-commerce, which has been steady and slow, has been kicked into high gear – how will the convenience of e-commerce versus the experience of physical retail unfold? My bet is that many brands and chains will not survive and the very nature of a ‘shopping mall’ will have to change dramatically – these facilities will survive, as will site-specific retail experiences. Consumption = convenience, so I’d suggest e-commerce is likely to jump to account for 50% or more of all retail sales and it will continue to grow. “The conflict of the individual versus the good for the commons has been vividly brought to the forefront, and so far the results are not looking so good for the commons. While working from home (or remotely under different scenarios) is not perfect or anywhere near as good as it could be, it is here to stay. Many firms are discovering it is very cost-effective. The jury is still out on the true impact of productivity gains or losses due to working from home. Many of the firms I’ve talked to are seriously thinking about incorporating working from home as a long-term part of their human resources and commercial real estate strategy. This will continue to provide funding for more innovations in the communications technology sector – we are already seeing improved security and some small advances in user interface and user- experience improvements (we may finally get real spatialized audio). “There is a dark side of these tools, which is not well understood yet – many managers I’ve spoken to are intrigued with (giddy about?) the increased tools for monitoring employees, their work output, productivity, work styles and intricate details of their behavior – this will be exploited and may lead to unintended consequences. At the same time, it is interesting that the ‘internet’ didn’t collapse – it held up pretty well, and it is pretty clear that investing in high-speed internet access is going to continue to set geographic areas apart economically. We seem to also be getting more serious about security. Longer-term it is clear, of course, that society will continue to increase its dependence on digitally intermediated systems for every facet of life: health care, education, shopping, groceries, entertainment, transportation, work and finance – that trend is unstoppable. At the same time, we are a social species and we crave social interaction – risks will not sway us. :)” Gregory Shannon, chief scientist at the CERT division of Carnegie Mellon University’s Software Engineering Institute observed, “I see willingness to trust and flexibility in trust as a key element of the ‘new normal.’ Previous trust modes/models/habits/norms will evolve, and those most successful in the new normal will have adapted/optimized their approaches on trust. Those who don’t adapt/evolve their approach to trust will be hampered, inefficient and even isolated in the new normal. > I see willingness to trust and flexibility in trust as a key element of the > ‘new normal.’ Previous trust modes/models/habits/norms will evolve, and > those most successful in the new normal will have adapted/optimized their > approaches on trust. > > Gregory Shannon, chief scientist at the CERT division of Carnegie Mellon > University’s Software Engineering Institute “The new normal will continue and accelerate the move towards digital spaces, which, without in-person interaction, are abstract and hard for many to grasp. I find it interesting that many modern efficiencies are based on getting many people physically close together. Transportation, sports events, restaurants, education, work teams, hospitals, city parks, gyms, places of worship, Fifth Avenue, etc. Who and where do we each trust to get close to others? Can we get ‘close’ in a meaningful way via technology? It’s not clear to me how. “Will we see an exodus from cities as density becomes more of a bug than a feature? How will we meet new people? Will it be much more localized, like to our neighborhood? I expect a real increase in social isolation, especially for those older, or less tech savvy, or with few resources to connect virtually. I expect smart virtual avatars/agents will make and manage connections. They can suggest/negotiate introductions to new colleagues with relevant yet diverse perspectives. The agents could also warn/caution when new colleagues seem insincere, untrustworthy or even artificial. “I expect we’ll see much better virtual collaboration technologies. From wikis and such to continuous virtual conferencing. I worry about the availability of accessible, stable and secure bandwidth. The current ‘best effort’ residential connectivity plans are failing. There are too many dropped calls, glitchy video, audio drops (every other word) and a lack of scalability for group discussions. Privacy is also certainly an issue. If these are not addressed well it will increase social isolation.” Chris Arkenberg, research manager at Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media and Telecommunications, predicted, “While a five-year horizon will see some classes of society claiming benefits from the COVID-19 discontinuity such as more remote-working arrangements, fewer commutes, better habits in many high- traffic institutions, etc., many will still be under the economic downturn. Many jobs are simply disappearing under the twin engines of small-business destruction and enterprise-scale automation. More job providers are already seeking the security of automation to hedge against the next crisis. Eventually COVID-19 will also likely accelerate the deconstructing of an aging capitalism that fails to allocate resources to teachers, workers, ‘essential services’ and many other economic sectors that have been undervalued while favoring rent-seekers and financial vaporware that adds no real value to society. This will take 10 years at least. > Eventually COVID-19 will also likely accelerate the deconstructing of an > aging capitalism that fails to allocate resources to teachers, workers, > ‘essential services’ and many other economic sectors that have been > undervalued while favoring rent-seekers and financial vaporware that adds no > real value to society. > > Chris Arkenberg, research manager at Deloitte’s Center for Technology, Media > and Telecommunications “At the same time, global political leaders who recently rode a far-right, nationalistic wave of anti-immigration will see more election cycles by 2025. With such strong economic challenges, it is unclear if nationalism will retain its influence or if there will be a mandate for a more technocratic and educated leadership. One might hope for the latter, given the [Trump] administration’s failure to manage COVID-19. In short, a five-year horizon will likely still feel disrupted and degraded for most, while a 10-year horizon may see some of the sea changes underway that were only amplified by COVID-19 start to yield meaningful results. “The reality is that global, national and state institutions are being reconceived under the impact of globalization, the internet, global warming and, now, global pandemic. There will be a rocky transition to the next stable state.” Kenneth Cukier, senior editor at The Economist and co-author of “Big Data,” said, “I see this for 2025: Economic crises, less global trade and constant international political conflict. Companies substituting technology (machines and algorithms) for human labor. A rise in populist or ‘infotainment’ governments means serious, long-term problems aren’t addressed by the state, and well-meaning civil institutions can’t have the impact they’d like. “The educated, wealthy, moderates (aka ‘elites’) retreat even further from mainstream society, believing the situation unfixable and to avoid being a target of attack. Worthy social-justice issues like racism get hijacked by extremists, creating a ‘cultural revolution’ of intolerance that crimps free expression and ideas. “New technologies will greatly improve the quality of life, such as AI in health care. We will be able to scale up productivity to new heights by applying software and data to all areas of economic activity. Tech will also be on the front lines of responding to climate change. But tech will continue to foment huge problems like misinformation and social platforms that drive people apart. It will create new problems, such as dominating the business landscape by dint of size and scale that offline players can’t compete against. And in tech will be the vital ingredient of a new class of weaponry without safeguards to control it well.” Stephen Downes, senior research officer for digital technologies with the National Research Council of Canada, commented, “The net result of the pandemic will be an increased recognition of the role of governance and civil society, seen in an increased interest in social and economic support, including, for example, the need for public health care and for income support. It will also be seen in greater social and civic responsibility, including new controls on policing and greater access to services for minorities and underserved populations. And it will be seen in a wider recognition of social responsibility, for example a return to more progressive taxation, especially corporate taxation, as a response to income inequality. “The most significant change could be summarized with the slogan ‘protocol, not platform,’ as Mike Masnick argued last year. The idea is that instead of depending on a specific social media application to connect with friends and colleagues, people could use the application of their choice and use a common messaging standard. This makes it more difficult for platforms to shape discourse using algorithms and to monetize discourse using tracking and advertising. The current structure of dialogue and media privileges extreme and provocative content, which tends to polarize society and to make it more difficult to come to consensus on social issues. Discourse that is more cooperative and creative enables constructive responses to be adopted society- wide to pressing issues of the day, including but not limited to equity, environment, prejudice and policing. With common communications protocols, solutions to pressing issues will begin to emerge. Common protocols also enable greater security, through such mechanisms of zero-knowledge proofs, for example. This allows better insight into the effectiveness of social programs and enables governments and critics to evaluate innovation on more than merely financial or economic criteria. “Our experience during the pandemic showed clearly how even modest improvements in interoperable communications can have a significant effect. Before the pandemic, there was no incentive to support widely accessible cross-platform video conferencing. Then we had Zoom, a simple tool everyone could use, and suddenly we could work from home, learn remotely or host conferences online. Having learned how convenient and efficient so many online services have become, we will be much less likely to commute to work, attend residence-based campuses or fly to conferences. This makes the world of work, learning and commerce much more accessible to large populations who previously did not have the resources to participate, and greatly increases our efficiency and productivity. > When technology divides us, it also disempowers us, as everything about us > becomes subservient to the conflict. Our agency, our identity, our > activities – all these become the means and mechanisms for one faction to > fight the other. > > Stephen Downes, senior research officer for digital technologies with the > National Research Council of Canada “My concern about the near future is that our technology choices will force us into mutually exclusive and competing factions. These factions may be defined politically or may be defined by class or race, by economic status or by power and control. Technological dystopia occurs when one faction uses technology against the other, perhaps by means of surveillance and spying, perhaps by means of manipulation and misinformation or ever by means of hacking and disruption. When technology divides us, it also disempowers us, as everything about us becomes subservient to the conflict. Our agency, our identity, our activities – all these become the means and mechanisms for one faction to fight the other. This is a worry about technological public spaces becoming private spaces: There’s no application we can use or no online space we can go that isn’t owned by some entity and designed to further the objectives of that entity, with the social goods of individual freedom and social cohesion taking a back seat to those objectives. It’s the sort of world where we no longer own things, but can merely lease them, subject to the terms, conditions and digital rights management of the technology company. It’s a world in which there is no space for creativity or free expression outside the constraints of end-user licensing agreements, and no public space for discussion, decision and action where the needs of society can prevail over private and corporate interests. By 2025 we will have a clear idea whether we are slipping into technological dystopia. The more difficult we find it to interact on an equal basis with people from other countries, other cultures, other political beliefs or even other platforms or social networks, the less likely we are to be able to find common solutions to global problems. The more prevalent surveillance and control through technological means becomes, the less likely a less-powerful people can redress the excesses of the more powerful. These, eventually, will manifest in physical symptoms of dystopia: shortages, outages, civil unrest, open conflict.” A lawyer and former law school dean who specializes in technology issues predicted, “There will be greater awareness of need for broadscale safety nets for employees – workforce employment protections (such as those implemented by EU). There will be greater societal demands for public health and safety protections supported by governments. There will be a widespread demand for more effective leadership of government institutions. Just contrast how the leadership overseeing the COVID pandemic problems in New Zealand, much of Europe, Taiwan and South Korea with the anemic, chaotic leadership in the U.S. People will demand more and better leadership traits in their elected leaders. My hopes are for better social media ‘ethics’ by movements to constrain and reduce hate speech, overt hatred online and manifest dishonesty on social and political issues. A greater societal awareness of need to rely on truth- telling online, especially the major influential sources (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) while recognizing that some things are opinions and should be respected as long as not false, defamatory, hateful, likely to inspire hatred, etc. There will be a movement from the essential lawlessness of the internet to a demand for a more civil and civic discourse approach. I worry over the tech companies’ lack of respect for the importance of civic discourse on their platforms. Much of the social media space is essentially the Wild West: no laws, no rules, hate speech is permitted if it supports advertising revenues, etc. Those companies’ employees are revolting within the context of their employment, and they are demanding that the corporate leadership grow a spine and step up against the voices of discord, hatred, anarchy, etc.” Amali De Silva-Mitchell, a futurist and consultant participating in multistakeholder internet-governance processes, said, “Technology will ease the work-life balance; increase productivity; help reduce carbon emissions; allow for savings on infrastructure expenditures such as roads, although there should be more spending on internet infrastructure and actions to enable universal access. Life may seem to speed up, and new technologies that were supposed to still be in development for a decade will become available sooner. In-person social life with a human touch will be restricted and perhaps even mistrusted. The packed pub or tea house will only be open to those who can provide proof of vaccination. “Evidence-based identification to show ‘purity of health’ and even health histories will be required everywhere. Face coverings will be commonplace, and each person may be embedded with an ID chip that can be tracked on the street. Outward appearances may appear to be the same as today, but the underlying monitoring of each person will be much greater. People will trade privacy for a semblance of the old normal. People will become more aware of their actions and feelings and be knowledgeable about repercussions. It is possible that brain waves will be used to monitor the emotional space of the public so as to predict behavior of crowds. We may see new forms of safeguards or barriers in projections via holograms which will also be common at business meetings. “AI will be everywhere, but there will be issues with the quality. The individual’s self-identity could decline, and the need to conform to a norm increase, as being out of step will create the need to sort out the exceptions. People will become more managed, spontaneous behavior will be discouraged, although creativity at work will be encouraged. Humans will be replaced in many settings by robots, forcing them to compete; economic security may become something of the past unless the state provides universal benefits. People will guard their minds as if they are a gold mine as that will be the ticket to their individual sustainability. “Medical technologies may assist humans to live a full life, from telemedicine 24/7, to new medications from AI developments, to new monitoring devices and delivery devices, prosthetics, etc. Items such as clothing, footwear, nutrition, household goods, vehicles, etc., could be designed with technology to optimize output as well as service and be produced or delivered at reduced cost. Waste minimization, safekeeping, comfort, specification and adaptation will be key. Minimizing expenditures will be key for the average working person, hence technologies that assist with that goal to produce the product or service at little cost the consumer will do well, hence the trend to AI- driven technologies for production, etc. Wearable technologies will be important, as people keep all their possessions close to them for safekeeping, hence there will be more and more micro products and perhaps the use of holograms to assist with screen display. Voice and sound technology will assist the elderly and disabled in a very beneficial manner, as will text-to- speech and speech-to-text. These applications will be developed further to assist with everyday work productivity. The need to remember things will be something of the past. “People are giving up a lot of privacy to receive the benefits of technology. Data risk management in an ethical manner is critical. Standards will lag behind new technical developments. The even greater risk will be the lack of transparency around emerging technologies, and thus the lack of feedback from the public to mitigate the risks of these new developments until an event occurs. A few companies will have data concentrated in their hands and any mismanagement, including poor ethical standards, could have serious outcomes.” Greg Sherwin, vice president for engineering and information technology at Singularity University, responded, “The new normal will include a greater awareness of systemic dependencies and the need for social goods. Linear thinking and highly individualistic, reductionist approaches to society and the planet will shift towards communitarianism. The myth of social atomism is being broken and more will observe the harm of that model on individual belonging and health as well as social and planetary cohesion and survival. That being said, privacy will continue to slide away as a mythical value. Algorithms will continue to rule our lives but will be questioned as to their validity, bias and rules for human appeal. We will also have quickly discovered before 2021 that we over-indexed for how we thought the pandemic would change our view towards health in our surroundings. Instead of the overarching narratives about how offices and architecture will never be the same, we will have found common ground with the human experiences of 1919 – where everyone quickly returned to their normal social habits.” Mike Godwin, former general counsel for the Wikimedia Foundation, wrote, “The ‘new normal’ has the potential to be more humane for workers in many ways. First, it seems clear that we are learning rapidly the extent to which ‘knowledge workers’ can work effectively from home, provided that they have the right informational infrastructure that supports such remote work. Cutting down on the need to commute, making schedules flexible and increasing the ability for employees to be caregivers and parents while working will be helpful. “Second, there is a growing consensus that providing income security is the right approach to coping with abrupt economic downturns that can be caused by pandemics, by climate change, and by social unrest associated with both pandemics and unrest – including increased migration, which will be a major disruptor in this century. The greatest single improvement I hope for is increased access to reliable broadband internet for the purposes of remote work, as well as the more efficient coordination of aid and resources in response to weather crises or public-health crises. The digital devices at the endpoints of the broadband infrastructure (personal computers and phones, primarily, but more and more devices with other functions) already will have a great deal of local processing power, but the key point on the critical path will be the prioritization of broadband access that’s inexpensive, robust, capacious and widely available in small towns and rural areas. Enabling competition and appropriate government subsidies and other support will likely play a central role in keeping prices down and keeping capacity rising. I worry that processing power and widespread data sharing will make it increasingly easy for individual privacy to be eroded, not least through technologies like facial recognition but also through traffic analysis and aggregation of individual transactional patterns. The amount of processing power this kind of monitoring and tracking of individuals will require is already here.” David Krieger, director of the Institute for Communication and Leadership, based in Switzerland, commented, “The growing need for a viable vision of a global future will (hopefully) shift political discourse away from traditional ideologies toward new horizons. Even if the impact of medical science on politics may be short-lived and ambiguous, the impact of digital technologies on society is enormous and will continue. Both in the private and the public sectors, in education, health care, research and other areas, organizations of all kinds have realized that home office, virtual delivery of services and products, virtual collaborative work, new work and decentralization function very well and reduce costs as well as solve pressing environmental problems. > “In the trade-off between liberty and security/health, security seems to > have better cards. This becomes even more apparent when we consider that the > shift of more governmental and business activities into the cyber realm will > bring greater dangers of cyber criminality and cyber warfare, which in turn > demand much greater investments in cybersecurity, or indeed, entirely new > concepts of security and accompanying social and organizational changes. > > David Krieger, director of the Institute for Communication and Leadership, > based in Switzerland “Many digital immigrants have been quickly and even forcibly ‘naturalized’ into the digital world, and traditional top-down, command-and-control management has received perhaps a death blow. There is a clear need to reduce bureaucracy and cut red tape, not only in health care but in all areas of society. The virus has disabled not only many people, but also many traditional convictions about social and economic order, about the way things have to be done. “A further impact of the pandemic will probably lead to increasing demands for transparency and open information. Already many accuse China of dangerous censorship and secrecy with regard to information about the outbreak. Scientists have joined in a worldwide exchange of data and research. Publishers have torn down paywalls. Open access to information of all kinds is considered a priority. Intellectual property claims are becoming suspect. In addition to this, governments are deploying tracking apps, and citizens are accepting more disclosure of so-called ‘personal information.’ “In the trade-off between liberty and security/health, security seems to have better cards. This becomes even more apparent when we consider that the shift of more governmental and business activities into the cyber realm will bring greater dangers of cyber criminality and cyber warfare, which in turn demand much greater investments in cybersecurity, or indeed, entirely new concepts of security and accompanying social and organizational changes. Taken together, it appears that in the wake of the pandemic, we are moving faster towards the data-driven global network society than ever before. “Some have predicted that the pandemic will end the ‘techlash,’ since what we need to survive is more information and not less about everyone and everything. This information must be analyzed and used as quickly as possible, which spurs on investments in AI and big data analytics. Calls for privacy, for regulation of tech giants and for moratoriums on the deployment of tracking, surveillance and AI are becoming weaker and losing support throughout the world. Perhaps traditional notions of civil liberties need to be revised and updated for a world in which connectivity, flow, transparency and participation are the major values.” The sections of this report that follow organize hundreds of additional expert quotes under the headings that follow the common themes listed in the tables at the beginning of this report. For more on how this canvassing was conducted, including full question wording, see “About this canvassing.” Next: Emerging change ← Prev Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next Page → ![\\"Icon](\\" library/blocks/promo/assets/weekly.svg\\"/) ### Sign up for our weekly newsletter Fresh data delivery Saturday mornings Sign Up ![\\"Icon](\\" library/blocks/promo/assets/journalism.svg\\"/) ### Sign up for The Briefing Weekly updates on the world of news & information Sign Up Topics * Coronavirus (COVID-19) * Emerging Technology * Future of the Internet (Project) * Misinformation Share This Link: * X * Facebook * Threads * LinkedIn * WhatsApp Share ### Related short readsSep 19, 2024 ## Americans in both parties are concerned over the impact of AI on the 2024 presidential campaign short readsMay 15, 2024 ## A quarter of U.S. teachers say AI tools do more harm than good in K-12 education short readsMar 26, 2024 ## Many Americans think generative AI programs should credit the sources they rely on short readsMar 26, 2024 ## Americans’ use of ChatGPT is ticking up, but few trust its election information short readsFeb 6, 2024 ## Q&A: How we used large language models to identify guests on popular podcasts ### Most Popular 1 Are you in the American middle class? 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America is gaining over 10000 brand new beautiful factories | 3,156 | ![](\\" ## Skip Navigation * Sim Companies * Home * Help * Search Welcome Guest. Please Login or Register. * Sim Companies * Player Guide and Tips * Personal Assistant Quests * Announcements * Game Announcements * Official Polls * Sim Companies * Sim Companies General * Player Ideas * Suggestions Added * Industry Ideas * Game Mechanics * Banking * Bonds * Government Orders * QoL * Player Guide and Tips * Sim Companies World * French * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Italian * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * German * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Portuguese * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Spanish * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Turkish * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Mandarin * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Polish * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and Tips * Czech * General * Player Ideas * Player Guide and TIps * Supporters * Company Advertisements * Advertise your Company * Trade Markets * Aerospace * Agriculture & Food * Automotive * Construction * Electronics * Energy * Fashion * Research * Resources * Seeking Contracts 4 Sale * Looking for help with Governement Order * Off Topic * Music, Movies, TV Shows etc. * Role Play Chat Schedule * Role Play General * Stories * Gallery * Contests * Contest Announcements * Contest Voting * Fiction * Art * Sim Companies Game Contest Discussion * Contest Ideas ## title Gallery Title: --- Image URL: Image Title: Comment: Tick this box if you would like to allow other members to add images to your gallery.Add Image * Reply # Personal Assistant Quests * Share Thread * Facebook * Twitter * Tumblr * LinkedIn * MySpace * Email * Go to * Previous Thread * Next Thread * Please make a selection first Actions New!!![\\"Bookmark\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/bookmark.png\\")![\\"Locked\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/lock.png\\")![\\"Falling\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/falling.png\\") * « Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * Next » * Share Thread * Facebook * Twitter * Tumblr * LinkedIn * MySpace * Email * Go to * Previous Thread * Next Thread * Please make a selection first Actions New!!![\\"Bookmark\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/bookmark.png\\")![\\"Locked\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/lock.png\\")![\\"Falling\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/falling.png\\") * « Prev * 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 * 7 * Next » | Silicon Consolidated Products Builder ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"Silicon](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/bSrCQDzdbdqUvSRqhecT.png\\"/) Posts: 27 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 12, 2020 at 1:01pm caker18, Indomood, and 8 more like this ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by Silicon Consolidated Products on Feb 12, 2020 at 1:01pm Hi I am Silicon Consolidated Products Inc. and I\'m here to attempt to make the definitive guide to all the Personal Assistant quests.Obviously I messed up with some of my answers, so I\'d appreciate it if anyone else could tell me what the optimal answer is, thanks in advance!Outcomes in PURPLE are the best option to choose, those in BLUE are either to be confirmed since I\'m sure I messed those up or not the best answer to go with.1/26/21 Edit: Super Mega Bigly thanks to The Center for occasionally editing this guide to make it clearer since some people apparently can\'t find a quest they\'re looking for (even if it\'s in there) and then contact the wrong person about it lol.Contributors: Fluffy Sheep Inc., Allen Industries Ltd., AG Forumer Inc., Marsh Industries, KMP LTD, Noobish Products, THE CENTER, Chengyil. Paragon Inc., Blackdiamond Inc., Villarinas Corporation, ChinatownPeddlers, MTL Electronics Inc., Williams Manufacturing PVT. LTD., Big Bang University, Kolmar BNH, Makuhe, Potato Enterprises, Stonka LLC, Baynock Inc., Otter Well Industries, Median Price, Crazy Place, remo1977, Sir Cheesy Cheese of Biscuits, Victim Co, Wolf LLC, basket, rogerinbrown, Alsadius Inc., Oas General Trading Co. W.L.L., tunacompanies, ZECO Mining n Manufacturing, Suoncorp, Bahaa STC, Arctic Corp., Orion Aerospace, Evans Corp., AlexFromDubbelCo, Knowledge is Power, QnA Corp., Nonstandard Oil, HDN Electronics. Co, AlzeyerLink to the German [DE] Translated Version: Quests der persönlichen AssistentinEDIT: I am numbering the PA quests because of the amount of players that insist they are not in the guide. The numbering system is only for this guide; the actual quests are given in random order in the game. (The Center) 8/13/22 Edit: Quests which affect production/retail increase/decrease will not stack when done on the same production cycle, meaning you can\'t save up all the quests which increases/decreases production/retail by 5% then finish all those quests at once, well you can, but you\'ll only get the effect from the first quest you\'ve finished. Thanks to DSFJ Energy for pointing this out!1) Sir, the local general contractor introduced himself and is offering 3 Construction units for free, no strings attached.That\'s perfect, that would cover half of the plantation build up or upgrade costYou got 3 construction units2) There\'s a trader by the door wanting to sell 4,000 units of water for $0.13 a unit, do you want it? Boss, even if we can\'t use it, we can sell it on the market for a lot more.Of course, please write him a checkYou got 4,000 units of water3) There\'s a vineyard owner short on his harvest this year, offering to pay $3,000 for 200 units of grapes. It looks like he needs them badly. It\'s his lucky day! Get the grapes from warehouseYou sold 200 grapes4) Sir, my sister-in-law started working for the FPA. I thought you would be pleased we have someone on the inside.Good to know, but I do not plan to control multiple accounts, it\'s against the rules.5) Boss, a close relative of yours came by down on their luck and looking for a job. Great! Make them a Manager and give them an office near mine. Some of your other employees felt injustice and did not work very hard.Offer them a position in the mail room so they can prove themselves. Your relative appreciates the chance and works hard.I don\'t believe in nepotism. Have them submit a resume to HR like everyone else. Your employees applaud your sense of fairness.6) There\'s a bum by the door offering to sell 3 brand new tablets for $100 each, it\'s very obvious he has stolen them. Do you want them?Get the tablets and tell him to never to come back here againYou got 3 tablets7) You have a visitor, he claims to be a refugee scientist offering to sell research he has stolen from his country. It\'s 20 units at $10 a piece. Boss, that\'s way below the value, you should buy it and sell it on the market right away.Great idea, tell him we buy it You got 20 [random] research8) Boss, local farmers are sourcing more seeds for this season. They will pay $0.3 per unitWe cannot deal with seeds right now. (Buy from the exchange then sell to the farmers to make a profit)9) A charity called, asking for $1,000 donation towards a hurricane relief in caribbean. What do you think? You have donated $1000 to the charity. (No effect) Em... maybe later, you see I already gave money to cancer something yesterday.(No effect, but you don\'t have to donate $1000)10) There\'s a group of immigrant construction workers bad on their luck, claiming they will increase one level of one of your buildings for just food. Boss, let\'s get them 200 sausages, this is an amazing deal for us.When can they start? Your [random building] was upgraded to level [+1] (Read kolmarbnh\'s post in this thread for a more detailed analysis and explanation of this quest!) 11) Boss, your employees want to have a Christmas party, will you pay for it? It\'s gonna cost $500 or maybe $1,500.Answer: Sure, they have been working hard whole year, spare no expenseThe party cost you $2,000. It was a success: everybody was very drunk Answer: Tell them to get back to work! No penalty12) Boss, the school in the block is preparing for easter, they need eggs. We can send them 5,000 for $1.10 each.Answer: depending on the market price and/or if you produce your own eggs this could be a great deal instead of the other answer. ![\\"\\"](\\" Made $57^![\\"\\"](\\" $595^Please donate 2,500 eggs. My kids go to that schoolBoss, the kids were very happy with the eggs we gave them. As a thanks, they gave us their nicest decorated egg. (You get a q7 egg. EDIT: December 9, 2021. This is NOT a Collectible)13) A man who is believed to be the local mafia boss is asking for our help with transporting \"stuff\" out of the country. He stressed that it\'s all \"perfectly legal\". This will cost us 2,000 transportation units and he promissed to pay us $4,500.For that kind of money, I will drive the truck myselfYour truck did not get caught but mafia paid you just $1,700 (No idea if there\'s a better outcome)14) Boss, for the yearly fair they are looking for fruits and sausages. Are we able to supply them?Yes, send 2,500 apples @$2.20 a unit (you should supply them with sausages as long as you profit from the transaction)15) There\'s a politician on the phone: \"I will make a lot of people happy, it\'s gonna be huge. I just need your money to make billions and billions of dollars for this country.\"Answer: I support honest people, my personal assistant will write you a cheque for $1,000You have donated $1,000 to the politician party. Answer: Are you for real? (Hang up) No penalty16) You have a visitor, he looks like the wall street type, he said: \"I have a once in a lifetime investment opportunity for you. I deal in new equity derivative instrument, it\'s very similar to a call option on a basket of ETFs, but has fluctuating strike price dependent on settlement price of unrelated commodity futures.\"Well .. what? Em.. that\'s sounds like a great idea. I am in! Here\'s $2,000The investment plummeted but then it picked up again. You made $2,080. The investment guy made a fortune.Wait, what? I am not interested. (No effect)17) Boss, business is going good. The sales department wants to celebrate. Maybe we could organize something for them?Answer: Yes, budget $3,000 for a party.Sales department was happy with the party. I am sure new good orders will come in soon. Answer: No time for parties at this moment, we should all focus on the business. No penalty18) Boss, SimConstruction called to ask for a favor. They urgently need 2000 bricks to avoid breaking a contract and paying a penalty. They will pay, of course. Sure, I can help out, send the bricks.Boss, SimConstruction is grateful for our help. In appreciation, they will send construction workers to help us during our next renovation. Our next upgrade will complete in half the time!19) Boss, there will be an event in our city, my brother-in-law is one of the organizers. They could really use a sponsor donation of $5,000.Your family is my family, of course, maybe we can even get good advertisement out of itThe event was a success, the positive exposure got you +1% production/sales speed bonus NOTE: If, for some reason, you didn\'t give the $5000 needed for this quest to get the 1% production/sales speed bonus, you will get another chance with another PA quest once you reach level 23, only this time it will cost $150,000. \"You get another chance at level 23, don\'t screw it up though, it costs $150k at level 23\" - The Center20) Sir, an employee found this envelope full of cash. It\'s $2,300. Please take the money to the police, otherwise it\'s technically a \"theft by finding\".The police was not able to find the owner. As the envelope was found on the company property, you get to keep it. (Keeping the money will give you $2300 as well, there\'s no penalty)21) I just heard, our workers are voting to form a Union. I\'m not sure if we want to do anything.If they want to Unionize I\'m OK with that, we\'ll stay out of it and negotiate with them fairly.There\'s a union now, this resulted in an increase in salaries and one time fee of $4,000. Workers are happy. (You will only lose 4000 total, the \"increase in salaries\" part is just flavor text) Promoting the employee would also cost you $4000, same thing. 8th of January - union PA quest updated Third Option: 5% decrease in current production and retail speeds. ~~Trying to prevent the union from forming will stop the construction, upgrade or production of a random building, you lose the materials as well, you\'ve been warned! Another possibility is to stop all map activity then choose \"This is ridiculous, I will not tolerate unions in my company!\", the outcome will be \"there is a union now\" but with no negative effect, and you won\'t have to pay out $4000.~~ 22) Hi sir, your son is here. He wants to buy a brand new eye-phone which costs almost $1,600 what would you like to do?Of course, only the best for my family. I am sure he needs it. Success. Your son has a new expensive toy. Let\'s see if it lasts more than a month until he drops it. (Choosing to either give him a cheaper phone or not giving him a phone is the better choice, there\'s no downside) 23) Boss, our transport company is asking if we can help with a new truck? They can pay just $5,000. Ok, I think we can do that. Send them 1 truck.Sir, the transport company threw in 20,000 transporation units extra as a big thank you.24) We are facing a patent lawsuit and have received an offer to settle for $10,000.I won\'t settle. It\'s a frivolous lawsuit. Let\'s fight it no matter what it costs!You won, but it costs $25,000 in legal fees! Fortunately, other companies formed a fund to help end ridiculous patent suits so you come out even!25) Hey boss, there\'s a salesman from a mobile network company. They are offering us a business package which includes a very low rate and 6 Smartphones for $2,000.Yes, sounds great, accept it.You got 6 phones26) Sir, I need the 100 steaks for the company barbecue. You remember right?Sure, take steaks from our warehouse!Everyone had a great time at the barbecue (Random building instantly finishes what it was doing; production or selling) Note from SimTimes issue #49: \"The Steak Quest will automatically pick on a building to ~~complete construction or~~ complete whatever it is producing/retailing.\" EDIT: Strikethrough is on complete construction because this is no longer true. (June 21, 2021)27) Boss, sales department sees opportunities in selling at the millionaires fair this week. What do you think?Great idea! send them with 10 watches and 10 necklacesThey sold it for $40,000!\-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NEW PA QUESTS (Released 2/18/20)If you haven\'t gotten the new quests yet, here\'s Patrik\'s explanation:Few conditions need to matchas you said, you need to have answered the previous onethere also need to be some time lapsed since you answered itand lastly, some PA quests have extra conditionsLike I if you stand to lose $$$ it is only served if you have the cashOr if the quests is about executives, your company needs to employ executives 28) Boss, the workers are asking for a \"Bring Your Pet To Work Day\" but the facilities people are concerned about the mess and it might reduce production that day.I love animals. Let\'s give the workers a day to share their pets, but no reptiles. Sir, the workers had an amazing day. But the clean up took longer than expected and production was impacted. I also found a \"special delivery\" under your desk this morning - It is already cleaned up. (current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5%)Let\'s allow it, but all pets will be kept in one central area and we\'ll give them extra breaks to visit them.Everyone enjoys visiting the \"Pet Office\". The workers appreciate you allowing this and work harder to make up time. No way. Pets don\'t belong here. Boss, the morale is impacted. Several employees call in sick citing \"pet care\" issues. (current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5%) 29) I just learned that the company we pay to haul off our trash is having a strike and won\'t be around for awhile. Their competitors are trying to gouge us to take on the work temporarily demanding an extra $5,000. (Player must have at least 2 executives employed for this quest to appear)Let\'s ride it out and let the trash pile up. It\'ll serve them right to have to do all that extra work when they are done striking.Sir, the trash situation got so bad I was forced to call for help. We were charged $10,000Just pay the other company to keep things clean.Done! We have covered the period of strike (Pay 5k to get rid of the quest)This is ridiculous - the other Executives and I will handle the trash personally! Be sure they know about this and are shamed into going back to work.Sir, it was sort of fun for the first day, but then it got really difficult. We were all so distracted we missed out on an important deal. We lost $25,000.30) The employees at our oldest work site are claiming it is haunted and refuse to work night shifts. Also a reality show \"Spectral Binge\" wants to spend a couple of days filming an episode at the plant. They will pay us $15,000Never say no to television! Let the workers skip the night shifts and give it to the film crew.The plant output suffered, but we still ended up being $5,000 NET positive.Ghosts? No way - get the place fixed up and add new lighting and I\'m sure the \"spookiness\" will go away.Boss, you were totally right. Once we modernized the place the rumors of spirits were put to rest. The renovations cost us $15,000. Let them do the show and make sure our employees are in it promoting the company. Let\'s also make sure the place is \"extra spooky\" if you know what I mean...Sir, the show\'s stars defrauded our company\'s attempt to create fake ghosts while being self-promoting. The show got their most watched episode ever and we didn\'t even get paid because of the breach of contract dispute. 31) Boss, our policy against workplace romance is becoming a problem as more and more company couples are springing up. What should we do?Is there something in the water? I guess we have no choice but to ease up on the policy. Boss, you are getting invited to a few \"company\" marriages (nothing happens)Let\'s take a scientific approach. Hire a dating company to rate the compatibility of all the employees and then reorganize so that only non- compatible people work together. Boos, looks like after paying $5,000 for or all that work it did not improve the situation at all!The policy is there for a reason! Make sure they know that any kissing on the premises will be a goodbye kiss!Boos, there is a lot of tension in the workforce now production was impacted. (current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5%)32) I have received this letter today and you have been invited to give a TED talk on the rapid success of your company and innovative management style!Who\'s Ted, and why would I want to talk to him?(Nothing happens)I\'m too busy being innovative. Can you go in my place?I gave a brilliant talk and got many more invitations. I am now a regular on the lecture circuit.” (no effect)This is an extreme honor. Help me prepare a stunning presentation.Sir, you have delivered an excellent talk and it already created great interest for our firm. We have got business leads worth $50000.33) I heard that the workers want us to establish a gaming room they can use to decompress during breaks and before and after shifts. This would have board games, video games, and even tables set up for role-playing games like Dungeons and Dragons.Games give me a headache. We make things, we sell things. There\'s no gaming in business!Boss, I noticed whenever you pass a break room workers are sweeping things off the table and hiding them behind their backs. Morale suffered. (current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue decreased by 2.5%)Gaming on breaks is fine but we won\'t subsidize it.I can hear rowdy games during breaks (nothing happens)Great idea! Let\'s spend $20,000 on this and make sure there are devices running SimCompanies!Boss, the new gaming area is a hit and production is up! (current production yield increased by 5.0%, current retail revenue increased by 2.5%)34) A tax auditor is here and wants to go through the books to make sure we are paying our fair share.Oh no! Well let\'s delay them as much as possible and make sure we only show them stuff we\'ve already audited ourselves.Sir, the auditor was not happy, but he found everything perfectly balanced since we made sure of it. (no effect) Give them full and open cooperation. Let\'s hope they don\'t find anything too costly.The auditor discovered that we overpaid the corporate taxes and we are owed $50,000!35) It appears there is a sort of \"civil war\" breaking out in the management team. About half of them want to apply Six Sigma principles to improve our processes and the other half all want to go with Agile techniques. It\'s getting really heated. What do we do?Striving for perfection is good. Let\'s use Six Sigma.We are now a Six Sigma certified company and with improved overall accuracy. As a result we landed few extra contracts worth $20,000I like the idea of daily Scrum meetings. Let\'s go with Agile. We are now an Agile company and launch into new projects is much quicker than ever before. Beating our competitors to new markets made us $20,000.So war you say? Set up a massive paintball tournament and let them fight it out.Sir, sorry, I forgot which side won, but we profited $20,000 by implementing the process changes they suggested. 36) Hey boss, a representative of the military is here and they are offering a special \"boot camp\" for corporate executives. It costs $50,000, but is supposed to dramatically improve their ethics, attitude, and ability. Awesome! Military training tends to be the best in the world. Sign them up!Sir, the staff had a rough time at boot camp but came back better for it. (+1 to all skills of all executives) It\'s a good idea but we can\'t afford it. Let\'s have our own boot camp.Sir, the event did not go very well. One executive sprained his ankle. (no effect) No way, there\'s no relationship between ethics, attitude, and ability in business!NEWER PA QUESTS (Released 6/22/20) 37) Your business partner wants to upgrade her grocery store, and it will cost her $11,000. She doesn\'t have this kind of money, so she\'s considering borrowing it from her family with no interest. She estimates that she will earn 30 cents more on each purchase, and she has 100 purchases per hour and her store is open 24/7. She\'s asking you for advice on how long it will take her to pay off her loan. Less than 3 weeks, I am sure.Your partner borrowed money and was able to repay the loan in 16 days. She was so happy that she gave you half the extra profit from the remaining 5 days of the 3 weeks period as a thank you. You earned $1,800.Less than 2 months, I am sure.Your partner tried to borrow money from her family, but they could only give her money for 3 weeks. She ended up not investing in her business. Later she has calculated that it would actually have taken about 16 days to repay her loan. Obviously, she\'s very disappointed with your advice.Less than 4 months, I am sure.Your partner tried to borrow money from her family, but they could only give her money for 3 weeks. She ended up not investing in her business. Later she has calculated that it would actually have taken about 16 days to repay her loan. Obviously, she\'s very disappointed with your advice.38) A street magician walked in the office and offered you a gamble. You flip your coin 2 times. If it lands on tail all 2 times, you give him $500, otherwise you receive 100$. Will you accept the gamble? Yes, I am pretty good at flipping coins. Watch me!You won $100 on the first try, but then decided to play more and more. After 4 games, you have won 3 times $100 and lost $500. In total you lost $200. Nope, those odds are not fairThe magician said you have a talent for business and produced a luxury watch out of nowhere. You got to keep it. (q5 Luxury Watch) I am busy, send him away.(No response)39) A friend of yours just called. He offers you to set up the pricing model for his cinema for one evening in exchange for 50% of profits. He has 1000 sits, which price should he set up: 1$ each seat to make sure the cinema is full.(You lose $700) 4$ even if it means we only sell out 60% of the capacity.(You get $1200)2$ for over 60s year-old and 4$ for everyone else.A local newspaper noticed the discount and made a free advertisement. The cinema was full. 50% of people paid $4, everyone else was over 60 and paid 2$. Your total earnings are: $3,000, you get $1,500.I know nothing about cinemas, sorry.(No response)40) One of your workers with a salary of $300/hour got into an accident and isn\'t able to work for the next 6 hours. We won\'t be able to find a replacement that soon, so we\'ll just have to wait for him to get back. But there is a drug that can make them recover in just 1 hour, it would cost you $900. The worker can\'t afford it and asks for your help. That\'s not my problem, we are not a hospital. Let him deal with it himself.Your worker wasn\'t able to work for 6 hours, so you lost $1,800.Sure, let\'s cover his treatment cost. The worker recovered in 1 hour, you lost $300 in his wages and $900 was paid for the drug. The worker was very happy for how you treated him. 41) A journalist from a local newspaper called and asked your opinion as an expert businessman. The government wants to launch a big infrastructure project (building a very expensive and beautiful bridge). The journalist is curious if that should be classified as a fiscal or monetary policy. What should we tell her?Monetary policy, obviously. The journalist has published an article, but later was fired. The use of government spending is a fiscal policy, not a monetary one. She\'s written a blog post blaming you for giving her the wrong information. That post went viral and our business has lost $2,000 in sales. Fiscal policy, obviously.The journalist was very happy with your help, she mentioned your company in the newspaper which boosted sales. You earned $2,000 as a result. I can\'t see the difference. (No response) NEWERER QUESTS (ADDED 08/11/20)~~42) You are at a work party, your colleague made a $1,000 bet you won\'t be able to answer a tricky question. Imagine we find a water supplier that offers the water cheaper than we currently have by 10 cents. If we buy all our water from them, the sausages we will get (assuming we produce everything else by ourselves and all other factors being equal) will be: ~~ Easy, 80 cents cheaper! Easy, 42 cents cheaper! **Your colleague is very surprised, your answer is correct, so you get $1,000 and lots of respect from everyone around you.** Easy, 10 cents cheaper! Sorry, I\'d rather enjoy the party **(No response)** Notice: Changed due to Food Expansion update (Oct 2021)You are at a work party, your colleague made a $1,000 bet you won\'t be able to answer a tricky question. Imagine we find a water supplier that offers the water cheaper than we currently have by 10 cents. If we buy all our water from them, the grapes we will get (assuming we produce everything else by ourselves and all other factors being equal) will be:Easy, 50 cents cheaper!Easy, 41 cents cheaper!Your colleague is very surprised, your answer is correct, so you get $1,000 and lots of respect from everyone around you.Easy, 40 cents cheaper!43) Hooray! We have finally closed a deal on a perfect new office space. Most of the area is open-space, but there are a few offices to be distributed. As usual, there is more people wanting an office than there are offices. Also some offices are larger, and some have windows with nice views. Boss, how should we decide who gets which office?Make an optional sealed-bid auction and donate the money to charity.The highest bid was $250, the second one was only $50. The winner was the only one to complain. Everyone else is happy and thinks that the distribution was fair. Based on seniority and roll the dice when there are too many people.Many people are happy, but many are disappointed as well.Based on seniority and at my discretion.Everyone who did not get the office they wanted, so almost everyone, feels unappreciated by you and many even feel you do not like them. As a result they hate working here, current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5% 44) Sir, one of your top managers complains that his salary is insufficient to cover his family\'s basic needs, but we already compensate him very well. It\'s the one who smokes all the time: $5 pack a day. He also coughs a lot... He\'s here to chat with you. Smoking is bad for your health. You should give up smoking. This will also save you money. Your manager laughed and asked you \"You think I don’t know that?!\". I am pretty sure he\'s going to ignore your advice You can save $1,825 each year. Would that help? He seemed interested, right until you told him that he should give up smoking. He claims that it\'s the only pleasure in his life left. He doesn\'t want to give it up. Would you like to have an equivalent of $36,500 in the bank generating you 5% interest? He was very interested. He was also disappointed at first, when you said he has to give up smoking, but he considered it for the next few days, and gave up smoking. He\'s very grateful for your advice and gave you a new quadcopter as a gift. 45) A worker in one of your facilities made a mistake that has cost us $30,000. Boss, what should we do? Fire her! Dammit, these people ...Sir, the replacement hire required some training which cost us additional $5,000, but what\'s even worse is that everyone is now afraid to make mistakes and works slowly, current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5% Deduct that from her salary, that\'ll teach her.Sir, everyone is now afraid to make mistakes and works slowly, current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5%. **READ BELOW** Call her in, I will chat with her.After talking to her, she have expressed how sorry she was, and suggested several improvements in the business process to avoid similar mistakes in the future. This story has spread, people are happy to work at your company and became more proactive about improving existing business processes. You lost $30,000, but we have 5% increase of the current production and 2.5% increase in retail. A note for this quest from AlexFromDubbelCo: You made the last option purple, however if your production had a low value option 2 is preferred With a lvl1 farms you produce oranges of a total sell value of $ 280 an hour. With 10 lvl 2 plants that is 280 x 20 x 48= 269.000. Option 2 cost us: 5% of sell value. $ 13.450 Option 3 cost us 30.000, compensated by 5% of sell value ($ 13.450). So in total it costs us 16.550. In this case I prefer the second option. The break even point is at the total sales value of production of $300.000. 46) You have 5% of blue-eyed people in your company. The blue-eyed people did an internal research and found out that you never promote blue-eyed people, and as a consequence they earn less money than people with other eye color. They are pretty angry and threaten to file a lawsuit unless you do something about it. That\'s ridiculous, let them sue me, I don\'t care. They went to the court. It turned out that blue-eyed people never actually applied for the promotion in the first place and that\'s why they never got it. The legal proceedings cost us $10,000 Set up an internal working group to investigate the claim further. The working group has found out that blue-eyed people never actually applied for the promotion in the first place and that\'s why they never got it. They also claim your company isn\'t big enough to confidently say anything about the population of 5%. The case is dismissed. The investigation cost you $1,000. Create a rule to always promote at least 5% blue-eyed people.Blue-eyed people were happy with your decision. Yet you notice that blue-eyed people never actually applied for a promotion in the first place, and that was likely the reason for the lack of promotions for them. On top of that people with different eye color feel that it\'s unfair to promote people taking into consideration their eye color, current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5%. 47) Boss, your CTO is here: I have identified 2 production units we can upgrade, upkeep for the first one is $5/hour and I can make it run for $4/hour which is saves us 20% of the cost! The seconds one costs $20/hour to run, and I can make it run for $18/hour, which saves us 10% of the upkeep! We can only upgrade one of them, which one should we chose? The first one! Boss, the update was effective for 100 days, saving $ 1 an hour, his quick decision resulted in an astonishing $ 2,400 profit. But, I still wonder, the second option would have saved $ 2 an hour, wouldn\'t that save twice as much? The second one Boss, the upgrade was effective for 100 days, with $2 savings per hour, it is $4,800 of profit. I think this was the right choice, the other option would have saved us only half as much.48) Boss, there is a conference coming up where we can potentially reach 10,000 new customers, each worth $21 if they convert buying our product. What marketing materials should we prepare for our stall? It\'s either: a set of souvenirs worth $10 each with estimated 50% chance to convert the customer; or we can prepare a set of leaflets worth $5 each and a set of brochures worth $5 each and each has estimated 25% chance to convert the potential customer.Prepare the souvenirs, 50% conversionThe souvenirs cost $100,000 to make, but we made 10,000 times 50% times $21 = $105,000 from sales, pocketing the difference.Get the leaflets and brochures ready, 25% and 25% conversionThe leaflets and brochures cost us $100,000 and we got 4,375 customers who paid $21 each = $91,875. Some of them reported that they only needed one item to be convinced. Our analysts later explained the effect the following way: the chance of both the brochure and the leaflet not working is 0.75*0.75=0.5625, so the chance of at least one of them converting the customer is 1 - 0.5625 = 43.75%. We have lost $8,125.I don\'t want to go to any conference. Leave me alone! (no response) Robot Quest (Added 6/17/2021 or 17/6/2021) 49) Boss, your CTO has suggested taking out a loan at 1% interest a day and automating one of our buildings. We need 36 robots at $900 each. It will save us 3% on our salaray cost of $10,000 per day. We just can\'t figure out how many days until we start to see a profit. Less than 60 daysAbout that, I decided to have an accounting firm re-calculate it. And it\'s not as clever idea as it sounded first. The capital cost is higher than saving - we would have never get the investment back. The accounting firm charged us $2000. (You lose $2000)More than 60 days About that, I decided to have an accounting firm re-calculate it. And it\'s not as clever idea as it sounded first. The capital cost is higher than saving - we would have never get the investment back. The accounting firm charged us $2000. (You lose $2000) That\'s a terrible idea!(Nothing Happens) ---|--- Last Edit: Jul 8, 2023 at 7:56pm by The Center | AG Forumer Inc. Moderator![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_green.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_green.png\\"/) ![\\"AG](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/rYaaxIofLnhnCshZQvOu.png\\"/) Posts: 49 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 13, 2020 at 1:19am ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by AG Forumer Inc. on Feb 13, 2020 at 1:19am There\'s a group of immigrant construction workers bad on their luck, claiming they will increase one level of one of your buildings for just food. Boss, let\'s get them 200 sausages, this is an amazing deal for us.When can they start?Your [random building] was upgraded to level [+1]The best use of the sausage quest is to scrap everything for a physics lab, then use the sausage quest on the physics lab.Sir, an employee found this envelope full of cash. It\'s $2,300.Please take the money to the police, otherwise it\'s technically a \"theft by finding\".The police was not able to find the owner. As the envelope was found on the company property, you get to keep it.I kept the envelope and also got the $2,300, so I\'d say the two options are equivalent except that when the quest first came out, I remember reading a few people returning the envelope without getting money (I may be misremembering), and people thinking there would be a penalty for keeping the envelope (I don\'t think there is one).I just heard, our workers are voting to form a Union. I\'m not sure if we want to do anything.If they want to Unionize I\'m OK with that, we\'ll stay out of it and negotiate with them fairly.There\'s a union now, this resulted in an increase in salaries and one time fee of $4,000. Workers are happy. (try promoting the employee option)Trying to prevent the union from forming will stop the construction, upgrade or production of a random building, you lose the materials as well, you\'ve been warned!Promoting costs $4,000, so it\'s equivalent to the negotiate option and better than losing a construction, upgrade, or production without refund. ---|--- | Silicon Consolidated Products Builder ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"Silicon](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/bSrCQDzdbdqUvSRqhecT.png\\"/) Posts: 27 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 13, 2020 at 3:25am QnA Corp. likes this ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by Silicon Consolidated Products on Feb 13, 2020 at 3:25am Added, thanks! ---|--- | marshindustries Factory Worker ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"marshindustries](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/EQngfNTrtZK0BpgvJtSA.jpg\\"/) Posts: 24 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 13, 2020 at 5:07pm QnA Corp. likes this ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by marshindustries on Feb 13, 2020 at 5:07pm Sand that red is hard on the old eyes. I like this I just wanted to let you know it is hard to read for me at least. Thanks ---|--- | Silicon Consolidated Products Builder ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"Silicon](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/bSrCQDzdbdqUvSRqhecT.png\\"/) Posts: 27 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 14, 2020 at 12:07am marshindustries and The Center like this ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by Silicon Consolidated Products on Feb 14, 2020 at 12:07am changed to purple since I can\'t see the text if I changed it to any other color (green, yellow etc.) ---|--- | marshindustries Factory Worker ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"marshindustries](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/EQngfNTrtZK0BpgvJtSA.jpg\\"/) Posts: 24 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 14, 2020 at 3:37am ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by marshindustries on Feb 14, 2020 at 3:37am Easier to read Thanks ---|--- | fluffysheepinc Forester ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"fluffysheepinc](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/HWKmmqpZinCxvPOfSuHZ.jpg\\"/) Chilling in the Pasture :P Posts: 9 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 15, 2020 at 3:31am ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by fluffysheepinc on Feb 15, 2020 at 3:31am U misspelled my name ;_; ---|--- | Silicon Consolidated Products Builder ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"Silicon](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/bSrCQDzdbdqUvSRqhecT.png\\"/) Posts: 27 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 15, 2020 at 5:56am ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by Silicon Consolidated Products on Feb 15, 2020 at 5:56am Fixed ![\\":D\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/smiley/grin.png\\"/) ---|--- | The Center Global Moderator![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/) ![\\"The](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/BymbJtZsPsWBobrHubCk.png\\"/) Posts: 1,198![\\"Male\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/male.png\\") | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 5:08pm ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by The Center on Feb 18, 2020 at 5:08pm NEW PA QUESTBoss, the workers are asking for a \"Bring Your Pet To Work Day\" but the facilities people are concerned about the mess and it might reduce production that day. 1. I love animals. Let\'s give the workers a day to share their pets, but no reptiles. 2. Let\'s allow it, but all pets will be kept in one central area and we\'ll give them extra breaks to visit them. 3. No way. Pets don\'t belong here.I uhh.. misclicked and hit number 3... Boss, the morale is impacted. Several employees call in sick citing \"pet care\" issues. (current production yield reduced by 5.0%, current retail revenue reduced by 2.5%) ---|--- Last Edit: Feb 18, 2020 at 7:01pm by The Center ![](\\" | The Center Global Moderator![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/) ![\\"The](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/BymbJtZsPsWBobrHubCk.png\\"/) Posts: 1,198![\\"Male\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/male.png\\") | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 6:28pm ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by The Center on Feb 18, 2020 at 6:28pm Patrik\'s answer to the new quests.. and why some people may not see some of them right away... ![\\"\\"](\\" conditions need to matchas you said, you need to have answered the previous onethere also need to be some time lapsed since you answered itand lastly, some PA quests have extra conditionsLike I if you stand to lose $$$ it is only served if you have the cashOr if the quests is about executives, your company needs to employ executives ---|--- ![](\\" | The Center Global Moderator![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/) ![\\"The](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/BymbJtZsPsWBobrHubCk.png\\"/) Posts: 1,198![\\"Male\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/male.png\\") | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 7:00pm ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by The Center on Feb 18, 2020 at 7:00pm NEW PA QUEST ~ requirements; 2 executivesI just learned that the company we pay to haul off our trash is having a strike and won\'t be around for awhile. Their competitors are trying to gouge us to take on the work temporarily demanding an extra $5,000.Options:1. Let\'s ride it out and let the trash pile up. It\'ll serve them right to have to do all that extra work when they are done striking.2. Just pay the other company to keep things clean.3. This is ridiculous - the other Executives and I will handle the trash personally! Be sure they know about this and are shamed into going back to work.Responses:1. Sir, the trash situation got so bad I was forced to call for help. We were charged $10,0002. paid 5k to get rid of the Quest (need actual response)3. Sir, it was sort of fun for the first day, but then it got really difficult. We were all so distracted we missed out on an important deal. We lost $25,000. ---|--- Last Edit: Feb 18, 2020 at 10:04pm by The Center ![](\\" | duck Supporters![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_lime.png\\"/) ![\\"duck](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/defaultavatar.png\\"/) Posts: 4 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 7:02pm ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by duck on Feb 18, 2020 at 7:02pm I want to know what the first option is too ---|--- | The Center Global Moderator![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_black.png\\"/) ![\\"The](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/BymbJtZsPsWBobrHubCk.png\\"/) Posts: 1,198![\\"Male\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icons/male.png\\") | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 8:14pm ivyamy likes this ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by The Center on Feb 18, 2020 at 8:14pm NEW PA QUEST The employees at our oldest work site are claiming it is haunted and refuse to work night shifts. Also a reality show \"Spectral Binge\" wants to spend a couple of days filming an episode at the plant. They will pay us $15,000Options:1. Never say no to television! Let the workers skip the night shifts and give it to the film crew. 2. Ghosts? No way - get the place fixed up and add new lighting and I\'m sure the \"spookiness\" will go away. 3. Let them do the show and make sure our employees are in it promoting the company. Let\'s also make sure the place is \"extra spooky\" if you know what I mean...Answers: 1. The plant output suffered, but we still ended up being $5,000 NET positive.2. Boss, you were totally right. Once we modernized the place the rumors of spirits were put to rest. The renovations cost us $15,000.3. Sir, the show\'s stars defrauded our company\'s attempt to create fake ghosts while being self-promoting. The show got their most watched episode ever and we didn\'t even get paid because of the breach of contract dispute. ---|--- Last Edit: Feb 18, 2020 at 10:03pm by The Center ![](\\" | chengyil Supporters![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star_lime.png\\"/) ![\\"chengyil](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/defaultavatar.png\\"/) Posts: 1 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 9:39pm ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by chengyil on Feb 18, 2020 at 9:39pm Sir, the show\'s stars defrauded our company\'s attempt to create fake ghosts while being self-promoting. The show got their most watched episode ever and we didn\'t even get paid because of the breach of contract dispute. ---|--- | Silicon Consolidated Products Builder ![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/)![\\"*\\"](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/stars/star.png\\"/) ![\\"Silicon](\\"//storage.proboards.com/7118615/avatar/bSrCQDzdbdqUvSRqhecT.png\\"/) Posts: 27 | Personal Assistant Quests Feb 18, 2020 at 10:29pm ReplyQuote * Select Post * Deselect Post * Link to Post * Member * Give Gift *![\\"Post](\\"//storage.proboards.com/forum/images/icon-options.png\\") ### Post by Silicon Consolidated Products on Feb 18, 2020 at 10:29pm thanks, added. ---|--- Reply ## Shoutbox Please help keep the Shoutbox clean. 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America is gaining over 10000 brand new beautiful factories | 3,156 | Backto top# ![\\"State](\\"/nj/design/images/state_seal_white.png\\")Official Site of The State of New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy • Lt. Governor Tahesha Way * NJ.gov * Services * Agencies * FAQsFrequently Asked Questions * Translate The State of NJ site may contain optional links, information, services and/or content from other websites operated by third parties that are provided as a convenience, such as Google™ Translate. Google™ Translate is an online service for which the user pays nothing to obtain a purported language translation. 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Home 2. About NJ 3. History 4. A Short History of New Jersey ## A Short History of New Jersey ### A Reflection of America: New Jersey History in Brief You can find New Jersey on the east coast of the United States, between New York and Pennsylvania. Its location is remarkably accessible and indispensable. While millions call it home, many more millions visit, work, or pass through it each year. Connections to the Garden State include those with longstanding family ties to newcomers arriving to attend one of our renowned colleges or universities, work, or raise a family. In fact, wherever you are in the U.S., you’re likely to find someone with Jersey roots. New Jersey is also a microcosm of the United States of America. In its past are stories that reveal the complexity of the American experience, reflecting the people, places, beliefs, and events that shaped who we are today. By understanding the experiences of Indigenous people, immigrants, free and enslaved African Americans, workers, soldiers, farmers, elected officials, teachers, scholars, activists, social reformers, inventors, and scientists, we hold a mirror up to America, exploring the foundational questions of who we are and where we came from. This brief history provides a general overview of the rich tapestry that constitutes the history of New Jersey. ### Homeland of the Lenape The land now known as New Jersey has been inhabited by Indigenous peoples for over 10,000 years. The ancestors of the Lenape, often referred to as the Delaware, were a network of individual nations whose traditional homelands once covered a vast area along the Eastern seaboard, including parts of present-day New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New York. They lived in thriving communities with rich cultural beliefs. A visitor to New Jersey in the 1600s would have found a land populated by approximately 8,000 Indigenous people, with myriad histories and social relationships New Jersey’s complex settler and colonial past began in the seventeenth century. The first Europeans were the Dutch, who established their New Netherlands colony along the Hudson, Raritan, and Passaic rivers. In 1609, Henry Hudson became one of the first European explorers to chart the land that became New Jersey. The Swedes later established a colony along the southern banks of the Delaware River. Europeans brought enslaved and free Africans to the territory, beginning a long and painful history of slavery and discrimination. Imported enslaved people were primarily subject to work in agriculture. As the colony’s population grew, so did its ethnic and religious diversity. African Americans – consisting mostly of enslaved peoples – accounted for 12% of the colony’s population by 1776. In 1664, Charles II of England granted his brother James, Duke of York, a large tract of land along the eastern seaboard of North America. Weeks later, James gave a large portion of this land to his two friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, proclaiming it “New Caeserea or New Jersey,” after the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel. A decade later, New Jersey was divided into two separate colonies: East and West Jersey. Each colony had its own proprietors, government, and laws. East Jersey’s capital was Perth Amboy and West Jersey’s capital was Burlington. In 1702, the proprietors of East and West Jersey surrendered their civil authority to the Crown, creating one colony under a royal governor. The English encouraged slavery through legislation that rewarded enslavers with grants of land through an agreement that offered 60 acres of land for every enslaved person imported during 1664, 45 acres for each imported the following year, and 30 acres for each in 1666. As the new English Settlers expanded, the enslaved population grew from just 50 in 1664 to hundreds and eventually thousands from 1625-1763. Quakers played a significant role in New Jersey’s early colonial history, serving as proprietors in both East and West Jersey and accounting for a large portion of West Jersey’s population. The Dutch, English, and Swedes also set their sights on the land, resulting in a colony that, much like New Jersey today, was noteworthy for its diversity. They were joined by French Huguenots, Walloons, Germans, Finns, Welsh, Scots, and Scots-Irish settlers. Early Dutch and English colonists engaged in trade with the Lenape people, exchanging European goods for furs. However, conflict between Lenape Nations and the colonists, as well as disease, posed threats to Indigenous people. As other immigrant groups grew, the state’s Indigenous population declined, largely due to forced migration. New Jersey’s changing demographics reflected a diverse population as forced migrations of enslaved people, willing and displaced migrants, and the continual forced displacement of Indigenous people created a shifting landscape. New Jersey’s colonial settlement patterns also left important and lasting legacies: diversity in faith, gender, race, ethnicity, and a tradition of representative self-government. ### A Growing Colony Joins the Revolution In 1746, the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University, began in Elizabeth with six students, then moved to Newark and ultimately Princeton. Twenty years later it was joined by Queen’s College, now Rutgers University. These pioneering schools began a long and distinguished tradition of higher education in New Jersey, making it the only North American colony with two chartered colleges at that time. As ideas around inalienable rights gained popularity, so did the movement for American independence from Britain. After the passage of the Stamp and Townshend Acts, New Jerseyans signed non-importation agreements which increased the demand for domestic goods. In response, women across New Jersey established spinning bees to produce thread for homespun cloth, turning a domestic task into a public and radical act. During the War for Independence, New Jersey’s unique location between the British stronghold in New York and the rebel capital in Philadelphia made it quite literally the crossroads of the American Revolution. By the War’s conclusion, more than 600 battles and skirmishes were fought on New Jersey soil, more than anywhere else in the former British colonies. Political divisions ran deep among New Jerseyans as the state was repeatedly occupied by both British and Continental armies. As military actions continued through the War, General George Washington spent more time in New Jersey than in any other colony. Some historians describe Washington’s victory at Trenton in 1776 as the most important American military victory ever, as it revived the nation’s conscience, spirits, and determination. Throughout the winters of 1776 – 1777 and 1779 – 1780, Washington maintained his headquarters in Morristown where the Continental Army, alongside the women who tended to the troops, contended with harsh weather, disease, and mutiny. Without Washington and the Continental Army’s successes in New Jersey, the fledgling nation might have failed in its fight for independence ### Joining the New Republic After the war, New Jersey was the third state to ratify the U.S. Constitution and the first to approve the Bill of Rights. At the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, a New Jersey delegate, William Paterson, put forward the \"New Jersey Plan.\" Paterson’s proffer led to the establishment of the U.S. Senate, in which every state, large and small, had equal representation. While the American Revolution unleashed the notions of equality and freedom, these ideals were slow to be realized in New Jersey. The state did not pass an act gradually abolishing slavery until 1804. Furthermore, this law only applied to the children of enslaved people born in 1804 or after. It was not until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified that enslavement of Blacks in New Jersey ended. New Jersey’s first constitution permitted property owners to vote, including single women and free Black men. Access to the ballot box was then restricted in 1807 when the state legislature passed a law that redefined voters as property-owning free white male citizens. Over half a century would pass before African American men gained the right to vote in New Jersey, while all women, regardless of race, waited for the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. ### Immigration and Invention In 1791, Alexander Hamilton and his associates selected an area along the Passaic River for Paterson, the first planned industrial city, where the rushing water over the Great Falls powered the new city\'s textile factories. This was the first step in New Jersey\'s transition into a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. While the state was predominantly agricultural at the end of the eighteenth century, the state became increasingly industrial in the centuries that followed. Industrialization continued to expand throughout the century. Trenton was known as the “Staffordshire of America” because of its unrivaled production of ceramics. South Jersey was home to a vibrant glass-making industry. North Jersey excelled in the production of electronics, chemicals, and plastics. Today, the state has a strong advanced manufacturing sector and remains a leader in many industries, including telecommunications, biotech, and pharmaceuticals. Situated midway between the northern and southern regions of the country, New Jersey embraced the expansion of canals and roads. Several members of the Stevens family played key roles in the state’s development as a transportation hub, building steamboats, steam ferries, and the Camden and Amboy Railroad. The Delaware and Raritan Canal operated from 1834 to 1932, connecting Philadelphia with New York and moving a variety of goods ranging from anthracite coal to cornmeal. John Roebling’s wire rope factory in Trenton supplied material to major bridge projects around the country, most notably the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1876, Thomas Edison established a pioneering research and development enterprise in Menlo Park, where the light bulb, sound recordings, commercial electric service, and other innovations were created or improved. Edison opened a new, larger laboratory in West Orange in 1887. There he continued to develop the electric light, and the cylinder phonograph, but also expanded into work on motion picture photography and production. In the nineteenth century, New Jersey’s status as a state of diversity continued. Immigration from northern and western European countries, including Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia, brought thousands of people to New Jersey in search of work. Following the building of the Transcontinental Railroad, the 1870s would see Belleville, New Jersey become home to the first Chinese American settlement on the East Coast, pre-dating the Chinatowns that would form later in Newark and Manhattan. In the 1880s, Hooghly merchants from West Bengal, India traded on the shores of New Jersey, creating the foundations for South Asian communities along the East Coast. By the turn of the twentieth century, immigration trends had shifted to southern and eastern European countries. Italians, Hungarians, Poles, Russians, and other Slavic peoples came to New Jersey by the thousands. Located just off the coast of New Jersey, Ellis Island served as the first point of entry for millions of immigrants seeking a better life in America. Those who chose to settle in New Jersey brought rich cultural traditions – including religious customs, languages, and foodways – to the state, many of which persist to the present day. African, Asian, South American, and Caribbean communities were always present in the state but continued to amplify and grow stronger in the twentieth century. ### New Jersey and the Civil War New Jersey served as a passageway on the Underground Railroad and home to a large population of free Black people. While some people utilized the Underground Railroad in New Jersey to travel further north, others, such as Levin and Sidney Still, escaped slavery in Maryland and made the state their new home. The Still family would go on to make numerous contributions to New Jersey and beyond, with notable figures such as Dr. James Still a prominent herbalist in Medford. He became the third largest landowner in Burlington County at the time of his death in 1882. William Still, who aided self- emancipated slaves in Philadelphia, eventually wrote The Underground Railroad in 1872 which is still an important record used by historians to understand the clandestine resistance movement. Other free Blacks, such as John S. Rock, a Black physician and lawyer from Salem, New Jersey, held prominent roles in the Underground Railroad by tending to the health and legal needs of self- emancipated slaves. The state, however, was divided over the Civil War. Political infighting, fueled by long-standing regional rivalries, led New Jersey to be the only state remaining in the Union that Lincoln lost twice. Nevertheless, New Jersey supported the Union war effort, recording over 88,000 enlistments. New Jersey regiments fought throughout the war including at the key battles of Second Bull Run, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg as well as in the 1864 Shenandoah Valley Campaign. African Americans from New Jersey supported the Union war effort in invaluable ways. Of the 88,000 New Jersey enlistments, some 2,900 were Black soldiers serving in the U.S. Colored Infantry. In addition to military service, African Americans provided instrumental support to the Union forces as scouts, spies, nurses, cooks, teamsters, carpenters, and laborers. During the War, Clara Barton – the future founder of the American Red Cross – was a strong supporter of the Union cause. She risked her life on the battlefields of Maryland and Virginia to deliver supplies to Union troops and tend to the wounded. Though not a New Jersey native, Barton made a significant impact on the state as a champion of free education during her years teaching in Bordentown. While New Jersey provided a large number of troops for the Union cause, the state cannot point to a strong legacy of championing the rights of African Americans during this era. The state legislature initially refused to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. In 1866, New Jersey became the last northern state to abolish slavery and even revoked its ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. African Americans, however, stood up for themselves in the courts, streets, and workplace, in addition to petitioning local and state governments for their deserved rights. They created associations and political groups and built churches as well as other institutions to advocate for their communities. The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified nationally in 1870 but did not pass in New Jersey until 1871. Nevertheless, on March 31, 1870, Thomas Mundy Peterson of Perth Amboy became the first African American in the nation to exercise the right to vote under the authority of this new amendment – a historic day for constitutional equality, but only the beginning of a new struggle for African American civil rights. ### Embracing the Twentieth Century In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, progressive reform movements sprung up around the state. As the nation’s most industrial, urban, and ethnically diverse state, New Jersey was considered the prototype for progressive economic, political, and social agendas. A strong union presence and labor organizing resulted in worker strikes in Paterson, Passaic, and Seabrook. In 1919, both houses of Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote. New Jersey was the 29th state to ratify the amendment, passing the State Legislature by a vote of 34-24. While in some ways the battle for suffrage had been won, Alice Paul, a native of Moorestown, was not satisfied. A prominent advocate and vocal leader in the fight for the Nineteenth Amendment, Paul began a new push for a federal constitutional amendment that would guarantee equality, regardless of sex. World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II played pivotal roles in transforming and modernizing New Jersey. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, New Jersey contributed significantly to the war effort. The state was home to munitions factories and shipbuilding companies. Hoboken operated as a major point of embarkation during the war. Camp Dix in Burlington County, part of today’s Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, was founded as a World War I training ground. Over 140,000 residents served in the armed forces, about 3,400 of whom died fighting for their country. Among those who perished was the poet Joyce Kilmer, known for his poem “Trees,” who posthumously received the French Croix de Guerre for his bravery. At the start of the War, African Americans continued migrating to New Jersey from the South to seek better opportunities and escape the oppression of Jim Crow laws and race-based violence. Needham Roberts, an African American man from Trenton, served in the 369th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Harlem Hellfighters. For his valor fighting alongside French forces, Roberts was one of the first two Americans to receive the Croix de Guerre. Throughout the 1930s, New Jersey and the rest of the nation weathered the Great Depression. By 1936, over 120,000 New Jerseyans were working for the Works Progress Administration, a cornerstone of the New Deal. The Civilian Conservation Corps recruited 91,500 New Jerseyans and left an enduring mark on the landscape of the state, erecting 199 bridges, building 47 dams, and planting more than 21 million trees. During World War II, more than 560,000 New Jerseyans served in branches of the armed services. The state’s economy boomed during the war years, with its agricultural and industrial sectors playing a critical role in the war effort. Over 200 New Jersey companies won the patriotic Army-Navy “E” Award for excellence in the production of vital wartime materials. The industrial workforce increased to nearly a million workers, and unemployment nearly vanished. The war presented new employment opportunities to women, African American men, and New Jersey’s growing Hispanic and Latino/a communities. During this time, Puerto Ricans and African Americans from the south moved to New Jersey to meet the high demand for agricultural laborers. However, racial discrimination in the workplace persisted. During the 1940s, Seabrook Farms, the site of one of the largest producers of the nations’ produce, hired Japanese labor from WWII incarceration camps, replacing long-time African American laborers who were seeking unionization. Consequently in 1945, New Jersey became the second state in the country to pass a statewide fair employment act barring discrimination by employers on the basis of race, ethnicity, and religion. In 1947, New Jersey adopted a new constitution that strengthened the office of the governor and streamlined the convoluted judicial system. The constitution ordered desegregation in New Jersey’s schools and National Guard – progressive steps years before the civil rights revolution. It also guaranteed the right of labor to organize and bargain collectively. Following World War II, the state experienced unprecedented prosperity for some. New Jersey witnessed a massive expansion of its suburbs, made possible by affordable housing developments, federally backed mortgages, and a cutting- edge transportation system that eventually led to the creation of the Garden State Parkway and the New Jersey Turnpike. Despite these advancements, the differential treatment of African American war veterans when it came to accessing GI Bill benefits, in addition to restrictive covenants and redlining practices, created a landscape of inequality that persists to this day. New Jersey innovation exploded during the twentieth century. African-American newspapers established themselves after emancipation, with Alfred R. Smith of Saddle River being, perhaps, the best New Jersey journalist of this time. Fort Lee was the birthplace of the motion picture industry in 1907, with early stars like Pearl White and Theda Bara appearing in popular studio productions. Elizabeth White and Dr. Frederick Coville cultivated the first domesticated blueberry crop in 1916. The Johnson & Johnson Company expanded its successful line of healthcare products with the introduction of the Band-Aid. Sara Spencer Washington founded Apex News and Hair Company, providing a variety of cosmetic products targeting African-American women. Bell Labs established its headquarters in Murray Hill in 1941. The groundbreaking research conducted there eventually garnered seven Nobel prizes, culminating in the invention of the transistor in 1947. The arrival of the transistor was transformative, providing the foundation for modern communications technology. In 1946, Dr. Walter McAfee conducted Project Diana, which bounced an electronic echo from the moon’s surface and back to the Evans Signal Laboratory in Wall Township. This experiment was regarded as the beginning of the space age. ### Popular Culture & Sports Numerous New Jerseyans left indelible marks on popular culture. In the realm of sports, America’s favorite pastimes can trace their roots to New Jersey soil. In 1846, baseball as it is known today was first played in Hoboken. The first college football game was played in New Brunswick in 1869 between Princeton University and Rutgers University. The first professional basketball game was held in Trenton in 1898. New Jersey’s high impact on the history of sports lives on in Paterson where one of the last remaining Negro Leagues stadiums has been historically restored. From Paul Robeson, Count Basie, Frank Sinatra and Sarah Vaughan, to Bruce Springsteen, Whitney Houston, Celia Cruz, and Queen Latifah, New Jersey musicians have helped shape American popular music. On stage and screen, New Jerseyans such as Jon Stewart, Meryl Streep, Jack Nicholson, Keshia Knight Pulliam, Zoe Saldana, Peter Dinklage, Kal Penn, John ### New Jersey Today Known as a haven for immigrants since the colonial period, New Jersey has become even more diverse since the 1960s. While earlier immigrants primarily came from Europe, today’s arrivals now come from countries in Central and South America, Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa. New Jerseyans of Hispanic and Latino/a descent form the state’s largest ethnic minority group representing 18% of the state’s population. New Jersey’s Asian American population continues to grow as well with suburbs including Fort Lee, Palisades Park, and Edison. Immigrants of all backgrounds represent an estimated 20% of New Jersey’s current population, reinforcing the state’s stature as a bastion of cultural diversity. New Jersey ranks 47th in size and 11th in population, making it the most densely populated state in the nation. Even so, it has preserved hundreds of thousands of acres of open space, including the Pinelands National Reserve, designated in 1978 to preserve the unique ecosystem of the state’s Pine Barrens. Nine million people may call New Jersey home, but 42% of the state is still covered by forest. Scientists continue to marvel at the variety of soil types and plant and animal species found in this relatively small area. Despite its dense population, the “Garden State” still has thousands of acres of farmland and continues its historical legacy as a producer of a wide array of agricultural products. Jersey tomatoes, blueberries, and corn are loved and anticipated by residents and visitors alike. Through its resort communities along the state’s 130 miles of ocean shoreline, New Jersey has also been a pioneer in recreation and tourism. Cape May was reportedly the nation’s most famous seaside resort in 1850, and consistently ranks among the nation’s top resort towns today. Atlantic City, the “Queen of Resorts,” was home to the first boardwalk and the Miss America Pageant. At present, New Jersey is a destination, – not only for travelers, – but for all people to come for those seeking an exceptional quality of life, abundant work opportunities, a first-rate education, and a chance to improve their prospects for a better tomorrow. This is a brief overview of New Jersey’s history; you can find more information at history.nj.gov and Sources: Afro-Americans in New Jersey: A Short History by Giles R. WrightBlack New Jersey: 1664 to the Present Day by Graham Russell Gao HodgesEncyclopedia of New Jersey edited by Maxine Lurie & Marc MappenEnvisioning New Jersey: An Illustrated History of the Garden State by Maxine Lurie and Richard VeitHonoring the Legacy of Walter S. McAfee ‘85HN, Monmouth University It Happened Here: New Jersey produced by Kean University and the New Jersey Historical Commission Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854-185 by William GilletteJerseyana: The Underside of New Jersey History by Marc Mappen The Latino Oral History Collection from the New Jersey Hispanic Research and Information CenterLatinos Then and Now by the Newark Public LibraryLegislating Slavery in New Jerseyby Geneva SmithMapping New Jersey: An Evolving Landscape Edited by Maxine N. Lurie & Peter O. WackerNeedham Roberts, 369th U.S. Infantry, formerly 15th N.Y.N.G., decorated with the Croix de Guerre, with palm, and wearing two service stripes and two wound stripesfrom the Library of CongressNew Jersey: A History of the Garden State by Maxine Lurie & Richard VeitNew Jersey and the Great War, 1914 – 1919 by Richard J. ConnorsNew Jersey, The Last Northern State to End Slavery, by Noelle Lorriane Williams Petticoats vs. Redcoats: New Jersey Women and the American Revolution edited by New Jersey History PartnershipsProhibition Gangsters: The Rise and Fall of a Bad Generation by Marc MappenThe Black Freedom Struggle in Northern New Jersey, 1613-1860: A Review of Literature, by N. MathewsThere’s More to New Jersey Than the Sopranos by Marc Mappen Additional Resources: Discover NJ History New Jersey’s Indigenous Voices: Sharing the Continuing Story of Indigenous Peoples in New Jersey New Jersey’s Revolutionary History Resources from RevolutionNJ NJ Women Vote Video Series ### NJ.gov * #### About NJ * Facts & Symbols * Famous NJ * History * Arts & Culture * The Garden State * NJ National Landmarks & Historic Sites * NJ Maps * #### Business * #### Community & Wellness * Your Community * Vital Statistic & Public Records * Civic Responsibilities & Volunteering * Genealogy & History * Consumer * Housing & Property * Assistance * Health & Wellness * Counseling & Addiction Services * Children & Family Services * Senior Services * Veteran Services * Disability Services * Animal Welfare * #### Education * Students * Parents * Educators * Special Needs Education * Grants, Financial Aid & Scholarships * Jobs in Education * Directories/Lists #### * Employment * Find a Job in NJ * Licenses & Permits * Job Training * Unemployment & Disability * Employer Responsibilities * Information for NJ State Employees #### * Government * Governor\'s Office * About NJ Government * State Government Resources * State & Local Directories * Departments & Agencies * Taxes * Municipal and County Government * Federal Government & Other States #### * Public Safety & Security * Public Service and Emergency Assistance Phone Numbers * Crisis Centers * Homeland Security * Internet Security * School Security * Crime Prevention and Response * Disaster Assistance * Senior Citizens * Legal Resources * Fire Prevention #### * Things to do in NJ * Arts & Culture * Historical Attractions * Museums * Theaters & Concert Halls * Sports Venues * State Parks & Forests * Outdoor Activities * Family Fun * The Jersey Shore * NJ Lighthouses * Casinos * Agri-tourism/Farms * Gardens & Arboretums * Wineries * Shopping * Skiing/Ice Skating * Surfing #### * Transportation & Motor Vehicles * Vehicles, Licensing, Registration and Regulations * Inspections * Auto Insurance * Transportation and Construction * Highway Traffic Safety * EZ pass * Maps & Publications * Buses, Trains & Light Rail * Motorcycles, Bikes & Boats * Air Transportation ### Statewide * Governor Phil Murphy * Lt. 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America is gaining over 10000 brand new beautiful factories | 3,156 | * Donate * Blog * About UsExpand * History * Diversity Statement * Board of Directors * Staff * Employment * Connect * Join Email List My Account Search ![\\"Minnesota](\\" content/uploads/2022/11/cropped-MSHS-Reversed-Online- logo-e1585423002779.png\\") * Magazine * Resource Hub * EventsExpand * Classes & Webinars * Community Events * Home & Garden Show * Minnesota State Fair * Potted Plant Show * Spring Garden Gala * Travel Tours * What We DoExpand * Garden-in-a-Box * Minnesota Green * Pollinator Paks™ * Speaker Roster * Judging & Exhibiting * Advertising & Sponsorship * MembershipExpand * Join or Renew * Gift a Membership * Membership Cards * Discount Partners * SupportExpand * Bookshop * 2023 Impact Report * Heirloom Circle * Shop * Volunteer ![\\"Minnesota](\\" content/uploads/2022/11/cropped-MSHS-Reversed-Online- logo-e1585423002779.png\\") Toggle Menu ![\\"\\"](\\" bellflower-blog-feature-image.jpg\\") Solutions # Ask a Master Gardener: Creeping Bellflower June 3, 2023July 22, 2023 That was the craziest May in recent memory. I could finally get outside and into my garden and the to-do list was anxiety-inducing—especially since I lost several shrubs and small trees to a combination of last year’s drought and rabbits over the winter. The hort society has been getting quite a few questions lately about creeping bellflower. Question: How do you remove creeping bellflower? Why is there so much of it this spring? Answer: Let’s start with a brief history of creeping bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides, a native plant of Asia that was sold for many years in the U.S. as a garden plant. I can imagine the description nurseries must have added: “Unkillable! Sun or shade! Thrives on drought, neglect and negativity!” Unfortunately, even though the vast majority of nurseries no longer sell it, because of the aforementioned hardiness, it thrives in vacant lots and unkempt yards of clueless homeowners all over our fair state. What makes creeping bellflower hard to eradicate can be illustrated with a picture: ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/06/CreepingBellflower_Roots-1024x768.jpg\\") I dug this bunch up recently and washed off the roots to make them easier to see. If you try to simply pull creeping bellflower, the slender roots near the surface of the soil will break off, as seen on the far left of the photo. Unfortunately, the tuberous rhizomes that make up the critical part of the root system will still be underground, and they will come back almost overnight. The other “great” thing about these tubers? They make creeping bellflowers practically drought-proof. I suspect that’s why so many of us are dealing with such a scourge of them this year: they thrived where other plants bit the (literal) dust. The best way to get rid of them is to dig them out with a shovel, and be thorough; carefully remove ALL roots from the loosened soil. I’ve seen various bits of advice about how deep a person must dig, ranging from six inches to two feet. But sometimes it really depends! It can be really tricky when their tubers are all mixed up in tree roots. Whenever possible, I use my shovel and dig down a good 8-12 inches. Glyphosate is effective at killing creeping bellflower, but it must be applied multiple times to as the roots continue to resprout. I’d rather use elbow grease and get it out in one shot with my shovel. This probably goes without saying, but do not compost creeping bellflower in your own pile—city compost or garbage only, or you could end up worsening your issue. Identification How do you know if you have it? I’ll admit, even to my trained eyes, creeping bellflower sometimes hides in plain sight this time of year when it’s not yet flowering. Here’s a patch of it at a house that is way too close to mine: ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/06/Creeping_Bellflower_young-1024x768.jpg\\") If in doubt, you could wait until it flowers. The plant had admittedly pretty, purple bell-shaped flowers. But whatever you do, commit to removing it before the flowers turn to seeds—each plant is capable of producing more than 10,000 seeds. This plant is the literal worst. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/06/Creeping_Bellflower_flowers-1008x1024.jpg\\") The fact of the matter is, if you have creeping bellflower, you will probably always have it to some degree. The best thing to do is learn how to identify it in the spring so you can dig it out while the ground is soft and your other perennials are still actively growing—I often pop an extra of something else in the spot where I dug up the bellflower. A final note. Creeping bellflower is a member of the Campanula family, and we actually have some very beautiful native Campanulas, including Campanula americana, American Bellflower, which looks somewhat similar but is not invasive. You are fairly unlikely to have American Bellflower in your yard if you didn’t actively plant it, but it’s still worth noting, and admiring if you see it in the wild. Its flowers are a more bluish purple, and have a slightly fringed-edge compared to the creeping bellflower. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/06/American_Bellflower.jpg\\") To the creeping bellflower fighters, I see you. Solidarity. Have indoor or outdoor gardening questions? Ask them in the comments below. If we don’t get to yours, you can Ask a Master Gardener online or call the Yard & Garden Line at (612) 301-7590. Other helpful resources: Yard & Garden Home The Master Gardener Volunteer program Jennifer Rensenbrink is a University of Minnesota Extension Master Gardener for Hennepin County and regular contributor to Northern Gardener® magazine. She grows native plants, vegetables and fruit in her south Minneapolis yard. You can follow her gardening adventures on Instagram. ###### BOOST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ## Explore our upcoming classes & webinars Take your horticultural IQ to the next level. Explore a wide range of classes and topics taught by local experts, available virtually or at a venue near you. UPCOMING CLASSES & WEBINARS Post Tags: #Blog ## Post navigation Previous Previous DIY Pot Compendium NextContinue Plant These Annuals for Great Cut Flowers ## 55 Comments 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Karen says: at I’m very surprised that you say it’s okay to send this to the city compost. There is no guarantee it won’t survive and spread to any place the city compost is then used. Unless your city compost reaches the temperature of the interior of the sun, I believe the bellflower would survive. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at In general, any industrial-scale composting process is going to get hot enough to kill weed seeds, but perhaps “interior of the sun” is truly the fate that creeping bellflower seeds deserve. When the plants are pulled before flowering like this, there’s no reason city compost can’t handle those roots and foliage. I guess perhaps we could amend this to say that if the plant has gone to seed, burn them with fire! Reply 2. ![\\"\\"](\\" larry wade says: at Good Material. Thank you. Reply 3. ![\\"\\"](\\" Vince Herda says: at I’m not sure why a person would want to get rid of creeping bellflowers. From the article it seems to be an attractive plant. Why not let it grow in areas that are not lawn, gardens, or rock? And in those areas yes, remove them. But the lawn mower will keep them down, in gardens its just another annoying plant to pull up, in rock areas Roundup does the job. I’ve got an area in my backyard where creeping bellflowers would be a nice add. Would choke out my ugly weeds and replace them with a more attractive “weed”. Why not let it grow in areas that are not lawn, gardens, or rock? Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at The main reason that you should not choose to plant this or any invasive non- native plant is that it can “escape” your yard and establish itself in wild areas and outcompete native plants, destroying critical habitat that supports wildlife. Another well-known example of this phenomenon is buckthorn. Reply 2. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jon says: at Because each plant makes thousands of seeds and they will eventually end up in gardens, either yours or your neighbors’. And then they are not “just another annoying plant to pull up”, because they will continue to spread by seed AND underground, coming up in the middle of other plants, and since the only way to eradicate CB is to completely dig up every trace of the root system, you wouldn’t be able to do that without destroying whatever other plants it has mingled with. Also, after their brief bloom period, they quickly become ugly and covered with burs which will stick to your clothing if you go anywhere near them. You may find the bloom attractive but take it from people who have actual experience with this plant: It’s not worth it. Dealing with weeds is an unavoidable aspect of gardening which we all can accept, but this weed is much worse than most. Reply 3. ![\\"\\"](\\" Tank says: at Because it’s completely choked out my Phlox, salvia and is headed for my hydrangeas. Reply 4. ![\\"\\"](\\" Liz Nichols says: at Liz Nichols, Bemidji. I agree with you Vince. I do have creeping Bellflower. 56 years ago, Dr. Ruth Brune Mangelsdorff, a professor it BSU, generously shared many plants from her gardens with me. Gardens were designed and planted by horticulturists. I treasure a few of the purple lady bells. Keep them to a minimum! Don’t be lazy! work your gardens! Reply 5. ![\\"\\"](\\" jackson says: at yeah go for it!!!! see how you like that “pretty plant” in a few years. actually never mind because you will have already have sold your property and found refuge elsewhere…. its not pretty… its horrifying. and it will eventually creep into your lawn. just takes one tiny tendril of root 12 inches below soil. and it won’t be killed by roundup. and it will send thousands of seeds everywhere. and creep into your gorgeous flower beds and grow insidiously into your most beloved plants until they are choked to death…. and you will be constantly a little anxious, waiting to find it living in grandma’s heritage irises, and you will Dig up the whole damn clump and clean it out but you will never get all the roots out because the roots are like silk threads and every one left behind will spout in ten directions, and it will make you feel powerless and suck the fun out of gardening. and when this plant finally crushes your will to fight back, you will be finally bow down to campanula, at last forced to accept the fact that us mere humans really don’t have any control over anything at all, not our lives, lawns, not even over our flowerbeds, and question why you even bothered to cultivate the earth in the first place, when your last dying breath will be spent cursing the name of this god awful plant. do you really want to live always having one eye open, worrying, checking.. it can be on mars.. but no fucking closer. choose your fate wisely. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Donna says: at Oh my! I can so relate to your comment. You have captured my experience with creeping bellflower brilliantly. Thank you! Reply 6. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jean anderson says: at I have it in my lawn !!! The more you cut it with a lawn mower the more it spreads!!!!!!!!! To each there own. I personally don’t like invasive plants . Reply 7. ![\\"\\"](\\" Shan says: at Because it literally takes over everything around it. My lawn for example. Then my neighbours lawn because I didn’t know what it was. And there is no controlling or eradicating it. I’ve tried digging it up and discarding a lot of the soil and going through it foot by foot removing all the hair like roots and tubers. It is a hellflower. 😢 Reply 4. ![\\"\\"](\\" Liz says: at Thank you for solidarity with other creeping bellflower veterans! Reply 5. ![\\"\\"](\\" Kris Grangaard says: at I believe UM says CB is resistant to glyphosate. They say Triclopyr-something. Personally, I dig and smother, but it’s of little long-term use except to push it back a bit. This year, I may resort to Triclopyr at the edges and sink a deep barrier…I hate to give it to neighbors. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at I am not seeing any articles about it being resistant to glyphosate, but it’s definitely possible—and glyphosate only works after repeated applications every time those roots resprout. It’s tricky because it’s always coming up mixed in with plants that you want! That’s why I really prefer digging it out in the spring or fall when transplanting other plants will be less stressful for them. Reply 2. ![\\"\\"](\\" Kristina Thompson says: at It’s known to be resistant to 2,4-D. Perhaps that is what you are thinking of? I’ve visited about a dozen state and master gardener sites in the past day and all include glyphosate as one of several herbicide options. All options take persistent effort over a 2-3 years. I’m going with glyphosate as it is non- volatile and will not persist in soil or compost. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Susan says: at Well, I used to be rather cavalier about applying glyphosate (back about 2016), but not anymore, as I now have concerns about its persistence, particularly in surface water and ground water. And possible drift, if spraying. When it is advised to wear a mask and shut the windows and turn off the AC, digging is safer from my perspective. Reply 6. ![\\"\\"](\\" Ronna Vinge says: at Thank you so much for this article. I found it thru a link in our NextDoor email (Minnetonka). The photos were very helpful. I’m afraid I may be one of those clueless people who had creeping bell flower last year but did nothing about it. It has come on incredibly thick this year in a pine/rock garden I have near the street, nearly stifling the other plants struggling to grow there. I’ve started digging it up, starting with the plants that are beginning to encroach on the lawn. I’ll then move on to those in the confines of the rock garden. Appreciate your thorough article and I hope we can get a head of this stuff!!! Reply 7. ![\\"\\"](\\" Mary says: at We have been digging this out for some 40 years! It is tenacious and pops up in new places regularly. I am successful at keeping it under control with diligence and good humor. I gave up glyphosate years ago. Reply 8. ![\\"\\"](\\" Pat Stamp says: at I got it by accident with a gift flower. Now, 40 years and two gardens later it is the gift that keeps on giving. I didn’t know about the tubers. Thanks for that information. Reply 9. ![\\"\\"](\\" Emily says: at Hi all. Thanks very much for this posting! I have been dealing with creeping bellflower for just a couple of years now in my backyard, which was left to spread and grow by a previous owner. I have taken the same approach: to dig up any and all roots. But there seem to be a few barriers. The roots are very thick and very long; perhaps 3 times the size or more of the largest roots in the picture shown here. So they go down extremely deep: 1.5, perhaps even 2 feet or more. Also, the soil is very heavy clay soil. Wonderful in nutrients, but compaction is quite significant the further down one gets. I live in southern Manitoba. So, I dig and I dig and I dig… My neighbours wonder if I’m digging for an underground bunker. Ha! Sigh; not quite. But it is a spectacle! I can spend a couple of hours on one root system, and still, no matter how determined I am, not be able to get either my spade or trowel in deep enough, to be able to unearth and loosen the root without it breaking off when I pull it. It seems I need another option for those roots at the bottom that I just can’t get. Would love to hear some ideas! Thanks! Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Erin says: at I also have spots where I just can’t get to all the roots – especially along the fence line. I’ve never managed to totally eradicate it, but yanking out the leaves every time I see them come up and getting some dense plantings to shade them out a bit does keep them from spreading too quickly. Even when I manage to get rid of all of it, it just blows in from a neighbor’s yard. It’s by far the worst weed I’ve ever dealt with, and this year is really one of the worst years for it that I can remember. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Shari says: at This weed is the bane of my existence. Seriously. I’m going on a near 20 year battle with this weed. I’ve managed to keep it MOSTLY out if my flower beds by being diligent. I pull before flowering where it’s not easy to dig and where I can dig, I do. I’ve gotten quite adept at digging “gently” to follow the fragile roots from the leaves to the main root. I’ve fantasized about injecting the thicker stems with something, anything that may travel back to the root and kill it. Sure that sounds crazy but digging it up all summer gets old. Reply 10. ![\\"\\"](\\" Kathy from Cold Climate Gardening says: at I suspect this is sometimes sold as the garden plant Adenophora. They’re hard to tell apart. Also, Campanuala rapunculoides is grown by some Asian cultures as a plant to eat. Reply 11. ![\\"\\"](\\" Dave says: at I agree with some of the comments. It’s a very pretty plant and useful to bees. I’d be open to seeing it grow in areas of our property that don’t have grass. Then contain it when it does appear? Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at Hi Dave, I think you’d end up filing this under “REGRETS” if you chose to go that route. “Containing it when it does appear”–could mean hours of work digging up roots every spring. There are so many options that are easier to grow than grass, but are not invasive and will not harm wildlife by displacing the plants they depend on. Creeping bellflower didn’t evolve here so though it might occasionally be visited by pollinators, it is not a primary source of food for them or their caterpillars. If you’re looking for a shade and drought friendly plant, try Giant Solomon’s Seal, or any of our native sedges (like Pennsylvania sedge), or even wild geranium if you’d like something with pretty flowers. See also our native American Bellflower pictured above—it’s gorgeous! Reply 12. ![\\"\\"](\\" Ann Buttermann says: at I join others in the decades-long fight with this invasive plant. Creeping bellflower, along with snow-on-the-mountain, have kept my garden gloves and trowel busy for 30 years in our yard. I agree with the person who commented that humor is an essential part of the ‘eradication journey’ with these clever plants! Reply 13. ![\\"\\"](\\" Ann says: at I join others in the decades-long fight with this invasive plant. Creeping bellflower, along with snow-on-the-mountain, have kept my garden gloves and trowel busy for 30 years in our yard. I agree with the person who commented that humor is an essential part of the ‘eradication journey’ with these clever plants! Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" jackson says: at “clever plants”haha . yes it’s a journey indeed. thx for the laugh, this weed sucks! Reply 14. ![\\"\\"](\\" Nancy Cyr says: at I have to tackle one garden bed in the front of my home that CB is taking over. I will remove the few small shrubs and perennials and wash their roots clean before replanting elsewhere. My plan is to spray with glyphosate and then cover with black landscape cloth and let it “cook” for the rest of the year. Will that kill off the remaining roots so I’ll be able to replant in the spring of 2024? Or, should I wait another whole growing season and replant in 2025? Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer R says: at I think that sounds like a solid plan! Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Melissa says: at Nancy, I think your plan is good, except it will almost certainly take more than one year to kill the below ground roots. Their tubers are extremely resilient. I was advised by a member of the UMN extension staff that it would take multiple applications of glyphosate to kill them, and that this chemical control would have the most impact late in season, when the plant is transferring food to its roots to survive dormancy. Even with that advice I’ve had little success. In my experience, completely removing other plants and digging deep will probably be more effective than the glyphosate or covering. The only area of my yard where I succeeded in removing it without reappearance the following year is an area where I was removing a shrub and was able to dig down and remove roots nearly three feet deep. Reply 15. ![\\"\\"](\\" Stephen Parsons says: at I feel the same about wild four ‘o clock. Reply 16. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at I just wanted to hop into these comments again, because I made it seem like digging up the tubers is the only option. I want to stress that if you don’t have time, or it’s really dry and you don’t want to disturb other plants, pulling out the flowering stalks is still definitely better than nothing! I’ve still got it popping up all over my flower and vegetable beds the last couple weeks but right now (hot, dry, other things around it in full bloom) would not be the best time for digging. So I just pull, try to note locations, and then plan to do more digging of the roots next spring. At least you’re not letting it go to seed this way. Reply 17. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at Me again, I just can’t leave this alone. HA! I found an excellent discussion of the use of vinegar for controlling CBF and other weeds from Ohio State University’s Extension Office. Summary: it doesn’t work very well. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" MSHS says: at Ha! Very helpful — thanks, Jennifer. Reply 18. ![\\"\\"](\\" Eric says: at I used to take this combative stance way way back before I connected and I mean really connected with nature elementally speaking. But how much time and money have most most here collectively came to the conclusion. That more or less, this beautiful fighter, yes that is how you decide, not nature as true or not because nature has already made no personal decision of that kind of matter. Nature already sees its beauty. Invasive is already more or less established as dominant, but not native then, but now native in reality. ie Law of nature survival of fittest as a country now becomes another descendant of different peoples throughout history no different in natures reality view, it simply survives and changes accordingly. I understand the ecosystem unbalance initially and management efforts with frustration. But as to what end cost is it going to take, to out wit and out manage, yet again natures choice of allowing the unnatural to occur in the first place (Nature says yes and you say no, now a Beatles song is in my head). Only deemed by humans to see fit within its natural now say so, new habitat. It comes down to a different perspective as to what is and what is not viewed as a value, and that does not just include human preferences but natures selective choice and change. This is an edible food source in case you get real hungry while trying to kill it off, it will feed you sustenance for those burned up calories and mental stresses you have while gardening while you also struggle and stress over removing the other fronts of natures choices, called the dandelions, wild violets, purple dead nettles, henbit’s etc of which are all other sources of food and herbal medicines as well, not just for humans I refer (Value overlooked). But go drop some chemical bombs on them too while your at it, of which 6 times out of 10 for most average gardeners and home owners will experience as a non winning battle as well. Now many are not only stressed more so but now a little more poor from being so. But these collective efforts will damage the ecosystem far worse than this little purple bell beauty trying to become native will ever do on it’s own. When you calculate yard after yard of chemical bombings, bleeding over from one yard to the next via some form of transport of one kind or another, year after year. That also contributes to perpetuating bird and insect imbalances as well. Along with the insect specific chemical bombings creating a stagnant environment and insect kill off ratios to perpetuate other imbalances such as the invasive Japanese beetles. Increasing a propagation of the grubs to feed the moles who can destroy your garden yardscapes almost overnight in some cases. Point being not precise, but you get the picture of the typical human habit of not looking at overall value, not being natural and being invasive themselves, and not embracing what is already wanting to grow in the said environment for the most part as value. Narrow focusing is causing a much larger ill affect upon nature and the overall ecosystems! Such as the narrow perspective of the almost valueless yardscapes of the grass blade itself. With humans frantically and obsessively establishing invasiveness efforts themselves, acres after acres of fields and clearings. Destroying far more ecosystems and forests than any invasive plant species could ever do. Maybe this is nature paying us back by implementing what is not seen as natural, but as unnatural invasion to us, but mirrored back upon us as unnatural invasion against us, for doing the same to it by that narrow focus of unnatural implementation of grass upon the native environments ourselves as the invasive species. Grass clearings or scapes are not native for the most part, and when they are, they are not that much of an overall benefit comparatively speaking. Invasion of the overall ecosystem by mans hand itself, which is unnatural and invasive to even a higher degree, than the little purple bell beauty could ever hope to be. Reply 19. ![\\"\\"](\\" Isa says: at I had a very difficult year last year with out of state family health issues. I was gone from my home the entire spring and summer. I stopped in just before winter and saw that the creeping bell flowers had taken over my yard. I hired some guys to help me dig them out the best we could but this year, they are everywhere (even though I covered most my property with black plastic). I’m assuming the ones that found their way to the sun are feeding the ones trying to come up under the plastic. The work I have in front of me is horrific. I hope that I can get them all up before they flower or seed. The one bright spot is that I am able to eat the early leaves and the rhizomes (which are as large as small carrots. They have the consistency of a carrot as well, and they are filled with vitamin C. I’m going to need that energy!) Reply 20. ![\\"\\"](\\" Barb says: at Can smothering be used as a technique? Reply 21. ![\\"\\"](\\" Susan Ronnander says: at This comment leaves nothing unsaid. I have spent days working to mitigate this tyrant bellflower year after year! My daughter is at her whit’s end with it, too. Reply 22. ![\\"\\"](\\" Julie Ann Wegscheid says: at Is there any type of lawn/yard sign that I could put out to get info out to the larger community so they can learn/know creeping bellflower is an invasive? Does it exist in MN or elsewhere? Thanks. Reply 23. ![\\"\\"](\\" C. Code says: at OMG….this spring…2024 I don’t know how I got thousands of them everywhere….those creeping blue bells have choked and KILL all my perennials! I have a mess of them….if you dig them up while they are little you will think you have all their roots…WRONG! it doesn’t stop their…they are NOT DEAD! dig down a few feet you will find the rest of their roots….thick white roots that look like parsnips….they are grouped and they will continue to choke every root from your lovely flowers…I have just a few perennials that may make it ….maybe? those roots will stop your lovely flowers from living…those creeping blue bells have a two tier root system….and they will dry out every root from other plants….KILLING THEM! it seems they aren’t damaging many of my bushes…but I have lost most of all my lovely prized flowers….I seriously recommend to dig…dig….dig and bag those roots right away in a good large steel pot….my advise is to start digging them all up as soon as you can in the spring….good luck…I was told it will take a very long time to get rid of them….the big roots that cause more damage to every plant in your garden are down about 12″…14″ deep and easy to find… this spring I planted many of my new flowers in their own plastic plant pots and into the garden soil… this way it will be easy to remove and making sure there are no creeping blue bells roots choking them try…. for marigolds and cosmos I have used large tomato cans….with a few slits along the edge for drainage…. COPY THIS! you’ll need it again… Reply 24. ![\\"\\"](\\" Becky Langenecker says: at I’m also dealing with this invasive. It came with my current home from previous homeowners. I’m trying to burn with a weed dragon, but it has come back. I also don’t let it bloom and seed out and burn all plant material in the fire pit. This spring it’s spread into the lawn. Ugh. Hoping someone has some ideas that I haven’t tried. I’m staring to consider a broadleaf killer for the lawn. I have a relatively “wild” lawn full of dandelions clover and grass. I hate to think I’ll kill all of the broadleaves. Any ideas? Reply 25. ![\\"\\"](\\" carrothead says: at Dear Jennifer, I spent some time researching published studies on creeping bellflower and learned that though it is pretty resistant to residential preparations of glyphosate-RoundUp III, it is definitely killed by applications of triclopyr, which is a synthetic auxin-plant hormone. This spring, 2024, I bought a (BLUE PLASTIC) one-gallon jug of “BioAdvanced Brush Killer Plus”, which is a ready to use concentrate of 0.8% triclopyr, the one with the little manual trigger sprayer (~$16), and I carefully applied mere droplets onto the leaves of our invading CB, and it has eradicated them, no matter the size of the plants. The plants stop growing and can look yellow- green and a little dried-out after a couple days, and stay that way until they curl up dead in about 2-4 weeks. I have about 3/4 of the jug left over and I am using it to help my neighbors out with their CB. It takes very little of this stuff to knock down a big patch. For safety, wear gloves and eye protection and apply only on a totally windless day so you do not get it in your eyes. Use the spray setting that forms large droplets and a light trigger touch will get it right onto those leaves. Hope this helps everyone. Hi from South Dakota Reply 26. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at Dear Carrothead—please let us know how many applications of the triclopyr are needed… I am very intrigued by your report! I still feel like these plants are zombies and will come back in 2-3 weeks but please keep us posted. Reply 1. ![\\"\\"](\\" Carrothead says: at Hi Jennifer, May 31, 2024 I am reporting that my invading bellflower patches have been eradicated by applying triclopyr, at 0.8% solution- using the product i described in the earlier comment above, with one or maybe two- if you are bored of waiting- very casual applications, maybe spaced apart by 2 weeks. I left the plants in place for the duration, no digging up or cutting down, to see what happened. You may spray it on one leaf or all the leaves. I had bellflowers invading over several years along a residential backyard fenceline mixed into flowerbeds and also into the grass in our lawn in several low mowed over patches. I started the triclopyr treatment at the beginning of May and have not had any “zombie” plants re-emerge. The patches which were out in the lawn for years are now completely gone, and no grass was harmed by triclopyr. I even had a bellflower coming up through the middle of a group of irises and I was able to kill it without harming any of them. I am guessing that the auxin action has depleted the rhizomes of carbohydrate leading to overall plant death. Please give it a try. Reply 27. ![\\"\\"](\\" Michael says: at I have a depressingly large patch of CBF in my yard where it has choked out my perennial native rudbeckia seemingly overnight. I am in the process of trying to dig up the CBF root system but doubt I will be able to get it all without killing everything else in my garden (and even then I think the CBF will persist). You mention planting something else when you dig out a patch of CBF. What would you recommend? Is there a hardy native perennial that could at least give the CBF a run for its money? Reply 28. ![\\"\\"](\\" Diane says: at Oh I wish I had seen an article like this about 10 years ago. Creeping bellflowers were growing in a couple places in my yard 32 years ago. Thinking they were so pretty, I saved seeds and spread them in 2 flower beds. I’ve been digging ever since. Don’t let the beauty fool you! Reply 29. ![\\"\\"](\\" Julie Ann Wegscheid says: at Jennifer – I greatly appreciate your article, stories and great picture of the tubers. I included your article in my list of resources. I provided a table of contents with different subjects about dealing with CBF, a key with great articles like yours and much more! Want as many people to know. Please email me directly first. You can do whatever you would like with the info. I am a MG in Ramsey Co. Reply 30. ![\\"\\"](\\" Julie Ann Wegscheid says: at I am using both triclopyr (LESCO triclopyr 4 Ester post emergent liquid) and round up (closest to trees) that a neighbor gave me in my boulevard and alley gardens. For the triclopyr, staff suggested 1 tsp per 2 cups water. Initially I spray pumped. Have been painting on leaves most recently. Did not see % age on bottle. Helpful, repeating- treatments because I cannot keep up with the CBF. Digging and digging inside big lawn. May try a smothering 1st year for 6-12 mths (only 1/3 of area around trees was recommended at a time to be kind to roots), 2nd yr more digging which should be easier – maybe plant annuals, and more steps. Reply 31. ![\\"\\"](\\" Paige R. says: at One year my father and I spent hours digging and digging up creeping bellflower. We sifted through the dirt, attempting to get out every little piece of root. I felt good and was hopeful it wouldn’t come back; however, it came back more energized than ever! I’ve sprayed it with some seriously industrial strength stuff, dug it up numerous times, mowed it, and no matter what, it just keeps coming back and spreading. Has anyone dug it up and then put sod down the following year to attempt to smother it? Reply 32. ![\\"\\"](\\" Serena says: at I found the most effective way to eradicate it in areas that it has already managed to get established is to harass it to death – but you have to be more tenacious than it. I tried digging up the roots but it just kept coming back and, in the process, I damaged too many plants I was trying to grow. I figured that a plant without leaves will eventually die, so I just started constantly pulling and hoeing the parts above ground. You can even just use a strong glove and rub the above ground parts off and leave them to decompose. You have to keep up with it, but I was able to completely free a large part of my garden from it over the course of a couple of years whereas digging was getting me nowhere. I’m now working on the rest of the garden. To those who think this is pretty and wonder why not to grow this in their garden, or any garden – I did not plant this. This came to my garden from elsewhere without my permission. I didn’t know what it was and thought it was pretty as well, so I let it grow. Biggest garden mistake I have ever made. Creeping Charlie has nothing on this plant. It will choke out nearly anything it gets near. It survives mowing, herbicides, drought, and even burning. Don’t do this to your neighbors. No matter how diligent you think you are, you will unleash this horror on someone. Upside – this is edible. The leaves don’t have much taste, but the roots are nutty and sweet. Reply 33. ![\\"\\"](\\" Francene Starr says: at Thanks Eric — I worked for the USEPA for 36 years — no herbicide is “safe.” I pull the plants when they flower, and having a lot and a half, can’t imagine digging. Some of my favorite perennials seems to be doing OK even with the bellflower popping up nearby…I don’t want to argue with the diggers or sprayers; just my opinion. Reply 34. ![\\"\\"](\\" Jennifer Rensenbrink says: at Just following up on the few comments that mentioned the herbicide triclopyr with this read from Purdue University. The upshot? Use triclopyr with extreme caution: mounting-evidence-for-off-target-damage/ Reply 35. ![\\"\\"](\\" John William says: at Creeping Bellflower can be a persistent garden invader, but with the right techniques, you can manage its spread. Master Gardeners offer great advice on keeping this tenacious plant in check! Reply ### Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 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America is gaining over 10000 brand new beautiful factories | 3,156 | The White House The White House The White House * Home * Administration * Priorities * The Record * Briefing Room * Español * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement Menu Close To search this site, enter a search term Search ## Mobile Menu Overlay * Administration Show submenu for “Administration”” * President Joe Biden * Vice President Kamala Harris * First Lady Dr. Jill Biden * Second Gentleman Douglas Emhoff * The Cabinet * Executive Offices Show submenu for “Executive Offices”” * Council of Economic Advisers * Council on Environmental Quality * Domestic Policy Council * Gender Policy Council * National Economic Council * National Security Council * National Space Council * Office of Intergovernmental Affairs * Office of Management and Budget * Office of the National Cyber Director * Office of National Drug Control Policy * Office of Public Engagement * Office of Science and Technology Policy * Office of the United States Trade Representative * Climate Policy Office * Presidential Personnel Office * Priorities * Briefing Room * The White House Show submenu for “The White House”” * Presidents * First Families * The Grounds * Our Government * Get Involved Show submenu for “Get Involved”” * Write or Call The White House * Join Us * White House Fellows * White House Internship Program * The Record * Disclosures * Español * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500 To search this site, enter a search term Search December 06, 2022 # Remarks by President Biden on American Manufacturing and Creating Good- Paying Jobs 1. Home 2. Briefing Room 3. Speeches and Remarks TSMC Semiconductor PlantPhoenix, Arizona 2:17 P.M. MST THE PRESIDENT: I don’t know if any of you have any seats, but if you have a seat, please take them. (Laughter.) I once said that when I first became President, and they said, “Biden is so slow, he doesn’t realize there’s no seats out here.” (Laughter.) Anyway, thank you, Mark, for that introduction. I appreciate it very much. Your company’s commitment to building, as you put it, a vibrant — “a vibrant semiconductor ecosystem in the United States.” And that’s what we’re doing with your help. Thank you to everyone at TSMC, especially Morris Chang who founded this company in 1987 and grew it into a global giant. But the most significant thing about him is his wife, Sophie. I tell you, believe it or not, Sophie worked in my first senatorial campaign when I ran for the Senate. True story. (Applause.) So I owe an awful lot to this company. We had a lieutenant governor named S.B. Woo, and whose wife Kathy [Katy] were on my staff, and they got her involved. And so I want to — I want to thank her very much for that. Mayor, thank you for welcoming us to your city. And, Gov, you and I are different sides, but we see and share the same vision as Arizona as a hub — literally a hub for tech — for technical change that’s going to take place. And that’s well underway. Governor-elect Hobbs — is she — is Governor-elect Hobbs here? I don’t think — Gov, congratulations. Congratulations. (Applause.) Well, I’ll tell you what — you’re starting off in the right place. This is going to be an incredible asset to the state of Arizona. A special thanks to the incredible Arizona Democratic members of Congress who fly — who flew out with me today from Washington. Senator Kelly, you deliver for Arizona every single day, including — including on the CHIPS and Science Act, which will bring jobs to this state and would not be law without you. And that’s no hy- — that’s not hyperbole. Arizona is lucky to have you fighting for them in the — for the next six years. And Gabby Gifford [Giffords], a great friend, is here as well. When I gave Gabby the Presidential Medal of Freedom this summer, I said she was one of the most courageous people I’ve ever known. The people of Tucson elected her to the Congress three times because they trusted her, they believe in her, and she’s the embodiment — the embodiment of that core American trait: Never, ever, ever, ever give up. And she never does. (Applause.) And I want to thank Senator Sinema, who can’t be with us today. She’s in Washington working on another major piece of legislation. A tremendous advocate for the people of Arizona and a leader in so many issues important to this state. Four of Arizona’s representatives are here with me: Ruben, Greg, Tom, and Raul. And where are you guys? They’ve — they’re — and we flew out together. They’re still talking to me. (Laughter.) Anyway, thank you, gentlemen, very much for all you’ve done to get us here today. And champions for their constituents working to build an economy that doesn’t leave anyone behind — doesn’t leave anyone behind. Gina Raimondo is an outstanding Secretary of Commerce, a fierce champion of U.S. industry, especially in semiconductors. I want to thank you, to the business leaders here today: Tim Cook of Apple. Where are you, Tim? He buys a few of these little chips. (Laughter.) And he’s a — he’s a small customer here at this outfit — (laughter) — between 25 and 35 percent of their — but, anyway. I hope they’re treating you well. (Laughter.) And Sanjay of Micron. Sanjay has represented more than two dozen tech and manufacturing companies. And you’re here because you’re seeing what we’re all seeing: American manufacturing is back, folks. American manufacturing is back. (Applause.) I recently took a trip — literally, around the world — starting in Egypt and ending up in Guam, and finally coming home, ending with a meeting in Indonesia with the G20 — the countries with many of the largest economies in the world. And what was clear in those meetings is the United States is better positioned than any other nation to lead the world economy in the years ahead if we keep our focus. There’s a strong sense from many — from all the world leaders — of the resiliency of the American economy, and we’re seeing it here at home with investments like the one we’re talking about today. Together, with the help of your elected leaders here today, we’ve had an extraordinary two years of progress. We passed the American Rescue Plan, keeping tens of thousands of cops, firefighters, teachers, first responders on the job in all 50 states when revenues dropped because of the lak- — the nature of the economy. We fully vaccinated more than 220 million people. We’re rebuilding our infrastructure, fixing our roads, our bridges, our airports; strengthening American manufacturing by creating seven hundred thou- — 750,000 manufacturing jobs just since I’ve become President. And what I’m most excited about is people are starting to feel a sense of optimism as they see the impact of the achievements in their own lives. It’s going to accelerate in months ahead, and it’s part of the broad story about the economy we’re building that works for everyone: one of the grow- — one that grows from the bottom up and the middle out, that positions Americans to win the economic competition of the 21st century. When we grow it that way, the poor have a shot, the middle class do well, and the wealthy do very well. My dad used to have a saying. I said — you’d say, “A job is about a lot more than a paycheck, Joey, it’s about your dignity. It’s about respect. It’s about being able to look your child in the eye and say, ‘Honey, it’s gonna be okay. It’s gonna be okay.’” Thousands of Arizonans are going to be able to look their kid in the eye because of what you’re doing here today and saying, “Honey, it’s going to be okay” and mean it. Back in April 2021, I met with Mark and other industry leaders. TSMC had made a $12 billion investment here in Phoenix to build their first fab to make semiconductors in the United States. Now the equipment is ready to move in. Next year, commercial operations are going to begin. And today, TSMC has announced a second major investment. They will construct a second fab here in Phoenix to build chips — 3-nano chips. The 3-nano chip. Chips that are three nano. Any- — you know what I’m saying. (Laughter and applause.) Nano no-no. I don’t know. (Laughter.) But, look, these are the most advanced semiconductor chips on the planet. The chips will power iPhones and MacBooks, as Tim Cook can attest. Apple had to buy all the advanced chips from overseas. Now they’re going to bring more of their supply chain here, home. It can be a gamechanger. All told, TSMC is investing $40 billion here in Arizona — the largest foreign [direct] investment in the history of this state. Over 10,000 construction jobs and 10,000 high-tech jobs will be created. And I want to thank everyone in this company for making this happen. You know, I know our host won’t mind my pointing out that America invented the chip. Morris Chang was a pioneer in the era, graduating from MIT and getting his start at Texas Instrument. Federal investment helped reduce the cost of those chips, creating a market and an entire industry that America led. Over 30 years ago, America had more than 30 percent of the global chip production. Then something happened. American manufacturing, the backbone of our economy, began to get hollowed out. Companies moved jobs overseas. Today — today we’re down to producing only around 10 percent of the world’s chips, despite leading the world in research and design in new chip technologies. But, folks, where is it written — where is it written that America can’t lead the world once again in manufacturing? I don’t know where that’s written, and we’re proving it can. Not just here in America [Arizona]. Micron is investing $100 billion to build semif- — semiconductor factories in Syracuse, New York. Intel is investing $20 billion to do the same in Ohio. IBM is investing $20 billion in Poughkeepsie, New York. We just went up there. These investments are helping us build and strengthen the supply chain here in America. I want to be clear: As we build the stronger supply chain, our allies and partners are building it alongside us as well. Some of the companies here today are customers that are going to buy these chips made here. Some are suppliers that are going to help make these chips. And they’re all — they all depend on a suppol- — strong supply chain. That’s why we’re doing — what we’re doing here in Arizona matters across the country and around the world. Folks, as we see here in Phoenix, the United States is a top destination for companies across the globe looking to make investments because we have a world-class, highly skilled, committed workforce — union labor. And more than — AUDIENCE MEMBER: Wooo! THE PRESIDENT: You can clap for that. (Applause.) More than 3,000 union workers, the most highly trained and best in the world, are helping build this fab. The second fab will be built with union labor as well. And we’re working with companies, community colleges, technical schools, universities, union-led apprentice programs and training programs. I had a conversation with the Business Roundtable, all the major Chambers of Commerce. The reason why business should be hiring union folks, if you don’t mind my saying, is simple: They’re the best in the world. They’re the single- greatest technicians in the world. You’re the best laborers in the world. And you build the best products. (Applause.) But you don’t just decide that you want to be a pipefitter or an electrician, like most people think. It takes you four or five years of hard work as an apprentice. It’s like going to college. You’re the best trained workers in the world. And Wall Street didn’t build this country, although there’s a lot of good folks there. The middle class built the country, and unions built the middle class. (Applause.) As I said, we’re making once-in-a-generation investments in our nation’s roads, bridges, railroads, ports, airports, lead-free water systems, high- speed Internet. The biggest investment in American infrastructure since Eisenhower’s Interstate Highway System. And here in Phoenix, we’re building a new taxiway for Sky Harbor Airport to cut down on how long planes wait to take off and arrive at a gate after landing. We’re making flying in and out of Phoenix smoother and more economic. We’re building a pedestrian and bicycle bridge across the river in South Phoenix, extending light rail to connection families in South Phoenix with jobs and opportunities downtown. Down the road in — in — in Buckeye, KORE Power is making lithium-ion batteries to power electric vehicles and electric grid storag- — storage. It’s a $1.2 billion investment. It’s going to create thousands of good manufacturing jobs, 90 percent of which won’t require a college degree and yet you get a good wage. And we’re replacing Phoenix diesel buses with new models powered by clean energy to significantly reduce pollution, especially for folks getting on and off of those buses. Diesel’s exhaust can really make people sick. That’s why we’ve been helping school districts all across America electrify their school buses to help kids avoid childhood asthma. And as of — and as of now, more than 326,000 households in Amer- — in Arizona are getting affordable high-speed Internet thanks to our investment in infrastructure, with much more to come. (Applause.) When Arizonans see the big picture in your hometowns — cranes going up, shovels in the ground, workers with hard hats — I want you to feel the way I feel: pride. Pride. We can do — what we can do together is just anything — virtually anything. Folks, here’s the bottom line: Our approach to building the economy of the future is from the bottom up and the middle out, and it’s working. We’ve added jobs every single month of my presidency — 10.5 million new jobs, 750,000 of them manufacturing jobs. Exports are up, which means we’re making things here in America and shipping the products overseas rather than shipping the jobs overseas to make things overseas and bring them back home. And we have much more to do. All of this is why the economy grew 2.9 percent last quarter. And now inflation at the grocery store is coming down. Prices of things like clothing, televisions, appliances are going down. And there’s good news for the holiday season: Gas prices have fallen below the levels they are before Putin’s invasion of Ukraine. It’s going to take time to get inflation back to normal levels as we keep our job market resilient. We could see setbacks along the way, to state the obvious, but we’re laser-focused on this. And all the hard work is making a real difference for people, including folks right here in Arizona like Patricia McKinley, who owns her own small trucking business here in Phoenix. She has five employees. The pandemic hit her company hard. But these new infrastructure projects for Arizona mean more work for her and her team, a chance to grow her business, to secure her — her business. And Paul Sarzoza, who grew up picking seasonal product or — excuse me, seasonal produce here in Arizona. His parents believed in education, so Paul went to college and studied business. He launched a cleaning business. Now he has over 100 employees in his company. TSMC is now his biggest customer. And now they’re expanding into Phoenix, Paul will be hiring a lot more workers. These are countless stories like these across the country, where people are benefiting from what you all are doing. People working hard every day, never giving up, seizing every opportunity they can to get ahead. That’s who this is about — folks like Patricia and Paul. And they’re why I’m unapologetic about fighting for American workers and getting the economy to work for working people. Let me close with this. It’s been a rough few years for hardworking Americans, for businesses as well. A lot of families — in a lot of families, things are still pretty rough. But there are bright spots where America is reasserting itself, and the innovation and manufacturing boom here in Anizo- — Arizona is one of those places. I asked leaders of companies like TSMC this question: When the United States decides to invest considerable resources in a new industry that we need to build up, does that encourage business or — to get them in the game or does it discourage them? The answer is, it encourages them. Federal investment attracts private sector investment. It creates jobs and industries. And it demonstrates we’re all in this together, and that’s what today is about. I’ve never been more optimistic — and I mean this from — I’ve been around a long while, as you can see — (laughter) — but I’ve never been more optimistic about America’s future. And I really mean that. Never. We’re building a better America. We just have to keep going, and I know we can. We’re proving it’s never, ever, ever, ever been a good bet to bet against America — ever, ever. (Applause.) Ever. Folks, we just need to remember who we are. We are the United States of America. And there is virtually nothing — nothing beyond our capacity if we work together. Not a single thing. So let’s go keep this moving. God bless you all. And may God protect our troops. Thank you, thank you, thank you. (Applause.)2:33 P.M. MST Next Post: Remarks by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan at the International Anti-Corruption Conference (IACC) Remarks by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan at the International Anti-Corruption Conference (IACC) December 06, 2022 • Speeches and Remarks Next Post ## Stay Connected Sign Up Email Address* Required ZIP Code Please leave blank. We\'ll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better. Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden. 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Opening Hours: Monday - Sunday 8:00 am - 6:00 pm * Home Page * About * Events * Plants * Annuals * Perennials * Shrubs & Vines * Vegetables & Herbs * Trees & Evergreens * Fruit Trees & Small Fruits * Garden Center * Garden Art * Fertilizers-Soil-Mulch * Seasonal Products * Services * Blog * Contact 603-796-2756 Make Appointment ![\\"\\"](\\"//blackforestnursery.com/wp- content/plugins/revslider-2/public/assets/assets/dummy.png\\") We Provide The Biggest & Best Selection! 4 Acre Nursery And Garden Center Our Services Contact Us ![\\"\\"](\\"//blackforestnursery.com/wp- content/plugins/revslider-2/public/assets/assets/dummy.png\\") Extend Your Home With A Beautiful Garden Installation Services Request a Quote ![\\"\\"](\\"//blackforestnursery.com/wp- content/plugins/revslider-2/public/assets/assets/dummy.png\\") Beautiful Plants Award Winning Our Services Contact Us #### Installations Need help? Call, make an appointment and bring in your pictures and dimensions of the area you need help with. #### We Deliver Are the plants you want bigger than your car? Not a problem. Simply ask to set up for plant delivery with your schedule in mind. __ #### Free Garden Design Our professional planting service provides expert installation of trees and shrubs purchased from our garden center. ## Welcome To Black Forest Nursery Welcome to Black Forest Nursery, a beautiful and highly recognized garden center located in Boscawen, just 10 minutes north of Concord, NH. Black Forest Nursery is a family owned and operated business serving the public for 48 years. Our garden center offers an enormous selection of annuals, perennials, shrubs, trees and vines pleasingly displayed on 4 acres. We have all the must-have, long time favorites plants along with brand new, cutting edge varieties and everything in between. In the spring we have well over 30,000 plants and trees to choose from! We are very proud to offer free landscape design to all our customers. Our installation and delivery services are top notch – professional, friendly, timely and done to the highest standard. With a complete line of quality mulches, soils and fertilizers, and a knowledgeable staff that will also give you take home directions, we have everything you need to make your planting a success. Browse our website then come see us in person. We look forward to seeing you! ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/02/Mothers-Daybk2-370x210.jpg\\") ## Annuals Starting in early April we are overflowing with thousands of beautiful annuals and hanging baskets. We proudly carry a large selection of Proven Winner annuals. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" page-370x210.jpg\\") ## Perennials With the largest selection of perennials you can find, come see us and choose from over 10,000 gorgeous perennials in the spring. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Black-Forest-Nursery-370x210.jpg\\") ## Shrubs & Vines Full, colorful, hardy and well rooted - these are the qualities of good shrubs and Black Forest Nursery has them! We grow and carry 30 varieties of hydrangea, and 10 types 0f lilacs, and so much more. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2017/06/vegetables-370x210.jpg\\") ## Vegetables & Herbs In the Spring you will find an enormous selection of vegetables and herbs with many varieties certified organic. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Black-Forest-Nursery-370x210.jpg\\") ## Trees & Evergreens Black Forest Nursery carries over 900 trees for you to pick from. Our variety is enormous and we will be glad to help you select the tree just right for you. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Trees-Black-Forest-Nursery-370x210.jpg\\") ## Fruit Trees & Small Fruits Enjoy eating what you are growing! Fruits of all shapes and sizes are savored even more when you grow them yourself. With more vitamins than what you can find in the store. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Watching-1-370x210.jpeg.webp\\") ## Bird Watching The best hibernation activity…bird watching! We have seed, suet, feeders, and even hot sauce! Taking care of your outdoor feathered-friends has never been easier. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" and-Supplies-1-370x210.jpeg.webp\\") ## Seeds and Supplies Now in stock, everything you need to get your garden started early. Grow pots to grow lights, heat mats to mini greenhouses… we’ve got them! Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Plants-1-370x210.jpeg.webp\\") ## House Plants We have an expansive selection of houseplants for every ability. If you need easy care cactus, or you’re looking for more unique collectable plants… we’ve got them! Read More ## SEARCH OUR PLANTS! CLICK ON THE PLANT FINDER ![\\"\\"](\\" Forest-Nursery-fruit-tree.jpg\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/01/plantfinderbutton.png\\") ##### Use our plant finder to see our entire collection. ![\\"\\"](\\" Forest-Nursery-plants.jpg\\") ## Garden Art ## USA Made Cement Line ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/02/Butterfly.jpg\\") View Collection ## Garden Art ![\\"\\"](\\" art-crane.jpg\\") View Collection ## Spinners ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/02/25744p_PatrioticVintage_22in_HAB_grande.jpg\\") View Collection ## Flags ![\\"\\"](\\" mail-box-e1582285274126.jpg\\") View Collection #### 48 Years of Experience Pick from a variety of shrubs, trees and perennials from professionals who have been growing them for over 48 years! #### Landspacing Specialists Need help? Call, make an appointment and bring in your pictures and dimensions of the area you need help with. #### Delivery Are the plants you want bigger than your car? Not a problem. Simply ask to set up for plant delivery with your schedule in mind. #### Honest and Dependable Honesty is the only policy and we strive to complete all projects on time and with integrity. #### Award Wining Plants Our Company was acknowledged by Best Things NH as one of the top 3 best garden centers in the state. #### 1000+ Sucessful Projects We pride ourselves on professionally completing projects that exceed our customer’s expectations. ![\\"\\"](\\" cards.jpg\\") ## GIFT CERTIFICATES ## For any amount. Pick up or we will mail. Call us at 603-796-2756 to order. Great Gift! CONTACT US ## Watch Our Video Black Forest Nursery is proud to have the healthiest and largest selection of plants along with a friendly, professional and knowledgable staff at your service. Get to know what we look like by watching the video here. * 4 Acres on display * 30,000+ plants in Spring * Knowledgeable staff * Installation and delivery * Free garden design * Mulch and soil by the yard ## Join Our Newsletter ###### Subscribe to our mailing list to receive updates on new arrivals, special offers and other discounts. ![\\"\\"](\\" up-today-e1618184680313.jpg\\") ## Meet Our Team I\'m Blake Chaplin, the manager of Black Forest Nursery. I\'m here to assist you with any questions. #### Blake Chaplin Manager I\'m Suzanne LeClair, the owner of Black Forest Nursery. Welcome to our nursery—we\'re delighted to have you here! #### Suzanne LeClair Owner I\'m Nancy Towle, a designer at Black Forest Nursery. I\'d love to assist you in designing your next project! #### Nancy Towle Designer I\'m Rick Swanson. Allow me to assist you with your planting installation needs. #### Rick Swanson Installation ### Customers Feedback ## Vanessa Ocean They have an amazing array of beautiful flowers!! I go there overtime I need/want plants! #### Vanessa Ocean ## Wendi Your crew is exceptional! We had a lovely experience from start to finish. You are so patient with our questions and your guys were excellent! Knowledgeable, patient, and hardworking. I left the house open when I ran errands - I felt that much trust in you and your crew. A million thanks we look forward to watching these beauties grow! #### Wendi ## Brenda Band Amazing place. You can tell that the staff truly cares about their work. I went in there wanting to find a few bushes to go in the front of my house but had no idea what to look for. A woman working there was so friendly and informative and with her help, I found exactly what I needed. I will definitely be coming back! #### Brenda Band LOVE LOVE LOVE THIS NURSERY!!! The people are great, the flowers and plants are gorgeous and the prices are fair!! I\'m in here about once a week, from when they open in spring to when they close in the fall, haha! I also live in town which makes it deadly since I love to buy flowers!! The people are also very enthusiastic to help with any questions you may have! If you love making your yard beautiful, or just starting out, COME visit them. I bet you will become a regular like me!! #### W. Crowley This is the best place to buy plants, trees, etc.... great prices and the quality is superb!!! The staff are extremely knowledgeable, helpful, and so friendly!!!! I recommend the Black Forest Nursery to everyone!!! #### Tammy O’Dowd These people knew every answer to all my questions! I\'m new to gardening and walked away with a car full of beautiful healthy plants and the knowledge to get them started and keep them going strong. I\'m definitely going to be a repeat customer. #### Kristen Marie Jackson ## W. Crowley LOVE LOVE LOVE THIS NURSERY!!! The people are great, the flowers and plants are gorgeous and the prices are fair!! I\'m in here about once a week, from when they open in spring to when they close in the fall, haha! I also live in town which makes it deadly since I love to buy flowers!! The people are also very enthusiastic to help with any questions you may have! If you love making your yard beautiful, or just starting out, COME visit them. I bet you will become a regular like me!! #### W. Crowley ## Barbara Arbo This nursery carries the most beautiful trees and plants. The displays are so inviting and the plants are quality! Worth the drive! #### Barbara Arbo ## Sheila Great Flowers, shrubs, trees, plants, everything you need for gardening at great low prices. Great customer Service as well, they help and answer any and all questions you may have. I bought 8 beautiful succulent plants yesterday. Big ones and the prices were just amazing! #### Sheila ## Holly Bosinger They have varieties that I have not seen in other nurseries! Staff is very friendly and know their stuff! #### Holly Bosinger ## D Mazz Our favorite nursery. Staff is always helpful and friendly and their plants are excellent quality. #### D Mazz ## Vanessa Ocean They have an amazing array of beautiful flowers!! I go there overtime I need/want plants! #### Vanessa Ocean ## Wendi Your crew is exceptional! We had a lovely experience from start to finish. You are so patient with our questions and your guys were excellent! Knowledgeable, patient, and hardworking. I left the house open when I ran errands - I felt that much trust in you and your crew. A million thanks we look forward to watching these beauties grow! #### Wendi ## Brenda Band Amazing place. You can tell that the staff truly cares about their work. I went in there wanting to find a few bushes to go in the front of my house but had no idea what to look for. A woman working there was so friendly and informative and with her help, I found exactly what I needed. I will definitely be coming back! #### Brenda Band LOVE LOVE LOVE THIS NURSERY!!! The people are great, the flowers and plants are gorgeous and the prices are fair!! I\'m in here about once a week, from when they open in spring to when they close in the fall, haha! I also live in town which makes it deadly since I love to buy flowers!! The people are also very enthusiastic to help with any questions you may have! If you love making your yard beautiful, or just starting out, COME visit them. I bet you will become a regular like me!! #### W. Crowley This is the best place to buy plants, trees, etc.... great prices and the quality is superb!!! The staff are extremely knowledgeable, helpful, and so friendly!!!! I recommend the Black Forest Nursery to everyone!!! #### Tammy O’Dowd These people knew every answer to all my questions! I\'m new to gardening and walked away with a car full of beautiful healthy plants and the knowledge to get them started and keep them going strong. I\'m definitely going to be a repeat customer. #### Kristen Marie Jackson ## W. Crowley LOVE LOVE LOVE THIS NURSERY!!! The people are great, the flowers and plants are gorgeous and the prices are fair!! I\'m in here about once a week, from when they open in spring to when they close in the fall, haha! I also live in town which makes it deadly since I love to buy flowers!! The people are also very enthusiastic to help with any questions you may have! If you love making your yard beautiful, or just starting out, COME visit them. I bet you will become a regular like me!! #### W. Crowley ## Barbara Arbo This nursery carries the most beautiful trees and plants. The displays are so inviting and the plants are quality! Worth the drive! #### Barbara Arbo ## Sheila Great Flowers, shrubs, trees, plants, everything you need for gardening at great low prices. Great customer Service as well, they help and answer any and all questions you may have. I bought 8 beautiful succulent plants yesterday. Big ones and the prices were just amazing! #### Sheila ## Holly Bosinger They have varieties that I have not seen in other nurseries! Staff is very friendly and know their stuff! #### Holly Bosinger ## D Mazz Our favorite nursery. Staff is always helpful and friendly and their plants are excellent quality. #### D Mazz ## Vanessa Ocean They have an amazing array of beautiful flowers!! I go there overtime I need/want plants! #### Vanessa Ocean ## BIGGEST & BEST SELECTION! 4 ACRE NURSERY AND GARDEN CENTER ## We are Proven Winners Certified! ![\\"\\"](\\" DA-Crown-Princess-Margareta.jpg\\") #### ROSES ##### 55 VARIETIES #### HYDRANGEA ##### 34 TYPES #### HOSTA ##### 100 Types #### LILACS ##### 29 TYPES #### CONEFLOWER ##### 28 TYPES #### DIANTHUS ##### 15 TYPES #### CORAL BELLS ##### 20 TYPES ## Latest News More Tips & News ![\\"\\"](\\" Forest-Nursery-Fall-370x210.jpg\\") 11 Sep __September 11, 2019 __Black Forest Nursery ## Fall is in the air Start dressing up your home! We have everything you need to make a… Continue Reading... ![\\"\\"](\\" is-here-370x210.jpg\\") 12 Jul __July 12, 2019 __Black Forest Nursery ## Summer is here Summer is here and so are the ‘Emperors of the Shade’…hostas!… Continue Reading... ![\\"\\"](\\" Forest-Nursery-Blog-June-370x210.jpg\\") 12 Jun __June 12, 2017 __Black Forest Nursery ## Bursting color! Beautiful plants! Oh the joyous month of June!! Time to celebrate Dad, beautify… Continue Reading... ## Contact Us ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2024/08/Planting-Black-Forest-Nursery.jpeg.webp\\") ### Contact Details __ Address: 209 King Street Boscawen, New Hampshire 03303 __ Phone: 603-796-2756 __ Email: blackforestnursery.info@gmail.com #### Black Forest Nursery Welcome to Black Forest Nursery. We offer a variety of shrubs, trees and perennials from professionals who have been growing since 1976! From the massive varieties of plants in the nursery to all of the soils, mulches, insecticides and other landscaping supplies you need from the garden center we have what you need. #### Like Us On Facebook #### Contact Us 209 King Street Boscawen, NH 03303 Phone: 603-796-2756 blackforestnursery.info@gmail.com Opening Hours: Monday - Sunday8:00 am - 6:00 pm Call for Gift Certificates Copyright @ 2024 Black Forest Nursery, All Right Reserved Website Designed By: Marvin Website Design * Home Page * About Us * Contact Us × × * Home Page * About * Events * __Plants * Back * Plants * Annuals * Perennials * Shrubs & Vines * Vegetables & Herbs * Trees & Evergreens * Fruit Trees & Small Fruits * __Garden Center * Back * Garden Center * Garden Art * Fertilizers-Soil-Mulch * Seasonal Products * Services * Blog * Contact 603-796-2756 Make Appointment CONTACT US 221, Mount Olimpus, Rheasilvia, Mars, Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy +1 (999) 999-99-99 PGlmcmFtZSBzcmM9Imh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmdvb2dsZS5jb20vbWFwcy9lbWJlZD9wYj0hMW0xOCExbTEyITFtMyExZDYwNDQuMjc1NjM3NDU2ODA1ITJkLTczLjk4MzQ2MzY4MzI1MjA0ITNkNDAuNzU4OTkzNDExNDc4NTMhMm0zITFmMCEyZjAhM2YwITNtMiExaTEwMjQhMmk3NjghNGYxMy4xITNtMyExbTIhMXMweDAlM0EweDU1MTk0ZWM1YTFhZTA3MmUhMnNUaW1lcytTcXVhcmUhNWUwITNtMiExc2VuITJzITR2MTM5MjkwMTMxODQ2MSIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMCUiIGhlaWdodD0iMTAwJSIgZnJhbWVib3JkZXI9IjAiIHN0eWxlPSJib3JkZXI6MCI+PC9pZnJhbWU+ × Thank You. 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The Philippine government is now providing a monthly cash assistance amounting to P3000 to indigent families | 3,157 | ![](\\" verafiles.org ## Verifying if your connection is secure verafiles.org is protected by deflect.ca DDoS protection for civil society |
The Philippine government is now providing a monthly cash assistance amounting to P3000 to indigent families | 3,157 | What went wrong with my application? : r/phtravel Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/phtravel A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to phtravel r/phtravel r/phtravel Post your travel experience in the Philippines and travel-related questions for Filipinos. * * * 186K Members 33 Online • 1 yr. ago ravencalle ADMIN MOD # What went wrong with my application? Hi! I recently applied for a SoKor Visa and was denied. What perplexes me is my expired visa was a multiple entry because of a BDO credit card promo. Plus, I have expired and valid multiple entry Japan visas, a solid employment ( been in the company for 18 years already and counting), and have completed documents plus photocopies of past and recent travels ( 3 times to Japan this year). I got denied because their reason is \"Your current status family and economic does not prove your return within the given period of stay.\" Aren\'t my travels, COE and constant cash flow enough proof? Plus, my purpose is tourism. I applied for a 7 day stay with a 58K in bank cert and definitely my 3 months bank statement shows a steady flow of funds (of course, I had to pay bills and the like so it keeps on moving, from 90-100k down to 50k+). My 2 friends and I applied as a group. Only one of us was approved. We all work in the same school and my other friend who was denied had a higher bank statement and ADB than me. I keep on thinking: * Does this have something to do with age? We are all single (40s to 50s). * In my case, is it the 58k account with a 7 day stay? Or perhaps I should have just put in a 4-day stay instead? -Perhaps I should have also submitted my payroll account to prove my source of funds? But the amount kept there is minimal since I transfer my salary to my savings account, which is what I submitted. * What more could I have presented as proof of strong economic and family ties? I have been to my travels with more than 10 days stay and have always proven I came back and have no records of overstaying. Anyone who can share their insights on the matter would be most welcome. 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Five hundred thousand people go bankrupt because of medically related issues They come down with cancer and that’s a reason to go bankrupt | 3,159 | ![\\"Ronald](\\"/themes/custom/particle/apps/drupal/logo.svg\\"/) **Ronald Reagan** Presidential Library & Museum Open Menu Menu Close Menu * Volunteer * Events * About Us * Overview * About NARA * About the Reagan Foundation * Contact Us Header Fulltext Search Search * The Reagans * OVERVIEW * RONALD REAGAN * NANCY REAGAN * HONORING REAGAN * REAGAN ADMINISTRATION * REAGAN FOUNDATION * Visit ### MUSEUM OPEN UNTIL 5:00 PM MON-SUN * VISITOR INFORMATION * PLAN YOUR VISIT * GUIDED TOURS * OTHER AMENITIES * FAQS * Tickets Museum HoursMon - Sun 10am - 5 pm Research Room HoursMon - Fri 9am - 5pmBy Appointment Only Admissions & Discounts for March 15, 2024- October 13, 2024 General Admission | $25.00 ---|--- Senior Admission (62+) | $22.00 Youth Admission (11-17) | $18.00 Child Admission (3-10) | $15.00 Children 2 & Under | Free Audio Tour Rental | $9.00 Active Military (with Valid ID) | Free* Foundation Member | $9.00 College Student (with Valid ID) | $22.00 *Active military/veterans need to purchase tickets at the Front Desk to receive discount. Discounts apply to military member only. *All Veterans (with a valid military ID) receive $3 off admission when purchased in-person at the Library. * Exhibits * OVERVIEW * CURRENT EXHIBITS * PERMANENT EXHIBITS * UPCOMING EXHIBITS * PAST EXHIBITS * VIRTUAL EXHIBIT * Monday Minute * Archives * OVERVIEW * DIGITIZATION PROJECTS * **ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS** * Topic Guides * WH Staff & Office Collections * WHORM Subject Files * WHORM Alpha Files * Gubernatorial Collections * Donated Collections * Federal Records * Daily Diary * AUDIOVISUAL * Search Audiovisual Material * White House Photo Galleries * White House Photo Collection Contact Sheets * White House Television Office-WHTV * White House Communications Agency-WHCA * **SPEECHES** * Major Speeches, 1964-1989 * Public Papers of the President * Gubernatorial Speeches * RESEARCH SUPPORT * About Archival Collections * Citations * Contact an Archivist * Audiovisual Ordering Information * FOIA * MDR * PLAN A RESEARCH VISIT * Education * OVERVIEW * **LEARNING RESOURCES** * Lesson Plans * Education Virtual Exhibits * Professional Development * Civics for All of Us * SITUATION ROOM EXPERIENCE * **ADDITIONAL RESOURCES** * Reagan Education Blog * NARA Resources * Reagan Resources * Additional Education Programs * Home * Archives * A Time for Choosing Speech # A Time for Choosing Speech October 27, 1964 Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you and good evening. The sponsor has been identified, but unlike most television programs, the performer hasn\'t been provided with a script. As a matter of fact, I have been permitted to choose my own words and discuss my own ideas regarding the choice that we face in the next few weeks. I have spent most of my life as a Democrat. I recently have seen fit to follow another course. I believe that the issues confronting us cross party lines. Now, one side in this campaign has been telling us that the issues of this election are the maintenance of peace and prosperity. The line has been used, \"We\'ve never had it so good.\" But I have an uncomfortable feeling that this prosperity isn\'t something on which we can base our hopes for the future. No nation in history has ever survived a tax burden that reached a third of its national income. Today, 37 cents out of every dollar earned in this country is the tax collector\'s share, and yet our government continues to spend 17 million dollars a day more than the government takes in. We haven\'t balanced our budget 28 out of the last 34 years. We\'ve raised our debt limit three times in the last twelve months, and now our national debt is one and a half times bigger than all the combined debts of all the nations of the world. We have 15 billion dollars in gold in our treasury; we don\'t own an ounce. Foreign dollar claims are 27.3 billion dollars. And we\'ve just had announced that the dollar of 1939 will now purchase 45 cents in its total value. As for the peace that we would preserve, I wonder who among us would like to approach the wife or mother whose husband or son has died in South Vietnam and ask them if they think this is a peace that should be maintained indefinitely. Do they mean peace, or do they mean we just want to be left in peace? There can be no real peace while one American is dying some place in the world for the rest of us. We\'re at war with the most dangerous enemy that has ever faced mankind in his long climb from the swamp to the stars, and it\'s been said if we lose that war, and in so doing lose this way of freedom of ours, history will record with the greatest astonishment that those who had the most to lose did the least to prevent its happening. Well I think it\'s time we ask ourselves if we still know the freedoms that were intended for us by the Founding Fathers. Not too long ago, two friends of mine were talking to a Cuban refugee, a businessman who had escaped from Castro, and in the midst of his story one of my friends turned to the other and said, \"We don\'t know how lucky we are.\" And the Cuban stopped and said, \"How lucky you are? I had someplace to escape to.\" And in that sentence he told us the entire story. If we lose freedom here, there\'s no place to escape to. This is the last stand on earth. And this idea that government is beholden to the people, that it has no other source of power except the sovereign people, is still the newest and the most unique idea in all the long history of man\'s relation to man. This is the issue of this election: Whether we believe in our capacity for self-government or whether we abandon the American revolution and confess that a little intellectual elite in a far-distant capitol can plan our lives for us better than we can plan them ourselves. You and I are told increasingly we have to choose between a left or right. Well I\'d like to suggest there is no such thing as a left or right. There\'s only an up or down - [up] man\'s old-aged dream, the ultimate in individual freedom consistent with law and order, or down to the ant heap of totalitarianism. And regardless of their sincerity, their humanitarian motives, those who would trade our freedom for security have embarked on this downward course. In this vote-harvesting time, they use terms like the \"Great Society,\" or as we were told a few days ago by the President, we must accept a greater government activity in the affairs of the people. But they\'ve been a little more explicit in the past and among themselves; and all of the things I now will quote have appeared in print. These are not Republican accusations. For example, they have voices that say, \"The cold war will end through our acceptance of a not undemocratic socialism.\" Another voice says, \"The profit motive has become outmoded. It must be replaced by the incentives of the welfare state.\" Or, \"Our traditional system of individual freedom is incapable of solving the complex problems of the 20th century.\" Senator Fullbright has said at Stanford University that the Constitution is outmoded. He referred to the President as \"our moral teacher and our leader,\" and he says he is \"hobbled in his task by the restrictions of power imposed on him by this antiquated document.\" He must \"be freed,\" so that he \"can do for us\" what he knows \"is best.\" And Senator Clark of Pennsylvania, another articulate spokesman, defines liberalism as \"meeting the material needs of the masses through the full power of centralized government.\" Well, I, for one, resent it when a representative of the people refers to you and me, the free men and women of this country, as \"the masses.\" This is a term we haven\'t applied to ourselves in America. But beyond that, \"the full power of centralized government\"this was the very thing the Founding Fathers sought to minimize. They knew that governments don\'t control things. A government can\'t control the economy without controlling people. And they know when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose. They also knew, those Founding Fathers, that outside of its legitimate functions, government does nothing as well or as economically as the private sector of the economy. Now, we have no better example of this than government\'s involvement in the farm economy over the last 30 years. Since 1955, the cost of this program has nearly doubled. One-fourth of farming in America is responsible for 85 percent of the farm surplus. Three-fourths of farming is out on the free market and has known a 21 percent increase in the per capita consumption of all its produce. You see, that one-fourth of farming that\'s regulated and controlled by the federal government. In the last three years we\'ve spent 43 dollars in the feed grain program for every dollar bushel of corn we don\'t grow. Senator Humphrey last week charged that Barry Goldwater, as President, would seek to eliminate farmers. He should do his homework a little better, because he\'ll find out that we\'ve had a decline of 5 million in the farm population under these government programs. He\'ll also find that the Democratic administration has sought to get from Congress [an] extension of the farm program to include that three-fourths that is now free. He\'ll find that they\'ve also asked for the right to imprison farmers who wouldn\'t keep books as prescribed by the federal government. The Secretary of Agriculture asked for the right to seize farms through condemnation and resell them to other individuals. And contained in that same program was a provision that would have allowed the federal government to remove 2 million farmers from the soil. At the same time, there\'s been an increase in the Department of Agriculture employees. There\'s now one for every 30 farms in the United States, and still they can\'t tell us how 66 shiploads of grain headed for Austria disappeared without a trace and Billie Sol Estes never left shore. Every responsible farmer and farm organization has repeatedly asked the government to free the farm economy, but how - who are farmers to know what\'s best for them? The wheat farmers voted against a wheat program. The government passed it anyway. Now the price of bread goes up; the price of wheat to the farmer goes down. Meanwhile, back in the city, under urban renewal the assault on freedom carries on. Private property rights [are] so diluted that public interest is almost anything a few government planners decide it should be. In a program that takes from the needy and gives to the greedy, we see such spectacles as in Cleveland, Ohio, a million-and-a-half-dollar building completed only three years ago must be destroyed to make way for what government officials call a \"more compatible use of the land.\" The President tells us he\'s now going to start building public housing units in the thousands, where heretofore we\'ve only built them in the hundreds. But FHA [Federal Housing Authority] and the Veterans Administration tell us they have 120,000 housing units they\'ve taken back through mortgage foreclosure. For three decades, we\'ve sought to solve the problems of unemployment through government planning, and the more the plans fail, the more the planners plan. The latest is the Area Redevelopment Agency. They\'ve just declared Rice County, Kansas, a depressed area. Rice County, Kansas, has two hundred oil wells, and the 14,000 people there have over 30 million dollars on deposit in personal savings in their banks. And when the government tells you you\'re depressed, lie down and be depressed. We have so many people who can\'t see a fat man standing beside a thin one without coming to the conclusion the fat man got that way by taking advantage of the thin one. So they\'re going to solve all the problems of human misery through government and government planning. Well, now, if government planning and welfare had the answer - and they\'ve had almost 30 years of it - shouldn\'t we expect government to read the score to us once in a while? Shouldn\'t they be telling us about the decline each year in the number of people needing help? The reduction in the need for public housing? But the reverse is true. Each year the need grows greater; the program grows greater. We were told four years ago that 17 million people went to bed hungry each night. Well that was probably true. They were all on a diet. But now we\'re told that 9.3 million families in this country are poverty-stricken on the basis of earning less than 3,000 dollars a year. Welfare spending [is] 10 times greater than in the dark depths of the Depression. We\'re spending 45 billion dollars on welfare. Now do a little arithmetic, and you\'ll find that if we divided the 45 billion dollars up equally among those 9 million poor families, we\'d be able to give each family 4,600 dollars a year. And this added to their present income should eliminate poverty. Direct aid to the poor, however, is only running only about 600 dollars per family. It would seem that someplace there must be some overhead. Now, so now we declare \"war on poverty,\" or \"You, too, can be a Bobby Baker.\" Now do they honestly expect us to believe that if we add 1 billion dollars to the 45 billion we\'re spending, one more program to the 30-odd we have -and remember, this new program doesn\'t replace any, it just duplicates existing programs - do they believe that poverty is suddenly going to disappear by magic? Well, in all fairness I should explain there is one part of the new program that isn\'t duplicated. This is the youth feature. We\'re now going to solve the dropout problem, juvenile delinquency, by reinstituting something like the old CCC camps [Civilian Conservation Corps], and we\'re going to put our young people in these camps. But again we do some arithmetic, and we find that we\'re going to spend each year just on room and board for each young person we help 4,700 dollars a year. We can send them to Harvard for 2,700! Course, don\'t get me wrong. I\'m not suggesting Harvard is the answer to juvenile delinquency. But seriously, what are we doing to those we seek to help? Not too long ago, a judge called me here in Los Angeles. He told me of a young woman who\'d come before him for a divorce. She had six children, was pregnant with her seventh. Under his questioning, she revealed her husband was a laborer earning 250 dollars a month. She wanted a divorce to get an 80 dollar raise. She\'s eligible for 330 dollars a month in the Aid to Dependent Children Program. She got the idea from two women in her neighborhood who\'d already done that very thing. Yet anytime you and I question the schemes of the do-gooders, we\'re denounced as being against their humanitarian goals. They say we\'re always \"against\" things - we\'re never \"for\" anything. Well, the trouble with our liberal friends is not that they\'re ignorant; it\'s just that they know so much that isn\'t so. Now, we\'re for a provision that destitution should not follow unemployment by reason of old age, and to that end we\'ve accepted Social Security as a step toward meeting the problem. But we\'re against those entrusted with this program when they practice deception regarding its fiscal shortcomings, when they charge that any criticism of the program means that we want to end payments to those people who depend on them for a livelihood. They\'ve called it \"insurance\" to us in a hundred million pieces of literature. But then they appeared before the Supreme Court and they testified it was a welfare program. They only use the term \"insurance\" to sell it to the people. And they said Social Security dues are a tax for the general use of the government, and the government has used that tax. There is no fund, because Robert Byers, the actuarial head, appeared before a congressional committee and admitted that Social Security as of this moment is 298 billion dollars in the hole. But he said there should be no cause for worry because as long as they have the power to tax, they could always take away from the people whatever they needed to bail them out of trouble. And they\'re doing just that. A young man, 21 years of age, working at an average salary - his Social Security contribution would, in the open market, buy him an insurance policy that would guarantee 220 dollars a month at age 65. The government promises 127. He could live it up until he\'s 31 and then take out a policy that would pay more than Social Security. Now are we so lacking in business sense that we can\'t put this program on a sound basis, so that people who do require those payments will find they can get them when they\'re due, that the cupboard isn\'t bare? Barry Goldwater thinks we can. At the same time, can\'t we introduce voluntary features that would permit a citizen who can do better on his own to be excused upon presentation of evidence that he had made provision for the non-earning years? Should we not allow a widow with children to work, and not lose the benefits supposedly paid for by her deceased husband? Shouldn\'t you and I be allowed to declare who our beneficiaries will be under this program, which we cannot do? I think we\'re for telling our senior citizens that no one in this country should be denied medical care because of a lack of funds. But I think we\'re against forcing all citizens, regardless of need, into a compulsory government program, especially when we have such examples, as was announced last week, when France admitted that their Medicare program is now bankrupt. They\'ve come to the end of the road. In addition, was Barry Goldwater so irresponsible when he suggested that our government give up its program of deliberate, planned inflation, so that when you do get your Social Security pension, a dollar will buy a dollar\'s worth, and not 45 cents worth? I think we\'re for an international organization, where the nations of the world can seek peace. But I think we\'re against subordinating American interests to an organization that has become so structurally unsound that today you can muster a two-thirds vote on the floor of the General Assembly among nations that represent less than 10 percent of the world\'s population. I think we\'re against the hypocrisy of assailing our allies because here and there they cling to a colony, while we engage in a conspiracy of silence and never open our mouths about the millions of people enslaved in the Soviet colonies in the satellite nations. I think we\'re for aiding our allies by sharing of our material blessings with those nations which share in our fundamental beliefs, but we\'re against doling out money government to government, creating bureaucracy, if not socialism, all over the world. We set out to help 19 countries. We\'re helping 107. We\'ve spent 146 billion dollars. With that money, we bought a 2 million dollar yacht for Haile Selassie. We bought dress suits for Greek undertakers, extra wives for Kenya[n] government officials. We bought a thousand TV sets for a place where they have no electricity. In the last six years, 52 nations have bought 7 billion dollars worth of our gold, and all 52 are receiving foreign aid from this country. No government ever voluntarily reduces itself in size. So governments\' programs, once launched, never disappear. Actually, a government bureau is the nearest thing to eternal life we\'ll ever see on this earth. Federal employees - federal employees number two and a half million; and federal, state, and local, one out of six of the nation\'s work force employed by government. These proliferating bureaus with their thousands of regulations have cost us many of our constitutional safeguards. How many of us realize that today federal agents can invade a man\'s property without a warrant? They can impose a fine without a formal hearing, let alone a trial by jury? And they can seize and sell his property at auction to enforce the payment of that fine. In Chico County, Arkansas, James Wier over-planted his rice allotment. The government obtained a 17,000 dollar judgment. And a U.S. marshal sold his 960-acre farm at auction. The government said it was necessary as a warning to others to make the system work. Last February 19th at the University of Minnesota, Norman Thomas, six-times candidate for President on the Socialist Party ticket, said, \"If Barry Goldwater became President, he would stop the advance of socialism in the United States.\" I think that\'s exactly what he will do. But as a former Democrat, I can tell you Norman Thomas isn\'t the only man who has drawn this parallel to socialism with the present administration, because back in 1936, Mr. Democrat himself, Al Smith, the great American, came before the American people and charged that the leadership of his Party was taking the Party of Jefferson, Jackson, and Cleveland down the road under the banners of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin. And he walked away from his Party, and he never returned til the day he died, because to this day, the leadership of that Party has been taking that Party, that honorable Party, down the road in the image of the labor Socialist Party of England. Now it doesn\'t require expropriation or confiscation of private property or business to impose socialism on a people. What does it mean whether you hold the deed to the, or the title to your business or property if the government holds the power of life and death over that business or property? And such machinery already exists. The government can find some charge to bring against any concern it chooses to prosecute. Every businessman has his own tale of harassment. Somewhere a perversion has taken place. Our natural, unalienable rights are now considered to be a dispensation of government, and freedom has never been so fragile, so close to slipping from our grasp as it is at this moment. Our Democratic opponents seem unwilling to debate these issues. They want to make you and I believe that this is a contest between two men - that we\'re to choose just between two personalities. Well what of this man that they would destroy, and in destroying, they would destroy that which he represents, the ideas that you and I hold dear? Is he the brash and shallow and trigger-happy man they say he is? Well I\'ve been privileged to know him \"when.\" I knew him long before he ever dreamed of trying for high office, and I can tell you personally I\'ve never known a man in my life I believed so incapable of doing a dishonest or dishonorable thing. This is a man who, in his own business before he entered politics, instituted a profit-sharing plan before unions had ever thought of it. He put in health and medical insurance for all his employees. He took 50 percent of the profits before taxes and set up a retirement program, a pension plan for all his employees. He sent monthly checks for life to an employee who was ill and couldn\'t work. He provides nursing care for the children of mothers who work in the stores. When Mexico was ravaged by the floods in the Rio Grande, he climbed in his airplane and flew medicine and supplies down there. An ex-GI told me how he met him. It was the week before Christmas during the Korean War, and he was at the Los Angeles airport trying to get a ride home to Arizona for Christmas. And he said that [there were] a lot of servicemen there and no seats available on the planes. And then a voice came over the loudspeaker and said, \"Any men in uniform wanting a ride to Arizona, go to runway such-and-such,\" and they went down there, and there was a fellow named Barry Goldwater sitting in his plane. Every day in those weeks before Christmas, all day long, he\'d load up the plane, fly it to Arizona, fly them to their homes, fly back over to get another load. During the hectic split-second timing of a campaign, this is a man who took time out to sit beside an old friend who was dying of cancer. His campaign managers were understandably impatient, but he said, \"There aren\'t many left who care what happens to her. I\'d like her to know I care.\" This is a man who said to his 19-year-old son, \"There is no foundation like the rock of honesty and fairness, and when you begin to build your life on that rock, with the cement of the faith in God that you have, then you have a real start.\" This is not a man who could carelessly send other people\'s sons to war. And that is the issue of this campaign that makes all the other problems I\'ve discussed academic, unless we realize we\'re in a war that must be won. Those who would trade our freedom for the soup kitchen of the welfare state have told us they have a utopian solution of peace without victory. They call their policy \"accommodation.\" And they say if we\'ll only avoid any direct confrontation with the enemy, he\'ll forget his evil ways and learn to love us. All who oppose them are indicted as warmongers. They say we offer simple answers to complex problems. Well, perhaps there is a simple answer - not an easy answer but simple: If you and I have the courage to tell our elected officials that we want our national policy based on what we know in our hearts is morally right. We cannot buy our security, our freedom from the threat of the bomb by committing an immorality so great as saying to a billion human beings now enslaved behind the Iron Curtain, \"Give up your dreams of freedom because to save our own skins, we\'re willing to make a deal with your slave masters.\" Alexander Hamilton said, \"A nation which can prefer disgrace to danger is prepared for a master, and deserves one.\" Now let\'s set the record straight. There\'s no argument over the choice between peace and war, but there\'s only one guaranteed way you can have peace - and you can have it in the next second - surrender. Admittedly, there\'s a risk in any course we follow other than this, but every lesson of history tells us that the greater risk lies in appeasement, and this is the specter our well-meaning liberal friends refuse to face, that their policy of accommodation is appeasement, and it gives no choice between peace and war, only between fight or surrender. If we continue to accommodate, continue to back and retreat, eventually we have to face the final demand, the ultimatum. And what then, when Nikita Khrushchev has told his people he knows what our answer will be? He has told them that we\'re retreating under the pressure of the Cold War, and someday when the time comes to deliver the final ultimatum, our surrender will be voluntary, because by that time we will have been weakened from within spiritually, morally, and economically. He believes this because from our side he\'s heard voices pleading for \"peace at any price\" or \"better Red than dead,\" or as one commentator put it, he\'d rather \"live on his knees than die on his feet.\" And therein lies the road to war, because those voices don\'t speak for the rest of us. You and I know and do not believe that life is so dear and peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery. If nothing in life is worth dying for, when did this begin - just in the face of this enemy? Or should Moses have told the children of Israel to live in slavery under the pharaohs? Should Christ have refused the cross? Should the patriots at Concord Bridge have thrown down their guns and refused to fire the shot heard \'round the world? The martyrs of history were not fools, and our honored dead who gave their lives to stop the advance of the Nazis didn\'t die in vain. Where, then, is the road to peace? Well it\'s a simple answer after all. You and I have the courage to say to our enemies, \"There is a price we will not pay.\" \"There is a point beyond which they must not advance.\" And this - this is the meaning in the phrase of Barry Goldwater\'s \"peace through strength.\" Winston Churchill said, \"The destiny of man is not measured by material computations. When great forces are on the move in the world, we learn we\'re spirits - not animals.\" And he said, \"There\'s something going on in time and space, and beyond time and space, which, whether we like it or not, spells duty.\" You and I have a rendezvous with destiny. We\'ll preserve for our children this, the last best hope of man on earth, or we\'ll sentence them to take the last step into a thousand years of darkness. We will keep in mind and remember that Barry Goldwater has faith in us. He has faith that you and I have the ability and the dignity and the right to make our own decisions and determine our own destiny. Thank you very much. Date 10/27/1964 ![\\"Ronald](\\"/themes/custom/particle/apps/drupal/logo.svg\\"/) **Ronald Reagan** Presidential Library & Museum Follow us on YouTube Follow us on Facebook Follow us on Instagram Follow us on Twitter Follow us on GoodReads 40 Presidential Drive Simi Valley, CA 93065 800-410-8354 reagan.library@nara.gov ![\\"Map](\\"/public/2023-01/map.png\\"/) Museum Hours Mon-Sun 10am-5pm Research Room Hours Mon-Fri 9am-5pm Appointments Are Required Holiday and Special Event Hours Closed Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year\'s Day ![\\"National](\\"/sites/default/files/inline-images/national- archives.png\\"/) ## Footer Legal * ACCESSIBILITY * FOIA * PRIVACY POLICY * ARCHIVES.GOV * CONTACT US * THE REAGAN FOUNDATION |
Five hundred thousand people go bankrupt because of medically related issues They come down with cancer and that’s a reason to go bankrupt | 3,159 | ![\\"The](\\"/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/logo.svg\\") * Newsletter Story Saved To revisit this article, select My Account, then View saved stories Close Alert CloseSearch Search * The Latest * News * Books & Culture * Fiction & Poetry * Humor & Cartoons * Magazine * Puzzles & Games * Video * Podcasts * Goings On * Festival Open Navigation Menu Menu Story Saved Find anything you save across the site in your account Close Alert Close ![\\"The](\\"/verso/static/the-new-yorker/assets/logo-header.svg\\") U.S. Journal # Is Health Care a Right? It’s a question that divides Americans, including those from my home town. But it’s possible to find common ground. By Atul Gawande September 25, 2017 * Facebook * X * Email * Print * Save Story Save this storySave this story Save this storySave this story Is health care a right? The United States remains the only developed country in the world unable to come to agreement on an answer. Earlier this year, I was visiting Athens, Ohio, the town in the Appalachian foothills where I grew up. The battle over whether to repeal, replace, or repair the Affordable Care Act raged then, as it continues to rage now. So I began asking people whether they thought that health care was a right. The responses were always interesting. A friend had put me in touch with a forty-seven-year-old woman I’ll call Maria Dutton. She lived with her husband, Joe, down a long gravel driveway that snaked into the woods off a rural road. “You may feel like you are in the movie ‘Deliverance,’ ” she said, but it wasn’t like that at all. They had a tidy, double-wide modular home with flowered wallpaper, family pictures on every surface, a vase of cut roses on a sideboard, and an absurdly friendly hound in the yard. Maria told me her story sitting at the kitchen table with Joe. She had joined the Army out of high school and married her recruiter—Joe is eleven years older—but after a year she had to take a medical discharge. She had developed severe fatigue, double vision, joint and neck pains, and muscle weakness. At first, doctors thought that she had multiple sclerosis. When that was ruled out, they were at a loss. After Joe left the military, he found steady, secure work as an electrical technician at an industrial plant nearby. Maria did secretarial and office-manager jobs and had a daughter. But her condition worsened, and soon she became too ill to work. “I didn’t even have enough energy to fry a pound of hamburger,” she said. “I’d have to fry half of it and then sit down, rest, and get up and fry the rest. I didn’t have enough energy to vacuum one room of the house.” Eventually, she was diagnosed with chronic-fatigue syndrome and depression. She became addicted to the opioids prescribed for her joint pains and was started on methadone. Her liver began to fail. In 2014, she was sent two hundred miles away to the Cleveland Clinic for a liver-transplant evaluation. There, after more than two decades of Maria’s deteriorating health, doctors figured out what the problem was: sarcoidosis, an inflammatory condition that produces hardened nodules in organs throughout the body. The doctors gave her immunosuppressive medication, and the nodules shrank away. Within a year, she had weaned herself off the methadone. “It was miraculous,” she said. In middle age, with her daughter grown up and in the Army Reserves herself, Maria got her life back and returned to school. All along, she’d had coverage through her husband’s work. “They have amazing insurance,” she said. “I think one year the insurance paid out two hundred thousand dollars. But we paid out, too.” This was an understatement. Between a six-thousand-dollar deductible and hefty co-pays and premiums, the Duttons’ annual costs reached fifteen thousand dollars. They were barely getting by. Then one day in 2001 Joe blacked out, for no apparent reason, at a Girl Scout meeting for their daughter and fell down two flights of stairs, resulting in a severe concussion. It put him out of work for six months. Given the health-care costs and his loss of income, the couple ran out of money. “We had to file for bankruptcy,” Joe said. He told me this reluctantly. It took them more than five years to dig out of the hole. He considered the bankruptcy “pretty shameful,” he said, and had told almost no one about it, not even his family. (This was why they didn’t want me to use their names.) He saw it as a personal failure—not the government’s. In fact, the whole idea that government would get involved in the financing of health care bothered him. One person’s right to health care becomes another person’s burden to pay for it, he said. Taking other people’s money had to be justified, and he didn’t see how it could be in cases like this. “Everybody has a right to access health care,” he allowed, “but they should be contributing to the cost.” He pointed out that anyone could walk into a hospital with an emergency condition, get treated, and be billed afterward. “Yes, they may have collectors coming after them,” he said. “But I believe everybody should contribute for the treatment they receive.” ![\\"Is](\\" Copy link to cartoon Copy link to cartoon Link copied Shop Shop Like her husband, Maria leans conservative. In the 2016 election, Joe voted for Donald Trump. Maria voted for Gary Johnson, the Libertarian candidate. But on health care she was torn. Joe wanted Obamacare repealed. She didn’t. “I am becoming more liberal,” she said. “I believe that people should be judged by how they treat the least of our society.” At her sickest, she had been one of them. But she was reluctant to say that health care is a right. “There’s where the conservative side comes in and says, ‘You know what? I work really hard. I deserve a little more than the guy who sits around.’ ” A right makes no distinction between the deserving and the undeserving, and that felt perverse to Maria and Joe. They both told me about people they know who don’t work and yet get Medicaid coverage with no premiums, no deductibles, no co-pays, no costs at all—coverage that the Duttons couldn’t dream of. “I see people on the same road I live on who have never worked a lick in their life,” Joe said, his voice rising. “They’re living on disability incomes, and they’re healthier than I am.” Maria described a relative who got disability payments and a Medicaid card for a supposedly bad back, while taking off-the- books roofing jobs. “Frankly, it annoys the crap out of me—they’re nothing but grasshoppers in the system,” Joe said, recalling the fable about the thriftless grasshopper and the provident ant. The Duttons were doing all they could to earn a living and pay their taxes—taxes that helped provide free health care for people who did nothing to earn it. Meanwhile, they faced thousands of dollars in medical bills themselves. That seemed wrong. And in their view government involvement had only made matters worse. “My personal opinion is that anytime the government steps in and says, ‘You must do this,’ it’s overstepping its boundaries,” Joe said. “A father, mother, two kids working their asses off—they’re making minimum wage and are barely getting by—I have no problem helping them. If I have someone who’s spent his whole life a drunk and a wastrel, no, I have no desire to help. That’s just the basics.” Such feelings are widely shared. They’re what brought the country within a single vote of repealing major parts of President Obama’s expansion of health- care coverage. Some people see rights as protections provided by government. But others, like the Duttons, see rights as protections from government. Tim Williams, one of my closest childhood friends, disagreed with the Duttons. Tim is a quiet fifty-two-year-old with the physique of a bodybuilder—he once bench-pressed me when we were in high school—and tightly cropped gray hair that used to be flame red. He survived metastatic melanoma, in the nineties, and losing his job selling motorcycles, during the great recession. He went through a year of chemotherapy and, later, three years without a job. He can figure out how to fix and build almost anything, but, without a college degree, he had few employment options. Hundreds of job applications later, though, he was hired as an operator at our town’s water-treatment plant, where I visited him. The plant was built in the nineteen-fifties. We walked among giant pipes and valves and consoles that controlled the flow of water from local ground wells through a series of huge pools for filtration, softening, and chlorination, and out to the water towers on the tallest ridges surrounding the town. The low hum of the pump motors churned in the background. People don’t think about their water, Tim said, but we can’t live without it. It is not a luxury; it’s a necessity of human existence. An essential function of government, therefore, is to insure that people have clean water. And that’s the way he sees health care. Joe wanted government to step back; Tim wanted government to step up. The divide seemed unbridgeable. Yet the concerns that came with each viewpoint were understandable, and I wondered if there were places where those concerns might come together. Before I entered the field of public health, where it’s a given that health care is a right and not a privilege, I had grown up steeped in a set of core Midwestern beliefs: that you can’t get something for nothing, and that you should be reluctant to impose on others and, likewise, to be imposed upon. Here self-reliance is a totemic value. Athens, Ohio, is a place where people brew their own beer, shoot their own deer, fix their own cars (also grow their own weed, fight their own fights, get their own revenge). People here are survivors. Monna French was one. She was fifty-three years old and the librarian at Athens Middle School. She’d been through a lot in life. She had started a local taxi company with her first husband, but they couldn’t afford health insurance. When she gave birth to her daughter Maggie and then to her son, Mac, the couple had to pay cash, pray that there’d be no unaffordable complications, and try to leave the hospital the next morning to avoid extra charges. When Monna and her husband divorced, litigation over the business left her with no income or assets. “I had twenty-six dollars, two kids, and a cat,” she said. She held down five part-time jobs, working as a teaching assistant for three different schools during the day, bartending at night, and selling furniture at Odd Lots department store on weekends, while her parents helped with the kids. Finally, she got the librarian job. It was classified as clerical work and didn’t pay well. But it meant that her family had health insurance, and a roof over their heads. She also met Larry, an iron worker and Vietnam veteran, who became her second husband. He had two children, but he was older and they were grown. Together, Monna and Larry had a child of their own, named Macie. Then, thirteen years ago, Maggie, at age sixteen, was killed in a car accident. Seven years ago, Larry’s son, Eric, who had spina bifida and multiple medical needs, died suddenly in his sleep, at the age of forty. ![\\"“He](\\" “He spent the last half hour trying to piratesplain sea shanties to me.” Copy link to cartoon Copy link to cartoon Link copied Shop Shop After twenty-two years as a librarian, Monna still makes only sixteen dollars and fifty cents an hour. Her take-home pay is less than a thousand dollars a month, after taxes and health-insurance contributions. Her annual deductible is three thousand dollars. Larry, now seventy-four, has retired, and his pension, military benefits, and Medicare helped keep them afloat. For all her struggles, though, Monna is the kind of person who is always ready to offer a helping hand. When I visited her, there were stacks of posters on her porch, printed for a fund-raiser she was organizing for her daughter’s high-school marching band. She raised money for her township’s volunteer fire brigade. She was the vice-president of her local union, one of the largest in the county, which represents school-bus drivers, clerical staff, custodians, and other non-certified workers. She’d been deeply involved in contract negotiations to try to hold on to their wages and health benefits in the face of cutbacks. “I don’t know anything about health care,” she protested when I asked her for her thoughts on the subject. In fact, she knew a lot. And, as she spoke, I thought I glimpsed a place where the health-care divide might just allow a bridge. Monna considered herself a conservative. The notion of health care as a right struck her as another way of undermining work and responsibility: “Would I love to have health insurance provided to me and be able to stay home?” Of course, she said. “But I guess I’m going to be honest and tell you that I’m old school, and I’m not really good at accepting anything I don’t work for.” She could quit her job and get Medicaid free, she pointed out, just as some of her neighbors had. “They have a card that comes in the mail, and they get everything they need!” she said. “Where does it end? I mean, how much responsibility do tax-paying people like me have? How much is too much?” She went on, “I understand that there’s going to be a percentage of the population that we are going to have to provide for.” When she was a young mother with two children and no home, she’d had to fall back on welfare and Medicaid for three months. Her stepson, Eric, had been on Medicaid and Social Security Disability Insurance before he died. Her eighty-three-year-old mother, who has dementia and requires twenty-four-hour care, was also on Medicaid. “If you’re disabled, if you’re mentally ill, fine, I get it,” Monna said. “But I know so many folks on Medicaid that just don’t work. They’re lazy.” Like the Duttons, she felt that those people didn’t deserve what they were getting. But then we talked about Medicare, which provided much of her husband’s health care and would one day provide hers. That was different, Monna told me. Liberals often say that conservative voters who oppose government-guaranteed health care and yet support Medicare are either hypocrites or dunces. But Monna, like almost everyone I spoke to, understood perfectly well what Medicare was and was glad to have it. I asked her what made it different. “We all pay in for that,” she pointed out, “and we all benefit.” That made all the difference in the world. From the moment we earn an income, we all contribute to Medicare, and, in return, when we reach sixty-five we can all count on it, regardless of our circumstances. There is genuine reciprocity. You don’t know whether you’ll need more health care than you pay for or less. Her husband thus far has needed much less than he’s paid for. Others need more. But we all get the same deal, and, she felt, that’s what makes it O.K. “I believe one hundred per cent that Medicare needs to exist the way it does,” she said. This was how almost everyone I spoke to saw it. To them, Medicare was less about a universal right than about a universal agreement on how much we give and how much we get. Understanding this seems key to breaking the current political impasse. The deal we each get on health care has a profound impact on our lives—on our savings, on our well-being, on our life expectancy. In the American health- care system, however, different people get astonishingly different deals. That disparity is having a corrosive effect on how we view our country, our government, and one another. The Oxford political philosopher Henry Shue observed that our typical way of looking at rights is incomplete. People are used to thinking of rights as moral trump cards, near-absolute requirements that all of us can demand. But, Shue argued, rights are as much about our duties as about our freedoms. Even the basic right to physical security—to be free of threats or harm—has no meaning without a vast system of police departments, courts, and prisons, a system that requires extracting large amounts of money and effort from others. Once costs and mechanisms of implementation enter the picture, things get complicated. Trade-offs now have to be considered. And saying that something is a basic right starts to seem the equivalent of saying only, “It is very, very important.” Shue held that what we really mean by “basic rights” are those which are necessary in order for us to enjoy any rights or privileges at all. In his analysis, basic rights include physical security, water, shelter, and health care. Meeting these basics is, he maintained, among government’s highest purposes and priorities. But how much aid and protection a society should provide, given the costs, is ultimately a complex choice for democracies. Debate often becomes focussed on the scale of the benefits conferred and the costs extracted. Yet the critical question may be how widely shared these benefits and costs are. Arnold Jonas is another childhood friend of mine. Blond, ruddy-faced, and sporting a paunch at fifty-two, he has rarely had a nine-to-five job and isn’t looking for one. The work he loves is in art and design—he once designed a project for the Smithsonian—but what usually pays the bills is physical labor or mechanical work. He lives from paycheck to paycheck. (“Retirement savings? Ha! You’re funny, Atul.”) Still, he has always known how to take care of himself. “I own my house,” he told me. “I have no debts.” This is a guy who’s so handy that the cars he drives are rehabbed wrecks rebuilt from spare parts—including the old Volvo that he drove to the strip- mall Mexican restaurant near my family’s house, where we were catching up. But when I asked him about health care he could only shake his head. “I just try not to think about it,” he said. He hadn’t seen a doctor in at least a decade. He got a health-care plan through an insurance-agent friend, but could only afford one with minimal benefits. He wasn’t sure whether he’d got an Obamacare subsidy. “I don’t read the fine print, because it’s going to be completely confusing anyway.” All he knew was that the plan cost him a hundred and ten dollars a month, and the high deductible (however many thousands of dollars it was, it was well beyond his savings account) made doctors’ visits almost out of the question. ![\\"“And](\\" “And it’s just a ten-minute walk to much nicer apartments.” Copy link to cartoon Copy link to cartoon Link copied Shop Shop “I am lucky I can get my teeth looked at because I’m dating a dental hygienist. But”—here he showed me his white-toothed grin—“I can’t date a dental hygienist and a cardiologist.” Arnold, with his code of self-reliance, had eliminated nearly all sources of insecurity from his life. But here was one that was beyond his control. “The biggest worry I have would be some sort of health-care need,” he said. A serious medical issue would cost him his income. As an independent contractor, he isn’t eligible for unemployment benefits. And, having passed the age of fifty, he was just waiting for some health problem to happen. So did he feel that he had a right to health care? No. “I never thought about it as a matter of rights,” he said. “A lot of these things we think are rights, we actually end up paying for.” He thinks that the left typically plays down the reality of the costs, which drives him crazy. But the right typically plays down the reality of the needs, which drives him crazy, too. In his view, everyone has certain needs that neither self-reliance nor the free market can meet. He can fix his house, but he needs the help of others if it catches fire. He can keep his car running, but he needs the help of others to pave and maintain the roads. And, whatever he does to look after himself, he will eventually need the help of others for his medical care. “I think the goal should be security,” he said of health care. “Not just financial security but mental security—knowing that, no matter how bad things get, this shouldn’t be what you worry about. We don’t worry about the Fire Department, or the police. We don’t worry about the roads we travel on. And it’s not, like, ‘Here’s the traffic lane for the ones who did well and saved money, and you poor people, you have to drive over here.’ ” He went on, “Somebody I know said to me, ‘If we give everybody health care, it’ll be abused.’ I told her that’s a risk we take. The roads are abused. A lot of things are abused. It’s part of the deal.” He told me about a friend who’d undergone an emergency appendectomy. “She panicked when she woke up in the hospital realizing it would cost her a fortune,” he said. “Think about that. A lot of people will take a crappy job just to get the health benefits rather than start an entrepreneurial idea. If we’re talking about tax breaks for rich people to create jobs and entrepreneurialism, why not health care to allow regular people to do the same thing?” As he saw it, government existed to provide basic services like trash pickup, a sewer system, roadways, police and fire protection, schools, and health care. Do people have a right to trash pickup? It seemed odd to say so, and largely irrelevant. The key point was that these necessities can be provided only through collective effort and shared costs. When people get very different deals on these things, the pact breaks down. And that’s what has happened with American health care. The reason goes back to a seemingly innocuous decision made during the Second World War, when a huge part of the workforce was sent off to fight. To keep labor costs from skyrocketing, the Roosevelt Administration imposed a wage freeze. Employers and unions wanted some flexibility, in order to attract desired employees, so the Administration permitted increases in health- insurance benefits, and made them tax-exempt. It didn’t seem a big thing. But, ever since, we’ve been trying to figure out how to cover the vast portion of the country that doesn’t have employer-provided health insurance: low-wage workers, children, retirees, the unemployed, small-business owners, the self- employed, the disabled. We’ve had to stitch together different rules and systems for each of these categories, and the result is an unholy, expensive mess that leaves millions unprotected. No other country in the world has built its health-care system this way, and, in the era of the gig economy, it’s becoming only more problematic. Between 2005 and 2015, according to analysis by the economists Alan Krueger and Lawrence Katz, ninety-four per cent of net job growth has been in “alternative work arrangements”—freelancing, independent contracting, temping, and the like—which typically offer no health benefits. And we’ve all found ourselves battling over who deserves less and who deserves more. The Berkeley sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild spent five years listening to Tea Party supporters in Louisiana, and in her masterly book “Strangers in Their Own Land” she identifies what she calls the deep story that they lived and felt. Visualize a long line of people snaking up a hill, she says. Just over the hill is the American Dream. You are somewhere in the middle of that line. But instead of moving forward you find that you are falling back. Ahead of you, people are cutting in line. You see immigrants and shirkers among them. It’s not hard to imagine how infuriating this could be to some, how it could fuel an America First ideal, aiming to give pride of place to “real” Americans and demoting those who would undermine that identity—foreigners, Muslims, Black Lives Matter supporters, feminists, “snowflakes.” Our political debates seem to focus on what the rules should be for our place in line. Should the most highly educated get to move up to the front? The most talented? Does seniority matter? What about people whose ancestors were cheated and mistreated? The mistake is accepting the line, and its dismal conception of life as a zero-sum proposition. It gives up on the more encompassing possibilities of shared belonging, mutual loyalty, and collective gains. America’s founders believed these possibilities to be fundamental. They held life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to be “unalienable rights” possessed equally by all members of their new nation. The terms of membership have had to be rewritten a few times since, sometimes in blood. But the aspiration has endured, even as what we need to fulfill it has changed. When the new country embarked on its experiment in democracy, health care was too primitive to matter to life or liberty. The average citizen was a hardscrabble rural farmer who lived just forty years. People mainly needed government to insure physical security and the rule of law. Knowledge and technology, however, expanded the prospects of life and liberty, and, accordingly, the requirements of government. During the next two centuries, we relied on government to establish a system of compulsory public education, infrastructure for everything from running water to the electric grid, and old-age pensions, along with tax systems to pay for it all. As in other countries, these programs were designed to be universal. For the most part, we didn’t divide families between those who qualified and those who didn’t, between participants and patrons. This inclusiveness is likely a major reason that these policies have garnered such enduring support. Health care has been the cavernous exception. Medical discoveries have enabled the average American to live eighty years or longer, and with a higher quality of life than ever before. Achieving this requires access not only to emergency care but also, crucially, to routine care and medicines, which is how we stave off and manage the series of chronic health issues that accumulate with long life. We get high blood pressure and hepatitis, diabetes and depression, cholesterol problems and colon cancer. Those who can’t afford the requisite care get sicker and die sooner. Yet, in a country where pretty much everyone has trash pickup and K-12 schooling for the kids, we’ve been reluctant to address our Second World War mistake and establish a basic system of health- care coverage that’s open to all. Some even argue that such a system is un- American, stepping beyond the powers the Founders envisioned for our government. In fact, in a largely forgotten episode in American history, Thomas Jefferson found himself confronting this very matter, shortly after his Inauguration as our third President, in 1801. Edward Jenner, in England, had recently developed a smallpox vaccine—a momentous medical breakthrough. Investigating the lore that milkmaids never got smallpox, he discovered that material from scabs produced by cowpox, a similar condition that afflicts cattle, induced a mild illness in people that left them immune to smallpox. Smallpox epidemics came with a mortality rate of thirty per cent or higher, and wiped out upward of five per cent of the population of cities like Boston and New York. Jefferson read Jenner’s report and arranged for the vaccination of two hundred relatives, neighbors, and slaves at Monticello. The President soon became vaccination’s preëminent American champion. ![\\"Is](\\" Copy link to cartoon Copy link to cartoon Link copied Shop Shop But supplies were difficult to produce, and the market price was beyond the means of most families. Jefferson, along with his successor, James Madison, believed in a limited role for the federal government. They did not take expanding its power and its commitments lightly. By the time Jefferson finished his two terms as President, however, city and state governments had almost entirely failed to establish programs to provide vaccines for their citizens. Thousands of lives continued to be lost to smallpox outbreaks. Meanwhile, vaccination programs in England, France, and Denmark had dramatically curbed the disease and measurably raised the national life expectancy. So, at Jefferson’s prompting, and with Madison’s unhesitating support, Congress passed the Vaccine Act of 1813 with virtually no opposition. A National Vaccine Agent was appointed to maintain stocks of vaccine and supply it to any American who requested it. The government was soon providing free vaccine for tens of thousands of people each year. It was the country’s first health-care entitlement for the general population. And its passage wasn’t in the least controversial. Two centuries later, the Affordable Care Act was passed to serve a similar purpose: to provide all Americans with access to the life-preserving breakthroughs of our own generation. The law narrowed the yawning disparities in access to care, levied the taxes needed to pay for it, and measurably improved the health of tens of millions. But, to win passage, the A.C.A. postponed reckoning with our generations-old error of yoking health care to our jobs—an error that has made it disastrously difficult to discipline costs and insure quality, while severing care from our foundational agreement that, when it comes to the most basic needs and burdens of life and liberty, all lives have equal worth. The prospects and costs for health care in America still vary wildly, and incomprehensibly, according to your job, your state, your age, your income, your marital status, your gender, and your medical history, not to mention your ability to read fine print. Few want the system we have, but many fear losing what we’ve got. And we disagree profoundly about where we want to go. Do we want a single, nationwide payer of care (Medicare for all), each state to have its own payer of care (Medicaid for all), a nationwide marketplace where we all choose among a selection of health plans (Healthcare.gov for all), or personal accounts that we can use to pay directly for health care (Health Savings Accounts for all)? Any of these can work. Each has been made to work universally somewhere in the world. They all have their supporters and their opponents. We disagree about which benefits should be covered, how generous the financial protection should be, and how we should pay for it. We disagree, as well, about the trade-offs we will accept: for instance, between increasing simplicity and increasing choice; or between advancing innovation and reducing costs. What we agree on, broadly, is that the rules should apply to everyone. But we’ve yet to put this moral principle into practice. The challenge for any plan is to avoid the political perils of a big, overnight switch that could leave many people with higher costs and lower benefits. There are, however, many options for a gradual transition. Just this June, the Nevada legislature passed a bill that would have allowed residents to buy into the state’s Medicaid plan—if the governor hadn’t vetoed it. A similar bill to allow people to buy into Medicare was recently introduced in Congress. We need to push such options forward. Maintaining the link between health coverage and jobs is growing increasingly difficult, expensive, and self-defeating. But deciding to build on what’s currently working requires overcoming a well of mistrust about whether such investments will really serve a shared benefit. My friend Betsy Anderson, who taught eighth-grade English at Athens Middle School for fifteen years, told me something that made me see how deep that well is. When she first started out as a teacher, she said, her most satisfying experiences came from working with eager, talented kids who were hungry for her help in preparing them for a path to college and success. But she soon realized that her class, like America as a whole, would see fewer than half of its students earn a bachelor’s degree. Her job was therefore to try to help all of her students reach their potential—to contribute in their own way and to pursue happiness on their own terms. But, she said, by eighth grade profound divisions had already been cemented. The honors kids—the Hillary Clintons and Mitt Romneys of the school—sat at the top of the meritocratic heap, getting attention and encouragement. The kids with the greatest needs had special-education support. But, across America, the large mass of kids in the middle—the ones without money, book smarts, or athletic prowess—were outsiders in their own schools. Few others cared about what they felt or believed or experienced. They were the unspecial and unpromising, looked down upon by and almost completely separated from the college-bound crowd. Life was already understood to be a game of winners and losers; they were the designated losers, and they resented it. The most consistent message these students had received was that their lives were of less value than others’. Is it so surprising that some of them find satisfaction in a politics that says, essentially, Screw ’em all? I met with Mark, a friend of Arnold’s, at the Union Street Diner, uptown near the campus of Ohio University, which makes Athens its home. The diner was a low-key place that stayed open twenty-four hours, with Formica tables and plastic cups, and a late-night clientele that was a mixture of townies and drunken students. I ordered a cheeseburger and onion rings. Mark ordered something healthier. (He asked me not to use his last name.) The son of a state highway patrolman, he had graduated from Athens High School five years ahead of me. Afterward, he worked as a cable installer, and got married at twenty-three. His wife worked at the Super Duper grocery store. Their pay was meagre and they were at the mercy of their bosses. So, the next year, they decided to buy a convenience store on the edge of town. Mark’s father-in-law was a builder, and he helped them secure a bank loan. They manned the register day and night, and figured out how to make a decent living. It was never a lot of money, but over time they built up the business, opening gas pumps, and hiring college students to work the counter part time. They were able to make a life of it. They adopted a child, a boy who was now a twenty-five-year-old graduate of the local university. Mark turned fifty-seven and remained a lifelong conservative. In general, he didn’t trust politicians. But he felt that Democrats in particular didn’t seem to recognize when they were pushing taxes and regulations too far. Health-care reform was a prime example. “It’s just the whole time they were coming up with this idea from copying some European model,” he said. “And I’m going, ‘Oh shit. This is not going to end up good for Mark.’ ” (Yes, he sometimes talks about himself in the third person.) For his health coverage, Mark trusted his insurance agent, whom he’d known for decades, more than he trusted the government. He’d always chosen the minimum necessary, a bare-bones, high-deductible plan. He and his wife weren’t able to conceive, so they didn’t have to buy maternity or contraceptive coverage. With Obamacare, though, he felt forced to pay extra to help others get benefits that he’d never had or needed. “I thought, Well, here we go, I guess I’m now kicking in for Bill Gates’s daughter’s pregnancy, too.” He wanted to keep government small and taxes low. He was opposed to Obamacare. Then, one morning a year ago, Mark’s back started to hurt. “It was a workday. I grabbed a Tylenol and I go, ‘No, this isn’t going to work, the pain’s too weird.’ ” It got worse, and when the pain began to affect his breathing he asked his wife to drive him to the emergency room. “They put me in a bed, and eight minutes later I’m out,” he recalled. “I’m dying.” Someone started chest compressions. A defibrillator was wheeled in, and his heart was given a series of shocks. When he woke up, he learned that he’d suffered cardiac arrest. “They said, ‘Well, you’re going to Riverside’ ”—a larger hospital, in Columbus, eighty miles away. “And I went back out again.” He’d had a second cardiac arrest, but doctors were able to shock him back to life once more. An electrocardiogram showed that he’d had a massive heart attack. If he was going to survive, he needed to get to Columbus immediately for emergency cardiac catheterization. The hospital got him a life-flight helicopter, but high winds made it unsafe to fly. So they took him by ground as fast as an ambulance could go. On the procedure table, a cardiologist found a blockage in the left main artery to his heart—a “widow-maker,” doctors call it—and stented it open. “The medicine is just crazy good,” Mark said. “By twelve-thirty, I was fixed.” After that, he needed five days in the hospital and several weeks at home to recover. Although he had to take a pile of drugs to reduce the chance of a recurrence, he got his strength back. He was able to resume work, hang out with his buddies, live his life. ![\\"“No](\\" “No, Rick, I’m not hiding. Guess again.” Copy link to cartoon Copy link to cartoon Link copied Shop Shop It was only after this experience that Mark realized what the A.C.A. had given him. Like twenty-seven per cent of adults under sixty-five, he now had a preëxisting condition that would have made him uninsurable on the individual market before health-care reform went into effect. But the A.C.A. requires insurers to accept everyone, regardless of health history, and to charge the healthy and the less healthy the same community rate. “This would have been a bad story for Mark,” he said. “Because the same time you’re being life-flighted is the same time you lose value to an employer. Your income is done.” He no longer opposed the requirement that people get insurance coverage. Fire insurance wouldn’t work if people paid for it only when their house was on fire, and health insurance wouldn’t work if people bought it only when they needed it. He was no longer interested in repealing protections for people like him. In this, he was like a lot of others. In 2013, before the implementation of the A.C.A., Americans were asked whether it was the government’s responsibility to make sure that everyone had health-care coverage, and fifty- six per cent said no. Four years after implementation, sixty per cent say yes. “But that doesn’t mean I have to sign on for full-blown socialism—cradle-to- grave everything,” Mark said. “It’s a balance.” Our willingness to trust in efforts like health reform can be built on experience, as happened with Mark, though we must recognize how tenuous that trust remains. Two sets of values are in tension. We want to reward work, ingenuity, self-reliance. And we want to protect the weak and the vulnerable—not least because, over time, we all become the weak and vulnerable, unable to get by without the help of others. Finding the balance is not a matter of achieving policy perfection; whatever program we devise, some people will put in more and some will take out more. Progress ultimately depends on whether we can build and sustain the belief that collective action genuinely results in collective benefit. No policy will be possible otherwise. Eight years after the passage of the Vaccine Act of 1813, a terrible mistake occurred. The Agent accidentally sent to North Carolina samples containing smallpox, instead of cowpox, causing an outbreak around the town of Tarboro that, in the next few months, claimed ten lives. The outrage over the “Tarboro Tragedy” spurred Congress to repeal the program, rather than to repair it, despite its considerable success. As a consequence, the United States probably lost hundreds of thousands of lives to a disease that several European programs had made vanishingly rare. It was eighty years before Congress again acted to insure safe, effective supplies of smallpox vaccine. When I told this story to people in Athens, everyone took the repeal to be a clear mistake. But some could understand how such things happen. One conservative thought that the people in North Carolina might wonder whether the reports of lives saved by the vaccine were fake news. They saw the lives lost from the supposed accident. They knew the victims’ names. As for the lives supposedly saved because of outbreaks that didn’t occur—if you don’t trust the government’s vaccines, you don’t necessarily trust the government’s statistics, either. These days, trust in our major professions—in politicians, journalists, business leaders—is at a low ebb. Members of the medical profession are an exception; they still command relatively high levels of trust. It does not seem a coincidence that medical centers are commonly the most culturally, politically, economically, and racially diverse institutions you will find in a community. These are places devoted to making sure that all lives have equal worth. But they also pride themselves on having some of the hardest-working, best-trained, and most innovative people in society. This isn’t to say that doctors, nurses, and others in health care fully live up to the values they profess. We can be condescending and heedless of the costs we impose on patients’ lives and bank accounts. We still often fail in our commitment to treating equally everyone who comes through our doors. But we’re embarrassed by this. We are expected to do better every day. The repeal of the Vaccine Act of 1813 represented a basic failure of government to deliver on its duty to protect the life and liberty of all. But the fact that public vaccination programs eventually became ubiquitous (even if it took generations) might tell us something about the ultimate direction of our history—the direction in which we are still slowly, fitfully creeping. On Mark’s last day in the hospital, the whole team came in to see him. He thanked them. “But I didn’t thank them for taking care of me,” he said. “I thanked them for when I was smoking, drinking, and eating chicken wings. They were all here working and studying, and I appreciated it.” “That’s what you thanked them for?” “Yeah,” he said. “Because if Mark wasn’t going to stop this, they were going to have to keep working hard. Something had to happen because Mark was clogging up.” And those people did keep working hard. They were there getting ready for Mark, regardless of who he would turn out to be—rich or poor, spendthrift or provident, wise or foolish. “I said, I am glad they do this every day, but I’m hoping to do it only once.” ♦ Published in the print edition of the October 2, 2017, issue, with the headline “Is Health Care a Right?.” ![\\"\\"](\\" Atul Gawande, a surgeon and a professor of public health, is the founder and chair of Ariadne Labs. He is the assistant administrator for global health at the U.S. Agency for International Development. More:Health-care ReformOhioUniversal HealthcareAffordable Care Act Read More ![\\"Big](\\" Annals of Health Care Big Med By Atul Gawande ![\\"The](\\" Books The Bill By Malcolm Gladwell ![\\"A](\\" reporter-at-large-brian-anderson-the-antihero.jpg\\"/) Video A Professional Skateboarder Comes Out ![\\"A](\\" reporter-at-large-brian-anderson-the-antihero.jpg\\"/) In 2016, Brian Anderson publicly revealed that he’s gay, becoming the most established athlete in his sport to do so. ![\\"Self- Care](\\" Shouts & Murmurs Self-Care Products for the Disgruntled Adult ![\\"Self- Care](\\" A Brave Face Mask that is similar but definitely unrelated to Botox; a guide for how to unconditionally love the job you hate; and other helpful items. 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Five hundred thousand people go bankrupt because of medically related issues They come down with cancer and that’s a reason to go bankrupt | 3,159 | * Home * Topics * Affordable Care Act * COVID-19 * Global Health Policy * Health Costs * Health Misinformation and Trust * HIV/AIDS * Medicaid * Medicare * Mental Health * Patient and Consumer Protections * Private Insurance * Racial Equity and Health Policy * Uninsured * Women’s Health Policy * Polling * State Health Facts * State Health Facts * Custom State Reports * KFF Health News * Social Impact Media * Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker * Newsroom * Newsroom * News Releases * Events * Subscribe to Emails * Cite Us/Reprint * Media Contacts * Join Our Team * About Us * About KFF * From Drew Altman * Our People * Our Programs * KFF Board * Contact Us * Support Our Work * Conference Centers * San Francisco, CA * Washington, DC ![\\"KFF\\"](\\" foundation-2016/static/images/kff-logo-black.png\\"/) The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news. menu ![\\"KFF\\"](\\" foundation-2016/static/images/kff_logo-2023.svg\\") The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news. Donate Follow us Email Open Search... Search KFF.org * Election 2024 * Abortion in the U.S. * Health Policy 101 ## Uninsured * Search * Graphics & Interactives * Polls * Home * Uninsured * Key Facts about the Uninsured Population # Key Facts about the Uninsured Population Jennifer Tolbert, Patrick Drake, and Anthony Damico Published: Dec 18, 2023 Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Print * Issue Brief * Appendix * Supplemental Tables * Endnotes Throughout the coronavirus the pandemic, the coverage expansions put in place by the Affordable Care Act (ACA), including Medicaid expansion and subsidized Marketplace coverage, served as a safety net for people who lost jobs or faced other economic and coverage disruptions. Building on that foundation, pandemic-era policies, including continuous enrollment for Medicaid enrollees and enhanced Marketplace subsidies, further protected people with low income against coverage losses and improved the affordability of private coverage. As a result, in 2022, the number of nonelderly uninsured individuals continued a downward trend, dropping by nearly 1.9 million from 27.5 million in 2021 to 25.6 million in 2022, and the uninsured rate decreased from 10.2% in 2021 to a record low 9.6% in 2022. This issue brief describes trends in health coverage in 2022, examines the characteristics of the nonelderly uninsured population, and summarizes the access and financial implications of not having coverage. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), this analysis compares health coverage data for 2022 to data for 2019 to report on coverage and trends during the pandemic and also examines changes from 2021 to 2022; because of disruptions in data collection during the pandemic, the Census Bureau did not release 1-year ACS estimates in 2020. The analysis focuses on coverage among nonelderly people since Medicare offers near universal coverage for the elderly, with just 457,000, or less than 1%, of people over age 65 uninsured. Summary: Key Facts about the Uninsured Population --- How many people are uninsured? With pandemic-era coverage protections still in place, particularly the continuous enrollment provision in Medicaid and enhanced subsidies in the Marketplace, the number of uninsured decreased in 2022. In 2022, 25.6 million nonelderly individuals were uninsured, a decrease of 3.3 million from 2019. . Who is uninsured? Most uninsured people are in low-income families and have at least one worker in the family. Reflecting the more limited availability of public coverage in some states, nonelderly adults are more likely to be uninsured than children. Despite gains across groups over time, racial and ethnic disparities in coverage persist. . Why are people uninsured? Despite policy efforts to improve the affordability of coverage, many uninsured people cite the high cost of insurance as the main reason they lack coverage. In 2022, 64% of uninsured nonelderly adults said that they were uninsured because the cost of coverage was too high. Many uninsured people do not have access to coverage through a job, and some people, particularly poor adults in states that did not expand Medicaid, remain ineligible for financial assistance for coverage. Additionally, undocumented immigrants are ineligible for federally funded coverage, including Medicaid or Marketplace coverage. . How does not having coverage affect health care access? People without insurance coverage have lower access to care than people who are insured. Those without insurance are more likely to delay or forgo care due to costs. Studies repeatedly demonstrate that uninsured people are less likely than those with insurance to receive preventive care and services for major health conditions and chronic diseases. . What are the financial implications of being uninsured? Uninsured people often face unaffordable medical bills when they do seek care. In 2022, uninsured nonelderly adults were nearly twice as likely as those with insurance to say they have difficulty affording health care costs. These costs can quickly translate into medical debt since most people who are uninsured have low or moderate incomes and have little, if any, savings. ### How many people are uninsured? With the economy rebounding and pandemic-era Medicaid protections and enhanced Marketplace subsides in place, the uninsured rate continued to drop in 2022, driven largely by increases in coverage among nonelderly adults. Coverage gains were larger among nonelderly American Indian and Alaska Native and Hispanic people compared to their White counterparts and among low-income individuals and those in working families versus those at higher incomes and those without a worker in the family. Both the number of nonelderly uninsured and the uninsured rate among the nonelderly population reached all-time lows in 2022. Following enactment of the ACA, the number of uninsured nonelderly individuals dropped from more than 46.5 million in 2010 to fewer than 26.7 million in 2016, before climbing again prior to the pandemic during the Trump administration. In 2022, there were 25.6 million nonelderly uninsured people, over one million fewer than in 2016. Key Details: * The uninsured rate dropped in 2022, continuing a downward trend that started during the pandemic. The uninsured rate in 2022 declined to 9.6% from 10.2% in 2021 and 10.9% in 2019, and the number of people who were uninsured decreased by 1.9 million from 2021 to 2022 and 3.3 million from 2019 to 2022 (Figure 1). * Coverage protections put in place during the pandemic drove the decline in the uninsured rate from 2019 to 2022. At the beginning of the pandemic, provisions in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) required states to keep people enrolled in Medicaid until the month after the end of the COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) in exchange for enhanced federal funding. Although the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 ended Medicaid continuous enrollment in March 2023, the coverage protections were in effect throughout 2022. In addition, the enhanced ACA Marketplace subsidies first enacted in the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) were renewed for another three years in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). As a result, compared to 2019, the share of nonelderly people covered by Medicaid increased by 1.7 percentage points from 21.0% in 2019 to 22.6% in 2022 and the share of nonelderly people with nongroup coverage increased by 0.5 percentage points from 6.9% in 2019 to 7.5% in 2022. During the same period, employer coverage declined by 0.6 percentage points from 58.1% in 2019 to 57.5% in 2022 (Figure 2). * Compared to 2021, the drop in the number of people without health insurance in 2022 was driven by an increase in employer-sponsored, Medicaid, and non-group coverage among nonelderly adults. After falling during the first two years of the pandemic, the share of people with employer-sponsored insurance increased from 57.0% in 2021 to 57.5% in 2022. While Medicaid coverage rates did not change from 2021 to 2022, the share of people with nongroup coverage increased from 7.3% in 2021 to 7.5% in 2022. (Figure 2). * Administrative data point to larger gains in Medicaid coverage than are estimated by the ACS. According to data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Medicaid enrollment in December 2022 had increased by nearly 30% since February 2020, with 93 million enrolled compared to 69 million with Medicaid coverage in 2022 reported by the ACS. Some of the discrepancy can be explained by different ways of counting people, but some people may misreport their source of coverage on the survey because they do not know they are covered by Medicaid. In addition, national survey data typically undercount lower income people who are more likely to be covered by Medicaid. While these discrepancies are longstanding, they appear to have doubled during the pandemic.1 * Coverage gains were widespread among the nonelderly population during the pandemic but were largest for American Indian and Alaska Native and Hispanic people, individuals in low-income families, and adults. From 2019 to 2022, the uninsured rate for American Indian and Alaska Native people fell 2.4 percentage points (from 21.7% to 19.1%) and the uninsured rate for Hispanic people decreased by 2.0 percentage points (from 20.0% to 18.0%). While the uninsured rate dropped for people at all income levels, individuals in low-income families2 experienced the largest uninsured rate decline from 18.1% in 2019 to 15.7% in 2022. The uninsured rate for nonelderly adults fell 1.4 percentage points from 12.9% in 2019 to 11.3% in 2022 while the uninsured rate for children dropped by less than 0.6 percentage points from 5.6% to 5.1% (Figure 3). * From 2019 to 2022, the uninsured rate dropped in 34 states, including 26 expansion states and 8 non-expansion states; there was not a significant decline in the remaining states. Over the full three-year period 2019-2022, no state saw an increase in the uninsured rate; however, one state, Maine, experienced a statistically significant increase in the uninsured rate from 2021 to 2022. While several non-expansion states experienced large declines in the uninsured rate during the pandemic, the uninsured rate for the group of non-expansion states was nearly twice that of expansion states (14.1% vs. 7.5%) in 2022 (Appendix Table A). ### Who is uninsured? Most of the 25.6 million nonelderly people who are uninsured are adults, in working low-income families, and are people of color. Reflecting geographic variation in income and the availability of public coverage, most uninsured people live in the South or West. In addition, most who are uninsured have been without coverage for long periods of time. (See Appendix Table B for detailed data on characteristics of the uninsured population.) ###### Key Details: * Of the total nonelderly uninsured population in 2022, nearly three-quarters (73.3%) had at least one full-time worker in their family and an additional 10.9% had a part-time worker in their family (Figure 4). More than eight in ten (80.8%) uninsured people were in families with incomes below 400% FPL in 2022 and nearly half (46.6%) had incomes below 200% FPL. In addition, people of color made up 45.7% of the nonelderly U.S. population but accounted for 62.3% of the total nonelderly uninsured population. Hispanic and White people comprised the largest shares of the nonelderly uninsured population at 40.0% and 37.7%, respectively (Figure 5). Most uninsured individuals (75.6%) were U.S. citizens while 24.4% were noncitizens in 2022. Nearly three-quarters live in the South and West. * Nonelderly adults are more likely to be uninsured than children. The uninsured rate among children was 5.1% in 2022, less than half the rate among nonelderly adults (11.3%), largely due to broader availability of Medicaid and CHIP coverage for children than for adults (Figure 5). * In general, racial and ethnic disparities in coverage persist. The uninsured rates for nonelderly Hispanic (18.0%) and American Indian and Alaska Native people (19.1%) are more than 2.5 times the uninsured rates for White people (6.6%) (Figure 5). However, like in previous years, Asian people have the lowest uninsured rate at 6.0%, although this masks variation in the uninsured rate within the Asian population. * Noncitizens are more likely than citizens to be uninsured. The uninsured rate for recent immigrants, those who have been in the U.S. for less than five years, was 30.3% in 2022, while the uninsured rate for immigrants who have lived in the US for more than five years was 33.1%. By comparison, the uninsured rate for U.S.-born citizens was 7.7% and 9.5% for naturalized citizens in 2022 (Appendix Table B). Separate KFF survey data show how uninsured rates vary by immigration status. * Uninsured rates vary by state and by region; individuals living in non-expansion states are more likely to be uninsured (Figure 6). Ten of the fifteen states with the highest uninsured rates in 2022 were non-expansion states as of that year (Figure 7 and Appendix Table A). Economic conditions, availability of employer-sponsored coverage, and demographics are other factors contributing to variation in uninsured rates across states. * Two-thirds of nonelderly people who were uninsured in 2022 have been without coverage for more than a year.3 People who have been without coverage for long periods may be particularly hard to reach in outreach and enrollment efforts. ### Why are people uninsured? Most of the nonelderly in the U.S. obtain health insurance through an employer, but not all workers are offered employer-sponsored coverage or, if offered, can afford their share of the premiums. Medicaid covers many low- income individuals, especially children, and although the Medicaid continuous enrollment provision led to increases in Medicaid coverage in all states, Medicaid eligibility for adults remains limited in most states that have not adopted the ACA expansion. While subsidies for Marketplace coverage are available for many moderate-income people, few people can afford to purchase private coverage without financial assistance. ###### Key Details: * Cost still poses a major barrier to coverage for people who are uninsured. In 2022, 64.2% of uninsured nonelderly adults said they were uninsured because coverage is not affordable, making it the most common reason cited for being uninsured (Figure 8). Other reasons included not being eligible for coverage (28.4%), not needing or wanting coverage (26.1%), and signing up being too difficult (22.2%). * Not all workers have access to coverage through their job. In 2022, 60.7% of nonelderly uninsured workers worked for an employer that did not offer them health benefits.4 Among uninsured workers who are offered coverage by their employers, cost is often a barrier to taking up the offer. From 2013 to 2022, total premiums for family coverage increased by 42%, outpacing wage growth, and the worker’s share increased by 39%.5 Low-income families with employer-based coverage spend a significantly higher share of their income toward premiums and out-of-pocket medical expenses compared to those with income above 200% FPL.6 Particularly among people working for small employers, premium contributions for dependents can be unaffordable. * Medicaid eligibility varies across states and eligibility for adults is limited in states that have not expanded Medicaid. As of December 2023, 41 states including DC had adopted the ACA Medicaid expansion, although only 39 states had implemented the expansion in 2022.7 In states that have not expanded Medicaid, the median eligibility level for parents is just 37% FPL and adults without dependent children are ineligible in most cases. Additionally, in non-expansion states, millions of poor uninsured adults fall into a “coverage gap” because they earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but not enough to qualify for Marketplace premium tax credits. * Many lawfully present immigrants must meet a five-year waiting period after receiving qualified immigration status before they can qualify for Medicaid. States have the option to cover eligible children and pregnant people without a waiting period, and as of January 2023, 35 states have elected the option for children and 26 states have taken up the option for lawfully present pregnant individuals. Lawfully present immigrants are eligible for Marketplace tax credits, including those who are not eligible for Medicaid because they have not met the five-year waiting period. However, undocumented immigrants are ineligible for federally funded coverage, including Medicaid or Marketplace coverage.8 Some states have taken steps to provide fully state-funded coverage to some groups of immigrants who remain eligible for federal coverage. * Though financial assistance is available to many of the remaining uninsured under the ACA, not everyone who is uninsured is eligible for free or subsidized coverage. Six in ten (15.3 million) uninsured individuals in 2022 were eligible for financial assistance either through Medicaid or through subsidized Marketplace coverage (Figure 8). However, four in ten uninsured (10.3 million) are outside the reach of the ACA because their state did not expand Medicaid, their immigration status made them ineligible, or they were deemed to have access to an affordable Marketplace plan or offer of employer coverage. Some uninsured who are eligible for help may not be aware of coverage options or may face barriers to enrollment, and even with enhanced subsidies, Marketplace coverage may be unaffordable for some uninsured individuals. ### How does not having coverage affect health care access? Health insurance makes a difference in whether and when people get necessary medical care, where they get their care, and ultimately, how healthy they are. While the COVID-19 pandemic affected health care utilization broadly, uninsured adults are far more likely than those with insurance to postpone health care or forgo it altogether because of concerns over costs. The consequences can be severe, particularly when preventable conditions or chronic diseases go undetected. ###### Key Details: * Studies repeatedly demonstrate that uninsured individuals are less likely than those with insurance to receive preventive care and services for major health conditions and chronic diseases.9, 10, 11, 12 Although overall utilization of health care services declined during the pandemic, uninsured adults were more likely to report cost barriers than barriers due to COVID-19 as the reason for delaying or forgoing care in 2021. In 2022, nearly half (47.4%) of nonelderly uninsured adults reported not seeing a doctor or health care professional in the past 12 months compared to 16.6% with private insurance and 14.0% with public coverage. Part of the reason for not accessing care among uninsured individuals is that many (43.1%) do not have a regular place to go when they are sick or need medical advice (Figure 9). But cost also plays a role. Over one in five (22.0%) nonelderly adults without coverage said that they went without needed care in the past year because of cost compared to 4.7% of adults with private coverage and 7.4% of adults with public coverage. A KFF survey that asks about cost barriers for individuals and their family members reports higher percentages of both uninsured and insured people delaying or forgoing needed due to cost. * Many uninsured people do not obtain the treatments their health care providers recommend for them because of the cost of care. In 2022, uninsured nonelderly adults were over twice as likely as adults with private coverage to say that they delayed filling or did not get a needed prescription drug due to cost (12.3% vs. 5.4%). And while insured and uninsured people who are injured or newly diagnosed with a chronic condition receive similar plans for follow-up care, people without health coverage are less likely than those with coverage to obtain all the recommended services.13, 14 * Uninsured children were more likely than those with private insurance to go without needed care due to cost in 2022 (8.6% versus less than 1%). Furthermore, nearly one-quarter (24.5%) of uninsured children had not seen a doctor in the past year compared to 4.3% and 5.7% for children with public and private coverage, respectively (Figure 9). * Because people without health coverage are less likely than those with insurance to have regular outpatient care, they are more likely to be hospitalized for avoidable health problems and to experience declines in their overall health. When they are hospitalized, uninsured people receive fewer diagnostic and therapeutic services and also have higher mortality rates than those with insurance.15, 16, 17, 18, 19 * Research demonstrates that gaining health insurance improves access to health care considerably and diminishes the adverse effects of having been uninsured. A review of research on the effects of the ACA Medicaid expansion finds that expansion led to positive effects on access to care, utilization of services, the affordability of care, and financial security among the low-income population. Medicaid expansion is associated with increased early-stage diagnosis rates for cancer, lower rates of cardiovascular mortality, and increased odds of tobacco cessation.20, 21,22 * Public hospitals, community clinics and health centers, and local providers that serve underserved communities provide a crucial health care safety net for uninsured people. However, safety net providers have limited resources and service capacity, and not all uninsured people have geographic access to a safety net provider.23, 24, 25 High uninsured rates contribute to rural hospital closures and greater financial challenges for rural hospitals, leaving individuals living in rural areas at an even greater disadvantage to accessing care.26, 27 Research indicates that Medicaid expansion is associated with reductions in uncompensated care costs and improved financial performance for rural hospitals and other providers. ### What are the financial implications of being uninsured? Uninsured individuals often face unaffordable medical bills when they do seek care. These bills can quickly translate into medical debt since most people who are uninsured have low or moderate incomes and have little, if any, savings. ###### Key Details: * Those without insurance for an entire calendar year pay for almost 40% of their care out-of-pocket.28 In addition, hospitals frequently charge uninsured patients higher rates than those paid by private health insurers and public programs.29, 30, 31, 32 * Uninsured nonelderly adults are much more likely than their insured counterparts to lack confidence in their ability to afford usual medical costs. Over eight in ten (85%) of uninsured nonelderly adults say they have difficulty affording health care costs, compared to 47% of adults with insurance (Figure 10). * Unaffordable medical bills can lead to medical debt, particularly for uninsured adults. More than six in ten (62%) uninsured adults report having health care debt compared to over four in ten (44%) insured adults (Figure 10). Uninsured adults are more likely to face negative consequences due to health care debt, such as using up savings, having difficulty paying other living expenses, or borrowing money.33 34 35 Beyond the significant financial consequences of having debt, two-thirds of uninsured adults with health care debt say they have had to make difficult sacrifices, such as eating less, changing their housing situation, or increasing work hours to pay down their debt. * While federal and state laws require certain hospitals to provide some level of charity care, not all eligible patients benefit from these programs. Consequently, charity care costs represent a small share of operating expenses at many hospitals. * Research suggests that gaining health coverage improves the affordability of care and financial security among the low-income population. Multiple studies of the ACA found declines in trouble paying medical bills and reductions in medical debt in expansion states relative to non-expansion states. More recent research found that Medicaid expansion decreased catastrophic health expenditures and was associated with greater increases in income among low-income individuals. ### Conclusion During the third year following the start of the pandemic, the number of people without health insurance continued to drop, reaching an all-time low in 2022. With pandemic-related coverage protections still in place and a strong job market, the coverage gains were driven by increases in employer, Medicaid, and non-group coverage for nonelderly adults. While the improvements in coverage were widespread, they were particularly large for American Indian and Alaska Native and Hispanic people (although these groups remain more likely than White people to be uninsured), those in low-income families, particularly people in poverty, and among people in working families, including those with only part-time workers in the family. The end of the Medicaid continuous enrollment provision is likely to reverse these recent coverage gains. States resumed Medicaid redeterminations in April 2023 and are disenrolling people who are no longer eligible or who are unable to complete the renewal process even if they remain eligible. Net Medicaid enrollment declined by nearly three million people from March to July 2023. While some people who are losing Medicaid are gaining other coverage through an employer or through the Marketplace, some are undoubtedly becoming uninsured. Efforts by states, providers, health plans, and others to increase outreach, and the availability of Navigators and enrollment assisters to help people complete the Medicaid renewal process can increase the likelihood that eligible individuals retain Medicaid and those who are no longer eligible obtain other coverage. The extension of the enhanced Marketplace subsidies will make that coverage more affordable for people who are disenrolled from Medicaid and may increase the share of people who successfully transition from Medicaid to Marketplace coverage. Still, any large increase in the number of people who are uninsured could undermine improvements in access to care and financial stability that come with having health coverage and could worsen disparities in health outcomes. Appendix #### Topics * Uninsured * Medicaid * Affordable Care Act #### Tags * Access to Care * Coverage * Low income ### Also of Interest * A Closer Look at the Remaining Uninsured Population Eligible for Medicaid and CHIP * How Many Uninsured Are in the Coverage Gap and How Many Could be Eligible if All States Adopted the Medicaid Expansion? * Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map * Medicaid Enrollment and Unwinding Tracker * Medicaid State Fact Sheets Get The Latest On Health Policy Sign Up For Email Alerts Your Email Address Sign Up * Topics * Affordable Care Act * COVID-19 * Global Health Policy * Health Costs * Health Misinformation and Trust * HIV/AIDS * Medicaid * Medicare * Mental Health * Patient and Consumer Protections * Private Insurance * Racial Equity and Health Policy * Uninsured * Women’s Health Policy * Sections * Polling * State Health Facts * Graphics & Interactives * Charts & Slides * KFF Health News * Social Impact Media * Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker * Newsroom * News Releases * Events * Subscribe to Emails * Cite Us/Reprint * Media Contacts * About Us * From Drew Altman * Our People * Our Programs * KFF Board * Contact Us * Support Our Work * Join Our Team * Privacy Policy * Follow Us * Email Alerts * Facebook * Instagram * LinkedIn * Threads * X * RSS Feeds * YouTube ![\\"KFF\\"](\\" foundation-2016/static/images/kff_logo-2023.svg\\") © 2024 KFF Powered by WordPress VIP * Citations and Reprints * Privacy Policy KFF Headquarters: 185 Berry St., Suite 2000, San Francisco, CA 94107 | Phone 650-854-9400 Washington Offices and Barbara Jordan Conference Center: 1330 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005 | Phone 202-347-5270 | Email Alerts: kff.org/email | facebook.com/KFF | twitter.com/kff The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news, KFF is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. ![\\"\\"](\\" |
Five hundred thousand people go bankrupt because of medically related issues They come down with cancer and that’s a reason to go bankrupt | 3,159 | The White House The White House The White House * Home * Administration * Priorities * The Record * Briefing Room * Español * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement Menu Close To search this site, enter a search term Search ## Mobile Menu Overlay * Administration Show submenu for “Administration”” * President Joe Biden * Vice President Kamala Harris * First Lady Dr. Jill Biden * Second Gentleman Douglas Emhoff * The Cabinet * Executive Offices Show submenu for “Executive Offices”” * Council of Economic Advisers * Council on Environmental Quality * Domestic Policy Council * Gender Policy Council * National Economic Council * National Security Council * National Space Council * Office of Intergovernmental Affairs * Office of Management and Budget * Office of the National Cyber Director * Office of National Drug Control Policy * Office of Public Engagement * Office of Science and Technology Policy * Office of the United States Trade Representative * Climate Policy Office * Presidential Personnel Office * Priorities * Briefing Room * The White House Show submenu for “The White House”” * Presidents * First Families * The Grounds * Our Government * Get Involved Show submenu for “Get Involved”” * Write or Call The White House * Join Us * White House Fellows * White House Internship Program * The Record * Disclosures * Español * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500 To search this site, enter a search term Search March 08, 2024 # Remarks by President Biden in State of the Union Address 1. Home 2. Briefing Room 3. Speeches and Remarks U.S. CapitolWashington, D.C.(March 7, 2024) 9:26 P.M. ESTTHE PRESIDENT: (The President presents his prepared remarks to Speaker Johnson.) Your bedtime reading. Tony! (Applause.) Thank you. (Applause.) Looking for Jill. (Applause.)Good evening. (Applause.) Good evening. If I were smart, I’d go home now. (Laughter and applause.)Mr. Speaker, Madam Vice President, members of Congress, my fellow Americans.In January 1941, Franklin Roosevelt came to this chamber to speak to the nation. And he said, “I address you at a moment unprecedented in the history of the Union”. Hitler was on the march. War was raging in Europe.President Roosevelt’s purpose was to wake up Congress and alert the American people that this was no ordinary time. Freedom and democracy were under assault in the world.Tonight, I come to the same chamber to address the nation. Now it’s we who face an unprecedented moment in the history of the Union. And, yes, my purpose tonight is to wake up the Congress and alert the American people that this is no ordinary moment either. Not since President Lincoln and the Civil War have freedom and democracy been under assault at home as they are today.What makes our moment rare is that freedom and democracy are under attack at — both at home and overseas at the very same time. Overseas, Putin of Russia is on the march, invading Ukraine and sowing chaos throughout Europe and beyond.If anybody in this room thinks Putin will stop at Ukraine, I assure you: He will not. (Applause.) But Ukraine — Ukraine can stop Putin. (Applause.) Ukraine can stop Putin if we stand with Ukraine and provide the weapons that it needs to defend itself. (Applause.) That is all — that is all Ukraine is asking. They’re not asking for American soldiers. In fact, there are no American soldiers at war in Ukraine, and I’m determined to keep it that way. (Applause.) But now assistance to Ukraine is being blocked by those who want to walk away from our world leadership.It wasn’t long ago when a Republican president named Ronald Reagan thundered, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.” (Applause.) Now — now my predecessor, a former Republican president, tells Putin, quote, “Do whatever the hell you want.” AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: That’s a quote.A former president actually said that — bowing down to a Russian leader. I think it’s outrageous, it’s dangerous, and it’s unacceptable. (Applause.) America is a founding member of NATO, the military alliance of democratic nations created after World War Two prevent — to prevent war and keep the peace.And today, we’ve made NATO stronger than ever. We welcomed Finland to the Alliance last year. (Applause.) And just this morning, Sweden officially joined, and their minister is here tonight. Stand up. (Applause.) Welcome. Welcome, welcome, welcome. (Applause.) And they know how to fight.Mr. Prime Minister, welcome to NATO, the strongest military alliance the world has ever seen.I say this to Congress: We have to stand up to Putin. (Applause.) Send me a bipartisan national security bill. History is literally watching. History is watching.If the United States walks away, it will put Ukraineat risk. Europe is at risk. The free world will be at risk, emboldening others to do what they wish to do us harm.My message to President Putin, who I’ve known for a long time, is simple: We will not walk away. (Applause.) We will not bow down. (Applause.) I will not bow down. (Applause.) In a literal sense, history is watching. History is watching — just like history watched three years ago on January 6th — (applause) — when insurrectionists stormed this very Capitol and placed a dagger to the throat of American democracy.Many of you were here on that darkest of days. We all saw with our own eyes the insurrectionists were not patriots. They had come to stop the peaceful transfer of power, to overturn the will of the people.January 6th lies about the 2020 election and the plots to steal the election posed a great — gravest threat to U.S. democracy since the Civil War. But they failed. (Applause.) America stood — (applause) — America stood strong and democracy prevailed. We must be honest: The threat to democracy must be defended [defeated].My predecessor and some of you here seek to bury the truth about January 6th. I will not do that.This is a moment to speak the truth and to bury the lies. Here’s the simple truth: You can’t love your country only when you win. (Applause.)As I’ve done ever since being elected to office, I ask all of you, without regard to party, to join together and defend democracy. Remember your oath of office to defend againstall threats foreign and domestic. (Applause.) Respect — respect free and fair elections, restore trust in our institutions, and make clear political violence has absolutely no place — no place in America. Zero place. (Applause.)Again, it’s not — it’s not hyperbole to suggest history is watching. They’re watching. Your children and grandchildren will read about this day and what we do. History is watching another assault on freedom. Joining us tolight [tonight] is Latorya Beasley, a social worker from Birmingham, Alabama. Fourteen months ago — fourteen months ago, she and her husband welcomed a baby girl thanks to the miracle of IVF. (Applause.) She scheduled treatments to have that second child, but the Alabama Supreme Court shut down IVF treatments across the state, unleashed by a Supreme Court decision overturning Roe v. Wade. She was told her dream would have to wait.What her family had gone through should never have happened. Unless Congress acts, it could happen again. So, tonight, let’s stand up for families like hers. To my friends across the aisle — (applause) — don’t keep this waiting any longer. Guarantee the right to IVF. (Applause.) Guarantee it nationwide.Like most Americans, I believe Roe v. Wade got it right.I thank Vice President Harris for being an incredible leader defending reproductive freedom and so much more. (Applause.) Thank you.My predecessor came to office determined to see Roe v. Wade overturned. He’s the reason it was overturned, and he brags about it. Look at the chaos that has resulted.Joining us tonight is Kate Cox, a wife and motherfrom Dallas. She’d become pregnant again and had a fetus with a fatal condition. Her doctor told Kate that her own life and her ability to have future in the fil- — children in the future were at risk if she didn’t act. Because Texas law banned her ability to act, Kate and her husband had to leave the state to get what she needed.What her family had gone through should have never happened as well. But it’s happening to too many others.There are state laws banning the freedom to choose, criminalizing doctors, forcing survivors of rape and incest to leave their states to get the treatment they need.Many of you in this chamber and my predecessor are promising to pass a national ban on reproductive freedom.AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: My God, what freedom else would you take away?Look, its decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court majority wrote the following — and with all due respect, Justices — “Women are not without electoral — electoral power” — excuse me — “electoral or political power.”You’re about to realize just how much you were right about that. (Applause.)Clearly — (applause) — clearly, those bragging about overturning Roe v. Wade have no clue about the power of women.But they found out. When reproductive freedom was on the ballot, we won in 2022 and 2023. And we’ll win again in 2024. (Applause.)If you — if you, the American people, send me a Congress that supports the right to choose, I promise you I will restore Roe v. Wade as the law of the land again. (Applause.)Folks, America cannot go back.I am here to- — tonight to show what I believe is the way forward, because I know how far we’ve come. Four years ago next week, before I came to office, the country was hit by the worst pandemic and the worst economic crisis in a century. Remember the fear, record losses? Remember the spikes in crime and the murder rate? A raging virus that took more than 1 million American lives of loved ones, millions left behind. A mental health crisis of isolation and loneliness. A president, my predecessor, failed in the most basic presidential duty that he owes to American people: the duty to care. AUDIENCE MEMBER: Lies!THE PRESIDENT: I think that’s unforgivable.I came to office determined to get us through one of the toughest periods in the nation’s history. We have.It doesn’t make new, but in a — news — in a thousand cities and towns, the American people are writing the greatest comeback story never told. (Applause.) So, let’s tell the story here — tell it here and now.America’s comeback is building a future of American possibilities; building an economy from the middle out and the bottom up, not the top down; investing in all of America, in all Americans to make every- — sure everyone has a fair shot and we leave no one — no one behind.The pandemic no longer controls our lives. The vaccine that saved us from COVID is — are now being used to beat cancer.Turning setback into comeback. That’s what America does. That’s what America does. (Applause.)Folks, I inherited an economy that was on the brink. Now, our economy is literally the envy of the world. Fifteen million new jobs in just three years. A record. A record. (Applause.)Unemployment at 50-year lows. (Applause.)A record 16 million Americans are starting small businesses, and each one is a literal act of hope, with historic job growth and small-business growth for Black and Hispanics and Asian Americans. Eight hundred thousand new manufacturing jobs in America and counting. (Applause.)Where is it written we can’t be the manufacturing capital of the world? We are and we will. (Applause.)More people have health insurance today — more people have health insurance today than ever before. The racial wealth gap is the smallest it’s been in 20 years. Wages keep going up. Inflation keeps coming down. Inflation has dropped from 9 percent to 3 percent — the lowest in the world and tending [trending] lower. (Applause.)The landing is and will be soft. And now, instead of aporting — importing foreign products and exporting American jobs, we’re exporting American products and creating American jobs — (applause) — right here in America, where they belong. And it takes time, but the American people are beginning to feel it. Consumer studies show consumer confidence is soaring. “Buy America” has been the law of the land since the 1930s. Past administrations, including my predecessor — including some Democrats, as well, in the past — failed to buy American. Not anymore. On my watch, federal projects that you fund — like helping build American roads, bridges, and highways — will be made with American products and built by American workers — (applause) — creating good-paying American jobs. (Applause.) And thanks to our CHIPS and Science Act — (applause) — the United States is investing more in research and development than ever before. During the pandemic, a shortage of semiconductors, chips that drove up the price of everything from cell phones to automobiles — and, by the way, we invented those chips right here in America.Well, instead of having to import them, instead of — private companies are now investing billions of dollars to build new chip factories here in America — (applause) — creating tens of thousands of jobs, many of those jobs paying $100,000 a year and don’t require a college degree. (Applause.)In fact, my policies have attracted $650 billion in private-sector investment in clean energy, advanced manufacturing, creating tens of thousands of jobs here in America. (Applause.)And thanks — and thanks to our Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, 46,000 new projects have been announced all across your communities. And, by the way, I noticed some of you who’ve strongly voted against it are there cheering on that money coming in. (Laughter and applause.) And I like it. I’m with you. I’m with you.And if any of you don’t want that money in your district, just let me know. (Laughter.)Modernizing our roads and bridges, ports and airports, public transit systems. Removing poi- — poisonous lead pipes so every child can drink clean water without risk of brain damage. (Applause.) Providing affordable — affordable high-speed Internet for every American, no matter where you live — urban, suburban, or rural communities in red states and blue states. Record investments in Tribal communities. Because of my investment in family farms — (applause) — because I invested in family farms — led by my Secretary of Agriculture, who knows more about this anybody I know — we’re better able to stay in the family for the — those farms so their — and their children and grandchildren won’t have to leave — leave home to make a living. It’s transformative. The great comeback story is Belvidere, Illinois. Home to an auto plant for nearly 60 years. Before I came to office, the plant was on its way to shutting down. Thousands of workers feared for their livelihoods. Hope was fading. Then, I was elected to office, and we raised Belvidere repeatedly with auto companies, knowing unions would make all the difference. The UAW worked like hell to keep the plant open and get these jobs back. And together, we succeeded. Instead of auto factories shutting down, auto factories are reopening and a new state-of-the-art battery factory is being built to power those cars there at the same. (Applause.) To the folks — to the folks of Belvidere, I’d say: Instead of your town being left behind, your community is moving forward again. Because instead of watching auto ja- — jobs of the future go overseas, 4,000 union jobs with higher wages are building a future in Belvidere right here in America. (Applause.)Here tonight is UAW President Shawn Fain, a great friend and a great labor leader. Shawn, where are you? (Applause.) Stand up. And — and Dawn — and Dawn Simms, a third- generation worker — UAW worker at Belvidere. Shawn, I was proud to be the first President to stand in the picket line. And today, Dawn has a good job in her hometown, providing stability for her family and pride and dignity as well. Showing once again Wall Street didn’t build America. They’re not bad guys. They didn’t build it, though. The middle class built the country, and unions built the middle class. (Applause.)I say to the American people: When America gets knocked down, we get back up. (Applause.) We keep going. That’s America. (Applause.) That’s you, the American people. It’s because of you America is coming back. It’s because of you our future is brighter. It’s because of you that tonight we can proudly say the state of our Union is strong and getting stronger. (Applause.)AUDIENCE: Four more years! Four more years! Four more years!THE PRESIDENT: Tonight — tonight, I want to talk about the future of possibilities that we can build together — a future where the days of trickle-down economics are over and the wealthy and the biggest corporations no longer get the — all the tax breaks. And, by the way, I understand corporations. I come from a state that has more corporations invested than every one of your states in the state — the United States combined. And I represented it for 36 years. I’m not anti-corporation.But I grew up in a home where trickle-down economics didn’t put much on my dad’s kitchen table. That’s why I’m determined to turn things around so the middle class does well. When they do well, the poor have a way up and the wealthy still do very well. We all do well. And there’s more to do to make sure you’re feeling the benefits of all we’re doing. Americans pay more for prescription drugs than anywhere in the world. It’s wrong, and I’m ending it. (Applause.)With a law that I proposed and signed — and not one of your Republican buddies work- — voted for it — we finally beat Big Pharma. Instead of paying $400 a month or thereabouts for insulin with diabetes — and it only costs 10 bucks to make — they only get paid $35 a month now and still make a healthy profit. (Applause.)And I want to — and what to do next, I want to cap the cost of insulin at $35 a month for every American who needs it — everyone. (Applause.) For years, people have talked about it. But finally, we got it done and gave Medicare the power to negotiate lower prices on prescription drugs, just like the VA is able to do for veterans. (Applause.)That’s not just saving seniors money. It’s saving taxpayers money. We cut the federal deficit by $160 billion — (applause) — because Medicare will no longer have to pay those exorbitant prices to Big Pharma. This year, Medicare is negotiating lower prices for some of the costliest drugs on the market that treat everything from heart disease to arthritis. It’s now time to go further and give Medicare the power to negotiate lower prices for 500 different drugs over the next decade. (Applause.) They’re making a lot of money, guys. And they’ll still be extremely profitable. It will not only save lives; it will save taxpayers another $200 billion. (Applause.)Starting next year, the same law caps total prescription drug costs for seniors on Medicare at $200 — at $2,000 a year, even for expensive cancer drugs that cost $10-, $12-, $15,000. Now I want to cap prescription drug costs at $2,000 a year for everyone. (Applause.)Folks, I’m going to get in trouble for saying that, but any of you want to get in Air Force One with me and fly to Toronto, Berlin, Moscow — I mean, excuse me. (Laughter.) Well, even Moscow, probably. (Laughter.) And bring your prescription with you, and I promise you, I’ll get it for you for 40 percent the cost you’re paying now. Same company, same drug, same place.Folks, the Affordable Care Act — the old “Obamacare” — (applause) — is still a very big deal. (Laughter and applause.) Over 100 million of you can no longer be denied health insurance because of a preexisting condition. But my predecessor and many in this chamber want to take the — that prescription drug away by repealing Affordable Care Act.AUDIENCE: Booo — THE PRESIDENT: I’m not going to let that happen. (Applause.) We stopped you 50 times before, and we’ll stop you again. (Applause.) In fact, I’m not only protecting it, I’m expanding it. The — we enacted tax credits of $800 per person per year [to] reduce healthcare costs for millions of working families. That tax credit expires next year. I want to make that savings permanent. (Applause.)To state the obvious: Women are more than half of our population, but research on women’s health has always been underfunded. That’s why we’re launching the first-ever White House Initiative on Women’s Health Research, led by Jill — (applause) — doing an incredible job as First Lady — (applause) — to pa- — to pass my plan for $12 billion to transform women’s health research and benefit millions of lives all across America.I know the cost of housing is so important to you. Inflation keeps coming down. Mortgage rates will come down as well, and the Fed acknowledges that. But I’m not waiting. I want to provide an annual tax credit that will give Americans $400 a month for the next two years as mortgage rates come down to put toward their mortgages when they buy their first home or trade up for a little more space. (Applause.) That’s for two years. And my administration is also eliminating title insurance [fees] on federally backed mortgages. (Applause.) When you refinance your home, you can save $1,000 or more as a consequence. (Applause.) For millions of renters, we’re cracking down on big landlords who use antitrust law — using antitrust — who break antitrust laws — (applause) — by price-fixing and driving up rents. (Applause.) We’ve cut red tape so builders can get federally financing, which is already helping build a record 1.7 million new house u- — housing units nationwide.Now pass — now pass [my plan] and build and renovate 2 million affordable homes and bring those rents down. (Applause.)To remain the strongest economy in the world, we need to have the best education system in the world. (Applause.) And I, like I suspect all of you, want to give a child — every child a good start by providing access to preschool for three- and four-years-old. (Applause.) You know, I think I pointed out last year — (applause) — I think I pointed out last year that children coming from broken homes where there’s no books, they’re not read to, they’re not spoken to very often start school — kindergarten or first grade hearing — having heard a million fewer words spoken. Well, studies show that children who go to preschool are nearly 50 percent more likely to finish high school and go on to earn a two- and four-year degree no matter what their background is. (Applause.)I met a year and a half ago with the leaders of the Business Roundtable. They were mad that I was ever — angry — I — well, they were discussing — (laughter) — why I wanted to spend money on education. I pointed out to them: As Vice President, I met with over 8- — I think it was 182 of those folks — don’t hold me to the exact number — and I asked them what they need most — the CEOs. And you’ve had the same experience on both sides of the aisle. They say, “A better-educated workforce,” right? So, I looked at them. And I say, “I come from Delaware. DuPont used to be the eighth-largest corporation in the world. And every new enter- — enterprise they bought, they educated the workforce to that enterprise. But none of you do that anymore. Why are you angry with me providing you the opportunity for the best-educated workforce in the world?” And they all looked at me and said, “I think you’re right.” (Applause.)I want to expand high-quality tutoring and summer learning to see that every child learns to read by third grade. (Applause.) I’m also connecting local businesses and high schools so students get hands-on experience and a path to a good-paying job whether or not they go to college. (Applause.)And I want to make sure that college is more affordable. Let’s continue increasing the Pell Grants to working- and middle-class families and increase record investments in HBCUs and minority-serving institutions, including Hispanic institutions. (Applause.)When I was told I couldn’t universally just change the way in which we did — dealt with student loans, I fixed two student loan programs that already existed to reduce the burden of student debt for nearly 4 million Americans, including nurses, firefighters — (applause) — and others in public service.Like Keenan Jones, a public educator in Minnesota, who’s here with us tonight. Keenan, where are you? (Applause.) Keenan, thank you.He’s educated hundreds of students so they can go to college. Now he’s able to help, after debt forgiveness, get his own daughter to college. (Applause.)And, folks, look, such relief is good for the economy because folks are now able to buy a home, start a business, start a family. And while we’re at it, I want to give public school teachers a raise. (Applause.)And, by the way, the first couple of years, we cut the deficit.Now let me speak to the question of fundamental fairness for all Americans. I’ve been delivering real results in fiscally responsible ways. We’ve already cut the federal deficit — we’ve already cut the federal deficit by over $1 trillion. (Applause.) I signed a bipartisan deal to cut another trillion dollars in the next decade. (Applause.) It’s my goal to cut the federal deficit another $3 trillion by making big corporations and the very wealthy finally beginning to pay their fair share. (Applause.)Look, I’m a capitalist. If you want to make or can make a million or millions of bucks, that’s great. Just pay your fair share in taxes. (Applause.) A fair tax code is how we invest in things that make this country great: healthcare, education, defense, and so much more. But here’s the deal. The last administration enacted a $2 trillion tax cut overwhelmingly benefit the top 1 percent — the very wealthy —AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: — and the biggest corporations — and exploded the federal deficit. (Applause.) They added more to the national debt than any presidential term in American history. Check the numbers.Folks at home, does anybody really think the tax code is fair? AUDIENCE: No!THE PRESIDENT: Do you really think the wealthy and big corporations need another $2 trillion tax break? AUDIENCE: No!THE PRESIDENT: I sure don’t. I’m going to keep fighting like hell to make it fair. Under my plan, nobody earning less than $400,000 a year will pay an additional penny in federal taxes — (applause) — nobody — not one penny. And they haven’t yet.In fact, the Child Tax Credit I passed during the pandemic cut taxes for millions of working families and cut child poverty in half. (Applause.)Restore that Child Tax Credit. No child should go hungry in this country. (Applause.)The way to make the tax code fair is to make big corporations and the very wealthy begin to pay their share. Remember in 2020, 55 of the biggest companies in America made $40 billion and paid zero in federal income tax. Zero. AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: Not anymore.Thanks to the law I wrote and we signed, big companies now have to pay a minimum of 15 percent. But that’s still less than working people pay in federal taxes.It’s time to raise the corporate minimum tax to at least 21 percent — (applause) — so every big corporation finally begins to pay their fair share.I also want to end tax breaks for Big Pharma, Big Oil, private jets, massive executive pay when it was only supposed to be a million bal- — a million dollars that could be deducted. They can pay them $20 million if they want, but deduct a million.End it now. You know, there are 1,000 billionaires in America. You know what the average federal tax is for those billionaires?AUDIENCE MEMBER: Zero!THE PRESIDENT: No. (Laughter.) They’re making great sacrifices — 8.2 percent. AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: That’s far less than the vast majority of Americans pay.No billionaire should pay a lower federal tax rate than a teacher, a sanitation worker, or a nurse. (Applause.)I proposed a minimum tax for billionaires of 25 percent — just 25 percent. You know what that would raise? That would raise $500 billion over the next 10 years. (Applause.)And imagine what that could do for America. Imagine a future with affordable childcare, millions of families can get what they need to go to work to help grow the economy. (Applause.)Imagine a future with paid leave, because no one should have to choose between working and taking care of their sick family member. (Applause.)Imagine — imagine a future with home care and eldercare, and people living with disabilities so they can stay in their homes and family caregivers can finally get the pay they deserve.Tonight, let’s all agree once again to stand up for seniors. (Applause.)Many of my friends on the other side of the aisle want to put Social Security on the chopping block.If anyone here tries to cut Social Security or Medicare or raise the retirement age, I will stop you. (Applause.)The working people — the working people who built this country pay more into Social Security than millionaires and billionaires do. It’s not fair.We have two ways to go. Republicans can cut Social Security and give more tax breaks to the wealthy. I will —AUDIENCE MEMBER: (Inaudible.)THE PRESIDENT: That’s the proposal. Oh, no? You guys don’t want another $2 trillion tax cut?AUDIENCE MEMBER: Liar!THE PRESIDENT: I kind of thought that’s what your plan was. (Laughter.) Well, that’s good to hear. You’re not going to cut another $2 trillion for the super-wealthy? That’s good to hear.I’ll protect and strengthen Social Security and make the wealthy pay their fair share. (Applause.)Look, too many corporations raise prices to pad their profits, charging more and more for less and less.That’s why we’re cracking down on corporations that engage in price gouging and deceptive pricing, from food to healthcare to housing.In fact, the snack companies think you won’t notice if they change the size of the bag and put a hell of a lot fewer — (laughter) — same — same size bag — put fewer chips in it. No, I’m not joking. It’s called “shrink-flation.”Pass Bobby Casey’s bill and stop this. (Applause.) I really mean it.You probably all saw that commercial on Snickers bars. (Laughter.) And you get — you get charged the same amount, and you got about, I don’t know, 10 percent fewer Snickers in it. (Laughter.)Look, I’m also getting rid of junk fees — those hidden fees — (applause) — at the end of your bill that are there without your knowledge. My administration announced we’re cutting credit card late fees from $32 to $8. (Applause.)Banks and credit card companies are allowed to charge what it costs them to in- — to instigate the collection. And that’s more — a hell of a lot like $8 than 30-some dollars. But they don’t like it. The credit card companies don’t like it, but I’m saving American families $20 billion a year with all of the junk fees I’m eliminating. (Applause.)Folks at home, that’s why the banks are so mad. It’s $20 billion in profit.I’m not stopping there.My administration has proposed rules to make cable, travel,utilities, and online ticket sellers tell you the total price up front so there are no surprises. (Applause.)It matters. It matters.And so does this. In November, my team began serious negotiations with a bipartisan group of senators. The result was a bipartisan bill with the toughest set of border security reforms we’ve ever seen.AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: Oh, you don’t think so?AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: Oh, you don’t like that bill — huh? — that conservatives got together and said was a good bill? I’ll be darned. That’s amazing.That bipartisan bill would hire 1,500 more security agents and officers, 100 more immigration judges to help tackle the backload of 2 million cases, 4,300 more asylum officers, and new policies so they can resolve cases in six months instead of six years now. (Applause.) What are you against?One hundred more high-tech drug detection machines to significantly increase the ability to screen and stop vehicles smuggling fentanyl into America that’s killing thousands of children. (Applause.)This bill would save lives and bring order to the border. (Applause.)It would also give me and any new president new emergency authority to temporarily shut down the border when the number of migrants at the border is overwhelming. The Border Patrol union has endorsed this bill.(Cross-talk.)The federal Chamber of Commerce has — yeah, yeah. You’re saying “no.” Look at the facts. (Laughter and applause.) I know — I know you know how to read. I believe that given the opportunity — for — a majority in the House and Senate would endorse the bill as well — a majority right now. AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes!THE PRESIDENT: But unfortunately, politics have derailed this bill so far.I’m told my predecessor called members of Congress in the Senate to demand they block the bill. He feels political win — he viewed it as a — it would be a political win for me and a political loser for him. It’s not about him. It’s not about me. I’d be a winner — not really. I —REPRESENTATIVE GREENE: What about Laken Riley?(Cross-talk.)AUDIENCE: Booo —REPRESENTATIVE GREENE: Say her name!THE PRESIDENT: (The President holds up a pin reading “Say Her Name, Laken Riley.”) Lanken — Lanken [Laken] Riley, an innocent young woman who was killed.REPRESENTATIVE GREENE: By an illegal!THE PRESIDENT: By an illegal. That’s right. But how many of thousands of people are being killed by legals?(Cross-talk.)To her parents, I say: My heart goes out to you. Having lost children myself, I understand.But, look, if we change the dynamic at the border — people pay people — people pay these smugglers 8,000 bucks to get across the border because they know if they get by — if they get by and let into the country, it’s six to eight years before they have a hearing. And it’s worth the — taking the chance of the $8,000.(Cross-talk.)But — but if it’s only six mon- — six weeks, the idea is it’s highly unlikely that people will pay that money and come all that way knowing that they’ll be — able to be kicked out quickly. (Applause.)Folks, I would respectfully su- — suggest to my friend in — my Republican friends owe it to the American people. Get this bill done. We need to act now. (Applause.)AUDIENCE: Get it done! Get it done! Get it done!THE PRESIDENT: And if my predecessor is watching: Instead of paying [playing] politics and pressuring members of Congress to block the bill, join me in telling the Congress to pass it.We can do it together.But that’s what he apparently — here’s what he will not do.I will not demonize immigrants, saying they are “poison in the blood of our country.” (Applause.)I will not separate families. (Applause.)I will not ban people because of their faith.Unlike my predecessor, on my first day in office, I introduced a comprehensive bill to fix our immigration system. Take a look at it. It has all these and more: secure the border, provide a pathway to citizenship for DREAMers, and so much more. (Applause.)But unlike my predecessor, I know who we are as Americans. We’re the only nation in the world with a heart and soul that draws from old and new. Home to Native Americans whose ancestors have been here for thousands of years. Home to people of every pla- — from every place on Earth. They came freely. Some came in chains. Some came when famine struck, like my ancestral family in Ireland. Some to flee persecution, to chase dreams that are impossible anywhere but here in America.That’s America. (Applause.) And we all come from somewhere, but we’re all Americans.Look, folks, we have a simple choice: We can fight about fixing the border or we can fix it. (Applause.) I’m ready to fix it. Send me the border bill now.AUDIENCE: Fix it! Fix it! Fix it!THE PRESIDENT: A transformational his- — moment in history happened 58 — 59 years ago today in Selma, Alabama. Hundreds of foot soldiers for justice marched across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, named after the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan, to claim their fundamental right to vote.They were beaten. They were bloodied and left for dead. Our late friend and former colleague John Lewis was on that march. We miss him. (Applause.) But joining us tonight are other marchers, both in the gallery and on the floor, including Bettie Mae Fikes, known as the “Voice of Selma.” The daughter of gospel singers and preachers, she sang songs of prayer and protest on that Bloody Sunday to help shake the nation’s conscience. Five months later, the Voting Rights Act passed and was signed into law. (Applause.)Thank you. Thank you, thank you, thank you. (Applause.)But 59 years later, there are forces taking us back in time: voter suppression, election subversion, unlimited dark money, extreme gerrymandering.John Lewis was a great friend to many of us here. But if you truly want to honor him and all the heroes who marched with him, then it’s time to do more than talk. (Applause.)Pass the Freedom to Vote Act, the John Lewis Voting Right[s] Act. (Applause.) And stop — stop denying another core value of America: our diversity across American life. Banning books is wrong. Instead of erasing history, let’s make history. (Applause.) I want to protect fundamental rights. Pass the Equality Act. (Applause.) And my message to transgender Americans: I have your back. (Applause.)Pass the PRO Act for workers’ rights. (Applause.) Raise the federal minimum wage, because every worker has the right to a decent living more than eig- — seven bucks an hour. (Applause.)We’re also making history by confronting the climate crisis, not denying it. I don’t think any of you think there’s no longer a climate crisis. At least, I hope you don’t. (Laughter.)I’m taking the most significant action ever on climate in the history of the world. (Applause.) I’m cutting our carbon emissions in half by 2030; creating tens of thousands of clean energy jobs, like the IBEW workers building and installing 500,000 electric vehicle charging stations — (applause); conserving 30 percent of America’s lands and waters by 2030; and taking action on environmental justice — fence-line communities smothered by the legacy of pollution.And patterned after the Peace Corps and AmericaCorps [AmeriCorps], I launched the Climate Corps — (applause) — to put 20,000 young people to work in the forefront of our clean energy future. I’ll triple that number in a decade. (Applause.)To state the obvious, all Americans deserve the freedom to be safe. And America is safer today than when I took office.The year before I took office, murder rates went up 30 percent.MR. NIKOUI: Remember Abbey Gate!THE PRESIDENT: Thirty percent, they went up — MR. NIKOUI: United States Marines! Kareem Mae’Lee Nikoui!THE PRESIDENT: — the biggest increase in history.MR. NIKOUI: (Inaudible.)THE PRESIDENT: It was then, through no — through my American Rescue Plan — which every American [Republican] voted against, I might add — we made the largest investment in public safety ever.Last year, the murder rate saw the sharpest decrease in history. Violent crime fell to one of its lowest levels in more than 50 years. But we have more to do. We have to help cities invest in more community police officers, more mental health workers, more community violence intervention. (Applause.)Give communities the tools to crack down on gun crime, retail crime, and carjacking. Keep building trust, as I’ve been doing, by taking executive action on police reform and calling for it to be the law of the land.Directing my Cabinet to review the federal classification of marijuana and expunging thousands of convictions for the mere possession, because no one should be jailed for simply using or have it on their record. (Applause.)Take on crimes of domestic violence. I’m ramping up the federal enforcement of the Violence Against Women Act that I proudly wrote when I was a senator so we can finally — finally end the scourge against women in America. (Applause.) There are other kinds of violence I want to stop.With us tonight is Jasmine, whose nine-year-old sister Jackie was murdered with 21 classmates and teachers in her elementary school in Uvalde, Texas. Very soon after that happened, Jill and I went to Uvalde for a couple days. We spent hours and hours with each of the families. We heard their message so everyone in this room, in this chamber could hear the same message.The constant refrain — and I was there for hours, meeting with every family. They said, “Do something.” “Do something.”Well, I did do something by establishing the first- ever Office of Gun Violence Prevention in the White House, that the Vice President is leading the charge. Thank you for doing it. (Applause.)Meanwhile — (applause) — meanwhile, my predecessor told the NRA he’s proud he did nothing on guns when he was President.AUDIENCE: Booo —THE PRESIDENT: After another shooting in Iowa recently, he said — when asked what to do about it, he said, just “get over it.” That was his quote. Just “get over it.”I say stop it. Stop it, stop it, stop it. (Applause.)I’m proud we beat the NRA when I signed the most significant gun safety law in nearly 30 years because of this Congress. We now must beat the NRA again.I’m demanding a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines. (Applause.) Pass universal background checks. (Applause.) None of this — none of this — I taught the Second Amendment for 12 years. None of this violates the Second Amendment or vilifies responsible gun owners.(Cross-talk.)You know, as we manage challenges at home, we’re also managing crises abroad, including in the Middle East.I know the last five months have been gut-wrenching for so many people — for the Israeli people, for the Palestinian people, and so many here in America. This crisis began on October 7th with a massacre by a terrorist group called Hamas, as you all know. One thousand two hundred innocent people — women and girls, men and boys — slaughtered after enduring sexual violence. The deadliest day of the — for the Jewish people since the Holocaust. And 250 hostages taken.Here in this chamber tonight are families whose loved ones are still being held by Hamas. I pledge to all the families that we will not rest until we bring every one of your loved ones home.We also — (applause) — we will also work around the clock to bring home Evan and Paul — Americans being unjustly detained by the Russians — and others around the world.Israel has a right to go after Hamas. Hamas ended this conflict by releasing the hostages, laying down arms — could end it by — by releasing the hostages, laying down arms, and s- — surrendering those responsible for October 7th.But Israel has a h- — excuse me. Israel has a added burden because Hamas hides and operates among the civilian population like cowards — under hospitals, daycare centers, and all the like. Israel also has a fundamental responsibility, though, to protect innocent civilians in Gaza. (Applause.)This war has taken a greater toll on innocent civilians than all previous wars in Gaza combined. More than 30,000 Palestinians have been killed —AUDIENCE MEMBER: Says who?THE PRESIDENT: — most of whom are not Hamas. Thousands and thousands of innocents — women and children. Girls and boys also orphaned. Nearly 2 million more Palestinians under bombardment or displacement. Homes destroyed, neighborhoods in rubble, cities in ruin. Families without food, water, medicine. It’s heartbreaking. I’ve been working non-stop to establish an immediate ceasefire that would last for six weeks to get all the prisoners released — all the hostages released and to get the hostages home and to ease the intolerable an- — humanitarian crisis and build toward an enduring — a more — something more enduring.The United States has been leading international efforts to get more humanitarian assistance into Gaza. Tonight, I’m directing the U.S. military to lead an emergency mission to establish a temporary pier in the Mediterranean on the coast of Gaza that can receive large shipments carrying food, water, medicine, and temporary shelters. No U.S. boots will be on the ground. A temporary pier will enable a massive increase in the amount of humanitarian assistance getting into Gaza every day. (Applause.) And Israel must also do its part. Israel must allow more aid into Gaza and ensure humanitarian workers aren’t caught in the crossfire. (Applause.) And they’re announcing they’re going to — they’re going to ca- — have a crossing in Northern Gaza.To the leadership of Israel, I say this: Humanitarian assistance cannot be a secondary consideration or a bargaining chip. Protecting and saving innocent lives has to be a priority. As we look to the future, the only real solution to the situation is a two-state solution over time. (Applause.)And I say this as a lifelong supporter of Israel, my entire career. No one has a stronger record with Israel than I do. I challenge any of you here. I’m the only American president to visit Israel in wartime. But there is no other path that guarantees Israel’s security and democracy. There is no other path that guarantees Pa- — that Palestinians can live in peace with po- — with peace and dignity. And there is no other path that guarantees peace between Israel and all of its neighbors — including Saudi Arabia, with whom I’m talking. Creating stability in the Middle East also means containing the threat posed by Iran. That’s why I built a coalition of more than a dozen countries to defend international shipping and freedom of navigation in the Red Sea. I’ve ordered strikes to degrade the Houthi capability and defend U.S. forces in the region. As Commander-in-Chief, I will not hesitate to direct further measures to protect our people and our military personnel. (Applause.)For years, I’ve heard many of my Republican and Democratic friends say that China is on the rise and America is falling behind. They’ve got it backwards. I’ve been saying it for over four years, even when I wasn’t president. America is rising. We have the best economy in the world. And since I’ve come to office, our GTB [GDP] is up, our trade deficit with China is down to the lowest point in over a decade. (Applause.) And we’re standing up against China’s unfair economic practices. We’re standing up for peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits. I’ve revitalized our partnership and alliance in the Pacific: India, Australia, Japan, South Korea, the Pacific Islands. I’ve made sure that the most advanced American technologies can’t be used in China — not allowing to trade them there. Frankly, for all his tough talk on China, it never occurred to my predecessor to do any of that. (Applause.) I want competition with China, not conflict. And we’re in a stronger position to win the conflict [competition] of the 21st century against China than anyone else for that matter — than at any time as well.Here at home, I’ve signed over 400 bipartisan bills. But there’s more to pass my Unity Agenda.Strengthen penalties on fentanyl trafficking. You don’t want to do that, huh? Pass bipartisan privacy legislation to protect our children online. (Applause.)Harness — harness the promise of AI to protect us from peril. Ban AI voice impersonations and more. And keep our truly sacred obligation to train and equip those we send into harm’s way and care for them and their families when they come home and when they don’t. (Applause.) That’s why, with the strong support and help of Denis and the VA, I signed the PACT Act — (applause) — one of the most significant laws ever, helping millions of veterans exposed to toxins who now are battling more than 100 different cancers. Many of them don’t come home, but we owe them and their families support. And we owe it to ourselves to keep supporting our new health research agency called ARPA-H — (applause) — and remind us — to remind us that we can do big things, like end cancer as we know it. And we will. (Applause.) Let me close with this. (Applause.)THE PRESIDENT: Yay! (Applause and laughter.)I know you don’t want to hear anymore, Lindsey, but I got to say a few more things. (Laughter.) I know I may not look like it, but I’ve been around a while. (Laughter and applause.) When you get to be my age, certain things become clearer than ever. I know the American story. Again and again, I’ve seen the contest between competing forces in the battle for the soul of our nation, between those who want to pull America back to the past and those who want to move America into the future. My lifetime has taught me to embrace freedom and democracy, a future based on core values that have defined America — honesty, decency, dignity, and equality — (applause); to respect everyone; to give everyone a fair shot; to give hate no safe harbor. (Applause.)Now, other people my age see it differently. (Laughter.) The American story of resentment, revenge, and retribution.That’s not me. I was born amid World War Two, when America stood for the freedom of the world. I grew up in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Claymont, Delaware, among working-class people who built this country. I watched in horror as two of my heroes — like many of you did — Dr. King and Bobby Kennedy, were assassinated. And their legacies inspired me to pur- — pursue a car- — a career in service. I left a law firm and became a public defender because my city of Wilmington was the only city in America occupied by the National Guard after Dr. King was assassinated because of the riots. And I became a county councilman almost by accident.I got elected to the United States Senate when I had no intention of running, at age 29. Then vice president to our first Black president. Now a president to the first woman vice president. (Applause.)In my career, I’ve been told I was too young. (Laughter.) By the way, they didn’t let me on the Senate elevators for votes sometimes. They — not a joke. (Laughter.)And I’ve been told I am too old. (Laughter.) Whether young or old, I’ve always been known — I’ve always known what endures. I’ve known our North Star. The very idea of America is that we’re all created equal, deserves to be treated equally throughout our lives. We’ve never fully lived up to that idea, but we’ve never walked away from it either. And I won’t walk away from it now. (Applause.) I’m optimistic. I really am. I’m optimistic, Nancy. (Applause.) AUDIENCE: Four more years! Four more years! Four more years!THE PRESIDENT: My fellow Americans, the issue facing our nation isn’t how old we are; it’s how old are our ideas. (Applause.) Hate, anger, revenge, retribution are the oldest of ideas. But you can’t lead America with ancient ideas that only take us back. To lead America, the land of possibilities, you need a vision for the future and what can and should be done. (Applause.) Tonight, you’ve heard mine. I see a future where [we’re] defending democracy, you don’t diminish it.I see a future where we restore the right to choose and protect our freedoms, not take them away. (Applause.)I see a future where the middle class has — finally has a fair shot and the wealthy have to pay their fair share in taxes. (Applause.) I see a future where we save the planet from the climate crisis and our country from gun violence. (Applause.) Above all, I see a future for all Americans. I see a country for all Americans. And I will always be President for all Americans because I believe in America. I believe in you, the American people. (Applause.) You’re the reason we’ve never been more optimistic about our future than I am now. So, let’s build the future together. Let’s remember who we are. We are the United States of America. (Applause.) And there is nothing — nothing beyond our capacity when we act together. (Applause.) God bless you all. And may God protect our troops. Thank you, thank you, thank you. (Applause.) 10:33 P.M. EST Next Post: Readout of White House Meeting with the UN Special Representative of the Secretary General on Sexual Violence in Conflict Readout of White House Meeting with the UN Special Representative of the Secretary General on Sexual Violence in Conflict March 08, 2024 • Statements and Releases Next Post ## Stay Connected Sign Up Email Address* Required ZIP Code Please leave blank. 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Luxembourg benefits the most from being in the EU getting back 3304 of what it pays in | 3,160 | __Menu ![\\"Return](\\"/static/img/ff-logo.a3c246edc83d.png\\"/) Donate * Fact checks ## Fact checks Our fact checking systematically raises standards in public debate and changes the behaviour of powerful actors * All fact checks * Latest * Health * Crime * Education * Climate * Tax * Cost of living * Politics Live * Campaigns ## Campaigns We’re campaigning to tackle bad information online, protect our elections and improve the quality of information in public debate * Campaigns * Follow: WhatsApp * Subscribe: Email * Read: Blog * Asks of the new government * Supporter interventions * Your MP * Policy ## Policy Our policy work aims to improve the information environment, in order to protect and encourage good public debate * Policy * Reports * Framework for information incidents * Research * The Full Fact Report * Letters & submissions * The Online Safety Act * Full Fact AI ## Full Fact AI Our technology and training work is designed to help everyone work faster and smarter * Full Fact AI * Full Fact Training * About Full Fact AI * About ## About Bad information ruins lives. We’re a team of independent fact checkers and campaigners who find, expose and counter the harm it does * Who we are * How we fact check * After we fact check * Our team * Contact us * Jobs * Funding * Independence * Impartiality * Feedback & corrections * FAQs * International networks * Search 1. Europe # Is Luxembourg the biggest beneficiary of the EU? 26 September 2019 ##### What was claimed Luxembourg benefits the most from being in the EU, getting back 3,304% of what it pays in. ##### Our verdict Incorrect. The amount that Luxembourg received in EU spending in 2018 was roughly 105% of what it paid in to the EU budget. 16 other EU countries received a higher level of spending—relative to what they paid in—than Luxembourg. Last week, Boris Johnson did not attend a planned press conference with the Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel—with Mr Bettel instead undertaking the press conference alone. Mr Johnson reportedly decided to pull out due to a loud group of anti-Brexit protestors close by. In the aftermath, a number of Facebook posts have shared an image claiming to show that Luxembourg benefits the most from being in the EU, getting back 3,304% of what it pays into the EU by 2022. A couple of the posts explicitly linked it to the Bettel incident. The posts are incorrect. We’ve checked a number of these issues before. A key problem was that the figures for the EU budget from 2021 onwards haven’t been released yet, so we can’t know what individual countries will pay in and get back. The posts use data which they say is from 2018 to try and estimate what these figures will be. There are also separate problems with the specific claim that Luxembourg gets back 3,304% of what it pays in as an EU member. The amount that Luxembourg received in EU spending in 2018 was roughly 105% of what it paid in to the EU budget (this can also be expressed as getting back 5% more than it paid in). In that year, 16 other EU countries received more money—relative to what they paid in—than Luxembourg. The EU budget also spent around €1.6 billion on administration in Luxembourg in 2018. This covers things like EU staff salaries and building costs related to EU institutions within Luxembourg—like the Court of Justice of the European Union. This money is not counted as spending on Luxembourg itself. However, even if it was counted as spending on Luxembourg, the country would get around 460% more than it paid in—still nowhere near 3,304%. Luxembourg apart, the order in which countries appear in the post, in terms of how much they pay into the EU and get back, is fairly accurate. This article is part of our work fact checking potentially false pictures, videos and stories on Facebook. You can read more about this—and find out how to report Facebook content—here. For the purposes of that scheme, we’ve rated this claim as mixture because, while the overall order of countries shown in the post is fairly accurate, the figure for Luxembourg is inaccurate. * By Joël Reland * Share this: * Twitter * Facebook ## Was this helpful? Full Fact fights for good, reliable information in the media, online, and in politics. Support Full Fact today ### Related fact checks * Miscaptioned video showing ‘Muslim immigrants’ attack in France performed by stunt group * No, the Paris Olympics is not ‘cashless’ * Image does not show tractors ‘blocking boats’ at Dover * ‘French government’ has not called for 90% income tax * No evidence French politician promised Arabic would be an official language * Did you find this fact check useful? * Yes No ## Full Fact fights bad information Bad information ruins lives. It promotes hate, damages people’s health, and hurts democracy. You deserve better. Get the information you need * Who we are * Funding and independence * Our impartiality * Feedback and corrections * Media enquiries * Twitter * Facebook * Instagram ![\\"Return](\\"/static/img/ff-logo.a3c246edc83d.png\\"/) Full Fact, 17 Oval Way, London, SE11 5RR Full Fact is a registered charity (no. 1158683) and a non-profit company (no. 06975984) limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales. © Copyright 2010-2024 Full Fact. Thanks to Bytemark for donating our web hosting. Privacy, terms and conditions. Full Fact uses cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Find out more about cookies. Okay |
Luxembourg benefits the most from being in the EU getting back 3304 of what it pays in | 3,160 | ![\\"RTL](\\"/assets/images/logo_rtl-letzebuerg_light.svg\\") * Home * Play * Télé * Radio * RTL Today * RTL Infos * Home * Play * Télé * Radio News * National * International * Panorama * Tech-World * Meenung * Faktencheck News * National * International * Panorama * Tech-World * Meenung * Faktencheck Mobilitéit * News * Trafic * Pëtrolspräisser * Auto-Tester * Autofestival * Lux-Airport * Radar-Kontrollen * Guidage Parking * Annoncen Life * News * Gastronomie * Gesondheet * Reesen * Spenden * Déiererubrik * Acteur de ma santé * Horoskop Kultur * News * Kino * Musek * Bicher * Agenda Sport * News * Live Arena * F1 * Futtball * Basketball * Handball * Dëschtennis * Volleyball * Vëlossport * Auto-Moto * E-Sport * Weider Sportaarten Gaming * News * Review * E-Sport Fotoen * Aktualitéit * Events a Fester * Kultur * Lifestyle * Auto * Télé * Radio * Sport * Pressphoto Spilleck * Allgemengwëssen * Musek Quiz * Geo Quiz * Kräizwuerträtsel * Sproochespill * Quiz vum Mount * Déiere Quiz * Sport Quiz Meteo * Radar * Nidderschléi * Quantitéiten * Wandvitessen * CityClim Jobs * Jobdag * Moovijob * Lifelong Learning Immo * Annoncen Info * Services de garde * Loterie * Energieauer Télé Radio * Emissiounen * RTL Today * RTL Infos Factchecking Brexit # Charity debunks claim that Luxembourg is EU\'s biggest beneficiary RTL|Update: 01.10.2019 08:42 ![\\"RTL\\"](\\" © AFP PATRICK HERTZOG Boris Johnson\'s no-show at a joint press conference with Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel several weeks ago has stoked the fires of anti-EU groups in the United Kingdom, who have used the incident to decry Luxembourg\'s pro-European Union stance. The Grand Duchy\'s catapulting into the international media through the incident of Johnson refusing to participate in the press conference due to a number of protesters booing has seen praise directed at Luxembourg, as well as fierce amounts of criticism. A British cabinet member has used the phrase \'go back to Luxembourg\' as an insult, Brexiteer pundits have fiercely condemned the Luxembourgish prime minister\'s move, and, it appears, a number of Facebook posts have emerged, pointing out that Luxembourg is allegedly the biggest beneficiary of the EU. Anti-European Union groups in the United Kingdom, notably UKIP and Brexit Party Facebook pages, have shared the same table with the title \'Who is benefitting the most as an EU Member State by 2022 (using 2018 figures)?\'. Those who shared the table have associated Luxembourg\'s alleged position as top of the list - and getting back 3,304% of what it pays in - to discredit Bettel and explain why he \'humiliated\' Johnson. Captions include phrases like \'Getting your country trashed and having to pay for the privilege!\',\'You can see why Luxembourg are getting worried. See how much they\'ll stand to lose& by the way guess who is at the very bottom of this list? No prizes for guessing correctly!\' and \'f you wondered why the PM of Luxembourg laid on an anti Brexit demo when the UK PM turned up, take a look at the list of who benefits the most from being in the EU. Then look at the bottom of the list.\'. Comments on the posts go further, with individual social media users writing \'Why why why, do people still want to remain in this corrupt club\' and \'Luxembourg...tax haven...but with the biggest appetite for Eu cash. Juncker land is a joke, well done Boris for giving them two very large British fingers.\' The table, pitting Luxembourg as the EU\'s biggest beneficiary and the United Kingdom as the lowest, does well to stoke divisions and tensions, giving Brexit supporters more ammunition to decry the European Union and EU member states. However, the figures presented in the table are utterly false, as debunked by Full Fact, an independent UK-based factchecking charity. Full Fact dedicates its time to debunking misinformation spread on social media, particularly Facebook. Globally, Full Fact has debunked the Facebook post as incorrect, pointing out that Luxembourg received roughly 105% of what it paid in to the EU budget in 2018, otherwise seen as getting 5% more back than what it paid in. In the same year, Full Fact highlighted, 16 other EU countries received more EU funding than Luxembourg, relative to the amount they paid in. Additionally, Full Fact accounted for administration costs for EU institutions based in Luxembourg, which lay at €1.6 billion in 2018. Although this is not counted as spending on Luxembourg itself, if that figure had been incorporated, Luxembourg would receive 460% more than it contributes, which still falls short of the 3,304% mark. Finally, Full Fact highlighted that Eu budget figures for 2021 onwards have yet to be released. The charity also concluded that the order of countries on the Facebook table is fairly accurate with the obvious exception of Luxembourg. ### Links * Full Fact: Is Luxembourg the biggest beneficiary of the EU? * \'Setting the record straight\': Boris Johnson protester calls in to LBC to debunk claims of \'baying mob\' * Reader poll: Johnson\'s leaving and Bettel\'s solo press conference - who was in the right? * Gerry Erang: Boris Goneson in Luxembourg: the day the Uncredible Hulk took to his heels Am meeschte gelies * * ![\\"RTL\\"](\\" Arnaquë gi méi affrontéiert Wann Onéierlecher mat Detailer kommen, déi bal keen Zoufall méi kënne sinn Wann Onéierlecher mat Detailer kommen, déi bal keen Zoufall méi kënne sinn * ![\\"RTL\\"](\\" Sonndesinterview mam Aude Gastauer \"Am Kenia hunn ech vill glécklech Mamme gesinn\" \"Am Kenia hunn ech vill glécklech Mamme gesinn\" * ![\\"RTL\\"](\\" \"Mäi Wee - Geschichten aus dem Liewen\" \"Burnout an der Politik\" \"Burnout an der Politik\" * ![\\"RTL\\"](\\" En Dënschdeg 8. 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Discover the collaboration ![\\"](\\" sfcc/ZvK_47VsGrYSv1am_LOGO_SUSAN-G.-KOMEN_3_1160x1600.jpg?im=Resize=\(200,244\),aspect=fill;Crop=\(0,0,200,244\),gravity=Center;Blur=10&q=1\\") ![\\"](\\" sfcc/ZvLABrVsGrYSv1au_MACRO_PINK_2_1160x1600.jpg?im=Resize=\(200,244\),aspect=fill;Crop=\(0,0,200,244\),gravity=Center;Blur=10&q=1\\") ![\\"](\\" sfcc/ZuATYRoQrfVKl5oy_ZENITH-GabaritHomepage- LameAdaptive-1707x1001.png?im=Resize=400;Blur=10&q=1\\") ### LIGHT, COLOUR & MOTION ## DEFY SKYLINE TOURBILLON PANTONE EDITION PURCHASE NOW * ![\\"DEFY](\\" ### DEFY SKYLINE TOURBILLON FELIPE PANTONE EDITION Discover Item 1 of 1 ![\\"](\\" sfcc/ZuAUYhoQrfVKl5pd_ZENITH-GabaritHomepage- LameAdaptive-1797x1011.png?im=Resize=400;Blur=10&q=1\\") ### THE SKY IS YOURS ## DEFY SKYLINE CHRONOGRAPH BOUTIQUE EDITION PURCHASE NOW * ![\\"DEFY](\\" ### DEFY SKYLINE Discover Item 1 of 1 * Packaging Opt for an online-exclusive and more environmentally friendly packaging option. * Extended warranty For any purchase made through our e-commerce website, you can benefit from 3 additional years of warranty and a first complementary service. * Concierge service Shop with a personalized experience provided by our Concierge team ### NEED HELP? 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Luxembourg benefits the most from being in the EU getting back 3304 of what it pays in | 3,160 | OECD * Topics 1. Featured topics 2. Agriculture and fisheries 3. Climate change 4. Development 5. Digital 6. Economy 7. Education and skills 8. Employment 9. Environment 10. Finance and investment 11. Governance 12. Health 13. Industry, business and entrepreneurship 14. Regional, rural and urban development 15. Science, technology and innovation 16. Society 17. Taxation 18. Trade 19. Energy 20. Nuclear energy 21. Transport ## Featured topics ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- ca6a40ff-75e7-4840-a67a-16c08e15b1d3/artificial-intelligence-circuit-board- brain-2024.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Artificial intelligence How to apply effective governance to harness the benefits of A.I. and mitigate its risks ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 3b8a81d5-31bd-410c-9200-5a2f33cb3ba4/env- shutterstock-306313655.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Analysis and insights for driving a rapid transition to net-zero while building resilience to physical climate impacts ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 00cd48d4-9864-454b-8c4b-03c97cb520be/image-development-co-operation-getty- images-1833976053.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Development co-operation Standards and guidelines for development co-operation with concrete examples of their implementation ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- faf6172d-8d1c-4b0b-bdbf-587cb25dca7a/gender- equality.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Gender equality Policies on gender equality a driver of economic growth, democracy and social cohesion ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 00799d67-6d1b-4c34-82ff-22b68ddc1416/l2---policy-issue---global-value-and- supply-chains---shutterstock-172537049.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Global value and supply chains As the trend towards the international dispersion of certain value chain activities produces challenges, discover policies to meet these ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- dde0bbd5-4f3d-471a-afbb-246262d272a3/l2-tax-transparency-and-international- cooperation-shutterstock-1440765188-2024.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Tax transparency and international co-operation Enhanced transparency and exchange of information to put an end to bank secrecy and fight tax evasion and avoidance ## Agriculture and fisheries Agricultural policy monitoring Agricultural productivity and innovation Agricultural trade and markets Agriculture and sustainability Fisheries and aquaculture Food systems OECD standards for agriculture Explore agriculture and fisheries ## Climate change Climate adaptation and resilience Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Finance and investment for climate goals Global co-operation on climate Green technology and innovation Explore climate change ## Development Development co-operation Finance for sustainable development Global and regional development trends Governance and peace for development Human development and social inclusion Making critical minerals work for sustainability, growth, and development Official development assistance (ODA) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Tax and development Urbanisation, infrastructure and development Explore development ## Digital Artificial intelligence Communication infrastructure and services Data flows and governance Digital security Digital transformation Online safety and well-being Privacy and data protection Explore digital ## Economy Competition Economic policy Economic surveillance Economy and society Financial markets Global trade and open markets Investment Productivity and long-term growth Sustainable economic growth Explore economy ## Education and skills Adult skills and work Education access, participation, and progression Education economic and social outcomes Education equity Education evaluation and quality assurance Education financing Education leadership Education organisation and governance Future of education and skills Learning environment Student performance (PISA) Teachers and educators Explore education and skills ## Employment Adult skills and work Employability Employment services Future of work Health and work Job quality Local employment and economic development Public employment and management Explore employment ## Environment Biodiversity, water and ecosystems Chemical safety and biosafety Environment, society and economy Environmental policies and evaluation Finance and investment for environmental goals Greening countries, regions and cities Pollution Resource efficiency and circular economy Explore environment ## Finance and investment Finance and investment for environmental goals Financial consumer protection, education and inclusion Financial markets Infrastructure Investment Pensions and insurance Responsible Business Conduct Subnational finance and investment Explore finance and investment ## Governance Anti-corruption and integrity Corporate governance Digital government Government innovation Infrastructure Multi-level governance Public employment and management Public finance and budgets Public policymaking Public procurement Regulatory reform Trust and democracy Explore governance ## Health Chronic diseases Digital health Health and work Health inequality and universal health coverage Health spending and financial sustainability Healthcare quality and outcomes Improving public health Pharmaceuticals and medical technologies The future of health systems Explore health ## Industry, business and entrepreneurship Anti-corruption and integrity Competition Corporate governance Global value and supply chains Industrial policy Industry sector analysis Responsible Business Conduct SMEs and entrepreneurship Sustainable, green, and inclusive business Tourism Explore industry, business and entrepreneurship ## Regional, rural and urban development Local employment and economic development Multi-level governance Regional development Rural development Subnational finance and investment Urban development and cities Explore regional, rural and urban development ## Science, technology and innovation Chemical safety and biosafety Science policy Space economy Technology policy Explore science, technology and innovation ## Society Ageing Consumer policy Economy and society Gender equality Housing Inclusion and equality Migration Pensions and insurance Social policy Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Well-being and beyond GDP Youth Explore society ## Taxation Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Consumption taxes Cross-border and international tax Tax administration Tax and crime Tax and development Tax and the environment Tax policy Tax transparency and international co-operation Tax treaties Explore taxation ## Trade Agricultural trade and markets Digital trade Export credits Global trade and open markets Global value and supply chains Illicit trade Inclusive trade Services trade Subsidies and government support Trade and sustainability Explore trade ## Energy Explore energy ## Nuclear energy Explore nuclear energy ## Transport Explore transport Browse all topics ## Featured topics ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- ca6a40ff-75e7-4840-a67a-16c08e15b1d3/artificial-intelligence-circuit-board- brain-2024.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Artificial intelligence How to apply effective governance to harness the benefits of A.I. and mitigate its risks ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 3b8a81d5-31bd-410c-9200-5a2f33cb3ba4/env- shutterstock-306313655.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Analysis and insights for driving a rapid transition to net-zero while building resilience to physical climate impacts ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 00cd48d4-9864-454b-8c4b-03c97cb520be/image-development-co-operation-getty- images-1833976053.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Development co-operation Standards and guidelines for development co-operation with concrete examples of their implementation ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- faf6172d-8d1c-4b0b-bdbf-587cb25dca7a/gender- equality.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Gender equality Policies on gender equality a driver of economic growth, democracy and social cohesion ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 00799d67-6d1b-4c34-82ff-22b68ddc1416/l2---policy-issue---global-value-and- supply-chains---shutterstock-172537049.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Global value and supply chains As the trend towards the international dispersion of certain value chain activities produces challenges, discover policies to meet these ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- dde0bbd5-4f3d-471a-afbb-246262d272a3/l2-tax-transparency-and-international- cooperation-shutterstock-1440765188-2024.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Tax transparency and international co-operation Enhanced transparency and exchange of information to put an end to bank secrecy and fight tax evasion and avoidance ## Agriculture and fisheries Agricultural policy monitoring Agricultural productivity and innovation Agricultural trade and markets Agriculture and sustainability Fisheries and aquaculture Food systems OECD standards for agriculture Explore agriculture and fisheries ## Climate change Climate adaptation and resilience Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Finance and investment for climate goals Global co-operation on climate Green technology and innovation Explore climate change ## Development Development co-operation Finance for sustainable development Global and regional development trends Governance and peace for development Human development and social inclusion Making critical minerals work for sustainability, growth, and development Official development assistance (ODA) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Tax and development Urbanisation, infrastructure and development Explore development ## Digital Artificial intelligence Communication infrastructure and services Data flows and governance Digital security Digital transformation Online safety and well-being Privacy and data protection Explore digital ## Economy Competition Economic policy Economic surveillance Economy and society Financial markets Global trade and open markets Investment Productivity and long-term growth Sustainable economic growth Explore economy ## Education and skills Adult skills and work Education access, participation, and progression Education economic and social outcomes Education equity Education evaluation and quality assurance Education financing Education leadership Education organisation and governance Future of education and skills Learning environment Student performance (PISA) Teachers and educators Explore education and skills ## Employment Adult skills and work Employability Employment services Future of work Health and work Job quality Local employment and economic development Public employment and management Explore employment ## Environment Biodiversity, water and ecosystems Chemical safety and biosafety Environment, society and economy Environmental policies and evaluation Finance and investment for environmental goals Greening countries, regions and cities Pollution Resource efficiency and circular economy Explore environment ## Finance and investment Finance and investment for environmental goals Financial consumer protection, education and inclusion Financial markets Infrastructure Investment Pensions and insurance Responsible Business Conduct Subnational finance and investment Explore finance and investment ## Governance Anti-corruption and integrity Corporate governance Digital government Government innovation Infrastructure Multi-level governance Public employment and management Public finance and budgets Public policymaking Public procurement Regulatory reform Trust and democracy Explore governance ## Health Chronic diseases Digital health Health and work Health inequality and universal health coverage Health spending and financial sustainability Healthcare quality and outcomes Improving public health Pharmaceuticals and medical technologies The future of health systems Explore health ## Industry, business and entrepreneurship Anti-corruption and integrity Competition Corporate governance Global value and supply chains Industrial policy Industry sector analysis Responsible Business Conduct SMEs and entrepreneurship Sustainable, green, and inclusive business Tourism Explore industry, business and entrepreneurship ## Regional, rural and urban development Local employment and economic development Multi-level governance Regional development Rural development Subnational finance and investment Urban development and cities Explore regional, rural and urban development ## Science, technology and innovation Chemical safety and biosafety Science policy Space economy Technology policy Explore science, technology and innovation ## Society Ageing Consumer policy Economy and society Gender equality Housing Inclusion and equality Migration Pensions and insurance Social policy Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Well-being and beyond GDP Youth Explore society ## Taxation Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Consumption taxes Cross-border and international tax Tax administration Tax and crime Tax and development Tax and the environment Tax policy Tax transparency and international co-operation Tax treaties Explore taxation ## Trade Agricultural trade and markets Digital trade Export credits Global trade and open markets Global value and supply chains Illicit trade Inclusive trade Services trade Subsidies and government support Trade and sustainability Explore trade ## Energy Explore energy ## Nuclear energy Explore nuclear energy ## Transport Explore transport Browse all topics * Countries & regions 1. A - C 2. D - I 3. J - M 4. N - R 5. S - T 6. U - Z 7. Regional and global engagement * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy * Jamaica * Japan * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Korea * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lao People’s Democratic Republic * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Nepal * Netherlands * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Qatar * Republic of North Macedonia * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Slovak Republic * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Sweden * Switzerland * Syrian Arab Republic * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Timor-Leste * Togo * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Türkiye * Turkmenistan * Tuvalu * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Venezuela * Viet Nam * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe ## Countries A - C * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia ## Countries D - I * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy ## Countries J - 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Z * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Venezuela * Viet Nam * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe ## Regional and global engagement ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 78629fb4-9b63-497e-8939-eae670cf4db4/nav-thumbnail-regions- africa.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 10ee68ab-4678-4eb9-b390-fa7769f1a158/nav-thumbnail-regions- eurasia.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Eurasia ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- f5ac1748-b997-447f-852c-99e37732b43e/nav-thumbnail-regions-latin- america.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Latin America ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- ced9edbf-351a-4107-9fb6-3b0ef2a3383c/nav-thumbnail-regions-middle-east-north- africa.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Middle East and North Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- b55c37f4-507c-4a3a-8568-220a904bacdf/nav-thumbnail-regions-southeast- asia.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Southeast Asia ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- d762e67c-a4c1-4395-9f2d-ca1133756f55/nav-thumbnail-regions-southeast- europe.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") South East Europe Browse all countries & regions ## Countries 1. 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U - Z ## Countries A - C * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia ## Countries D - I * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy ## Countries J - M * Jamaica * Japan * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Korea * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lao People’s Democratic Republic * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar ## Countries N - R * Namibia * Nauru * Nepal * Netherlands * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Qatar * Republic of North Macedonia * Romania * Russia * Rwanda ## Countries S - T * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Slovak Republic * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Sweden * Switzerland * Syrian Arab Republic * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Timor-Leste * Togo * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Türkiye * Turkmenistan * Tuvalu ## 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Regional and global engagement ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 78629fb4-9b63-497e-8939-eae670cf4db4/nav-thumbnail-regions- africa.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 10ee68ab-4678-4eb9-b390-fa7769f1a158/nav-thumbnail-regions- eurasia.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Eurasia ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- f5ac1748-b997-447f-852c-99e37732b43e/nav-thumbnail-regions-latin- america.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Latin America ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- ced9edbf-351a-4107-9fb6-3b0ef2a3383c/nav-thumbnail-regions-middle-east-north- africa.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Middle East and North Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- b55c37f4-507c-4a3a-8568-220a904bacdf/nav-thumbnail-regions-southeast- asia.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Southeast Asia ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- d762e67c-a4c1-4395-9f2d-ca1133756f55/nav-thumbnail-regions-southeast- europe.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") South East Europe Browse all countries & regions * Publications ## 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Transport ## Featured topics ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- ca6a40ff-75e7-4840-a67a-16c08e15b1d3/artificial-intelligence-circuit-board- brain-2024.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Artificial intelligence How to apply effective governance to harness the benefits of A.I. and mitigate its risks ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 3b8a81d5-31bd-410c-9200-5a2f33cb3ba4/env- shutterstock-306313655.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Analysis and insights for driving a rapid transition to net-zero while building resilience to physical climate impacts ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 00cd48d4-9864-454b-8c4b-03c97cb520be/image-development-co-operation-getty- images-1833976053.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Development co-operation Standards and guidelines for development co-operation with concrete examples of their implementation ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- faf6172d-8d1c-4b0b-bdbf-587cb25dca7a/gender- equality.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Gender equality Policies on gender equality a driver of economic growth, democracy and social cohesion ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 00799d67-6d1b-4c34-82ff-22b68ddc1416/l2---policy-issue---global-value-and- supply-chains---shutterstock-172537049.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Global value and supply chains As the trend towards the international dispersion of certain value chain activities produces challenges, discover policies to meet these ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- dde0bbd5-4f3d-471a-afbb-246262d272a3/l2-tax-transparency-and-international- cooperation-shutterstock-1440765188-2024.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Tax transparency and international co-operation Enhanced transparency and exchange of information to put an end to bank secrecy and fight tax evasion and avoidance ## Agriculture and fisheries Agricultural policy monitoring Agricultural productivity and innovation Agricultural trade and markets Agriculture and sustainability Fisheries and aquaculture Food systems OECD standards for agriculture Explore agriculture and fisheries ## Climate change Climate adaptation and resilience Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Finance and investment for climate goals Global co-operation on climate Green technology and innovation Explore climate change ## Development Development co-operation Finance for sustainable development Global and regional development trends Governance and peace for development Human development and social inclusion Making critical minerals work for sustainability, growth, and development Official development assistance (ODA) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Tax and development Urbanisation, infrastructure and development Explore development ## Digital Artificial intelligence Communication infrastructure and services Data flows and governance Digital security Digital transformation Online safety and well-being Privacy and data protection Explore digital ## 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Agriculture and fisheries Agricultural policy monitoring Agricultural productivity and innovation Agricultural trade and markets Agriculture and sustainability Fisheries and aquaculture Food systems OECD standards for agriculture Explore agriculture and fisheries ## Climate change Climate adaptation and resilience Climate mitigation and net-zero transition Finance and investment for climate goals Global co-operation on climate Green technology and innovation Explore climate change ## Development Development co-operation Finance for sustainable development Global and regional development trends Governance and peace for development Human development and social inclusion Making critical minerals work for sustainability, growth, and development Official development assistance (ODA) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Tax and development Urbanisation, infrastructure and development Explore development ## Digital Artificial intelligence Communication infrastructure and services Data flows and governance Digital security Digital transformation Online safety and well-being Privacy and data protection Explore digital ## Economy Competition Economic policy Economic surveillance Economy and society Financial markets Global trade and open markets Investment Productivity and long-term growth Sustainable economic growth Explore economy ## Education and skills Adult skills and work Education access, participation, and progression Education economic and social outcomes Education equity Education evaluation and quality assurance Education financing Education leadership Education organisation and governance Future of education and skills Learning environment Student performance (PISA) Teachers and educators Explore education and skills ## Employment Adult skills and work Employability Employment services Future of work Health and work Job quality Local employment and economic development Public employment and management Explore employment ## Environment Biodiversity, water and ecosystems Chemical safety and biosafety Environment, society and economy Environmental policies and evaluation Finance and investment for environmental goals Greening countries, regions and cities Pollution Resource efficiency and circular economy Explore environment ## Finance and investment Finance and investment for environmental goals Financial consumer protection, education and inclusion Financial markets Infrastructure Investment Pensions and insurance Responsible Business Conduct Subnational finance and investment Explore finance and investment ## Governance Anti-corruption and integrity Corporate governance Digital government Government innovation Infrastructure Multi-level governance Public employment and management Public finance and budgets Public policymaking Public procurement Regulatory reform Trust and democracy Explore governance ## Health Chronic diseases Digital health Health and work Health inequality and universal health coverage Health spending and financial sustainability Healthcare quality and outcomes Improving public health Pharmaceuticals and medical technologies The future of health systems Explore health ## Industry, business and entrepreneurship Anti-corruption and integrity Competition Corporate governance Global value and supply chains Industrial policy Industry sector analysis Responsible Business Conduct SMEs and entrepreneurship Sustainable, green, and inclusive business Tourism Explore industry, business and entrepreneurship ## Regional, rural and urban development Local employment and economic development Multi-level governance Regional development Rural development Subnational finance and investment Urban development and cities Explore regional, rural and urban development ## Science, technology and innovation Chemical safety and biosafety Science policy Space economy Technology policy Explore science, technology and innovation ## Society Ageing Consumer policy Economy and society Gender equality Housing Inclusion and equality Migration Pensions and insurance Social policy Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Well-being and beyond GDP Youth Explore society ## Taxation Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) Consumption taxes Cross-border and international tax Tax administration Tax and crime Tax and development Tax and the environment Tax policy Tax transparency and international co-operation Tax treaties Explore taxation ## Trade Agricultural trade and markets Digital trade Export credits Global trade and open markets Global value and supply chains Illicit trade Inclusive trade Services trade Subsidies and government support Trade and sustainability Explore trade ## Energy Explore energy ## Nuclear energy Explore nuclear energy ## Transport Explore transport Browse all topics * Countries & regions 1. A - C 2. D - I 3. J - M 4. N - R 5. S - T 6. U - Z 7. Regional and global engagement * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy * Jamaica * Japan * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Korea * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lao People’s Democratic Republic * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Nepal * Netherlands * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Qatar * Republic of North Macedonia * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Slovak Republic * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Sweden * Switzerland * Syrian Arab Republic * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Timor-Leste * Togo * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Türkiye * Turkmenistan * Tuvalu * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Venezuela * Viet Nam * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe ## Countries A - C * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia ## Countries D - I * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy ## Countries J - M * Jamaica * Japan * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Korea * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lao People’s Democratic Republic * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar ## Countries N - R * Namibia * Nauru * Nepal * Netherlands * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Qatar * Republic of North Macedonia * Romania * Russia * Rwanda ## Countries S - T * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Slovak Republic * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Sweden * Switzerland * Syrian Arab Republic * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Timor-Leste * Togo * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Türkiye * Turkmenistan * Tuvalu ## Countries U - Z * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Venezuela * Viet Nam * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe ## Regional and global engagement ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 78629fb4-9b63-497e-8939-eae670cf4db4/nav-thumbnail-regions- africa.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 10ee68ab-4678-4eb9-b390-fa7769f1a158/nav-thumbnail-regions- eurasia.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Eurasia ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- f5ac1748-b997-447f-852c-99e37732b43e/nav-thumbnail-regions-latin- america.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Latin America ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- ced9edbf-351a-4107-9fb6-3b0ef2a3383c/nav-thumbnail-regions-middle-east-north- africa.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Middle East and North Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- b55c37f4-507c-4a3a-8568-220a904bacdf/nav-thumbnail-regions-southeast- asia.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Southeast Asia ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- d762e67c-a4c1-4395-9f2d-ca1133756f55/nav-thumbnail-regions-southeast- europe.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") South East Europe Browse all countries & regions ## Countries 1. A - C 2. D - I 3. J - M 4. N - R 5. S - T 6. U - Z ## Countries A - C * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia ## Countries D - I * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy ## Countries J - M * Jamaica * Japan * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Korea * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lao People’s Democratic Republic * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar ## Countries N - R * Namibia * Nauru * Nepal * Netherlands * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Qatar * Republic of North Macedonia * Romania * Russia * Rwanda ## Countries S - T * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Slovak Republic * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Sweden * Switzerland * Syrian Arab Republic * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Timor-Leste * Togo * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Türkiye * Turkmenistan * Tuvalu ## Countries U - Z * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Venezuela * Viet Nam * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe * Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * Andorra * Angola * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Brazil * Brunei Darussalam * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cabo Verde * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China (People\'s Republic of) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Costa Rica * Côte d’Ivoire * Croatia * Cuba * Cyprus * Czechia * Democratic People’s Republic of Korea * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Eswatini * Ethiopia * European Union * Fiji * Finland * France * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Greece * Grenada * Guatemala * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Honduras * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Israel * Italy * Jamaica * Japan * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Korea * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Lao People’s Democratic Republic * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Nepal * Netherlands * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Poland * Portugal * Qatar * Republic of North Macedonia * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Slovak Republic * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Sweden * Switzerland * Syrian Arab Republic * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Timor-Leste * Togo * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Türkiye * Turkmenistan * Tuvalu * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Venezuela * Viet Nam * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe ## 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OECD 2. About 3. INES # Indicators of Education Systems Programme (INES) The OECD Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme seeks to gauge the performance of national education systems through internationally comparable data. Directorate for Education and Skills ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 7f0caa45-5e52-49da-b98b-5eb88fd94a59/website- ines-.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Available in: English * English * français # Select a language Close English français Apply Cancel Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn ## About INES: Indicators of Education Systems Programme The OECD Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme is the authoritative source of accurate and relevant information on education systems in OECD and partner countries. ## Our mission * Collecting and harmonising data from OECD countries and key partners according to established technical standards . * Publishing indicators comparing countries across different aspects of education systems . * Providing a country -by -country snapshot of the state of the education system for most OECD countries . * Producing the annual **Education at a Glance** report. ## Dashboards See the series * Dashboard ECEC systems This dashboard displays the structure of Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programmes and their respective attributes. * Dashboard Upper Secondary Education Systems This dashboard provides an overview of the organisation and characteristics of upper secondary education programmes. * Dashboard Ensuring continued learning for Ukrainian refugee students This dashboard covers policy responses of OECD host countries to ensure the lasting inclusion of Ukrainian refugees in education. * Dashboard Education equity The OECD Education Equity Dashboard is a tool for policy makers and the public to monitor country efforts to promote equity and inclusion in education. The dashboard contains 35 key internationally comparable indicators on different aspects of equity in and through education, from the OECD and other organisations. * Dashboard National responses to covid-19 school closures This dashboard shows how education systems responded to the COVID-19 pandemic through school closures and other measures. * Dashboard Compulsory education This dashboard displays the starting and ending ages, the duration of compulsory and free education, as well as recent expansions in compulsory education. ## Publications See the series * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--75485342-12c5-46da-bd62-5926d14a00d0/45.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Report OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 12 September 2017 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--99b6c8f8-307a-47d4-83bc-072bd509906b/c00cad36-en.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Report Education at a Glance 2024 10 September 2024 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--7bfb79d0-e02f-4e2d-898b-d0946c08e8d7/53.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Report Education at a Glance 2023 12 September 2023 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--7bed141e-d1d8-45a7-8fff-a34f1729763b/21.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Report Education at a Glance 2022 3 October 2022 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--f4e67c42-8eca-4768-97df-9e8d3d164363/17.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Report Education at a Glance 2021 16 September 2021 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--0fcf6aa7-673f-4699-baa9-b1ec3530f217/33.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Report Education at a Glance 2020 8 September 2020 ## Education Indicators in Focus See the series * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--65270e2a-cd9b-4c09-8124-47f5c3b6575c/01.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Policy paper How is the school year organised in OECD countries? 1 August 2024 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--0fcf6aa7-673f-4699-baa9-b1ec3530f217/33.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Policy brief What progress have countries made in closing gender gaps in education and beyond? 12 March 2024 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--d113f4ff-1a8b-4757-99da-32814ce6f714/57.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Policy brief How do public and private schools differ in OECD countries? 29 January 2024 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--a5dee559-76e8-4bc6-be21-d4b1bbf1ecf8/03.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Policy brief What do OECD data on teachers’ salaries tell us? 27 October 2023 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--db96a179-635a-4a3d-a9dd-c26f3673a4ba/41.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Policy brief How are public primary schools funded? 13 December 2022 * ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid--92455626-8791-4895-b821-e8645642e1f2/51.png?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") Policy brief Why is the gender ratio of teachers imbalanced? 25 March 2022 ## More facts, key findings and policy recommendations Discover ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 9d0ed964-c521-485e-b913-9f83c2a0eeac/formatrevieweducationpolicies.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") ## Create customised data profiles and compare countries Discover ![\\"\\"](\\"/adobe/dynamicmedia/deliver/dm-aid-- 494615d6-c75b-4735-a936-a06a3ee86d1d/formatexploredata.jpg?preferwebp=true&quality=80\\") ## Related policy issues * Education economic and social outcomes * Education access, participation, and progression * Education financing * Learning environment * Teachers and educators * Education leadership * Education organisation and governance * Education evaluation and quality assurance * Education equity © Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ## Topics All Topics ## Countries & regions All Countries Regional and global engagement ## Data Key indicators Dashboards Tools ## Publications Reports Policy briefs ## News & Events Newsroom Events Blogs & podcasts ## About About the organisation Careers Networks Procurement at the OECD Contact us Newsletters ## Social media links Facebook Twitter Youtube LinkedIn Instagram Newsletters Podcast ## Utility links Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Go to top |
There’s a broad consensus of economists left right center and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth | 3,161 | The White House The White House The White House * Home * Administration * Priorities * The Record * Briefing Room * Español * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement Menu Close To search this site, enter a search term Search ## Mobile Menu Overlay * Administration Show submenu for “Administration”” * President Joe Biden * Vice President Kamala Harris * First Lady Dr. Jill Biden * Second Gentleman Douglas Emhoff * The Cabinet * Executive Offices Show submenu for “Executive Offices”” * Council of Economic Advisers * Council on Environmental Quality * Domestic Policy Council * Gender Policy Council * National Economic Council * National Security Council * National Space Council * Office of Intergovernmental Affairs * Office of Management and Budget * Office of the National Cyber Director * Office of National Drug Control Policy * Office of Public Engagement * Office of Science and Technology Policy * Office of the United States Trade Representative * Climate Policy Office * Presidential Personnel Office * Priorities * Briefing Room * The White House Show submenu for “The White House”” * Presidents * First Families * The Grounds * Our Government * Get Involved Show submenu for “Get Involved”” * Write or Call The White House * Join Us * White House Fellows * White House Internship Program * The Record * Disclosures * Español * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500 To search this site, enter a search term Search April 29, 2021 # Remarks by President Biden in Address to a Joint Session of Congress 1. Home 2. Briefing Room 3. Speeches and Remarks U.S. Capitol(April 28, 2021) **See correction below, marked by an asterisk. 9:06 P.M. EDTTHE PRESIDENT: Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Thank you. Good to be back. And Mitch and Chuck will understand it’s good to be almost home, down the hall. Anyway, thank you all.Madam Speaker, Madam Vice President — (applause) — no President has ever said those words from this podium. No President has ever said those words, and it’s about time. (Applause.)First Lady — (applause) — I’m her husband; Second Gentleman; Chief Justice; members of the United States Congress and the Cabinet; distinguished guests; my fellow Americans: While the setting tonight is familiar, this gathering is just a little bit different — a reminder of the extraordinary times we’re in.Throughout our history, Presidents have come to this chamber to speak to Congress, to the nation, and to the world to declare war, to celebrate peace, to announce new plans and possibilities.Tonight, I come to talk about crisis and opportunity, about rebuilding the nation, revitalizing our democracy, and winning the future for America.I stand here tonight, one day shy of the 100th dayof my administration — 100 days since I took the oath of office and lifted my hand off our family Bible and inherited a nation — we all did — that was in crisis.The worst pandemic in a century. The worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. The worst attack on our democracy since the Civil War.Now, after just 100 days, I can report to the nation: America is on the move again — (applause) — turning peril into possibility, crisis to opportunity, setbacks into strength.We all know life can knock us down. But in America, we never, ever, ever stay down. Americans always get up. Today, that’s what we’re doing: America is rising anew, choosing hope over fear, truth over lies, and light over darkness.After 100 days of rescue and renewal, America is ready for takeoff, in my view. We’re working again, dreaming again, discovering again, and leading the world again.We have shown each other and the world that there’s no quit in America — none.One hundred days ago, America’s house was on fire. We had to act. And thanks to the extraordinary leadership of Speaker Pelosi; Malor- — Majority Leader Schumer; and the overwhelming support of the American people — Democrats, independents, and Republicans — we did act.Together we passed the American Rescue Plan — one of the most consequential rescue packages in American history. We’re already seeing the results. (Applause.) We’re already seeing the results. After I promised we’d get 100 million COVID-19 vaccine shots into people’s arms in 100 days, we will have provided over 220 million COVID shots in those 100 days. (Applause.)Thanks to all the help of all of you, we’re marshalling — with your help, everyone’s help — we’re marshalling every federal resource. We’ve gotten vaccines to nearly 40,000pharmacies and over 700 Community Health Centers where the poorest of the poor can be reached. We’re setting up community vaccination sites, developing mobile units to get to hard-to-reach communities.Today, 90 percent of Americans now live within five miles of a vaccination site. Everyone over the age of 16 — everyoneis now eligible to get vaccinated right now, right away. (Applause.) Go get vaccinated, America. Go and get the vaccination. They’re available. You’re eligible now.When I was sworn in on January 20th, less than 1 percent of the seniors in America were fully vaccinated against COVID-19. One hundred days later, 70 percent of seniors in America over 65 are protected — fully protected. Senior deaths from COVID-19 are down 80 percent since January — down 80 percent because of all of you. And more than half of all the adults in America have gotten at least one shot.At a mass vaccination center in Glendale, Arizona, I asked a nurse — I said, “What’s it like?” She looked at me and she said, “It’s like every shot is giving a dose of hope” — was the phrase. “A dose of hope.”A dose of hope for an educator in Florida who has a child suffering from an autoimmune disease — wrote to me, said she’s worried — that she was worrying about bringing the virus home. She said she then got vaccinated at a — at a large site, in her car. She said she sat in her car, when she got vaccinated, and just cried — cried out of joy and cried out of relief.Parents see the smiles on their kids’ faces, for those who are able to go back to school because the teachers and school bus drivers and cafeteria workers have been vaccinated.Grandparents hugging their children and grandchildren instead of pressing hands against a window to say goodbye.It means everything. Those things mean everything.You know, there’s still — you all know it; you know it better than any group of Americans — there’s still more work to do to beat this virus. We can’t let our guard down.But tonight I can say it: Because of you, the American people, our progress these past 100 days against one of the worst pandemics in history has been one of the greatest logistical achievements — logistical achievements this country has ever seen.What else have we done in those first 100 days?We kept our commitment — Democrats and Republicans — of sending $1,400 rescue checks to 85 percent of American households. We’ve already sent more than one — 160 million checks out the door. It’s making the difference. You all know it when you go home. For many people, it’s making all the difference in the world.A single mom in Texas who wrote to me, she said she couldn’t work, but she said the relief check put food on the table and saved her and her son from eviction from their apartment.A grandmother in Virginia who told me she immediately took her granddaughter to the eye doctor — something she said she put off for months because she didn’t have the money. One of the defining images, at least from my perspective, of this crisis has been cars lined up — cars lined up for miles. And not — not people who just barely ever start those cars — nice cars lined up for miles, waiting for a box of food to be put in their trunk.I don’t know about you, but I didn’t ever think I’d see that in America. And all of this is through no fault of their own. No fault of their own these people are in this position.That’s why the Rescue Plan is delivering food and nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger, and hunger is down sharply already. We’re also providing rental assistance — you all know this, but the American people, I want to make sure they understand — keeping people from being evicted from their homes, providing loans to small businesses to reopen and keep their employees on the job.During these 100 days, an additional 800,000 Americans enrolled in the Affordable Care Act when I established the special sign-up period to do that — 800,000 in that period.We’re making one of the largest one-time ever investments — ever — in improving healthcare for veterans. Critical investments to address the opioid crisis. And, maybe most importantly, thanks to the American Rescue Plan, we’re on track to cut child poverty in America in half this year. (Applause.)And in the process, while this was all going on, the economy created more than 1,300,000 new jobs in 100 days — more jobs in the first — (applause) — more jobs in the first 100 days than any President on record.The International Monetary Fund — (applause) — the International Monetary Fund is now estimating our economy will grow at a rate of more than 6 percent this year. That will be the fastest pace of economic growth in this country in nearly four decades.America is moving — moving forward — but we can’t stop now. We’re in competition with China and other countries to win the 21st Century. We’re at a great inflection point in history.We have to do more than just build back better — I mean “build back.” We have to build back better. We have to compete more strenuously than we have.Throughout our history, if you think about it, public investment and infrastructure has literally transformed America — our attitudes, as well as our opportunities.The transcontinental railroad, the interstate highways united two oceans and brought a totally new age of progress to the United States of America.Universal public schools and college aid opened wide the doors of opportunity.Scientific breakthroughs took us to the Moon — now we’re on Mars; discovering vaccines; gave us the Internet and so much more.These are the investments we made together as one country, and investments that only the government was in a position to make. Time and again, they propel us into the future.That’s why I proposed the American Jobs Plan — a once-in-a-generation investment in America itself. This is the largest jobs plan since World War Two.It creates jobs to upgrade our transportation infrastructure; jobs modernizing our roads, bridges, highways; jobs building ports and airports, rail corridors, transit lines. It’s clean water. And, today, up to 10 million homes in America and more than 400,000 schools and childcare centers have pipes with lead in them, including in drinking water — a clear and present danger to our children’s health.The American Jobs Plan creates jobs replacing 100 percent of the nation’s lead pipes and service lines so every American can drink clean water. (Applause.)And in the process, it will create thousands and thousands of good-paying jobs. It creates jobs connecting every American with high-speed Internet, including 35 percent of the rural America that still doesn’t have it.This is going to help our kids and our businesses succeed in the 21st-century economy.And I am asking the Vice President to lead this effort, if she would —THE VICE PRESIDENT: Of course.THE PRESIDENT: — because I know it will get done. (Applause.)It creates jobs, building a modern power grid. Our grids are vulnerable to storms, hacks, catastrophic failures — with tragic results, as we saw in Texas and elsewhere during the winter storms.The American Jobs Plan will create jobs that will lay thousands of miles of transmission lines needed to build a resilient and fully clean grid. We can do that. (Applause.)Look, the American Jobs Plan will help millions of people get back to their jobs and back to their careers.Two million women have dropped out of the workforce during this pandemic — two million. And too often because they couldn’t get the care they needed to care for their child or care for an elderly parent who needs help.Eight hundred thousand families are on a Medicare waiting list right now to get homecare for their aging parent or loved one with a disability. If you think it’s not important, check out in your own district.Democrat or Republican — Democrat or Republican voters, their great concern — almost as much as their children — is taking care of an elderly loved one who can’t be left alone. Medicaid contemplated it, but this plan is going to help those families and create jobs for our caregivers with better wages and better benefits, continuing a cycle of growth.For too long, we’ve failed to use the most important word when it comes to meeting the climate crisis: “jobs.” Jobs. Jobs. (Applause.) For me, when I think “climate change,” I think “jobs.”The American Jobs Plan will put engineers and construction workers to work building more energy-efficient buildings and homes. Electrical workers — IBEW members — installing 500,000 charging stations along our highways so we can own — (applause) — so we can own the electric car market. (Applause.)Farmers — farmers planting cover crops so they can reduce the carbon dioxide in the air and get paid for doing it. (Applause.)Look, but think about it: There is simply no reason why the blades for wind turbines can’t be built in Pittsburgh instead of Beijing. No reason. None. No reason. (Applause.)So, folks, there’s no reason why American — American workers can’t lead the world in the production of electric vehicles and batteries. I mean, there is no reason. We have this capacity. (Applause.) We have the brightest, best-trained people in the world.The American Jobs Plan is going to create millions of good-paying jobs — jobs Americans can raise a family on — as my dad would then say, “with a little breathing room.”And all the investments in the American Jobs Plan will be guided by one principle: Buy American. (Applause.) Buy American.And I might note, parenthetically — (applause) — that does not — that does not violate any trade agreement. It’s been the law since the ’30s: Buy American. American tax dollars are going to be used to buy American products made in America to create American jobs. That’s the way it’s supposed to be and it will be in this administration. (Applause.)And I made it clear to all my Cabinet people. Their ability to give exemptions has been exstrenuously [sic] limited. It will be American products.Now I know some of you at home are wondering whether these jobs are for you. So many of you — so many of the folks I grew up with feel left behind, forgotten in an economy that’s so rapidly changing. It’s frightening. I want to speak directly to you. Because if you think about it, that’s what people are most worried about: “Can I fit in?”Independent experts estimate the American Jobs Plan will add millions of jobs and trillions of dollars to economic growth in the years to come. It is a — it is an eight-year program. These are good-paying jobs that can’t be outsourced.Nearly 90 percent of the infrastructure jobs created in the American Jobs Plan do not require a college degree; 75 percent don’t require an associate’s degree.The American Jobs Plan is a blue-collar blueprint to build America. That’s what it is. (Applause.)And it recognizes something I’ve always said in this chamber and the other. Good guys and women on Wall Street, but Wall Street didn’t build this country. The middle class built the country, and unions built the middle class. (Applause.)So that’s why I’m calling on Congress to pass the Protect the Right to Organize Act — the PRO Act — and send it to my desk so we can support the right to unionize. (Applause.)And, by the way, while you’re thinking about sending things to my desk — (laughs) — let’s raise the minimum wage to $15. (Applause.)No one — no one working 40 hours a week — no one working 40 hours a week should live below the poverty line.We need to ensure greater equity and opportunity for women. And while we’re doing this, let’s get the Paycheck Fairness Act to my desk as well — equal pay. It’s been much too long. And if you’re wondering whether it’s too long, look behind me. (Applause.)And finally, the American Jobs Plan will be the biggest increase in nondefense research and development on record. We will see more technological change — and some of you know more about this than I do — we’ll see more technological change in the next 10 years than we saw in the last 50. That’s how rapidly artificial intelligence and so much more is changing.And we’re falling behind the competition with the rest of the world.Decades ago, we used to invest 2 percent of our gross domestic product in America — 2 percent of our gross domestic product — in research and development. Today, Mr. Secretary, that’s less than 1 percent. China and other countries are closing in fast. We have to develop and dominate the products and technologies of the future:advanced batteries, biotechnology, computer chips, clean energy.The Secretary of Defense can tell you — and those of you on — who work on national security issues know — the Defense Department has an agency called DARPA — the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency. The people who set up before I came here — and that’s been a long time ago — to develop breakthroughs that enhance our national security -– that’s their only job. And it’s a semi-separate agency; it’s under the Defense Department. It’s led to everything from the discovery of the Internet to GPS and so much more that has enhanced our security.The National Institute of Health — the NIH –- I believe, should create a similar Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health. (Applause.)And that would — here’s what it would do. It would have a singular purpose: to develop breakthroughs to prevent, detect, and treat diseases like Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer.I’ll still never forget when we passed the cancer proposal the last year I was Vice President — almost $9 million going to NIH. And if you excuse the point of personal privilege, I’ll never forget you standing and mentioning — saying you’d name it after my deceased son. It meant a lot.But so many of us have deceased sons, daughters, and relatives who died of cancer. I can think of no more worthy investment. I know of nothing that is more bipartisan. So, let’s end cancer as we know it. (Applause.) It’s within our power. (Applause.) It’s within our power to do it. (Applause.)Investments in jobs and infrastructure, like the ones we’re talking about, have often had bipartisan support in the past. Vice President Harris and I met regularly in the Oval Office with Democrats and Republicans to discuss the Jobs Plan. And I applaud a group of Republican senators who just put forward their own proposal.So, let’s get to work. I wanted to lay out, before the Congress, my plan before we got into the deep discussions. I’d like to meet with those who have ideas that are different — they think are better. I welcome those ideas. But the rest of the world is not waiting for us. I just want to be clear: From my perspective, doing nothing is not an option. (Applause.)Look, we can’t be so busy competing with one another that we forget the competition that we have with the rest of the world to win the 21st century.Secretary Blinken can tell you, I spent a lot of time with President Xi — traveled over 17,000 miles with him; spent, they tell me, over 24 hours in private discussions with him. When he called to congratulate me, we had a two-hour discussion. He’s deadly earnest about becoming the most significant, consequential nation in the world. He and others — autocrats — think that democracy can’t compete in the 21st century with autocracies because it takes too long to get consensus. To win that competition for the future, in my view, we also need to make a once- in-a-generation investment in our families and our children. That’s why I’ve introduced the American Families Plan tonight, which addresses four of the biggest challenges facing American families and, in turn, America.First is access to a good education. When this nation made 12 years of public education universal in the last century, it made us the best-educated, best-prepared nation in the world. It’s, I believe, the overwhelming reason that propelled us to where we got in the 21st — in the 20th century. But the world has caught up, or catching up. They are not waiting. I would say, parenthetically: If we were sitting down, put a bipartisan committee together and said, “Okay, we’re going to decide what we do in terms of government providing for free education,” I wonder whether we’d think, as we did in the 20th century, that 12 years is enough in the 21st century. I doubt it. Twelve years is no longer enough today to compete with the rest of the world in the 21st Century.That’s why my American Families Plan guarantees four additional years of public education for every person in America, starting as early as we can.The great universities of this country have conducted studies over the last 10 years. It shows that adding two years of universal high-quality preschool for every three-year-old and four-year-old, no matter what background they come from, it puts them in the position to be able to compete all the way through 12 years. It increases exponentially their prospect of graduating and going on beyond graduation.The research shows when a young child goes to school — not daycare — they are far more likely to graduate from high school and go to college or something after high school.When you add two years of free community college on top of that, you begin to change the dynamic. (Applause.) We can do that. (Applause.) And we’ll increase Pell Grants and invest in Historical Black Colleges and Universities, Tribal Colleges, Minority-Serving Institutions. The reason is: They don’t have the endowments, but their students are just as capable of learning about cybersecurity, just as capable of learning about metallurgy — all the things that are going on that provide those jobs of the future.Jill was a community college professor who teaches today as First Lady. She has long said — (applause). She has long — (applause). If I’ve heard it once, I’ve heard it a thousand times: “Joe, any country that out-educates us is going to outcompete us.” She’ll be deeply involved in leading this effort. Thank you, Jill.Second thing we need: American Families Plan will provide access to quality, affordable childcare. We guarantee — (applause). And I’m proposing a legislation to guarantee that low- and middle-income families will pay no more than 7 percent of their income for high-quality care for children up to the age of 5. The most hard-pressed working families won’t have to spend a dime.Third, the American Families Plan will finally provide up to 12 weeks of paid leave and medical leave — family and medical leave. We’re one of the few industrial countries in the world — (applause). No one should have to choose between a job and paycheck or taking care of themselves and their loved ones –- a parent, a spouse, or child.And fourth, the American Family Plan puts directly into the pockets of millions of Americans. In March, we expanded a tax credit for every child in a family. Up to a $3,000 per child if they’re under [over]* six years of age — I mean, excuse me — under — over six years of age, and $3,600 for children over [under]* six years of age.With two parents, two kids, that’s $7,200 in the pockets that’s going to help to take care of your family. And that will help more than 65 million children and help cut childcare [child] poverty in half. (Applause.) And we can afford it. So we did that in the rec- — in the — in the last piece of legislation we passed. But let’s extend that Child Care Tax Credit at least through the end of 2025. (Applause.) The American Rescue Plan lowered healthcare premiums for 9 million Americans who buy their coverage under the Affordable Care Act. I know that’s really popular on this side of the aisle. (Laughter.) But let’s make that provision permanent so their premiums don’t go back up. (Applause.) In addition to my Families Plan, I’m going to work with Congress to address, this year, other critical priorities for American families. The Affordable Care Act has been a lifeline for millions of Americans, protecting people with preexisting conditions, protecting women’s health. And the pandemic has demonstrated how badly — how badly it’s needed. Let’s lower deductibles for working families on the Affordable Care — in the Affordable Care Act. (Applause.) And let’s lower prescription drug costs. (Applause.) We know how to do this. The last President had that as an objective. We all know how outrageously expensive drugs are in America. In fact, we pay the highest prescription drug prices of anywhere in the world right here in America — nearly three times — for the same drug, nearly three times what other countries pay. We have to change that, and we can. Let’s do what we’ve always talked about for all the years I was down here in this — in this body — in Congress. Let’s give Medicare the power to save hundreds of billions of dollars by negotiating lower drug prescription prices. (Applause.)And, by the way, that won’t just — that won’t just help people on Medicare; it will lower prescription drug costs for everyone. And the money we save, which is billions of dollars, can go to strengthen the Affordable Care Act and expand Medicare coverage benefits without costing taxpayers an additional penny. It’s within our power to do it; let’s do it now. (Applause.)We’ve talked about it long enough. Democrats and Republicans, let’s get it done this year. This is all about a simple premise: Healthcare should be a right, not a privilege in America. (Applause.) So, how do we pay for my Jobs and Family Plan? I made it clear, we can do it without increasing the deficits. Let’s start with what I will not do: I will not impose any tax increase on people making less than $400,000. It’s — but it’s time for corporate America and the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans to just begin to pay their fair share. (Applause.) Just their fair share. Sometimes I have arguments with my friends in the Democratic Party. I think you should be able to become a billionaire and a millionaire, but pay your fair share.A recent study shows that 55 of the nation’s biggest corporations paid zero federal tax last year. Those 55 corporations made in excess of $40 billion in profit. A lot of companies also evade taxes through tax havens in Switzerland and Bermuda and the Cayman Islands. And they benefit from tax loopholes and deductions for offshoring jobs and shifting profits overseas. It’s not right. We’re going to reform corporate taxes so they pay their fair share and help pay for the public investments their businesses will benefit from as well. (Applause.)We’re going to reward work, not just wealth. We take the top tax bracket for the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans — those making over $400,000 or more — back up to where it was when George W. Bush was President when he started: 39.6 percent. That’s where it was when George W. was President. We’re going to get rid of the loopholes that allow Americans who make more than a million dollars a year and pay a lower tax rate on their capital gains than Americans who receive a paycheck. We’re only going to affect three tenths of 1 percent of all Americans by that action. Three tenths of 1 percent. And the IRS is going to crack down on millionaires and billionaires who cheat on their taxes. It’s estimated to be billions of dollars by think tanks that are left, right, and center. I’m not looking to punish anybody. But I will not add a tax burden — an additional tax burden to the middle class in this country. They’re already paying enough. I believe what I propose is fair — (applause) — fiscally responsible, and it raises revenue to pay for the plans I have proposed, and will create millions of jobs that will grow the economy and enhance our financial standing in the country.When you hear someone say that they don’t want to raise taxes on the wealthiest 1 percent or corporate America, ask them: “Whose taxes you want to raise instead? Whose are you going to cut?” Look, the big tax cut of 2017 — remember, it was supposed to pay for itself — that was how it was sold — and generate vast economic growth. Instead, it added $2 trillion to the deficit. It was a huge windfall for corporate America and those at the very top. Instead of using the tax saving to raise wages and invest in research and development, it poured billions of dollars into the pockets of CEOs. In fact, the pay gap between CEOs and their workers is now among the largest in history. According to one study, CEOs make 320 times what the average worker in their corporation makes. It used to be in the — below a hundred. The pandemic has only made things worse. Twenty million Americans lost their job in the pandemic — working- and middle-class Americans. At the same time, roughly 650 billionaires in America saw their net worth increase by more than $1 trillion — in the same exact period. Let me say it again: 650 people increased their wealth by more than $1 trillion during this pandemic. And they’re now worth more than $4 trillion. My fellow Americans, trickle-down — trickle-down economics has never worked and it’s time to grow the economy from the bottom and the middle out. (Applause.) You know, there’s a broad consensus of economists — left, right, center — and they agree what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth. These are among the highest-value investments we can make as a nation. I’ve often said: Our greatest strength is the power of our example, not just the example of our power. In my conversations with world leaders — and I’ve spoken to over 38, 40 of them now — I’ve made it known — I’ve made it known that America is back. And you know what they say? The comment that I hear most of all from them is they say, “We see America is back but for how long? But for how long?”My fellow Americans, we have to show not just that we’re back, but that we’re back to stay and that we aren’t going to go it alone. (Applause.) We’re going to do it by leading with our allies. (Applause.) No one nation can deal with all the crises of our time — from terrorism, to nuclear proliferation, mass migration, cybersecurity, climate change, as well as experi- — what we’re experiencing now with pandemics. There’s no wall high enough to keep any virus out. And our own vaccine supply — as it grows to meet our needs; and we’re meeting them — will become an arsenal of vaccines for other countries, just as America was the arsenal of democracy for the world — (applause) — and in consequence, influenced the world. (Applause.) But every American will have access before that occur- — every American will have access to be fully covered by COVID-19 — from the vaccines we have.Look, the climate crisis is not our fight alone; it’s a global fight. The United States accounts, as all of you know, less than 15 percent of carbon emissions. The rest of the world accounts for 85 percent. That’s why I kept my commitment to rejoin the Paris Accord — because if we do everything perfectly, it’s not going to ultimately matter.I kept my commitment to convene a climate summit right here in America with all of the major economies of the world — China, Russia, India, the European Union — and I said I’d do it in my first 100 days.I want to be very blunt about it: I had — my attempt was to make sure that the world could see there was a consensus, that we are at an inflection point in history. And consensus — the consensus is: If we act to save the planet, we can create millions of jobs and economic growth and opportunity to raise the standard of living to almost everyone around the world.If you’ve watched any of it — and you were all busy; I’m sure you didn’t have much time — that’s what virtually every nation said, even the ones that aren’t doing their fair share.The investments I’ve proposed tonight also advance the foreign policy, in my view, that benefits the middle class. That means making sure every nation plays by the same rules in the global economy, including China.In my discussions — in my discussions with President Xi, I told him, “We welcome the competition. We’re not looking for conflict.” But I made absolutely clear that we will defend America’s interests across the board. America will stand up to unfair trade practices that undercut American workers and American industries, like subsidies from state — to state-owned operations and enterprises and the theft of American technology and intellectual property.I also told President Xi that we’ll maintain a strong military presence in the Indo-Pacific, just as we do with NATO in Europe — not to start a conflict, but to prevent one. (Applause.) I told him what I’ve said to many world leaders: that America will not back away from our commitments — our commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and to our alliances.And I pointed out to him: No responsible American President could remain silent when basic human rights are being so blatantly violated. An American President — President has to represent the essence of what our country stands for. America is an idea — the most unique idea in history: We are created, all of us, equal. It’s who we are, and we cannot walk away from that principle and, in fact, say we’re dealing with the American idea.With regard to Russia, I know it concerns some of you, but I made very clear to Putin that we’re not going to seek esca- — ecala- — exc- — excuse me — escalation, but their actions will have consequence if they turn out to be true. And they turned out to be true, so I responded directly and proportionally to Russia’s interference in our elections and the cyberattacks on our government and our business. They did both of these things, and I told them we would respond, and we have.But we can also cooperate when it’s in our mutual interest. We did it when we extended the New START Treaty on nuclear arms, and we’re working to do it on climate change. But he understands we will respond.On Iran and North Korea — nuclear programs that present serious threats to American security and the security of the world — we’re going to be working closely with our allies to address the threats posed by both of these countries through di- — through diplomacy, as well as stern deterrence.And American leadership means ending the forever war in Afghanistan. (Applause.) We have — (applause) — we have, without hyperbole, the greatest fighting force in the history of the world. I’m the first President in 40 years who knows what it means to have a son serving in a warzone. Today we have servicemembers serving in the same warzone as their parents did. We have servicemembers in Afghanistan who were not yet born on 9/11.The War in Afghanistan, as we remember the debates here, were never meant to be multi-generational undertakings of nation-building. We went to Afghanistan to get terrorists — the terrorists who attacked us on 9/11 — and we said we would follow Osama bin Laden to the gates of hell to do it. If you’ve been to the upper Kunar Valley, you’ve kind of seen the gates of hell. And we delivered justice to bin Laden. We degraded the terrorist threat of al Qaeda in Afghanistan. And after 20 years of value — valor and sacrifice, it’s time to bring those troops home. (Applause.) Look, even as we do, we will maintain an over-the-horizon capacity to suppress future threats to the homeland. And make no mistake: In 20 years, terrorists has — terrorism has metastasized. The threat has evolved way beyond Afghanistan. And those of you in the intelligence committees, the foreign relations committee, the defense committees, you know well: We have to remain vigilant against the threats to the United States wherever they come from. Al Qaeda and ISIS are in Yemen, Syria, Somalia, other places in Africa, the Middle East, and beyond. And we won’t ignore what our intelligence agencies have determined to be the most lethal terrorist threat to the homeland today: White supremacy is terrorism. We’re not going to ignore that either.My fellow Americans, look, we have to come together to heal the soul of this nation. It was nearly a year ago, before her father’s funeral, when I spoke with Gianna Floyd, George Floyd’s young daughter. She’s a little tyke, so I was kneeling down to talk to her so I could look her in the eye. And she looked at me and she said, “My daddy changed the world.” Well, after the conviction of George Floyd’s murderer, we can see how right she was if — if we have the courage to act as a Congress. We’ve all seen the knee of injustice on the neck of Black Americans. Now is our opportunity to make some real progress. The vast majority of men and women wearing the uniform and a badge serve our communities, and they serve them honorably. I know them. I know they want — (applause) — I know they want to help meet this moment as well.My fellow Americans, we have to come together to rebuild trust between law enforcement and the people they serve, to root out systemic racism in our criminal justice system, and to enact police reform in George Floyd’s name that passed the House already. I know Republicans have their own ideas and are engaged in the very productive discussions with Democrats in the Senate. We need to work together to find a consensus. But let’s get it done next month, by the first anniversary of George Floyd’s death. (Applause.) The country supports this reform, and Congress should act — should act. We have a giant opportunity to bend to the arc of the moral universe towards justice — real justice. And with the plans outlined tonight, we have a real chance to root out systemic racism that plagues America and American lives in other ways; a chance to deliver real equity — good jobs, good schools, affordable housing, clean air, clean water, being able to generate wealth and pass it down two generations because you have an access to purchase a house. Real opportunities in the lives of more Americans — Black, white, Latino, Asian Americans, Native Americans.Look, I also want to thank the United States Senate for voting 94 to 1 to pass the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act to protect Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. (Applause.) You acted decisively. (Applause.) And you can see on television the viciousness of the hate crimes we’ve seen over the past year — this past year and for too long. I urge the House to do the same and send that legislation to my desk, which I will gladly, anxiously sign.I also hope Congress can get to my desk the Equality Act to protect LGBTQ Americans. (Applause.) To all transgender Americans watching at home, especially young people who are so brave, I want you to know your President has your back.Another thing: Let’s authorize the Violence Against Women Act, which has been law for 27 years. (Applause.) Twenty-seven years ago, I wrote it. It’ll close the — the act that has to be authorized now will close the “boyfriend” loophole to keep guns out of the hands of abusers. The court order said, “This is an abuser. You can’t own a gun.” It’s to close that loophole that existed. You know, it’s estimated that 50 women are shot and killed by an intimate partner every month in America — 50 a month. Let’s pass it and save some lives. (Applause.)And I need not — I need not tell anyone this, but gun violence is becoming an epidemic in America.The flag at the White House was still flying at half-mast for the 8 victims in the mass shooting in Georgia when 10 more lives were taken in a mass shooting in Colorado.And in the week in between those two events, 250 other Americans were shot dead in the streets of America — 250 shot dead.I know how hard it is to make progress on this issue. In the ’90s, we passed universal background checks, a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines that hold 100 rounds that can be fired off in seconds. We beat the NRA. Mass shootings and gun violence declined. Check out the report in over 10 years. But in the early twe- — 2000s, the law expired, and we’ve seen daily bloodshed since. I’m not saying if the law continued, we wouldn’t see bloodshed. More than two weeks ago in the Rose Garden, surrounded by some of the bravest people I know — the survivors and families who lost loved ones to gun violence — I laid out several of the Department of Justice a- — actions that are being taken to — impact on this epidemic. One of them is banning so-called “ghost guns.” These are homemade guns built from a kit that includes directions on how to finish the firearm. The parts have no serial numbers, so they show up at crime scenes and they can’t be traced. The buyers of these ghost gun kits aren’t required to pass any background check. Anyone, from a criminal or terrorist, could buy this kit and within 30 minutes have a weapon that’s lethal. But no more.And I will do everything in my power to protect the American people from this epidemic of gun violence, but it’s time for Congress to act as well. (Applause.)Look, I don’t want to become confrontational but we need more Senate Republicans to join the overwhelming majority of Democrat colleagues and close the loopholes requiring a background check on purchases of guns. We need a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines. And don’t tell me it can’t be done. We did it before, and it worked.Talk to most responsible gun owners and hunters. They’ll tell you there’s no possible justification for having 100 rounds in a weapon. What do you think — deer are wearing Kevlar vests? (Laughter.) They’ll tell you that there are too many people today who are able to buy a gun but shouldn’t be able to buy a gun.These kinds of reasonable reforms have overwhelming support from the American people, including many gun owners. The country supports reform and is — and Congress should act.This shouldn’t be a red or blue issue. And no amendment to the Constitution is absolute. You can’t yell “Fire!” in a crowded theater. From the very beginning, there were certain guns, weapons, that could not be owned by Americans. Certain people could not own those weapons ever. We’re not changing the Constitution; we’re being reasonable. I think this is not a Democrat or Republican issue; I think it’s an American issue.And here’s what else we can do: Immigration has always been essential to America. Let’s end our exhausting war over immigration. For more than 30 years, politicians have talked about immigration reform, and we’ve done nothing about it. It’s time to fix it.On day one of my presidency, I kept my commitment and sent a comprehensive immigration bill to the United States Congress. If you believe we need to secure the border, pass it, because it has a lot of money for high-tech border security. If you believe in a pathway to citizenship, pass it so over 11 million undocumented folks — the vast majority are here overstaying visas. Pass it. We can actually — if you actually want to solve a problem, I’ve sent a bill to take a close look at it. We have to — also have to get at the root problem of why people are fleeing, particularly to — to our southern border from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador: the violence, the corruption, the gangs, and the political instability, hunger, hurricanes, earthquakes, natural disasters.When I was President, my President — when I was Vice President, the President asked me to focus on providing the help needed to address the root causes of migration. And it helped keep people in their own countries instead of being forced to leave. The plan was working, but the last administration decided it was not worth it.I’m restoring the program and asked Vice President Harris to lead our diplomatic effort to take care of this. I have absolute confidence she’ll get the job done. (Applause.)Now, look, if you don’t like my plan, let’s at least pass what we all agree on. Congress needs to pass legislation this year to finally secure protection for DREAMers — the young people who have only known America as their home. (Applause.) And permanent protection for immigrants who are here on temporary protected status who came from countries beset by manmade and natural-made violence and disaster. (Applause.)As well as a pathway to citizenship for farmworkers who put food on our tables. (Applause.) Look, immigrants have done so much for America during this pandemic and throughout our history. The country supports immigration reform. We should act. Let’s argue over it, let’s debate it, but let’s act. (Applause.)And if we truly want to restore the soul of America, we need to protect the sacred right to vote. Most people — (applause). More people voted in the last presidential election than any time in American history, in the middle of the worst pandemic ever. It should be celebrated. Instead, it’s being attacked.Congress should pass H.R. 1 and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act and send it to my desk right away. (Applause.) The country supports it. The Congress should act now. (Applause.)Look, in closing, as we gather here tonight, the images of a violent mob assaulting this Capitol, desecrating our democracy, remain vivid in all our minds.Lives were put at risk — many of your lives. Lives were lost. Extraordinary courage was summoned. The insurrection was an existential crisis –- a test of whether our democracy could survive. And it did.But the struggle is far from over. The question of whether our democracy will long endure is both ancient and urgent, as old as our Republic — still vital today. Can our democracy deliver on its promise that all of us, created equal in the image of God, have a chance to lead lives of dignity, respect, and possibility?Can our democracy deliver the most — to the most pressing needs of our people? Can our democracy overcome the lies, anger, hate, and fears that have pulled us apart?America’s adversaries –- the autocrats of the world –- are betting we can’t. And I promise you, they’re betting we can’t. They believe we’re too full of anger and division and rage.They look at the images of the mob that assaulted the Capitol as proof that the sun is setting on American democracy. But they are wrong. You know it; I know it. But we have to prove them wrong.We have to prove democracy still works — that our government still works and we can deliver for our people.In our first 100 days together, we have acted to restore the people’s faith in democracy to deliver. We’re vaccinating the nation. We’re creating hundreds of thousands of new jobs. We’re delivering real results to people; they can see it and feel it in their own lives.Opening doors of opportunity, guaranteeing some more fairness and justice — that’s the essence of America. That’s democracy in action.Our Constitution opens with the words — as trite as it sounds — “We the People”. Well, it’s time to remember that “We the People” are the government — you and I. Not some force in a distant capital. Not some powerful force that we have no control over. It’s us. It’s “We the People.”In another era when our democracy was tested, Franklin Roosevelt reminded us, “In America, we do our part.” We all do our part. That’s all I’m asking: that we do our part, all of us.If we do that, we will meet the center challenge of the age by proving that democracy is durable and strong. Autocrats will not win the future. We will. America will. And the future belongs to America.As I stand here tonight before you, in a new and vital hour of life and democracy of our nation, and I can say with absolute confidence: I have never been more confident or optimistic about America — not because I’m President, because what’s happening with the American people.We have stared into the abyss of insurrection and autocracy, pandemic and pain, and “We the People” did not flinch.At the very moment our adversaries were certain we would pull apart and fail, we came together. We united.With light and hope, we summoned a new strength, new resolve to position us to win the competition of the 21st century, on our way to a union more perfect, more prosperous, and more just, as one people, one nation, and one America.Folks, as I told every world leader I’ve ever met with over the years, it’s never ever, ever been a good bet to bet against America, and it still isn’t. (Applause.)We are the United States of America. (Applause.) There is not a single thing — nothing — nothing beyond our capacity. We can do whatever we set our mind to do if we do it together. (Applause.) So let’s begin to get together. (Applause.)God bless you all, and may God protect our troops. Thank you for your patience. (Applause.)10:12 P.M. EDT ### Next Post: Nominations Sent to the Senate Nominations Sent to the Senate April 29, 2021 • Statements and Releases Next Post ## Stay Connected Sign Up Email Address* Required ZIP Code Please leave blank. We\'ll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better. Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden. 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There’s a broad consensus of economists left right center and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth | 3,161 | ![\\"NBC10](\\" Main Navigation Search Search for: Weather Local Sports NBC10 Responds Entertainment Investigators Videos Newsletters Sunny 66º Watch News 24/7 Trending Decision 2024 🇺🇸 Phillies Playoffs ⚾ Eagles Football 🦅 Local Voter Guide How to help Hurricane Helene victims Celebrating Hispanic Heritage Stream NBC10 24/7 📲 Expand ![](\\" Philadelphia.png?fit=1920%2C1080&quality=85&strip=all&w=400&h=44&crop=1\\") Joe Biden # Fact Check: Claims From Biden\'s Joint Address to Congress and GOP Rebuttal #### By Associated Press • Published April 29, 2021 • Updated on April 29, 2021 at 8:23 am NBCUniversal Media, LLC President Joe Biden gave his first address to Congress on Wednesday. Here are some key moments from his speech. Taking a swipe at his predecessor, President Joe Biden gave a distorted account of the historical forces driving migrants to the U.S. border, glossing over the multitudes who were desperate to escape poverty in their homelands when he was vice president. In his speech to Congress on Wednesday night, Biden also made his spending plans sound more broadly supported in Washington than they are. Philadelphia news 24/7: Watch NBC10 free wherever you are The Republican response to Biden’s speech departed from reality particularly on the subject of the pandemic. Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina tried to give the Trump administration credit for turning the tide on the coronavirus in what was actually the deadliest phase. A look at some of the claims: > Get top local stories in Philly delivered to you every morning. Sign up for > NBC Philadelphia\'s News Headlines newsletter. ## IMMIGRATION BIDEN: “If you believe in a pathway to citizenship, pass (immigration legislation) so over 11 million undocumented folks, the vast majority who are here overstaying visas, pass it.” THE FACTS: He\'s making an unsubstantiated claim. There is no official count of how many people entered the country legally and overstayed visas. The government estimates that 11.4 million were living in the country illegally as of January 2018 but doesn’t distinguish between how many entered legally and stayed after their visas expired and how many arrived illegally. Robert Warren of the Center for Migration Studies of New York, a former director of the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s statistics division who has studied visa overstays for decades, has done the most recent work on the issue. He estimated that, as of 2018, 46% of people in the country illegally overstayed visas — not a majority, let alone a “vast majority.” ### More on Biden\'s Congressional Address ![\\"\\"](\\" DISCURSO-6.jpg?quality=85&strip=all\\") Joe Biden Apr 28, 2021 ### Biden Speech Takeaways: Government Is Good, and So Are Jobs ![\\"\\"](\\" Biden-Address.jpg?quality=85&strip=all\\") Joe Biden Apr 28, 2021 ### In GOP Rebuttal, Sen. Scott Says ‘America Is Not a Racist Country\' ___ BIDEN: “When I was vice president, the president asked me to focus on providing help needed to address the root causes of migration. And it helped keep people in their own countries instead of being forced to leave. The plan was working, but the last administration decided it was not worth it. I’m restoring the program and I asked Vice President Harris to lead our diplomatic effort to take care of this.” THE FACTS: That’s wrong. Biden led Obama’s efforts to address a spike in migration from Central America, but poverty and violence have been endemic for decades. Hundreds of millions of dollars of U.S. aid have gone to Central America annually, even during Donald Trump’s presidency, but migration from Mexico and Central America has continued unabated with periodic spikes. In March, the number of unaccompanied children encountered by U.S. border authorities reached nearly 19,000, the highest number on record in the third major surge of families and children from Central America since 2014 under both Democratic and Republican administrations. Biden championed aid during what Obama called “a humanitarian crisis” of Central American children at the border in 2014. But while assistance fell under Trump, hundreds of millions of dollars have flowed in every year. Biden has proposed $861 million in Central American aid next year as a first installment on a $4 billion plan, compared with annual outlays of between $506 million and $750 million over the previous six years. On Wednesday night, President Biden urged lawmakers to lower health insurance deductibles and prescription drug costs. ___ ## SPENDING BIDEN, on his economic proposals: “There’s a broad consensus of economists — left, right, center — and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth.” THE FACTS: He’s glossing over the naysayers. Some economists, also bridging the ideological spectrum, say he’s spending too much or in the wrong way. Biden’s pandemic relief plan did enjoy some bipartisan support, even getting a general seal of approval from Kevin Hassett, who was Trump’s chief economist. But his policies have also drawn bipartisan criticism. For one, Larry Summers, who was Barack Obama’s top economist and Bill Clinton’s treasury secretary, warned that Biden’s relief package risks rates of inflation not seen in a generation. Biden’s latest proposals on infrastructure and families would require substantial tax increases on corporations and wealthy investors — leading to criticism by many CEOs and more conservative economists that growth could be compromised. Biden’s economics team says the resulting programs and infrastructure would boost growth. The plan to increase capital gains taxes drew the scorn of Douglas Holtz- Eakin, a former director of the Congressional Budget Office and Republican adviser. He said the White House is wrong to focus on the sliver of people being taxed and what matters is how much of the economy would be taxed. “The wealth taxes are a draconian tax on the annual return to that capital,” he said. “What matters is the amount of economic activity that is taxed, not the number of people.” Vice President Kamala Harris and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi made history Wednesday when they were seated behind President Joe Biden’s first address to a joint session of Congress. It’s the first time two women sit behind a U.S. president during an address to Congress. “It’s about time,” Biden said. ___ BIDEN: “We kept our commitment, Democrats and Republicans, sending $1,400 rescue checks to 85% of all American households.” THE FACTS: Republicans made no such commitment. Republicans in both the U.S. Senate and House opposed the bill containing the $1,400 stimulus checks, known as the American Rescue Plan, portraying it as too big and too bloated. All but one Democrat supported the legislation. While no Republicans voted for this year’s coronavirus bill, they supported sending checks to Americans in previous rounds of relief legislation. A relief law passed with overwhelming bipartisan support in December, when Trump was still president, provided $600 checks to many Americans. Some Republicans have boasted to their constituents about programs created by the coronavirus bill despite voting against it. President Joe Biden called on Congress to come together to enact police reform, referring to the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act that recently passed the U.S. House. “We need to work together to find a consensus, but let’s get it done next month, by the first anniversary of George Floyd’s death,” Biden said. ___ ## DRUG PRICES BIDEN, arguing that Congress should authorize Medicare to negotiate prescription drug prices. “And by the way, that won’t just help people on Medicare — it will lower prescription drug costs for everyone.” THE FACTS: That may be a bit of wishful thinking. Under House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s bill, private insurers that cover working- age Americans and their families would indeed be able to get the same discounts as Medicare. But while Pelosi should be able to drive her legislation through the House, the situation in the Senate is different. If just a few Democratic senators have qualms about her expansive approach, Biden may have to settle for less. So there’s no guarantee that a final bill would lower prescription drug costs for everyone. In President Biden’s first address to a joint session of Congress on Wednesday night, he opened by declaring, “America is on the move again.” ___ ## REPUBLICAN RESPONSE SOUTH CAROLINA SEN. TIM SCOTT: “This administration inherited a tide that had already turned. The coronavirus is on the run! Thanks to Operation Warp Speed and the Trump administration, our country is flooded with safe and effective vaccines.” THE FACTS: That’s a real stretch. Biden took over in the midst of the winter wave of COVID-19, the worst to hit the nation. It’s true that cases and deaths had begun to decline from their peak in the second week of January, but the tide had far from turned. Daily cases were averaging more than three times higher than they are now. And while the Trump administration shepherded the delivery of two highly effective vaccines, the supply of doses was short of meeting demand and several state governors were complaining about jumbled signals from Trump\'s team. Trump was focused on his campaign to overturn the election results and did not devote much public attention to the pandemic as his term came to an end. Watch the full GOP response to President Joe Biden’s address to Congress, delivered by Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C. Scott covered infrastructure, voting rights, and the coronavirus pandemic. ___ SCOTT: “Just before COVID, we had the most inclusive economy in my lifetime. The lowest unemployment rates ever recorded for African Americans, Hispanics and Asians. And a 70-year low nearly for women. Wages were growing faster at the bottom than at the top — the bottom 25% saw their wages go up faster than the top 25%. That happened because Republicans focused on expanding opportunity for all Americans.” THE FACTS: His statistics are selectively misleading. Nothing is false on its face in terms of numbers. Yet the gains reflected the longest expansion in U.S. history — something that started during Obama’s administration and simply continued under Trump without much change in growth patterns. The labor force participation for women was below its 2001 peak, so the unemployment rate claims by Scott tell an incomplete story. The Black and Hispanic unemployment rates were lower because the total unemployment rate was lower. Yet both still lagged those of white workers by a large degree. Scott also neglects to credit the Federal Reserve, which kept interest rates near historic lows to support growth and keep the recovery from the Great Recession going. In Sen. Tim Scott’s rebuttal to President Joe Biden’s address to Congress, the Republican from South Carolina discussed his own experience with discrimination and said ‘people are making money and gaining power by pretending we haven’t made any progress at all.’ Spagat reported from San Diego. Associated Press writers David Klepper in Providence, Rhode Island, and Ricardo Alonso-Zaldivar, Hope Yen and Calvin Woodward in Washington contributed to this report. EDITOR\'S NOTE — A look at the veracity of claims by political figures. 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There’s a broad consensus of economists left right center and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth | 3,161 | The White House The White House The White House * Home * Administration * Priorities * The Record * Briefing Room * Español * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement Menu Close To search this site, enter a search term Search ## Mobile Menu Overlay * Administration Show submenu for “Administration”” * President Joe Biden * Vice President Kamala Harris * First Lady Dr. Jill Biden * Second Gentleman Douglas Emhoff * The Cabinet * Executive Offices Show submenu for “Executive Offices”” * Council of Economic Advisers * Council on Environmental Quality * Domestic Policy Council * Gender Policy Council * National Economic Council * National Security Council * National Space Council * Office of Intergovernmental Affairs * Office of Management and Budget * Office of the National Cyber Director * Office of National Drug Control Policy * Office of Public Engagement * Office of Science and Technology Policy * Office of the United States Trade Representative * Climate Policy Office * Presidential Personnel Office * Priorities * Briefing Room * The White House Show submenu for “The White House”” * Presidents * First Families * The Grounds * Our Government * Get Involved Show submenu for “Get Involved”” * Write or Call The White House * Join Us * White House Fellows * White House Internship Program * The Record * Disclosures * Español * Contact Us * Privacy Policy * Copyright Policy * Accessibility Statement * InstagramOpens in a new window * FacebookOpens in a new window * XOpens in a new window * YouTubeOpens in a new window The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500 To search this site, enter a search term Search April 28, 2021 # Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by President Biden — Address to a Joint Session of Congress 1. Home 2. Briefing Room 3. Speeches and Remarks The Capitol Madame Speaker. Madame Vice President. No president has ever said those words from this podium, and it’s about time. The First Lady. The Second Gentleman. Mr. Chief Justice. Members of the United States Congress and the Cabinet – and distinguished guests. My fellow Americans. While the setting tonight is familiar, this gathering is very different – a reminder of the extraordinary times we are in. Throughout our history, Presidents have come to this chamber to speak to the Congress, to the nation, and to the world. To declare war. To celebrate peace. To announce new plans and possibilities. Tonight, I come to talk about crisis — and opportunity. About rebuilding our nation — and revitalizing our democracy. And winning the future for America. As I stand here tonight — just one day shy of the 100th day of my administration. 100 days since I took the oath of office, lifted my hand off our family Bible, and inherited a nation in crisis. The worst pandemic in a century. The worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. The worst attack on our democracy since the Civil War. Now, after just 100 days, I can report to the nation: America is on the move again. Turning peril into possibility. Crisis into opportunity. Setback into strength. Life can knock us down. But in America, we never stay down. In America, we always get up. And today, that’s what we’re doing: America is rising anew. Choosing hope over fear. Truth over lies. Light over darkness. After 100 Days of rescue and renewal, America is ready for takeoff. We are working again. Dreaming again. Discovering again. Leading the world again. We have shown each other and the world: There is no quit in America. 100 days ago, America’s house was on fire. We had to act. And thanks to the extraordinary leadership of Speaker Pelosi and Majority Leader Schumer – and with the overwhelming support of the American people – Democrats, Independents, and Republicans – we did act. Together — we passed the American Rescue Plan. One of the most consequential rescue packages in American history. We’re already seeing the results. After I promised 100 million COVID-19 vaccine shots in 100 days – we will have provided over 220 million COVID shots in 100 days. We’re marshalling every federal resource. We’ve gotten the vaccine to nearly 40,000 pharmacies and over 700 community health centers. We’re setting up community vaccination sites, and are deploying mobile units into hard-to-reach areas. Today, 90% of Americans now live within 5 miles of a vaccination site. Everyone over the age of 16, everyone – is now eligible and can get vaccinated right away. So get vaccinated now. When I was sworn in, less than 1% of seniors were fully vaccinated against COVID-19. 100 days later, nearly 70% of seniors are fully protected. Senior deaths from COVID-19 are down 80% since January. Down 80%. And, more than half of all adults in America have gotten at least one shot. At a mass vaccination center in Glendale, Arizona, I asked a nurse what it’s like. She looked and said every shot feels like a dose of hope. A dose of hope for the educator in Florida who has a child who suffers from an auto-immune disease. She wrote to me that she was worried about bringing the virus home. When she got vaccinated, she sat in her car and just cried. Cried out of joy, cried out of relief. Parents are seeing smiles on their kids’ faces as they go back to school because teachers and school bus drivers, cafeteria workers have been vaccinated. Grandparents hugging their children and grandchildren instead of pressing their hands against a window to say goodbye It means everything to both of them. There’s still more work to do to beat this virus. We can’t let our guard down now. But tonight, I can say because of you — the American people – our progress these past 100 days against one of the worst pandemics in history is one of the greatest logistical achievements our country has ever seen. What else have we done these first 100 days? We kept our commitment and we are sending $1,400 rescue checks to 85% of all American households. We’ve already sent more than 160 million checks out the door. It’s making a difference. For many people, it’s making all the difference in the world. A single mom in Texas wrote to me. She said when she couldn’t work, this relief check put food on the table and saved her and her son from eviction. A grandmother in Virginia told me she immediately took her granddaughter to the eye doctor — something she put off for months because she didn’t have the money. One of the defining images of this crisis has been cars lined up for miles waiting for a box of food to be put in the trunk. Did you ever think you’d see that in America? That’s why the American Rescue Plan is delivering food and nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger – and hunger is down sharply already. We’re also providing: Rental assistance to keep people from being evicted from their homes. Providing loans to keep small businesses open and their employees on the job. During these 100 days, an additional 800,000 Americans enrolled in the Affordable Care Act because I established a special sign up period to do that. We’re making one of the largest one-time investments ever in improving health care for veterans. Critical investments to address the opioid crisis. And, maybe most importantly, thanks to the American Rescue Plan, we are on track to cut child poverty in America in half this year. In the process, the economy created more than 1.3 million new jobs in 100 days. More new jobs in the first 100 days than any president on record. The International Monetary Fund is now estimating our economy will grow at a rate of more than 6% this year. That will be the fastest pace of economic growth in this country in nearly four decades. America is moving. Moving forward. And we can’t stop now. We’re in a competition with China and other countries to win the 21st Century. We have to do more than just build back. We have to build back better. Throughout our history, public investments and infrastructure have transformed America. The transcontinental railroad and interstate highways united two oceans and brought us into a totally new age of progress. Universal public school and college aid opened wide the doors of opportunity. Scientific breakthroughs took us to the Moon and now to Mars, discovered vaccines, and gave us the Internet and so much more. These are the investments we make together, as one country, and that only government can make. Time and again, they propel us into the future. That’s why I proposed The American Jobs Plan — a once-in-a-generation investment in America itself. The largest jobs plan since World War II. It creates jobs to upgrade our transportation infrastructure. Jobs modernizing roads, bridges and highways. Jobs building ports and airports, rail corridors and transit lines. It’s clean water. Today, up to 10 million homes and more than 400,000 schools and child care centers have pipes with lead in them, including for drinking water. A clear and present danger to our children’s health. The American Jobs Plan creates jobs replacing 100% of the nation’s lead pipes and service lines so every American, so every child – can turn on the faucet and be certain to drink clean water. It creates jobs connecting every American with high-speed internet, including 35% of rural Americans who still don’t have it. This will help our kids and businesses succeed in a 21st Century economy. And I am asking the Vice President to help lead this effort. It creates jobs by building a modern power grid. Our grids are vulnerable to storms, hacks, and catastrophic failures – with tragic results as we saw in Texas and elsewhere during winter storms. The American Jobs Plan will create jobs to lay thousands of miles of transmission lines needed to build a resilient and fully clean grid. The American Jobs Plan will help millions of people get back to their jobs and their careers. 2 million women have dropped out of the workforce during this pandemic, too often because they couldn’t get the care they need for their family, their children. 800,000 families are on a Medicaid waiting list right now to get homecare for their aging parent or loved one with a disability. This plan will help these families and create jobs for our caregivers with better wages and better benefits. For too long, we have failed to use the most important word when it comes to meeting the climate crisis. Jobs. Jobs. For me, when I think about climate change, I think jobs. The American Jobs Plan will put engineers and construction workers to work building more energy efficient buildings and homes. Electrical workers installing 500,000 charging stations along our highways. Farmers planting cover crops, so they can reduce carbon dioxide in the air and get paid for doing it. There’s no reason the blades for wind turbines can’t be built in Pittsburgh instead of Beijing. No reason why American workers can’t lead the world in the production of electric vehicles and batteries. The American Jobs Plan will create millions of good paying jobs – jobs Americans can raise their families on. And all the investments in the American Jobs Plan will be guided by one principle: “Buy American.” American tax dollars are going to be used to buy American products made in America that create American jobs. The way it should be. Now – I know some of you at home are wondering whether these jobs are for you. You feel left behind and forgotten in an economy that’s rapidly changing. Let me speak directly to you. Independent experts estimate the American Jobs Plan will add millions of jobs and trillions of dollars in economic growth for years to come. These are good-paying jobs that can’t be outsourced. Nearly 90% of the infrastructure jobs created in the American Jobs Plan do not require a college degree. 75% do not require an associate’s degree. The American Jobs Plan is a blue-collar blueprint to build America. And, it recognizes something I’ve always said. Wall Street didn’t build this country. The middle class built this country. And unions build the middle class. And that’s why I’m calling on Congress to pass the Protecting the Right to Organize Act – the PRO Act — and send it to my desk to support the right to unionize. By the way – let’s also pass the $15 minimum wage. No one should work 40 hours a week and still live below the poverty line. And we need to ensure greater equity and opportunity for women. Let’s get the Paycheck Fairness Act to my desk for equal pay. It’s long past time. Finally, the American Jobs Plan will be the biggest increase in non-defense research and development on record. We will see more technological change in the next 10 years – than we saw in the last 50 years. And we’re falling behind in that competition. Decades ago we used to invest 2% of our GDP on research and development. Today, we spend less than 1%. China and other countries are closing in fast. We have to develop and dominate the products and technologies of the future: advanced batteries, biotechnology, computer chips, and clean energy. The Defense Department has an agency called DARPA – the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency – that’s there to develop breakthroughs to enhance our national security – which led to the internet and GPS and so much more. The National Institutes of Health, the NIH – should create a similar Advanced Research Projects Agency for health. To develop breakthroughs – to prevent, detect, and treat diseases like Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer. This is personal to so many of us. I can think of no more worthy investment. And I know of nothing that is more bipartisan. Let’s end cancer as we know it. It’s within our power Investments in jobs and infrastructure like the ones we’re talking about have often had bipartisan support. Vice President Harris and I meet regularly in the Oval Office with Democrats and Republicans to discuss the American Jobs Plan. And I applaud a group of Republican Senators who just put forward their proposal. So, let’s get to work. We welcome ideas. But, the rest of the world isn’t waiting for us. Doing nothing is not an option. We can’t be so busy competing with each other that we forget the competition is with the rest of the world to win the 21st Century. To win that competition for the future, we also need to make a once-in-a- generation investment in our families – in our children. That’s why I’m introducing the American Families Plan tonight, which addresses four of the biggest challenges facing American families today. First, access to a good education. When this nation made 12 years of public education universal in the last century, it made us the best-educated and best-prepared nation in the world. But the world is catching up. They are not waiting. 12 years is no longer enough today to compete in the 21st Century. That’s why the American Families Plan guarantees four additional years of public education for every person in America – starting as early as we can. We add two years of universal high-quality pre-school for every 3- and 4- year-old in America. The research shows that when a young child goes to school—not day care—they are far more likely to graduate from high school and go on to college. And then we add two years of free community college. And we will increase Pell Grants and investment in Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tribal colleges, and minority-serving institutions. Jill is a community college professor who teaches today as First Lady. She has long said any country that out-educates us is going to outcompete us – and she’ll be leading this effort. Second, the American Families plan will provide access to quality, affordable child care. We guarantee that low- to middle-income families will pay no more than 7% of their income for high-quality care for children up to the age of 5. The most hard-pressed working families won’t have to spend a dime. Third, the American Families Plan will finally provide up to 12 weeks of paid family and medical leave. No one should have to choose between a job and paycheck or taking care of themselves and a loved one – a parent, spouse, or child. And fourth, the American Families Plan puts money directly into the pockets of millions of families. In March we expanded a tax credit for every child in a family. Up to a $3,000 Child Tax Credit for children over 6 — and $3,600 for children under 6. With two parents, two kids, that’s up to $7,200 in your pocket to help take care of your family. This will help more than 65 million children and help cut child poverty in half this year. Together, let’s extend the Child Tax Credit at least through the end of 2025. The American Rescue Plan lowered health care premiums for 9 million Americans who buy their coverage under the Affordable Care Act. Let’s make that provision permanent so their premiums don’t go back up. In addition to my Families Plan, I will work with Congress to address – this year – other critical priorities for America’s families. The Affordable Care Act has been a lifeline for millions of Americans –protecting people with pre-existing conditions, protecting women’s health. And the pandemic has demonstrated how badly it is needed. Let’s lower deductibles for working families on the Affordable Care Act, and let’s lower prescription drug costs. We all know how outrageously expensive they are. In fact, we pay the highest prescription drug prices in the world right here in America – nearly three times as much as other countries. We can change that. Let’s do what we’ve always talked about. Let’s give Medicare the power to save hundreds of billions of dollars by negotiating lower prices for prescription drugs. That won’t just help people on Medicare – it will lower prescription drug costs for everyone. The money we save can go to strengthen the Affordable Care Act – expand Medicare coverage and benefits – without costing taxpayers one additional penny. We’ve talked about it long enough – Democrats and Republicans. Let’s get it done this year. This is all about a simple premise: Health care should be a right, not a privilege in America. So how do we pay for my Jobs and Family Plans? I’ve made clear that we can do it without increasing deficits. Let’s start with what I will not do. I will not impose any tax increases on people making less than $400,000 a year. It’s time for corporate America and the wealthiest 1% of Americans to pay their fair share. Just pay their fair share. A recent study shows that 55 of the nation’s biggest corporations paid zero in federal income tax last year. No federal taxes on more than $40 billion in profits. A lot of companies evade taxes through tax havens from Switzerland to Bermuda to the Cayman Islands. And they benefit from tax loopholes and deductions that allow for offshoring jobs and shifting profits overseas. That’s not right. We’re going to reform corporate taxes so they pay their fair share – and help pay for the public investments their businesses will benefit from. And, we’re going to reward work, not wealth. We take the top tax bracket for the wealthiest 1% of Americans – those making $400,000 or more – back up to 39.6%. We take the top tax bracket for the wealthiest 1% of Americans – those making $400,000 or more – back up to 39.6%. That’s where it was when George W. Bush became president. We’re going to get rid of the loopholes that allow Americans who make more than $1 million a year pay a lower rate on their capital gains than working Americans pay on their work. This will only affect three tenths of 1% of all Americans. And the IRS will crack down on millionaires and billionaires who cheat on their taxes. That’s estimated to be billions of dollars. Look, I’m not out to punish anyone. But I will not add to the tax burden of the middle class of this country. They’re already paying enough. What I’ve proposed is fair. It’s fiscally responsible. It raises the revenue to pay for the plans I’ve proposed that will create millions of jobs and grow the economy. When you hear someone say that they don’t want to raise taxes on the wealthiest 1% and on corporate America – ask them: whose taxes are you going to raise instead, and whose are you going to cut? Look at the big tax cut in 2017. It was supposed to pay for itself and generate vast economic growth. Instead it added $2 trillion to the deficit. It was a huge windfall for corporate America and those at the very top. Instead of using the tax savings to raise wages and invest in research and development – it poured billions of dollars into the pockets of CEOs. In fact, the pay gap between CEOs and their workers is now among the largest in history. According to one study, CEOs make 320 times what their average workers make. The pandemic has only made things worse. 20 million Americans lost their jobs in the pandemic – working- and middle- class Americans. At the same time, the roughly 650 Billionaires in America saw their net worth increase by more than $1 Trillion. Let me say that again. Just 650 people increased their wealth by more than $1 Trillion during this pandemic. They are now worth more than $4 Trillion. My fellow Americans, trickle-down economics has never worked. It’s time to grow the economy from the bottom up and middle-out. A broad consensus of economists – left, right, center – agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth. These are among the highest value investments we can make as a nation. I’ve often said that our greatest strength is the power of our example – not just the example of our power. And in my conversations with world leaders – many I’ve known for a long time – the comment I hear most often is: we see that America is back – but for how long? My fellow Americans, we have to show not just that we are back, but that we are here to stay. And that we aren’t going it alone – we’re going to be leading with our allies. No one nation can deal with all the crises of our time alone – from terrorism to nuclear proliferation to mass migration, cybersecurity, climate change – and as we’re experiencing now, pandemics. There’s no wall high enough to keep any virus away. As our own vaccine supply grows to meet our needs – and we are meeting them – we will become an arsenal of vaccines for other countries – just as America was the arsenal of democracy in World War 2. The climate crisis is not our fight alone, either. It’s a global fight. The United States accounts for less than 15% of carbon emissions. The rest of the world accounts for 85%. That’s why – I kept my commitment to rejoin the Paris Climate Agreement on my first day in office. And I kept my commitment to convene a climate summit right here in America, with all of the major economies of the world – from China and Russia to India and the European Union in my first 100 days. I wanted the world to see that there is consensus that we are at an inflection point in history. And the consensus is if we act, we can save the planet – and we can create millions of jobs and economic growth and opportunity to raise the standard of living for everyone in the world. The investments I’ve proposed tonight also advance a foreign policy that benefits the middle class. That means making sure every nation plays by the same rules in the global economy, including China. In my discussion with President Xi, I told him that we welcome the competition – and that we are not looking for conflict. But I made absolutely clear that I will defend American interests across the board. America will stand up to unfair trade practices that undercut American workers and industries, like subsidies for state-owned enterprises and the theft of American technologies and intellectual property. I also told President Xi that we will maintain a strong military presence in the Indo—Pacific just as we do with NATO in Europe – not to start conflict – but to prevent conflict. And, I told him what I’ve said to many world leaders – that America won’t back away from our commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms. No responsible American president can remain silent when basic human rights are violated. A president has to represent the essence of our country. America is an idea – unique in the world. We are all created equal. It’s who we are. We cannot walk away from that principle. With regard to Russia, I made very clear to President Putin that while we don’t seek escalation, their actions have consequences. I responded in a direct and proportionate way to Russia’s interference in our elections and cyber—attacks on our government and businesses – and they did both of those things and I did respond. But we can also cooperate when it’s in our mutual interests. As we did when we extended the New START Treaty on nuclear arms – and as we’re working to do on the climate crisis. On Iran and North Korea’s nuclear programs that present a serious threat to America’s security and world security – we will be working closely with our allies to address the threats posed by both of these countries through diplomacy and stern deterrence. And American leadership means ending the forever war in Afghanistan. We have the greatest fighting force in the history of the world. And I’m the first President in 40 years who knows what it means to have had a child serving in a warzone. Today we have service members serving in the same war as their parents once did. We have service members in Afghanistan who were not yet born on 9/11. War in Afghanistan was never meant to be a multi—generational undertaking of nation—building. We went to Afghanistan to get the terrorists who attacked us on 9/11. We delivered justice to Osama Bin Laden and we degraded the terrorist threat of al Qaeda in Afghanistan. After 20 years of American valor and sacrifice, it’s time to bring our troops home. Even as we do, we will maintain an over—the—horizon capability to suppress future threats to the homeland. But make no mistake – the terrorist threat has evolved beyond Afghanistan since 2001 and we will remain vigilant against threats to the United States, wherever they come from. Al Qaeda and ISIS are in Yemen, Syria, Somalia, and other places in Africa and the Middle East and beyond. And, we won’t ignore what our own intelligence agencies have determined – the most lethal terrorist threat to the homeland today is from white supremacist terrorism. And my fellow Americans, we must come together to heal the soul of this nation. It was nearly a year ago before her father’s funeral, when I spoke with Gianna Floyd, George Floyd’s young daughter. As I knelt down to talk to her so we could talk eye—to—eye, she said to me, “Daddy changed the world.” After the conviction of George Floyd’s murderer, we can see how right she was – if we have the courage to act. We have all seen the knee of injustice on the neck of Black America. Now is our opportunity to make real progress. Most men and women in uniform wear their badge and serve their communities honorably. I know them. I know they want to help meet this moment as well. My fellow Americans, we have to come together. To rebuild trust between law enforcement and the people they serve. To root out systemic racism in our criminal justice system. And to enact police reform in George Floyd’s name that passed the House already. I know the Republicans have their own ideas and are engaged in productive discussions with Democrats. We need to work together to find a consensus. Let’s get it done next month, by the first anniversary of George Floyd’s death. The country supports this reform. Congress should act. We have a giant opportunity to bend to the arc of the moral universe toward justice. Real justice. And with the plans I outlined tonight, we have a real chance to root out systemic racism that plagues American life in many other ways. A chance to deliver real equity. Good jobs and good schools. Affordable housing. Clean air and clean water. Being able to generate wealth and pass it down through generations. Real opportunities in the lives of more Americans – Black, white, Latino, Asian American, Native American. I also want to thank the Senate for voting 94—1 to pass the COVID—19 Hate Crimes Act to protect Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders from the vicious hate crimes we’ve seen this past year – and for too long. I urge the House to do the same and send that legislation to my desk as soon as possible. I also hope Congress can get to my desk the Equality Act to protect the rights of LGBTQ Americans. To all the transgender Americans watching at home – especially the young people who are so brave – I want you to know that your president has your back. And another thing. Let’s reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act, which has been law in this country for 27 years since I first wrote it. It will close the so—called “boyfriend” loophole to keep guns out of the hands of abusers. It’s estimated that more than 50 women are shot and killed by an intimate partner – every month in America. Pass it and save lives. And I need not tell anyone this, but gun violence is an epidemic in America. Our flag at the White House was still flying at half—staff for the 8 victims of the mass shooting in Georgia, when 10 more lives were taken in a mass shooting in Colorado. In the week between those mass shootings, more than 250 other Americans were shot dead. 250 shot dead. I know how hard it is to make progress on this issue. In the 1990s, we passed universal background checks and a ban on assault weapons and high—capacity magazines that hold 100 rounds that can be fired in seconds. We beat the NRA. Mass shootings and gun violence declined. But in the early 2000’s, that law expired and we’ve seen the daily bloodshed since. More than two weeks ago in the Rose Garden, surrounded by some of the bravest people I know – the survivors and families who lost loved ones to gun violence – I laid out several steps the Department of Justice is taking to end this epidemic. One of them is banning so—called “ghost guns.” They are homemade guns built from a kit that includes the directions on how to finish the firearm. The parts have no serial numbers, so when they show up at a crime scene, they can’t be traced. The buyers of ghost gun kits aren’t required to pass a background check. Anyone from a criminal to a terrorist could buy this kit and, in as little as 30 minutes, put together a lethal weapon. But not anymore. I will do everything in my power to protect the American people from this epidemic of gun violence. But it’s time for Congress to act as well. We need more Senate Republicans to join with the overwhelming majority of their Democratic colleagues, and close loopholes and require background checks to purchase a gun. And we need a ban on assault weapons and high—capacity magazines again. Don’t tell me it can’t be done. We’ve done it before … and it worked. Talk to most responsible gun owners, most hunters – they’ll tell you there’s no possible justification for having 100 rounds – 100 bullets – in a weapon. They will tell you that there are too many people today who are able to buy a gun, but who shouldn’t be able to. These kinds of reasonable reforms have the overwhelming support of the American people – including many gun owners. The country supports reform, and the Congress should act. This shouldn’t be a Red vs. Blue issue. It’s an American issue. And here’s what else we can do. Immigration has always been essential to America. Let’s end our exhausting war over immigration. For more than 30 years, politicians have talked about immigration reform and done nothing about it. It’s time to fix it. On day one of my Presidency, I kept my commitment and I sent a comprehensive immigration bill to Congress. If you believe we need a secure border – pass it. If you believe in a pathway to citizenship – pass it. If you actually want to solve the problem – I have sent you a bill, now pass it. We also have to get at the root of the problem of why people are fleeing to our southern border from Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador. The violence. The corruption. The gangs. The political instability. Hunger. Hurricanes. Earthquakes. When I was Vice President, I focused on providing the help needed to address these root causes of migration. It helped keep people in their own countries instead of being forced to leave. Our plan worked. But the last administration shut it down. I’m restoring the program and asked Vice President Harris to lead our diplomatic efforts. I have absolute confidence she will get the job done. Now, if Congress won’t pass my plan – let’s at least pass what we agree on. Congress needs to pass legislation this year to finally secure protection for the Dreamers – the young people who have only known America as their home. And, permanent protections for immigrants on temporary protected status who come from countries beset by man—made and natural made violence and disaster. As well as a pathway to citizenship for farmworkers who put food on our tables. Immigrants have done so much for America during the pandemic – as they have throughout our history. The country supports immigration reform. Congress should act. And if we are to truly restore the soul of America – we need to protect the sacred right to vote. More people voted in the last presidential election than ever before in our history – in the middle of one of the worst pandemics ever. That should be celebrated. Instead it’s being attacked. Congress should pass H.R. 1 and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act and send them to my desk right away. The country supports it. Congress should act. As we gather here tonight, the images of a violent mob assaulting this Capitol—desecrating our democracy—remain vivid in our minds. Lives were put at risk. Lives were lost. Extraordinary courage was summoned. The insurrection was an existential crisis—a test of whether our democracy could survive. It did. But the struggle is far from over. The question of whether our democracy will long endure is both ancient and urgent. As old as our Republic. Still vital today. Can our democracy deliver on its promise that all of us – created equal in the image of God – have a chance to lead lives of dignity, respect, and possibility? Can our democracy deliver on the most pressing needs of our people? Can our democracy overcome the lies, anger, hate and fears that have pulled us apart? America’s adversaries – the autocrats of the world – are betting it can’t. They believe we are too full of anger and division and rage. They look at the images of the mob that assaulted this Capitol as proof that the sun is setting on American democracy. They are wrong. And we have to prove them wrong. We have to prove democracy still works. That our government still works – and can deliver for the people. In our first 100 Days together, we have acted to restore the people’s faith in our democracy to deliver. We’re vaccinating the nation. We’re creating hundreds of thousands of jobs. We’re delivering real results people can see and feel in their own lives. Opening the doors of opportunity. Guaranteeing fairness and justice. That’s the essence of America. That’s democracy in action. Our Constitution opens with the words, “We the People”. It’s time we remembered that We the People are the government. You and I. Not some force in a distant capital. Not some powerful force we have no control over. It’s us. It’s “We the people.” In another era when our democracy was tested, Franklin Roosevelt reminded us—In America: we do our part. That’s all I’m asking. That we all do our part. And if we do, then we will meet the central challenge of the age by proving that democracy is durable and strong. The autocrats will not win the future. America will. The future will belong to America. I stand here tonight before you in a new and vital hour in the life of our democracy and our nation. And I can say with absolute confidence: I have never been more confident or more optimistic about America. We have stared into an abyss of insurrection and autocracy — of pandemic and pain — and “We the People” did not flinch. At the very moment our adversaries were certain we would pull apart and fail. We came together. United. With light and hope, we summoned new strength and new resolve. To position us to win the competition for the 21st Century. On our way forward to a Union more perfect. More prosperous. More just. As one people. One nation. One America. It’s never been a good bet to bet against America. And it still isn’t. We are the United States of America. There is nothing – nothing – beyond our capacity – nothing we can’t do – if we do it together. May God bless you all. May God protect our troops. ### Next Post: President Biden Announces Second Slate of Judicial Nominees President Biden Announces Second Slate of Judicial Nominees April 29, 2021 • Statements and Releases Next Post ## Stay Connected Sign Up Email Address* Required ZIP Code Please leave blank. We\'ll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better. Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden. 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There’s a broad consensus of economists left right center and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth | 3,161 | Search Inputsearch Sectionsmenu Sectionsmenu Democracy Dies in Darkness Try 1 month for $1 Sign inprofile Sign inprofile Fact Checker![\\"Pinocchio](\\"img/pino.png\\"/) Analysis AnalysiscloseInterpretation of the news based on evidence, including data, as well as anticipating how events might unfold based on past events # The false and misleading claims President Biden made during his first 100 days in office ![\\"Joe](\\"img/JoeBiden_tophalf.png\\"/) ![\\"Four](\\"img/4pino.png\\"/) “Under the previous administration, the federal government contracts awarded directly to foreign companies went up 30 percent. That is going to change on our watch.” Jan. 25 ![\\"Four](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) “When I took office three weeks ago, America didn’t have a plan or enough supplies to vaccinate most of the country.” Feb. 11 ![\\"Four](\\"img/4pino.png\\"/) “What I’m worried about is how un-American this whole initiative is. It’s sick. It’s sick … deciding that you’re going to end voting at five o’clock when working people are just getting off work.” March 25 ![\\"Four](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) “I have the list of exactly how many have died: 547,296 Americans dead from the virus — more than all the people killed in World War One, World War Two, the Vietnam War, 9/11. 547,296 Americans.” March 31 ![\\"Four](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) “Independent analysis shows that if we pass this plan, the economy will create 19 million jobs — good jobs, blue-collar jobs, jobs that pay well.” April 2 ![\\"Four](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) “Most people don’t know, you walk into a store and you buy a gun, you have a background check. But you go to a gun show, you can buy whatever you want and no background check.” April 8 By Glenn Kessler, Adrian Blanco and Tyler Remmel Updated April 30 at 12:43 p.m.Originally published April 26, 2021 homeHome shareShare Share on FacebookEmail this linkShare on TwitterShare on PinterestShare on LinkedIn comment0 After four years of a presidency that swamped Americans with a gusher of false and misleading claims, the Joe Biden era has offered a return to a more typical pattern when it comes to a commander in chief and his relationship with the facts — one that features frequent spin and obfuscation or exaggeration, with the occasional canard. Jump to the full databasechevron-right Among the most notable falsehoods of President Biden’s first 100 days in office was his claim — which he made three times — that Georgia’s controversial Republican-backed election law had shortened voting hours. The claim was one of two uttered by Biden to earn the Fact Checker’s “Four Pinocchio” rating, reserved for whoppers — the other being his wildly off-base statement, borrowed from the campaign, that federal contracts “awarded directly to foreign companies” rose by 30 percent under President Donald Trump. More typical for Biden, when he uttered a false statement, was some subtle truth-stretching. He spun that if Congress passed his infrastructure plan, “the economy” would create 19 million additional jobs; only 2.7 million of those jobs could be attributed to the proposal itself. He asserted that as vice president he helped craft an $800 billion strategy to help Central America; it was $750 million. Through April 29, his 100th day, Biden has made 78 false or misleading statements, according to a Washington Post Fact Checker analysis of every speech, interview, tweet or public statement made by the president. That compares to 511 such statements in Trump’s first 100 days. #### Misleading claims in the first 100 days In compiling the database of Biden’s claims in his first 100 days, The Fact Checker used the same methodology as the Trump database that counted more than 30,000 claims over the course of Trump’s presidency. Any statement that would merit at least Two Pinocchios — essentially “half true” — was included. Any claim that was repeated was also included, though unlike Trump, Biden generally does not repeat his false claims if they have been fact-checked as false. Biden’s relatively limited number of falsehoods is a function, at least in part, of the fact that his public appearances consist mostly of prepared texts vetted by his staff. He devotes little time to social media, in contrast to his Twitter-obsessed predecessor, and rarely faces reporters or speaks off the cuff. His press secretary, Jen Psaki, holds lengthy daily briefings with the media, and Cabinet secretaries also speak on Biden’s behalf. All told, through April 29, according to a count by Factba.se, Biden spoke about 30 percent fewer words than Trump and tweeted 65 percent fewer times. He gave only seven interviews, compared to 22 for Trump, and held only two news conferences, compared to nine for Trump. Almost 100 of Trump’s claims came from tweets; only one of Biden’s tweets was deemed false or misleading. Trump made 56 suspect statements at campaign rallies; Biden held only one campaign rally — on his 100th day — where he made one suspect claim. #### How Biden and Trump communicated publicly in the first 100 days About one-eighth of Biden’s false or misleading claims on the list relate to the Georgia voting law, which Democrats charge is part of a GOP effort to seize on Trump’s bogus claims of election fraud to justify the disenfranchisement of minorities. Biden’s claim that the measure shortened voting hours drew sharp criticism from Republicans, who accused Democrats of lying about the bill. In reality, Election Day hours were not changed and the opportunities to cast a ballot in early voting were expanded. Biden aides never provided an explanation for why Biden made this statement — or why it was even repeated in an official statement issued by the White House. Biden has also made some other exaggerated claims about the Georgia law, such as calling it “Jim Crow on steroids.” He was referring to a system that, before passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, systematically denied Black Americans their constitutional right to vote through “literacy tests,” poll taxes and other measures. But the law does not put up roadblocks to Black Americans registering to vote. While Biden exaggerated at times, he often recalibrated his wording in response to news coverage. For instance, he claimed that reporters had said he was “crazy” when he announced a goal of 100 million vaccine shots in 100 days. That was a stretch, as reporters instead had written it was ambitious and potentially difficult. After fact checks appeared, Biden switched to simply saying reporters said the goal was “ambitious.” He pitched his infrastructure plan with a finely tuned claim that “Independent analysis shows that if we pass this plan, the economy will create 19 million jobs.” While the analysis, by Moody’s Analytics, did make that prediction, it attributed only 2.7 million of those additional jobs to the plan itself; most of the other jobs would have been created anyway, with or without the plan. After a flurry of fact checks, the White House dropped the talking point and simply started saying the plan would create “millions” of jobs. Biden has said he ignores Trump, but the former president seems to be ever- present at times in Biden’s mind — and, on occasion, the current president will use exaggerated rhetoric to draw a contrast. During a news conference, Biden claimed, without apparent evidence, that children “starved to death” in Mexico under Trump’s 2019 policy allowing border officers to return non-Mexican asylum seekers to locations in Mexico as their claims are adjudicated in immigration courts. When Biden addressed the pandemic, he also pushed the envelope sometimes to favorably contrast himself with Trump. He said, “When I took office three weeks ago, America didn’t have a plan or enough supplies to vaccinate most of the country,” and that Trump had failed to order enough vaccine doses. In reality, the Trump administration had options in place to buy more vaccines. The Biden team had to fill in the blanks of the plan and it sped up the tempo, but it was wrong to say there was no plan. At another point, he said: “When I took office 50 days ago, only 8 percent of Americans after months, only 8 percent of those over the age of 65 had gotten their first vaccination. Today, that number is 65 percent.” When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month, not “months.” Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, front- line essential workers and people 75 and older were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been vaccinated. A number of Biden’s statements were flubs. For instance, he said Hispanics were the fastest-growing immigrant population, when their rate of growth has been overtaken by that of Asian Americans in the past decade. Five times, Biden oddly claimed that more Americans had died from the coronavirus than from all of World War I, World War II and the Vietnam War combined (sometimes he added in the Sept. 11 attacks as well). But the number of in-service deaths during World War I, World War II and the Vietnam War combined adds up to about 580,000 deaths, which was more than the covid-19 deaths at the time. The White House initially said the president intended to refer to combat deaths, but that made little sense because then he actually could have said more people have died of covid-19 than in combat during all of America’s wars against foreign enemies. Perhaps the strangest claim made by Biden — which he said twice as president — was that he had “traveled 17,000 miles with” Chinese President Xi Jinping when they were both vice presidents. Biden certainly met with him a lot — but the White House conceded that “traveled with” was not accurate. Moreover, no matter how generously the travel was measured, it never added up to 17,000 miles. How Biden made this calculation — which he also said at least once during the campaign — remains a mystery. ### Explore all of Biden’s false or misleading claims Claims are included if they would receive two or more Pinocchios on the Fact Checker scale. Repeats of the same claim are included. Filter by topic Select... Filter by source Select... Sort by NewestOldestRating (Showing 78 of 78 total claims) April 29Full transcript article-outline link “All America wants to thank you, because here’s what we mean by delivering for the people. We created in the first hundred days. 1,300,000 new jobs — 1,300.000 jobs in one hundred days. That’s more new jobs in the first hundred days of any president in history.”” Analysis: This number probably understates how many jobs have been created in the first 100 days — the job figures for April have not been released — but Biden is giving too much credit to his administration, especially when he compares himself to the first 100 days of other presidents. The economy was already rebounding from the pandemic, and left unsaid was that the economy still has almost 7 million fewer jobs than when the pandemic struck. At The Fact Checker, we are dubious about the practice of measuring job growth by presidential term. Presidents do not create jobs; companies and consumers do. Topic: JobsSource: Campaign Rally Also repeated:April 28 April 29Full transcript article-outline link “That’s the reason why it’s recovering, because we are investing. Look how rapidly it’s recovered since we passed the last piece of legislation. And that legislation was $1.9 trillion.” Analysis: Biden gives too much credit for recent economic growth the his coronavirus relief pacakge that passed in March. Trump signed a big bill in December as well, providing $600 checks to Americans, which is reflected in the strong economic numbers of the first quarter. The full impact of Biden\'s bill will not be felt until later this year. Topic: EconomySource: Interview April 29Full transcript article-outline link “They [Trump administration] didn’t plan for, which it comes every year, this flow, whether it is 22,000 or 10,000 — they didn’t have the beds that were available. They didn’t plan for the overflow. They didn’t plan for the Department of Health and Human Services to have places to take the kids from the border patrol and put them in beds where there were security and there were people who could take care of them.” Analysis: Biden tries to pin the blame on Trump for the number of beds available for migrant children without acknowledging that his own policies helped spur an increase that his administration did not prepare for. Under Trump, there was a peak of about 16,000 beds in August 2019, but after Trump imposed new policies after the pandemic struck, shelter capacity went down to 7,700 beds in part because of social distancing protocols. Biden repealed Trump’s policies before the government had enough time to bolster bed capacity. The number of children in care was about 3,600 in January 2021, according to government figures. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Interview April 28Full transcript article-outline link “Secretary Blinken can tell you, I spent a lot of time with President Xi — traveled over 17,000 miles with him.” Analysis: This was a strange claim — and it was a comment Biden also made during the campaign. But it did not add up. During the Obama administration, it became clear that Xi Jinping, then the vice president, was in line to become the next leader of China. He was largely a mystery to U.S. officials, so Biden was assigned the task of getting to know him. In 2011, Biden traveled to China and over the course of three days met with Xi in various settings. They had a bilateral meeting and formal dinner in Beijing on Aug. 18, co- hosted a business dialogue on Aug. 19 and then visited the city of Chengdu in Sichuan province, along with a high school about 50 miles away in an area where a 2008 earthquake had left 86,000 people dead or missing. They also had a lengthy dinner together in Chengdu. Afterward, Biden flew on to Mongolia. In 2012, Xi visited the United States. On Feb. 14, Biden and Xi gathered at the White House for meetings, including with President Barack Obama, had lunch at the State Department, conducted a business roundtable and finally had dinner at the vice president’s residence at the Naval Observatory. Xi then traveled elsewhere in the United States, including Iowa, before arriving in Los Angeles. Biden flew to Los Angeles to meet Xi there on Feb. 17; they had dinner, among other events. A White House official conceded that Biden’s line of “traveling with” Xi is not accurate. “This was a reference to the total travel back and forth — both internally in the U.S. and China, and as well as internationally — for meetings they held together,” he said. “Some travel was in parallel, some was separately to joint destinations.” But try as we could, however, we still could not get the travel to add up to anything close to 17,000 miles. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Three](\\"img/3pino.png\\"/) Topic: Foreign policySource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:Feb. 16Feb. 5 April 28Full transcript article-outline link “In the process, while this was all going on, the economy created more than 1,300,000 new jobs in 100 days — more jobs in the first 100 days than any president on record.” Analysis: This number probably understates how many jobs have been created in the first 100 days — the job figures for April have not been released — but Biden is giving too much credit to his administration, especially when he compares himself to the first 100 days of other presidents. The economy was already rebounding from the pandemic, and left unsaid was that the economy still has almost 7 million fewer jobs than when the pandemic struck. At The Fact Checker, we are dubious about the practice of measuring job growth by presidential term. Presidents do not create jobs; companies and consumers do. Topic: JobsSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:April 29 April 28Full transcript article-outline link “When I was sworn in on January 20th, less than 1 percent of the seniors in America were fully vaccinated against covid-19. One hundred days later, 70 percent of seniors in America over 65 are protected — fully protected.” Analysis: This is a misleading statistic. When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month. Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, frontline essential workers and people over the age of 75 were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been fully vaccinated. Biden offers various versions of this statistic; we are including statements when he specifically notes the percentage on the date he took office. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:April 27April 21April 6March 29March 11 April 28Full transcript article-outline link “Over 11 million undocumented folks — the vast majority are here overstaying visas.” Analysis: Biden, in an ad-lib in his address to Congress, said most undocumented migrants are people who enter the United States legally and then overstay their visas, a phenomenon involving air travelers from Asia or Europe, rather than Spanish-speaking migrants trekking to the border. He’s not totally off base, but was wrong to say the “vast majority” overstayed their visas. Government statistics and independent studies show that in recent years, visa overstays have in fact outpaced migrations from unauthorized border-crossings. In fiscal 2017, the Department of Homeland Security reported 606,926 suspected in-country overstays, or twice the number of southern border apprehensions. In fiscal 2016, U.S. officials reported 408,870 southern border apprehensions and 544,676 suspected in-country overstays. The Center for Migration Studies of New York, a think tank, found in a recent study that visa overstays “significantly exceeded” border-crossing migrations for the seventh straight year in 2017. The issue here is that Biden was speaking about the entire undocumented population accumulated over time. He didn\'t limit his comments to the migration dynamics seen in recent years. When looking comprehensively across decades, border-crossings are still the top driver of undocumented migration. In fact, the recent surge at the border in 2019 and in Biden’s early months may have substantially changed the percentages. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:Feb. 16 April 28Full transcript article-outline link “When I was vice president, the president asked me to focus on providing the help needed to address the root causes of migration. And it helped keep people in their own countries instead of being forced to leave. The plan was working, but the last administration decided it was not worth it.” Analysis: Trump cut the budget for the program, U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America, but he did not eliminate it, according to the Congressional Research Service. Spending fell from a high of $750 million under President Barack Obama to $506 million in fiscal 2021. The Trump administration suspended most foreign aid to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras while it sought agreements on migrants and asylum-seekers, but eventually the aid was restored. Topic: Foreign policySource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:March 25March 24 April 28Full transcript article-outline link “Talk to most responsible gun owners and hunters. They’ll tell you there’s no possible justification for having 100 rounds in a weapon. What do you think — deer are wearing Kevlar vests? They’ll tell you that there are too many people today who are able to buy a gun but shouldn’t be able to buy a gun.” Analysis: Numerous surveys show that a vast majority of Americans, including gun owners, support enhanced background checks. But Biden went too far in claiming that \"most\" gun owners also support a ban on large-capacity magazines. Gun owners are divided. In a 2019 NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist Poll, 47 percent of gun owners supported such a ban while 50 percent were against it. A 2019 Washington Post/ABC News poll found 48 percent support and 48 percent against, and a 2017 Pew Research poll found only 44 percent support. Topic: GunsSource: Prepared Speech April 28Full transcript article-outline link “There’s a broad consensus of economists — left, right, center — and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth.” Analysis: There is also a consensus of economists -- left, right and center -- who have expressed disapproval of Biden\'s policies. The response has not been universal praise as Biden suggests. Some of Biden\'s critics, from all idelologies, have expressed concern about the possible inflationary impact of his many spending proposals. Others have concluded the tax increases will be a drag on long-term economic growth. Topic: EconomySource: Prepared Speech April 27Full transcript article-outline link “Less than 1 percent of seniors were fully vaccinated when I took office. Today, in less than 100 days, more than 67 percent -- two thirds of our seniors -- are now fully vaccinated. Analysis: This is a misleading statistic. When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month. Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, frontline essential workers and people over the age of 75 were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been fully vaccinated. Biden offers various versions of this statistic; we are including statements when he specifically notes the percentage on the date he took office. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:April 28April 21April 6March 29March 11 April 21Full transcript article-outline link “When I took office, 8 percent of the people over 65 had received their first shot.” Analysis: This is a misleading statistic. When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month. Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, frontline essential workers and people over the age of 75 were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been vaccinated. Biden offers various versions of this statistic; we are including statements when he specifically notes the percentage on the date he took office. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:April 28April 27April 6March 29March 11 April 17Full transcript article-outline link “The problem was that the refugee part was working on the crisis that ended up on the border with young people. We couldn’t do two things at once.” Analysis: After initially indicating he would raise the refugee cap to 62,500 in fiscal 2021, Biden pulled back after an unexpected surge of migrants at the southern border. He may have been worried about the political optics, but experts said that conflating the refugee problem with the migrant problem is misleading. The Office of Refugee Resettlement has been strained by the migrant surge, but when it comes to refugees, the agency is mainly a funding vehicle for nonprofit organizations that handle the settlement of refugees throughout the country. The Trump administration closed resettlement offices, but those would be reopened if the Biden administration turned on the funding spigot again by lifting the refugee cap. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Remarks April 16Full transcript article-outline link “The folks who own weapons, the folks who own guns, they support universal background checks. The majority of them think we should not be selling assault weapons.” Analysis: Numerous surveys show that a vast majority of Americans, including gun owners, support enhanced background checks. But Biden went too far in claiming that a majority of gun owners also support a ban on assault weapons. The White House could not point to a poll that supported the claim, while a 2019 Washington Post poll found that a narrow majority of gun owners opposed it. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: GunsSource: News Conference April 12Full transcript article-outline link “This is a moment for American strength and American unity; for government, industries, communities to work together to make sure that we’re ready to meet the global competition that lies ahead, not continuing to slide in terms of our investment. We’re ranked, like, number 25th in the world now. That’s not American.” Analysis: Biden knocks the United States down a few pegs. The United States actually ranks 13th for infrastructure, according to the global competitiveness rankings by the World Economic Forum. But even that figure is still a bit misleading as the ranking lacks context. \"Of the 12 economies the WEF ranked ahead of the United States in 2019, three — Singapore, Hong Kong and the United Arab Emirates — are tiny coastal city-states. It’s patently spurious to compare their infrastructure challenges with those of the United States,\" noted Washington Post columnist Charles Lane. \"Among the 10 geographically largest countries, including Canada, Australia, China and Russia, the United States places first, based on WEF criteria. The United States is also top among the 10 most populous countries.\" If one considered the European countries as a single unit, given many share infrastructure costs, the United States would rank fifth. Topic: EconomySource: Remarks April 9Full transcript article-outline link “The average rapist rapes about six times.” Analysis: Biden is relying on a figure for college rapists that is derived from a 2002 study that has come under fire from sexual-assault experts. Other peer-reviewed studies have come up with lower figures, though again they are generally in the college context. Several experts called on Biden to withdraw his statement. Obviously, The Fact Checker cannot litigate the debate between the study\'s author and his critics. But the White House should be aware of the dispute and be more cautious about validating a statistic that may or may not be correct. Otherwise, Biden may be perpetuating misinformation. Ordinarily, given the academic dispute, we’d consider this a Two-Pinocchio claim. But because the president turned a study about campus rape into a statistic about the average rapist, he earns Three Pinocchios. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Three](\\"img/3pino.png\\"/) Topic: MiscellaneousSource: Remarks April 8Full transcript article-outline link “Most people don’t know, you walk into a store and you buy a gun, you have a background check. But you go to a gun show, you can buy whatever you want and no background check.” Analysis: Biden’s phrasing can leave the impression that no background checks are required at gun shows. But a person at a gun show engaged in the business of selling guns needs a Federal Firearms License (FFL) and must conduct background checks and file substantial paperwork. Gun dealers who pretend to be gun hobbyists but actively trade guns at gun shows are prosecuted. Studies suggest most sales at gun shows are made by licensed retailers. In fact, the Congressional Research Service, after examining several studies, including a 2016 survey of where federal and state prisoners obtained the firearms used in their crimes, concluded in 2019: “Private firearms sales at gun shows or any similar venue did not appear to be a significant source of guns carried by these offenders, while private transfers among family members, friends, and acquaintances did appear to account for a significant source of such firearms.” The White House said that Biden was not saying that every gun at gun shows was sold without background checks, but simply that a person can buy a gun from unlicensed sellers at gun shows who sell guns without background checks or any paperwork that would document the transaction. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: GunsSource: Remarks April 8Full transcript article-outline link “The only industry in America, a billion-dollar industry, that can’t be sued, has been exempt from being sued, are gun manufacturers.” Analysis: The Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA), signed by President George W. Bush in 2005, generally shields gun manufacturers and dealers from having to face lawsuits over violent crimes committed with the weapons they sell. The law comes with six exceptions, however, so Biden is wrong to claim that the gun industry is totally immune. One exception applies when “a manufacturer or seller of a qualified product knowingly violated a State or Federal statute applicable to the sale or marketing of the product, and the violation was a proximate cause of the harm for which relief is sought.” The Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2019 that gun manufacturer Remington Arms could be sued under this exception for potentially violating the state’s Unfair Trade Practices Act. The U.S. Supreme Court later declined to review the ruling, meaning it stands as the law in Connecticut. Topic: GunsSource: Remarks April 8Full transcript article-outline link “States that have red-flag laws have seen a reduction in the number of suicides in their states.” Analysis: Biden is referring to extreme risk protection order (ERPO) laws, which authorize the removal of firearms from people determined by a court to be at risk for committing gun violence. But a 2020 Rand Corporation review of gun studies found that it was too soon to make such a sweeping claim. “Although the findings for Indiana’s law are suggestive, considering the strength of this evidence and potential issues of generalizability, we find inconclusive evidence for the effect of extreme risk protection orders on total and firearm suicides,” the report said. Topic: GunsSource: Remarks April 6Full transcript article-outline link “More than 75 percent of the people over the age of 65 have gotten shots, up from 8 percent when we took office. That’s a dramatic turnaround and critical because seniors account for 80 percent of all covid deaths.” Analysis: This is a misleading statistic. When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month. Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, frontline essential workers and people over the age of 75 were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been vaccinated. Biden offers various versions of this statistic; we are including statements when he specifically notes the percentage on the date he took office. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:April 28April 27April 21March 29March 11 April 2Full transcript article-outline link “Independent analysis shows that if we pass this plan, the economy will create 19 million jobs — good jobs, blue-collar jobs, jobs that pay well.” Analysis: Biden\'s finely tuned talking point can leave a misleading impression. The Moody\'s Analytics report offered three scenarios for job growth: with no government intervention, with just the American Rescue Plan, and with both the American Rescue Plan and the American Jobs Plan, the moniker for the infrastructure proposal. With the AJP, the economy will create 18.96 million jobs between the fourth quarter of 2020 and the fourth quarter of 2030, but if the infrastructure plan was not passed, the economy would create 16.3 million jobs in that time period. As a result of the infrastructure plan, almost 2.7 million additional jobs would be created over 10 years, the report says. Biden carefully does not say the infrastructure plan would create 19 million jobs; instead, he says the economy would create that many jobs if the plan was passed. That language is just on the edge of being technically correct, but some listeners will come to believe that the infrastructure bill would create 19 million jobs all by itself. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: EconomySource: Remarks April 2Full transcript article-outline link “Raising taxes, the studies show, will not slow the economy at all. Asking corporate America just to pay their fair share will not slow the economy at all. It will make the economy function better and will create more energy”. Analysis: Biden may be right in the long run, but he cannot make such a definitive statement. His proposed corporate tax increases will initially slow economic growth, according to the same Moody\'s Analytics report the president cites for his 19 million jobs estimate. The report predicts that growth will slow slightly in early 2022, trimming about 22,000 jobs, as the impact of Biden’s proposed tax increases are felt before infrastructure spending really gets started later that year. Moreover, the Penn-Wharton Budget model concluded that the combination of tax increases and additional government debt incurred by the plan would slow economic growth slightly, leaving the economy 0.8 percent smaller in 2050 than it otherwise would have been. Topic: TaxesSource: Remarks March 31Full transcript article-outline link “I have the list of exactly how many have died: 547,296 Americans dead from the virus — more than all the people killed in World War One, World War Two, the Vietnam War, 9/11. 547,296 Americans.” Analysis: The number of in-service deaths during World War I, World War II and Vietnam War combined adds up to about 580,000 deaths. When we first looked into this, a White House official told The Fact Checker that the president intended to refer to combat deaths in World War I, World War II and Vietnam, which we noted is under 400,000, but he inadvertently omitted that qualifier in his remarks. That was odd because in a similar statement in his inaugural address, Biden referred to in-service deaths. Indeed, if Biden was using only battlefield deaths, he actually could have said more people died of covid-19 than in combat during all of America’s wars against foreign enemies. Despite our fact check, Biden kept leaving off the qualifier referring to battlefield deaths and so kept making this mistake. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:March 19March 11Feb. 25Feb. 22 March 31Full transcript article-outline link “I’d note, parenthetically, that I got criticized for giving tax breaks to middle-class and poor folks this last time. I didn’t hear that cry — hue and cry when we were doing the same thing when Trump’s tax bill passed and 83 percent of the money went to the top 1 percent.” Analysis: This is a misleading Democratic talking point that has often earned Two Pinocchios. The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center estimated that initially more than 80 percent of taxpayers would get a tax cut, with less than 5 percent getting a tax increase. The top 1 percent received 20.5 percent of the tax cut in 2018. But the individual tax cuts expire over the course of the decade. Republicans structured the tax cut this way to keep the whole package — especially the corporate tax cut — in a budget box that allowed only for a $1.5 trillion increase in the federal deficit over 10 years. The assumption — possibly a big one — is that Congress will vote to extend the tax cuts when they begin to expire, just as most of the George W. Bush tax cuts were extended, with the eventual support of Democrats who had long opposed the Bush-era cuts. So Democrats prefer to focus on the TPC estimates for 2027, when the study shows 82.8 percent of the tax cuts will flow to the top 1 percent. But it\'s not 2027 yet, so most taxpayers are still getting some kind of tax cut. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: TaxesSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:March 25March 16 March 31Full transcript article-outline link “You’re going to close a polling place at 5 o’clock when working people just get off. This is all about keeping working folks, ordinary folks that I grew up with, from being able to vote.” Analysis: Biden makes an unfounded attack on an election bill signed into law in Georgia. Election Day hours were not changed and the opportunities to cast a ballot in early voting were expanded. The law made a modest change, replacing a vague “normal business hours” — presumed to be 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. — to a more specific 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. time period. (Some rural county election offices only worked part time during the week, not a full eight-hour day, so the shift to more specific times makes it clear they must be open every weekday for at least eight hours.) But that’s the minimum. Under the new law, counties have the option to extend the voting hours so voters can start casting ballots as early as 7 a.m. and as late as 7 p.m. — the same as Election Day in Georgia. Moreover, an additional mandatory day of early voting on Saturday was added and two days of early voting on Sunday were codified as an option for counties. The White House did not provide an explanation for Biden\'s erroneous statement. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Four](\\"img/4pino.png\\"/) Topic: ElectionSource: Interview Also repeated:March 26March 25 March 31Full transcript article-outline link “Imagine passing a law saying you cannot provide water or food for someone standing in line to vote.” Analysis: Biden\'s language is very carefully phrased but it might provide a misleading impression of a new election law in Georgia. Long lines have often been experienced during Georgia’s elections, especially in majority-Black districts. Food and water would be distributed while people stood in line. But Georgia officials said such assistance has been viewed as a way to sway votes. The new Georgia law, in what was pitched as an anti-bribery statute, makes that illegal if such assistance occurs within 150 feet of the building where voting is taking place, or within 25 feet of a voting line. The law added, however, that poll workers were not prohibited from “making available self- service water from an unattended receptacle to an elector waiting in line to vote.” In other words, self-service water can be donated and provided, as long as it is not associated with political campaigns. Voters are also free to bring or buy food and drink for themselves. Biden skips over this nuance by focusing on the bringing of water. Other states, such as New York and Montana, also have a prohibition on distributing food and drink to voters. Topic: ElectionSource: Interview Also repeated:March 26March 25 March 31Full transcript article-outline link “This is Jim Crow on steroids, what they are doing in Georgia.” Analysis: This is rhetorical overkill. \"Jim Crow\" refers to a system that, before passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, systematically denied Black Americans their constitutional right to vote through “literacy tests,” poll taxes and other measures. Biden might argue that some provisions of the law are aimed at Black voters or counties with large Black populations — though advocates of the law deny that. But unlike the Jim Crow era, the law does not put up roadblocks to Black people registering to vote. Still, it\'s a close call as the new voting law certainly appears to be a reaction to the fact that Democrats won the presidential contest and two Senate seats in 2020 on the strength of Black votes. Topic: ElectionSource: Interview Also repeated:March 26 March 29Full transcript article-outline link “When I took office on January 20th, that number [of those over 65 who were vaccinated] was 8 percent. It’s going to 75 percent.” Analysis: This is a misleading statistic. When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month. Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, frontline essential workers and people over the age of 75 were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been vaccinated. Biden offers various versions of this statistic; we are including statements when he specifically notes the percentage on the date he took office. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:April 28April 27April 21April 6March 11 March 26Full transcript article-outline link “Among the outrageous parts of this new state law, it ends voting hours early so working people can’t cast their vote after their shift is over.” Analysis: Biden makes an unfounded attack on an election bill signed into law in Georgia. Election Day hours were not changed and the opportunities to cast a ballot in early voting were expanded. The law made a modest change, replacing a vague “normal business hours” — presumed to be 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. — to a more specific 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. time period. (Some rural county election offices only worked part time during the week, not a full eight-hour day, so the shift to more specific times makes it clear they must be open every weekday for at least eight hours.) But that’s the minimum. Under the new law, counties have the option to extend the voting hours so voters can start casting ballots as early as 7 a.m. and as late as 7 p.m. — the same as Election Day in Georgia. Moreover, an additional mandatory day of early voting on Saturday was added and two days of early voting on Sunday were codified as an option for counties. The White House did not provide an explanation for Biden\'s erroneous statement. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Four](\\"img/4pino.png\\"/) Topic: ElectionSource: Statement Also repeated:March 31March 25 March 26Full transcript article-outline link “It makes it a crime to provide water to voters while they wait in line.” Analysis: Biden\'s language is very carefully phrased but it might provide a misleading impression of a new election law in Georgia. Long lines have often been experienced during Georgia’s elections, especially in majority-Black districts. Food and water would be distributed while people stood in line. But Georgia officials said such assistance has been viewed as a way to sway votes. The new Georgia law, in what was pitched as an anti-bribery statute, makes that illegal if such assistance occurs within 150 feet of the building where voting is taking place, or within 25 feet of a voting line. The law added, however, that poll workers were not prohibited from “making available self- service water from an unattended receptacle to an elector waiting in line to vote.” In other words, self-service water can be donated and provided, as long as it is not associated with political campaigns. Biden skips over this nuance by focusing on the providing of water. Voters are also free to bring or buy food and drink for themselves. Other states, such as New York and Montana, also have a prohibition on distributing food and drink to voters. Topic: ElectionSource: Statement Also repeated:March 31March 25 March 26Full transcript article-outline link “This is Jim Crow in the 21st century.” Analysis: We debated whether this should be considered opinion — or overheated, misleading rhetoric. We ultimately decided to include Biden\'s description of the election law in Georgia as it was part of an official presidential statement and thus was not an off-the-cuff comment. \"Jim Crow\" refers to a system that, before passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, systematically denied Black Americans their constitutional right to vote through “literacy tests,” poll taxes and other measures. Biden might argue that some provisions of the law are aimed at Black voters or counties with large Black populations — though advocates of the law deny that. But unlike the Jim Crow era, the law does not put up roadblocks to Black people registering to vote. Still, it\'s a close call as the new voting law certainly appears to be a reaction to the fact that Democrats won the presidential contest and two Senate seats in 2020 on the strength of Black votes. Topic: ElectionSource: Statement Also repeated:March 31 March 25Full transcript article-outline link “That’s right, 200 million shots in 100 days. I know it’s ambitious, twice our original goal, but no other country in the world has even come close, not even close to what we are doing.” Analysis: Biden is correct that the United States has vaccinated more people than any other country — about 130 million people, compared with 83 million for China, 53 million for India and 31 million for the United Kingdom. But that’s a raw number that lacks context. At least a dozen countries, such as Chile, Israel and the United Kingdom, have vaccinated a greater percentage of their population. For instance, while the United States has provided 39 doses out of every 100 people, Israel has done 114 doses, the United Arab Emirates 77 doses, Chile 47 doses and the United Kingdom 46 doses. (Most of the other nations ahead of the United States in the per capita ranking are small, island countries.) Topic: CoronavirusSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “To hear them [Republicans] complain when they passed a close to $2 trillion Trump tax cut, 83 percent going to the top 1 percent.” Analysis: This is a misleading Democratic talking point that has often earned Two Pinocchios. The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center estimated that initially more than 80 percent of taxpayers would get a tax cut, with less than 5 percent getting a tax increase. The top 1 percent received 20.5 percent of the tax cut in 2018. But the individual tax cuts expire over the course of the decade. Republicans structured the tax cut this way to keep the whole package — especially the corporate tax cut — in a budget box that allowed only for a $1.5 trillion increase in the federal deficit over 10 years. The assumption — possibly a big one — is that Congress will vote to extend the tax cuts when they begin to expire, just as most of the George W. Bush tax cuts were extended, with the eventual support of Democrats who had long opposed the Bush-era cuts. So Democrats prefer to focus on the TPC estimates for 2027, when the study shows, 82.8 percent of the tax cuts will flow to the top 1 percent. But it\'s not 2027 yet, so most taxpayers are still getting some kind of tax cut. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: TaxesSource: News Conference Also repeated:March 31March 16 March 25Full transcript article-outline link “I also set a goal before I took office, of getting a majority of schools in K through 8 fully open in the first 100 days. Now, thanks to the enormous amount of work done by our administration, educators, parents, local, state education officials and leaders, a recent Department of Education survey shows that nearly half of the K-through-8 schools are open now, full time, five days a week for in-person learning.” Analysis: Biden is referring to a survey, released the day before, that surveyed schools on the situation in January, just as Biden took office. So the numbers do not reflect anything that has happened on Biden’s watch. Moreover, Biden overstated what the survey found. The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) survey found that 47 percent of schools serving fourth-grade students and 46 percent of schools serving eighth-grade students that participated in the survey were open for in-person learning. But only 38 percent of fourth-grade schools and 28 percent of eighth-grade schools were open full time, five days a week. Seventeen percent of fourth-grade schools and 20 percent of eighth-grade schools offered a hybrid of remote and in- person teaching. Topic: EducationSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “Well, look, the idea that I’m going to say, which I would never do, that if an unaccompanied child ends up at the border, we’re just going to let them starve to death and stay on the other side — no previous administration did that either, except Trump.” Analysis: Biden claimed, without apparent evidence, that children “starved to death” in Mexico under Trump’s 2019 policy allowing border officers to return non-Mexican asylum seekers to locations in Mexico as their claims are adjudicated in immigration courts. Asked for evidence of such deaths, a White House official referred to reports of “widely reported treacherous conditions at camps along the border on the Mexican side that formed as a result of the Trump administration’s use of the Migrant Protection Protocol, more commonly known as ‘Remain in Mexico.’” A nurse, for instance, told Reuters that in the camps, “she saw breastfeeding mothers so dehydrated that they could not nurse their babies and parents chewing up donated pizza into mush to feed their infants. Some children were showing early signs of malnutrition.” One woman in the camp told the Guardian: “We\'ve gone hungry. We\'ve been cold. We\'ve had to bathe in the river. This is a desperate place.” The American Immigration Council also reported on the case of a woman who feared her daughter would die of starvation. These reports are certainly compelling, but none documented the deaths of children by starvation. Nevertheless, a 2020 report by Physicians for Human Rights described cases of asylum seekers being dismembered or tortured as they waited in Mexico. Topic: ImmigrationSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “We’re sending back the vast majority of the families that are coming.” Analysis: This is false. Only 41 percent were turned away in February — and preliminary March numbers indicated fewer than 20 percent were being sent back. Topic: ImmigrationSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “It happens every single solitary year. There is a significant increase in the number of people coming to the border in the winter months of January, February, March. ... The reason they’re coming is that it’s the time they can travel with the least likelihood of dying on the way because of the heat in the desert.” Analysis: Biden sugarcoated an unusual situation on the border. The numbers do not spike in the winter “every single solitary year.\" In 2017, for instance, apprehensions and encounters with “inadmissible” migrants declined through the winter. The increase over the preceding eight weeks appears to be especially sharp, and Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas said earlier in March that the United States is “on pace to encounter more individuals on the southwest border than we have in the last 20 years.” In March, the number of unaccompanied teens and children taken into custody is on pace to exceed 17,000, a record, and overall arrests and detentions by U.S. Customs and Border Protection are projected to surpass 150,000 for March, preliminary figures showed. Topic: ImmigrationSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “Ninety of the Fortune 500 companies making billions of dollars not paying a cent in taxes.” Analysis: Biden loves this statistic, but he usually is careful to say “federal taxes.” Simply saying “taxes” makes it wrong, because no matter what the federal tax liability, these companies certainly pay a variety of payroll, real estate, and local or state taxes. In a 2019 report, the left-leaning Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) concluded that 91 profitable companies in the Fortune 500 did not pay any federal income tax, largely as a result of the 2017 tax law, such as through deductions for investment that Trump promoted in the bill. The group said an additional 56 companies paid effective tax rates between zero and 5 percent on their 2018 income, for an average effective tax rate of 2.2 percent. It’s worth noting that companies do not fully disclose their tax liability in their filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, so this statistic is the product of research and analysis by the ITEP. But the group has done this for many years, and certainly the comparison of estimated taxes paid before and after the tax bill is relevant. Topic: TaxesSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “I would like elected Republican support, but what I know I have now is I that have electoral support from Republican voters. Republican voters agree with what I’m doing. … Over 50 percent of them must be over that edge, as well, because they support what I did.” Analysis: Biden overstates his support from Republicans, according to Washington Post pollsters Scott Clement and Emily Guskin. “Polls show majorities of Republicans across the country opposed the stimulus bill, although polls show most Republicans supported some key parts of the legislation,” they wrote. “Across five national polls since late February, between 54 percent and 73 percent of Republicans opposed the $1.9 trillion stimulus package. The bill enjoyed majority support from the public overall — from a low of 61 percent to a high of 75 percent in polls by CNN, Monmouth University, the Pew Research Center, CBS/YouGov and YouGov/Economist.” Topic: MiscellaneousSource: News Conference Also repeated:March 11 March 25Full transcript article-outline link “The way to deal with this problem — and I started to deal with it back when I was a United States senator — I mean, vice president — putting together a bipartisan plan of over $700 million to deal with the root causes of why people are leaving. What did Trump do? He eliminated that funding. He didn’t use it. He didn’t do it. Analysis: Trump cut the budget for the program, U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America, but he did not eliminate it, according to the Congressional Research Service. Spending fell from a high of $750 million under President Barack Obama to $506 million in fiscal 2021. The Trump administration suspended most foreign aid to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras while it sought agreements on migrants and asylum-seekers, but eventually the aid was restored. Topic: ImmigrationSource: News Conference Also repeated:April 28March 24 March 25Full transcript article-outline link “You know, if you’re a husband and wife, schoolteacher and a cop, you’re paying at a higher rate than the average person making a billion dollars a year is.” Analysis: With few unusual exceptions, this is false. The U.S. tax code is progressive and people making higher incomes tend to pay a higher percentage in taxes. Topic: TaxesSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “Between 1917 and 1971 the filibuster existed, there were a total of 58 motions to break a filibuster that whole time. Last year alone, there were five times that many.” Analysis: When Biden refers to a motion to “break a filibuster,” he is talking about a vote to invoke cloture — ending Senate debate on a bill or a nomination. There were 298 votes on cloture in the 2019-2020 session (which is two years, not one year), but in all but 18 cases, the debate was ended and a final vote could take place. Biden does not mention that Democrats, then in the minority, were responsible for most, if not all, of these filibusters. There were 118 cloture motions filed in 2020 alone, about double the amount filed between 1917 and 1971. Topic: MiscellaneousSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “What I’m worried about is how un-American this whole initiative is. It’s sick. It’s sick … deciding that you’re going to end voting at five o’clock when working people are just getting off work.” Analysis: Biden makes an unfounded attack on an election bill pending in Georgia. Election Day hours were not changed and the opportunities to cast a ballot in early voting were expanded. The law made a modest change, replacing a vague “normal business hours” — presumed to be 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. — to a more specific 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. time period. (Some rural county election offices only worked part time during the week, not a full eight-hour day, so the shift to more specific times makes it clear they must be open every weekday for at least eight hours.) But that’s the minimum. Under the new law, counties have the option to extend the voting hours so voters can start casting ballots as early as 7 a.m. and as late as 7 p.m. — the same as Election Day in Georgia. Moreover, an additional mandatory day of early voting on Saturday was added and two days of early voting on Sunday were codified as an option for counties. The White House did not provide an explanation for Biden\'s erroneous statement. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Four](\\"img/4pino.png\\"/) Topic: ElectionSource: News Conference Also repeated:March 31March 26 March 25Full transcript article-outline link “Deciding in some states that you cannot bring water to people standing in line, waiting to vote.” Analysis: Biden\'s language is very carefully phrased but it might provide a misleading impression of a new election law in Georgia. Long lines have often been experienced during Georgia’s elections, especially in majority-Black districts. Food and water would be distributed while people stood in line. But Georgia officials said such assistance has been viewed as a way to sway votes. The new Georgia law, in what was pitched as an anti-bribery statute, makes that illegal if such assistance occurs within 150 feet of the building where voting is taking place, or within 25 feet of a voting line. The law added, however, that poll workers were not prohibited from “making available self- service water from an unattended receptacle to an elector waiting in line to vote.” In other words, self-service water can be donated and provided, as long as it is not associated with political campaigns. Biden skips over this nuance by focusing on the bringing of water. Voters are also free to bring or buy food and drink for themselves. Other states, such as New York and Montana, also have a prohibition on distributing food and drink to voters. Topic: ElectionSource: News Conference Also repeated:March 31March 26 March 25Full transcript article-outline link ″....deciding that there will be no absentee ballots under the most rigid circumstances.” Analysis: Neither of the laws being pushed by Republicans in Georgia and Iowa at the time of this comment eliminated absentee ballots, though they did tighten some rules. Iowa decided that ballots must arrive by 8 p.m. on Election Day, while Georgia dropped signature verification and instead added a requirement that absentee-ballot voters provide the number of their driver’s license or free state-provided ID, or a photocopy of the IDs given to people like members of the military or government employees. Also in Georgia, the period to apply for absentee ballots was cut in half, from nearly six months before an election to less than three, and applications must be received by election officials at least 11 days before an election. That certainly could reduce the number of people who seek absentee ballots, but it does not mean there would be \"no\" absentee ballots. Topic: ElectionSource: News Conference March 25Full transcript article-outline link “I still think the majority of the American people don’t like the fact that we are now ranked, what, 85th in the world in infrastructure. ... We have somewhere, in terms of infrastructure — we have — we rank 13th globally in infrastructure.” Analysis: Biden initially misspoke, plunking the United States near the bottom of the World Economic Forum’s 2019 global infrastructure rankings. The world doesn\'t even have 85 developed countries, as defined by intergovernmental organizations, with similar systems of transportation and utilities to compare. Later in his news conference, Biden got the figure right, 13th place, but it\'s still a bit misleading as the number lacks context. \"Of the 12 economies the WEF ranked ahead of the United States in 2019, three — Singapore, Hong Kong and the United Arab Emirates — are tiny coastal city- states. It’s patently spurious to compare their infrastructure challenges with those of the United States,\" noted Washington Post columnist Charles Lane. \"Among the 10 geographically largest countries, including Canada, Australia, China and Russia, the United States places first, based on WEF criteria. The United States is also top among the 10 most populous countries.\" If one considered the European countries as a single unit, given many share infrastructure costs, the United States would rank fifth in the world. Topic: EconomySource: News Conference March 24Full transcript article-outline link “Unfortunately, the last administration eliminated that funding [for the Northern Triangle] — did not engage in it, did not use it — even though there was over $700 million to help get this done.” Analysis: Trump cut the budget for the program, U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America, but he did not eliminate it, according to the Congressional Research Service. Spending fell from a high of $750 million under President Barack Obama to $506 million in fiscal 2021. The Trump administration suspended most foreign aid to El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras while it sought agreements on migrants and asylum-seekers, but eventually the aid was restored. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Remarks Also repeated:April 28March 25 March 24Full transcript article-outline link “So this new surge we’re dealing with now started with the last administration, but it’s our responsibility to deal with it humanely and to — and to stop what’s happening.” Analysis: Biden cannot pin all of the immigration surge on Trump. After Trump implemented an order in March 2020 that turned away just about everyone at the border, there was an increase in single adults who tried over and over again to enter the country. By October 2020, 40 percent of all people arrested had crossed the border multiple times that year, according to the American Immigration Council. In November, a judge ruled that the Trump administration could not fly children back to Central America, and so there was an increase in unaccompanied minors. But the floodgates really opened after Biden began to repeal Trump immigration policies. The increase in border encounters from January to March is the steepest two-month increase in at least 20 years. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Remarks March 19Full transcript article-outline link “We’re at 535,217 dead as of yesterday, last night. ... That’s more people than have died in all of World War — Americans — all of World War One, World War Two, the Vietnam War and 9/11 combined — combined — in a year. In a year.” Analysis: The number of in-service deaths during World War I, World War II and Vietnam War combined adds up to about 580,000 deaths. When we first looked into this, a White House official told The Fact Checker that the president intended to refer to combat deaths in World War I, World War II and Vietnam, which we noted is under 400,000, but he inadvertently omitted that qualifier in his remarks. That was odd because in a similar statement in his inaugural address, Biden referred to in-service deaths. Indeed, if Biden was using only battlefield deaths, he actually could have said more people died of covid-19 than in combat during all of America’s wars against foreign enemies. Despite our fact check, Biden kept leaving off the qualifier referring to battlefield deaths and so kept making this mistake. Here, it\'s even stranger for Biden to include 9/11 deaths (not in combat) and then mix that with combat deaths, especially because in-service deaths are more commonly used when referring to the military death toll in wars. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:March 11Feb. 25Feb. 22 March 16Full transcript article-outline link “I was able to get a bipartisan bill [providing aid to Central America] passed for almost $800 billion to go to the root cause of why — why people are leaving.” Analysis: The 2015 legislation provided up to $750 million in aid, not $800 billion. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Interview March 16Full transcript article-outline link “They don’t like it because in fact their — their idea of a tax cut is give the Trump tax cut, where 83 percent went to the top 1 percent of the people in America.” Analysis: This is a misleading Democratic talking point that has often earned Two Pinocchios. The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center estimated that initially more than 80 percent of taxpayers would get a tax cut, with less than 5 percent getting a tax increase. The top 1 percent received 20.5 percent of the tax cut in 2018. But the individual tax cuts expire over the course of the decade. Republicans structured the tax cut this way to keep the whole package — especially the corporate tax cut — in a budget box that allowed only for a $1.5 trillion increase in the federal deficit over 10 years. The assumption — possibly a big one — is that Congress will vote to extend the tax cuts when they begin to expire, just as most of the George W. Bush tax cuts were extended, with the eventual support of Democrats who had long opposed the Bush-era cuts. So Democrats prefer to focus on the TPC estimates for 2027, when the study shows, 82.8 percent of the tax cuts will flow to the top 1 percent. But it\'s not 2027 yet, so most taxpayers are still getting some kind of tax cut. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: TaxesSource: Interview Also repeated:March 31March 25 March 16Full transcript article-outline link “Sixty percent of all these tax breaks go — all these tax breaks go to the bottom 60 percent of the population.” Analysis: The first part of this sentence was basically right, but then Biden paused and ramped it up to an inaccurate claim. The Tax Policy Center found that about 67 percent of the tax benefits in 2020 from the new law would go to the bottom 60 percent of households. Topic: TaxesSource: Interview March 16Full transcript article-outline link “First of all, there was a surge the last two years. In ’19 and ’20 there was a surge as well.” Analysis: There is sometimes a spring surge of apprehensions at the southern border, particularly in 2019, but there was no surge in 2020. In fact, apprehensions fell sharply. After the coronavirus pandemic started, the Trump administration issued an order that in effect turned away all refugees and asylum seekers. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Interview March 16Full transcript article-outline link “The adults are being sent back, number one.” Analysis: About 75 percent of the adults are being sent back. Mexico isn\'t taking back Haitians, for instance, and other non-Spanish speakers. Some have been released while others are being transferred to ICE detention and then deported using the traditional system. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Interview March 12Full transcript article-outline link “According to Moody’s, for example, by the end of this year, this law alone will create 7 million new jobs. Seven million.” Analysis: A White House official acknowledged that Biden’s remarks were incorrect because a word was misplaced. Biden said, “This law alone will create 7 million new jobs.” A few weeks earlier, Biden had said the law “will help the economy create 7 million more jobs this year alone.” In the first case, Biden attributed the 7 million jobs just to passage of the law. In most other references to the Moody\'s report, Biden attributed 7 million jobs being created this year with an assist from the law. The report certainly credited the Biden plan with having the potential to bolster the economy. “Assuming that Biden’s $1.9 trillion plan is enacted in full by March, the economy would receive a quick boost,” the report said. “Real GDP [gross domestic product] would jump to more than 7% annualized in the first quarter of this year, despite the intensifying pandemic, and to almost 8% for all of 2021. This is almost double the growth that would be expected without any additional fiscal support.” In remarks Feb. 5, Biden was precise enough that the actual impact of the law was clear: Moody’s “says if we pass the American Rescue Plan, it will lead to 4 million more jobs than otherwise would be created.” Read the full fact check. Topic: JobsSource: Remarks March 11Full transcript article-outline link “I set a goal that many of you said was kind of way over the top. I said I intended to get 100 million shots in people’s arms in my first 100 days in office.” Analysis: Vaccinations had reached a seven-day average of 980,000 by the time Biden took office — virtually the goal Biden initially set for himself. The Biden administration had by the time of these comments managed to more than double that daily total, but Biden was in the position of being assured of winning the race even before he started it. As for whether many Americans said the goal was “way over the top,” we are unaware of polling that would confirm that. Most news accounts depicted Biden’s goal as potentially difficult, but not impossible, when he announced it in early December. The New York Times called the plan “ambitious,” adding that “fulfilling it will require no hiccups in manufacturing or distributing the vaccine and a willingness by Americans to be vaccinated.” The Washington Post also called it an “ambitious target” and USA Today pegged it as a “lofty goal.” Read the full fact check. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:Jan. 22 March 11Full transcript article-outline link “When I took office 50 days ago, only 8 percent of Americans after months, only 8 percent of those over the age of 65 had gotten their first vaccination. Today, that number is 65 percent.” Analysis: This is a misleading statistic. When Biden took office, vaccinations had only been given for about a month, not \"months.\" Moreover, health-care workers, residents of long-term care facilities, frontline essential workers and people over the age of 75 were in line to be the first to be vaccinated, which is why a relatively small percentage of people over 65 had been vaccinated. Biden offers various versions of this statistic; we are including statements when he specifically notes the percentage on the date he took office. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:April 28April 27April 21April 6March 29 March 11Full transcript article-outline link “We’re actually on track to reach this goal of 100 million shots in arms on my 60th day in office. No other country in the world has done this. None.” Analysis: Biden is correct that the United States has vaccinated more people than any other country. But that\'s a raw number that lacks context. At least a dozen countries, such as Chile, Israel and the United Kingdom, had vaccinated a greater percentage of their population at the time Biden made these comments. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech March 11Full transcript article-outline link “A year ago, we were hit with a virus that was met with silence and spread unchecked. Denials for days, weeks, then months that led to more deaths, more infections, more stress and more loneliness.” Analysis: Biden engages in some rhetorical overkill here. Whatever you may say about Trump, you can\'t say he was silent. In fact, Trump gave a nationwide address on March 12, 2020, almost exactly a year earlier, in which he called the virus a “horrible infection” and announced new restrictions on travel from some European countries. It\'s possible Biden meant Trump was silent about the danger posed by the virus for a number of weeks — and certainly Trump played down the possible threat because he was concerned about stock market declines. But as a rhetorical device, this phrase is exaggerated. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech March 11Full transcript article-outline link “In the weeks that this bill has been discussed and debated, it’s clear that an overwhelming percentage of the American people — Democrats, independents, our Republican friends — have made it clear — the people out there have made it clear they strongly support the American Rescue Plan.” Analysis: Biden overstates his support from Republicans, according to Washington Post pollsters Scott Clement and Emily Guskin. “Polls show majorities of Republicans across the country opposed the stimulus bill, although polls show most Republicans supported some key parts of the legislation,” they wrote. “Across five national polls since late February, between 54 percent and 73 percent of Republicans opposed the $1.9 trillion stimulus package. The bill enjoyed majority support from the public overall — from a low of 61 percent to a high of 75 percent in polls by CNN, Monmouth University, the Pew Research Center, CBS/YouGov and YouGov/Economist.” Topic: MiscellaneousSource: Remarks March 11Full transcript article-outline link “As of now, the total deaths in America: 527,726. That’s more deaths than in World War One, World War Two, the Vietnam War and 9/11 combined.” Analysis: The number of in-service deaths during World War I, World War II and Vietnam War combined adds up to about 580,000 deaths. When we first looked into this, a White House official told The Fact Checker that the president intended to refer to combat deaths in World War I, World War II and Vietnam, which we noted is under 400,000, but he inadvertently omitted that qualifier in his remarks. That was odd because in a similar statement in his inaugural address, Biden referred to in-service deaths. Indeed, if Biden was using only battlefield deaths, he actually could have said more people died of covid-19 than in combat during all of America’s wars against foreign enemies. Despite our fact check, Biden kept leaving off the qualifier referring to battlefield deaths and so kept making this mistake. Here, it\'s even stranger for Biden to include 9/11 deaths (not in combat) and then mix that with combat deaths, especially because in-service deaths are more commonly used when referring to the military death toll in wars. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:March 31March 19Feb. 25Feb. 22 March 1Full transcript article-outline link “As you know, the fastest-growing population in the United States is Hispanic. And 60 percent of the Hispanic population is Mexican American. They’re an integral part of our history.” Analysis: Hispanics have been the second-fastest-growing demographic group, after Asian Americans, since around 2010, according to census figures. The two groups had been growing at similar rates since 2000. The Asian American population grew by 28.7 percent from 2010 to 2019, according to census data, while the Hispanic population came in second place, at 20 percent growth. A White House spokesperson told us the president “meant to say fastest-growing in our schools,” but Biden’s remarks, in a virtual meeting with the Mexican president, did not refer to education. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Three](\\"img/3pino.png\\"/) Topic: MiscellaneousSource: Remarks Feb. 25Full transcript article-outline link “On Monday, our nation passed a grim, grim milestone: Covid-19 has now taken over 500,000 of our fellow Americans. That’s more than died in World War One, World War Two, and the Vietnam War combined.” Analysis: The number of in-service deaths during World War I, World War II and Vietnam War combined adds up to about 580,000 deaths. When we first looked into this, a White House official told The Fact Checker that the president intended to refer to combat deaths in World War I, World War II and Vietnam, which we noted is under 400,000, but he inadvertently omitted that qualifier in his remarks. That was odd because in a similar statement in his inaugural address, Biden referred to in-service deaths. Indeed, if Biden was using only battlefield deaths, he actually could have said more people died of covid-19 than in combat during all of America’s wars against foreign enemies. Despite our fact check, Biden kept leaving off the qualifier referring to battlefield deaths and so kept making this mistake. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:March 31March 19March 11Feb. 22 Feb. 22Full transcript article-outline link “Today, we mark a truly grim, heartbreaking milestone: 500,071 dead. That’s more Americans who have died in one year in this pandemic than in World War One, World War Two and the Vietnam War combined.” Analysis: The number of in-service deaths during World War I, World War II and Vietnam War combined adds up to about 580,000 deaths. When we first looked into this, a White House official told The Fact Checker that the president intended to refer to combat deaths in World War I, World War II and Vietnam, which we noted is under 400,000, but he inadvertently omitted that qualifier in his remarks. That was odd because in a similar statement in his inaugural address, Biden referred to in-service deaths. Indeed, if Biden was using only battlefield deaths, he actually could have said more people died of covid-19 than in combat during all of America’s wars against foreign enemies. Despite our fact check, Biden kept leaving off the qualifier referring to battlefield deaths and so kept making this mistake. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Prepared Speech Also repeated:March 31March 19March 11Feb. 25 Feb. 19Full transcript article-outline link “Just over four weeks ago, America had no real plan to vaccinate most of the country. My predecessor — as my mother would say, ‘God love him’ — failed to order enough vaccines, failed to mobilize the effort to administer the shots, failed to set up vaccine centers. That changed the moment we took office.” Analysis: Biden is pushing the envelope here. While Biden increased the supply of vaccines, the Trump administration had options in place to order more from Moderna and Pfizer. As for \"no real plan,\" we gave Vice President Harris Two Pinocchios for a similar statement. Harris said that there was “no national strategy or plan” to deliver vaccinations across the country and that the effort had been left to state and local officials. The Trump administration approach was more state-centric, less top-down federal oversight, even to the point of not providing funding. To some extent, that reflects a philosophical difference between the two administrations. The Biden administration appears to have had to fill in the blanks of the Trump plan and certainly did speed up the tempo of what the Trump administration envisioned. It has added a federal component and pushed for funding for states. In other words, it has built on an existing structure left behind by the Trump team. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:Feb. 11 Feb. 19Full transcript article-outline link “We’re now at a point where we’ve seen the average daily number of people vaccinated nearly double, from the week before I took office, to about 1.7 million average per day getting a shot.” Analysis: When Biden spoke, the seven-day daily average had increased about 30 percent since he took office, not nearly double. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Feb. 16Full transcript article-outline link “For example, if it went — if we gradually increased it — when we indexed it at $7.20, if we kept it indexed by — to inflation, people would be making 20 bucks an hour right now. That’s what it would be.” Analysis: Biden flubbed a talking point here. The minimum wage was last raised in July 2009, to $7.25, and indexed to inflation it would be $8.85 in February 2021. The White House said Biden meant to refer to a study that calculated the minimum wage would be $24 in 2020 if it had kept pace with worker productivity since 1968. Topic: EconomySource: Interview Feb. 16Full transcript article-outline link “That’s why last week I opened up, I met with the Black Caucus in the United States Congress and agreed that I would — all of the — all of community health centers now, which take care of the toughest of the toughest neighborhoods in terms of illness, they are going to get a million doses, you know, a week, and how we’re going to move forward because they’re in the neighborhood.” Analysis: Biden incorrectly said Federally Qualified Health Centers would receive 1 million vaccines a week. That\'s the total they will receive. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Interview Feb. 16Full transcript article-outline link “Everyone should be able to go to community college for free, for free. That costs $9 billion. And we should pay for it. And the tax policies we have now, we should be able to pay for you. You spend almost that much money as a break for people who own racehorses.” Analysis: Biden\'s comment left tax experts puzzled. The Education Department says it would cost about $9 billion to provide free tuition at the two-year colleges. While there was a relatively minor tax benefit regarding racehorses in a bill signed by Trump in late 2020, it was too small to even merit a calculation of the revenue loss by the Joint Committee in Taxation. The total sales figures for horses at public auction is only around $1 billion, making it impossible to raise $9 billion from those sales. Topic: EducationSource: Interview Feb. 16Full transcript article-outline link “We used to allow refugees, 125,000 refugees, into the United States on a yearly basis. It was as high as 250,000. Trump cut it to 5,000. Come with me into Sierra Leone. Come to me into parts of Lebanon. Come with me around the world and see people piled up in camps, kids dying, no way out, refugees fleeing from persecution. We, the United States, used to do our part.” Analysis: Trump set the refugee limit in 2021 at 15,000, not 5,000. The highest annual ceiling since enactment of the Refugee Act of 1980 was 231,700, in 1980, not 250,000. The annual ceiling through most of the Obama administration was around 80,000, not 125,000. It is worth noting that Trump\'s 15,000 was highly restricted, with 5,000 reserved for people persecuted for religion, 4,000 Iraqis, and so forth, so in effect virtually no refugees from the Middle East or Africa would qualify. Notwithstanding Biden\'s rhetoric, two months later the White House indicated it would fall well short of an initial pledge to accept 62,500 refugees in the fiscal year that ends in September. Topic: ImmigrationSource: Interview Feb. 16Full transcript article-outline link “My point was that when I came back from meeting with him and traveling 17,000 miles with him when I was vice president and he was the vice president — that’s how I got to know him so well.” Analysis: This was a strange claim — and it was a comment Biden also made during the campaign. But it did not add up. During the Obama administration, it became clear that Xi Jinping, then the vice president, was in line to become the next leader of China. He was largely a mystery to U.S. officials, so Biden was assigned the task of getting to know him. In 2011, Biden traveled to China and over the course of three days met with Xi in various settings. They had a bilateral meeting and formal dinner in Beijing on Aug. 18, co- hosted a business dialogue on Aug. 19 and then visited the city of Chengdu in Sichuan province, along with a high school about 50 miles away in an area where a 2008 earthquake had left 86,000 people dead or missing. They also had a lengthy dinner together in Chengdu. Afterward, Biden flew on to Mongolia. In 2012, Xi visited the United States. On Feb. 14, Biden and Xi gathered at the White House for meetings, including with President Barack Obama, had lunch at the State Department, conducted a business roundtable and finally had dinner at the vice president’s residence at the Naval Observatory. Xi then traveled elsewhere in the United States, including Iowa, before arriving in Los Angeles. Biden flew to Los Angeles to meet Xi there on Feb. 17; they had dinner, among other events. A White House official conceded that Biden’s line of “traveling with” Xi is not accurate. “This was a reference to the total travel back and forth — both internally in the U.S. and China, and as well as internationally — for meetings they held together,” he said. “Some travel was in parallel, some was separately to joint destinations.” But try as we could, however, we still could not get the travel to add up to anything close to 17,000 miles. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Three](\\"img/3pino.png\\"/) Topic: Foreign policySource: Interview Also repeated:April 28Feb. 5 Feb. 16Full transcript article-outline link “The vast majority of the people, the 11 million undocumented, they’re not Hispanics. They’re people who came on a visa, [were] able to buy a ticket to get on a plane and didn’t go home. They didn’t come across the Rio Grande swimming.” Analysis: Because of the uncertain nature of counting the undocumented population, no definitive estimates exist of how many reside in the United States or their racial or ethnic breakdown. The widely accepted ballpark is between 10 million and 14 million. None of the available estimates supports Biden’s claim, and the best research indicates his statement is false because Hispanics predominate among the undocumented population. Using census data, the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute estimated an undocumented population of nearly 11 million as of 2018. Of those, 75 percent hailed from Mexico or Central or South America, the group said. Biden also said most undocumented migrants are people who enter the United States legally and then overstay their visas, a phenomenon involving air travelers from Asia or Europe, rather than Spanish-speaking migrants trekking to the border. The issue here is that Biden was speaking about the entire undocumented population accumulated over time. He didn\'t limit his comments to the migration dynamics seen in recent years. When looking comprehensively across decades, border- crossings are still the top driver of undocumented migration. In fact, the recent surge at the border in 2019 and in Biden’s early months may have substantially changed the percentages. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Three](\\"img/3pino.png\\"/) Topic: ImmigrationSource: Interview Also repeated:April 28 Feb. 11Full transcript article-outline link “When I took office three weeks ago, America didn’t have a plan or enough supplies to vaccinate most of the country.” Analysis: Biden is pushing the envelope here. While Biden increased the supply of vaccines, the Trump administration had options in place to order more from Moderna and Pfizer. As for no \"plan,\" we gave Vice President Harris Two Pinocchios for a similar statement. Harris said that there was “no national strategy or plan” to deliver vaccinations across the country and that the effort had been left to state and local officials. The Trump administration approach was more state-centric, less top-down federal oversight, even to the point of not providing funding. To some extent, that reflects a philosophical difference between the two administrations. The Biden administration appears to have had to fill in the blanks of the Trump plan and certainly did speed up the tempo of what the Trump administration envisioned. It has added a federal component and pushed for funding for states. In other words, it has built on an existing structure left behind by the Trump team. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: CoronavirusSource: Twitter Also repeated:Feb. 19 Feb. 5Full transcript article-outline link “I do think that we should have a minimum wage, stand by itself, $15 an hour and work your way up to the fifteen — it doesn’t have to be boom. And all the economics show, if you do that, the whole economy rises.” Analysis: Biden suggested there was universal consensus on the impact of a minimum-wage hike, with virtually no downside, resulting in a booming economy. Apparently that was not his intention, according to White House officials, but it certainly sounded like that. There is one side of the economic academy that might support such a bullish view, but there are other economists who dispute it strenuously — and who say their views are confirmed in scores of economic studies during the past 30 years. Biden failed to acknowledge that a rising tide may not lift all boats. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Two](\\"img/2pino.png\\"/) Topic: EconomySource: Interview Feb. 5Full transcript article-outline link “I am prepared, as president of the United States on a separate negotiation on minimum wage, to work my way up from what it is now, which is — look, no one should work 40 hours a week and live below the poverty wage. And if you’re making less than $15 an hour, you’re living below the poverty wage.” Analysis: This is an exaggeration, according to calculations by factcheck.org, which found that those earning $14 an hour — $28,000 a year — would be above the federal poverty level of $26,500 for a family of four. Biden worded his claim more accurately in remarks on Jan. 22. He said: “No one in America should work 40 hours a week making below the poverty line. Fifteen dollars gets people above the poverty line. We have so many millions of people working 40 hours a week — working — and some with two jobs, and they\'re still below the poverty line.” Topic: EconomySource: Interview Feb. 5Full transcript article-outline link “I had 24, 25 hours of private meetings with him when I was vice president, traveled 17,000 miles with him. I know him pretty well.” Analysis: This was a strange claim — and it was a comment Biden also made during the campaign. But it did not add up. During the Obama administration, it became clear that Xi Jinping, then the vice president, was in line to become the next leader of China. He was largely a mystery to U.S. officials, so Biden was assigned the task of getting to know him. In 2011, Biden traveled to China and over the course of three days met with Xi in various settings. They had a bilateral meeting and formal dinner in Beijing on Aug. 18, co- hosted a business dialogue on Aug. 19 and then visited the city of Chengdu in Sichuan province, along with a high school about 50 miles away in an area where a 2008 earthquake had left 86,000 people dead or missing. They also had a lengthy dinner together in Chengdu. Afterward, Biden flew on to Mongolia. In 2012, Xi visited the United States. On Feb. 14, Biden and Xi gathered at the White House for meetings, including with President Barack Obama, had lunch at the State Department, conducted a business roundtable and finally had dinner at the vice president’s residence at the Naval Observatory. Xi then traveled elsewhere in the United States, including Iowa, before arriving in Los Angeles. Biden flew to Los Angeles to meet Xi there on Feb. 17; they had dinner, among other events. A White House official conceded that Biden’s line of “traveling with” Xi is not accurate. “This was a reference to the total travel back and forth — both internally in the U.S. and China, and as well as internationally — for meetings they held together,” he said. “Some travel was in parallel, some was separately to joint destinations.” But try as we could, however, we still could not get the travel to add up to anything close to 17,000 miles. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Three](\\"img/3pino.png\\"/) Topic: Foreign policySource: Interview Also repeated:April 28Feb. 16 Jan. 25Full transcript article-outline link “Under the previous administration, the federal government contracts awarded directly to foreign companies went up 30 percent. That is going to change on our watch.” Analysis: A White House official explained that this was a number calculated during Biden’s 2020 campaign. But it turned out to be wildly off base. The Pulse of GovCon, a firm that advises on government contracting, crunched the numbers for The Fact Checker and came up with only an 11 percent increase in foreign-contract spending from fiscal 2017 to fiscal 2019 — and just an 8.4 percent increase if you include fiscal 2020, when spending on such contracts declined. That’s an average annual growth rate of 3 percent over three years. Overall government spending went up 20 percent in that period, so the percentage of spending on foreign contracts actually decreased under Trump. Read the full fact check. Fact Checker rating:![\\"Four](\\"img/4pino.png\\"/) Topic: TradeSource: Remarks Jan. 22Full transcript article-outline link “I found it fascinating — yesterday the press asked the question: Is, you know, 100 million enough? A week before, they were saying, ‘Biden, are you crazy? You can’t do 100 million in a hundred days.’ Well, we’re going to, God willing, not only do 100 million, we’re going to do more than that.” Analysis: Biden exaggerates here. No reporter called his goal of 100 million vaccine doses in 100 days crazy. Most news accounts depicted Biden’s goal as potentially difficult, but not impossible, when he announced it in early December. The New York Times called the plan “ambitious,” adding that “fulfilling it will require no hiccups in manufacturing or distributing the vaccine and a willingness by Americans to be vaccinated.” The Washington Post also called it an “ambitious target” and USA Today pegged it as a “lofty goal.” Read the full fact check. Topic: CoronavirusSource: Remarks Also repeated:March 11 ##### About this story Factba.se counts as remarks any informal speech that lasts less than 30 minutes and excludes major events such as the inaugural address or joint address to Congress. If presidential interaction with the press was referred to as a press gaggle on the White House schedule or was not scheduled at all, Factba.se categorized it as a press gaggle. Illustrations by Ben Kirchner for The Washington Post. Additional development by Jake Crump, Leo Dominguez and Juune Alcantara. Editing by Peter Wallsten. Copy editing by Shannon Croom. Additional editing by Kevin Uhrmacher and Courtney Kan. Updated April 30, 2021 ### President Joe Biden: What you need to know ###### Biden’s first joint session of Congress Biden pitches his ambitious investment and tax plans as he recasts role of government Transcript: Read President Biden’s first address to a joint session of Congress Photos: Scenes from Biden’s joint address to Congress 100 days: Has Biden kept his campaign promises? | Poll: Americans give Biden mostly positive marks for first 100 days ###### The administration The Biden Cabinet: Who has been selected Biden appointees: Who is filling key roles ###### The Biden Agenda Read more about his plans on: Immigration | Foreign policy | Health care | Climate change | Social and Criminal Justice | Economic policy | Tech policy Show More Show Less Glenn KesslerFollowTwitter Glenn Kessler has reported on domestic and foreign policy for more than three decades. Send him statements to fact check by emailing him, tweeting at him, or sending him a message on Facebook. Adrian BlancoFollowTwitter Adrián Blanco Ramos is a graphic reporter in the graphics department at The Washington Post. He previously worked at Spanish newspaper El Confidencial focusing on data visualization, data analysis and investigative journalism. He participated in the International Consortium of Investigative Journalist’s Paradise Papers investigation. Tyler RemmelFollowTwitter Tyler Remmel is a news designer specializing in visual storytelling across print and digital platforms at The Washington Post. 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There’s a broad consensus of economists left right center and they agree that what I’m proposing will help create millions of jobs and generate historic economic growth | 3,161 | This is historical material, \"frozen in time.\" The web site is no longer updated and links to external web sites and some internal pages will not work. | T H E W H I T E H O U S E | The Clinton Presidency: Historic Economic Growth | Help Site Map Text Only ---|---|--- ![\\"Record](\\"/media/Recordofaccom.jpg\\") ![](\\"/media/goldbar.jpg\\") --- ![](\\"/media/navbar_pres.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_vp.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/goldarrow_accomp.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_briefing.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_gov.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_admin.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_kids.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_history.gif\\") ![](\\"/media/navbar_tours.gif\\") | The Clinton Presidency: Historic Economic Growth * * * | In 1993, President Clinton and Vice President Gore launched their economic strategy: (1) establishing fiscal discipline, eliminating the budget deficit, keeping interest rates low, and spurring private-sector investment; (2) investing in people through education, training, science, and research; and (3) opening foreign markets so American workers can compete abroad. After eight years, the results of President Clinton\'s economic leadership are clear. Record budget deficits have become record surpluses, 22 million new jobs have been created, unemployment and core inflation are at their lowest levels in more than 30 years, and America is in the midst of the longest economic expansion in our history. _President Clinton\'s Record on the Economy:_ In 1992, 10 million Americans were unemployed, the country faced record deficits, and poverty and welfare rolls were growing. Family incomes were losing ground to inflation and jobs were being created at the slowest rate since the Great Depression. Today, America enjoys what may be the strongest economy ever. * Strong Economic Growth: Since President Clinton and Vice President Gore took office, economic growth has averaged 4.0 percent per year, compared to average growth of 2.8 percent during the Reagan-Bush years. The economy has grown for 116 consecutive months, the most in history. * Most New Jobs Ever Created Under a Single Administration: The economy has created more than 22.5 million jobs in less than eight years—the most jobs ever created under a single administration, and more than were created in the previous 12 years. Of the total new jobs, 20.7 million, or 92 percent, are in the private sector. * Median Family Income Up $6,000 since 1993: Economic gains have been made across the spectrum as family incomes increased for all Americans. Since 1993, real median family income has increased by $6,338, from $42,612 in 1993 to $48,950 in 1999 (in 1999 dollars). * Unemployment at Its Lowest Level in More than 30 Years: Overall unemployment has dropped to the lowest level in more than 30 years, down from 6.9 percent in 1993 to just 4.0 percent in November 2000. The unemployment rate has been below 5 percent for 40 consecutive months. Unemployment for African Americans has fallen from 14.2 percent in 1992 to 7.3 percent in October 2000, the lowest rate on record. Unemployment for Hispanics has fallen from 11.8 percent in October 1992 to 5.0 percent in October 2000, also the lowest rate on record. * Lowest Inflation since the 1960s: Inflation is at the lowest rate since the Kennedy Administration, averaging 2.5 percent, and it is down from 4.7 percent during the previous administration. * Highest Homeownership Rate on Record: The homeownership rate reached 67.7 percent for the third quarter of 2000, the highest rate on record. In contrast, the homeownership rate fell from 65.6 percent in the first quarter of 1981 to 63.7 percent in the first quarter of 1993. * 7 Million Fewer Americans Living in Poverty: The poverty rate has declined from 15.1 percent in 1993 to 11.8 percent last year, the largest six-year drop in poverty in nearly 30 years. There are now 7 million fewer people in poverty than there were in 1993. Establishing Fiscal Discipline and Paying off the National Debt _President Clinton\'s Record on Fiscal Discipline:_ Between 1981 and 1992, the national debt held by the public quadrupled. The annual budget deficit grew to $290 billion in 1992, the largest ever, and was projected to grow to more than $455 billion by Fiscal Year (FY) 2000. As a result of the tough and sometimes unpopular choices made by President Clinton, and major deficit reduction legislation passed in 1993 and 1997, we have seen eight consecutive years of fiscal improvement for the first time in America\'s history. * Largest Surplus Ever: The surplus in FY 2000 is $237 billion—the third consecutive surplus and the largest surplus ever. * Largest Three-Year Debt Pay-Down Ever: Between 1998-2000, the publicly held debt was reduced by $363 billion—the largest three-year pay-down in American history. Under Presidents Reagan and Bush, the debt held by the public quadrupled. Under the Clinton-Gore budget, we are on track to pay off the entire publicly held debt on a net basis by 2009. * Lower Federal Government Spending: After increasing under the previous two administrations, federal government spending as a share of the economy has been cut from 22.2 percent in 1992 to 18 percent in 2000—the lowest level since 1966. * Reduced Interest Payments on the Debt: In 1993, the net interest payments on the debt held by the public were projected to grow to $348 billion in FY 2000. In 2000, interest payments on the debt were $125 billion lower than projected. * Americans Benefit from Reduced Debt: Because of fiscal discipline and deficit and debt reduction, it is estimated that a family with a home mortgage of $100,000 might expect to save roughly $2,000 per year in mortgage payments, like a large tax cut. * Double Digit Growth in Private Investment in Equipment and Software: Lower debt will help maintain strong economic growth and fuel private investments. With government no longer draining resources out of capital markets, private investment in equipment and software averaged 13.3 percent annual growth since 1993, compared to 4.7 percent during 1981 to 1992. _To Establish Fiscal Discipline, President Clinton:_ * Enacted the 1993 Deficit Reduction Plan without a Single Republican Vote. Prior to 1993, the debate over fiscal policy often revolved around a false choice between public investment and deficit reduction. The 1993 deficit reduction plan showed that deficit and debt reductions could be accomplished in a progressive way by slashing the deficit in half and making important investments in our future, including education, health care, and science and technology research. The plan included more than $500 billion in deficit reduction. It also cut taxes for 15 million of the hardest-pressed Americans by expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit; created the Direct Student Loan Program; created the first nine Empowerment Zones and first 95 Enterprise Communities; and passed tax cuts for small businesses and research and development. * Negotiated the Balanced Budget Agreement of 1997. In his 1997 State of the Union address, President Clinton announced his plan to balance the budget for the first time in 27 years. Later that year, he signed the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, a major bipartisan agreement to eliminate the national budget deficit, create the conditions for economic growth, and invest in the education and health of our people. It provided middle-class tax relief with a $500 per child tax credit and the Hope Scholarship and Lifetime Learning tax credits for college. It also created the Children\'s Health Insurance Program to serve up to 5 million children and made landmark investments in education initiatives including educational technology, charter schools, Head Start, and Pell Grants. Finally, it added 20 more Empowerment Zones and 20 more rural Enterprise Communities, included the President\'s plan to revitalize the District of Columbia, and continued welfare reform though $3 billion in new resources to move welfare recipients to private-sector jobs. * Dedicated the Surplus to Save Social Security and Reduce the National Debt. In his 1998 and 1999 State of the Union addresses, President Clinton called on the nation to save the surplus until the solvency of Social Security is assured. He also repeatedly vetoed large Republican tax cut bills that would have jeopardized our nation\'s fiscal discipline. The President\'s actions led to a bipartisan consensus on saving the surplus and paying down the debt. * Extended Medicare Solvency from 1999 to 2025. When President Clinton took office, Medicare was expected to become insolvent in 1999, then only six years away. The 1993 deficit reduction act dedicated some of the taxes paid by Social Security beneficiaries to the Medicare Trust Fund and extended the life of Medicare by three years to 2002. Thanks to additional provisions to combat waste, fraud and abuse and bipartisan cooperation in the 1997 balanced budget agreement, Medicare is now expected to remain solvent until 2025\. | Clinton-Gore Economic Policy Has Dramatically Improved the Economy \"My colleagues and I have been very appreciative of your [President Clinton\'s] support of the Fed over the years, and your commitment to fiscal discipline has been instrumental in achieving what in a few weeks will be the longest economic expansion in the nation\'s history.\" — Alan Greenspan, Federal Reserve Board Chairman, January 4, 2000, with President Clinton at Chairman Greenspan\'s re-nomination announcement \"The deficit has come down, and I give the Clinton Administration and President Clinton himself a lot of credit for that. [He] did something about it, fast. And I think we are seeing some benefits.\" — Paul Volcker, Federal Reserve Board Chairman (1979-1987), in Audacity, Fall 1994 One of the reasons Goldman Sachs cites for the \"best economy ever\" is that \"on the policy side, trade, fiscal, and monetary policies have been excellent, working in ways that have facilitated growth without inflation. The Clinton Administration has worked to liberalize trade and has used any revenue windfalls to reduce the federal budget deficit.\" — Goldman Sachs, March 1998 \"Clinton\'s 1993 budget cuts, which reduced projected red ink by more than $400 billion over five years, sparked a major drop in interest rates that helped boost investment in all the equipment and systems that brought forth the New Age economy of technological innovation and rising productivity.\" — Business Week, May 19, 1997 --- Opening World Markets to American Goods and Providing Leadership on Globalization _President Clinton\'s Record on Trade and Globalization:_ In 1992, 10 million Americans were unemployed, new job creation was slow, and wages were stagnant. Other nations\' high trade barriers limited the ability of American businesses and farmers to sell their goods abroad and hampered economic recovery. Our trade policies failed to reflect our values by failing to take into account the responsibility to protect our environment, eliminate child labor and sweatshops, and protect the rights of workers around the world. But today: * 300 Trade Agreements: President Clinton has opened markets for U.S. exports abroad and created American jobs through nearly 300 free and fair trade agreements. * The Most U.S. Exports Ever. Between 1992 and 2000, U.S. exports of goods and services grew by 74 percent, or nearly $500 billion, to top $1 trillion for the first time. * 1.4 Million More Jobs due to Exports: Jobs supported by American exports grew by 1.4 million between 1994 and 1998, with jobs supported by exports paying about 13 percent to 16 percent above the U.S. national average. Jobs related to goods exports pay, on average, 13 to 16 percent higher than other jobs. * Lowest Inflation since the 1960s: Inflation is at the lowest rate since the Kennedy Administration, in part because global competition has kept prices low. It has averaged 2.5 percent under this Administration, down from 4.6 percent during the previous administration. _To Create Trade Opportunities and Expand the Benefits of Globalization, President Clinton:_ * Won Ratification of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993, creating the world\'s largest free trade zone of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. U.S. exports to Mexico grew 109 percent from 1993 to 1999, while exports to the rest of the world grew by 49 percent. * Won Approval of Permanent Normal Trade Relations with China. In 2000, Congress ratified permanent normal trade relations with China. The agreement will integrate China into the world economy through entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), open Chinese market to U.S. exports, slash Chinese tariffs, and protect American workers and companies against dumping. * Successfully Completed the Uruguay Round. The 1994 Uruguay Round transformed the world trading system, opening markets in a wide range of industries, enabling the U.S. to enforce agreements more effectively, and applying the rules for the first time to all WTO members (now 138 in total). * Fought for the First-Ever African and the Caribbean Basin Trade Bills. The African Growth and Opportunity Act of 2000 will support increased trade and investment between the United States and Africa, strengthen African economies and democratic governments, and increase partnerships to counter terrorism, crime, environmental degradation and disease. The legislation will also create incentives for the countries of sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean Basin to continue reforming their economies. * Promoted Trade Opportunities for High Technology. The Clinton Administration completed series of trade agreements on technology, including the WTO\'s commitment to duty-free cyberspace, keeping the Internet free of trade barriers, in 1998; the global WTO agreements on Financial Services and Basic Telecommunications in 1997; the global WTO agreement on Information Technology in 1996; and a series of bilateral agreements on intellectual property, high-tech products, services and other sectors. These efforts are the building blocks of the New Economy. * Secured Historic Debt Relief. In March 1999, President Clinton presented a plan to a U.S.-Africa Summit in Washington that became the basis for the G-7 agreement in Cologne, Germany (known as the Cologne Debt Initiative). The plan would triple the amount of debt relief available for poor countries, reducing their debt by about 70 percent ($90 billion), in return for firm commitments to channel the benefits into improving the lives of all their people. In September 1999, the President announced that the U.S. would unilaterally exceed the terms of the G-7 initiative and entirely cancel the $5.7 billion in U.S. government debt owed by qualifying countries. In November 2000, President Clinton won $435 million from Congress for U.S. participation in the Cologne Initiative. * Dramatically Expanded U.S. Efforts to Fight Child Labor and Expand Basic Education. In June 1999, the President traveled to the International Labor Organization (ILO) conference in Geneva, Switzerland, to urge adoption of an historic international convention banning the worst forms of child labor. He won $30 million for ILO enforcement of child labor laws and is fighting for a new initiative to promote basic education in areas of the world where child labor is widespread. In 2000, at U.S. urging, the G-8 countries endorsed the goal of universal basic education. President Clinton brought other issues to the forefront of the international economic agenda, including incorporating labor and environmental considerations in the work of major international economic institutions, increasing U.S. support for global efforts to fight HIV-AIDS and infectious diseases, and closing the digital divide. * Defused International Economic Crises. In 1995, after Congress refused to act, President Clinton made $20 billion in emergency loans to Mexico to stabilize the country\'s financial markets. Mexico repaid the loans in full, with interest, three years ahead of schedule. Following the Asian and Russian financial crises in 1997 and 1998, the Clinton-Gore Administration led a global effort to re-capitalize the International Monetary Fund to allow it to more effectively deal with these problems. President Clinton also insisted that the G-7 develop a set of measures to restore confidence in the world financial system. * Promoted U.S. Competitiveness. The Clinton-Gore Administration has made key investments in education and training for American workers and research and development. It has also maintained federal fiscal discipline, helping to reduce interest rates, encourage private-sector investment, and keep productivity high. Rewarding Work and Empowering Communities _President Clinton\'s Record on Rewarding Work:_ In 1992, unemployment reached 7.5 percent, the highest level in eight years. Unemployment and poverty rates for African Americans and Hispanics were alarming: unemployment reached 14.2 percent for African Americans and 11.8 percent for Hispanics, and poverty rates for both groups were nearly 30 percent. But today: * Higher Incomes at All Levels: After years of stagnant income growth among average and lower-income families, all income brackets have experienced double-digit income growth since 1993. The bottom 20 percent saw the largest income growth at 16.3 percent. * Lowest Poverty Rate in 20 Years: Since Congress passed President Clinton\'s Economic Plan in 1993, the poverty rate declined from 15.1 percent to 11.8 percent last year, the largest six-year drop in poverty in nearly 30 years. There are now 7 million fewer people in poverty than there were in 1993. The child poverty rate has declined more than 25 percent, the poverty rate for single mothers is the lowest ever, the African American and elderly poverty rates dropped to their lowest level on record, and the Hispanic poverty rate dropped to its lowest level since 1979. * Lowest Poverty Rate for Single Mothers on Record: Under President Clinton, the poverty rate for families with single mothers has fallen from 46.1 percent in 1993 to 35.7 percent in 1999, the lowest level on record. Between 1980 and 1992, an additional 2.1 million households headed by single women were pushed into poverty. * Smallest Welfare Rolls Since 1969: Under the Clinton-Gore Administration, the welfare rolls have dropped dramatically and are now the lowest since 1969. Between January 1993 and September of 1999, the number of welfare recipients dropped by 7.5 million (a 53 percent decline) to 6.6 million. In comparison, between 1981-1992, the number of welfare recipients increased by 2.5 million (a 22 percent increase) to 13.6 million people. _To Help All Americans Benefit from Prosperity, President Clinton:_ * Ended Welfare as We Knew It. In 1996, President Clinton signed legislation requiring welfare recipients to work, limiting the time they can stay on welfare, and providing child care and health care to help them begin work. It also enacted tough new child support enforcement measures proposed by the President. In 1997, President Clinton won the welfare-to-work tax credit to encourage employers to hire long-term welfare recipients and $3 billion in additional resources to help communities move long-term welfare recipients into lasting, unsubsidized jobs. * Rewarded Work by Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit. In 1993, President Clinton succeeded in winning passage of an expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, giving a tax cut to 15 million of the hardest-pressed American workers. In 1999, the EITC lifted 4.1 million people out of poverty, nearly double the number lifted out of poverty by the EITC in 1993. * Created Empowerment Zones. The 1993 Clinton-Gore economic plan created nine Empowerment Zones and 95 Enterprise Communities to spur local community planning and economic growth in distressed communities through tax incentives and federal investment. The President won expansions of the program in 1994, 1997, and again in 2000. To date, the 31 Empowerment Zones and 95 Enterprise Communities have leveraged over $10 billion in new private sector investment, creating thousands of new jobs for local residents. * Created Community Development Financial Institutions. In September 1994, the President signed legislation creating the Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund, a Clinton campaign proposal to support specialized financial institutions serving often-overlooked customers and communities. The Fund has certified over 400 CDFIs. It has provided over $427 million to match investments in CDFIs and to encourage traditional financial institutions to increase their lending, investment and services in under-served markets. * Strengthened the Community Reinvestment Act. In 1995, the Administration updated the Community Reinvestment Act regulations to focus on banks\' actual service delivery, rather than on compliance efforts. From 1993 to 1998, lenders subject to the law increased mortgage lending to low- and moderate-income families by 80 percent—more than twice the rate they increased mortgage lending to other income groups. * Encouraged Investment in America\'s New Markets. In 1999, the President went on two historic \"New Markets\" trips to highlight the continuing need to bring investment to impoverished inner cities, rural communities and Native American tribal lands. In 2000, the President and Congress worked together to pass this bipartisan initiative to stimulate new private capital investments in economically distressed communities and build network of private investment institutions to funnel credit, equity and technical assistance to businesses in America\'s new markets. * Raised the Minimum Wage. In 1996, President Clinton and Vice President Gore fought for and won a 90-cent per hour increase in the minimum wage, helping 10 million workers. * Helped People with Disabilities Work. In 1999, President Clinton insisted that Congress pass the Work Incentives Improvement Act as a condition of the budget agreement. This bipartisan law allows people with disabilities to maintain their Medicare or Medicaid coverage when they work. Modernizing for the New Economy through Technology and Consensus Deregulation _To Capitalize on the Information Technology Revolution, President Clinton and Vice President Gore Have:_ * Modernized Financial Services Laws. In 1993, the laws that governed America\'s financial service sector were antiquated and anti-competitive. The Clinton-Gore Administration fought to modernize those laws to increase competition in traditional banking, insurance, and securities industries to give consumers and small businesses more choices and lower costs. In 1994, the Clinton-Gore Administration broke another decades-old logjam by allowing banks to branch across state lines in the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994. President Clinton fought for and won financial modernization legislation, signing the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in November 1999. * Reformed Telecommunications. In 1996, President Clinton signed legislation to open up competition between local telephone companies, long distance providers and cable companies. The law also requires the use of new V-chip technology to give families greater control over which television programming comes into their homes. * Created the E-Rate. With the leadership of Vice President Gore, the Telecommunications Act contained the E-Rate initiative, which provides low-cost Internet connections for schools, libraries, rural health clinics and hospitals. More than 80 percent of America\'s public schools have benefited from the E-rate, which has helped connect 30 million children and up to 47,000 schools and libraries to the Internet. The percentage of public schools connected to the Internet has increased from 35 percent in 1994 to 95 percent in 1999. The percentage of classrooms connected to the Internet has increased from 3 percent in 1994 to 63 percent in 1999. * Increased Resources for Educational Technology by Over 3,000 Percent. President Clinton and Vice President Gore increased our investment in educational technology by over 3,000 percent, from $23 million in FY 1994 to $769 million in FY 2000, including training over 600,000 new teachers to use technology effectively in the classroom. * Paved the Way for Electronic Commerce. President Clinton fought to eliminate legal barriers to using electronic technology to form and sign contracts, collect and store documents, and send and receive notices and disclosures, while ensuring that consumers on-line have the same protections that they have in the paper world. He signed the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act on June 30, 2000. * Creating Market Opportunities for Technology Firms. The Clinton-Gore Administration adopted a market-led approach on e-commerce, making spectrum available for digital wireless, and reforming Cold War export controls. * Worked to Close the Digital Divide. Since 1992, the President and Vice President have tripled funding for Community Technology Centers, which provide access to computers and the Internet to low-income urban and rural neighborhoods. President Clinton also challenged the private sector to develop new business models for low-cost computers and Internet access to make universal access at home affordable for all Americans. The Technology Literacy Challenge Fund has provided $1 billion in federal resources to help schools work with businesses and community organizations to put modern computers, high-quality educational software, and affordable connections to the Internet in every classroom. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 created a temporary tax deduction for donations of computers to elementary and secondary schools. * Forged Trade Agreements on High Technology. The Clinton Administration completed series of trade agreements on technology, including the WTO\'s commitment to duty-free cyberspace, keeping the Internet free of trade barriers, in 1998; the global WTO agreements on Financial Services and Basic Telecommunications in 1997; the global WTO agreement on Information Technology in 1996; and a series of bilateral agreements on intellectual property, high-tech products, services and other sectors; all soon to be capped by the opening of a major networked economy initiative. Investing in Educating and Training the American People __President Clinton\'s Record on Investing in Americans:__ * More Americans Are Enrolling in College: 66 percent of 1998 high school graduates enrolled in college or trade school the next fall, compared to 60 percent in 1990. * More High School Students Are Preparing for College: The percentage of high school graduates who have taken four years of English and three years each of math, science, and social studies increased from 38 percent to 55 percent between 1990 and 1998. Research shows that high-quality academics in high school is key to college success. * More Americans Are Earning College Degrees: Over 32 percent of 25- to 29-year-old high school graduates had earned at least a bachelor\'s degree in 1999, up from 27 percent in 1990. In particular, white and African American women have seen their college opportunities grow. * Americans Are Becoming Lifelong Learners: 50 percent of adults participated in formal learning in the year prior to a 1999 survey, up from 38 percent in 1991. __To Provide Americans with More, Higher-Quality Education and Training, President Clinton:__ * Created the College Tax Credits, the Largest Single Investment in Higher Education since the G.I. Bill. A $1,500 tax credit for the first two years of college, the Hope Scholarship will pay for nearly all of a typical community college\'s tuition and fees. The $1,000 Lifetime Learning Tax Credit reimburses families for 20 percent of their tuition and fees (up to $5,000 per family) for college, graduate study, or job training. Starting in 2003, the credit will reimburse families for 20 percent of their costs up to $10,000, for a maximum value of $2,000. This year, 10 million American families will save over $7 billion through the college tax credits. * Doubled Student Financial Aid. Students will receive over $50 billion in federal grants, loans, and work-study aid this year, up from $25 billion in 1993. President Clinton has consistently supported budget increases for Pell Grants; this year, over 3.8 million needy students receive a Pell Grant scholarship of up to $3,300, a $1,000 larger maximum grant than in 1993. The President won another increase for Pell Grants in the FY 2001 budget, bringing the maximum grant to $3,750. The President also won increases in work-study funding to help one million students pay for college. * Created Direct Student Loans and Reduced Interest Rates. In the Student Loan Reform Act of 1993, President Clinton won the Direct Student Loan program to improve customer service and compete with guaranteed lenders. It has saved taxpayers over $4 billion so far by eliminating lender subsidies. President Clinton also fought to reduce interest rates and fees in the Student Loan Reform Act of 1993 and the Higher Education Amendments of 1998. As a result, students can expect to pay $1,300 less in interest and fees for the average $10,000 loan than they would have in 1992. The student loan default rate is now 6.9 percent, down from 22.4 percent eight years ago. * Created New Paths to College through GEAR UP, AmeriCorps, and TRIO. President Clinton won the new GEAR UP initiative in the Higher Education Amendments of 1998 which is already helping 700,000 low-income middle school students prepare for college. Over 150,000 Americans have earned money for college while serving their communities through President Clinton\'s AmeriCorps program, a campaign promise enacted in 1993. To help disadvantaged youth prepare for and succeed in college, the TRIO programs have grown by $342 million over the past eight years. * Strengthened Elementary and Secondary Education. In 1994, President Clinton reformed federal education initiatives in the Improving America\'s Schools Act and the Goals 2000 Act. The President\'s new approach was grounded in the principles that all of America\'s students should meet high academic standards and the federal government should make new investments to help them meet those standards. The President has also fought to hire 100,000 teachers, promote educational technology, support charter schools, build K-16 partnerships, and focus on early reading through America Reads. * Passed the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. In 1992, President Clinton and Vice President Gore proposed to streamline and bring greater accountability to our nation\'s job training system. In 1998, they won legislation to meet the needs of both America\'s workers and businesses by encouraging local control of training and employment programs; helping customers locate assistance through one-stop centers; and empower adults to receive the training they need. Reducing Tax Burdens for Average and Hard-Pressed Working Families. _The Clinton Record on Reducing Taxes for Working Families:_ * Lowest Federal Income Tax Burden in 35 Years: Federal income taxes as a percentage of income for the typical American family have dropped to their lowest level in 35 years. * Higher Incomes even after Taxes and Inflation: Real after-tax incomes have grown for Americans at all income levels, much faster than they did prior to the Clinton-Gore Administration. Real after-tax incomes grew by an average of 2.6 percent per year for the lower-income half of taxpayers between 1993 and 1997, while growing by an average of 1.0 percent between 1981 and 1993. _To Cut Taxes for Working Americans, President Clinton:_ * Expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit. In 1993, President Clinton succeeded in expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit, giving a tax cut to 15 million of the hardest-pressed American workers. In 1999, the EITC lifted 4.1 million people out of poverty, nearly double the number lifted out of poverty by the EITC in 1993. * Created the $500 per Child Tax Credit. In 1997, President Clinton secured a $500 per child tax credit for 27 million families with children under 17, including 13 million children from families with incomes below $30,000. * Won the Hope Scholarship Tax Credit. President Clinton proposed tax credits for college tuition in 1996 and signed them into law in 1997 as part of the balanced budget agreement. The Hope Scholarship provides a tax credit of up to $1,500 for tuition and fees for the first two years of college, roughly equal to the cost of the average community college. It will save American families $4.9 billion this year. * Won the Lifetime Learning Tax Credit. Also enacted in 1997, the Lifetime Learning tax credit provides a 20 percent tax credit on $5,000 of tuition and fees (to be raised to $10,000 in 2003) for college and graduate students and adults taking job training. It will reduce the cost of college and job training for American families by $2.4 billion this year. * Established Education IRAs. The 1997 balanced budget agreement also created Education IRAs. For each child under age 18, families may now deposit $500 per year into an Education IRA in the child\'s name. Earnings in the Education IRA accumulate tax-free and no taxes will be due upon withdrawal if the money is used to pay for college. The law also allowed taxpayers to withdraw funds from a traditional IRA without penalty to pay for higher education for themselves or their spouse, child, or even grandchild. * Created Empowerment Zones. President Clinton created Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities in 1993 and expanded them in 1994, 1997 and again in 2000 to spur economic growth in distressed communities through tax incentives and federal investment. To date, the 31 Empowerment Zones and 95 Enterprise Communities have leveraged over $10 billion in new private sector investment, creating thousands of new jobs for local residents. * Simplified Pension Rules. In 1996, President Clinton signed the SIMPLE (Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees) plan into law, simplifying and expanding retirement plan coverage for small businesses. * Simplified Tax Laws and Protected Taxpayer Rights. President Clinton signed the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 to simplify the tax laws and enhance taxpayers\' rights. The law has saved families and businesses millions of hours be simplifying and reducing paperwork, such as allowing a tax exclusion for income from the sale of a home. * Closed Tax Loopholes. To ensure that all taxpayers pay their fair share, the Clinton Administration addressed the use and proliferation of corporate tax shelters by proposing several remedies to curb the growth of such shelters by increasing disclosure of sheltering activities, increasing and strengthening the substantial understatement penalty, codifying the judicially-created economic substance doctrine, and providing consequences to all parties involved in an abusive sheltering transaction. PRESIDENT CLINTON\'S ECONOMIC POLICIES HAVE MADE A DIFFERENCE Trade Expands Opportunity for American Workers \"Harley-Davidson is growing rapidly, and sales to other countries is one reason why. President Clinton\'s efforts to open foreign markets have made a difference and helped create jobs at Harley- Davidson.\" — Bobby Ramsey began working at the Harley-Davidson York plant in 1972 and is now responsible for inspecting all incoming motorcycle parts prior to the assembly process. Since 1995, Mr. Ramsey has also been his union\'s Chief Shop Steward, which entails handling all second step grievances of workers and helping represent his co-workers to management. U.S. exports of motorcycles and parts have grown by 15 percent a year from 1987 to 1998, reaching one-third of industry sales. Harley-Davidson will export 22 percent of the motorcycles produced in Mr. Ramsey\'s plant. By 2003, Harley-Davidson expects to double production from 1996 levels largely because of exports, creating new jobs for American workers. \"Kodak and its employees have experienced significant gains because of NAFTA. The NAFTA has enabled Kodak to realize considerable tariff savings and to make production decisions based on rational economic grounds rather than on tariff considerations. For example, the agreement has enabled Kodak to transfer a high-cost sensitizing operation for color negative film from Mexico to Rochester, New York. In all, NAFTA has been a win-win-win for Kodak\'s operations in Canada, Mexico and the United States.\" — Dan Carp, President and CEO of the Eastman Kodak company, credits NAFTA with Kodak\'s rapid growth in export sales. Eastman Kodak manufactures high technology imaging products for sale in 160 countries. Under NAFTA, Mexican duties on film and photo paper have been reduced from 15 to 30 percent to 6 to 9 percent, and they will be eliminated by 2004. Kodak\'s exports to Mexico have more than doubled since 1993, creating greater stability and more job opportunities for Kodak\'s 54,000 employees. Making the Dream of Homeownership a Reality \"I feel true independence in owning my own home. To those who think it\'s impossible: It is possible. Don\'t let anyone talk you out of it.\" — Lucy Vocu, a teacher and single mother. Lucy Vocu has lived on the Pine Ridge reservation all her life. In 1985, Lucy got her GED, and in 1994, she graduated from Oglala Lakota College with a Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education. She currently works for the Shannon County school system at Wolf Creek School. Her children, Grace, 15, and Jacob, 7, spend a lot of time using their computer. Jacob recently tracked tornadoes on the Internet. Lucy is a first-time homeowner. She moved from a two-bedroom rental house into this new three-bedroom home, which offers more privacy. Lucy is excited about being a new homeowner and, if her budget allows, she hopes to add to her new home a swing set for Jacob and a basketball net for Grace. --- \"The social workers at Marion House, which has received funding from HUD\'s homeless grants, helped me get back on my feet. They counseled me on how to find a job and helped me learn the skills I would need to stay employed. Today I am newly married, and I have been working the last four years as a secretary for a social service agency. And I am delighted to say . . . I am a homeowner. Because of your leadership President Clinton, and because of your commitment to providing funding for homeless programs across the country, there will be hope and optimism in place of despair.\" — Christa Spangler, of Baltimore, MD, December 23, 1998. Christa Spangler was a formerly homeless woman who hit rock bottom in 1994 when she was forced to live in her car. Previously, she had lost custody of her children, and spent eleven years in and out of halfway houses, rehab clinics, and hospitals. She found her way to Marion House, a Catholic transitional housing program for homeless women and children. Christa is now married, working as a receptionist and living in her own home. Federal resources pay 25 percent of the Marion House budget. Empowerment Zones Are a Potent Weapon Against Poverty \"I am living proof that the Empowerment Zone works! If it wasn\'t for the Empowerment Zone, I would have never have had the chance to buy this building or to expand my business. We are fighting the war against poverty throughout our neighborhoods and cities, but we have a very potent weapon — the Empowerment Zones. And we will use that weapon to win this war because, after all, our future and our children\'s future depends on it. We must never give up hope.\" — Nancy Santana, 37, is a single mother of three who lives in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She used resources and a loan she obtained through her local Empowerment Zone to move from welfare to start her own business, Nancy Santana\'s Cleaning and Maintenance Services. Four years later, her business employs over 25 people, many of whom she recruited off of welfare. Community Development Financial Institutions Expand Economic Opportunity \"President Clinton\'s efforts have been very helpful to me. I had trouble getting funding from other sources. The Enterprise Corporation of the Delta has worked with me and people in my community, helping us improve our position in life. Now, I can get into this business, where otherwise I could not have.\" — Ephron Lewis co-founded Lewis & Sons Rice Processing — the only African-American-owned rice processing company in the country — with his father. The construction of his plant was made possible by a loan and technical assistance from the Enterprise Corporation of the Delta, a community development financial institution supported by the Department of Housing and Urban Development. He now farms roughly 3,000 acres, producing rice, wheat and soybeans. --- Encouraging the Growth of Small Businesses \"I started my small consulting and legal firm with the principle that everyone should have a shot at the twin American dreams of owning your own business and owning your own home. I look for the dreamers, the ones who want to be a part of this country in the best way, but who don\'t have the tools and information they need. I hope to be an instrument of growth and change in Brooklyn\'s Latino community through increased business opportunities. This SBA loan will allow me to set up an office outside my home, close to where I can make the most of the services I have to offer.\" — Enealia Nau, Small Business Owner from Brooklyn, NY. Enealia Nau is a first-generation American who operates a small business consulting firm from her home in Brooklyn. After putting herself through college and law school, Ms. Nau started her consulting firm that focuses on the legal and financial needs of the minority communities from which she draws her clients. Ms. Nau helps families from minority communities realize the American dream through starting their own businesses — from beauty shops to corner stores — and buying their first homes. She has seen many clients start from nothing and build prosperous lives for their families through small businesses, including one client who started with a small \"bodega\" and now owns one of the largest grocery stores in Brooklyn. Expanding Economic Opportunity by Closing the Digital Divide \"Bridging the technology gap in Indian Country is a major challenge, and I am grateful for the attention that the Clinton Administration has given to this critical issue. The National Congress of American Indians is building on the initiatives announced during the President\'s Digital Divide tour stop at the Navajo Nation in April 2000 through its Tribal Leaders Digital Divide Task Force, funded through the AOL Foundation. Through the Task Force, we are actively working with industry, federal officials, and others to forge a new tribal-based partnerships and policy recommendations to close the technology gap.\" — Susan Masten, President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chairwoman, Yurok Tribe. Susan Masten has served as a strong advocate for the betterment of Native communities on a local, state and national level for 22 years. \"Community technology centers provide low-income individuals with skills training and the ability to produce their dreams. They are also an important entryway to the technology industry. We think of President Clinton as our first angel investor; his Administration\'s work has been fundamental to Plugged In and to the community technology center movement.\" — Magda Escobar, Executive Director, Plugged In, East Palo Alto, California. East Palo Alto, a low-income community, is located in Silicon Valley, the epicenter of the technological revolution. Plugged In trains teenagers and employs them in a web design business; provides a creative arts and technology studio and after-school program; and provides community members with access to computers and telecommunications equipment to increase their employment opportunities --- Return to _Eight Years of Peace, Progress and Prosperity_ Index << Timeline of Major Actions << >> Strengthening American Families >> President and First Lady | Vice President and Mrs. GoreRecord of Progress | The Briefing RoomGateway to Government | Contacting the White HouseWhite House for Kids | White House HistoryWhite House Tours | Help | Text Only Privacy Statement |
National Mourning A terrible passenger plane accident has just occurred sic There was only 1 survivor Here I leave the link so you can see this chilling tragedy | 3,162 | * Coursework and Dissertation Help * About the author… * #missinghistories * Independent Educator: Research-driven Education and Training * Writing and Research * Independent Researcher # framingthequestion ## ~ Reflections on memory, history, photography and culture Search: ![\\"framingthequestion\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/06/cropped-imgp3683.jpg\\") # Meme Fever 22 Wednesday Jul 2020 Posted by jaimeashworth in Culture and Politics, The Holocaust: Representations and Meanings, Uncategorized ≈ Leave a comment Tags Coronavirus, COVID-19, COVID19, Holocaust, Holocaust Education, Holocaust memory, Infodemic, Pandemic ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/07/img_5825.jpg?w=1024\\")Photo: Jaime Ashworth, 2020. The era of COVID-19 has seen two processes of contagion. The first is, of course, the disease itself, with its terrible toll on individuals, communities and nations. The second, however, is what the WHO and others have termed an infodemic: defined very precisely a couple of weeks ago by a working group. An infodemic is an overabundance of information—some accurate and some not—that occurs during an epidemic. In a similar manner to an epidemic, it spreads between humans via digital and physical information systems. It makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it. (Tangcharoensathien et al., 2020) I’m working on a more detailed piece about the infodemic, to go alongside a collection of my photos from this year. In the meantime, however, I’ve been looking at the memes shared in my social media echo chambers. Sometimes they make me laugh but as a class of discourse they make me profoundly uneasy. Memes are directly compared to viruses by the epidemiologist Adam Kucharski in his book, The Rules of Contagion (2020). He notes the problems posed by “simplistic anecdotes and ineffective solutions” for disease control and begins the book with an account of how he (accidentally) caused “a small outbreak of misinformation.” The irony is that memes are simplistic anecdotes masquerading as panaceas. Like viruses, memes have no function but their own reproduction with no regard for the health of the host. Matters are further complicated by the fact that social media offer a perfect environment for them to thrive. Back in the day, “Frankie Says” was a meme, but it’s harder to edit a t-shirt than it is to share something online. One meme in particular recently caught my eye. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/07/image.jpg?w=666\\") This meme is part of longer and bigger debates about education, race and identity. I do not claim any priority for this meme’s importance other than the fact I’ve spent my adult life teaching and learning about the Holocaust and for that reason find it deeply problematic, educationally and philosophically. My experience allows me to locate the sources of my ire because I have expertise: itself a suggestion that the reduction of history to lessons without content is not very practical. But I digress. Firstly, the idea that the second and third parts of the statement can be accomplished without the first is problematic. Without the murder of six million Jews being remembered, the second statement makes no sense: what is the “it” that was required? And in the third statement, the “history repeating itself” is the murder of six million Jews that apparently the author thinks is optional to remember. Second, and much more problematic, is the weasel formulation of the first statement. If the word “only” or “just” were added, the sentiment might make more sense (though as I’ve just explained I don’t think it really does). But as written it comes very close not to suggesting that education cannot be reduced to simply memorising (which of course is true and something that all good teachers work hard to ensure) but that education equals not remembering the murder of six million Jews. This ambiguity is difficult because with a negative reading of an oddly formed sentence, the meme seems to be suggesting that instead of anchoring our understanding of the world to historical facts and debates, it should instead come from belief in an unstated mechanism that led “ordinary Germans” to be “convinced that it was required”. Setting aside the complex historical debate about degrees of knowledge, cooperation, acceptance and resistance this dismisses (the author of the meme can’t be bothered so why should I?), the implication is that children should be “educated” in some unstated monocausal view. Another word for this is indoctrination. One of the key aspects of indoctrination is ignoring facts in the interests of clarity: such as, for example, downplaying the importance of the victim group of “what happened”. The sleight-of-hand with which this example severs meaning from content (thus rendering it meaningless) is the primary source of my anger. Ironically, the indoctrinated have historically been very bad at spotting the writing on the wall because, well, they were indoctrinated to believe it wasn’t important. Such a process seems to have taken place very imperfectly in Nazi Germany, chiefly because the Third Reich only lasted twelve years. The debate about why and how this happened, which the author of this meme either doesn’t understand or doesn’t care about, is ongoing. But the desire to present children with “lessons” without evidence is certainly among the phenomena involved: along with ensuring that the benefits of oppression and murder were widely shared, and that perpetrators were placed in stressful, confusing situations with alcohol to dull the senses when reality could no longer be explained but simply avoided. But reiterating the nature of that reality is crucial, educationally, because without it, the question “Why is this important?” is hard to really answer. Because, finally, let’s not forget that forgetting victims is only in the interests of the perpetrators. Himmler termed the murder of European Jewry “a glorious page in our history that can never be written”. Hitler asked “Who now remembers the Armenians?” This meme asks us to forget the Jews and replace them with an amorphous “victim” group that makes the “lessons” meaningless. The Nazis oppressed and murdered a whole range of groups and individuals, but to try and remove their primary victim group is an assault on memory and an abuse of education. Subject (the Nazis) verb (murdered) and object (six million Jews) are all required for any conclusions to have any relevance. This is true, by the way, in teaching anybody about anything. The nature of the offence is a fundamental part of teaching to understand the past and (hopefully) avoid its repetition. This is just one meme in an ocean of memes. As in Hamlet’s soliloquy, it is tempting to think we can “take arms against a sea of troubles and, by opposing, end them.” But this is a metaphor for futility. We are adrift and lost: what we can do (all we can do, perhaps) is sound out the ideas beneath the surface of individual examples in the hope we will find solid ground underneath. # Three Stories: Reflections on Lessons from Auschwitz 29 Sunday Mar 2020 Posted by jaimeashworth in The Holocaust: Representations and Meanings ≈ 1 Comment Tags Auschwitz, COVID-19, Holocaust, Holocaust Education Working as a Freelance Educator on the Holocaust Educational Trust’s Lessons from Auschwitz project is probably the most rewarding and important thing I do. When COVID-19 interrupted all our lives, I was part of the way through an exceptionally busy term with two visits completed and two to come. While this letter is addressed to one group in particular (with whom I was hoping to do a follow-up seminar) it is also meant for all the groups I’ve worked with. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2020/03/bba5d9ee-f45f-468d-81a3-d1fc49dbb8ea.jpg?w=1024\\")The main gate to Auschwitz II-Birkenau, March 2020. Photo: Jaime Ashworth Dear Group Five, First, let me say that you were lovely. Bright, curious, open to learning new things, as groups so often are. It’s just one of the reasons I love working as an Educator on the project. But you had something else in addition: an emotional grasp of what the trip meant that I’ve only rarely encountered and a willingness to share that with me and each other that was beautiful and inspiring to work with. I am, quite simply, gutted that I haven’t been able to complete my sections of your LFA journey. I was looking forward to hearing your reflections and insights and getting a glimpse of your next steps. I don’t think anyone knows when or how that may happen – though I’m sure the logistics team that do everything to manage the seminars and trips are working to answer that question. In advance of that possibility I want to share some ideas about the possibilities and challenges that lie ahead in your next steps. On a personal level I am wary of the idea of lessons. Michael Marrus, a distinguished scholar of the Holocaust and its history, wrote in his memoir that lessons are problematic, often telling us more about the person drawing the lesson than the past itself. I agree. But if we don’t try to draw lessons all we are left with is horror. So we have to strike a balance. Certainly the idea that we can easily draw inspirational lessons is to be approached with caution. After hearing the testimony of Steven Frank, you identified that the most important factor in his survival was luck. Yes, he was young and healthy. Yes, he was resilient. Yes, he enjoyed the support of a parent who was also spared. But so did many others. As we are discovering, there is by definition no logic to catastrophe. Kings and beggars, villains and saints – all perished, the remainder saved only by capricious chance. As Primo Levi reminded us in his final book, The Drowned and the Saved: We, the survivors, are not only a tiny but also an anomalous minority. We are those who, through prevarication, skill or luck, never touched bottom. Those who have, and who have seen the face of the Gorgon, did not return, or returned wordless. Shortly after finishing the book, Levi died, falling down the lift shaft of his apartment building in Turin. There is a debate about whether he fell or jumped. I’m not sure it matters: he had spent a lifetime contesting the verdict on himself he had pronounced in the camp, convicted in his own mind by the fact of his survival. He had acted as best he could, but remained concerned that this had still been at the cost of others’ survival. As the Polish writer (and Auschwitz inmate) Tadeusz Borowski described so well, the camp experience involved everyone in the crime. One could not emerge from it without, however inadvertently, being tarnished. Because if you survived, someone else hadn’t. This is why understandings of survivors now focus more on shame than guilt. Guilt might be contested, shame enters the skin, as indelible as a tattoo. Lessons need to be approached carefully, mindful of the facts and their complexity. Perhaps the only lesson that really matters is to see humanity and potential in everyone. That’s why the emphasis is on rehumanising the victims: because you can’t see the humanity in a statistic. But you might glimpse it in a market square or the site of a synagogue. Or in the objects brought by deportees, proclaiming their faith in the simple belief that life would go on, with prayers to be said, meals to be cooked and teeth to be brushed. And the reassurance of house keys in their pocket. And what of the perpetrators? Should we see them as human? The Polish epigram Ludzie ludziom zgotowali ten los, coined by the writer Zofia Nałkowska while investigating Nazi crimes, is often translated as “man prepared this fate for man”. Which I suppose has a certain cadence in English. But in fact it is literally “People prepared this fate for people.” The first translation may look better carved in a stone tablet but it detaches the actors from their actions. People did this: people like you, people like me. And as Jonathan Littell notes in his novel The Kindly Ones: If you were born in a country or at a time not only when nobody comes to kill your wife and your children, but also nobody comes to ask you to kill the wives and children of others, then render thanks to God and go in peace. But always keep this thought in mind: you might be luckier than I, but you’re not a better person. So where do we go from here? Primo Levi wrote of the shame of the liberators as they entered the camp, their eyes downcast because this had happened, that such crimes had entered the world of existing things. A sense of shame at humanity is a common response to Auschwitz even today, 75 years later. And it is both correct and just the beginning of the story. You are it’s next step. I often tell three stories when saying goodbye to groups. The first is by Elie Wiesel and concerns the trial of God. A trial in the barracks of Birkenau where the inmates found God either guilty or absent. But then it was time for prayers, so they prayed. Sometimes we carry on despite our conviction that things are worthless – because sometimes that’s all there is to do. Elie Wiesel was liberated in Buchenwald, aged sixteen. He spent a lifetime trying to explain Auschwitz but often resorted to the aphorism that “The truth of Auschwitz lies in silence”. It’s another good phrase that looks very impressive carved in stone. But here’s my question: if the truth of Auschwitz lies in silence, how do we tell it? The final story is from the late Clive James. On a visit to Munich on assignment for the Observer in 1983, he visited Dachau. His description is characteristically both beautiful and learned. There is a place in Virgil’s Aeneid called the broken-hearted fields. Standing in that snow-covered space I could think of no better description. Nor was there any point in reproaching oneself for being unable to shed tears: if we could truly imagine what it was like, we would die of grief. I often think of these words when I talk to students worrying about whether their next steps will be enough or hear educators fret about whether they covered everything, whether they did justice to the facts. Of course they didn’t, because nobody can. We ask you to bear witness to Auschwitz, knowing that it’s really beyond description; because it’s the attempt that matters. And so I suggest one final lesson from Auschwitz: it is better to speak than to remain silent. And you must trust that whatever you say will be perfect – because the alternative is saying nothing at all. The rest, as Rabbi Hillel said, is commentary: now go study. Wishing you safe passage and a prosperous voyage in these troubled times. Jaime London, March 2020 # No Exit… 31 Friday Jan 2020 Posted by jaimeashworth in Uncategorized ≈ 1 Comment Tags Brexit ![](\\" content/uploads/2020/01/img_1804.jpg\\") Why will the idea of “associate citizenship” of the EU not go away? In the last few months, since it became clear that the British drive to exiting the EU was unstoppable, I’ve lost count of the number of people I’ve seen positing this as some kind of answer. I understand the appeal. In 2003, I waited with many others in a very crowded bar in Kraków to learn the result of the referendum on EU accession. I remember vividly the cheers of relief that accession would go ahead the following year. For many, that day, and the accession day itself, marked a return to Europe – if Poland had ever left. The national anthem records the March of troops in the Napoleonic wars “z ziemi Włoskiej do Polski”: from the lands of Italy to Poland. A series of events that began with the German and Russian invasions in 1939 had finally entered a new phase. One which promised to fulfil the dreams of 1989: that Poland could be a liberal democratic member of “the European club”. In 2004, on the first day of membership, many of us watched the news reporting on Poland’s new “second capital” in Brussels. Even through the blur of a hangover (it was a very good party) I could feel the optimism. Time has not been kind to that optimistic vision of Polish society, which will be the subject of a future piece. But it should remind us that membership of the EU can exert a powerful hold on the imagination of those denied it, and that many of those EU citizens whose future residency in the UK is now uncertain understand far better than we do why the EU is important. For us (ironically) the Polish poem of exile, Pan Tadeusz, may describe our plight: “Lithuania, my country, thou art like health; how much thou shouldst be prized only he can learn who has lost thee. To-day thy beauty in all its splendour I see and describe, for I yearn for thee.” But we need to recognise that the EU isn’t a state. It can’t issue passports: only member states can do that, though the words “European Union” remind holders that collectivities come in different sizes. If we are to make the best of this awful mistake, we need to be clear what we are trying to hang on to. We also need to be clear that some sort of boutique accommodation with reality for Remainers isn’t on offer. This is happening and we can’t engage with the facts if we are pursuing this kind of fantasy. Secondly, we need to stop and think quite carefully about the idea of citizenship. Asking governments to create a lesser form of citizenship is open to abuse by issuing governments. What if the sentimental desire for Britons to try and deny the realities of this situation opened the door for them to decide that migrants and refugees could only apply for these kinds of documents? Do we want our own government to devise such a scheme? It is an unfortunate coincidence that Britain’s exit from the EU is formalised in the week of Holocaust Memorial Day. The stripping of German citizenship from Jews was a fundamental attack on their rights, which made all the others easier to frame and justify in law. We should not be rushing to create second- class citizens, but instead insisting on the fullest citizenship for all, in the widest possible collectivity. # On Holocaust Memorial Day 2020: Stand Together 24 Friday Jan 2020 Posted by jaimeashworth in Heritage Politics, The Holocaust: Representations and Meanings, Uncategorized ≈ 2 Comments Tags #StandTogether, aboutholocaust.org, Child Refugees, HMD2020, Holocaust, Holocaust Memorial Day, Kindertransport, Leo Baeck, Regina Jonas ![](\\" content/uploads/2020/01/0ae1737e-4722-464b-8bab-27444411dfc6.jpg\\") The Book of Names in Block 27 at Auschwitz. Photo: Jaime Ashworth, 2015. Yesterday, at a ceremony hosted by the Association of Jewish Refugees at Belsize Square Synagogue, I listened to testimony from Frank Bright, a survivor of Theresienstadt and Auschwitz. Aged 91 and frail, he began by asking the room “Can you hear me?” The plaintive yet essential nature of his question took me aback for a moment. The theme for Holocaust Memorial Day asks us to #StandTogether, but what does this mean? Are we listening? In the last year, I have spent a lot of time working on the aboutholocaust.org project for the World Jewish Congress and UNESCO. The website contains a range of questions and answers which aim to explain key concepts and key events, and which illustrate them through the life stories of individuals. As part of this, individuals who have been familiar names have also been developed into full personalities: the humanisation of the Holocaust is more than knowing a name, it is becoming aware of who that person was. The American science-fiction writer Orson Scott Card has many views which I profoundly reject, but his description in the novel Speaker for the Dead of how we should understand the people of the past continues to be something I try and live up to: …to understand who a person really was, what his or her life really meant, the speaker for the dead would have to explain their self-story – what they meant to do, what they actually did, what they regretted, what they rejoiced in. That’s the story that we never know, the story that we never can know – and yet, at the time of death, it’s the only story truly worth telling. To fulfil this task for the victims of the Holocaust would take centuries. The Book of Names produced by Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust memorial, and kept in the Jewish Exhibition at Auschwitz, contains four million names of victims. Speaking to students, I point out that it actually commemorates three groups: those who died and whose names are recorded (Yad Vashem is taken from the Book of Isaiah and means “a monument and a name”); the space at its front where the other two million names we may never know, or even be able to guess at, should go; and the surviving family members whose pages of testimony are condensed into this vast artefact. And these are the barest of details: names, dates, place of birth, place of death (if this is even known). Their hopes, their fears, their aspirations and their regrets all went up, quite literally, in smoke. Telling some of their stories is the only way I can stand with them. Three of the questions I have answered this year for aboutholocaust have stuck in my mind as I’ve reflected upon the idea of standing together. Firstly, “Did you know that thousands of Jewish children left Germany without their parents to escape Nazi persecution?” The story of the Kindertransport is well-known and often used to justify a narrative of British moral superiority. The footage of the late Sir Nicholas Winton on That’s Life! in the 1980s, surrounded by the adults he saved as children, is incredibly moving. But for every child who came, many more did not, to say nothing of the parents who were forced to accept separation, usually permanent, as the price of securing their children’s safety. This week, as I sat in a room with some of them in Belsize Square, another of those children, Lord Dubs, was definitively frustrated in his campaign to ensure the safety and security of child refugees separated from their families. We must ask with whom we are standing, and why, and whether the cause of unity for its own sake is worth it. I stand with the children. Secondly, “Why were there more Jews in Albania in 1945 than before WW2?” in 1938, the Jewish population of Albania was around 200 people. At the end of the war, it was around 1800, as Jews from Germany, Austria, Serbia, Greece and Yugoslavia arrived, in transit to the Americas, Turkey and Mandate Palestine. They had been kept safe by a code of toleration and hospitality called Besa, which means “to keep the promise”. As Lime Balla, one of the rescuers, described it: We were poor – we didn’t even have a dining table – but we never allowed them to pay for the food or shelter. I went into the forest to chop wood and haul water. We grew vegetables in our garden so we all had plenty to eat. The Jews were sheltered in our village for fifteen months. We dressed them all as farmers, like us. Even the local police knew that the villagers were sheltering Jews. To stand together is not just a matter of symbolism. It is to act as well, whatever our circumstances, recognising the capacity that each of us has to do something. Finally, the work on Rabbi Leo Baeck was inspiring. The leader of German Jewry in the 1930s, Baeck chose to stay with his community, as did Rabbi Regina Jonas, a pioneering female rabbi. Both were deported to Theresienstadt, from where Jonas was deported to Auschwitz and murdered in late 1944. I searched in vain for a statement of why they chose to stand together with their community, when in both cases they had options of hiding or escape. The closest I came was the prayer written by Baeck for Yom Kippur in 1935: Our history is the history of the grandeur of the human soul and the dignity of human life. In this day of sorrow and pain, surrounded by infamy and shame, we will turn our eyes to the days of old. From generation to generation God redeemed our fathers, and he will redeem us in the days to come. We bow our heads before God and remain upright and erect before man. We know our way and we see the road to our goal. In short, to stand together is sometimes all we can do, recognising that we do so on a road whose ultimate destination is impossible to know. So we must hold hands as we go. # On Holocaust Memorial Day, 2019: Torn from Home 27 Sunday Jan 2019 Posted by jaimeashworth in The Holocaust: Representations and Meanings ≈ 2 Comments Tags Gunther Demnig, HMD2019, Holocaust Memorial Day, Stolpersteine, Torn from Home ![\\"ad1a716d-d76d-4872-b597-cf71fde44eaf\\"](\\" content/uploads/2019/01/ad1a716d-d76d-4872-b597-cf71fde44eaf.jpg\\") The four Stolpersteine, as we left them. Photo: Jaime Ashworth, 2018. Gunther Demnig works fast on the chilly pavement in Germany. His practiced hands prise up four cobbles from the street: a sharp crack precedes their slow easing from the ground to expose the sandy layer beneath. The stones are on the pavement beside him, gleaming in the pale winter light. The stones are inscribed simply: names, dates, fate, as far as this can be known. The opening statement is baldly “Hier wohnt”: here lived. This is their last known address before being deported, though the building is certainly different: the city was heavily bombed. We do not know much of what happened after three of the family were deported in 1942. A postcard from the transit ghetto in Izbica in Poland, dated July 1942, was found by chance in a Berlin fleamarket in 2016. From Izbica, their destination is uncertain but was probably Sobibor: their stones now read “murdered in occupied Poland”. The exact moment of their death is unknown: there is certainly no marker for them where they perished. The fourth stone concludes “Flucht nach England”: fled to England. This stone is for the eldest daughter of the family, who arrived in England on a domestic servant visa in August 1939, though she had never made a bed before. It is her descendants that mill around, blocking the pavement on this grey afternoon. The arrival of the stones made the occasion seem real. Children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren took turns holding the stones, wrapped in their cloths, cradling them as though they were children. Photographs are taken, tears are wiped away, if not quite shed. We have gathered here for this moment from across the world, and the sight of the names has tautened the air in a way that nobody quite expected. Reluctantly giving the stones to the ground, the family stands back as Demnig pushes the stones into place and with a practiced hand embeds them, fills the gaps with mortar and with almost a flourish wipes away the excess from the inscriptions. The stones have taken their place, not only in the city of origin of those they remember, but in a network of similar memorials across Europe. We stop, a few words are spoken, the breath of the speakers puffing in the cold air. Four of us arrived just in time for the ceremony and our suitcases are pushed neatly against the building, an odd echo of previous journeys. More words are spoken, some prayers are said, and then we load ourselves into taxis, leaving the stones. Some take a final few images. As I get in, I take a last distant shot of the four stones, together at last in the pavement, a spray of gravel marking the place where they have been worked into the landscape. The historian Michael Burleigh wrote in 1996 that for many, “Nazism is not a matter of academic contemplation; but rather something which explains why they have no relatives or children; why they are chronically ill or have severe psychological problems; or why they live in Britain, Canada, Israel or the USA rather than Central Europe.” This year’s Holocaust Memorial Day theme, “Torn from Home”, has led me to revisit those words. Burleigh intended the words as a speculation on the state of what was then thought to be a rapidly “historicising” subject, one which might over time become a more “normal” part of history. I wonder whether in fact they have become more relevant than ever. The pictures last week of Holocaust survivors weeping over the burial of victims’ ashes from the collections of the Imperial War Museum suggests that perhaps the past is not yet done with surprises. Witnessing Gunther Demnig lay Stolpersteine for this family while surrounded by the living proof of the eldest daughter’s survival brought home the sheer randomness of historical fate. Why was this young woman spared? What did she have to give up to do so? In his novel Exit West, Mohsin Hamid wrote that “when we migrate, we murder from our lives those we leave behind.” For so many refugees, both then and now, this is no mere figure of speech. The only other marker of this family and its fate is on its sole survivor’s grave, far away in England, amid hedgerows and birdsong. The journey also underlined that trauma dehomes and dispossesses those who suffer it, shunting the future into strange sidings. The sight of three women, red-haired as their grandmother was, contemplating a display in the school she attended until the racial laws forced her to leave, brought home how it could have been their school. Similarly, over lunch in the small town where the family originated, I noticed the red hair of many locals, along with the surreptitious glances, trying to decide how these faces could be both familiar and strange. In my mind, I wondered how they felt. Curious? Guilty? Sad? Anxious for this reminder of how their home had a past that perhaps threatens their sense of being at home? Living amongst the traces of horror requires either constant attention or deliberate avoidance. The memorial at the ruins of the town synagogue is lonely and neglected. One of our party tried to clear some of the grime but, realising that it was not his home to tend, gave up the attempt, his hand lingering on the stone a fraction longer than it might otherwise have done. At the same time, the trip offered many chances to form new bonds. My partner’s mother has kept in touch with the local historian who initiated contact when the postcard from her grandparents came to light, as well as the present headmistress of her mother’s school. The bright and curious current students asked informed questions about how flight from home had shaped their fellow former student. She was a migrant, so are some of them, even though second or even third generation. Perhaps she offered hope that new beginnings can be restorative, a chance to rehome oneself. Perhaps the visit also confirmed that return and connection was an option, that doors once entered through could remain open, or at least ajar. In these turbulent days, when it seems as though Britain is hell-bent on casting itself adrift, the visit was also a chance to reflect on the meaning of movement. My partner’s grandmother must have made a journey very like ours, through Belgium and then either France or the Netherlands. But unlike us, who showed our passports once and then tucked them away again, she had to endure the border crossings of an earlier Europe, her passport stamped with a red J, explaining to anyone who demanded her papers why she was making the journey. The philosopher Walter Benjamin committed suicide in Barcelona in 1940, convinced he was to be sent back to France and the German occupation. Free movement was not acquired cheaply, and we have neglected the multiple meanings of that “freeness”. We are so accustomed to the simplicities of the modern world that we have forgotten they are privileges, not rights, and as such incur duties. The late Elie Wiesel wrote a story of the final Passover in Sighet, the city in Romania where he grew up. His father brought a stranger to their table, “a poor Polish Jewish refugee who had seen too often and too close the victory of death over man and his prayers.” At the point in the Seder where it is traditional to open the door for the prophet Elijah, the stranger said he would perform the task, and promptly vanished. Wiesel writes that a few weeks later he saw the stranger again, on the transport bound for Auschwitz. Wiesel concludes: Today I know what I didn’t know then: at the end of a long trip that was to last four days and three nights he got out in a small railway station, near a peaceful little town, somewhere in Silesia, where his fiery chariot was waiting to carry him up to the skies. Isn’t that enough proof that he was the Prophet Elijah? The tearing from home leaves jagged edges in the heart. We must remember this, and that every new arrival comes from somewhere; and ask how can we know who we are turning away? # Everyday witness 04 Sunday Nov 2018 Posted by jaimeashworth in Uncategorized ≈ Leave a comment ![\\"IMG_0951\\"](\\" content/uploads/2018/11/img_09511.jpg\\") Image credit: Jaime Ashworth, 2018. About a year ago, a Religious Studies GCSE student of mine and I were discussing martyrdom. She asked if there were Jewish martyrs. I replied that no, not really, but if she wanted an alternative viewpoint, she should ask the organiser of her synagogue refreshment rota and see what their response was. We laughed at the time, but that now seems rather hollow, in the wake of the attack last week during Shabbat services at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh. The deaths of eleven members of that community in such a violent and senseless manner has shocked and saddened people all over the world, both Jews and non-Jews. One story described how the Orthodox _chevra kadisha_ , or burial society, had held a vigil outside the crime scene where the victims’ bodies remained while police investigated. Rabbi Daniel Wasserman, who runs the burial society, was quoted as saying “These are people who were killed because they were Jewish, they are bodies of holy martyrs.” Along with many others, I have been shocked to silence by the tragedy. I hesitate, however, before the word martyrs. With its origin in Greek, the word originally meant witness, but has come to mean (according to the Cambridge English Dictionary) “a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs, and is often admired because of it”. The American Merriam-Webster offers “a person who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty of witnessing to and refusing to renounce a religion”. The Oxford definition is “a person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs”. While I accept that language is fluid and evolving, the weight of the dictionary definitions seems to be that a martyr has agency in their death: something which is hard to say of those killed last week. They did not choose to be attacked, nor did they sacrifice themselves voluntarily: they were murdered when they should have been safe, in a place which should have offered sanctuary. The issue of how to talk about the victims of suffering and persecution is a central aspect of my work as a Holocaust educator. Martyr has become a common way of describing Jewish victims, at least partly because of the Holocaust. Many memorials describe those killed by the Nazis and their collaborators as martyrs. I recently attended a funeral at the main Orthodox Jewish cemetery near London and the memorial to the Holocaust there characterises the dead in this way. Yad Vashem in Jerusalem was founded as the Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority: it still frames _Yom Hashoah_ , the Jewish day for remembering the Holocaust, in this way, as ‘Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Day’. But _Kiddush Hashem_ , to die for the sanctification of G-d’s name, is not quite martyrdom. Jewish law is clear that Jews are not permitted to commit murder, incest, or blasphemy under any circumstances – if the choice is between doing these things and death, then death has to be accepted. Otherwise, models of resistance emphasise that _pikuach nefesh_ , preserving the soul, is preferable: the same principle that means the ill and infirm can break even the most solemn fasts if they need to; and _kiddush ha’chayim_ , sanctification of life, enjoins Jews to aspire to meaningful survival: by learning, educating and recording. Working as an educator, I have found devising and running sessions exploring some of the different ways in which Jews attempted not just to survive, but survive _as Jews_ , inspiring and moving. The neat dichotomy of martyrs and heroes into which many books and resources still, almost unconsciously, divide the victims, neglects the diversity and variety of the – often very ordinary – heroism involved. Those caught up in the Holocaust found food, raised and educated children, and loved, and learned – in the face of implacable, reckless hate. The Nazis didn’t care if people were good Jews, bad Jews, old Jews, young Jews or any other descriptor: their aim was simply, as the attacker is said to have shouted before opening fire last week, that “All Jews must die”. The victims of the Holocaust also, however, probably also made mistakes, forgot their obligations, and failed to live up to their best imagining of themselves. This, after all, is much of what being an everyday, ordinary human is. And it is in that everyday ordinariness that the horror of last week resides. As I understand it, a baby-naming ceremony had just been held. Early in morning services, before (as the rabbi later wryly commented) most of those with busy lives and large families had managed to arrive. Instead, the victims were older, lonelier, more vulnerable, perhaps depending on the synagogue for much of the structure of their daily lives. This was not a heroic choice to assert identity, but a mundane choice to make their way to _shul_ through the drizzle, shrug off their coats, and engage in celebrating the most everyday of miracles, a new life. This was not martyrdom or sacrifice, but simple, brutal murder. It even lacked the poetry to be described as tragedy. It was simply carnage. We live in an age where we are exposed to information in previously unimaginable quantities: from books and magazines, from news, from advertising. Above all from the ability of friends and acquaintances to constantly present us with new facts, new ideas, and the nagging sense that someone, somewhere, is “doing life” better than we are. The average person today has to make constant decisions about what we know – and how that fits or not with what we thought we knew yesterday – in a way that would utterly confound our ancestors. In that context, it is understandable to use formulaic words and phrases which streamline our process of meaning-making. But as the rabbi I listened to yesterday morning reminded me and anyone else who listened, words are fundamental: words have power. Creation in Jewish understanding was a speech act. As we remember the dead of Pittsburgh, we have an immense responsibility to do what those in power seem unwilling or unable to do – remember that our words bring the world into being. We are all witnesses to the consequences of doing so – or of not doing so. So, belatedly, S _habbat shalom_. # On Holocaust Memorial Day, 2018: The Power of Words 26 Friday Jan 2018 Posted by jaimeashworth in The Holocaust: Representations and Meanings ≈ Leave a comment Tags HMD 2018, Holocaust memory, Shabbat, Stolpersteine, The Power of Words ![\\"IMGP3736\\"](\\" content/uploads/2018/01/imgp3736.jpg\\") Oswiecim Jewish Cemetery. Photo: Jaime Ashworth, 2015. I am often reminded of the midrash that says that all Jewish souls (neshamot) were present at Sinai. I remember it every Friday as my partner and I light candles for Shabbat: the words of the blessings over candles, wine and bread linking us not just to Jews all over the world but also through time. Though I still need transliteration, if I am sufficiently centred I can feel the words coming not from my mouth but through me from a source that stretches back to Sinai. Liturgy as a “portable homeland” is a commonplace of Jewish Studies, but it is also a door through which the whispers of generations can be heard. My partner likes to poke gentle fun at my “authentic” Polish- accented pronunciation but for me, like Polish, the brachot come from a place just beyond conscious memory. This Friday night also – thinking Jewishly – marks the beginning of Holocaust Memorial Day. This is a curious indicator of the symbolic tension between secular and religious understandings of the Holocaust. Mourning is prohibited on Shabbat – the shiva of eight days following a funeral is suspended for the twenty-five hours between candle-lighting and the resumption of “normal” time at Havdalah. To remember the Holocaust at such a moment, therefore, presents a challenge for observant Jews. How to commemorate slaughter at a moment when they are commanded to live most purely? This year’s theme is particularly well-suited to reconciling the tension. Words are not (quite) actions, and can be uttered in any spirit. In thinking about the theme of HMD this year, I reflected on four things that they can be used for. Firstly, and most obviously in a Holocaust context, they can be used to curse. Thomas Pegelow Kaplan has recently explored how language became an everyday vehicle for discrimination and hatred. Teaching about the 1935 Nuremberg Laws, I am often struck by how short they are: just a few hundred words to define and separate a people from work, from family, from relationships. Juden sind hier unerwünscht: Jews not wanted here. Signs with this short phrase demarcated new realities for German Jewry in the 1930s, realities which found ultimate expression in the ghettoes and camps of WW2. This was based on the slogan that was repeated in posters and signs, and repeated at rallies: Die Juden sind unser Unglück; The Jews are our misfortune. This is connected to the second use of words: to lie. The measure of Nazi shame at what they did can be seen in the linguistic contortions and evasions that were employed. Euphemism became the only way in which what was happening could [not] be described. “Resettlement” meant deportation to murder. “Jewish residential district” signified a ghetto where the inhabitants lived from day to day on borrowed time and stolen hopes. The individual lives and stories consigned to the pits were reduced to “Figuren”: pieces, not people. The tension required to keep this linguistic distortion in place can be seen most clearly in Himmler’s October 1944 Posen speech to senior SS officers, when he referred to “the extermination of the Jews […] a page of glory never mentioned and never to be mentioned.” Himmler knew that his assertion of the ‘glory’ of the Holocaust would not survive the scrutiny: he could only be proud of his crimes if he kept them secret and far from challenge. Language can cover and conceal the facts, even from their authors. Survivors have long struggled with the challenge posed by this debasement of language, trying to find truth and value in debased coinage. Primo Levi wrote of the realisation after being stripped, shaved, showered, tattooed and thrust into “the blue and icy snow of dawn, barefoot and naked” that “our language lacks words to express this offence, the demolition of a man.” Charlotte Delbo, sent to Auschwitz for her work in the French Resistance, questioned whether one could even speak of “after”: I’m not alive. People believe memories grow vague, are erased by time, since nothing endures against the passage of time. That’s the difference; time does not pass over me, over us. It doesn’t erase anything, doesn’t undo it. I’m not alive. I died in Auschwitz but no one knows it. For many – Tadeusz Borowski, Paul Celan, Jean Amery, possibly Levi himself – the sense that something essential of them had died in Auschwitz meant that they could not carry on. In Polish, in German, in French, in Italian, the reality of the Lager eluded description and in doing so meant life, interrupted by Auschwitz, could never really be resumed. Like the matzeva (tombstone) that heads this piece, life was broken and though some details of the life might be glimpsed, the words that might have animated them to live in our minds were lost. We can know she was Rivka, but we cannot know what she meant, to herself or others: though she died before the Holocaust, the deaths of her descendants most likely killed her a second time. Flesh become word, word become trace: the blank flashing of the cursor as we confront what we cannot now know. For others, however, the struggle to tell the story was its own reason to carry on. The fierce insistence of Elie Wiesel that “A novel about Treblinka is either not a novel or not about Treblinka” did not stand in the way of writing or working and reworking his memoir Night from its Yiddish original to French, and thence from French to English. His wife Marion retranslated it in 2006, returning to the task he began in Paris in the 1940s, trying to “conjure up other verbs, other images, other silent cries”. But they wouldn’t match the words that took his little sister from him, on the ramp in Birkenau: men to the left, women to the right. Eight words spoken quietly, indifferently, without emotion. Eight simple, short words. Yet that was the moment where I left my mother. There was no time to think, and I already felt my father’s hand press against mine: we were alone. In a fraction of a second I could see my mother, my sisters, move to the right. Tzipora was holding Mother’s hand. I saw them walking farther and farther away; Mother was stroking my sister’s blond hair, as if to protect her. And I walked on with my father, with the men. I didn’t know that this was the moment in time and the place where I was leaving my mother and Tzipora forever. I kept walking, my father holding my hand. Working with the Holocaust Educational Trust on their Lessons from Auschwitz project, we stand where the words were spoken and read Wiesel’s account. There is often a biting wind, and the students are tiring from the long day. And yet these words cut through: the students’ eyes lift from the ground out of their coats and scarves. Eyes stream from more than the wind and even above the wind you can hear the silence. The sheer number of Holocaust testimonies is the best testament to the difficulty of putting into words both the experience itself and its meaning afterwards. Paul Steinberg, in his distinctively reflexive memoir Speak You Also tries to unpick his memories of Auschwitz from his depiction by Primo Levi as “Henri”, the quintessential survivor who “closed himself up, as if in armour [fighting] to live without distraction”. Whether or not he found truth he leaves uncertain: with the penultimate sentence he refers to “reflections and intermittent memories” which provide him with what he calls the alibi he needs. Whether it is truth, he is unsure, but it is a verdict; “Officially cleared from the docket […] A delivery, however long overdue, is still a deliverance.” But this is far short of the final power of words: to heal and bless. It is rather the attenuation and separation of meaning from context imagined by Andre Schwarz-Bart in his final novel, The Morning Star, imagining how a race of immortals might try to understand the massacre, hearing its “drawn-out echo” twisted by distance from their source. “The star-dwellers would say, for instance, to mark the idea of an epitome, of a peculiar intensity: an Auschwitz of gentleness, a Treblinka of joy.” This carries through the idea of his first novel, The Last of the Just, describing how the Holocaust consumes the last of the Levy family, the final Lamed Vav: the last of the righteous men and women whose goodness justifies the purpose of mankind to God. Without the just, words lose their meaning; and without meaning the just lose their lives. This loss of the meaning of words is a feature of modern life. Post-modernity, with its recognition that neither the tale nor the teller could be entirely trusted, allowed the questioning of established “truths” of relationships between genders, classes, and individuals, even if this has fallen far short of their dismantling. Many authors have commented on the way in which the Holocaust, as it threw into doubt the assumption of European progress, made that questioning and dismantling possible. If the systems that produced our societies produced the death camps, then how could we not question the systems? But this assumed a world in which the connection between sign and signified was relatively stable. As we consume more and more information at progressively greater remove, we can be less and less sure of provenance, context and corroboration: the constituent parts of what might be termed truth. In the 1980s, the French philosopher Jean Baudrillard warned of the rise of simulacra: copies for which there was no original. Eight years before the internet, he warned that there was “more and more information, and less and less meaning” and that the confusion of exposure to information with participation in social life carried with it the possibility of a collapse of both. He worried that “meaning is lost and devoured faster than it can be reinjected”. As Matthew D’Ancona has written, the discrediting of authorities or arbiters has collapsed into “unhealthy relativism, in which the epistemological chase is not only better than the catch – but all that matters.” We have become experts at spotting “bias” or privilege but unable in many cases to distinguish them from perspective or principle. In a world where nothing can be relied on, we have attached ourselves, limpet-like, to what “feels right” or can be argued over what can be proved. “Alternative facts” are preferred to inconvenient truths. And there is no need for the bureaucracy of an Orwellian state along the lines of 1984. The Ministry of Truth can be built in computer programs and the corrections are seamless, almost impervious to checking. Robots compile stories from building blocks, replacing possibility with doubt, substituting meaning with syntax. So how can we put that meaning back? The answer is, paradoxically, found in Auschwitz. Each Lessons from Auschwitz trip is accompanied by a rabbi and each trip ends, symbolically at least, with a ceremony at the end of the rail lines in Birkenau. Long since the night has drawn in and with temperatures falling, the group of two hundred people listens to poems and prayers. The rabbi says many things but the core of what he has to say is a single word, which he asks the group to repeat: Zakhor. Remember. Hold on to what you have seen, what you have heard, where you have gone. In the vastness of the Polish sky, the words barely echo, even on the stones. But the word comes out and goes up all the same. Words travel in unpredictable directions. Two years ago, a postcard sent by my partner’s great-grandparents from Izbica, the last stop on their journey to Sobibor, was found in a German flea-market. The finder found my partner’s mother and the postcard has led to a trip next week to where her mother came from in 1939; from where her grandparents and great-uncle were deported in 1942. We will stand outside their former home and watch as an artist installs Stolpersteine – stumbling stones – in the pavement. Their names, their dates of birth, their deportations and their deaths will become part of the landscape: flesh become word, word become trace, trace become memory. And then, inscribed on the stone as well as in memory, perhaps there will be some kind of peace. Words speak of the possibility of going on; but only if we are present to the truth of what happened, to receive the sparks as they fly outward, so that we may bless them. # Never Again, Again (Warning: distressing content) 09 Saturday Sep 2017 Posted by jaimeashworth in Culture and Politics ≈ Leave a comment Tags Aung San Suu kyi, Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide, Myanmar, Never Again, Nobel Prize Lecture, OHCHR REPORT, Rohingya ![](\\" content/uploads/2017/09/picture3.png\\"/) “It happened, therefore it can happen again. This is the core of what we have to say. It can happen, and it can happen anywhere.” – Primo Levi The events unfolding in Myanmar at present have all the worst ingredients of a tragedy after which we will solemnly intone “Never Again”. A complex history, a world distracted by other things, and, worst of all, geographical distance – which is a tactful way of saying that since neither the victims nor the perpetrators are European, the violence will probably be allowed to burn itself out, leaving only a gaping hole where the Rohingya should be. Though its government disputes this, the Rohingya have lived in the area of western Myanmar called Arakan for centuries. The first mention of them in western sources was by the East India Company in 1799. Rohingya were central to the administration of Myanmar (or Burma, as it then was) until 1982, when the military dictatorship removed them from the list of “official” nationality groups. Since then their conditions have steadily deteriorated. As the organisation Global Citizen puts it, they are “unable to claim citizenship in a country that refuses to recognise them.” Forced Migration Review explains how forcing statelessness on people violates both the 1956 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the reduction of Statelessness. But we have known what statelessness means far longer than that. As Hannah Arendt wrote in The Origins of Totalitarianism, statelessness means that people are consigned either to the law of exception or complete lawlessness. “Since [the stateless person] was the anomaly for whom the general law did not provide, it was better for [him] to become an anomaly for which it did provide: that of the criminal.” Human Rights Watch and Amnesty have both called for action amid growing concern since October, though some sources highlight that there has been violence since at least 2012. A United Nations report from February did not pull any punches. Based on interviews with more than 200 of the approximately 66,000 refugees to Bangladesh, the evidence they collected was clear. “According to the testimonies gathered, the following types of violations were reported and experienced frequently in that area: Extrajudicial executions or other killings, including by random shooting; enforced disappearance and arbitrary detention; rape, including gang rape, and other forms of sexual violence; physical assault including beatings; torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; looting and occupation of property; destruction of property; and ethnic and religious discrimination and persecution.” (p. 40) What this means on a human level is, as always, perhaps beyond description if not beyond words. Even the bald breakdown of the testimonies makes for hard reading: ![](\\" content/uploads/2017/09/picture1.png\\"/) Extracts from a few of the testimonies follow. Please be warned, they are not subtle, though these are some of the least graphic. Page references are to the OHCHR Report. “The day the army attacked my village, my father and I had just come out of prayers, when we heard sounds of shooting. We had just walked to a farm, where we were sitting and talking to the owner of the farm. While the firing was still going on, my father stood up, which is when a grenade came and exploded close to us, killing my father, the farm owner’s son, and severely injuring me and the farm owner.” (p.14) “I was in front of [my grandmother’s] house, playing with some other boys when the helicopter came. I was shot from the helicopter, other boys were too. Six or seven of us were hit by bullets from the helicopter.” “When my two sisters, 8 and 10 years old, were running away from the house, having seen the military come, they were killed. They were not shot dead, but slaughtered with knives.” The report is equally blunt about the possibility that the statistics derived from these testimonies are just the tip of the iceberg. They emphasise not just that they are only reporting what they have testimony to support, but also that the sexual nature of the crimes means many victims are too traumatised or ashamed to speak of what has happened to them. In terms of perpetrators, the report is clear that they include members of the Myanmar armed forces, border guards and police, along with ‘irregular’ units of armed locals, sometimes wearing borrowed uniforms. As is depressingly standard in such cases, witnesses knew some of these to be civilians because they were their neighbours. The response from Aung San Suu Kyi, the former dissident, Nobel laureate and human rights activist who now de facto leads the civilian administration, has been disappointing, to say the least. In a conversation with Turkish President Erdogan, she blamed “fake news” and in a press conference she claimed the government was still trying to decide “how to differentiate terrorists from innocents.” A place to start might be asking them their age. The UN report stops short of terming the persecution genocide, though it makes clear that the events constitute “[what] has been described in other contexts as ethnic cleansing.” (p. 42) Definitions are both problematic and essential. For us to respond, we must name what is happening, thus fully bringing it into reality. By naming a crime, we identify it and can prosecute it. Genocide and ethnic cleansing, because they are definitions devised partly in order to suspend the normal rules of sovereignty, are likely to be applied too late: we only know for sure with the dreadful clarity of hindsight. Though one should always remember the macabre evasions of the Clinton White House during the Rwandan Genocide of 2004. A particular exchange between Press Secretary Christine Shelley and reporter Alan Elsner has acquired almost iconic status (some readers may recognise the dialogue from an episode of The West Wing). There is video of the exchange on YouTube. In fact, a State Department document very clearly stated “Be careful … Genocide finding could commit U.S.G. to actually ‘do something.\'” As we know now, the cost of the ‘formulations’ was between 500,000 and 1,000,000 deaths in just under three months: a rate of killing which outstripped that of the Nazi death camps. At that rate of slaughter, all of the 2,000,000 Rohingya could be dead in six months. In Rwanda, the bodies of men, women and children clogged rivers as the world debated definitions. As a survivor who spoke to the playwright J.T. Rogers for his play The Overwhelming prophesied, the cycle of violence has not stopped: “Now it is two hundred percent safe here. But until when, I don’t know. Rwanda is like a fire underground: the killings will come again.” There are always (frequently craven) reasons not to intervene. There are always (weak) arguments for waiting. There is no defence, however, for saying nothing. The preoccupation of British politics with the EU withdrawal process is crowding out any other discussion. This must stop. Sign the petition. Demand action. When the petitions committee reconvenes this month to start a new session, I’m going to start a parliamentary petition (if an NGO doesn’t get there first) to demand that our elected representatives are at least forced to consider what they refuse to act upon. For now, there is a change.org petition gathering signatures and a letter from the All- Parliamentary Group for Democracy in Burma. We know more than enough, about both genocide in general and this crisis in particular, to expect more than the silence the Prime Minister has so far responded with. I want to finish with some words from the Nobel Lecture by Aung San Suu Kyi in 2012. Remember her acceptance of the prize in 1991 was made by her son: her lecture was made possible by the pressure from governments and thousands of individuals to free her from house arrest: “To be forgotten. The French say that to part is to die a little. To be forgotten too is to die a little. It is to lose some of the links that anchor us to the rest of humanity. When I met Burmese migrant workers and refugees during my recent visit to Thailand, many cried out: “Don’t forget us!” They meant: “don’t forget our plight, don’t forget to do what you can to help us, don’t forget we also belong to your world.” When the Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to me they were recognizing that the oppressed and the isolated in Burma were also a part of the world, they were recognizing the oneness of humanity. So for me receiving the Nobel Peace Prize means personally extending my concerns for democracy and human rights beyond national borders. The Nobel Peace Prize opened up a door in my heart.” A door in the heart should not wait for definitions to be confirmed before opening once again. Words will never be enough. But they may be a start. **Postscript** : like many of us, I’m guilty at times of the delusion that things only happen when I’m looking. A friend of mine, a passionate advocate of and activist for peace, wrote this and I thought it should be attached to this piece: a reminder that terrible things are happening all the time and that the work of trying to stop them is constant. ![](\\" content/uploads/2017/09/img_4564.png\\") # Shocks, Forks and Fractures 01 Friday Sep 2017 Posted by jaimeashworth in Book Reviews, Culture and Politics, Uncategorized ≈ Leave a comment Tags Brexit, India Floods, literature, Mark Haddon, The Pier Falls, Trump ![\\"IMG_3559\\"](\\" content/uploads/2017/08/img_3559.jpg\\") The title story of The Pier Falls by Mark Haddon (Vintage, £8.99), 347 pp.) is a harrowing account of how an idyllic seaside afternoon in the 1970s turns to tragedy. In spare, compelling prose, Haddon describes the initial warnings as the rivets holding the pier together progressively fail. (\"There is a faint tremor underfoot as if a suitcase or stepladder has been dropped somewhere nearby.\") He describes in merciless detail the fracturing of a summer afternoon into fragments, neatly chronicling each death and the aftermath as normality slowly settles over those left apparently unscathed. (\"None of the survivors sleeps well. They wake from dreams in which the floor beneath them vanishes. They wake from dreams of being trapped inside a cat\'s cradle of iron and wood as the tide rises.\") Haddon\'s prose captures the way in which trauma is observed from the inside: slowly, but too fast to fully register; completely, but only in hindsight. Another word for this is shock. As Naomi Klein has recently written, \"A state of shock is what results when a gap opens up between events and our initial ability to explain them.\" Britain in 2017 feels similar to the disintegrating pier in Haddon\'s story, shuddering as the rivets joining us to the EU are worked loose, the fissures in our society are thrown into ever-sharper relief, and international politics seem more and more threatening. It\'s the shock that many of us experienced last year in the sweaty early hours of June 24, watching the numbers move like a tide, rolling upward until, as the dawn broke, the result was confirmed. Many of us experienced that feeling of shock again in November as we watched Hillary Clinton\'s chances of being President go from being assured, to doubtful, to impossible. A feeling which deepened in January as Trump\'s inaugural speech made clear he intended to govern as he had campaigned: boorish, aggressive, chauvinistic. Most importantly, it\'s the feeling as we watched the flames sweep across Grenfell Tower. Knowing what the inexorable progress of the wall of fire meant – as human beings, unable to stop ourselves imagining ourselves in the place of those inside – but powerless to stop it. It\'s a feeling I\'ve revisited many times this summer, as different journeys have taken me past the tower: blackened and silent, the sun still catching on glass that has not been shattered, a grim negative of the neighbouring towers. (\"A moment\'s weakness had caused this horror, the way a single spark from these struck flints bloomed into the fires that surrounded her.\") The footage from Houston this week has brought that feeling again. Watching the waters rise and the roads disappear beneath the floods should remind us that we are always vulnerable to the environment we build through and over (instead of around and with). The levees and dams have creaked and overflowed, and the bonds of society have proved correspondingly frail. Looting and unrest have necessitated curfews, as stretched civil authorities focus on the crisis. President Trump\'s response, (\"The storm, it\'s epic what happened. But you know what, it happened in Texas and Texas can handle anything.\") encapsulates the dogma of small government and its failure to appreciate the importance of collective action to avert rather than manage times of crisis. (\"He\'s never thought it this way, that lives are held in common, that we lose a little something of ourselves with every death.\") In situations like this, the heroism of individuals needs to be backed by the state rather than left to fend for itself. We cannot allow ourselves to be flattered for our self- sufficiency by those whose job is to prepare. In India, Bangladesh and Nepal, far worse flooding seems to be producing a different reaction to similar problems. The Times of India shows crowds working with rescuers, bringing food and helping to clear rubble. At root, though, the complaints are similar too: \"Why does nothing change? Why are we left to fend for ourselves when they had weather forecasts warning them of extremely heavy rainfall?\" asked one Indian columnist quoted in the Guardian. The residents of Grenfell know the feeling, as did the inhabitants of New Orleans in 2005. In Britain, meanwhile, we continue to make our own weather: working toward \"freeing\" ourselves from the EU. The Brexit negotiations have resumed and it\'s clear that this government is determined to ignore the reality that 27:1 make for unhealthy odds. On Ireland, on the single market, on the customs union, on free movement; the position of Her Majesty\'s Government is that cake policy must remain separate from eating policy. A spokeswoman for the Prime Minister said this week that the government was determined to try and discuss the future trading relationship alongside the withdrawal deal, despite the insistence of the EU that this won\'t happen. As any country that has negotiated EU accession could tell you, negotiating with the EU on these matters is not a negotiation as conventionally understood. In accession negotiations, the only question is when, not if, individual countries would accept EU law and regulation (this, by the way, is a powerful practical argument for remaining). In our case, we lit the blue touch paper by triggering Article 50 and now require all 27 member nations\' agreement to blow it out again, even temporarily. British inability to understand collective behaviour is quite profound (at least among politicians, who are usually happy to talk about what they claim people want but often less keen to engage with what they need). Internationally, meanwhile, the Prime Minister arrived in Japan at an interesting moment, her plane presumably virtually banking to avoid a North Korean missile. Asked about the escalating (or at least not subsiding) crisis in South-East Asia, she termed the launch \"outrageous\" and suggested that the UN Security Council should resolve the problem. Collective solutions are good sometimes, it would seem, though the structure of the Security Council gives Donald Trump (along with Vladimir Putin and Xi Jingping) a veto on any solution, so it\'s likely to be a question of state-to-state solutions in the end. Haddon\'s stories have at their core an awareness that traumatic events alter our histories, both individual and collective. (\"Today will be different, not simply shocking but one of those moments when time itself seems to fork and fracture and you look back and realise that if things had happened only slightly differently you would be leading one of those other ghost lives speeding away into the dark.\") He skilfully evokes the sensation of escape and the chill of privilege it occasions. (\"Everyone can feel the thrilling shiver of the Reaper passing close, dampened rapidly by the thought of those poor people.\") The stories also underline, however, that those forks and fractures are constructed of choice. Some choices are positive: in the final story, The Weir, a lonely divorcé rescues a young woman from suicide by drowning, forming a friendship that sustains them both. Mostly, though, the choices of Haddon\'s characters are negative. In Wodwo, Gavin, a venal middle-class TV presenter, shoots a stranger who interrupts a family Christmas. The stranger makes a macabre recovery, promising to return the following year: Gavin struggles to cope with his actions, becoming homeless before being found by the same stranger and sent back to his family home to interrupt the next Christmas. He approaches the same French window, seeing the changes wrought by the year in his family. And then they look up: he has become the stranger, even to himself. (\"The intruder light clicks on. He knocks twice on the glass. As one his family turn to look at him.\") What could he have done differently? What can we do differently? Who\'s making the choices? We need answers but first we have to ask the questions. # The Boy Who Cried Nazi 17 Thursday Aug 2017 Posted by jaimeashworth in Culture and Politics, The Holocaust: Representations and Meanings ≈ 2 Comments Tags Antisemitism, Charlottesville, Holocaust, Roland Barthes, Trump, Women\'s March London, World War 2 ![](\\" content/uploads/2017/08/img_4257.jpg\\") Footage of Hitler reflected in a glass display, IWM 2016. Photo: Jaime Ashworth. As a blogger with a background in Holocaust Studies, Godwin’s Law (sometimes the authoritative-sounding reductio ad Hitlerum) presents some problems for me. As originally formulated by Mike Godwin in 1990, it runs: As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Hitler approaches 1. While I appreciate that as a Holocaust scholar and educator I’m a bit of a niche market, this commonplace of Twitter put-downs raises some problems for me. First, from my perspective, there’s the problem that since I’ve invested an awful lot of time and effort in trying to understand the Holocaust and the Third Reich, the likelihood of my seeing resemblances that others don’t is slightly higher than average. At a recent session run by Robert Eaglestone of Royal Holloway on the cultural impact of the Holocaust, he asked the group to identify resonances between the Third Reich and the Harry Potter books. He said there were eight. I got to ten at a rate that slightly alarmed my ‘pair’ – though this may have been the fact that a grown man is so familiar with the differences between Purebloods, Half-bloods and Muggle-borns. (I will obviously refrain from repeating what Malfoy calls Hermione in Chamber of Secrets.) The point here, though, is that neither I nor Eaglestone is suggesting that one has to read Harry Potter either as a neo-Nazi code or a passionate anti fascist parable. We’re suggesting that ideas and images from the Third Reich, World War II and the Holocaust have woven themselves deep into our subconscious, both individual and collective. Eaglestone’s most recent work takes as its starting-point the words of the late Nobel laureate and Auschwitz survivor Imre Kertesz, who in his 2002 Nobel Prize speech spoke of the “broken voice that has dominated European art for decades”. My work, as I have described before, is concerned with the ways the Holocaust has become a mythology – in the sense used by Roland Barthes of “a language in which one speaks” of other things. In this sense, resonances and echoes are what I look for. Sometimes this is educationally effective, as when pointing out the “magical thinking” in the term “brainwashing” which many students use to talk about attitudes to persecution amongst “ordinary” Germans. Some of the problems faced by those who attempted to try and apportion responsibility for the Nazi era can be seen in the comment by Barty Crouch Junior (while disguised as Alastor ‘Mad-Eye’ Moody) in Goblet of Fire: Scores of witches and wizards have claimed that they only did You-Know-Who’s bidding under the influence of the Imperius Curse. But here’s the rub: how do we sort out the liars? To be clear: I wouldn’t suggest anyone quoted this in their History exams, or that the world created by J.K. Rowling is simply a vehicle for allegory. There are, however, some obvious ways in which the Harry Potter books are (in Eva Hoffman’s phrase) after such knowledge. Rowling’s magical hierarchy is, consciously or otherwise, very similar to the race laws of the Third Reich. That such pseudo-mathematical pigeonholing of human beings is not confined to that era (look up the word octaroon) also means, though, that we have to ask why these atrocities have caught our imaginations, both cultural and individual, so powerfully. But that doesn’t mean we can’t draw attention to the resemblances where they occur. Not least because it allows us to critique more problematic examples of Holocaust discourse, such as John Boyne’s The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, which is most intelligible as a sentimentalised garbling of Holocaust representations rather than a response to the history itself. In addition to the presence of Holocaust consciousness in fiction, there is a long history of invoking the Holocaust to describe the present in ways that are problematic. Peter Novick, in The Holocaust and American Life (1999), wrote of the ways in which the Holocaust had been instrumentalised by different causes: right, left and centre. Michael Marrus (in his 2016 Lessons of the Holocaust) has also questioned whether “universal lessons” are easily drawn, arguing that “lesson seeking often misshapes what we know about the event itself in order to fit particular causes and objectives [with] frequent unreliable basis in historical evidence and their unmistakable invitation to avoid nuance.” A quick google of ‘abortion holocaust’ (a target of Novick’s) provides a case in point. Survivors of the Abortion Holocaust attempts to mobilise support to restrict the rights of women through a twisted appeal to high school social studies. Its assertion that “Any person born after January 22, 1973 is a survivor of the abortion holocaust” is as mendacious as any Holocaust denial website but in its cadences and vocabulary mimics the rhetoric of Holocaust remembrance just as its website attempts to mimic graffiti. Their Twitter feed also provides examples of Holocaust discourse, as well as sub-Trumpian attacks on “fake news” and Hillary Clinton: dire warnings of what would happen (in their view) if a woman’s right to choose stretched as far as holding high political office. ![](\\" content/uploads/2017/08/fee6d02f-65c3-47f2-89b1-9228a4d0c125.jpg\\") In instances like this, Godwin’s Law is not just a useful reminder that comparison can be emotive rather than accurate or helpful. It’s actually an alarm for dishonesty. But this doesn’t address the real problem of whether a particular group can be termed “Nazi” or “fascist”. It does, though, bring into focus that Holocaust discourse and imagery is employed in many ways that stretch the facts. I became concerned that I had broken Godwin’s Law last week in referring to the events in Charlottesville as a “Neo-Nazi” demonstration. Was I ramping up the rhetoric without sufficient basis? In the case of Charlottesville it seems that there were a variety of extremists present. Its very title, “Unite the Right”, indicates that it was intended to bring together disparate factions. The cause around which they came together, the statue of Robert E. Lee, was an American one. Images suggest the Confederate flag was as popular as any – though unambiguously Nazi imagery was certainly also present. This diversity of extremity has made the search for an umbrella term rather difficult, not helped by the White House’s struggle to formulate a response that reaches (let alone goes beyond) equivocation. Not Nazis or fascists or white supremacists, they insist, but the “Alt-Right”. (Only yesterday, He-who-should-not-be-president has attacked the removal of these monuments as “the history and culture of our great country” being “ripped apart”. Rather appropriately, his stance on this could be a line dance: one step forward and two steps back.) But what does that mean? Does “Alt-Right” denote something new and different or is it just a marketing exercise; a veneer of respectability over old nastiness? Part of the problem is that defining what MacGregor Knox termed the “fascist minimum” is not straightforward, since far-right movements are much more locally specific than others. If as Roger Griffin suggests, “palingenetic ultra-nationalism” (the extreme nationalism of national rebirth) is a good working definition, then umbrella terms will always be difficult to find. An Italian Fascist was different from a German Nazi, and both were different from a Spanish Falangist. Insistence on local difference and superiority will mean that “fascist” is likely to be an adjective ascribed by others rather than a name chosen by the group or individual in question. Though I would also point to images from Charlottesville which suggest there were plenty of people apparently flaunting their fascist or Nazi beliefs. On these grounds, I’m happy to describe “Alt-Right” as an American fascism: insisting on a vision of racial superiority and the restoration of a mythical past (former “greatness”) through violence while positing “degeneracy” (of others, of course) as the root of all that is wrong: thanks to Rebecka Klette for highlighting this element. That these views find expression amongst those who feel economically dispossessed and disconnected, and/or threatened by progress in social relations, merely lends weight to the comparison. An apparent obsession with a particular version of muscular, military, anti-intellectual masculinity lends more. The first target of Nazi book-burning was the Institute for Sexual Science run by Dr Magnus Hirschfeld: fear of other sexualities was a major part of the Nazi profile. Finally, one should remember that links between these examples go both ways: eugenics and biological racism were essential parts of the American view on race and German “racial science” acknowledged the debt. But does this still make the label “neo-Nazi” overly reductive and unhelpful? Perhaps, but here’s the rub. If “Alt-Right” is the label these people prefer, then I choose to find something else, something less palatable in Peoria. If “neo-Nazi” causes the biggest shrieks of indignation and the most absurd verbal gymnastics to refute it, then I’ll use that, on the grounds that it clearly touches a nerve. In this instance, I’m with Mike Godwin, who tweeted the other day: “Referencing the Nazis when talking about racist white nationalists does not raise a particularly difficult taxonomic problem.” ![](\\" content/uploads/2017/08/img_4259.jpg\\") Sign at the Womens’ March London, January 2017. Photo: Jaime Ashworth. Historical comparison is never exact and always requires a light touch: the sign above from the London Women’s March does the job with admirable clarity and a touch of humour. Situations arise in unique combinations and contexts, the actors similarly unique. But as long as we recognise that, we can also do what humans do best: use lessons from the past to guide future action. To address the title of this piece: it should be remembered that the boy who cried wolf was eventually faced with a wolf. I suspect that we may have come to that point: whether all of those who gathered in Charlottesville last week were programmatic Nazis is beside the point. That their agenda and actions were not immediately and roundly called out by those in power is the problem. 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National Mourning A terrible passenger plane accident has just occurred sic There was only 1 survivor Here I leave the link so you can see this chilling tragedy | 3,162 | What a song has a beautiful sound but a disturbing meaning? : r/AskReddit Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/AskReddit A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to AskReddit r/AskReddit r/AskReddit r/AskReddit is the place to ask and answer thought-provoking questions. * * * 49M Members 5.1K Online • 3 yr. ago MagicDalsi ADMIN MOD # What a song has a beautiful sound but a disturbing meaning? Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. 2 Rank by size Public Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community ## Top Posts * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of August 3, 2021 * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of August 2021 * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of 2021 * * * TOPICS * Internet Culture (Viral) * Amazing * Animals & Pets * Cringe & Facepalm * Funny * Interesting * Memes * Oddly Satisfying * Reddit Meta * Wholesome & Heartwarming * Games * Action Games * Adventure Games * Esports * Gaming Consoles & Gear * Gaming News & Discussion * Mobile Games * Other Games * Role-Playing Games * Simulation Games * Sports & Racing Games * Strategy Games * Tabletop Games * Q&As * Q&As * Stories & Confessions * Technology * 3D Printing * Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning * Computers & Hardware * Consumer Electronics * DIY Electronics * Programming * Software & Apps * Streaming Services * Tech News & Discussion * Virtual & Augmented Reality * Pop Culture * Celebrities * Creators & Influencers * Generations & Nostalgia * Podcasts * Streamers * Tarot & Astrology * Movies & TV * Action Movies & Series * Animated Movies & Series * Comedy Movies & Series * Crime, Mystery, & Thriller Movies & Series * Documentary Movies & Series * Drama Movies & Series * Fantasy Movies & Series * Horror Movies & Series * Movie News & Discussion * Reality TV * Romance Movies & Series * Sci-Fi Movies & Series * Superhero Movies & Series * TV News & Discussion * RESOURCES * About Reddit * Advertise * Help * Blog * Careers * Press * Communities * Best of Reddit * Topics * Content Policy * Privacy Policy * User Agreement Reddit, Inc. © 2024. All rights reserved. close # Log In By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy. Forgot password? New to Reddit? Sign Up back # Enter the 6-digit code from your authenticator app You’ve set up two-factor authentication for this account. Lost access to your authenticator? Use a backup code back # Enter a 6-digit backup code You’ve set up two-factor authentication for this account. Don’t have access to your backup code? Use a code from an authenticator app close # Sign Up By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy. Already a redditor? Log In back # Create your username and password Reddit is anonymous, so your username is what you’ll go by here. Choose wisely—because once you get a name, you can’t change it. close # Sign Up By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy. Already a redditor? Log In back # Create your username and password Reddit is anonymous, so your username is what you’ll go by here. Choose wisely—because once you get a name, you can’t change it. close back # Reset your password Enter your email address or username and we’ll send you a link to reset your password Need help? close back # Check your inbox An email with a link to reset your password was sent to the email address associated with your account close # Choose a Reddit account to continue back close # Reset your password Resetting your password will log you out on all devices. |
We were energy independent one year ago | 3,163 | Facebook Twitter Tumblr CloseFactCheck.org® A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center ![\\"Become](\\" mini.png\\"/) ![\\"Follow](\\" twitter.png\\"/) ![\\"Get](\\" ![\\"Follow](\\" instagram-1.png\\"/) ![\\"Sign](\\" ![\\"Help](\\" FactCheck.org® * Home * Articles * Featured Posts * FactCheck Posts * SciCheck * En Español * 2024 elections * Players Guide 2024 * Debunking Viral Claims * Ask a Question * Ask FactCheck * Ask SciCheck * Donate * Topics * President Biden * Donald Trump * Kamala Harris * JD Vance * Tim Walz * health * Coronavirus * immigration * climate change * View All * About Us * Our Mission * Our Process * Our Funding * Our Staff * Undergraduate Fellows * Awards * Request a Correction * Contact Us * Search * More * Viral Claims * Subscribe * Instagram * Threads * YouTube * X (Twitter) * Facebook * TikTok * FactCheck On the Air * Mailbag FactCheck Posts › Featured Posts # Examining U.S. ‘Energy Independence’ Claims By D\'Angelo Gore Posted on March 9, 2022 * * * * * When politicians say that the United States was “energy independent” under former President Donald Trump, some people may get the false impression that the U.S. was 100% self-sufficient. The country still relied on foreign sources of energy, including oil. To help meet domestic demand, the U.S. has imported oil and other forms of energy from abroad, including from Russia, for many years. And to some energy analysts, a scenario in which the U.S. relies only on the energy it produces is not likely to happen anytime soon. Instead, those who tout this so-called “energy independence” may be referring to the fact that, on net, the country either produced more energy than it consumed, exported more energy than it imported, or, more specifically, had a greater number of exports than imports of petroleum, which includes crude oil and refined products from crude oil, such as gasoline and various fuels. However, by any of those definitions, the U.S. was still “energy independent” in 2021 under President Joe Biden — contrary to claims made by Republicans who have suggested otherwise. ## Net Energy Exports “We were energy independent one year ago,” Trump said in a March 2 interview on Fox Business, in which he criticized Biden for not mentioning what is happening with oil in his State of the Union address, for example. He added, “We were exporting energy for the first time ever in the history of our country,” falsely implying that that had never happened before and had ceased since he left office. (He made a related claim about energy in his keynote address at the Conservative Political Action Conference in February.) Trump is one of several Republican politicians to claim or suggest that Biden ended the “energy independence” America needs to stop relying on Russia for oil, as well as to combat rising gasoline prices, which reached an average weekly price of $4.10 for a gallon of regular gas on March 7. Notably, the price of gasoline actually has been rising fairly consistently since the end of April 2020, when it was selling for $1.77 a gallon, the lowest weekly price under Trump. By the time he left office in January 2021, the price was already up to $2.38 a gallon. Also, the U.S. was buying oil from Russia in 2020, and for many years before. For instance, Russia accounted for 7% of total U.S. imports of petroleum in 2020 and 7.9% of those imports in 2021. In response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Biden signed an executive order on March 8 blocking new U.S. purchases of Russian oil, liquefied natural gas and coal. It allows for a “45-day wind-down period” for orders already under contract, according to a senior administration official. ![\\"\\"](\\" train with oil tankers at dusk in Texas. Photo by Luke Sharrett/Bloomberg via Getty Images. As for Trump’s suggestion that the U.S. was “exporting energy for the first time ever in the history of our country” when he was president, that’s false. The country has been supplying international markets with various forms of energy for decades. The former president presumably meant to refer to net energy exports during his administration. U.S. exports of primary energy did exceed its energy imports from foreign sources under Trump in 2019 and 2020 — the first times that had happened since 1952, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. But through the first 11 months of 2021, the U.S. also was on its way to being a net exporter of energy last year — and, thus, by that definition, “energy independent.” All forms of energy combined, the country exported 23.0 quadrillion British thermal units of energy in that time span, which was more than the 19.6 quadrillion BTUs of energy it imported, according to the EIA’s latest monthly figures. In those same 11 months, the U.S. also produced 89.0 quadrillion BTUs of energy, slightly more than the 88.5 quadrillion BTUs of energy it consumed. The U.S. also produced more total energy than it consumed under Trump in 2019 and 2020. ## Net Petroleum Exports Trump also may have been thinking of net petroleum exports, since he mentioned oil multiple times in the Fox Business interview. In 2020, the U.S. exported about 635,000 barrels per day more than it imported from other countries, “making the United States a net annual petroleum exporter for the first time since at least 1949,” the EIA has said. At the same time, the U.S. continued to be a net importer of crude oil, specifically, as it has been since the 1940s. The trend line for the U.S. becoming a net exporter of petroleum began in 2006, under President George W. Bush, and continued under President Barack Obama and then Trump. The EIA said a decline in the global demand for oil during the COVID-19 pandemic finally pushed the U.S. into net exporter territory. “International petroleum prices decreased in response to less consumption, which diminished incentives for key petroleum-exporting countries to increase production. This shift allowed the United States to export more petroleum in 2020 than it had in the past,” the EIA wrote in a February post on its website. More important, the EIA said the U.S. “continued to export more petroleum (which includes crude oil, refined petroleum products, and other liquids) than it imported in 2021.” Last year, the U.S. exported about 164,000 barrels per day more than it imported, according to annual EIA data. The EIA does project in its March Short-Term Energy Outlook that the U.S. will import slightly more petroleum than it exports in 2022, making it a net importer for the year. But that is not a certainty. In February 2021, the EIA also projected that the U.S. would be a net importer of petroleum for the year, which, based on the EIA’s most recent data, turned out not to be the case. However, if the EIA’s most recent projections are accurate, the agency also estimates in the same report that the U.S., as soon as 2023, would once again be a net exporter of petroleum, or, based on that definition, “energy independent.” Editor’s note: FactCheck.org does not accept advertising. 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The difference between consumption and production was met by imports, particularly crude oil and petroleum products such as motor gasoline and distillate fuel oil. Total energy imports (based on heat content) peaked in 2007 and subsequently declined in nearly every year since then. Increases in U.S. crude oil and natural gas production reduced the need for crude oil and natural gas imports and contributed to increases in crude oil and natural gas exports. The United States has been a net total energy exporter—total energy exports have been higher than total energy imports—since 2019. ## Total U.S. energy exports in 2023 were the highest on record On an energy content basis, even though U.S. total energy imports increased by about 1% in 2023, U.S. total energy exports were the highest on record, at about 29.50 quadrillion British thermal units (quads), and increased by about 8% from 2022. Total energy exports exceeded total energy imports by about 7.80 quads, the largest annual margin on record. ### Chart title Empty chart Created with Highcharts 11.4.3Chart context menuChart titleData source: U.S. Energy Information Administration End of interactive chart. Click to enlarge U.S. crude oil imports and exports both increased in 2023, and the United States remained a net crude oil importer. Crude oil accounted for the largest percentage share of U.S. total energy imports—nearly 66%—and for about 29% of total energy exports. Some imported crude oil is refined into petroleum products that are exported. In 2023, imports of petroleum products (such as gasoline and distillates) accounted for about 18% of total annual U.S. energy imports and for about 36% of total energy exports. Total petroleum product imports were slightly lower, exports were slightly higher, and net imports were the lowest on record in 2023. U.S. natural gas exports reached a record high in 2023 and were equal to about 26% of total U.S. energy exports on an energy content basis. Increases in natural gas exports in nearly every year since 2014 contributed to the United States becoming a net exporter of natural gas in 2017 for the first time since the late 1950s and, in 2023, to the lowest level of natural gas net imports on record. Increases in liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports, especially to Europe, contributed to about a 10% increase in total U.S. natural gas exports in 2023. Natural gas imports decreased by about 3% from 2022 to 2023 and equaled about 14% of total U.S. energy imports. The United States has been a net coal exporter since at least 1949. In 2023, annual U.S. coal exports increased by about 15% and equaled about 8% of total energy exports. U.S. coal imports decreased by about 35% and accounted for less than 1% of total U.S. energy imports. ### Chart title Empty chart Created with Highcharts 11.4.3Chart context menuChart titleData source: U.S. Energy Information Administration End of interactive chart. Click to enlarge 1 Primary energy, and based on the energy content of energy sources. 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Video Ad Feedback Price of oil drops below $100. That\'s good news for gas prices 02:30 \- Source: CNN Washington CNN — The United States never stopped importing energy from foreign countries under President Donald Trump. Both before and after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine contributed to a spike in US gas prices, various Republicans bashed President Joe Biden for supposedly abandoning Trump-era “energy independence.” These Republicans have fostered the impression that the “energy independent” US did not need energy from Russia and elsewhere under Trump, but then, under Biden, has been forced to buy this foreign energy once more. The truth is that the US was never close to genuine independence from foreign energy in the Trump era. Ad Feedback Ad Feedback “Energy independence” is a political phrase, not a literal phrase. Despite how Trump and others have made it sound, it does not mean the US was ever going it alone. “A ridiculous term,” said Jim Krane, an energy studies fellow at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy. “A horrible term,” said Jeff Colgan, professor and director of the Climate Solutions Lab at Brown University and an expert on the geopolitics of oil. “This stupid term,” said Amy Myers Jaffe, an energy expert and a research professor at The Fletcher School at Tufts University. The term has various non-literal definitions. And the US did satisfy some of these definitions under Trump in 2020 — as it did again in the 11 months of 2021, mostly under Biden, for which we have complete data. For example, in both periods, the US exported more crude oil and petroleum products than it imported. It also produced more primary energy than it consumed. But none of that means that the Trump-era US did no energy importing at all. From the beginning of Trump’s term to the end, the US very much relied on oil and gas from abroad. In 2020, Trump’s last full year in office, the US imported about 7.9 million barrels per day of crude oil and petroleum products. That was down from prior years – the US imported more than 10 million barrels per day in 2016, President Barack Obama’s last full year – but still a whole lot of foreign energy. In fact, contrary to prominent Republicans’ suggestions over the last month that the US had just recently started consuming Russian energy under Biden, US energy imports from Russia spiked during the Trump presidency. And that isn’t the only thing Republicans have gotten wrong. Contrary to claims from Trump and other Republicans, Biden has not “shut down” American energy: US crude oil production in Biden’s first year was higher than in each of Trump’s first two years and just narrowly shy of production in Trump’s last year, though substantially lower than production in Trump’s record-setting third year. And experts say it is economic factors and cautionary pressures from Wall Street, not anything Biden has done, that has made US oil companies reluctant to dramatically ramp up production from current levels. ## Multiple reasons for foreign imports Amid the US boom in oil and gas production from hydraulic fracturing, better known as fracking, the quantity of US imports of crude oil and petroleum products has been trending downward since early in the second term of President George W. Bush. But there are numerous reasons why the US doesn’t just stop importing entirely. One key reason is that there is a mismatch between many of the refineries in the US, which were designed to handle heavy crude oil, and the lighter crude that is produced in the US through fracking. Another reason is that domestic energy production isn’t sufficient to fulfill the needs of all US refineries – for which it can be profitable to buy low- cost unfinished energy from abroad, turn it into higher-value petroleum products, and then export some of those products. Colgan noted in an email that even at moments when the US is a net exporter of oil, “it remains tightly integrated into the world market for oil, constantly exporting some grades of oil to foreign customers while importing other grades of oil into the United States. Same for oil products like gasoline and diesel.” Geographic factors are also at play. For example, refineries in California have relied on imports, some from Russia, because importing has been cheaper than getting oil shipped from various parts of the US, such as the Permian Basin in the Southwest, to which California has no pipeline connection. Unless the US shifts completely to renewable or nuclear energy, Krane said in an interview, “we are going to be tethered to supply lines that stretch halfway around the world whether we like it or not.” ## Russian imports never ceased under Trump Before Biden announced a ban on imports of Russian energy last Tuesday, some Republicans suggested that the US had suddenly started importing Russian oil under Biden. For example, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis said at an event in late February: “We were, before Biden took office, for the first time in any of our lifetimes, actually energy independent. Putin didn’t matter. Now, they’re importing millions of barrels of oil from Russia.” Iowa Sen. Joni Ernst said on Fox News on March 6 that Biden’s choices when he first came into office “put us in this tenuous position with energy independence in the United States. Instead of being an exporter of energy, we became a consumer of Russian oil.” The truth is that the US was importing a significant quantity of oil and petroleum products from Russia under Trump: over 137 million barrels in 2018, then 189.8 million barrels in 2019 and 197.7 million barrels in 2020. Imports from Russia did increase again, to 245.2 million barrels, in 2021. Analysts have attributed part of the spike in energy imports from Russia since 2018 to the sanctions Trump imposed on Venezuelan oil in 2019, which left US refiners looking for an alternative supplier. Regardless of the cause, it’s just not true that “Putin didn’t matter” to the US energy supply before Biden took office or that the US “became a consumer of Russian oil” under Biden. What is true is that, under both Trump and Biden, imports from Russia made up a fraction of total US petroleum imports – about 8 percent in 2021, just about tied with Mexico for second place. The US reliance on foreign energy is in large part a reliance on close ally Canada, which provided 51 percent of US imports in 2021. ## Biden’s impact has been overstated Republicans have portrayed Biden as an all-powerful enemy of the US oil and gas industry. Trump claimed in a speech in late February that Biden “shut down American energy.” Florida Sen. Marco Rubio tweeted a Wednesday suggestion that Biden was stopping oil companies from increasing production, writing: “If Biden would let America get back to 2019 production we won’t need a single drop of oil from #Venezuela or #Iran or anyone else.” There is no doubt that Biden’s attitude toward the US oil and gas industry is less friendly than Trump’s was. But the truth is that Biden isn’t stopping US energy companies from increasing production and certainly never “shut down” US energy production. “President Biden hasn’t done anything yet – no offense – because he can’t get anything passed through the Congress,” Jaffe said in an interview. Rather, US oil companies themselves have been reluctant to dramatically ramp up production. While the oil lobby has cast blame on Biden policies, experts cite various other reasons – including supply chain problems, challenges finding workers, and, critically, the current insistence from Wall Street that energy companies restrain spending and return cash to investors. “Oil and gas companies do not want to drill more,” Pavel Molchanov, an analyst at Raymond James, told CNN Business for an article in early March, before Biden announced the Russia ban. “They are under pressure from the financial community to pay more dividends, to do more share buybacks instead of the proverbial ‘drill baby drill,’ which is the way they would have done things 10 years ago. Corporate strategy has fundamentally changed.” Krane, the energy studies fellow from Rice University, concurred in an interview after Biden announced the ban. “It’s not a lack of leasing that’s holding back US crude. It’s Wall Street,” he said. “The federal government is like a third-tier player in the US oil market. Market signals themselves are the main driver of energy production and decision-making in the US.” Even still, US field production of crude oil in 2021, about 11.2 million barrels per day, was only slightly lower than US production under Trump in 2020, when it was about 11.3 million barrels per day – and 2021 production was higher than production in 2017 and 2018, Trump’s first two years in office, though well below the record 12.3 million barrels per day in 2019. Numerous Republicans have castigated Biden’s decision to revoke the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline, which would have carried crude oil from Canada’s oil sands to the US. But the long-delayed pipeline would almost certainly not have been ready this year even if Biden had allowed construction to proceed. The federal Energy Information Administration projected this month that US crude oil production will hit 12 million barrels per day again in 2022, then set a new record of 13 million barrels per day in 2023. ## Moratorium put on hold Biden has called for a shift away from fossil fuel production and toward renewable energy sources, and he has put forward policies toward that end. Those policies have included an attempted temporary moratorium on new leases for oil and gas drilling on public lands and offshore waters. But the Biden moratorium wouldn’t have stopped drilling on existing leases. A judge put the Biden moratorium on hold in June. And the moratorium was intended to be in place only until the completion of a review by Biden’s interior department – which ended up recommending an increase to leasing fees but not a long-term halt to new leasing. As CNN’s Ella Nilsen reported last week, the Biden administration approved more drilling permits in its first year than the Trump administration approved in 2017, 2018 and 2019, though fewer than it approved in 2020. Since late February of this year, there has been a pause on the issuance of new leases and permits on federal territory. That pause, however, was prompted by a judge’s injunction in a lawsuit filed by Republican state attorneys general. In addition, it’s important to note that more than three-quarters of US drilling occurs on non-federal territory. ## Up next ![\\"\\"](\\" rtrmadp-3-israel-palestinians-lebanon-copy.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") $100 oil could be the October surprise no one wanted Oct 3, 2024 5 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" A three-headed economic monster lurches into the presidential campaign Oct 3, 2024 3 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" rtrmadp-3-israel-palestinians-lebanon.JPG?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") 5 things to know for Oct. 3: Middle East tensions, January 6 case, Power outages, Childhood vaccines, Bank of America Oct 3, 2024 5 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" New DHS report warns of ongoing ‘heightened threat environment’ ahead of presidential election Oct 2, 2024 3 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" Jan. 6 thrust back into the spotlight in final election days Oct 4, 2024 9 minute read ## Most read Less than 10 days after Helene made landfall, Florida braces for another hurricane, potentially a Category 3 Trump returns to Butler for rally at site of assassination attempt ‘Here we go again’: Milton expected to become a major hurricane as Floridians are still reeling from Helene Howard Schultz violated labor law by telling employee ‘if you’re not happy at Starbucks, you can go work for another company’ Harris weighs more breaks with Biden as he keeps injecting himself into the campaign Historic Biltmore Estate suffers ‘extensive’ damage in some places after Helene thrashes North Carolina Former New York Gov. David Paterson and stepson attacked near their home Two hikers encountered a rattlesnake. Then they fell in love US security officials warn of potential threats surrounding October 7th anniversary Harris tries to secure labor support amid signs of weakening ## More from CNN ![\\"\\"](\\" rtrmadp-3-israel-palestinians-lebanon-copy.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") $100 oil could be the October surprise no one wanted Oct 3, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" A three-headed economic monster lurches into the presidential campaign Oct 3, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" rtrmadp-3-israel-palestinians-lebanon.JPG?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") 5 things to know for Oct. 3: Middle East tensions, January 6 case, Power outages, ... Oct 3, 2024 Ad Feedback ## News & buzz ![\\"\\"](\\" outlook-sat-active-zoom-no-banner.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Less than 10 days after Helene made landfall, Florida braces for another hurricane, ... Oct 6, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump returns to Butler for rally at site of assassination attempt Oct 5, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" ‘Here we go again’: Milton expected to become a major hurricane as Floridians are ... 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We were energy independent one year ago | 3,163 | Subscribe To Newsletters BETA This is a BETA experience. opt-out here BusinessEnergy # U.S. Energy Independence Soars To Highest Level In Over 70 Years ByRobert RapierSenior Contributor Robert Rapier is a chemical engineer covering the energy sector. Following May 02, 2023, 06:00am EDT Save ArticleComment ![\\"Donald](\\" images/imageserve/645032011475e09de3ad4710/Donald-Trump-And-Joe-Biden- Participate-In-First-Presidential-Debate/960x0.jpg?format=jpg&width=1440\\") CLEVELAND, OHIO - SEPTEMBER 29: U.S. President Donald Trump and Democratic presidential nominee Joe ... [+] Biden participate in the first presidential debate at the Health Education Campus of Case Western Reserve University on September 29, 2020 in Cleveland, Ohio. (Photo by Win McNamee/Getty Images) Getty Images The topic of U.S. energy independence often sparks debate, with many believing that the country achieved this status under President Trump and lost it during President Biden\'s tenure. I have addressed these beliefs previously using data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA). However, recent data from the EIA provides a clearer picture of the situation in 2022. Before delving into the topic of energy independence, it\'s important to establish a common definition. There are two ways to think about energy independence. One definition is that we produce more energy than we consume. Based on that definition, even if we import some energy, the fact that we produce more than enough to satisfy our needs would mean the U.S. is energy independent. PROMOTED If we produce more than we need, why would we import energy? There are a couple of reasons. One is that the type of energy we import (e.g., crude oil) is a better fit for our energy systems than the energy we produce ourselves. For example, U.S. refineries are well-suited to process heavy, sour crude oils. But the oil produced from the shale oil boom is primarily lighter and sweeter. Thus, U.S. oil producers can export this oil, while refiners can import the heavy, sour crude that they prefer. The second reason is that we may simply import crude oil to process it and export the finished products. In that scenario, we aren’t importing oil because we need it, but rather because it is financially lucrative to do so. Read More: Iran Missile Strike On Israel Sparks Fears In Global Oil Markets This definition of energy independence — producing more than we consume — will be the definition I use here. But another definition of energy independence is simply that we don’t import energy at all. I don’t find this definition very useful, because we began importing crude oil before 1950, and we have imported it every year since. Under this definition, the U.S. hasn’t been energy independent in at least 75 years. Thus, when someone says, “President Trump made us energy independent”, they are definitely not talking about this definition. During President Trump’s term, the U.S. imported an average of 9.3 million barrels per day (bpd) of crude oil and finished products per day. However, if we consider the first definition, in 2019 the U.S. produced more energy than we consumed for the first time since at least the 1940s. It had been a steady march since 2005, when net U.S. energy imports hit a record high. But the shale boom unleashed huge amounts of domestic oil and gas, and by 2012 U.S. net imports had fallen to half the 2005 level. By the time President Trump took office in 2017, U.S. net energy imports had fallen 75% from the 2005 level. In 2019, net energy imports turned negative, meaning the U.S. had become energy independent. So, while it is technically correct to say that the U.S. became energy independent while President Trump was in office, the reason was the shale boom that had begun in earnest in 2005. Net U.S. exports grew from 0.61 quadrillion British thermal unit (Btus) — or “quads” — in 2019 to 3.48 quads in 2020. In 2021, President Biden’s first year in office, net exports increased slightly more to 3.62 quads. Last month the EIA released data showing energy production and consumption numbers for all of 2022. You can see all the data here. In 2022, U.S. net energy exports grew to 5.94 quads, which is the highest number on record. Total U.S. energy production was also the highest on record. Overall, the U.S. produced 2.5% more energy in 2022 than we consumed. By comparison, in 2005 the U.S. consumed 44% more energy than we produced. In conclusion, 2022 marked the highest level of US energy independence since before 1950. This milestone was achieved through a combination of factors, including the shale boom which led to a steady decline in net energy imports, rather than being solely attributed to any specific presidential administration. MORE FROMFORBES ADVISOR ### Best High-Yield Savings Accounts Of 2024 By Kevin Payne Contributor ### Best 5% Interest Savings Accounts of 2024 By Cassidy Horton Contributor Follow me on Twitter or LinkedIn. Check out my website or some of my other work. Editorial StandardsForbes Accolades ## Join The Conversation Comments One Community. Many Voices. Create a free account to share your thoughts. Read our community guidelines here. See All Comments ## More From Energy See All Energy © 2024 Forbes Media LLC. 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Yes Not now * Full Episodes * Podcasts * Newsletters * Live ![\\"Day](\\" ELECTION-REPUBLICANS-CONVENTION-1024x683.jpg\\") By — PolitiFact staff PolitiFact staff Leave your feedback Share * Copy URL * Email * Facebook * Twitter * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Tumblr Share on Facebook Share on Twitter # Fact-checking Trump’s RNC speech Politics Jul 19, 2024 8:50 AM EDT This fact check originally appeared on PolitiFact. MILWAUKEE — Former President Donald Trump closed the Republican National Convention by accepting the presidential nomination and offering a speech that began somber and turned combative. WATCH: Donald Trump speaks at 2024 Republican National Convention First, he recounted surviving an assassination attempt five days earlier in Butler, Pennsylvania. “You’ll never hear it from me again a second time because it’s too painful to tell,” Trump told a hushed audience. “I stand before you in this arena only by the grace of Almighty God.” When Trump said, “I’m not supposed to be here tonight,” the audience chanted, “Yes you are. Yes you are.” Onstage, Trump kissed the firefighter’s uniform of Corey Comperatore, whom Trump’s would-be assassin killed. After about 20 minutes, Trump’s speech shifted. He countered Democrats’ claims that he endangers democracy, praised the federal judge who dismissed the classified documents case against him and called the legal charges “partisan witch hunts.” Though he criticized the policies of his opponent, Democratic President Joe Biden, Trump said he’d avoid naming him. Trump occasionally offered conciliatory notes, but more often repeated questionable assertions we’ve repeatedly fact-checked. Here are some. ## Immigration ### Immigrants are “coming from prisons, they’re coming from jails, they’re coming from mental institutions and insane asylums.” False. When Trump said earlier this year that Biden is letting in “millions” of immigrants from jails and mental institutions we rated it Pants on Fire. Immigration officials arrested about 103,700 noncitizens with criminal convictions (whether in the U.S. or abroad) from fiscal years 2021 to 2024, federal data shows. That accounts for people stopped at and between ports of entry. Not everyone was let in. The term “noncitizens” includes people who may have legal immigration status in the U.S., but are not U.S. citizens. The data reflects the people that the federal government knows about but it’s inexhaustive. Immigration experts said despite those data limitations, there is no evidence to support Trump’s statement. Many people in Latin American countries face barriers to mental health treatment, so if patients are coming to the U.S., they are probably coming from their homes, not psychiatric hospitals. ### “Caracas, Venezuela, really dangerous place, but not anymore. Because in Venezuela, crime is down 72 percent” False. Although Venezuelan government data is unreliable, some data from independent organizations shows that violent deaths have recently decreased, but not by 72 percent. From 2022 to 2023, violent deaths dropped by 25 percent, according to the independent Venezuelan Observatory of Violence. Criminologists attribute this decline to Venezuela’s poor economy and the government’s extrajudicial killings. They said there is no evidence that Venezuela’s government is emptying its prisons and sending criminals to the United States. ### El Salvador murders are down 70 percent “because they’re sending their murderers to the United States of America.” False. There has been a significant drop in crime in El Salvador, but it is not because the country is sending prisoners to the U.S. According to data from El Salvador’s National Police, in 2023, the country reported a 70 percent drop in homicides compared with 2022, as Trump noted. But it’s been well reported — by the country’s government, international organizations and news organizations — that El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele has aggressively cracked down on crime. There is no evidence that Bukele’s effort involves sending prisoners to the U.S. El Salvador has been under a state of emergency, because of gang violence and high crime rates, since March 2022. On July 10, the Legislative Assembly voted to extend its use. The order suspends “a range of constitutional rights, including the rights to freedom of association and assembly, to privacy in communications, and to be informed of the reason for arrest, as well as the requirement that anyone be taken before a judge within 72 hours,” according a Human Rights Watch report. The state of emergency has led multiple international human rights groups and governments, including the U.S., to condemn human rights abuses in El Salvador such as arbitrary killings, forced disappearances and torture. Trump claims Bukele is “sending all of his criminals, his drug dealers, his people that are in jails. He’s sending them all to the United States.” But El Salvador’s prison population has drastically increased in recent years, according to InSight Crime, a think tank focused on crime and security in the Americas. In 2020, El Salvador’s prison population stood at around 37,000. In 2023, it was more than 105,000 — around 1.7 percent of the country’s population, InSight Crime said. ### “Behind me and to the right was a large screen that was displaying a chart of border crossings under my leadership, the numbers were absolutely amazing.” As he recounted the story of his attempted assassination, Trump mentioned a chart of illegal border crossings from fiscal year 2012 to 2024. We fact- checked the false and misleading annotations on the chart. For example, a red arrow on the chart claims to show when “Trump leaves office. Lowest illegal immigration in recorded history.” But the arrow points to a decline in immigration encounters at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, when migration overall significantly dropped as nations imposed lockdowns. Trump left office nine months later, when illegal immigration encounters were on the rise. Later in the RNC speech, Trump said, “Under my presidency, we had the most secure border.” That’s Mostly False. Illegal immigration during Trump’s administration was higher than it was during both of former President Barack Obama’s terms. Illegal immigration between ports of entry at the U.S. southern border dropped in 2017, Trump’s first year in office, compared with previous years. But illegal immigration began to rise after that. It dropped again when the COVID-19 pandemic started and immigration decreased drastically worldwide. In the months before Trump left office, as some pandemic travel restrictions eased, illegal immigration was rising again. A spike in migrants, especially unaccompanied minors, started in spring 2020 during the Trump administration and generally continued to climb each month. It’s difficult to compare pre-COVID-19 data with data since, because of changes in data reporting. But, accounting for challenges in data comparisons, a PolitiFact review found an increase of 300 percent in illegal immigration from Trump’s first full month in office, February 2017, to his last full month, December 2020. ### The jobs that are created under Biden, “107 percent of those jobs are taken by illegal aliens.” Mostly False. This Republican talking point paints the Biden years as being better for foreign-born workers than native-born Americans. But it is wrong. Since Biden took office in early 2021, the number of foreign-born Americans who are employed has risen by about 5.6 million. But over the same period, the number of native-born Americans employed has increased by almost 7.4 million. The unemployment rate for native-born workers under Biden is comparable to what it was during the final two prepandemic years of Trump’s presidency. ## Assassination attempt ### Trump: “There’s an interesting statistic, the ears are the bloodiest part. If something happens with the ears, they bleed more than any other part of the body.” Mostly True. Trump said that in reference to the injury he sustained to the top of his right ear during the assassination attempt at his July 13 rally. Although the ears do bleed heavily, PolitiFact could not identify statistical evidence that they are the “bloodiest part” of the body. READ MORE: Trump’s campaign has given no official info about his medical care following assassination attempt The ear gets most of its blood from a branch of the external carotid artery. An injury to an artery is prone to heavier bleeding, according to a study published in the European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. But other parts of the upper body might bleed more from an external injury, doctors said. “The scalp is perhaps the most ‘bloody’ part of the body if injured or cut,” Céline Gounder, a physician, senior fellow at KFF and editor-at-large for public health at KFF Health News, told PolitiFact in an email. “But, in general, the head/neck is the ‘bloodiest’ part of the body. The ear is part of that.” “An injury similar to what Trump sustained to the ear would bleed less if inflicted on a part of the body below the neck,” Gounder added. ## Economy ### During my presidency, we had “the best economy in the history of our country, in the history of the world … We had no inflation, soaring incomes.” False. One of the strongest ways to assess the economy is the unemployment rate, which fell during Trump’s presidency to levels untouched in five decades. But his successor, Joe Biden, matched or exceeded those levels. READ MORE: U.S. continuing jobless claims rise for 9th straight week, though unemployment stays historically low Another measure, the annual increases in gross domestic product, were broadly similar under Trump to what they were during the final six years under his predecessor, Barack Obama. And GDP growth under Trump was well below that of previous presidents. Wage growth increased under Trump, but to say they soared is an exaggeration. Adjusted for inflation, wages began rising during the Obama years and kept increasing under Trump. But these were modest compared with the 2 percent a year increase seen in the 1960s. Another metric — the growth rate in personal consumption per person, adjusted for inflation — wasn’t higher under Trump than previous presidents. For many families, this statistic serves an economic activity bottom line, determining how much they can spend on food, clothing, housing, health care and travel. In Trump’s three years in office through January 2020, real consumption per person grew by 2 percent a year. Of the 30 nonoverlapping three-year periods from 1929 to the end of his presidency, Trump’s periods ranked in the bottom third. As for inflation being zero, that’s also wrong. It was low, ranging from 1.8 percent to 2.4 percent increases year over year in 2017, 2018 and 2019. This is roughly the range the Federal Reserve likes to see. During the coronavirus pandemic-dominated year of 2020, inflation fell to 1.2 percent, because demand plummeted as entertainment and travel collapsed. ### “Our current administration, groceries are up 57 percent, gasoline is up 60 percent and 70 percent, mortgage rates have quadrupled.” Mostly False. There is an element of truth, because prices have risen for all of these. But Trump exaggerated the percentages. The price of groceries has risen by 21.5 percent in the more than three and a half years since Biden was inaugurated in January 2021. Gasoline prices are up 55 percent over the same period. Mortgage rates haven’t quadrupled. But they have more than doubled, because of Federal Reserve rate increases to curb inflation. The average 30-year fixed- mortgage rate mortgage was 2.73 percent in January 2021, but 6.89 percent in July 2024. ## Crime ### “Our crime rate is going up.” Mostly False He’s wrong on violent crimes, but has a point for some property crimes. Federal data shows the overall number of violent crimes, including homicide, has declined during Joe Biden’s presidency. Property crimes have risen, mostly because of motor vehicle thefts. The FBI data shows the overall violent crime rate — which includes homicide, rape, robbery and aggravated assault per 100,000 population — fell by 1.6 percent from 2021 to 2022, the most recent year with full-year FBI data. Private-sector analyses show continued crime declines. For instance, the Council on Criminal Justice, a nonpartisan think tank, samples reports from law enforcement agencies in several dozen cities to gauge crime data more quickly than the FBI. The council’s data shows the declining violent crime trends continued into 2023. Property crime has increased under Biden, although three of the four main categories the FBI tracks — larceny, burglary and arson — were at or below their prepandemic level by 2022. The main exception has been motor vehicle theft, which rose 4 percent from 2020 to 2021 and 10.4 percent from 2021 to 2022. ## Taxes, Social Security and Medicare ### The Biden administration is “the only administration that said we’re going to raise your taxes by four times what you’re paying now.” False. Biden is proposing a tax increase of roughly 7 percent over the next decade, not 300 percent, as Trump claims. About 83 percent of the proposed Biden tax increase would be borne by the top 1 percent of taxpayers, a level that starts at just under $1 million a year in income. WATCH: Biden announces tax plan at campaign event in Scranton, PA Taxpayers earning up to $60,400 would see their yearly taxes decline on average, and taxpayers between $60,400 and $107,300 would see an annual increase of $20 on average. ### The IRS hired “88,000 agents” to go after Americans. Mostly False. The figure, which has been cited as 87,000 in past statements, is related to hires the IRS approved in 2022 that included information technology and taxpayer services, not just enforcement staff. Many of those hires would go toward holding staff numbers steady in the face of a history of budget cuts at the IRS and a wave of projected retirements. The U.S. Treasury Department previously said that people and small businesses who make less than $400,000 per year would see no change, while audits of corporations and high-net-worth people would rise. House Republicans passed a bill in 2023 to rescind the funding for the hires. Passage by the Democratic Senate majority is unlikely. President Joe Biden has vowed to veto the bill if it reaches his desk. ### “Democrats are going to destroy Social Security and Medicare, because all of these people, by the millions, they’re coming in. They’re going to be on Social Security and Medicare and other things, and you’re not able to afford it. They are destroying your Social Security and your Medicare.” False. Most immigrants in the U.S. illegally are ineligible for Social Security. Some people who entered the U.S. illegally and were granted humanitarian parole — a temporary permission to stay in the country — for more than one year, may be eligible for Social Security for up to seven years, the Congressional Research Service said. Immigrants in the U.S. illegally also are generally ineligible to enroll in federally funded health care coverage such as Medicare and Medicaid. (Some states provide Medicaid coverage under state-funded programs regardless of immigration status. Immigrants are eligible for emergency Medicaid regardless of status.) It’s also wrong to say that immigration will destroy Social Security. The program’s fiscal challenges stem from a shortage of workers compared with beneficiaries. Immigrants who are legally qualified can receive Social Security retirement benefits only after they’ve worked and paid Social Security taxes for 10 years. So, for at least 10 years, these immigrants will be paying into the system before they draw any benefits. Immigration is far from a fiscal fix-all for Social Security’s challenges. But having more immigrants in the United States would increase the worker-to- beneficiary ratio, potentially for decades, thus extending the program’s solvency, economic experts say. ## Electric vehicles ### Trump: “They spent $9 billion on eight chargers.” False. The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, which Biden signed in November 2021, allocated $7.5 billion to electric vehicle charging. Trump exaggerated the program and charger costs. The Federal Highway Administration told PolitiFact that as of this April, the infrastructure funding has created seven open charging stations with 29 spots for electric vehicles to charge. They were installed across five states — Hawaii, Maine, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania — the administration said in a statement. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said in a May CBS interview that the Biden administration’s goal is to install 500,000 EV chargers by 2030. “And the very first handful of chargers are now already being physically built. But again, that’s the absolute very, very beginning stages of the construction to come,” Buttigieg said. The cost for equipment and installation of high-speed EV chargers can range from $58,000 to $150,000 per charger, depending on wattage and other factors. The federally funded EV charging program started slowly. The Energy Department said initial state plans were approved in September 2022. Since April, federally funded charging stations have opened in Rhode Island, Utah and Vermont. ### “I will end the electric vehicle mandate on Day 1.” False. There is no electric vehicle mandate to begin with. The Biden administration has set a goal — not a mandate — to have electric vehicles comprise half of all new vehicle sales by 2030. Later in his speech, Trump said: “I am all for electric. … But if somebody wants to buy a gas-powered car… or a hybrid, they are going to be able to do it. And we’re going to make that change on Day 1. ” The Biden administration has introduced new regulations on gas-powered cars but those policies do not ban gas-powered cars. They can continue to be sold, even after 2030. ## Energy ### “Under the Trump administration, just three and a half years ago, we were energy independent.” Half True. There are various definitions of “energy independence,” but during Trump’s presidency, the U.S. became a net energy exporter and began producing more energy than it consumed. Both milestones hadn’t been achieved in decades. However, that achievement built on more than a decade of improvements in shale oil and gas production, along with renewable energies. The U.S. also did not achieve net exporter status for crude oil, which produces the type of energy that voters hold politicians most accountable for: gasoline. Even during a period of greater energy independence, the U.S. energy supply is still sensitive to global developments, experts told PolitiFact in 2023. Because many U.S. refineries cannot process the type of crude oil produced in the U.S., they need to import a different type of oil from overseas to serve the domestic market. ## Election fraud claims ### “They used COVID to cheat.” Pants on Fire! During the pandemic, multiple states altered rules to ease mail-in voting for people concerned about contracting COVID-19 at indoor polling places. Changes included mailing ballots to all registered voters, removing excuse requirements to vote by mail and increasing the number of ballot drop boxes. State officials used legal methods to enact these changes, and the new rules applied to all voters, regardless of party affiliation. The 2020 election was certified by every state and confirmed by more than 60 court cases nationwide. ## Government ### During his presidency, we had “the biggest regulation cuts ever.” We tracked Trump’s progress on his campaign promise to “enact a temporary ban on new regulations” and rated that a Compromise. Near the end of Trump’s presidency, an expert told us that overall the amount of federal regulations was roughly unchanged since Trump took office. ## Foreign policy ### Russia’s war in Ukraine and Hamas’ attack on Israel “would have never happened if I were president.” This is unsubstantiated and ignores the complexities of global conflict. There’s no way to assess whether Russian President Vladimir Putin wouldn’t have invaded Ukraine in February 2022 if Trump were still president, or whether Hamas wouldn’t have attacked Israel in October 2023. Experts told PolitiFact that there’s a limit to how much influence U.S. presidents have over whether a foreign conflict erupts into war. “American presidents have scant control over foreign decisions about war and peace unless they show their willingness to commit American power,” said Richard Betts, a Columbia University professor emeritus of war and peace studies and of international and public affairs. During the Trump administration, there were no new major overseas wars or invasions. But during his presidency, there were still conflicts within Israel and between Russia and Ukraine. For example, Russia was intervening militarily in the Ukraine’s Donbas region throughout Trump’s administration. Trump also supported weakening NATO, reducing expectations among allies that the U.S. would intervene militarily if they were attacked. Although there’s no way to know how the war in Israel would have played out, experts said the prospect of the Abraham Accords — the peace effort between Israel and Arab nations led by the Trump administration — likely helped drive Hamas’ attack. “There’s no doubt in my mind that the prospect of the Abraham Accords being embraced by countries such as Saudi Arabia was one of the main causes of the Oct. 7 attack,” Ambassador Martin Kimani, the executive director of NYU’s Center on International Cooperation said. ### When the U.S. withdrew from Afghanistan, we “left behind $85 billion worth of military equipment.” False. This is an exaggeration. When the Taliban toppled Afghanistan’s civilian government in 2021, it inherited military hardware the U.S. gave it. But it did not amount to $85 billion. A 2022 independent inspector general report informed Congress that about $7 billion of U.S.-funded equipment remained in Afghanistan and in the Taliban’s hands. According to the report, “The U.S. military removed or destroyed nearly all major equipment used by U.S. troops in Afghanistan throughout the drawdown period in 2021.” We rated a similar claim False in 2021. ### When he was president, “Iran was broke.” Half True. Iran’s foreign currency reserves fell from $128 billion in 2015 to $15 billion in 2019, a dramatic drop in absolute dollars. The decline is widely believed to be a consequence of the tightened U.S. sanctions under Trump, and although Iran’s foreign currency reserves have grown since then, it’s nowhere near pre-2019 levels. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis pegged Iran’s foreign currency reserves in 2024 around $36 billion. PolitiFact Chief Correspondent Louis Jacobson, Senior Correspondent Amy Sherman, Staff Writers Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu, Maria Briceño, Madison Czopek, Marta Campabadal Graus, Ranjan Jindal, Mia Penner, Samantha Putterman, Sara Swann, Loreben Tuquero, Maria Ramirez Uribe and Researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this story. Our convention fact-checks rely on both new and previously reported work. We link to past work whenever possible. In some cases, a fact-check rating may be different tonight than in past versions. In those cases, either details of what the candidate said, or how the candidate said it, differed enough that we evaluated it anew. ## More RNC 2024 coverage * Live updates: Trump to speak at RNC Night 4 * Live fact check: Night 4 of the Republican National Convention * WATCH: Sen. JD Vance’s full speech at 2024 Republican National Convention * Fact-checking VP nominee Vance’s speech to the RNC * WATCH: Trump tells private event that he got lucky, ‘God was with me’ during assassination attempt * WATCH: Where RNC delegates stand on immigration Left: Republican presidential nominee and former U.S. President Donald Trump gives his acceptance speech on Day 4 of the Republican National Convention (RNC), at the Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S., July 18, 2024. REUTERS/Elizabeth Frantz ## Related * 5 takeaways from Trump’s RNC speech By Bill Barrow, Michelle L. Price, Associated Press * WATCH: Trump describes assassination attempt in detail as he accepts Republican nomination By Steve Peoples, Jonathan J. Cooper, Jill Colvin, Associated Press * Trump’s convention downplays Jan. 6 and election fraud lies in departure from campaign rhetoric By Nicholas Riccardi, Associated Press * Rally shooter had photos of Trump, Biden and other U.S. leaders on his phone, sources say By Alanna Durkin Richer, Eric Tucker, Associated Press ## Go Deeper * donald trump news * fact checks * politifact * rnc 2024 * vote 2024 By — PolitiFact staff PolitiFact staff Support Provided By: Learn more ### Educate your inbox Subscribe to Here’s the Deal, our politics newsletter for analysis you won’t find anywhere else. Enter your email address Subscribe Thank you. Please check your inbox to confirm. Full Episode ![\\"\\"](\\" Saturday, Oct 5 * ![\\"American](\\" * ![\\"BNSF](\\" * ![\\"Consumer](\\" * ![\\"Corporation](\\" * ![\\"Raymond](\\" * ![\\"Friends](\\" ## Trending Now 1. Read Oct 05 WATCH LIVE: Trump returns to Pennsylvania rally shooting site to campaign with Vance and Musk 2. 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The only one that cares about my tax returns are the reporters | 3,164 | The Poynter Institute Menu Donate State Editions * California * Florida * Iowa * Michigan * New Hampshire * New York * North Carolina * Pennsylvania * Texas * West Virginia * Wisconsin Issues * All Issues * Online hoaxes * Coronavirus * Health Care * Immigration * Extremism * Taxes * Marijuana * Environment * Crime * Guns * Foreign Policy * LGBTQ+ People * Joe Biden * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump * Mitch McConnell * Hakeem Jeffries * Ron DeSantis Media * PunditFact * Tucker Carlson * Sean Hannity * Rachel Maddow * Bloggers * PolitiFact Videos Campaigns * 2024 Elections Truth-o-Meter * True * Mostly True * Half True * Mostly False * False * Pants on Fire Promises * Biden Promise Tracker * Trump-O-Meter * Obameter * Latest Promises About Us * Our Process * Our Staff * En Español * Who pays for PolitiFact? * Advertise with Us * Suggest a Fact-check * Corrections and Updates * Newsletters Donate #### Follow us The Facts Newsletter Sign up English Español ### Stand up for the facts! Our only agenda is to publish the truth so you can be an informed participant in democracy. We need your help. More Info ### I would like to contribute One Time Monthly Yearly Join Now ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on January 11, 2017 in a press conference: Americans don\'t \"care at all\" about Donald Trump\'s tax returns. ![\\"true\\"](\\" false/33efdb6633e5e2fdc2d4e2f63383a1e0.jpg.\\") ![\\"false\\"](\\" false.jpg\\") * National * Candidate Biography * Polls and Public Opinion * Donald Trump ![\\"Joshua](\\" By Joshua Gillin January 11, 2017 # Trump wrong that Americans don\'t care about his tax returns In his first press conference since July 2016, President-elect Donald Trump scolded reporters for asking about his tax returns, saying members of the media are the only ones who care about the records. Trump said on Jan. 11, 2017, that he had no financial ties or business deals with Russia. He then dismissed the concerns of a reporter who asked Trump whether he would be releasing his tax returns to prove it. \"I’m not releasing the tax returns because, as you know, they’re under audit,\" Trump said. The reporter pointed out that presidents have been releasing their returns since the 1970s. Trump interrupted her and said, \"Oh, gee, I never heard that.\" \"You know, the only one that cares about my tax returns are the reporters, okay? They’re the only ones,\" he said, saying he thought the American public isn’t concerned about it. \"I won; I mean, I became president. No, I don’t think they care at all. I don’t think they care at all. I think you care.\" Media outlets have called for Trump to release his returns throughout his campaign, and have increased calls since his election. Trump and his surrogates have offered myriad excuses as to why he won’t release any information. But are they the only people who care whether he does it? Polling data consistently shows that overall, a majority of Americans want to know what’s in Trump’s tax records. The vocal majority It’s been common practice for decades for presidential candidates to release their tax returns. Despite Trump’s argument that he isn’t releasing his because he’s being audited, the IRS has said he’s allowed to release them whether he’s under an audit or not (as Richard Nixon did). Tax returns show a lot of details about a president’s business dealings and financial background, much more than, say, campaign finance disclosures, which Trump has offered as an alternative. That explains the media interest, which Trump has attacked before. Trump’s transition team did not elaborate on his statement when we contacted them, but he is wrong to say that the public doesn’t care, by most polls. One such poll taken before Trump\'s news conference confirms most Americans said he should release the returns. #### Featured Fact-check ![](\\" black/4590875651af69b2c789ceab409664dd.jpg\\") ![](\\" black/72988380e8c8bd188dc360d11552e4a0.jpg\\") X posts stated on August 18, 2024 in X post Photo shows “pallets or containers of bricks have been found near locations designated for protests related to the Democratic National Convention” ![\\"true\\"](\\" false/33efdb6633e5e2fdc2d4e2f63383a1e0.jpg.\\") ![\\"false\\"](\\" false.jpg\\") By Caleb McCullough • August 20, 2024 Pew Research Center released a new poll Jan. 10, on the eve of Trump’s latest press conference, that re-examined how voters felt. The poll showed that close to two-thirds of Americans think the issue is important. The poll was conducted Jan. 4-9 among 1,502 adults with a margin of error of 2.9 percentage points for the total sample. Sixty percent of the people polled by Pew said Trump has a responsibility to publicly release his tax returns. The numbers do vary broadly depending on political affiliation, however — 38 percent of Republicans or those leaning Republican agree he has a responsibility, compared to 79 percent of Democrats or those leaning to the left. There was a lot more polling about this topic before the Nov. 8 election. The way the questions were framed varies from poll to poll, so it\'s difficult to compare the figures directly. But generally they illustrate that Americans think Trump\'s tax returns are a serious issue. A Quinnipiac University poll released Aug. 25, 2016, showed that 74 percent of all voters said Trump should release his tax returns publicly. That figure dipped only slightly among Republicans, 62 percent of whom said he should release them. A Monmouth University poll the same week said that 62 percent of Americans thought it was either somewhat or very important to them that presidential candidates release their tax returns. A Fox News poll released Sept. 7 showed that 60 percent of voters, including 36 percent of Republicans and 83 percent of Democrats, thought Trump was hiding something in his tax returns. On Sept. 21, an NBC/Wall Street Journal poll showed that 52 percent of voters were concerned about Trump not releasing his tax returns. The choice was among several options about voters’ areas of concern about both Trump and Clinton. \"Trump’s comments and language about women, immigrants and Muslims\" was the top concern with 69 percent, and \"Trump not having the right temperament to serve as commander in chief\" was second with 66 percent. \"Trump’s praise for Vladimir Putin\" also ranked as a higher concern, at 59 percent. One outlier was when Fox News asked voters in a poll conducted Sept. 27-29 whether \"the fact that Donald Trump hasn’t released his tax returns bother you, or is it no big deal?\" Forty-six percent of respondents answered \"bothers me,\" while 52 percent said it was \"no big deal.\" But even that tally shows about half of Americans were concerned that Trump hadn\'t released his tax returns. Our ruling Trump said Americans don\'t \"care at all\" about his tax returns. Several polls, including one released the day before his latest press conference, show that a sizable portion of the public does think Trump’s tax returns are an important issue. These polls word their questions differently, but most results showed a majority of Americans believed the issue was relevant, undermining Trump’s assertion that only the media wants to explore the issue. We rate Trump’s statement False. #### Read About Our Process The Principles of the Truth-O-Meter ### Our Sources Donald Trump, comments at press conference, Jan. 11, 2017 PunditFact, \"Most GOP nominees since 1970s have released their tax returns, Fox\'s Chris Wallace says,\" May 18, 2016 Quinnipiac University, \"Clinton Tops 50 Percent, Leads Trump By 10 Points, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Like Clinton More Than Trump — But Not Much,\" Aug. 25, 2016 Monmouth University, \"Clinton Holds Lead Amid Record High Dislike of Both Nominees,\" Aug. 29, 2016 Fox News, \"Fox News Poll: 60% Believe Trump Is Hiding Something in Tax Returns,\" Sept. 7, 2016 PolitiFact, \"Donald Trump says his financial disclosures more than make up for lack of releasing tax returns,\" Sept. 7, 2016 Washington Post, \"All the excuses Trump has given for why he won’t release his tax returns,\" Sept. 15, 2016 Washington Post, \"This number explains why Donald Trump probably won’t ever release his tax returns,\" Sept. 21, 2016 NBC News, \"Poll: Nearly 70 Percent Have Concerns About Trump\'s Controversial Comments,\" Sept. 21, 2016 Fox News, \"Fox News Poll: Clinton ahead of Trump after debate, fear motivating both sides,\" Sept. 30, 2016 PolitiFact, \"Factsheet: Donald Trump’s tax returns,\" Oct. 3, 2016 PolitiFact Virginia, \"Tim Kaine correctly notes Richard Nixon released tax returns despite audit,\" Oct. 5, 2016 Pew Research Center, \"Negative Views of Trump’s Transition, Amid Concerns About Conflicts, Tax Returns,\" Jan. 10, 2017 CNBC, \"Transcript of President-elect Trump\'s news conference,\" Jan. 11, 2017 ## Browse the Truth-O-Meter ### More by Joshua Gillin ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") FreedomJunkshun.com stated on November 6, 2017 in a headline: \"Supreme Court issues its first bench warrant ever.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Susan Areson • November 9, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") React365.com stated on November 7, 2017 in an Internet post: Says the University of Florida \"requests to cancel rivalry game\" against Florida State University. ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • November 7, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") YourNewsWire.com stated on November 5, 2017 in an Internet post: \"Texas Church shooter was Antifa and wanted to start (a) ‘communist revolution.’ \" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • November 6, 2017 ![](\\" ![](\\" Sebastian Gorka stated on November 1, 2017 in an appearance on \'Hannity\': Says Jake Tapper said Allahu Akbar was a \"beautiful phrase\" after a terrorist attack in New York. ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • November 2, 2017 ![](\\" ![](\\" Bloggers stated on October 6, 2017 in Internet posts: \"California Democrat Maxine Waters charged on 3 counts.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • November 2, 2017 ![](\\" ![](\\" Bloggers stated on October 29, 2017 in Internet posts: Says actor Morgan Freeman said, \"Jailing Hillary\" is the best way to \"restore public faith in government.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • November 1, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") FreedomJunkshun.com stated on October 28, 2017 in a headline: \"Hillary Clinton leaves the country as Mueller indictment is announced.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 31, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") FreedomJunkshun.com stated on October 27, 2017 in a headline: \"Breitbart leaks names of four Dems being charged in Mueller’s Russia probe.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 31, 2017 ![](\\" michaelmoore/d10e6fe97230119369c8f19eb11ae6a3.jpg\\") ![](\\" michaelmoore/24d3cd2ad61b2369eb03420edf082419.jpg\\") Michael Moore stated on October 4, 2017 in a Facebook post: \"People who die from a home invasion make up a sad but minuscule .04% of all gun murders in the U.S. And over a third of them are killed by their own gun that the criminal has either stolen or wrestled from them.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 25, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") React365.com stated on October 23, 2017 in a headline: \"Tulsa school closes after brutal fire.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 23, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") AsAmericanAsApplePie.org stated on October 16, 2017 in a headline: \"Hillary (Clinton) caught on tape laughing about (Hurricane) Irma ‘wiping out all of those Florida hillbillies’.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 18, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") AsAmericanAsApplePie.org stated on October 15, 2017 in a headline: \"San Juan city council votes unanimously to impeach Trump-hating mayor.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 17, 2017 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on October 9, 2017 in Internet posts: A viral image shows LeBron James wearing a T-shirt that reads, \"We march, y’all mad. We sit down, y’all mad. We speak up, y’all mad. We die, y’all silent.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Joshua Gillin • October 12, 2017 ![](\\" ![](\\" Bloggers stated on October 9, 2017 in a headline: \"President Trump signs executive order stripping NFL of ‘non-profit’ status.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 10, 2017 ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/98605b4996e42408507987c4affd735f.jpg\\") ![](\\" mugs-mug- independentgroup__________________3/d34069b2fffce57ddf492536b7c1e859.jpg\\") AsAmericanAsApplePie.org stated on October 8, 2017 in a headline: \"Jason Aldean gig canceled after he sells out to liberals on ‘SNL’.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Joshua Gillin • October 10, 2017 ### Trump wrong that Americans don\'t care about his tax returns * ![](\\" ![](\\" Sam Brown stated on August 28, 2024 in a campaign appearance: Proposed Nevada constitutional amendment to protect abortion rights would put “essentially no limit on access to abortion.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Caleb McCullough • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jon Tester stated on September 8, 2024 in a Facebook ad: Tim Sheehy “would let politicians like him ban abortion, with no exceptions for rape or to save a woman’s life, and criminalize women.” ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Louis Jacobson • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 8, 2024 in a Threads post: “Elon Musk is going to expose Bill Gates soon, says ‘he’s evil.’” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 6, 2024 in a Facebook post: “Gordon Ramsay calls Tim Walz a ‘woke creep,’ throws him out of Hell’s Kitchen.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 11, 2024 in una publicación en Facebook: \"ÚLTIMA HORA Río Nilo se pinta de rojo sangre\". ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Marta Campabadal Graus • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 7, 2024 in a Threads post: Photo shows Elton John wearing a “MAGA” jacket. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 11, 2024 in a photo: The Minnesota Vikings have denounced Tim Walz: “We don’t suppᴏrt his values.” ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 8, 2024 in Instagram posts: Immigrants get $2,000 each time they cross the border illegally. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Sofia Ahmed • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on August 30, 2024 in a Facebook post: Video shows tornadoes in Canada. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 8, 2024 in an Instagram post: Video shows a Ku Klux Klan member at a rally for former President Donald Trump. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 Load more ### Support independent fact-checking. 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Close Ad Feedback Close icon Politics SCOTUS Congress Facts First 2024 Elections More SCOTUS Congress Facts First 2024 Elections Watch Listen Live TV Subscribe Sign in My Account * Settings * Topics You Follow * Sign Out Your CNN account Sign in to your CNN account Sign in My Account * Settings * Topics You Follow * Sign Out Your CNN account Sign in to your CNN account Live TV Listen Watch Edition US International Arabic Español Edition * US * International * Arabic * Español SCOTUS Congress Facts First 2024 Elections Follow CNN Politics * * * * World * Africa * Americas * Asia * Australia * China * Europe * India * Middle East * United Kingdom * US Politics * SCOTUS * Congress * Facts First * 2024 Elections * Business * Tech * Media * Calculators * Videos * Markets * Pre-markets * After-Hours * Fear & Greed * Investing * Markets Now * Nightcap * Health * Life, But Better * Fitness * Food * Sleep * Mindfulness * Relationships * Entertainment * Movies * Television * Celebrity * Tech * Innovate * Foreseeable Future * Mission: Ahead * Work Transformed * Innovative Cities * Style * Arts * Design * Fashion * Architecture * Luxury * Beauty * Video * Travel * Destinations * Food & Drink * Stay * News * Videos * Sports * Football * Tennis * Golf * Motorsport * US Sports * Olympics * Climbing * Esports * Hockey * Watch * Live TV * CNN Fast * Shows A-Z * CNN10 * CNN Max * CNN TV Schedules * Listen * CNN 5 Things * Chasing Life with Dr. Sanjay Gupta * The Assignment with Audie Cornish * One Thing * Tug of War * CNN Political Briefing * The Axe Files * All There Is with Anderson Cooper * All CNN Audio podcasts * Science * Space * Life * Unearthed * Climate * Solutions * Weather * Features * As Equals * Call to Earth * Freedom Project * Impact Your World * Inside Africa * CNN Heroes * Weather * Video * Climate * Ukraine-Russia War * Israel-Hamas War * About CNN * Photos * Investigations * CNN Profiles * CNN Leadership * CNN Newsletters * Work for CNN Ad Feedback # Trump says public doesn’t care ‘at all’ about his taxes ![\\"David](\\" wright.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_270,w_480,c_fill/c_thumb,g_face,w_100,h_100\\") By David Wright, CNN 2 minute read Updated 12:32 PM EST, Wed January 11, 2017 Link Copied! Video Ad Feedback Trump: People don\'t care about my tax returns 00:47 \- Source: CNN ### Story highlights Trump has refused to release his tax returns since declaring his presidential candidacy Trump was asked if he would release his taxes to prove that he doesn\'t have ties to Russia CNN — President-elect Donald Trump insisted at a news conference Wednesday that Americans “don’t care at all” about his unreleased tax returns. “I’m not releasing the tax returns because, as you know, they’re under audit,” he said at the event, his first since becoming President-elect. Trump’s comment are directly contradicted by most major public polls on the issue. A CNN poll from October found 86% of registered voters said they see paying taxes as every American’s civic duty. Ad Feedback Ad Feedback Trump has refused to release his tax returns since declaring his presidential candidacy, arguing that he can’t release the information because he is under audit – an excuse that tax lawyers have said should not prevent him from releasing those documents, even as Trump continues to insist it’s the recommendation of his personal counsel. “They’ve been under audit since the 1970’s,” a reporter began, but Trump interrupted. “Gee, I’ve never heard that. I’ve never heard that. You know, the only one that cares about my tax returns are the reporters, OK? They’re the only ones,” he said. LIVE Trump confirmation hearings and news conference “You don’t think the American public is concerned about it?” the reporter followed up. “No, I don’t think so. I won. And became president,” Trump said. “No, I don’t think they care at all. I don’t think they care at all. I think you care.” Trump was asked if he would release his tax returns to prove that he doesn’t have business and financial ties to Russia that could be used as leverage against him – a concerning prospect raised by a CNN report Tuesday that heads of the US intelligence community had briefed Trump on allegations that Russian agents had compiled compromising information on the new president. RELATED: 6 questions about Trump’s taxes and the political fallout ## Up next ![\\"\\"](\\" How Trump consolidated control over his party and right-wing media in a ‘cloud of confusion’ Oct 3, 2024 5 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" Jan. 6 thrust back into the spotlight in final election days Oct 4, 2024 9 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" Fact check: New Trump attack ad deceptively edits out key words from Harris and The New York Times Oct 4, 2024 4 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" election-trump.JPG?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Fact check: 12 election lies Trump is using to set the stage to dispute a potential 2024 defeat Sep 30, 2024 17 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" smith-donald-trump-082924-split.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Trump argues against disclosure of certain details in major Jack Smith brief laying out new evidence in election case Oct 2, 2024 3 minute read ## Most read Less than 10 days after Helene made landfall, Florida braces for another hurricane, potentially a Category 3 Trump returns to Butler for rally at site of assassination attempt ‘Here we go again’: Milton expected to become a major hurricane as Floridians are still reeling from Helene Howard Schultz violated labor law by telling employee ‘if you’re not happy at Starbucks, you can go work for another company’ Harris weighs more breaks with Biden as he keeps injecting himself into the campaign Historic Biltmore Estate suffers ‘extensive’ damage in some places after Helene thrashes North Carolina Former New York Gov. David Paterson and stepson attacked near their home Two hikers encountered a rattlesnake. Then they fell in love US security officials warn of potential threats surrounding October 7th anniversary Harris tries to secure labor support amid signs of weakening ## More from CNN ![\\"\\"](\\" How Trump consolidated control over his party and right-wing media in a ... Oct 3, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" Jan. 6 thrust back into the spotlight in final election days Oct 4, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" Fact check: New Trump attack ad deceptively edits out key words from Harris and The ... Oct 4, 2024 Ad Feedback ## News & buzz ![\\"\\"](\\" outlook-sat-active-zoom-no-banner.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Less than 10 days after Helene made landfall, Florida braces for another hurricane, ... Oct 6, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump returns to Butler for rally at site of assassination attempt Oct 5, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" ‘Here we go again’: Milton expected to become a major hurricane as Floridians are ... 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The only one that cares about my tax returns are the reporters | 3,164 | Accessibility links ** Keyboard shortcuts for audio player * Open Navigation Menu * ![\\"NPR](\\" * Newsletters * NPR Shop Close Navigation Menu * Home * News Expand/collapse submenu for News * National * World * Politics * Business * Health * Science * Climate * Race * Culture Expand/collapse submenu for Culture * Books * Movies * Television * Pop Culture * Food * Art & Design * Performing Arts * Life Kit * Gaming * Music Expand/collapse submenu for Music * Music Features * Tiny Desk * Live Sessions * Hip-Hop 50 * All Songs Considered * Podcasts & Shows Expand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows Daily * ![\\"\\"](\\" Morning Edition * ![\\"\\"](\\" Weekend Edition Saturday * ![\\"\\"](\\" Weekend Edition Sunday * ![\\"\\"](\\" All Things Considered * ![\\"\\"](\\" Fresh Air * ![\\"\\"](\\" Up First Featured * ![\\"\\"](\\" The NPR Politics Podcast * ![\\"\\"](\\" Throughline * ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump\'s Trials * ![\\"\\"](\\" Wild Card with Rachel Martin * More Podcasts & Shows * Search * Newsletters * NPR Shop * ![\\"NPR](\\" ![\\"NPR](\\" * Music Features * Tiny Desk * Live Sessions * Hip-Hop 50 * All Songs Considered * About NPR * Diversity * Support * Careers * Press * Ethics Kellyanne Conway Says President Donald Trump Will Not Release His Tax Returns : The Two-Way Kellyanne Conway also pushes back hard against claims that the administration misrepresented the size of the crowd at Friday\'s inauguration. ![\\"The](\\" aec8943f7fba654246d504d81ae2999f30b3106f-s1000-c100.png\\"/) ## The Two-Way ### America # Trump Aide Says He Won\'t Release Tax Returns, Claiming Most People Don\'t Care January 22, 20174:48 PM ET By Jim Zarroli ![\\"\\"](\\" Enlarge this image President Donald Trump speaks during a White House senior staff swearing in ceremony at the White House on Sunday Andrew Harnik/AP **hide caption** **toggle caption** Andrew Harnik/AP President Donald Trump speaks during a White House senior staff swearing in ceremony at the White House on Sunday Andrew Harnik/AP A top aide to President Donald Trump says he won\'t release his tax returns, insisting that voters aren\'t concerned about the issue. \"The White House response is he\'s not going to release his tax returns,\" said Trump\'s senior adviser, Kellyanne Conway, on ABC\'s \"This Week.\" \"We litigated this all through the election. People didn\'t care,\" Conway added. During another interview on NBC\'s \"Meet The Press\", Conway also repeatedly clashed with host Chuck Todd over estimates of crowd size at Friday\'s inauguration, saying the difference between media and administration officials amounted to \"alternative facts.\" \"You\'re saying it\'s a falsehood and Sean Spicer, our press secretary, gave alternative facts to that,\" she said. Sponsor Message Conway also pushed back hard against suggestions that Spicer had deliberately misrepresented crowd size, telling Todd, \"... if we\'re going to keep referring to our press secretary in those types of terms, I think that we\'re going to have to rethink our relationship here.\" (Conway\'s interview with Todd begins shortly after the 6:53 mark.) Conway\'s comments about the President\'s tax returns seem to represent a departure from Trump\'s earlier statements, which indicated that he would release his returns, if not for the fact that he was under audit by the Internal Revenue Service. In September, after then-vice presidential candidate Mike Pence released his own tax returns, Pence\'s spokesman noted, \"These returns are being released with the full support of Mr. Trump who plans to release his tax returns upon completion of a routine audit.\" During his Jan. 11th press conference, Trump said, \"I\'m not releasing the tax returns because, as you know, they\'re under audit.\" He added, \"You know, the only one that cares about my tax returns are the reporters, OK? They\'re the only ones...I won. I mean, I became president. No, I don\'t think they care at all. I don\'t think they care at all. I think you care.\" An ABC News/Wall Street Journal poll released earlier this month indicated that 74 percent of Americans want Trump to release his tax returns, including 49 percent of his own supporters. Sponsor Message In addition, about 217,000 people had signed an online petition calling for the returns to be released as of mid-afternoon Sunday. U.S. presidents are not required to release their tax returns, but they have regularly done so since the 1970s, as a gesture of transparency. Trump\'s refusal to do so has been widely criticized by critics who say his many domestic and foreign financial ties need to be scrutinized more carefully. ![\\"Mike](\\" dca45564a2e6d32c3cc0ccb1f246a8dbf6772174.jpg?s=100&c=15&f=jpeg\\"/) ### The Two-Way ### Mike Pence Releases His Tax Returns; Donald Trump Still Won\'t \"The president-elect did not release his tax returns. Every other candidate for president has released his tax returns, but he didn\'t want to. And he apparently won\'t, and we just have no idea where the financing is coming from for all these companies he owns all over the world, all these interests,\" said Richard Painter, ethics adviser to former President George W. Bush, during an interview on NPR\'s \"Fresh Air\" earlier this month. The Conway interview came one day after Trump excoriated the media over reports about how many people showed up to watch his swearing-in, saying journalists are \"among the most dishonest people on earth.\" During a visit to the CIA, Trump said as many as 1.5 million people showed up for the inauguration, and Spicer later added that it was \"the largest to ever witness an inauguration, period, both in person and around the globe.\" But aerial photographs indicate a much smaller crowd, and ridership on the Washington D.C. subway system was down from President Obama\'s second inauguration in 2013. While Trump himself had offered an estimate of crowd size, Conway said it wasn\'t possible to count the number of people attending, saying, \"I don\'t think you can prove those numbers one way or another. There\'s no way to quantify crowd numbers.\" That echoed comments made by Spicer himself, who said the National Park Service no longer gives official estimates of crowd size. However, he then went on to give detailed estimates of the crowd size. * President * trump * tax returns * press secretary * kellyanne conway * alternative facts * spicer * Facebook * Flipboard * Email ![\\"The](\\" aec8943f7fba654246d504d81ae2999f30b3106f-s1000-c100.png\\"/) ## The Two-Way ###### Read & Listen * Home * News * Culture * Music * Podcasts & Shows ###### Connect * Newsletters * Facebook * Instagram * Press * Public Editor * Corrections * Contact & Help ###### About NPR * Overview * Diversity * NPR Network * Accessibility * Ethics * Finances ###### Get Involved * Support Public Radio * Sponsor NPR * NPR Careers * NPR Shop * NPR Events * NPR Extra * Terms of Use * Privacy * Your Privacy Choices * Text Only Sponsor Message Become an NPR sponsor By clicking “Accept All Cookies” or continuing, you agree to the use of cookies, similar tracking and storage technologies, and information about your device to enhance your viewing, listening and user experience, personalize content, personalize messages from NPR’s sponsors, provide social media features, and analyze NPR’s traffic. 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The studies into Covid19 vaccines are too short to see if there are late effects There were narcolepsy cases after the swine flu vaccination and similarly this vaccine could put millions at risk | 3,167 | ## PARENTS PACK Secondary Go to CHOP.edu * Contact Us ## PARENTS PACK Main navigation * Newsletter * Personal Stories Toggle sub-navigation * Dr. Handy\'s Corner * Rash Information * Evaluating Information Toggle sub-navigation * Resources * Close Menu Personal Stories * Chickenpox * Hepatitis A * Human Papillomavirus (HPV) * Influenza * Measles * Meningococcus * Pneumococcus * Polio * Rotavirus * Rubella * Shingles * Whooping Cough ### Contact Us Have a question or comment about vaccines or the diseases they prevent? We want to hear from you. 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(3-part series): * \- Part 1: Skeptics & Mavericks * \- Part 2: Nobel-worthy Science * \- Part 3: Misinterpreted Science * \- Comments on other studies * Science tells a story * Science Tells a Story Written by Many Authors * Evaluating media reports * Evaluating Social Media * Resources # Feature Article: Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? What We Know. Post Feature Article: Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? What We Know. February 3, 2021 ## Breadcrumb * Home * Parents PACK * Parents PACK Newsletter * Parents PACK Newsletter Archive * Feature Article: Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? What We Know. Since COVID-19 vaccines are new, some people have asked about their effects on those who take them. Short-term side effects (i.e., those that happen in the days after a vaccine has been given) are readily apparent because of clinical trial reports and personal experiences, but people also wonder about possible long-term effects of these vaccines. To answer this question, scientists study the available evidence, and while the rules of science do not allow scientists to say that long-term effects can never happen, the evidence is strong that these vaccines will not cause long-term harm. ## The evidence ### Vaccine history The history of vaccines shows that severe effects following vaccination can occur. But when they do, these effects tend to happen within two months of vaccination: * Oral polio vaccine — About 1 in 2.4 million recipients of the oral polio vaccine, which is no longer used in the U.S., were paralyzed following vaccination when the vaccine virus reverted to “wild type” poliovirus. This happened when genetic changes to weaken the virus in the lab were lost during viral replication in the vaccine recipient. Paralysis occurred about seven to 30 days (one to four weeks) after vaccination. Because vaccine recipients “shed” the virus in their stools, on occasion, contacts of these people would be paralyzed when they were infected, and the genetic reversion occurred in them. This secondary event could happen up to 60 days (eight to nine weeks) after the first person was vaccinated (because it took time for the virus to spread to the next person). * Yellow fever vaccine — The yellow fever vaccine is not routinely recommended in the U.S., but it is required for travel to certain countries. Two delayed negative effects have been detected after receipt of this vaccine: * Nervous system involvement — This effect causes swelling of the brain or spinal cord. It occurred most often when infants younger than 6 months of age received this vaccine, which is why this group is not recommended to get the vaccine. It can also happen, albeit less frequently, in those older than 6 months of age who receive the vaccine. When this happens, the average time between receipt of the vaccine and symptom onset is two weeks, with the range up to three weeks. * Viscerotropic disease — This condition is characterized by multisystem organ failure. Yellow fever infection can also cause multisystem organ failure. This adverse event happened so infrequently that it was not described until the early 2000s. In this situation, vaccine virus replicates and spreads throughout the body; onset occurs less than one week after vaccination, most often, occurring about three days after receipt of the vaccine. * Influenza vaccine — Two severe adverse events associated with influenza vaccine are also instructive: * A 1976 swine influenza vaccine was identified as a rare cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), an ascending paralysis that can involve the muscles of breathing. Subsequent studies have found flu vaccines to be a cause of GBS in about 1 person per 1 million doses of vaccine. In contrast, influenza infection, which is also a cause of GBS, causes this condition in about 17 people per 1 million infections — 17 times more frequently than following vaccination. Almost all cases following vaccination occurred in the eight weeks after receipt of the vaccine. * In 2009, during the H1N1 pandemic, one influenza vaccine used in Europe was found to cause narcolepsy in about 1 in 55,000 vaccine recipients. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive fatigue and periods of sleep throughout the day. Despite various influenza vaccines used during the pandemic, only one caused this issue, which was believed to have resulted from a confluence of conditions presented by that vaccine compared with all other vaccines used. The average onset of symptoms occurred within seven weeks of vaccination. * MMR vaccine — About 1 of 30,000 recipients of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine can experience a temporary decrease in platelets; a condition called thrombocytopenia. Platelets are the cells responsible for clotting of blood. Both measles and mumps infections can cause thrombocytopenia. This condition is most often found between one and three weeks after vaccination, but in a few cases, it occurred up to eight weeks after vaccination. These experiences demonstrate two important findings. First, when these events occurred, the onset was within eight weeks of receipt of the vaccine. Second, in all of these cases, except narcolepsy following H1N1 vaccine, the side effect of the vaccine was something that could be caused by the infection, meaning that getting infected with the virus also carried a risk of experiencing these outcomes. In the narcolepsy experience, the cause was determined to be related to the adjuvant used in that preparation of vaccine. Regardless, this history humbles vaccine scientists. They know that they hold people’s lives in their hands. As stated by Dr. Maurice Hilleman, perhaps the most prolific vaccine scientist in history, “I never breathe a sigh of relief until the first few million doses are out there,” (Personal communication, Paul Offit, 2004). For this reason, scientists and public health officials carefully analyze and continually monitor the data related to every vaccine before, during and after it becomes available. ### COVID-19 vaccines Even with this history in mind, some reasonably wonder about the COVID-19 vaccines because they have not previously been approved for use in people. Now that millions of doses have been administered, we have learned about a few rare but severe side effects. They all occur shortly after vaccination: * Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) — TTS is a condition in which a person experiences blood clotting as well as low platelet count, called thrombocytopenia. The clots can occur in vessels in various organs or in the legs. TTS occurs in about 1-2 of every 1 million people who receive an adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine, like the J&J/Janssen vaccine. TTS develops up to three weeks after getting vaccinated. While anyone between 18 and 64 years of age can experience this side effect, it occurs most commonly among women between 30 and 49 years of age. * Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) — GBS is a condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, meaning the nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord, but which are located throughout the rest of the body. GBS has been found to occur in about 1 of every 100,000 people who receive an adenovirus-based vaccine (e.g., J&J/Janssen). It typically occurs during the first three weeks after getting vaccinated. The condition has most often been identified in males between 50 and 64 years of age, but it can occur in females and those 65 years and older on occasion. * Myocarditis — Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart. About 1 of every 50,000 mRNA-vaccine recipients experience this condition, but it is most likely in adults 29 years and younger, and more often occurs in males. This condition typically occurs within four days of vaccination. It is more likely after receipt of the second dose but can occur following any dose. In each of these cases, the side effect occurred within a few days up to a few weeks of vaccination, but all occurred well before two months after vaccination. Likewise, COVID-19 infection also causes myocarditis and GBS and is associated with a variety of blood clotting issues, and the risk of experiencing them is greater following infection than following vaccination. Some still wonder what might happen months or years after receipt of these vaccines, but we can also be reassured by what we know about how these vaccines are processed: ### mRNA vaccine * Although COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are new, this type of vaccine has been studied in people before. mRNA vaccines against HIV, rabies, Zika and flu have been tested in phase 1 and phase 2 trials in people. The technology has also been used in clinical trials as a way to treat some cancers. Even though these products have not been licensed for use in people, the reasons have not related to safety. In fact, these efforts allowed us to accumulate important preliminary information about mRNA technology and its safety, which was useful when considering it for COVID-19 vaccines. * mRNA is made and used in protein production in all cells of our bodies every day. As such, cells have mechanisms in place to ensure that no protein is made in quantities greater than needed. One way this happens is that mRNA has a “poly(A) tail.” In the cytoplasm, this tail ensures mRNA decay. As the mRNA is used to make proteins in the cell, the length of the poly(A) tail decreases, until it is too short for the mRNA to continue being used as a protein blueprint. Once this happens, the mRNA breaks down and is removed as cellular debris. This process limits how long mRNA remains in the cytoplasm — and, therefore, how much protein is produced.As such, poly(A) tails ensure that the cell breaks down the vaccine mRNA in a timely manner. Likewise, this understanding allows scientists to design vaccine-delivered mRNA in a way that ensures it does not stay in the cell longer than needed to generate immunity. ### Adenovirus-based vaccine * Although COVID-19 adenovirus vaccines are new, this type of vaccine has been studied in people before, and another adenovirus-based vaccine was approved for use in Europe in those 1 year of age and older starting in the summer of 2020. That vaccine is one of two doses of an Ebola vaccine, and it uses the same type of adenovirus as the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. * Adenovirus-based vaccines deliver DNA to the nucleus of the cell, which is used to make mRNA that serves as a blueprint for making the protein. DNA is more stable and lasts longer than mRNA, which is evidenced by strengthening of the immune response for one to two months after vaccination. However, studies of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine have shown that if people get a second dose six weeks after the first dose, they have lower immune responses than if they get the second dose 12 weeks after the first dose. Because the second dose generates memory responses, it is better to administer after the primary immune response is fully developed. As such, the improved responses after 12 weeks instead of six weeks suggests that the vaccine is done being processed between six and 12 weeks after a dose is given. * This timing agrees with studies in mice, which suggested that protein was no longer being produced three weeks after inoculation, but that specialized cells of the immune system, called antigen-presenting cells, containing pieces of protein from the antigen, could be found in lymph nodes for about four to six weeks after inoculation. Because of the knowledge gained with other vaccines, the FDA required companies making COVID-19 vaccines to follow trial participants for a minimum of eight weeks before they could submit their data for approval. Likewise, the participants in the vaccine trials continue to be followed even though the vaccines have been approved for use. ## The misinformation While concerns about long-term effects of vaccines are legitimate, it is important to be aware that the organized anti-vaccine industry has targeted this issue as a way to sow doubt and confusion about COVID-19 vaccines. According to the Center for Countering Digital Hate, professional anti-vaccine activists organized a meeting in the fall of 2020 to create messaging that would decrease acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines once available. These organized efforts aim to move people to extreme positions about vaccines — that is to say, from having legitimate questions about vaccines to becoming “anti- vaccine,” refusing all vaccines and believing conspiracy theories and false narratives. In some cases, individuals in these groups do not believe the science, and in other cases, they are seeking to profit from this hesitancy by encouraging the use of other products to “protect” against COVID-19. With this in mind, we recommend carefully vetting sources of information, and the statements they are making, to ensure that you are getting answers from reliable sources. Find out more about evaluating information and recognizing false narratives using these tools: * Evaluating information: What you should know * Logical fallacies and vaccines: What you should know * Dissecting social media: What you should know * Website evaluation criteria Watch this short video of Dr. Offit discussing, \"What Are the Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? Download a PDF version of this article: English | Spanish. Last updated: March 9, 2022 Since COVID-19 vaccines are new, some people have asked about their effects on those who take them. Short-term side effects (i.e., those that happen in the days after a vaccine has been given) are readily apparent because of clinical trial reports and personal experiences, but people also wonder about possible long-term effects of these vaccines. To answer this question, scientists study the available evidence, and while the rules of science do not allow scientists to say that long-term effects can never happen, the evidence is strong that these vaccines will not cause long-term harm. ## The evidence ### Vaccine history The history of vaccines shows that severe effects following vaccination can occur. But when they do, these effects tend to happen within two months of vaccination: * Oral polio vaccine — About 1 in 2.4 million recipients of the oral polio vaccine, which is no longer used in the U.S., were paralyzed following vaccination when the vaccine virus reverted to “wild type” poliovirus. This happened when genetic changes to weaken the virus in the lab were lost during viral replication in the vaccine recipient. Paralysis occurred about seven to 30 days (one to four weeks) after vaccination. Because vaccine recipients “shed” the virus in their stools, on occasion, contacts of these people would be paralyzed when they were infected, and the genetic reversion occurred in them. This secondary event could happen up to 60 days (eight to nine weeks) after the first person was vaccinated (because it took time for the virus to spread to the next person). * Yellow fever vaccine — The yellow fever vaccine is not routinely recommended in the U.S., but it is required for travel to certain countries. Two delayed negative effects have been detected after receipt of this vaccine: * Nervous system involvement — This effect causes swelling of the brain or spinal cord. It occurred most often when infants younger than 6 months of age received this vaccine, which is why this group is not recommended to get the vaccine. It can also happen, albeit less frequently, in those older than 6 months of age who receive the vaccine. When this happens, the average time between receipt of the vaccine and symptom onset is two weeks, with the range up to three weeks. * Viscerotropic disease — This condition is characterized by multisystem organ failure. Yellow fever infection can also cause multisystem organ failure. This adverse event happened so infrequently that it was not described until the early 2000s. In this situation, vaccine virus replicates and spreads throughout the body; onset occurs less than one week after vaccination, most often, occurring about three days after receipt of the vaccine. * Influenza vaccine — Two severe adverse events associated with influenza vaccine are also instructive: * A 1976 swine influenza vaccine was identified as a rare cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), an ascending paralysis that can involve the muscles of breathing. Subsequent studies have found flu vaccines to be a cause of GBS in about 1 person per 1 million doses of vaccine. In contrast, influenza infection, which is also a cause of GBS, causes this condition in about 17 people per 1 million infections — 17 times more frequently than following vaccination. Almost all cases following vaccination occurred in the eight weeks after receipt of the vaccine. * In 2009, during the H1N1 pandemic, one influenza vaccine used in Europe was found to cause narcolepsy in about 1 in 55,000 vaccine recipients. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive fatigue and periods of sleep throughout the day. Despite various influenza vaccines used during the pandemic, only one caused this issue, which was believed to have resulted from a confluence of conditions presented by that vaccine compared with all other vaccines used. The average onset of symptoms occurred within seven weeks of vaccination. * MMR vaccine — About 1 of 30,000 recipients of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine can experience a temporary decrease in platelets; a condition called thrombocytopenia. Platelets are the cells responsible for clotting of blood. Both measles and mumps infections can cause thrombocytopenia. This condition is most often found between one and three weeks after vaccination, but in a few cases, it occurred up to eight weeks after vaccination. These experiences demonstrate two important findings. First, when these events occurred, the onset was within eight weeks of receipt of the vaccine. Second, in all of these cases, except narcolepsy following H1N1 vaccine, the side effect of the vaccine was something that could be caused by the infection, meaning that getting infected with the virus also carried a risk of experiencing these outcomes. In the narcolepsy experience, the cause was determined to be related to the adjuvant used in that preparation of vaccine. Regardless, this history humbles vaccine scientists. They know that they hold people’s lives in their hands. As stated by Dr. Maurice Hilleman, perhaps the most prolific vaccine scientist in history, “I never breathe a sigh of relief until the first few million doses are out there,” (Personal communication, Paul Offit, 2004). For this reason, scientists and public health officials carefully analyze and continually monitor the data related to every vaccine before, during and after it becomes available. ### COVID-19 vaccines Even with this history in mind, some reasonably wonder about the COVID-19 vaccines because they have not previously been approved for use in people. Now that millions of doses have been administered, we have learned about a few rare but severe side effects. They all occur shortly after vaccination: * Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) — TTS is a condition in which a person experiences blood clotting as well as low platelet count, called thrombocytopenia. The clots can occur in vessels in various organs or in the legs. TTS occurs in about 1-2 of every 1 million people who receive an adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine, like the J&J/Janssen vaccine. TTS develops up to three weeks after getting vaccinated. While anyone between 18 and 64 years of age can experience this side effect, it occurs most commonly among women between 30 and 49 years of age. * Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) — GBS is a condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, meaning the nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord, but which are located throughout the rest of the body. GBS has been found to occur in about 1 of every 100,000 people who receive an adenovirus-based vaccine (e.g., J&J/Janssen). It typically occurs during the first three weeks after getting vaccinated. The condition has most often been identified in males between 50 and 64 years of age, but it can occur in females and those 65 years and older on occasion. * Myocarditis — Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart. About 1 of every 50,000 mRNA-vaccine recipients experience this condition, but it is most likely in adults 29 years and younger, and more often occurs in males. This condition typically occurs within four days of vaccination. It is more likely after receipt of the second dose but can occur following any dose. In each of these cases, the side effect occurred within a few days up to a few weeks of vaccination, but all occurred well before two months after vaccination. Likewise, COVID-19 infection also causes myocarditis and GBS and is associated with a variety of blood clotting issues, and the risk of experiencing them is greater following infection than following vaccination. Some still wonder what might happen months or years after receipt of these vaccines, but we can also be reassured by what we know about how these vaccines are processed: ### mRNA vaccine * Although COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are new, this type of vaccine has been studied in people before. mRNA vaccines against HIV, rabies, Zika and flu have been tested in phase 1 and phase 2 trials in people. The technology has also been used in clinical trials as a way to treat some cancers. Even though these products have not been licensed for use in people, the reasons have not related to safety. In fact, these efforts allowed us to accumulate important preliminary information about mRNA technology and its safety, which was useful when considering it for COVID-19 vaccines. * mRNA is made and used in protein production in all cells of our bodies every day. As such, cells have mechanisms in place to ensure that no protein is made in quantities greater than needed. One way this happens is that mRNA has a “poly(A) tail.” In the cytoplasm, this tail ensures mRNA decay. As the mRNA is used to make proteins in the cell, the length of the poly(A) tail decreases, until it is too short for the mRNA to continue being used as a protein blueprint. Once this happens, the mRNA breaks down and is removed as cellular debris. This process limits how long mRNA remains in the cytoplasm — and, therefore, how much protein is produced.As such, poly(A) tails ensure that the cell breaks down the vaccine mRNA in a timely manner. Likewise, this understanding allows scientists to design vaccine-delivered mRNA in a way that ensures it does not stay in the cell longer than needed to generate immunity. ### Adenovirus-based vaccine * Although COVID-19 adenovirus vaccines are new, this type of vaccine has been studied in people before, and another adenovirus-based vaccine was approved for use in Europe in those 1 year of age and older starting in the summer of 2020. That vaccine is one of two doses of an Ebola vaccine, and it uses the same type of adenovirus as the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. * Adenovirus-based vaccines deliver DNA to the nucleus of the cell, which is used to make mRNA that serves as a blueprint for making the protein. DNA is more stable and lasts longer than mRNA, which is evidenced by strengthening of the immune response for one to two months after vaccination. However, studies of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine have shown that if people get a second dose six weeks after the first dose, they have lower immune responses than if they get the second dose 12 weeks after the first dose. Because the second dose generates memory responses, it is better to administer after the primary immune response is fully developed. As such, the improved responses after 12 weeks instead of six weeks suggests that the vaccine is done being processed between six and 12 weeks after a dose is given. * This timing agrees with studies in mice, which suggested that protein was no longer being produced three weeks after inoculation, but that specialized cells of the immune system, called antigen-presenting cells, containing pieces of protein from the antigen, could be found in lymph nodes for about four to six weeks after inoculation. Because of the knowledge gained with other vaccines, the FDA required companies making COVID-19 vaccines to follow trial participants for a minimum of eight weeks before they could submit their data for approval. Likewise, the participants in the vaccine trials continue to be followed even though the vaccines have been approved for use. ## The misinformation While concerns about long-term effects of vaccines are legitimate, it is important to be aware that the organized anti-vaccine industry has targeted this issue as a way to sow doubt and confusion about COVID-19 vaccines. According to the Center for Countering Digital Hate, professional anti-vaccine activists organized a meeting in the fall of 2020 to create messaging that would decrease acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines once available. These organized efforts aim to move people to extreme positions about vaccines — that is to say, from having legitimate questions about vaccines to becoming “anti- vaccine,” refusing all vaccines and believing conspiracy theories and false narratives. In some cases, individuals in these groups do not believe the science, and in other cases, they are seeking to profit from this hesitancy by encouraging the use of other products to “protect” against COVID-19. With this in mind, we recommend carefully vetting sources of information, and the statements they are making, to ensure that you are getting answers from reliable sources. Find out more about evaluating information and recognizing false narratives using these tools: * Evaluating information: What you should know * Logical fallacies and vaccines: What you should know * Dissecting social media: What you should know * Website evaluation criteria Watch this short video of Dr. Offit discussing, \"What Are the Long-term Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine? Download a PDF version of this article: English | Spanish. Last updated: March 9, 2022 Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy. You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family\'s personal health. You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. 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The studies into Covid19 vaccines are too short to see if there are late effects There were narcolepsy cases after the swine flu vaccination and similarly this vaccine could put millions at risk | 3,167 | Intended for healthcare professionals * Subscribe * My Account * My email alerts * BMA member login Login * Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? 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Research 2. Neurological and... 3. Neurological and autoimmune disorders after vaccination against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with a monovalent adjuvanted vaccine: population based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden CCBYNC Open access Research # Neurological and autoimmune disorders after vaccination against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with a monovalent adjuvanted vaccine: population based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden BMJ 2011; 343 doi: (Published 12 October 2011) Cite this as: BMJ 2011;343:d5956 * Article * Related content * Metrics * Responses * Peer review * ![\\"Loading\\"](\\" 1. Carola Bardage, epidemiologist1, 2. Ingemar Persson, professor of pharmacoepidemiology and senior expert12, 3. Åke Örtqvist, county medical officer and associate professor34, 4. Ulf Bergman, professor of pharmacoepidemiology and clinical pharmacologist25, 5. Jonas F Ludvigsson, paediatrician and epidemiologist26, 6. Fredrik Granath, senior biostatistician2 Author affiliations 1. 1Medical Products Agency, PO Box 26, SE-751 03, Uppsala, Sweden 2. 2Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 3. 3Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Sweden 4. 4Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden 5. 5Regional Drug Safety Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 6. 6Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden 1. Correspondence to: C Bardage Carola.Bardage@mpa.se * Accepted 26 August 2011 ## Abstract Objective To examine the risk of neurological and autoimmune disorders of special interest in people vaccinated against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) with Pandemrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Middlesex, UK) compared with unvaccinated people over 8-10 months. Design Retrospective cohort study linking individualised data on pandemic vaccinations to an inpatient and specialist database on healthcare utilisation in Stockholm county for follow-up during and after the pandemic period. Setting Stockholm county, Sweden. Population All people registered in Stockholm county on 1 October 2009 and who had lived in this region since 1 January 1998; 1 024 019 were vaccinated against H1N1 and 921 005 remained unvaccinated. Main outcome measures Neurological and autoimmune diagnoses according to the European Medicines Agency strategy for monitoring of adverse events of special interest defined using ICD-10 codes for Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, polyneuropathy, anaesthesia or hypoaesthesia, paraesthesia, narcolepsy (added), and autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes; and short term mortality according to vaccination status. Results Excess risks among vaccinated compared with unvaccinated people were of low magnitude for Bell’s palsy (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.48) and paraesthesia (1.11, 1.00 to 1.23) after adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and healthcare utilisation. Risks for Guillain- Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis remained unchanged. The risks of paraesthesia and inflammatory bowel disease among those vaccinated in the early phase (within 45 days from 1 October 2009) of the vaccination campaign were significantly increased; the risk being increased within the first six weeks after vaccination. Those vaccinated in the early phase were at a slightly reduced risk of death than those who were unvaccinated (0.94, 0.91 to 0.98), whereas those vaccinated in the late phase had an overall reduced mortality (0.68, 0.64 to 0.71). These associations could be real or explained, partly or entirely, by residual confounding. Conclusions Results for the safety of Pandemrix over 8-10 months of follow-up were reassuring —notably, no change in the risk for Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis. Relative risks were significantly increased for Bell’s palsy, paraesthesia, and inflammatory bowel disease after vaccination, predominantly in the early phase of the vaccination campaign. Small numbers of children and adolescents with narcolepsy precluded any meaningful conclusions. ## Introduction In June 2009 the World Health Organization declared the new influenza of swine origin, A (H1N1), a pandemic.1 In September 2009 the European Medicines Agency authorised three vaccines2 through an expeditious procedure adapted for a pandemic situation. Owing to the need for large quantities of vaccine, WHO had encouraged the development of vaccines with adjuvants.3 Evidence from the development of H5N1 vaccines indicated that adjuvants could reduce the amount of antigen needed to provide an adequate immunological response and reinforce the ability to provide longlasting protection.4 5 Two of the A (H1N1) pandemic vaccines, Pandemrix (GlaxoSmithKline, Middlesex, UK) and Focetria (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), are based on novel adjuvants AS03 and MF59, containing squalene. One safety consideration is the suggested autoimmunostimulating potential of such adjuvants.6 7 Another is the increased risk of neurological adverse events, such as the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Previous studies have shown an increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome after influenza vaccination, with relative risks ranging from more than 7 in a study from 1957 to about 1.5 in studies from 1976 and 1992-4.8 9 10 Other neuroimmunological events such as Bell’s palsy have also been linked to previous vaccination against influenza.11 12 So far no formal studies have been published on adverse events in people undergoing H1N1 vaccination with any of the three vaccines used in the European Union. Available data are, with one exception,13 limited to case series or highly selected populations with short follow-up or no control group.14 15 16 Increased risks of narcolepsy in children and adolescents have been recently reported in epidemiological studies carried out by the Swedish Medical Products Agency and the Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare.17 18 19 A population based pandemic vaccination programme with Pandemrix was carried out from October 2009 to March 2010 in Sweden (population 9.3 million). The national overall coverage was about 60%. In the Stockholm population of some two million inhabitants, data on exposure to Pandemrix vaccination were linked through the personal identity number20 to data on inpatient and specialist care to ascertain outcomes of special interest according to the European Medicines Agency strategy for monitoring pandemic vaccines.21 Over a period of 8-10 months we examined the risk of neurological and autoimmune disorders of special interest in people vaccinated against pandemic H1N1 with Pandemrix compared with those who remained unvaccinated. ## Methods The study population consisted of all people (vaccinated and unvaccinated) registered in Stockholm county on 1 October 2009 and who had lived in the region since 1 January 1998 (to enable characterisation of cohorts from data tracked in the healthcare database before the pandemic period). The study population comprised 1.98 million people, of whom 52.6% (1 024 019) had been vaccinated. ### Exposure to Pandemrix Before the pandemic vaccination campaign a web based vaccination register, the Vaccinera, was established in Stockholm county. Vaccinated people were registered continually online. Data from Vaccinera included information on the dates for a first and second dose of vaccine, batch number, medical contraindications against vaccination (such as allergies and bleeding disorders), and chronic conditions defining high risk patients. Healthcare institutions that participated in the vaccination campaign were required to enter data in the Vaccinera register, which also allowed the county administration to follow vaccine coverage. To ensure that all vaccinations were registered in Vaccinera, reimbursements for vaccinations were processed only when a record was completed and submitted online. In Sweden, H1N1 vaccinations were initially (from the start of the campaign in mid-October 2009 and during the subsequent one and half months) targeted at healthcare workers and groups considered to be at high risk of complications from influenza—that is, children with multifunctional disorders; pregnant women; patients with chronic heart or lung disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver failure, chronic renal failure, or immunosuppression; people with extreme obesity (body mass index >40); and patients with neuromuscular disease affecting breathing capacity. Data on diagnoses from primary care and hospitals showed that an estimated 10% of the population had a chronic condition putting them at risk.22 We considered people who received at least one dose of vaccine. A potential effect of a second dose was not evaluated. ### Outcomes and definitions For the purposes of this study we defined the pandemic period as starting on 1 October 2009. The vaccination campaign with Pandemrix started in mid-October. We linked individualised data on vaccination to data on utilisation of inpatient and specialist healthcare in the common healthcare registers for Stockholm County Council (the GVR) from 1 January 1998 to 31 August 2010. This database contains information on all admissions to hospital and visits to specialist care in the county, such as dates, diagnoses (international classification of diseases), responsible medical departments, and length of hospital stay. Data in the healthcare database are continually transferred to the healthcare administration database, where a patient’s identity number is replaced by a code number.23 We used the same key for coding for the Vaccinera database to be able to link the two systems on an individual basis without revealing the patient’s identity. #### Neurological and autoimmune diagnoses We selected neurological and autoimmune diagnoses for follow-up in line with the European Medicines Agency strategy for monitoring the safety of pandemic vaccines,21 defined according to ICD-10 (international classification of diseases, 10th revision) codes for hospital admissions and visits to specialist care (see web extra appendix). Neurological outcomes of special interest included Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, polyneuropathy, anaesthesia or hypoaesthesia, paraesthesia, narcolepsy, and autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease), and type 1 diabetes. Entering diagnoses into the county healthcare database is part of the doctor’s routine diagnostic work and therefore depends on patients seeking healthcare. We did not actively search for adverse events during the study period. We examined the risk of narcolepsy in the subgroup of people born in 1990 or later, as case reports have suggested a link between the condition and H1N1 vaccination in that age group. Furthermore, we examined the association between H1N1 vaccination and insulin dependent diabetes in people born from 1990 onwards (onset at age ≤20 years) as a proxy for type 1 diabetes. #### Prevalent and incident disease Prevalent disease was defined as having the selected ICD-10 diagnosis (see web extra appendix) registered in the healthcare administration database from 1 January 1998 to 30 September 2009 (before the pandemic period). Incident disease was defined as having the selected ICD-10 diagnosis included for the first time from 1 October 2009 to 31 August 2010 (during or after the pandemic period for unvaccinated people and after a first vaccination for vaccinated people). #### Socioeconomic classification We used the Stockholm mosaic classification as a proxy for socioeconomic status.24 This classification is based on 11 exclusive categories of living conditions and economic situations—for example, being affluent and living in the inner Stockholm city or living in a small house in the suburbs or countryside. ### Statistical analyses All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS 9.2. We carried out analyses in two parts. Firstly, we analysed prevalent disease at the start of the follow-up as a predictor for the vaccination. Secondly, we analysed incident disease in relation to history of the vaccination. In all analyses of incident disease we excluded prevalent cases of the respective analysed disease. #### Disease history as a predictor for vaccination At the start of the study we used conditional logistic regression to analyse prevalent disease, with history of disease as the outcome and vaccination status as a predictor. We divided the vaccinated group into two categories of the vaccination campaign: the early phase, defined by vaccination within 45 days of the 1 October 2009, and the late phase, defined by vaccination after that period. The results are presented as prevalence odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals, with 0.05 considered as the level of statistical significance. We used conditioning to adjust estimates for sex, age (five year birth cohort), and socioeconomic status. #### Risk of subsequent neurological and autoimmune diseases We had no formal statistical analysis plan for the risk analyses, beyond the a priori chosen outcomes, choice of time scale, and use of Cox’s regression analysis to assess the overall effects of vaccination. The initial analyses comprised the overall association without adjustment for healthcare utilisation, where four of the selected outcomes showed a significant association with vaccination. Owing to the a priori knowledge that risk groups were prioritised for vaccination, we stratified the risk estimates for vaccination in both the early and the late phases of the campaign. We chose the cut-off point of 45 days to include the first month of the campaign in the early phase. After this stratification we found that the significant associations were confined to those vaccinated in the early phase. Because risk groups can be assumed to have easier access to hospital care, which we used for assessing the outcomes, we further adjusted the risk estimates for utilisation of healthcare. We chose calendar time from 1 October 2009 as the time scale and we considered vaccination as a time varying covariate. Calendar time was chosen as the time scale for analysis to control for potential seasonal effects in incidences of the outcomes under study. In a second model we conditioned further on the number of in-hospital admissions and visits to specialist care one year before vaccination. The results are presented as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals, with 0.05 considered as the level of statistical significance. We estimated the number of cases attributable to vaccination in the vaccinated group as the number of observed cases in the vaccinated group multiplied by 1−1/hazard ratio. We estimated the absolute excess risk among vaccinated people as the number of cases attributable to vaccination divided by the number of vaccinated people. The hazard ratios related to vaccination were stratified on time since vaccination and calendar time of vaccination. We used six weeks as a cut-off point for stratification according to time since vaccination. The early phase of the vaccination campaign was defined by vaccination within 45 days of 1 October 2009 and the late phase by vaccination after that period. The vaccinations started on 13 October (except for 10 people who had been vaccinated earlier); the cut-off point used includes the first 32 days of the vaccination campaign (43.6% of all vaccinated people) in the early phase. To investigate whether there was an acute effect of the vaccination (that is, non-proportional hazards on the time scale time since vaccination), we analysed estimates stratified according to both times (see table 4). We used likelihood ratio tests to determine the interactions between calendar time of vaccination and time since vaccination. #### Post hoc analyses In an attempt to further estimate the influence of underlying comorbidity on health outcomes in patients undergoing H1N1 vaccination, we also estimated short term mortality according to vaccination status. ## Results By 31 March 2010 virtually all vaccination activity had been completed, with a cumulative 1 024 019 people vaccinated (52.6% of the study population; figure⇓). In all, 222 388 people, of whom 66.4% received a second dose, were vaccinated between the ages of six months and 12 years. Those belonging to a high risk group were largely over-represented compared with the total population during the first six weeks of the campaign (mid-October to November 2009); 74% of all those vaccinated in the first week and 30% in the sixth week. In a second phase (from the beginning of December) the remainder of the population was offered vaccination.22 ![\\"Figure1\\"](\\" Cumulative numbers of people vaccinated against A (H1N1) influenza in Stockholm county, Sweden, October 2009 (week 42) to March 2010 (week 13) * Download figure * Open in new tab * Download powerpoint Table 1⇓ shows vaccine coverage by sex, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort. More women than men were vaccinated (55.9% v 49.3%). Children and middle aged and older people were more often vaccinated than younger adults. Vaccine coverage was greater in those of a higher socioeconomic status. Table 1 Numbers and percentage proportions of vaccine coverage by sex, socioeconomic status, birth cohorts, and healthcare utilisation one year before pandemic period, in Stockholm county, Sweden View this table: * View popup * View inline ### Prevalent disease at vaccination Neurological and autoimmune disorders were more prevalent in those vaccinated in the early phase of the campaign (first 45 days) than in the unvaccinated cohort (table 2⇓). No such differences were seen for those vaccinated in the late phase (>45 days) compared with the unvaccinated cohort, except for inflammatory bowel disease (prevalence odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.22). Those vaccinated in the late phase had a lower prevalence of Guillain-Barré syndrome (0.79, 0.67 to 0.95) and type 1 diabetes (0.77, 0.64 to 0.92, for those born in 1990 and later). This pattern of morbidity is consistent with the Swedish strategy to prioritise high risk groups in the early phase of the campaign. Table 2 Associations of defined prevalent diseases with vaccination status (vaccinated versus unvaccinated), in subcohorts vaccinated in early and late phases of H1N1 vaccination campaign in Stockholm county, Sweden View this table: * View popup * View inline ### Risk of selected, incident, neurological and autoimmune diseases Compared with the unvaccinated cohort the vaccinated cohort showed positive associations with Bell’s palsy (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.48) and paraesthesia (1.11, 1.00 to 1.23), after adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and utilisation of healthcare (table 3⇓). This corresponds to absolute excess risks in the vaccinated population of 8.4 cases per 100 000 vaccinated person years for Bell’s palsy (95% confidence interval 2.3 to 13.4) and 9.2 cases per 100 000 person years for paraesthesia (0 to 17.5). The small number of cases of narcolepsy observed among people aged 20 years and younger (six in the vaccinated cohort and two in the unvaccinated cohort) preclude any meaningful interpretation. Table 3 Risk of selected neurological and autoimmune diseases in vaccinated versus unvaccinated cohort and in subcohorts vaccinated in early and late phases of H1N1 vaccination campaign in Stockholm county, Sweden View this table: * View popup * View inline The risks of neurological and autoimmune diseases after vaccination were further examined in relation to the early and late phases of the vaccination campaign (table 4). In the analyses without adjustment for healthcare utilisation, the difference in risk between those vaccinated in the early and late phases was significant for paraesthesia, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, anaesthesia or hypoaesthesia, and Bell’s palsy. However, after adjustment for healthcare utilisation this difference between the two phases remained significant only for paraesthesia (P=0.003) and inflammatory bowel disease (P=0.04). Early vaccinations (≤45 days) were associated with a significantly increased risk for Bell’s palsy (hazard ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.64), paraesthesia (1.25, 1.10 to 1.41), and inflammatory bowel disease (1.25, 1.04 to 1.50; table 3) after adjustment for healthcare utilisation in addition to age, sex, and socioeconomic status. These risk estimates became lower after adjustment for healthcare utilisation before the pandemic period, reflecting outcomes in people within risk groups. In this subcohort the increased risk was not evident for Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis. In the subcohort of people vaccinated in the late phase of the campaign, none of the risk estimates was statistically significantly increased for the vaccinated cohort compared with unvaccinated cohort. In analyses stratified according to time since first vaccination (table 4⇓) the excess incidences of Bell’s palsy and paraesthesia were most pronounced among those vaccinated in the early phase (1.74, 1.16 to 2.59) and during the six weeks after vaccination (1.60, 1.25 to 2.05). These hazard ratios correspond to absolute excess risks of 30 (95% confidence interval 10 to 44) and 65 (1.5 to 89) cases per 100 000 vaccinated person years, respectively. Significant but smaller excess risks of Bell’s palsy and paraesthesia more than six weeks after vaccination were also observed among those vaccinated in the early phase. The excess risk of inflammatory bowel disease among those vaccinated in the early phase was only observed more than six weeks after vaccination. The overall absence of an excess risk for type 1 diabetes among people aged less than 20 years was consistent in both risk windows (within and more than six weeks from vaccination) and among people vaccinated in the early and late phases. However, formal tests to determine whether risks further differed between within and more than six weeks from vaccination were only statistically significant for paraesthesia (P=0.005). Table 4 Number and risk of neurological or autoimmune diseases among vaccinated cohort, stratified according to time since vaccination (≤6 weeks and >6 weeks) and vaccination in early and late phases of H1N1 vaccination campaign in Stockholm county, Sweden View this table: * View popup * View inline In a post hoc analysis of the risk of death (table 5⇓), those who were vaccinated in the early phase were at a slightly reduced risk of death compared with those who remained unvaccinated after adjustment for earlier healthcare utilisation in addition to age, sex, and socioeconomic status (hazard ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 0.98). In contrast, people undergoing vaccination more than 45 days after study entry had a lower overall mortality than those who remained unvaccinated, also after adjustment for previous healthcare utilisation in addition to age, sex, and socioeconomic status (0.68, 0.64 to 0.71). Table 5 Risk of death from any cause in vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals in subcohorts vaccinated in early and late phases of H1N1 vaccination campaign in Stockholm county, Sweden View this table: * View popup * View inline ## Discussion Among the more than one million people vaccinated with the squalene adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccine in Stockholm county (the only vaccine used in Sweden against pandemic H1N1), the risks of Bell’s palsy and paraesthesia were increased. Excess risks for Bell’s palsy, paraesthesia, and inflammatory bowel disease were, however, observed only among those vaccinated in the early phase of the vaccination campaign (≤45 days), when high risk groups predominated. In contrast, among people vaccinated after the first 45 days of the campaign, representing more closely the general population, we found no statistically significant associations between vaccination and autoimmune or neurological diseases. Change in the risks for Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis was not evident in any of the analyses. As to the risk of narcolepsy in adolescents and children, small numbers precluded any meaningful conclusions. People vaccinated in the first 45 days consistently more often had a previous diagnosis of neurological or autoimmune disease than those who remained unvaccinated. Earlier neurological and autoimmune disease was therefore a strong predictor for vaccination in the first 45 days—for example, those with type 1 diabetes were at a sixfold increased risk of being vaccinated early. Together with the high proportion reported to have a high risk condition according to the Vaccinera database, this suggests that the national recommendation to vaccinate high risk groups first was followed. Earlier comorbidity could explain some of the excess risks seen in those vaccinated early. Even if hazard ratios decreased for almost all outcomes (for example, Bell’s palsy from 1.49 to 1.34; inflammatory bowel disease from 1.43 to 1.25, and paraesthesia from 1.43 to 1.25) after adjustment for the number of hospital admissions and visits to specialist care, some residual confounding may still exist. These small excess risks may be partly or entirely explained by other factors that were not captured by a crude measure of healthcare utilisation. Nevertheless, if true, these hazard ratios would translate into low absolute risks. In contrast, those vaccinated in the later part of the campaign had a similar distribution of earlier neurological and autoimmune disease (with the exception of a small increase in previous inflammatory bowel disease) as unvaccinated people. Furthermore, those in this subcohort were at no statistically increased risk of any of our analysed outcomes, suggesting that in a general population vaccination with Pandemrix is unlikely to lead to an important effect on the risk for neurological or autoimmune diseases (not accounting for risk of narcolepsy). However, mortality, even after adjustment for previous healthcare utilisation in addition to age, sex, and socioeconomic status, was lower in this vaccinated subcohort than in the unvaccinated cohort. This may reflect a healthy selection of people for those vaccinated and that our risk estimates for neurological and autoimmune outcomes may be underestimates. ### Comparisons with previous studies and findings Most available data on the safety of A (H1N1) pandemic vaccines—with Pandemrix being the most commonly used vaccine in the European Union (estimated use in some 30 million)—are based on reports of spontaneous adverse drug events to national regulatory agencies. Such data have been generally reassuring during and after the pandemic period. However, an increased risk of narcolepsy in children and adolescents, with increased relative risks ranging from fourfold to ninefold, have been recently reported from authorities in Sweden and Finland,17 18 19 leading to regulatory action by the European drug regulatory body, the European Medicines Agency, in July 2011 to restrict the use of Pandemrix vaccinations.25 Regarding other outcomes, some pertinent conclusions can be drawn from published studies on the safety of influenza vaccinations in general. Although previous studies have produced conflicting results on an association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza vaccination,8 9 10 26 two larger studies reported no positive association.27 28 In our study we found no association between vaccination with an adjuvanted H1N1 vaccine and Guillain- Barré syndrome. Our findings are consistent with a Chinese study of a non- adjuvanted pandemic vaccine14 and add to that study because we were able to estimate hazard ratios and our study population was not restricted to previously healthy people. Although a large number of studies have examined the association between various types of vaccinations and type 1 diabetes,29 30 31 32 none has shown an association.33 To our knowledge no studies have been carried out on influenza vaccinations (for example, using squalene adjuvanted vaccines) and risk of type 1 diabetes. In our study we found no association between H1N1 vaccination and type 1 diabetes in the age group where most cases of the disease occur (those born in 1990 and later). The excess risk for paraesthesia may constitute a local symptom (for example, pain, redness, swelling, tingling) at the injection site from the H1N1 vaccination. The excess risk of paraesthesia was only of borderline significance (95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.23) and absent in patients undergoing vaccination in the late phase. We cannot explain the small increase in risk for Bell’s palsy seen in this study. Potential causes include viral infection and pregnancy, neither of which could be dealt with using the data in our analyses. The absolute risk of Bell’s palsy was low, 6.4 cases per 100 000 vaccinated population. ### Safety considerations of European Medicines Agency for adjuvanted pandemic A (H1N1) vaccines The pandemic vaccines were developed by using a prototype vaccine that contained the H5N1 antigen and an adjuvant—for Pandemrix, squalene combined with DL-α-tocopherol. This mock-up vaccine was recommended for approval in 2008 by the European Medicines Agency, based on data on efficacy (antibody response) and safety in some 5000 people aged 18-65 years. After approval of the final vaccine in September 2009, a trial was carried out in 300 children aged 3-12 years. Thus at the time of release on to the market in October 2009 the safety experience of Pandemrix was deemed to be limited. The European Medicines Agency encouraged a strategy for enhanced pharmacovigilance, implying stimulated reporting of spontaneous adverse drug reactions and the start of epidemiological studies. During and after the pandemic vaccination period in Sweden, reports on adverse drug reactions for Pandemrix were generally reassuring but produced a new signal for allergic reactions. In the autumn of 2010 an unexpectedly large number of reports on narcolepsy in adolescents and children was noted by the Medical Products Agency in Sweden (as in Finland).18 Subsequent epidemiological studies in Sweden and Finland reported several-fold increased risks of narcolepsy in children and adolescents.17 18 19 Our trial is the first data based study on an array of neurological and autoimmune safety outcomes for one of the pandemic vaccines used in the European Union. ### Strengths and limitations of the study Through the vaccination register (Vaccinera) our study covered all vaccinated people in Stockholm county. The unique personal identity number enabled us to ascertain data on earlier utilisation of healthcare as well as to adjust for sex, age, and socioeconomic status. We used ICD codes assigned by doctors to identify neurological and autoimmune diseases recorded in the Stockholm healthcare database. Our large number of study participants allowed for precise risk estimates for many of the outcomes. For instance, for a rare disease such as Guillain-Barré syndrome we could rule out a hazard ratio of 1.7 or greater (table 3). Through data on healthcare utilisation before the pandemic period we could also explain at least part of the excess risks seen in those vaccinated early against H1N1. Our study has some limitations that may have influenced our risk estimates. The neurological and autoimmune diseases studied were diagnosed and entered in the healthcare database as part of the clinical routine in the county and thus depended on patients seeking healthcare because of their greater availability for specialist care. We also lacked detailed data on covariates, with the possibility for residual confounding. For instance, the lower mortality in those vaccinated in the late phase was not explained through adjustment for earlier healthcare utilisation. If people in this subcohort are healthier than the general population our study may have underestimated the risk of adverse effects in those who were vaccinated. Two circumstances argue against our hazard ratios being underestimates. Firstly, neurological and autoimmune diseases were similar in people of this subcohort undergoing late vaccination and in the unvaccinated cohort. Secondly, as cardiovascular disease and cancer are by far the most common causes of death in Sweden, the lower mortality in those vaccinated should be sought in low levels of smoking or a low body mass index. However, neither smoking nor high body mass index is a major risk factor for neurological or autoimmune diseases, and therefore a skewed distribution of these characteristics is unlikely to hide a true association between H1N1 vaccination and our outcomes. Furthermore, high risk groups were over-represented in the early phase of the vaccination campaign (as shown by a higher prevalence at the start of follow- up for most of the selected outcome diagnoses). This implies that this subgroup is not obviously comparable with the unvaccinated subgroup, thus potentially leading to selection bias. Since we have access only to data on visits to specialist care and hospital admissions, surveillance bias is also a concern—namely, that vaccinated patients may have better access to specialist care than unvaccinated patients, especially those belonging to medical risk groups. To some extent we controlled for both selection bias and surveillance bias by adjustment for healthcare utilisation before the start of follow-up, which generally resulted in reduced risk estimates. Residual confounding is, however, still a possibility. Overall, 90% of the vaccinated people had a follow-up time ranging from 256 days to 315 days. For certain conditions requiring a long period of investigation or if an adverse effect of the vaccination is delayed, the follow-up time may be too short to reveal the full effect, which would result in an underestimation of the true effect. The influence of chance is a problem when evaluating multiple end points divided according to two temporal aspects. Furthermore, the power of our study to detect change of risk for rare outcomes such as narcolepsy was insufficient. ### Conclusions and implications Based on data from follow-up during 8-10 months among more than one million people vaccinated with Pandemrix and 900 000 unvaccinated people in the entire population of Stockholm county, we found mostly reassuring results, notably for Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Although we found small excess risks (ranging from 1.25 to 1.34) for some neurological and autoimmune diseases after vaccination, such as Bell’s palsy, paraesthesia, and inflammatory bowel disease, these were only seen in those among high risk groups targeted for early vaccination and who were likely to have earlier comorbidity, which could partly or entirely have explained the findings. As to the association between vaccination with Pandemrix and narcolepsy in adolescents and children, small numbers precluded meaningful results. #### What is already known on this topic * Studies are lacking on adverse events (except for narcolepsy) with any of the three vaccines used in the European Union against H1N1 during the pandemic period * Available data are limited to case series or highly selected populations with short follow-up or no control group #### What this study adds * Excess risks for Bell’s palsy, paraesthesia, and inflammatory bowel disease after H1N1 vaccination with adjuvanted Pandemrix in Sweden were small but significant among more than one million vaccinated, but only in high risk groups targeted for early vaccination and who were likely to have earlier comorbidity * The risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis remained unchanged * Small numbers of children and adolescents with narcolepsy precluded any meaningful conclusions ## Notes Cite this as: BMJ 2011;343:d5956 ## Footnotes * We thank Peter Rönnerfalk, chief medical officer, Stockholm County Council, for supporting this study, to be done within the county without external funding. * Contributors: CB, IP, ÅÖ, FG, and UB conceived and designed the study. FG analysed the data. All authors (CB, IP, ÅÖ, FG, JFL, and UB) interpreted the data, critically revised and prepared the manuscript, and gave final approval of the version to be published. CB is the guarantor. This manuscript represents the views of the authors, not necessarily those of the Swedish drug regulatory agency (Medical Products Agency) where two of the authors are employed (CB, IP) * Funding: Stockholm County Council and the Medical Products Agency. * Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. * Ethical approval: This study was approved by the regional ethics committee in Stockholm, Sweden (No 2010/773-31/1 and 2010/1772-32). * Data sharing: No additional data available. 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The Department for Work and Pensions wants to reduce the size of its estate by 20 but close 50 of Jobcentre Plus sites in Glasgow | 3,168 | __Menu ![\\"Return](\\"/static/img/ff-logo.a3c246edc83d.png\\"/) Donate * Fact checks ## Fact checks Our fact checking systematically raises standards in public debate and changes the behaviour of powerful actors * All fact checks * Latest * Health * Crime * Education * Climate * Tax * Cost of living * Politics Live * Campaigns ## Campaigns We’re campaigning to tackle bad information online, protect our elections and improve the quality of information in public debate * Campaigns * Follow: WhatsApp * Subscribe: Email * Read: Blog * Asks of the new government * Supporter interventions * Your MP * Policy ## Policy Our policy work aims to improve the information environment, in order to protect and encourage good public debate * Policy * Reports * Framework for information incidents * Research * The Full Fact Report * Letters & submissions * The Online Safety Act * Full Fact AI ## Full Fact AI Our technology and training work is designed to help everyone work faster and smarter * Full Fact AI * Full Fact Training * About Full Fact AI * About ## About Bad information ruins lives. We’re a team of independent fact checkers and campaigners who find, expose and counter the harm it does * Who we are * How we fact check * After we fact check * Our team * Contact us * Jobs * Funding * Independence * Impartiality * Feedback & corrections * FAQs * International networks * Search 1. The economy / 2. Debt and deficit # Jobcentre closures 7 December 2016 ##### What was claimed The Department for Work and Pensions wants to reduce the size of its estate by 20% but close 50% of Jobcentre Plus sites in Glasgow. ##### Our verdict Correct. > “The Department for Work and Pensions has plans to cut the estate by 20%. > What the DWP is planning to do to Glasgow is to cut it by 50%. Why is this > government planning to disproportionately cut vital Jobcentres in some of > the most deprived communities in our country?” > > Angus Robertson MP, 7 December 2016 The Department for Work and Pensions confirmed to us that reports of Jobcentre Plus closures in Glasgow are true. BBC Scotland reports that eight of the 16 Jobcentre Plus offices in Glasgow are to be closed. The DWP says that there should be no job losses, and that benefits claimants won’t have to travel for more than four miles or for longer than 40 minutes to an office. It’s also correct that, under plans announced in November 2016, the DWP is aiming to occupy “20% less estate” nationally. This comes on top of a 17% reduction in the last parliament, according to Civil Service World. The comparison isn’t quite exact: the 20% reduction in the DWP’s buildings could conceivably include back offices, not just Jobcentre Plus facilities. David Lidington, standing in for the Prime Minister, said that the important thing is “not the raw number of offices that there should be, but about how accessible the offices and the services which they provide continue to be for the people who need to use them”. * By Conor James McKinney * Share this: * Twitter * Facebook ## Was this helpful? Full Fact fights for good, reliable information in the media, online, and in politics. Support Full Fact today ### Related fact checks * Inaccurate comparison of benefit fraud and tax losses recirculates on social media * ‘Basic state pension’ is not set to increase by ‘£400 or more’ over the next year * No evidence the government plans to ‘means test’ the state pension * There aren’t 1.6 million asylum seekers claiming benefits in the UK * Will state pension increases offset the impact of Winter Fuel Payment changes? * Did you find this fact check useful? * Yes No ## Full Fact fights bad information Bad information ruins lives. It promotes hate, damages people’s health, and hurts democracy. You deserve better. Get the information you need * Who we are * Funding and independence * Our impartiality * Feedback and corrections * Media enquiries * Twitter * Facebook * Instagram ![\\"Return](\\"/static/img/ff-logo.a3c246edc83d.png\\"/) Full Fact, 17 Oval Way, London, SE11 5RR Full Fact is a registered charity (no. 1158683) and a non-profit company (no. 06975984) limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales. © Copyright 2010-2024 Full Fact. Thanks to Bytemark for donating our web hosting. Privacy, terms and conditions. Full Fact uses cookies to give you the best experience on our website. Find out more about cookies. Okay |
The Department for Work and Pensions wants to reduce the size of its estate by 20 but close 50 of Jobcentre Plus sites in Glasgow | 3,168 | Royal mail job opinions and salary : r/royalmail Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/royalmail A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to royalmail r/royalmail r/royalmail The unofficial Royal Mail subreddit. THIS IS NOT CUSTOMER SERVICE. ⬇️ For customer enquiries: Contact: +44-345-774-0740, or @RoyalMailHelp on Twitter. * * * 28K Members 11 Online • 1 yr. ago [deleted] ADMIN MOD # Royal mail job opinions and salary As someone coming from a stressful desk job, I\'m trying to find something more, routine and less mentally fatiguing. Delivering post sounds perfect, but wanted to check in and see what the thoughts/feelings are from anyone who actually does it full time. Is it an alright place to work? Do you have any regrets? Overall is it a livable wage? I see a lot of talk of having to do overtime and six day weeks, is that six days of eight hour shifts or slightly less? Thanks I\'m advance to anyone who cam chime in! Read more Top 4% Rank by size Public Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community ## Top Posts * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of October 13, 2023 * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of October 2023 * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of 2023 * * * TOPICS * Internet Culture (Viral) * Amazing * Animals & Pets * Cringe & Facepalm * Funny * Interesting * Memes * Oddly Satisfying * Reddit Meta * Wholesome & Heartwarming * Games * Action Games * Adventure Games * Esports * Gaming Consoles & Gear * Gaming News & Discussion * Mobile Games * Other Games * Role-Playing Games * Simulation Games * Sports & Racing Games * Strategy Games * Tabletop Games * Q&As * Q&As * Stories & Confessions * Technology * 3D Printing * Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning * Computers & Hardware * Consumer Electronics * DIY Electronics * Programming * Software & Apps * Streaming Services * Tech News & Discussion * Virtual & Augmented Reality * Pop Culture * Celebrities * Creators & Influencers * Generations & Nostalgia * Podcasts * Streamers * Tarot & Astrology * Movies & TV * Action Movies & Series * Animated Movies & Series * Comedy Movies & Series * Crime, Mystery, & Thriller Movies & Series * Documentary Movies & Series * Drama Movies & Series * Fantasy Movies & Series * Horror Movies & Series * Movie News & Discussion * Reality TV * Romance Movies & Series * Sci-Fi Movies & Series * Superhero Movies & Series * TV News & Discussion * RESOURCES * About Reddit * Advertise * Help * Blog * Careers * Press * Communities * Best of Reddit * Topics * Content Policy * Privacy Policy * User Agreement Reddit, Inc. © 2024. All rights reserved. close # Log In By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy. Forgot password? New to Reddit? Sign Up back # Enter the 6-digit code from your authenticator app You’ve set up two-factor authentication for this account. Lost access to your authenticator? Use a backup code back # Enter a 6-digit backup code You’ve set up two-factor authentication for this account. Don’t have access to your backup code? Use a code from an authenticator app close # Sign Up By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy. Already a redditor? Log In back # Create your username and password Reddit is anonymous, so your username is what you’ll go by here. Choose wisely—because once you get a name, you can’t change it. close # Sign Up By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy. Already a redditor? Log In back # Create your username and password Reddit is anonymous, so your username is what you’ll go by here. Choose wisely—because once you get a name, you can’t change it. close back # Reset your password Enter your email address or username and we’ll send you a link to reset your password Need help? close back # Check your inbox An email with a link to reset your password was sent to the email address associated with your account close # Choose a Reddit account to continue back close # Reset your password Resetting your password will log you out on all devices. |
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experience violence # Devastatingly pervasive: 1 in 3 women globally experience violence ## Younger women among those most at risk: WHO 9 March 2021 Joint News Release GENEVA | NEW YORK Reading time: 5 min (1248 words) العربية 中文 Français Русский Español Violence against women remains devastatingly pervasive and starts alarmingly young, shows new data from WHO and partners. Across their lifetime, 1 in 3 women, around 736 million, are subjected to physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence from a non-partner – a number that has remained largely unchanged over the past decade. This violence starts early: 1 in 4 young women (aged 15-24 years) who have been in a relationship will have already experienced violence by an intimate partner by the time they reach their mid-twenties. “Violence against women is endemic in every country and culture, causing harm to millions of women and their families, and has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. “But unlike COVID-19, violence against women cannot be stopped with a vaccine. We can only fight it with deep-rooted and sustained efforts – by governments, communities and individuals – to change harmful attitudes, improve access to opportunities and services for women and girls, and foster healthy and mutually respectful relationships.” Intimate partner violence is by far the most prevalent form of violence against women globally (affecting around 641 million). However, 6% of women globally report being sexually assaulted by someone other than their husband or partner. Given the high levels of stigma and under-reporting of sexual abuse, the true figure is likely to be significantly higher. ## Emergencies exacerbate violence, increasing vulnerability and risks This report presents data from the largest ever study of the prevalence of violence against women, conducted by WHO on behalf of a special working group of the United Nations. Based on data from 2000 to 2018, it updates previous estimates released in 2013. While the numbers reveal already alarmingly high rates of violence against women and girls, they do not reflect the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. WHO and partners warn that the COVID-19 pandemic has further increased women’s exposure to violence, as a result of measures such as lockdowns and disruptions to vital support services. “It’s deeply disturbing that this pervasive violence by men against women not only persists unchanged, but is at its worst for young women aged 15-24 who may also be young mothers. And that was the situation before the pandemic stay-at home orders. We know that the multiple impacts of COVID-19 have triggered a “shadow pandemic” of increased reported violence of all kinds against women and girls,” said UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo- Ngcuka. “Every government should be taking strong, proactive steps to address this, and involving women in doing so”, she added. Though many countries have seen increased reporting of intimate partner violence to helplines, police, health workers, teachers, and other service providers during lockdowns, the full impact of the pandemic on prevalence will only be established as surveys are resumed, the report notes. ## Inequities are a leading risk factor for violence against women Violence disproportionately affects women living in low- and lower-middle- income countries. An estimated 37% of women living in the poorest countries have experienced physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence in their life, with some of these countries having a prevalence as high as 1 in 2. The regions of Oceania, Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest prevalence rates of intimate partner violence among women aged 15-49, ranging from 33% - 51%. The lowest rates are found in Europe (16–23%), Central Asia (18%), Eastern Asia (20%) and South-Eastern Asia (21%). Younger women are at highest risk for recent violence. Among those who have been in a relationship, the highest rates (16%) of intimate partner violence in the past 12 months occurred among young women aged between 15 and 24. ## Violence against women must be prevented Violence – in all its forms – can have an impact on a woman’s health and well- being throughout the rest of her life – even long after the violence may have ended. It is associated with increased risk of injuries, depression, anxiety disorders, unplanned pregnancies, sexually-transmitted infections including HIV and many other health problems. It has impacts on society as a whole and comes with tremendous costs, impacting national budgets and overall development. Preventing violence requires addressing systemic economic and social inequalities, ensuring access to education and safe work, and changing discriminatory gender norms and institutions. Successful interventions also include strategies that ensure essential services are available and accessible to survivors, that support women’s organisations, challenge inequitable social norms, reform discriminatory laws and strengthen legal responses, among others. “To address violence against women, there’s an urgent need to reduce stigma around this issue, train health professionals to interview survivors with compassion, and dismantle the foundations of gender inequality,” said Dr Claudia Garcia-Moreno of WHO. “Interventions with adolescents and young people to foster gender equality and gender-equitable attitudes are also vital.” Countries should honour their commitments to increased and strong political will and leadership to tackle violence against women in all its forms, through: * Sound gender transformative policies, from policies around childcare to equal pay, and laws that support gender equality, * A strengthened health system response that ensures access to survivor-centred care and referral to other services as needed, * School and educational interventions to challenge discriminatory attitudes and beliefs, including comprehensive sexuality education, * Targeted investment in sustainable and effective evidence-based prevention strategies at local, national, regional and global levels, and * Strengthening data collection and investing in high quality surveys on violence against women and improving measurement of the different forms of violence experienced by women, including those who are most marginalized. *** Notes to editors: To access the report and related materials for media, please go to: ### About the report The report, _Global, regional and national estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women_ was developed by WHO and the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF- WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) for the United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Estimation and Data. The Working Group includes representatives from WHO, UN Women, UNICEF, UNFPA, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) to strengthen the measurement and monitoring and reporting of violence against women, including for the purposes of monitoring the related indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). National data collection on intimate partner violence has increased significantly since the previous 2010 estimates, although challenges remain with data quality and availability. Sexual violence, in particular, remains one of the most taboo and stigmatizing forms, and hence continues to be vastly underreported. Financial support for the analysis and report was provided by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office of the United Kingdom. ### Regional and Country data The report and database present regional data in the following categories: SDG regions, WHO regions, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) regions, UNFPA regions and UNICEF regions. Data is also presented for 161 countries and areas. Lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence among women aged 15-49 among the United Nations SDG regional and subregion classifications, the rates were as follows: * Least Developed Countries – 37% Subregions of: * Oceania – 51% Melanesia; 41% Micronesia; 39% Polynesia * Southern Asia - 35% * Sub-Saharan Africa - 33% * Northern Africa – 30% * Western Asia – 29% * Northern America – 25% * Australia and New Zealand – 23% * Latin American and the Caribbean – 25% * Northern Europe –23% * South-Eastern Asia – 21% * Western Europe – 21% * Eastern Asia – 20% * Eastern Europe – 20% * Central Asia – 18% * Southern Europe – 16% Media Contacts Carla Drysdale Communications Officer World Health Organization Telephone: +41 22 791 12 50 Mobile: +41 79 716 45 46 Email: cdrysdale@who.int Laura Keenan Communications officer World Health Organization Telephone: +41 79 500 65 64 Email: keenanl@who.int Maria Sanchez Aponte UN Women Telephone: +1 646 7814507 Email: maria.sanchez@unwomen.org Related Director-General\'s opening remarks at the media briefing on Violence Against Women Fact sheets Violence against women 25 March 2024 Feature stories To provide survivor-centred care, health workers in Pakistan learn to ask about gender-based violence with empathy 8 March 2021 * Regions * Africa * Americas * Eastern Mediterranean * Europe * South-East Asia * Western Pacific * Policies * Cybersecurity * Ethics * Information disclosure * Permissions and licensing * Preventing sexual exploitation * Terms of use * About us * Careers * Frequently asked questions * Library * Newsletters * Procurement * Publications * Contact us Report misconduct ![\\"Home\\"](\\"/ResourcePackages/WHO/assets/dist/images/logos/en/h-logo- white.svg\\"/) Privacy policy © 2024 WHO |
The number of violence against women has decreased alarmingly | 3,170 | Toggle navigation Welcome to the United Nations * العربية * 中文 * Nederlands * English * Français * Kreyòl * हिन्दी * Português * Русский * Español * Kiswahili * Türkçe * Українська ![\\"UN](\\" International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women25 November Toggle navigation * Home * Background * Stories * Messages * Resources * Videos * UN Observances ![\\"Slogan](\\" style-27-10/public/2023/11/english_-_x_cover_16_days_2023.png\\") Photo:UN Women ## UNiTE! Invest to Prevent Violence Against Women & Girls! #No Excuse Violence against women and girls remains one of the most prevalent and pervasive human rights violations in the world. Globally, an estimated 736 million women — almost one in three — have been subjected to physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual violence, or both, at least once in their life. This scourge has intensified in different settings, including the workplace and online spaces, and has been exacerbated by post-pandemic effects, conflicts, and climate change. The solution lies in robust responses, including investment in prevention. However, alarmingly, data on how much nations are committing to counteract violence against women and girls remains glaringly sparse. For instance, just 5% of government aid is focused on tackling violence against women and girls, and less than 0.2% is directed to its prevention. We need more investment in women’s organizations, better legislation, prosecution of perpetrators, more services for survivors, and training for law enforcement officials. ### Join our 16 days of activism The International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women will mark the launch of the UNiTE campaign (Nov 25- Dec 10) — an initiative of 16 days of activism concluding on the day that commemorates the International Human Rights Day (10 December). This 2023 campaign Invest to Prevent Violence against Women & Girls will call on citizens to show how much they care about ending violence against women and girls and call on governments worldwide to share how they are investing in gender-based violence prevention. Join the global movement with the #NoExcuse slogan calling for urgent investments to prevent violence against women and girls. Dig deeper into the campaign’s proposals –data, prevention, investments– and join the global movement with the #NoExcuse slogan to eliminate violence against women and girls. ![\\"UN](\\" activisim_static-10.jpg\\"/) ### UN Women’s action kit Be a voice for survivors and for associations and movements that fight for women\'s rights. We can all do something to empower survivors and prevent and reduce gender-based violence. Use UN Women\'s social media materials and become an activist. OFFICIAL CAMPAIGN WEBSITE ### Why we must eliminate violence against women Violence against women and girls (VAWG) remains largely unreported due to the impunity, silence, stigma and shame surrounding it. In general terms, it manifests itself in physical, sexual and psychological forms, encompassing: * intimate partner violence (battering, psychological abuse, marital rape, femicide); * sexual violence and harassment (rape, forced sexual acts, unwanted sexual advances, child sexual abuse, forced marriage, street harassment, stalking, cyber- harassment); * human trafficking (slavery, sexual exploitation); * female genital mutilation; and * child marriage. To further clarify, the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women issued by the UN General Assembly in 1993, defines violence against women as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.” The adverse psychological, sexual and reproductive health consequences of VAWG affect women at all stages of their life. For example, early-set educational disadvantages not only represent the primary obstacle to universal schooling and the right to education for girls; down the line they are also to blame for restricting access to higher education and even translate into limited opportunities for women in the labour market. While gender-based violence can happen to anyone, anywhere, some women and girls are particularly vulnerable - for instance, young girls and older women, women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, transgender or intersex, migrants and refugees, indigenous women and ethnic minorities, or women and girls living with HIV and disabilities, and those living through humanitarian crises. Violence against women continues to be an obstacle to achieving equality, development, peace as well as to the fulfillment of women and girls’ human rights. All in all, the promise of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - to leave no one behind - cannot be fulfilled without putting an end to violence against women and girls. ### Did you know? * More than five women or girls are killed every hour by someone in their own family. * Almost one in three women have been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their life. * 86% of women and girls live in countries without legal protections against gender-based violence. Source: More data from UN Women ### You are not alone ![\\"Illustration\\"](\\" Have you experienced abuse and need help? If you have felt threatened, unsafe or need assistance, please see the list of country help lines. ![\\"Illustration\\"](\\" violence-against-women.png\\"/) ### Related Links * 16 Days of Activism Campaign * UNiTE to End Violence against Women * Facts everyone should know * Global Issues - Gender Equality More resources ![\\"\\"](\\" image-style-16-9/public/2023/11/unfpa_dashboard_gender_violence.jpg\\") ### Let\'s put an end to this problem by using data The availability of data on gender violence has improved substantially and there is currently information from at least 161 countries. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UN Women are working to draw conclusions from these figures. Visit the UNFPA multimedia website, with data classified by country, as well as UN Women facts, obtained through its Global Database to end gender violence. ![\\"Girl](\\" image-style-16-9/public/2020/11/spotlight-initiative.jpg\\") ### Leaving no one behind Join us on a new, global, multi-year initiative focused on eliminating all forms of violence against women and girls, The Spotlight Initiative. The program’s results last year were outstanding: 22% increase in prosecution of perpetrators; eighty-four laws and policies were passed or strengthened; and more than 650,000 women and girls were able to access gender-based violence services, despite restrictions related to the pandemic. ![\\"an](\\" image-style-16-9/public/2021/09/observances-card-3.jpg\\") ### Why do we mark International Days? International days and weeks are occasions to educate the public on issues of concern, to mobilize political will and resources to address global problems, and to celebrate and reinforce achievements of humanity. The existence of international days predates the establishment of the United Nations, but the UN has embraced them as a powerful advocacy tool. We also mark other UN observances. United Nations Donate * A-Z Site Index * Contact * Copyright * FAQ * Fraud Alert * Privacy Notice * Terms of Use |
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News # New FBI Statistics Show Alarming Increase in Number of Reported Hate Crimes by HRC Staff • November 13, 2018 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27 Share on Twitter LinkedIn Facebook Email The FBI released hate crime statistics for 2017 revealing a disturbing increase of 17 percent in reported hate crimes from the previous year. Post submitted by Jordan Dashow, former Federal Policy Manager Today, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released hate crime statistics for 2017 revealing a disturbing increase of 17 percent in reported hate crimes from the previous year. Released at the start of Transgender Awareness Week, these statistics highlight the ongoing epidemic of anti- transgender violence, as well as hate violence against other marginalized communities. Because hate crimes reporting is not mandatory, the numbers undercount -- likely significantly -- the reality of bias-motivated crimes. In 2017, 7,175 hate crime incidents were reported, 1,130 of which were based on sexual orientation bias and 119 on gender identity bias. These numbers reflect a five percent increase in reporting of hate crimes motivated by sexual orientation bias, and a four percent decrease in reporting of hate crimes motivated by gender identity bias. However, of incidents reported that were motivated by gender identity bias, 106 targeted transgender people, representing a one percent increase from 2016. The overall decrease in reported hate crimes motivated by gender identity bias in 2017 is largely due to a 31 percent decrease in incidents targeting gender non-conforming people. Despite the slight decrease in reported hate crimes motivated by gender identity bias, anti-transgender violence remains an epidemic. In 2017, advocates reported the tragic deaths of 29 transgender individuals across the U.S., the highest number ever recorded in a single year. While it is unclear if all of these were hate crimes, they illustrate the fatal violence that affects transgender people, especially transgender women of color who live at the intersections of racism, sexism and transphobia. Unfortunately, it’s not only LGBTQ identities caught up in an epidemic of violence. Bias-motivated crimes based on race, religion, disability and gender all increased. The FBI reported that anti-Black hate crimes increased by 16 percent, from 1,739 incidents in 2016 to 2,013 incidents in 2017. Hate crimes targeting Black people represented 28 percent of all reported hate crimes in 2017. Every other racial and ethnic group also saw increases in the number of reported hate crimes in 2017. Additionally, hate crimes motivated by anti-religious bias increased 23 percent, largely driven by a 37 percent increase in anti-Jewish hate crimes, which constituted the majority of religion motivated hate crimes. Hate crimes motivated by bias against people with disabilities increased by a disturbing 66 percent and hate crimes motivated by gender bias increased by 48 percent. Last month, HRC joined the nation in marking 20 years since Matthew Shepard’s death. These latest FBI hate crime statistics show that even decades after his brutal murder, LGBTQ people and other minorities are still facing alarming levels of hate-fueled violence. However, given that reporting hate crimes to the FBI is not mandatory, the FBI statistics likely represent only a fraction of such violence. While the number of jurisdictions reporting hate crimes data increased to 16,149 in 2017 from 15,251 in 2016, thousands of law enforcement agencies throughout the country did not submit any data. The lack of mandatory reporting means that the FBI data, while helpful, paints an incomplete picture of hate crimes against the LGBTQ and other communities. In addition, 87 percent of the agencies that participated in the program reported no hate crimes in their jurisdiction, suggesting that agencies still face challenges in identifying and reporting hate crimes. That is why since the passage of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) in 2009, HRC has worked with the FBI to update the agency’s crime reporting, from providing training materials to sharing details on hate crimes when they occur. HRC continues to press for improved reporting, passage of state laws that protect LGBTQ individuals from hate crimes, and expanded education and training initiatives. The Anti-Defamation League has mapped the hate crime incidents that were reported in cities with populations of more than 100,000 and includes information on reported hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity biases. You can view this map here. Topics: Federal Advocacy Transgender Hate Crimes Communities of Color ## Related News View AllRelated News ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27 October 3, 2024 | Brandon Wolf ### The Facts on Anti-Trans Ads: Years in, Anti-Trans Attacks Remain a Political Loser ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27 September 23, 2024 | Delphine Luneau ### New FBI Data: Anti-LGBTQ+ Hate Crimes Continue to Spike, Even as Overall Crime Rate Declines ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27 September 17, 2024 | Jose Soto ### Remembering Redd–Who Also Went By Barbie–a “Fun and Bubbly” Transgender Woman who was “Full of Life” Killed In Chicago ## Love conquers hate. Donate Today Image: ## Let\'s WIN this. 100% of every HRC merchandise purchase fuels the fight for equality. Shop Now ## Join millions of supporters by signing up for the HRC newsletter. 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The number of violence against women has decreased alarmingly | 3,170 | ![\\"The](\\" content/uploads/2023/12/Harvard_Gazette_logo.svg\\") * Findings * Campus & Community * Health * Science & Tech * Nation & World * Arts & Culture * Work & Economy * ![\\"Close\\"](\\" ![\\"Open\\"](\\" Menu ## Sections * Findings * Campus & Community * Health * Science & Tech * Nation & World * Arts & Culture * Work & Economy ## Featured Topics * Radcliffe anniversary * Cat eyes * Weekend workouts * Harvard Reads * ![\\"\\"](\\" ## ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2024/01/series.svg\\") Featured series ### Wondering A series of random questions answered by Harvard experts. ## Explore the Gazette * Events * Article archive * About us * News+ * Podcast ## Read the latest * ![\\"\\"](\\" ### A tale of three cities — and their turn to right in heartland * ![\\"Illustration](\\" ### Why do election polls seem to have such a mixed track record? * ![\\"woman](\\" ### You’d never fall for an online scam, right? * For Media & Journalists * Athletics News & Scores * Digital Accessibility * Privacy Policy * Trademark * ![\\"\\"](\\" Search the Harvard Gazette Go * Radcliffe anniversary * Cat eyes * Weekend workouts * Harvard Reads * ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"Attorney](\\" content/uploads/2022/06/051722_Yang_072.jpeg\\") At the onset of the pandemic, the number of calls into hotlines went down. “But that didn’t mean that suddenly domestic violence was declining. It meant that the opportunities to have a safe space to call or ask for help were limited,” said Marianna Yang. Kris Snibbe/Harvard Staff Photographer Nation & World # ‘Shadow pandemic’ of domestic violence Liz Mineo Harvard Staff Writer June 29, 2022 7 min read ## Law School’s Marianna Yang examines rise in factors, hurdles in courts for victims Violence against women increased to record levels around the world following lockdowns to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The United Nations called the situation a “shadow pandemic” in a 2021 report about domestic violence in 13 nations in Africa, Asia, South America, Eastern Europe, and the Balkans. In the United States, the American Journal of Emergency Medicine reported alarming trends in U.S. domestic violence, and the National Domestic Violence Hotline (The Hotline) received more than 74,000 calls, chats, and texts in February, the highest monthly contact volume of its 25-year history. The Gazette spoke with Marianna Yang, lecturer on law and clinical instructor at the Family and Domestic Violence Law Clinic at WilmerHale Legal Services Center of Harvard Law School, about the crisis. The interview was edited for clarity and length. ## Q&A ### Marianna Yang GAZETTE: The most recent statistics about domestic violence during the pandemic are worrisome. What do those numbers mean? YANG: In 2021, the United Nations published the report “Measuring the Shadow Pandemic: Violence Against Women During COVID-19.” It said that since the pandemic, violence against women has increased to unprecedented levels. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine said that domestic violence cases increased by 25 to 33 percent globally. The National Commission on COVID-19 and criminal justice shows an increase in the U.S. by a little over 8 percent, following the imposition of lockdown orders during 2020. I don’t have anything more specific for Massachusetts, but there is no reason to believe that we are any different from the rest. Domestic violence is prevalent everywhere. According to all statistics I have seen from 2020-2021, domestic violence and intimate partner violence during the pandemic has increased because the risk factors have increased with lockdowns and pandemic restrictions. GAZETTE: What role did the pandemic play in the rise of risk factors for domestic violence? YANG: The increase in numbers really shows that there are unintended consequences to some of the lockdowns recommended by global health experts to address the pandemic. There are good reasons for lockdowns to protect public health, but we have to recognize the collateral and unintended impacts as well. That’s not to say that we should not have lockdowns, but there must be more focus on the resources to address those secondary impacts as well. A lockdown increases the risk factors for domestic violence in multiple ways: there are more financial stressors because of income loss due to unemployment; there is also the loss of the ability to have breathing spaces for people who are in risky relationships. When people are working outside the home, interactions with their partner are limited to certain hours of the day, and the potential time for conflict is also limited. In a lockdown, not only do you take away those breathing spaces, but you also increase the dynamics where domestic violence can occur. Also, beyond that, during a lockdown, the ability to get help is limited because you don’t have the private space to call somebody; you’re isolated from your support system as a victim/survivor, and you can’t access your family and friends, the people that you rely on. In all those facets and all those ways, the risk goes up for violence. > “There are good reasons for lockdowns to protect public health, but we have > to recognize the collateral and unintended impacts as well.” GAZETTE: How did the reporting of domestic violence incidents fluctuate during the pandemic? YANG: I do know that at the very beginning of the pandemic, the number of calls into hotlines were showing a decrease, but that didn’t mean that suddenly domestic violence was declining. It meant that the opportunities to have a safe space to call or ask for help were limited. As the restrictions were relaxed a bit, we saw an increase in the calls for help, but they could also mean that the situation might have escalated to a point where it would push someone to make calls they otherwise would not have before the pandemic. Generally speaking, domestic violence and intimate partner violence are underreported, and that was before and during the pandemic. There are plenty of folks who, for many good reasons, do not reach out for help. Before the pandemic, there were two hashtags — #WhyIStayed, #WhyILeft — which helped facilitate discussions around many of the reasons why people decide to stay or leave. GAZETTE: In which other ways were domestic violence victims affected by the pandemic? YANG: I don’t have direct access to information about shelters during the pandemic. I’m sure they remained open for the current residents, but I don’t know whether they were accepting new residents. What I do know is that judges were less likely to grant motions like Motions to Vacate the Marital Home due to the pandemic restrictions. Although this didn’t happen in any of my cases, there were anecdotes about judges being much less willing to consider those motions because of the inability of anyone to leave the house and go somewhere else. But in situations where there is clear violence, and the plaintiff can show imminent physical safety issues, judges must first and foremost consider the safety aspects of the plaintiff seeking a protective order. Judges handled restraining orders during the pandemic as emergency petitions, and the courts were open for those, but everything had to be remote and remote on a dime. There were situations where it was more difficult to provide evidence because documents or affidavits were usually filed with the court and had to be filed in person. There were gaps in the court’s systems during the pandemic, and understandably so, but that doesn’t lessen the impact and hardships that the victims had to endure. GAZETTE: How did the pandemic impact the services provided by the Family Law and Domestic Violence Clinic at HLS? YANG: By the time domestic violence victims get to us, it’s several steps removed. The clinic has a partnership with the Passageway program at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, which provides services directly to domestic violence clients, including safety planning. My understanding is that they’ve faced an increased number of clients seeking their assistance. Those who needed to seek restraining orders and address issues through the probate and family courts were referred to us to the extent that we could access the courts. Because of the court’s closures, we provided increased levels of consultation and education around the law for when the clients could make a legal move. Now that the courts are open again, what we’re noticing, especially in the courts that we’re practicing in, is that things are getting delayed a lot longer than they used to. Even if people can go to court, getting motions in a divorce case or getting custody and child support issues heard in front of a judge has taken months longer. Before the pandemic, it took about 30 days for motion to be heard. These days, it takes two weeks or more just to get motions docketed and then another 30 or 60 days, if not more, after that. We’re seeing a lot of chaos in terms of the workings of some of the courts; there are files that go missing and pro se litigants [those representing themselves] needing to get in front of the judges can’t get through the bureaucracy of the courts. The biggest hurdle has been the bureaucratic aspects of getting in front of a judge. Minimizing that delay is now a much bigger part of our advocacy. We also need more legal aid and pro bono lawyers who understand that people who are in domestic violence situations are going through trauma. One of the best ways to support victims of domestic violence is to offer trauma-informed lawyering, which is another way to holistically support a client going through a difficult situation. #### Share this article * ![\\"\\"](\\"/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/facebook.svg\\")Share on Facebook * ![\\"\\"](\\"/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/linkedin.svg\\")Share on LinkedIn * ![\\"\\"](\\"/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/email.svg\\")Email article * ![\\"\\"](\\"/wp-content/themes/harvard-gazette/assets/svg/print.svg\\")Print/PDF ## You might like * ![\\"\\"](\\" Nation & World ### A tale of three cities — and their turn to right in heartland Government professor’s new book focuses on roles of race, class, and religion in evolution of former New Deal Democrats 6 min read * ![\\"Illustration](\\" Nation & World ### Why do election polls seem to have such a mixed track record? Democratic industry veteran looks at past races, details adjustments made amid shifting political dynamics in nation 6 min read * ![\\"woman](\\" Nation & World ### You’d never fall for an online scam, right? Wrong, says cybersecurity expert. Con artists use time-tested tricks that can work on anyone regardless of age, IQ — what’s changed is scale. 7 min read ## Trending 1. Work & Economy ### Consumers to see benefits of Fed rate cut, but how much and when are less clear Jason Furman looks at decision, considers what it means to economy, both Wall Street and Main Street 6 min read 2. Science & Tech ### So why does Mr. Whiskers meow? It may not be for the reasons you think, says evolutionary biologist, whose new book explores how our feline friends came to be 5 min read 3. Science & Tech ### How well do you know your dog? Take our quiz based on new Netflix documentary featuring Harvard researcher 1 min read ## Sections * Findings * Campus & Community * Health * Science & Tech * Nation & World * Arts & Culture * Work & Economy ## Explore the Gazette * Events * Article archive * About us * News+ * Podcast ## ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2024/01/series.svg\\") Our recent series ### Fixing the Constitution Many analysts and citizens believe that the Constitution, more than 230 years old, is out of touch with contemporary America. We asked five scholars to isolate the problem they’d attack first. ### Life | Work A series focused on the personal side of Harvard research and teaching. ## Follow us on * Instagram * LinkedIn * TikTok * Facebook * YouTube * Email ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2024/06/Harvard_University_logo.svg\\") * For Media & Journalists * Athletics News & Scores * Digital Accessibility * Privacy Policy * Trademark ![\\"\\"](\\" |
Tomato paste and CocaCola is an emergency blood tonic given to people who have just donated blood lost a high amount of blood and people that experience dizziness | 3,171 | AllAfrica English (current) En Français * Toggle navigation * My Account Toggle navigation AllAfrica My Account English (current) En Français ## Africa: Tomato Paste and Coke an Emergency Tonic for Blood Donors? No, Say Experts 7 May 2019 Africa Check (Johannesburg) A message shared on social media in Nigeria advises people who donate blood to drink tomato paste and Coca-Cola as an \"emergency blood tonic\". It says: \"The mixture of tomato paste and Coca-Cola (or sometimes, tomato paste and malt) is an emergency blood tonic given to people who have just donated blood, lost a high amount of blood and people that experience dizziness.\" ... #### AllAfrica Subscription Content ##### You must be an allAfrica.com subscriber for full access to certain content. You have selected an article from the AllAfrica archive, which requires a subscription. You can subscribe by visiting our subscription page. Or for more information about becoming a subscriber, you can read our subscription and contribution overview. ##### For information about our premium subscription services: * Individuals * Educational Institutions * Global Institutions and Corporations You can also freely access - without a subscription - hundreds of today\'s top Africa stories and thousands of recent news articles from our home page » Already a subscriber? Sign in for full access to article* Email * Password Forgot your password? Having trouble logging in? Contact Us. Tagged: * Health * West Africa * Nigeria * Africa Copyright © 2019 Africa Check. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media (allAfrica.com). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here. AllAfrica publishes around 500 reports a day from more than 100 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals, representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct. Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica. To address comments or complaints, please Contact us. AllAfrica is a voice of, by and about Africa - aggregating, producing and distributing 500 news and information items daily from over 100 African news organizations and our own reporters to an African and global public. We operate from Cape Town, Dakar, Abuja, Johannesburg, Nairobi and Washington DC. * Support our work * Sign up for our newsletter * For Advertisers * Subscribe ![\\"Get](\\" ![\\"Download](\\" the-app-store/black/en- us?size=250x83&releaseDate=1624233600&h=f04eb423ff27f558a97f439f3a3cd400\\"/) * © 2024 AllAfrica * Privacy Policy * Contact Us AllAfrica - All the Time Close ![](\\" text-128x128.png\\"/) #### Sign up for free AllAfrica Newsletters Get the latest in African news delivered straight to your inbox Submit By submitting above, you agree to our privacy policy. #### Success! Almost finished... We need to confirm your email address. To complete the process, please follow the instructions in the email we just sent you. #### Error! #### Error! There was a problem processing your submission. Please try again later. |
Tomato paste and CocaCola is an emergency blood tonic given to people who have just donated blood lost a high amount of blood and people that experience dizziness | 3,171 | ![\\"\\"](\\" primary.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" secondary.png\\") ![\\"Mobile](\\" * Home * Services * Your visit * Health professionals * Private care * About us * Contact/find us ![\\"\\"](\\" logo.png\\") You are here: Home > Your visit > Patient leaflets > Bariatric dietetics > Liver shrinkage diet for Bariatric Surgery Liver shrinkage diet for Bariatric Surgery visit/patient-leaflets/bariatric-dietetics/liver-shrinkage-diet-for-bariatric- surgery # Liver shrinkage diet for Bariatric Surgery ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgery.png/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ## Introduction ### What is the purpose of a liver shrinkage diet? Liver shrinkage diet (LRD) is a diet based on low energy (calories), in particular low in carbohydrate and fat. By following a liver shrinkage diet, your body will be forced to use up the stored carbohydrate (glycogen) from the liver. The glycogen and a quantity of water will leave the liver, and therefore liver will shrink and become softer, more flexible and easier to move during surgery. During laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery the liver has to be lifted out of the way to access the stomach lying beneath it. Most people needing bariatric surgery have a large, fatty liver which can cause difficulty for keyhole surgery. A large, fatty liver makes it harder for the surgeon to see and gain access to the stomach underneath. This can increase the duration of your surgery and therefore your time under general anaesthetic. It can also be dangerous as your liver could bleed heavily during surgery or there could be injury to other organs. If this happens the surgeon may have to do open surgery instead of keyhole surgery. If you do not follow the liver shrinkage diet and your liver has not shrunk, surgery may be deemed unsafe and the surgeon may cancel the surgery on the day. ### How long will I have to follow the liver shrinkage diet? Duration of the diet is based on below criteria: ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ### What are the liver shrinkage diet options? OPTION 1 - SlimFast Meal Replacement Diet OPTION 2 - Milk and Yogurt Diet OPTION 3 - Food based Diet All of the above diets are designed to provide: * Around 800-1000kcal * Less than 100g of carbohydrate * Low fat * High protein You are required to pick one of the options and follow it as per instructions. Please do not mix different diet options as it will not show effective results. ## OPTION 1 – SLIMFAST® MEAL REPLACEMENT DIET SLIMFAST® is a nutritionally complete, low calorie diet (LCD) meal replacement product. With this diet you are required to have: * 4x 325ml (pre-made) SLIMFAST® bottles per day. * 2 x cereal bowls of salad/vegetables from the list provided below: (cooking method: blended into soup/boiled/steamed/roasted/raw) ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable2.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ### How can you make your meal interesting? * Season your food: Add herbs, chilli, spices, garlic, salt and pepper freely * Skip the ready-made dressings: Avoid adding any oil or salad dressings. Lemon juice and vinegar (including balsamic vinegar) is allowed. * Keep hydrated: Aim to have at least 2 litres of fluids per day including: water, sugar free squash, herbal tea, black tea, black coffee (no sugar). * You are allowed to have 1 salty drink a day to help maintaining electrolyte levels.For example: 2 teaspoons of Stock or Marmite or Bovril or Consommé dissolved in a large glass of warm water. Please note you are NOT ALLOWED to have the powdered version of SlimFast as it is high in calories and carbohydrate. ## OPTION 2 – MILK AND YOGURT DIET This diet is purely based on milk, yogurt and additional fluids only. Alcohol and all other food sources should be avoided for the period of this diet. ### Daily intake: * 3 pints of skimmed OR semi skimmed milk OR lacto-free OR soya milk per day. The milk can be hot/cold and flavoured with vanilla essence, SUGAR FREE syrups (e.g. Crusha, Monin). * 2 x 125g low-fat plain or natural yogurt or 0% fat yogurt per day. Aim to avoid fruit yogurts as they can be high in sugar and fat. You can add sugar free syrups or flavourings into the plain/natural yogurt to adjust the taste if needed. * An additional minimum of 2litres of fluid per day (i.e. water, calorie free or low calorie squash/flavoured water, tea/coffee, fruit/herbal teas) * Avoid adding any sugar into your tea/coffee. Sweeteners are allowed to be used as an alternative. You can use milk from your daily allowance to add into your tea or coffee. * You will need to take supplements daily as this diet is not nutritionally complete. For example: Sanatogen A-Z, Tesco’s A-Z, Centrum Advance/Performance, Holland and Barrett. * You are allowed to have 1 or 2 salty drink a day to help maintaining electrolyte levels. For example: 2 teaspoons of Stock or Marmite or Bovril or Consommé dissolved in a large glass of warm water. ### EXAMPLE OF A MEAL PLAN ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable3.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ## OPTION 3 – FOOD BASED DIET This diet is based on low carbohydrate, low energy, low fat and moderate protein meals and additional fluids throughout the day. ### Your meals should follow the below format: Breakfast: * 1 carbohydrate portion * 1 dairy portion Lunch: * NO carbohydrate * 2 protein portions * 2 vegetable portions Evening: * 2 carbohydrate portions * 1 protein portion * 1 vegetable portion * 1 dairy portion Snacks: * 2x pieces of fruit per day - can be taken anytime ## What is a portion? ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/Dietaryguidanceaftergastricballoonfood.png/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable4.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable5.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable6.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable7.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable8.PNG/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ### Example of a meal plan: ![\\"\\"](\\" leaflets/links/LivershrinkagedietforBariatricSurgerytable9.png/@@images/image-600-6b3f0c62550ba4430193cd26a9a14cca.png\\") ### Foods to avoid: It is important you avoid any foods high in sugar and fat, this includes: * Sweets * Chocolate/cakes * Jelly * Ice cream * Sugary drinks including juices/fizzy drinks * Alcohol * Sugar added to hot drinks/ food (sweeteners are allowed to be used as alternative). * Crisps * Fried foods/ takeaways * Creamy or ready-made pasta or meal sauces (choose tinned tomatoes to use in cooking i.e. in bolognaise sauces/stews/casseroles). * Meat/fish products that have breadcrumbs (choose the fresh / lean options) ### Fluids: Minimum of 2L of fluids including: * Water * Tea/Coffee (you can add milk from your daily dairy allowance – see above) * Sugar free squash/ sugar free flavoured water You will need to start taking a multivitamin and mineral supplementation once daily as this diet is not nutritionally complete. For example: Sanatogen A-Z, Tesco’s A-Z, Centrum Advance/Performance, Holland and Barrett. ### Additional Information * You may experience headaches or feel “light-headed” after starting the liver shrinkage diet; this is quite usual and will pass in the first few days. * Constipation can become a problem when following this diet because it contains very little fibre. You may need to take 1-2 sachets of Fybogel each day or any other laxatives in the tablet or powder form in order to prevent this. We do not recommend taking Lactulose during pre-op liver shrinkage diet. * Patients on insulin or gliclazide (tablets): If you have diabetes and take insulin injections or gliclazide (tablets) please contact the person who normally helps you control your diabetes. It is likely you will need to reduce your insulin or gliclazide because the diets are all low in carbohydrate (less than 100g) and will make your blood sugars go lower than normal. Check your blood glucose levels 4 times a day. If you do not have a blood meter, you can ask to have your blood sugar checked at your local pharmacy. Please contact to your dietitian if you experience regular hypo’s (low blood sugar levels). * It is expected that you experience some weight loss during liver shrinkage diet. Therefore; female patients need to be aware that you may experience a change in your menstrual cycle during this period. Additionally, women with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) may ovulate and become fertile while on liver shrinkage diet, therefore it is important to use contraception. * Please note you need to stop any food consumption 6 hours prior to your surgery and you are only allowed to have water up to 2 hours prior to your surgery. 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Tomato paste and CocaCola is an emergency blood tonic given to people who have just donated blood lost a high amount of blood and people that experience dizziness | 3,171 | ..What good does the mixture of malt and tomato paste do in blood building? All related (31) Sort Recommended ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-77487078-50-iqsfbrvvrdulpqsszftjveihdeuvmwkz.jpeg\\") Ashish Diet Coach and Nutritionist · Author has 4.7K answers and 8M answer views · 1y Ah, the humble combination of malt and tomato paste holds promise for fortifying iron stores naturally. As a nutrition expert devoted to blood health, let me share insights: Both ingredients boast iron (malt richer than tomato alone) in the non-heme ferrous form predominant in plant foods. Absorption often lags unless paired with vitamin C, which tomatoes offer abundantly. The magical marriage happens when malt\'s proteins and carbohydrates create an alkaline environment ideal for iron solubility in the duodenum. Simultaneously, tomatoes\' acidity and vitamin C prime uptake across the intestinal w Continue Reading Ah, the humble combination of malt and tomato paste holds promise for fortifying iron stores naturally. As a nutrition expert devoted to blood health, let me share insights: Both ingredients boast iron (malt richer than tomato alone) in the non-heme ferrous form predominant in plant foods. Absorption often lags unless paired with vitamin C, which tomatoes offer abundantly. The magical marriage happens when malt\'s proteins and carbohydrates create an alkaline environment ideal for iron solubility in the duodenum. Simultaneously, tomatoes\' acidity and vitamin C prime uptake across the intestinal wall where heme iron typically dominates. This one-two punch encourages non-heme iron normally less bioaccessible and absorbed to slip gracefully into circulation instead of passing untouched. Over time, consistent consumption may aid rebuilding iron-depleted blood stores without need for supplements. Best of all, such fiber-rich whole foods satiate healthfully versus supplements alone. I always say nourishment sparks from synergy between varieties, as in nature\'s balanced design. How vibrant our cells when fed life\'s colorful cornucopia! So for anemia of any cause, malt adds its gentle alkaline magic while tomatoes chauffeur iron safely into traffic. Together an accessible, tasty tonic for blood health - nature knows best as always. Upvote · 92 91 Related questions More answers below Can a mixture of milk, malt, and tomato paste increase blood supply when taken after menstruation? Is the mixture of Coke and tomato paste really blood tonic? Does drinking malt drink and milk increase blood? Can the mixture of malt and milk increase blood? What happens to the body when you drink malt? ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-254537778-50-ctdvnilekltfffrsporiyuoacksaodhy.jpeg\\") Louise Sackville I used to have dysmenorrhea due to uterine fibroids · Author has 36.5K answers and 43M answer views · 3y Related Can a mixture of milk, malt, and tomato paste increase blood supply when taken after menstruation? If any of those foods contain iron, then yes, but the combination sounds awful-tasting. There is no need to swallow a wretched-tasting slurry when you can take a vitamin supplement pill that has plenty of iron in it and no flavor. A simple blood test will show your doctor whether you are deficient in iron or any other vitamin, mineral or other nutrients, and your doctor can then advise you regarding how much of which nutrients you need to take. Upvote · 91 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-216125613-50-jitgwbsszmivqkzkliseneiiqxkjorzd.jpeg\\") Kavitha Padmanaban Lives in India (2022–present) · Author has 219 answers and 386K answer views · 4y Related Is tomato puree healthy? * Homemade tomato puree is healthy , if the puree is made without blanching or removing the skin and seed. * Pureed tomatoes without the skin and seeds lose their fiber content. There is a loss of vitamin C. ![](\\" qimg-6548a58f4cc3f2a901cdfb935bcff251-lq\\") * Blanching them for too long causes loss of color, flavor, mineral content, and vitamin value. ![](\\" qimg-e3b6f97b9971ee55ee7024c55a33a7dc-pjlq\\") Readymade tomato puree is bad for health * It is not fresh. * It contains chemicals which ar Continue Reading * Homemade tomato puree is healthy , if the puree is made without blanching or removing the skin and seed. * Pureed tomatoes without the skin and seeds lose their fiber content. There is a loss of vitamin C. ![](\\" qimg-6548a58f4cc3f2a901cdfb935bcff251-lq\\") * Blanching them for too long causes loss of color, flavor, mineral content, and vitamin value. ![](\\" qimg-e3b6f97b9971ee55ee7024c55a33a7dc-pjlq\\") Readymade tomato puree is bad for health * It is not fresh. * It contains chemicals which are not healthy 1\. Sodium nitrate-Sodium nitrate is bad for people suffering from blood pressure problems. Also, sodium affects the digestive system. 2\. Aspartame -Some of its side effects include dizziness, blurred vision, headache, and indigestion. 3\. Corn syrup- This artificial sweetener causes obesity and is unhealthy. Some side effects include nausea, pain in the chest, and headache. * It contains pr... Upvote · 94 95 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-2772043433-50-fopyrerlaxoqowrdxhqqpphgcxkwjkxu.jpeg\\") Ps Gyan Author has 102 answers and 17.3K answer views · Sep 10 Related What are the potential benefits of drinking tomato juice daily, particularly in relation to blood pressure and cholesterol levels? ![](\\" af67d29bac9fae8ec41e126124a44cb5\\") टमाटर को लंबे समय से बेहतर हृदय स्वास्थ्य से जोड़ा जाता रहा है। इनमें लाइकोपीन और बीटा-कैरोटीन जैसे शक्तिशाली एंटीऑक्सीडेंट होते हैं, जो हृदय रोग के जोखिम कारकों जैसे उच्च रक्तचाप, उच्च कोलेस्ट्रॉल और आपकी धमनियों में वसा के निर्माण (एथेरोस्क्लेरोसिस) को कम करने में मदद करते हैं। प्रतिदिन टमाटर का रस पीने से कई संभावित स्वास्थ्य लाभ हो सकते हैं, जिनमें शामिल हैं: ![](\\" qimg-34459b49b897958f5a380583b3c95424\\") 1. रक्तचाप कम करना: टमाटर का रस पीने से रक्तचाप कम करने में मदद मिल सकती है। 2. टमाटर के जूस में विटामिन सी की उच्च मात्रा होती है, जो आपकी रक्त वाहिकाओं की दीवारों को मजबूत और लचीला बनाए रखने में मदद करता है। 3. इसके अतिरिक्त, टमाटर का जूस पोटेशिय Continue Reading ![](\\" af67d29bac9fae8ec41e126124a44cb5\\") टमाटर को लंबे समय से बेहतर हृदय स्वास्थ्य से जोड़ा जाता रहा है। इनमें लाइकोपीन और बीटा-कैरोटीन जैसे शक्तिशाली एंटीऑक्सीडेंट होते हैं, जो हृदय रोग के जोखिम कारकों जैसे उच्च रक्तचाप, उच्च कोलेस्ट्रॉल और आपकी धमनियों में वसा के निर्माण (एथेरोस्क्लेरोसिस) को कम करने में मदद करते हैं। प्रतिदिन टमाटर का रस पीने से कई संभावित स्वास्थ्य लाभ हो सकते हैं, जिनमें शामिल हैं: ![](\\" qimg-34459b49b897958f5a380583b3c95424\\") 1. रक्तचाप कम करना: टमाटर का रस पीने से रक्तचाप कम करने में मदद मिल सकती है। 2. टमाटर के जूस में विटामिन सी की उच्च मात्रा होती है, जो आपकी रक्त वाहिकाओं की दीवारों को मजबूत और लचीला बनाए रखने में मदद करता है। 3. इसके अतिरिक्त, टमाटर का जूस पोटेशियम से भरपूर होता है, जो एक ऐसा खनिज है जो आपके रक्तचाप के लिए फायदेमंद है। 4. अपने आहार में ऑर्गेनिक टमाटर का जूस शामिल करना आपकी मांसपेशियों और हड्डियों के स्वास्थ्य के लिए भी एक अच्छा विचार है 5. एक अध्ययन में पाया गया कि जो प्रतिभागी प्रतिदिन टमाटर का जूस पीते थे 6. उनका सिस्टोलिक और डायस्टोलिक रक्तचाप कम था। एक अन्य अध्ययन में पाया गया कि जिन प्रतिभागियों ने प्रतिदिन 110 ग्राम से अधिक टमाटर का सेवन किया, उनमें उच्च रक्तचाप का जोखिम कम था। 7. टमाटर को लंबे समय से बेहतर हृदय स्वास्थ्य से जोड़ा जाता रहा है। इनमें लाइकोपीन और बीटा-कैरोटीन जैसे शक्तिशाली एंटीऑक्सीडेंट होते हैं, ![](\\" qimg-5b2b2218c8e701992252dcff3ed07abc\\") 1. जो हृदय रोग के जोखिम कारकों जैसे उच्च रक्तचाप, उच्च कोलेस्ट्रॉल और आपकी धमनियों में वसा के निर्माण (एथेरोस्क्लेरोसिस) को कम करने में मदद करते हैं। 2. एलडीएल कोलेस्ट्रॉल कम करना: टमाटर का रस पीने से एलडीएल कोलेस्ट्रॉल या \"खराब\" कोलेस्ट्रॉल को कम करने में मदद मिल सकती है। 3. एक अध्ययन में पाया गया कि जो प्रतिभागी प्रतिदिन टमाटर का जूस पीते थे 4. उनमें एलडीएल कोलेस्ट्रॉल का स्तर काफी कम था। 5. हृदय स्वास्थ्य में सुधार: टमाटर का जूस पीने से हृदय स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ावा मिल सकता है। 6. पके हुए और कच्चे टमाटर दोनों ही पोषक तत्वों से भरपूर होते हैं। 7. पके हुए और कच्चे टमाटर दोनों ही पोषक तत्वों से भरपूर होते हैं। ![](\\" qimg-2266deb8a3a5a335952136a5ed54629f\\") हृदय स्वास्थ्य का समर्थन करें। व्यायाम वसूली का समर्थन करें। मनोभ्रंश से बचाने में मदद करें। पके हुए टमाटर प्रोस्टेट कैंसर को रोकने में मदद करते हैं। रक्त शर्करा को संतुलित करने में मदद करें। स्वस्थ त्वचा, बाल और नाखून विकास को बढ़ावा दें। Upvote · 91 Related questions Can a mixture of milk, malt, and tomato paste increase blood supply when taken after menstruation? Is the mixture of Coke and tomato paste really blood tonic? Does drinking malt drink and milk increase blood? Can the mixture of malt and milk increase blood? What happens to the body when you drink malt? What is the effect of mixing milk and tomato to the skin? Can a pregnant woman take a mixture of malt/egg? What does malt and milk give to the body when combined? Which malt is best for weight gain? What color is a tomato\'s blood? Is a tomato safe to eat with milk? Which type of mixture is blood? Is pasteurised tomato juice any good? Why is tomato juice considered a mixture? Does tomato paste have MSG? Related questions Can a mixture of milk, malt, and tomato paste increase blood supply when taken after menstruation? Is the mixture of Coke and tomato paste really blood tonic? Does drinking malt drink and milk increase blood? Can the mixture of malt and milk increase blood? What happens to the body when you drink malt? What is the effect of mixing milk and tomato to the skin? 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The gap in outcomes between Indigenous and nonIndigenous people is more about place than race | 3,173 | ABC News * Just In * For You * Politics * World * Business * Analysis * Sport More Search the news, stories & people Log in * News Home * Just In * For You * Analysis * Rural * Watch Live * Health * Indigenous * Politics * Science * Elections * World * Environment * Investigations * Business * Fact Check * Local news * Sport * AFL * NRL * Football * Tennis * Cricket * Netball * Lifestyle * Wellbeing * Relationships & Family * Food & Recipes * Personal Finance * Home & Garden * Entertainment * TV & Movies * Books * Music * Pop Culture * Arts #### Your ABC Account Personalise the news and stay in the know Log in to personalise * Facebook * YouTube * Instagram * Twitter * Emergency * Backstory * Newsletters * 中文新闻 * BERITA BAHASA INDONESIA * TOK PISIN * ABC * ABC iView * ABC Listen * Triple J * ABC Kids * ABC News ABC News News Home Fact Check Live resultsVoice to Parliament explainedYour questions answeredAnalysisVideoAsk a question Share # Jacinta Nampijinpa Price says the gap in outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people is \'more about place than race\'. Is that correct? RMIT ABC Fact Check * Topic:Indigenous Policy Fri 13 OctFriday 13 OctoberFri 13 Oct 2023 at 6:39am ![\\"jacinta](\\" cdn.net.au/36f0263043dfe1232291f5ca093fe4aa?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=529&cropW=940&xPos=0&yPos=98&width=862&height=485\\"/) Display caption In a speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference, No campaigner Jacinta Nampijinpa Price said the gap in outcomes between Indigenous and non- Indigenous people was \"more about place than race\". RMIT ABC Fact Check finds that claim to be oversimplified. (ABC News: Luke Stephenson) abc.net.au/news/fact-check-jacinta-nampijinpa-price-closing-the-gap-place- race/102966826 Copy linkLink copied ShareShare article ## The claim In a speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference ahead of the Voice to Parliament referendum, No campaigner and Shadow Minister for Indigenous Australians Jacinta Nampijinpa Price said that when it comes to Indigenous disadvantage, geography matters more than race. Referring to the \"differences in outcomes between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians\", Senator Nampijinpa Price said: \"The gap is more about place than race.\" Loading YouTube content \"The gap doesn\'t simply exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. The gap exists between those who live in the cities and those who live in remote and regional Australia,\" she said. So, is location a more important contributor to the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians? RMIT ABC Fact Check investigates. ## The verdict Senator Nampijinpa Price\'s claim is oversimplified. Most indicators in the Productivity Commission\'s Closing the Gap data show that outcomes worsen for Indigenous Australians as remoteness increases. However, in many cases, the same trend does not apply to non-Indigenous Australians, whose outcomes are often similar whether they live in major cities or in remote areas. For some other indicators, the link between remoteness and worsening outcomes for Indigenous people is either not present or ambiguous. There are, for example, noticeably higher rates of Indigenous children in out- of-home care in the major cities than in remote areas, according to the AIHW. And on all but one indicator that could be analysed by remoteness, there remains a gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in the major cities, where 41 per cent of Indigenous Australians live (15 per cent live in remote and very remote areas). Experts contacted by Fact Check said the disparity in various outcomes between the two populations was due to a combination of influences, such as geography, racial discrimination and other factors, which could not be disentangled. ![\\"a](\\" cdn.net.au/c8b382eace922150c2a1649dcd7dfc8e?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2191&cropW=3286&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575\\"/) Geography is a factor in Indigenous disadvantage, but it interacts with other factors such as racial discrimination, according to experts.(AAP: Mick Tsikas) ## Context of the claim Fact Check contacted Senator Nampijinpa Price\'s office to ask for the source of her claim, but did not receive a response. In 2021, before entering parliament, she authored her own report about Indigenous disadvantage, published by the Centre for Independent Studies, a conservative-leaning think tank. The report concluded that remote and very remote Indigenous communities had become victims of a \"wicked problem\". \"While it cannot be said the issues identified [in the report] are exclusive to Indigenous communities, it is clear that Indigenous communities are subject to them at a far greater proportion than almost every other location in Australia,\" it read. Incorporating a range of data on employment, education and health, her analysis compared Indigenous outcomes in major cities, regional areas and remote areas, finding that they worsened as remoteness increased. The report also analysed crime in places where at least 20 per cent of the population was Indigenous, according to the 2016 census, which amounted to an examination of 67 of 1,787 \"reporting areas\". This analysis covered five states plus the Northern Territory, with the ACT and Tasmania excluded \"due to the small size of their Indigenous populations\". Notably, although Victoria was included, there were no \"reporting areas\" in the state with an Indigenous population above 20 per cent. ## What is \'the gap\'? ![\\"Aboriginal](\\" cdn.net.au/74ad7fe90f970bc0e9049784d69174e4?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2001&cropW=3000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575\\"/) The gap can refer to disparities across number of indicators in a range of subject areas, including, for example, education.(ABC Radio Darwin: Gabrielle Lyons) Senator Nampijinpa Price referred to \"the gap\" between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians. Francis Markham, a research fellow at the Australian National University\'s Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, told Fact Check that this colloquial phrase had been used informally for decades to describe the disparity in outcomes between the two populations across a wide range of policy areas such as education, health and employment. In 2008, following a campaign led by Indigenous health organisations, an initial six Closing the Gap targets were formally adopted by state, territory and federal governments under a new National Indigenous Reform Agreement. In 2014 that number became seven, with the addition of a target on school attendance. The latest agreement, from 2020, was endorsed by the former Coalition government and contains 19 formal targets across 17 socio-economic areas. These cover a broader set of measures than Senator Nampijinpa Price\'s report. As these issues are more colloquially and officially understood to represent \"the gap\", and include data for all states and territories, Fact Check will use them as a starting point to assess the senator\'s claim. Notably, the latest targets are less focused on Indigenous and non-Indigenous comparisons, with state and territory governments emphasising the need to \"raise our sights from a focus on problems and deficits\". In keeping with Senator Nampijinpa Price\'s claim, however, Fact Check has focused its analysis on the difference in outcomes \"between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians\". Loading ## Making sense of the data The federal government publishes yearly Closing the Gap reports on progress towards the targets. The latest data can be found on the Productivity Commission website. Where data is available, progress against each target is measured by a principal indicator, accompanied by a number of \"supporting indicators\" relating to \"factors that are likely to significantly affect whether a target will be met\". Target one, for example, aims to eliminate the difference in life expectancy between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians by 2031. Its main indicator is life expectancy by year of birth, and its supporting indicators include main causes of death and rates of access to health services. Fact Check will focus on the report\'s principal indicators, incorporating data from outside the Closing the Gap report for context. For the purposes of this analysis, the data has been grouped into five broad areas: physical and mental health; education and employment; families, housing and children; incarceration; and languages and land rights. Wherever possible, Fact Check has analysed the data by remoteness area, as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. This allows for comparisons between populations living in major cities, inner and outer regional areas and remote and very remote areas nationally. Click or tap the boxes below to read the analysis of each target area. ## Physical and mental health ![\\"A](\\" cdn.net.au/5cb5890d31d42c667be47968c60febe3?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=402&cropW=602&xPos=0&yPos=48&width=862&height=575\\"/) Indigenous health services are crucial to closing the gap in health outcomes.(ABC News: Jane Bardon) In this area there are three indicators: * Life expectancy in years (born between 2015-2017) * Percentage of babies born at a healthy birth weight (2020) * Age-standardised rate of mortality due to suicide per 100,000 population (2017-2021) ### Life expectancy and healthy birth weight Both of these indicators show that a gap exists between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians across all geographies, whether remote or urban. They also show that Indigenous people have better outcomes in the major cities than they do in remote areas. Indigenous males, for example, can expect to live 6.2 years longer in the major cities (72.1 years) than in remote and very remote areas (65.9). However, the life expectancy of their non-Indigenous counterparts differs by just one year, depending on whether they live in cities (80.7) or remote areas (79.7). So while the gap increases with distance from the major cities, that\'s because on these measures remoteness doesn\'t affect non-Indigenous people in the same way. Ian Ring, a professor in the Division of Tropical Health and Medicine at James Cook University told Fact Check that when it came to health, remoteness affected Indigenous and non-Indigenous people differently. \"There\'s a popular belief that Aboriginal people will access mainstream [health] services in the same way as non-Aboriginal people and that they will be equally effective. And all the evidence is: that is simply not true,\" he said. According to Professor Ring, Indigenous people were often not comfortable accessing these services, \"which is why the crucial thing that\'s happened in Australia is there\'s been the development of health services run by and for Aboriginal people\". A 2016 report from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare noted that because mainstream health services were \"not always accessible [to Indigenous people], for geographic, social and cultural reasons\", Indigenous-led services were \"important providers of comprehensive primary health services for Indigenous Australians\". However, it found that 37 areas around the country lacked easy access to Indigenous-specific primary health care services or GP services, with many of these areas located \"in Remote and Very remote areas of Queensland and Western Australia\". ### Suicide rates Data for suicide rates reveals that both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people experience worse outcomes in remote areas than in the major cities, but that rates for Indigenous people are higher across all geographies. Research from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) also shows that suicide rates increase with remoteness, for both the general population and Indigenous people specifically. However, the AIHW noted in a 2022 report on suicide risk among Indigenous people: \"Evidence also suggests that there is considerable variation in suicidal behaviours … even when community environments are similarly remote.\" ## If you or anyone you know needs help: * 13YARN on 13 92 76 * Lifeline (24-hour Crisis Line) on 131 114 * Kids Helpline on 1800 551 800 * MensLine Australia on 1300 789 978 * Suicide Call Back Service on 1300 659 467 * Beyond Blue on 1300 224 636 * Headspace on 1800 650 890 * ReachOut at au.reachout.com The report highlighted the potential effect of various other factors that may play a role in suicide, including some exclusive to First Nations Australians. \"Suicidal behaviour among Indigenous Australians has been linked to trauma from the effects of colonisation, such as the loss of connection to culture, Country and spirituality and the removal of children from their families, which is a trauma that is passed down through generations,\" the report said. It also noted a number of more general factors whose impact on the Indigenous population is greater, for example, a history of exposure to suicide or family violence. ## Families, housing and children ![\\"Child](\\" cdn.net.au/534300acc46969d4088fbed4ca328ee9?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=485&cropW=728&xPos=67&yPos=0&width=862&height=575\\"/) Indigenous children remain disproportionately over-represented in the out-of- home care sector.(ABC News: Paul Strk) In this area, there are three indicators: * Percentage of Indigenous females aged 15 and over who experienced domestic physical harm or the threat of it (2018-19) * Rate per 1,000 children aged 0-17 years in out-of-home care (2022) * Percentage of people living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) housing (2021) ### Domestic and family violence This indicator relies on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics\' (ABS) National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey. According to the 2018-19 national results, 8.4 per cent of Indigenous women aged 15 years and over had experienced actual or threatened violence from a family member or intimate partner in the previous 12 months. The dataset does not contain an equivalent measure for non-Indigenous females; however, Kyllie Cripps, a Palawa woman and professor of Indigenous studies at Monash University\'s Indigenous Studies Centre, told Fact Check that data from the ABS\'s Personal Safety survey (2020-21) provided comparable data for the general population for women aged 18 and over. That survey showed 1.9 per cent of women had experienced actual violence (excluding threats of violence) from a family member or intimate partner over the previous 12 months. The ABS provided Fact Check with a breakdown of the 2018-19 survey data for Indigenous women by geography. The data showed that \"place\" made no difference to the rate of actual or threatened violence against Indigenous women, with both remote and non-remote areas reporting a figure of 8.4 per cent. Professor Cripps said that remoteness does not necessarily drive higher rates of domestic violence, although it does affect access to help. \"If you\'re a victim of domestic and family violence in remote Australia, the reality is your access to help is significantly hampered,\" she said. \"If you\'re on an outstation, your neighbours might be hundreds of kilometres away, or more.\" This, Professor Cripps said, meant that the likelihood of death following a catastrophic injury due to domestic violence was increased in remote areas. ### Out-of-home care When it comes to children living in out-of-home care, the rates for Indigenous people are well above those for non-Indigenous people across all states and territories. Although the Closing the Gap data is not broken down further by geography, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare publishes its own data, disaggregated by remoteness area. The latest available when Senator Nampijinpa Price made her claim, for June 2021, shows that the rate of out-of-home care for Indigenous children is more than twice as high in the major cities than in remote and very remote areas, running contrary to the senator\'s claim. Professor Cripps said the added surveillance in the cities created more opportunities for Indigenous children to be reported and therefore subject to a removal order. \"You will have parents who are required to routinely turn up to maternal health in ways that they won\'t have to in remote areas,\" she said. Professor Cripps added that parents who had been through the foster system themselves were automatically flagged to child protection services when they had a child, and would then also be reported to authorities if health workers observed precariousness in the parents\' housing situation or any \"risky\" behaviour such as drinking or smoking. \"They\'ve already been reported because they\'ve aged out of the system. And then they\'re automatically reported again if they\'re showing any risky behaviours. \"So the likelihood of [them] losing that baby as soon as it\'s born is significantly high.\" ### Appropriate housing Across the country, there still exists a gap between the number of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people living in adequately sized housing, although the divide is smaller in the major cities. The data shows that a decreasing proportion of Indigenous people live in adequately sized accommodation as remoteness increases. On this measure, however, remoteness does not have the same effect on non- Indigenous people living outside the major cities, with those in remote and regional areas faring no differently to each other. Professor Cripps said the disparity in housing outcomes for Indigenous and non-Indigenous people was mainly down to two factors: the availability of social housing, and racial discrimination in the private housing market. In remote areas, she said, the lower availability of social housing likely interacted with worse racial discrimination to force Indigenous people into overcrowded accommodation more frequently than elsewhere. ## Incarceration ![\\"the](\\" cdn.net.au/53523827cd4214a756ca7f6da47aecc7?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=853&cropW=1280&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575\\"/) Remoteness increases incarceration rates among Indigenous people, but there is more to the story.(Ichigo121212, Pixabay Licence) In this area, there are two indicators: * Aged-standardised rate per 100,000 adults held in incarceration (2022) * Rate per 10,000 people aged 10-17 years in detention on an average day (2021-22) When it comes to incarceration, Indigenous children and adults are locked up at much higher rates, relative to non-Indigenous people, in all states and territories. The Closing the Gap data is not broken down by remoteness area, but the ABS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, last conducted in 2014-15, asked respondents if they had ever been incarcerated. The data shows that incarceration rates were lower among Indigenous people in non-remote areas than those in remote areas. For help in analysing the data, Fact Check consulted two academics from the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Griffith University: Krystal Lockwood, a Gumbaynggirr and Dunghutti woman and lecturer, and Troy Allard, a senior lecturer in the school. In a statement, they said there was evidence that geography did affect incarceration rates among both the general and Indigenous populations, but that it was \"important to understand how remoteness is impacted by other factors\". \"In Australia, both place and the experience of being Indigenous are important to consider …, along with the myriad other social determinants of justice, including education, housing, alcohol and drug use, mental health, physical health, systemic discrimination, poverty, exposure to violence and trauma, offence types, and the operation of the criminal justice system itself.\" The researchers added: \"When other social determinants of justice are taken into account (particularly socioeconomic status), the impact of remoteness on incarceration can either be removed or becomes smaller. Such findings point to the explanatory factors themselves being interrelated.\" Indeed, a 2008 study conducted by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research found that among the general population of the state, offenders in remote and regional areas were less likely to be incarcerated than those in inner metropolitan areas after controlling for \"legally relevant factors\" such as age, sex, Indigenous status or whether the offender had previously been to prison. The study also found \"no interaction effect … for Indigenous status and area of residence, suggesting that Indigenous offenders were neither more likely to be imprisoned nor less likely to be imprisoned within any particular area of residence.\" Dr Lockwood and Dr Allard told Fact Check: \"To make real change, it is unproductive to try and isolate the impact of each of the social determinants — you have to understand how they interact. That\'s why best-practice models view individuals and communities holistically.\" ## Education and employment ![\\"Historic](\\" cdn.net.au/ccf561b40ea559811f85bc6840e97784?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2001&cropW=3000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575\\"/) Employment and education outcomes decline for Indigenous people as remoteness increases.(Matt Brann) There are seven indicators in this area: * Percentage of people aged 25-64 years who are employed (2021) * Percentage of people aged 15-24 years who are fully engaged in employment, education or training (2021) * Percentage of people aged 25-34 years who have completed non-school qualifications of Certificate III or above (2021) * Percentage of people aged 20-24 who have attained a year 12 or equivalent qualification (2021) * Rate per 100 four year olds enrolled in a preschool program (2022) * Percentage of children assessed as developmentally on track in all five domains of the Australian Early Development Census (2021) * Percentage of Indigenous people aged 15 or older who accessed the internet in their home (2014-15) ### Qualifications and employment Across all of these indicators, the data shows that Indigenous people experience worse outcomes as remoteness increases. On job prospects, for example, 62.1 per cent of Indigenous people aged 25-64 living in major cities were employed in 2021, compared with 35 per cent in very remote areas. But with most of these indicators, the same effect is not seen for non- Indigenous people. Indeed, in the example above, remoteness seems to have the opposite effect. Dr Markham said this was explained by the differing population characteristics of the Indigenous and non-Indigenous cohorts. On the one hand, he explained, there were Indigenous people \"living predominantly in very remote communities on lands that have been handed back to them through land restitution processes, like native title land rights … where there are very few jobs available that suit people\'s skills and attributes\". On the other, non-Indigenous people in very remote communities were likely to be more transient workers, such as fly-in fly-out (FIFO) or mining employees, or those who had taken short-term management roles, Dr Markham said. \"They\'re people who, if they become unemployed, will almost certainly leave very remote Australia and head back to where they grew up or where they\'ve got connections.\" In schools, too, Indigenous and non-Indigenous people were likely to have different experiences in remote areas. Dr Markham said that in very remote Australia, non-Indigenous workers \"tend to leave when they have kids,\" meaning their children end up attending school in less remote areas. \"And then there is considerable segregation in schooling in remote service towns like Alice Springs, not to mention the preponderance of non-Indigenous children from very remote areas who attend school of the air [radio or online school] or boarding schools rather than local Indigenous community schools.\" When it came to school attendance rates, which were formerly part of the Closing the Gap targets and also considered by Senator Nampijinpa Price\'s report, the 2020 Closing the Gap report showed declining outcomes among Indigenous people who live further from the cities. Like other indicators in this area, remoteness did not affect non-Indigenous people in the same way, with little difference between those living in the major cities and in remote areas. ### Early education There is one indicator where the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people has been closed at a national level. In 2022, 99.2 per 100 Indigenous four year olds were enrolled in a preschool program, while the rate for their non-Indigenous peers was 88.4 per 100. But this pattern doesn\'t hold in remote areas, where rates declined significantly for both cohorts, and an Indigenous child was instead less likely to be enrolled than a non-Indigenous child. Meanwhile, the proportion of Indigenous children assessed as developmentally on track decreases as remoteness increases. Once again, this trend is not present for non-Indigenous children, who have better outcomes across all areas. ### Internet access Finally, for internet access, the Australian Bureau of Statistics supplied Fact Check with a breakdown by geography of the data used in the Closing the Gap report. The data shows that Indigenous people aged over 15 in non-remote areas accessed home internet at around double the rate of those living in remote areas (82.1 per cent compared with 42.3 per cent) The rate of those who didn\'t access the internet at all in the last 12 months or didn\'t know if they did (46.9 per cent) was also highest in remote areas. Data from the 2016 census — the last to ask a similar question about internet access — showed a gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people across all geographies, with outcomes declining for both groups as remoteness decreases. However, it\'s important to note that both sets of data are significantly out of date, with the information collected before the initial build of the National Broadband Network was completed. ## Languages and land rights ![\\"Indigenous](\\" cdn.net.au/8636ad38e05bb4078ecd00b5ba72d958?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=994&cropW=1495&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575\\"/) Land rights and Indigenous languages have an advantage in remote communities compared to the major cities.(ABC Local: Ross Kay) There are two indicators in this area: * Percentage of land mass and sea area subject to or covered by Indigenous people\'s legal rights or interests (June 2022) * Number of Indigenous languages spoken (2018-19) Neither of these indicators has an equivalent non-Indigenous measure, nor is the Closing the Gap data broken down by remoteness area. Nonetheless, Dr Markham said that when it came to land rights and languages, remoteness was an advantage. \"Very remote Australia is the biggest landmass … and the percentage of land returned … is very high.\" By contrast, \"Land return in major cities is miniscule,\" he said, with Indigenous people typically struggling to get land back. Dr Markham noted that Indigenous languages also had an advantage in remote areas, because these places were colonised later and had larger Indigenous populations. \"One thing that helps with language maintenance is a density of speakers,\" he said. Data for the chart below was collected by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies through its 2018-19 National Indigenous Languages Survey. It shows that the number of \"strong\" traditional languages — that is, those \"used by all age groups, including all children, and [where] people in all age groups are fluent speakers\" — was highest in Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland. ## Analysis of the data Fact Check analysed 13 main indicators where data from the Productivity Commission or another organisation could be broken down by remoteness area. Of these, 11 showed a worsening of outcomes for Indigenous people as remoteness increased. However, they also showed that this same phenomenon was not experienced by non-Indigenous people. According to Dr Markham, place and Indigenous status \"interact to produce the kinds of results that we see in these indicators\". For that reason, he questioned the wisdom of arguing that one was more important than the other, telling Fact Check: \"It\'s a mistake to try and separate place and race and say that they\'re things that you can discreetly pull apart.\" For example, there is a correlation between geography and incarceration rates. But experts contacted by Fact Check agreed this link becomes weaker when taking into account other factors. Importantly, for the vast majority of indicators that revealed a clear link between geography and worse outcomes, there was still a gap in outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in major cities and regional areas. This matters because larger proportions of Indigenous people live in major cities (41 per cent) and regional areas (44 per cent) than in remote areas (15 per cent), according to the 2021 census. Dr Markham noted that regional areas, which have the largest Indigenous populations, would have the largest impact on the formal Closing the Gap targets, which were nationally focused. But he said there were \"still large gaps between Indigenous and non- Indigenous people in major cities where Indigenous people tend to have the best socioeconomic outcomes. And even if all Indigenous people had, on average, those outcomes, you wouldn\'t see the gaps close on most measures.\" Finally, there are some indicators where Indigenous people living in the cities have the same or worse outcomes as their regional and remote counterparts. For example, Indigenous children are more likely to be in out-of-home care in major cities than in regional or remote areas, according to the AIHW. And according to data from the ABS, among Indigenous females aged 15 and over, the risk of being threatened or physically harmed by a family member or intimate partner is the same in remote and non-remote areas. All in all, while there is a relationship between place and Indigenous disadvantage, it is not consistent across all indicators. Moreover, geography often affects non-Indigenous people differently, and there is still a gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people even in the major cities. **Principal researcher: RMIT ABC Fact Check Managing Editor,Matt Martino** ## Sources * Jacinta Nampijinpa Price, Speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference, August 19, 2023 * Tom Calma, Social justice report, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2005 * Tom Calma, preface, Close the gap — national Indigenous health equality targets, March 2008 * Closing the Gap, Closing the Gap reports * Closing the Gap information repository, Annual data report, July 2023 * Closing the Gap, How to interpret the data * COAG statement on the closing the gap refresh, December 12, 2018 * Australian Bureau of Statistics, Remoteness areas, Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3, March 21, 2023 * Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Suicide and self-harm monitoring, 2021 * AIHW, Protective and risk factors for suicide among Indigenous Australians, 2022 * AIHW, Indigenous Australians\' access to health services, Australia\'s Health 2016 * ABS, Personal safety, Australia, March 15, 2023 * ABS, Custom data supplied via email, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (2018-19), September 27, 2023 * ABS, Custom data supplied via email, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (2014-15), September 27, 2023 * Lucy Snowball, Does a lack of alternatives to custody increase the risk of a prison sentence?, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics, January 2008 * NBN Co, Initial build complete, NBN Co announces next phase of network investment to meet future demand, September 23, 2020 Posted 13 Oct 202313 Oct 2023Fri 13 Oct 2023 at 6:39am Share * Copy link * Facebook * X (formerly Twitter) ## Related topics * Australia * Indigenous Policy * Reconciliation ## ![\\"Fact](\\"/news-assets/logo-fact-check.png\\"/) Fearlessly follow the facts no matter where they lead. More Fact Check stories ### Attributing this article This article was undertaken through a collaborative partnership between RMIT University and the ABC, which concluded in June 2024. The article should be attributed as \"RMIT ABC Fact Check [date]\" Contact Fact Check ### Connect with Fact Check * * * * * ![\\"\\"](\\" cdn.net.au/22cbeef0b263587936a64fe07083b96d?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=619&cropW=1100&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=485\\"/) Fact Check made in partnership with RMIT University ![\\"\\"](\\" cdn.net.au/c3a352c2a04c95ca081a2a31ba6d645d?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=352&cropW=352&xPos=136&yPos=0&width=862&height=862\\"/) IFCN Fact-Checkers\' Code of Principles Signatory ## Top Stories ### Former Mossad director warns \'all-out war with Iran\' would be challenging Topic:Unrest, Conflict and War Photo shows close up of Efraim Halevy, the former head of the Israeli secret service Mossad![\\"close](\\" cdn.net.au/c1557b09e901417bd2fd37264a649096?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2591&cropW=3886&xPos=0&yPos=29&width=862&height=575\\") ### \'Shrinkflation\' is lightening your grocery cart while you pay the same price. 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The gap in outcomes between Indigenous and nonIndigenous people is more about place than race | 3,173 | ## Your privacy, your choice We use essential cookies to make sure the site can function. We also use optional cookies for advertising, personalisation of content, usage analysis, and social media. By accepting optional cookies, you consent to the processing of your personal data - including transfers to third parties. Some third parties are outside of the European Economic Area, with varying standards of data protection. See our privacy policy for more information on the use of your personal data. Manage preferences for further information and to change your choices. Accept all cookiesAdvertisement ![\\"BMC\\"](\\"/static/images/bmc/logos/logo-bmc-white- series-d1f4e4f0a7.svg\\") ![\\"Part](\\"/static/images/bmc/logos/logo-bmc-white-strapline- sn-f224388d67.svg\\") Search * Explore journals * Get published * About BMC * My account Search all BMC articles Search BMC Public Health * Home * About * Articles * Submission Guidelines * Collections * Join the Editorial Board * Submit manuscript Experiences of racism among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults living in the Australian state of Victoria: a cross-sectional population-based study Download PDF Download PDF * Research article * Open access * Published: 14 March 2019 # Experiences of racism among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults living in the Australian state of Victoria: a cross-sectional population-based study * Alison Markwick1, * Zahid Ansari1, * Darren Clinch2 & * … * John McNeil1 Show authors BMC Public Health volume 19, Article number: 309 (2019) Cite this article * 281k Accesses * 36 Citations * 131 Altmetric * Metrics details ## Abstract ### Background Racism is a key determinant of the health of Indigenous Australians that may explain the unremitting gap in health and socioeconomic outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. We quantified the population-based prevalence of experiences of racism of Indigenous adults in the Australian state of Victoria and investigated whether this was independent of social determinants and lifestyle risk factors. ### Methods We combined data from the 2011, 2012 and 2014 Victorian Population Health Surveys to obtain a sample size of 33,833 Victorian adults, including 387 Indigenous adults. The survey is a cross-sectional, population-based, computer-assisted telephone interview survey conducted annually. Using logistic regression, experiences of racism was the dependent variable and Indigenous status the primary independent variable of interest. Secondary independent variables included age, sex, rurality, socioeconomic status, social capital, and lifestyle risk factors. ### Results Indigenous Victorian adults were four times more likely than their non- Indigenous counterparts to have experienced racism in the preceding 12 months; odds ratio (OR) = 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2–5.8). Controlling for social determinants and lifestyle risk factors attenuated, but did not eliminate, the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status; OR = 3.1 (95% CI: 2.2–4.3). The social determinants of age and social trust made the largest contribution to the attenuation of the association. Education also had a large impact on the association, but in the opposite direction, suggesting that a low level of education may be protective against experiences of racism. When the non-Indigenous comparison group consisted of adults of mainly Anglo-Celtic origin, Indigenous adults were seven times more likely (OR = 7.2; 5.3–9.7) to have experienced racism. ### Conclusions Racism directed against Indigenous Victorians is significant and cannot be ascribed to any specific attributes such as socioeconomic status or lifestyle risk factors. We argue that a human rights-based approach to policy-making for the elimination of systemic and interpersonal racism offers an opportunity and viable alternative to current policy-making, that continues to be dominated by a paternalistic approach that reinforces racism and the resulting inequities. ### Please note Throughout this document, the term Indigenous is taken to include people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent. While not our preferred term, Indigenous is used in preference to Aboriginal and Koori as not all Indigenous people living in Victoria are Aboriginal or Koori. We recognise that, with the exception of the term ‘Koori’, these terms are Eurocentric having been imposed upon a people of many nations with distinct languages and cultures. The use of such terms is akin to referring to the peoples of the continent of Europe as ‘Europeans’. Peer Review reports ## Background The history of Indigenous people in Australia over the last two hundred years since the arrival of Europeans is one of great suffering. Genocide, the introduction of European diseases, dispossession, subjugation and segregation reduced the Indigenous population by 90% between 1788 and 1900 [1]. A conservative estimate indicates that prior to European contact there were approximately 15,000 Indigenous Australians living in the state of Victoria; that number was reduced to approximately 850 by 1901 [2]. Today, Indigenous Australians continue to face interpersonal and institutional racism which creates and sustains their lower socioeconomic status by excluding them from economic opportunities and land ownership. Moreover, Indigenous men and women can expect to live 10.6 and 9.5 years less than non- Indigenous men and women respectively [3]. A large and growing body of evidence consistently implicates racism as a key determinant of the health of Indigenous Australians [4, 5]. However, one of the most persistent aspects of today’s discourse regarding racism in Australia is the very denial of its existence [6]. A review of the linguistic and discursive patterns of contemporary speech in both informal and formal (parliamentary debates, political speeches, and the media) settings in Australia concluded that the social taboo against openly expressing racist beliefs has led to the development of strategies that present negative views of minority groups as reasonable and justified, while exonerating the speaker from charges of racism. This serves to constrain political efforts to address racism thus reinforcing racism [6]. In this paper we sought to: (a) quantify the population-based prevalence of racism experienced by Indigenous Australians who lived in the state of Victoria; (b) determine if experiences of racism among Indigenous Victorians are independent of lifestyle risk factors and social determinants, such as socioeconomic status, that are often used to justify negative stereotypes; (c) describe potential pathways by which experiences of racism impacts on Indigenous Victorians to create inequalities in health; and (d) identify key points of intervention and potential strategies to combat racism. On an individual level, racism refers to the beliefs and attitudes that members of certain groups have of their superiority in relation to other groups who are regarded as inferior, based on race, ethnicity or cultural background [7]. Those who are assumed to be inferior are treated differently and unfavourably. At a societal level, racism can be defined as “… that which maintains or exacerbates inequality of opportunity among ethnoracial groups” and racial discrimination as the racist behaviours and practices that result in inequality of opportunity among ethnoracial groups [8]. ## Methods ### Data source The Victorian Population Health Survey is an annual cross-sectional population-based survey that collects information on the health of adults who live in the Australian state of Victoria [9]. Random digit dialling of landline telephone was used to randomly select adults aged 18 years or older who lived in private dwellings. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services or the Victorian Government of Australia. ### Sample size We merged three Victorian Population Health Survey datasets to attain a sufficient number of adults who identified as Indigenous. This included data from the 2011 survey (33,673 participants), the 2012 survey (7533 participants), and the 2014 survey (33,654 participants). The sample size of the 2011 and 2014 surveys was based on recruiting approximately 426 participants for each of the 79 local government areas of Victoria, while the 2012 survey was based on recruiting approximately 900 participants for each of the 8 departmental regions. The sample size was based on detecting a variable of interest with a prevalence of 7.5%, confidence interval of 5.0 to 10.0%, and a relative standard error of 17%. We deleted all non-Indigenous participants from the 2011 and 2012 surveys because they were not asked about experiences of racism. The combined dataset was stratified by departmental region and the final sample size was 33,833, which included 387 Indigenous participants. ### Response rate The response rate was defined as the proportion of households where contact was made and an interview completed. It was 67% for the 2011 survey, 69% for the 2012 survey, and 70% for the 2014 survey. ### Weighting To reduce participation bias, we reweighted the survey data to reflect the age/sex/geographic distribution of the census Indigenous and non-Indigenous resident population of Victoria in 2011 and the probability of selection of the household and the participant within the household. We then normalised the resulting weights to add up to the sample total in order to maximise the accuracy of the standard errors [10]. ### Ethics statement The survey was approved by the Victorian Department of Health Human Research Ethics Committee in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Since the Victorian Population Health Survey is a general population health survey, there was no consideration of the Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies. ### Variables Experiences of racism were assessed by asking the following question in the 2011 and 2012 survey: “How often, if at all, have you received unfair treatment in the last 12 months because you are an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?” Since only Indigenous participants were asked about experiences of racism in the 2011 and 2012 surveys, all non-Indigenous participants of these two surveys were eliminated from the combined dataset. In the 2014 survey all participants, regardless of Indigenous status, were asked the question “In the last 12 months, have you experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly because of your racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious background?” Although not identical, we combined the three studies to attain a sufficient sample size of Indigenous participants on the presupposition that both questions were a reasonable measure of experiences of racism. As we were interested in exploring experiences of racism among the Indigenous survey participants, the primary independent variable of interest was Indigenous status. To determine Indigenous status, participants in all three surveys were asked “Are you of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin?” Participants who stated that they were Aboriginal (n = 328), Torres Strait Islander (n = 39) or both (n = 20) were combined. The social determinants we investigated included socio-demographic characteristics and social capital. Socio-demographic variables included: age, sex, rurality, and three indicators of socioeconomic status (total annual household income, educational attainment, and employment status). Total annual household income included pre-tax income from all sources such as wages, social security payments, child support, and investments over the previous 12 months. Social capital included social support (ability to get help from family, friends and/or neighbours when needed), and social and civic trust. Social trust was assessed by asking two questions: “Do you feel safe walking alone down your street after dark?”, and: “Do you agree that most people can be trusted?”. Civic trust was assessed by asking the following questions: “Do you feel valued by society?”, and: “Do you feel there are opportunities to have a real say on issues that are important to you?” The lifestyle risk factors we investigated included smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy body weight, and physical inactivity. Survey participants disclosed their height and weight and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Underweight was defined as a BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2, normal weight as a BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2, overweight as a BMI of 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, and obesity as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more [11]. Physical inactivity was assessed using a series of questions and responses were compared against the National Physical Activity Guidelines for Australians to determine levels of physical inactivity [12]. ### Missing data Less than 5% of participants refused to answer or were unable to answer the survey questions for all variables; except for total annual household income (17%), body weight status (10%), physical activity level (7%), and feeling valued by society (6%). Missing data were included in all analyses as a separate category. ### Statistical analysis We calculated weighted prevalence estimates for all variables with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We also calculated relative standard errors to determine the relative size of the sampling error and considered a relative standard error that exceeded 25% to be unreliable. We used logistic regression to investigate the relationship between experiences of racism and Indigenous status. The dependent or outcome variable was experiences of racism (0 = never and 1 = at least once a year) and the primary independent or exposure variable of interest was Indigenous status (0 = no, 1 = yes and 9 = did not know or refused to say). We determined statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level. We analysed the survey data with the Stata statistical software package version 12 [13], using the svy prefix commands that take into account the sampling design. We used the following steps: 1. 1: Univariable logistic regression to identify independent variables that were associated with experiences of racism (Tables 1, 2 and 3). 2. 2: Bivariable logistic regression to investigate the impact of each independent variable on the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status (Table 4). We deemed that variables that increased or decreased the OR of the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status by 10% or more were potentially explanatory variables [14]. 3. 3: Multivariable logistic regression (Table 4) to further investigate the contribution of all independent variables. Table 1 Experiences of racism, by socio-demographic characteristics: univariable analysis Full size table Table 2 Experiences of racism, by social capital: univariable analysis Full size table Table 3 Experiences of racism, by lifestyle risk factors: univariable analysis Full size table Table 4 Impact of socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, and social capital on the association between perceived racism and Indigenous status; bivariable and multivariable analyses Full size table ## Results Seventeen percent of Indigenous adults experienced at least one episode of racism in the year preceding the survey, compared with 4.5% of their non- Indigenous counterparts (Table 1). Thus, Indigenous adults living in Victoria were four times more likely than non-Indigenous adults to experience racism (odds ratio (OR) = 4.3; 95% CI = 3.2–5.8). However, Victoria is a multicultural state with people from all over the world, including a large non-white non-Anglo-Celtic population who began to immigrate to Australia after the repeal of the White Australia Policy in 1973. By excluding participants who were not born in Australia to Australian-born parents and spoke a language other than English at home, we excluded the majority of the non-white non-Anglo-Celtic population who may similarly have experienced racism. While we assumed that there would be misclassification error, in the absence of any other data on ethnicity, the majority of those born in Australia to non-Indigenous Australian-born parents who only spoke English at home are likely at this point in time to be of the dominant white Anglo-Celtic population. This reduced the prevalence of experiences of racism in the non-Indigenous population from 4.5 to 2.8% (Table 1) and the OR of the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status increased from 4.3 to 7.2 (5.3–9.7). Thus, Indigenous adults were 7 times more likely to experience racism than non-Indigenous adults who were born in Australia to Australian-born parents who only spoke English at home. Socio-demographic variables that were significantly associated with experiences of racism included age, sex, rurality, and three indicators of socioeconomic status (Table 1). Age was inversely associated with experiences of racism; as age increased, experiences of racism decreased. Males were more likely than females to experience racism, as were those who lived in metropolitan compared with rural Victoria. The association of experiences of racism with socioeconomic status varied according to the measure employed. Living in a household with a total annual income of less than $40,000, not being tertiary-educated, and not being in the labour force (unable to work, retired, engaged in home duties, or student) were associated with a lower prevalence of experiences of racism. In contrast, adults who were unemployed were almost twice as likely to experience racism as those who were employed. Social support and trust are measures of ‘social capital’. There is no single definition of social capital. However, in essence social capital refers to the nature and extent of one’s social relationships across society, which determines access, or lack thereof, to the social and economic resources needed for a good life. When we investigated the relationship of experiences of racism with social capital, we found that adults who were unable to get help when needed, irrespective of the source of help, were significantly more likely to experience racism than adults who were able to get help from any of these sources (Table 3). Similarly, social and civic trust were also associated with experiences of racism. Adults who did not believe that most people could be trusted were almost 4 times as likely as those that did believe most people could be trusted to experience racism; OR = 3.6 (3.1–4.1). Similarly, adults who did not feel safe walking alone down their street after dark, those who did not feel valued by society, and those who did not feel there were opportunities to have a real say on important matters, were more likely to experience racism. When we investigated the relationship of experiences of racism and lifestyle risk factors, we found that adults who smoked, were underweight or obese, and who were physically inactive, were significantly more likely to experience racism than non-smokers, people of normal weight, and the physically active (Table 2). We used two measures of alcohol consumption and found a u-shaped relationship: Indigenous adults who abstained from alcohol consumption and those that drank excessively on any given occasion were both more likely to experience racism. When we controlled for each secondary independent variable in a bivariable analysis; age, education, and social trust were the only three variables that changed the OR of the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status by more than 10% and were thus deemed to be potentially explanatory of the association (Table 4). In our study, twice as many non-Indigenous adults (44%) were aged 65 years and older compared with their Indigenous counterparts (22%). Controlling for age reduced the OR by 23% from 4.3 to 3.3 (2.5–4.5). Similarly, a higher proportion of Indigenous adults (22%) than non-Indigenous adults (13%) did not believe that most people could be trusted. Controlling for social trust, reduced the OR by 12% from 4.3 to 3.8 (2.8–5.1). In contrast, low educational attainment appeared to be protective against experiences of racism, as controlling for education increased the OR by 11% from 4.3 to 4.8 (3.6–6.5). When we included all secondary independent variables in a multivariable analysis, the OR was reduced by 29% from 4.3 to 3.0 (2.2–4.3). However, the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status remained highly significant at the p < 0.001 level (Table 4). Controlling for the three variables deemed to be potentially explanatory (age, education, and social trust) in a multivariable model, reduced the OR by 21% from 4.3 to 3.4 (2.5–4.7). Controlling for all social determinants reduced the OR by 26% from 4.3 to 3.2 (2.3–4.5). In contrast, controlling for all lifestyle risk factors only reduced the OR by 10% from 4.3 to 3.9 (2.9–5.2). ## Discussion The prevalence of experiences of racism among Indigenous adults who lived in Victoria between 2011 and 2014, was 17% (13.3–21.5%), compared with 4.5% of non-Indigenous adults. Indigenous adults were four times more likely to experience racism than their non-Indigenous counterparts (OR = 4.3; 3.2–5.8). However, compared with the largely white non-Indigenous population of Anglo- Celtic origin, Indigenous adults were seven times more likely to experience racism (OR = 7.2; 5.3–9.7) as only 2.8% of Anglo-Celtic adults reported that they had experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly because of their racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious background. We expect that the estimate of 2.8% is likely to be an overestimate because some of these experiences of discrimination may have been due to religious background rather than race, ethnicity or culture. Although we know that non-Indigenous adults of non-Anglo-Celtic origin also experience racism, our interest was specifically in the Indigenous experience of racism because of the enormous health inequities that exist between Indigenous and non-Indigenous adults. Whereas, the non-Indigenous non-Anglo- Celtic tend to be recent migrants who have better health than those born in Australia; commonly referred to as ‘the healthy immigrant effect’ [15]. To the best of our knowledge, we believe this study to be the first population-based study of experiences of racism among Indigenous adults who live in the state of Victoria. However, we believe that our estimate of experiences of racism among Indigenous Victorians is a significant underestimate of the true prevalence of racism and that the estimate of 17% should be taken as meaning ‘at least’ 17%. We say this for the following reasons. Firstly, Indigenous status was determined by a simple single-item that asked, “Are you of Aboriginal or Torres Islander origin”. Some people may say yes to this question because they have a distant relative who was/is Indigenous, but they personally do not identify as Indigenous and may not ‘look’ Indigenous, given that there remains a widespread erroneous belief that indigeneity is about skin colour. Therefore, these individuals may not be at risk of experiencing racism due to their self-reported Indigenous origin. We have no way of distinguishing or quantifying such participants. If they made up a significant proportion of the Indigenous sample, then the prevalence of experiences of racism would be significantly underestimated. Indigeneity in Australia is generally determined by a three-part definition that must be met to be legally considered to be Indigenous. A person must have Indigenous heritage, identify as Indigenous and be accepted as such by an Indigenous community [16]. Secondly, the wider literature consistently shows that experiences of racism are typically under-reported [17]. Studies show that people are more likely to report experiences of racism if the question is phrased to ask about the experiences of the ethnoracial group to which they belong, rather than their personal experiences [17,18,19]. Evidence suggests this may be due to the psychologically protective effect associated with minimising personal experiences of racism [20, 21]. The Victorian Population Health Survey only inquired about a participant’s personal experiences of racism. Thirdly, multi-item measures of experiences of racism tend to be more reliable than single-item measures [22]. For example, the 2014–15 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, a population-based national survey that used a multi-item measure of experiences of racism, reported that 34% of Indigenous Australians experienced racism [23]. By contrast, the Victorian Population Health Survey only used a single-item measure. It is important to be cognisant of the fact that racism is a complex phenomenon and reducing it to a single-item question cannot capture its complexity [24]. Indeed, its prevalence is highly likely to be underestimated when using a single-item question. Moreover, Indigenous people view racism as a more diverse and complex phenomenon than non-Indigenous people [25]. It is also well-known that survey questions developed for one culture may not be culturally appropriate for another culture. In recognition of this and the complexity of the phenomenon of racism, Paradies and Cunningham (2008) developed, tested and validated a 31-item Measure of Indigenous Racism Experiences (MIRE) to assess experiences of racism among Indigenous Australians [25]. Future research on the prevalence of experiences of racism among Indigenous Australians will likely be more accurate if it utilised the MIRE questions. In 2011, the Localities Embracing and Accepting Diversity (LEAD) survey, conducted in Victoria, reported that 97% of Indigenous participants experienced racism [26]. The purpose of the LEAD study was not to specifically measure the prevalence of racism, but to investigate the relationship between experiences of racism and mental health outcomes. As a result, this study was not population representative of Victoria, as it was conducted in only four localities of Victoria and recruitment was non-random to maximise recruitment. However, as this study was conducted among specific Indigenous communities who met the three-part definition of indigeneity and almost all participants had experienced racism, its findings support our contention that our estimate is an underestimate of the true prevalence of racism experienced by Indigenous Victorians. The time period of exposure to racism is also of importance. Our study asked about the previous 12 months while another study inquired about the lifetime prevalence of exposure to racism and estimated that 52.3% of Indigenous urban Victorians aged 12–17 years experienced racism [5]. Whether the prevalence of experiences of racism is higher or lower in Victoria compared with other states is currently unknown. However, we hypothesise that there may be a higher prevalence of experiences of racism in Victoria because Victoria has the lowest ethnic density (0.9%) of Indigenous Australians than any other state and there are only two discrete Indigenous communities in Victoria, which have small populations [27]. High own group ethnic density has consistently been shown to be protective against experiences of racism, believed to be due, at least in part, to a lower exposure to the perpetrators of racism [28,29,30]. Controlling for social determinants and lifestyle risk factors attenuated, but did not eliminate, the strong statistical association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status. Indigenous Victorians were still at least three times more likely to experience racism than their non-Indigenous counterparts after controlling for these factors. The social determinants had a larger impact on the association between experiences of racism and Indigenous status than the lifestyle risk factors. The negligible impact of the lifetyle risk factors refutes the commonly made claim that the racism Indigenous Australians experience is due to their ‘poor lifestyle choices’, rather than their Indigenous status [7, 31]. This is particularly pertinent when considering alcohol consumption, as there is a commonly held negative stereotype that most Indigenous Australians drink alcohol to excess, often used to justify racism [31]. However, the evidence shows that Indigenous Australians are less likely to consume alcohol than non- Indigenous Australians and we found that Indigenous Victorians who abstained from alcohol consumption were as likely to experience racism as those who drank excessively [32]. Experiences of racism varied by socioeconomic status. Indigenous adults of low socioeconomic status, whether measured by household income, educational attainment or not being in the labour force, were less likely to experience racism than their higher socioeconomic counterparts. The single exception was that those who were unemployed were also more likely to experience racism. Our findings are consistent with the literature. For example, the Darwin Region Urban Indigenous Diabetes (DRUID) study also found a higher prevalence of experiences of racism among Indigenous Australians of high socioeconomic status [33]. A possible explanation of why experiences of racism are higher among Indigenous Australians of higher socioeconomic status may be that those who manage to overcome the substantial barriers that Indigenous people continue to face in mainstream society are a minority within a minority. This is likely to increase an individual’s exposure to mainstream society and put them at a greater likelihood of experiencing racism, which is consistent with the evidence on the protective effects of high own group ethnic density. It may also explain the seeming contradiction of unemployed Indigenous Victorians being more likely to experience racism. Unemployed Indigenous Victorians may also have a higher exposure to mainstream society because such exposure is necessary to receive unemployment benefits. Alternatively, or additionally, it is possible that people of higher socioeconomic status have a greater propensity to report experiences of racism. Our findings that low educational attainment appear to be protective against experiences of racism is of concern given the poorer socioeconomic outcomes associated with low levels of education. There is a large body of research demonstrating the existence of maladaptive problem-focused behavioural responses to racism, such as opting out of formal education as an act of self- protection [34]. This may help to explain the lower secondary school completion rates among Indigenous children and is supported by a recent study in Victoria, which identified racism within the school system as one of the most challenging issues faced by Indigenous children, particularly at secondary school level [35]. The implication of this finding is that more needs to be done to eradicate systemic and interpersonal racism within our education system. In 2012, the Race Discrimination Commissioner observed that: “Sometimes racism can be reflected in not telling the history of an event or the experience of a group of people in our country” [36]. Currently, what is, or is not, taught in schools about Indigenous history and culture, depends on individual schools. Unfortunately, an attempt to introduce a national curriculum, which embedded education about Indigenous culture, history, and the impact of colonisation, was thwarted in 2014 by the Federal government, following a non-independent review of its content [37]. At a societal level, groups who claim ethnoracial superiority at the expense of those deemed inferior, derive great benefits from the inequitable social and economic living conditions that are generated [17]. However, for the group deemed to be inferior, chronic experiences of racism are harmful to their mental and physical health [38,39,40]. While racism is not always intentional and much of systemic racism is carried out by people who are ignorant or in denial, this doesn’t lessen its harmful effects. According to Krieger’s ecosocial analysis, the harm occurs through seven pathways [17]: (1) economic and social deprivation; (2) higher exposure to toxins, hazards, and pathogens; (3) social trauma, (4) health-harming responses to racism, (5) targeted marketing of harmful products; (6) inferior and inadequate health care; and (7) environmental degradation and alienation from the land [22]. Strengths of our study include that it was based on data from the Victorian Population Health Survey, which has been conducted annually since 2001 and is a well-validated population-based survey with a relatively high response rate. Moreover, the Victorian Population Health Survey collects data on a wide breadth of topics, including the social determinants of health, because it was informed by a public health model of the social determinants of health [41]. In contrast, most health surveys tend to be informed by the biomedical model of health, which attributes disease to proximate biological factors at the level of the individual and ignores the social determinants of health. Collecting data on the social determinants of health provdes an opportunity to develop policy directions that address racism. Weaknesses of the study, other than those previously described, include the use of two different questions about experiences of racism. While the questions in the 2011 and 2012 studies ask specifically about experiences of racism directly attributable to Indigenous status, the question in the 2014 survey asked about experiences of racism attributable to ‘racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious background’. This leaves open the question of potential intersectionality between race and religion and whether we are accurately measuring experiences of racism among participants from the 2014 survey which would impact on the prevalence estimate of the combined dataset. The prevalence of experiences of racism among Indigenous participants from the 2011 and 2012 surveys was 19.6% (13.8–27.1%) compared with 15.0% (10.7–20.7%) from the 2014 survey. Although lower among the 2014 Indigenous participants, the difference was not statistically significant. Survey data is cross-sectional, which does not allow for conclcusions to be drawn in relation to cause and effect or its direction. For example, feeling unsafe walking alone after dark could be the consequence and/or cause of self- reported racism. The data is self-reported raising concerns about bias and accuracy. However, not all data readily lends itself to objective measurement, and experiences of racism are an example [34]. However, it is self-reported racism that is strongly associated with mental and physical ill-health [42]. The Victorian Population Health Surveys conducted prior to 2015 only surveyed households with landline telephone connections. Yet the exponential uptake of mobile telephones has caused a rapid growth in households that rely solely on mobile telephones and raised concerns that telephone surveys that only include fixed landline connections are losing their population representativeness [43]. Moreover, Indigenous women have been found to be five times more likely than non-Indigenous women to live in mobile-only households [43]. Therefore, if the experiences of Indigenous households who have landline telephones are different to those who do not, our findings may not be as population representative as we suppose. As noted by the extensive work of Maggie Walter, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data on Indigenous peoples are not as objective as non- Indigenous peoples claim them to be [44]. In Australia most research is conceived, conducted and interpreted by non-Indigenous people who are largely of middle class Ango-Celtic origin. Consequently, the research decisions made reflect the social norms, values and beliefs of the non-Indigenous. This has lead to a lot of research that effectively stigmatises Indigenous people, thus reinforcing racism. For example, there is a disproportionate amount of research that focuses on health behaviours such as smoking and alcohol consumption, comparing Indigenous with non-Indigenous people. Such research concludes that Indigenous people are more likely to engage in unhealthy health behaviours than their non-Indigenous counterparts, which is stigmatising [45]. This has lead to policies aimed at closing the gap in health between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians being almost exclusively focused on reducing the gap in health behaviours, which is notoriously hard to do in any population. Yet the irony of this is that health behaviours only account for approximately 32% of the total burden of disease and this itself may be an overestimate as it is based on a study that only included health behaviours in the risk factors analysis [46]. It is the social determinants of health that account for a far greater proportion of the burden of disease. The reasons for this not only reflect the dominance of the biomedical model of health, which was conceived in Europe and the United States, but also Western neoliberal culture that values individualism over collectivism and regards individual responsibility as the pathway to good health. It is at odds with the Indigenous perspective on health. Imposing such beliefs and values through prioritising this type of research is, arguably, racist. We therefore recognise this as a weakness of our study and join the growing call for better engagement with, and the inclusion of, Indigenous people and Indigenous researchers at all stages of the research process, from conception to publication. Each year the Prime Minster of Australia reports on progress towards closing the gap in Indigenous health. However, in the 9 years since the commencement of the ‘Closing the Gap’ strategy, very little has been achieved and in some cases the gap is widening [47]. The National Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013–2023, designed to address the gap, acknowledges that “racism is a key social determinant of health for Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people…” and seeks to eliminate systemic racism within the healthcare sector. However, it still disproportionately focuses on changing the health behaviours of Indigenous Australians and ignores the wider systemic and interpersonal racism directed against Indigenous Australians [48]. We contend that the gap is unlikely to be reduced until we comprehensively address racism towards Indigenous Australians [49]. A large body of work on anti-racism strategies and interventions has been conducted and trialled by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation [50]. We refer readers to their website [50]. Table 5 attempts to summarise potential policies and interventions, by sector, that may effect real societal change in attitudes and behaviours. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, but rather to provoke thought. Many of the policies and interventions are aimed at eliminating systemic racism rather than interpersonal racism which is the subject of this study. However, all forms of racism ought to be tackled simultaneously to prevent reversion. Moreover, piecemeal approaches to tackling racism that are often underfunded and not sustained have the potential to do more harm than good [51]. Table 5 Potential policies and interventions to eradicate racism Full size table In Australia, a paternalistic ideology continues to pervade policy-making for Indigenous Australian across all levels of government [52]. This is, therefore a key area for reform. Paternalistic policies are inherently racist as they do not recognise the right to self-determination and seek to limit the choices of individuals, based on the belief that individuals do not know what is in their best interest. The antithesis of the paternalistic approach is a human rights- based approach. The adoption of a human rights-based approach to policy-making would be more likely to facilitate the elimination of systemic racism which in turn would lead to better health and wellbeing outcomes for Indigenous people. ## Conclusions This study shows that, contrary to the current discourse in Australia that denies the existence of racism, racism directed against Indigenous adults in Victoria is a significant problem and may be associated with lower educational attainment, which may lead to lower socioeconomic status and poorer health outcomes. Therefore, if as a society we truly wish to reduce the gap in health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, we should: (a) acknowledge that racism against our Indigenous counterparts exists; (b) that it is extensive and harmful; and (c) that it is a major determinant of the gap in health. 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Political determinants and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: don\'t leave your integrity at the political gate. J Public Health Policy. 2017;38:387–93. PubMed Google Scholar Download references ## Acknowledgements We thank Ms. Kylie Belling and Ms. Taryn Lee for reviewing this work. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Victorian Department of Health and human Services nor the Victorian Government of Australia. ### Funding The Victorian Population Health Survey is funded by the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services, including questionnaire design and collection of data. ### Availability of data and materials The authors do not have permission to release the data. However, the data are available from the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services upon application. ## Author information ### Authors and Affiliations 1. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia Alison Markwick, Zahid Ansari & John McNeil 2. Aboriginal Health and Wellbeing Branch, Department of Health and Human Services, State Government of Victoria, 50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia Darren Clinch Authors 1. Alison Markwick View author publications You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar 2. Zahid Ansari View author publications You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar 3. Darren Clinch View author publications You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar 4. John McNeil View author publications You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar ### Contributions AM analysed the data and drafted the article. ZA, DC, and JM provided information, contributed to the draft, read and approved the final version of this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ### Corresponding author Correspondence to Alison Markwick. ## Ethics declarations ### Ethics approval and consent to participate The Victorian Department of Health Human Research Ethics Committee approved the survey in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all survey participants. ### Consent for publication Not applicable. ### Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. ### Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ## Rights and permissions Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Reprints and permissions ## About this article ![\\"Check](\\"\\") ### Cite this article Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Clinch, D. et al. Experiences of racism among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults living in the Australian state of Victoria: a cross-sectional population-based study. BMC Public Health 19, 309 (2019). Download citation * Received: 11 May 2018 * Accepted: 01 March 2019 * Published: 14 March 2019 * DOI: ### Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative ### Keywords * Experiences of racism * Indigenous status * Social determinants * Social capital * Socioeconomic status * Education * Lifestyle risk factors * Australia * Victoria Download PDF * Sections * References * Abstract * Background * Methods * Results * Discussion * Conclusions * Abbreviations * References * Acknowledgements * Author information * Ethics declarations * Rights and permissions * About this article Advertisement 1. Harris JW. Hiding the bodies: the myth of the humane colonisation of Australia. Journal of Aboriginal History. 2003;27:79–104. Google Scholar 2. Broome R. Aboriginal Victorians: A history since 1800. Crows Nest NSW: Allen & Unwin; 2005. 3. AIHW. Life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. . 2016 [cited 2016 15/12]. 4. Larson A, et al. It\'s enough to make you sick: the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2007;31(4):322–9. 5. Priest N, et al. Racism and health among urban Aboriginal young people. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:568. 6. Augoustinos M, Every D. The language of “race” and liberal-practical politics. J Lang Soc Psychol. 2007;26(2):123–41. Google Scholar 7. Sanson A, et al. Racism and prejudice: an Australian Psychological Society position paper. Aust Psychol. 1998;33(3):161–82. Google Scholar 8. Berman G, Paradies Y. Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: towards effective anti-racist praxis. Ethn Racial Stud. 2010;33(2):214–32. Google Scholar 9. Victorian State Government. Victorian Population Health Survey. 10. ABS, Frequently Asked Questions - Tips for using CURFs - How should I use survey weights in my model? Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. 11. WHO, World Health Organization. . 2017. 12. Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA). National physical activity guidelines for adults. Canberra: DoHA; 1999. Google Scholar 13. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. Accessed 02-Aug-14. 2011 02-Dec-13]; Available from: 14. McNamee R. Confounding and confounders. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(3):227–34 quiz 164, 234. CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 15. Kennedy S, et al. The healthy immigrant effect: patterns and evidence from four countries. J Int Migr Integr. 2015;16(2):317–32. Google Scholar 16. Parliament of Australia, Defining Aboriginality in Australia. Current Issues Brief no. 10 2002–03. 2003. 17. Krieger, N., Discrimination and health inequities, in Social epidemiology, L.F. Berkman, I. Kawachi, and M.M. Glymour, editors. 2014, Oxford university press: New York, NY. p. 63–125. 18. Hausmann LR, et al. Perceived racial discrimination in health care and its association with patients\' healthcare experiences: does the measure matter? Ethn Dis. 2010;20(1):40–7. 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ABS, Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4714.0 - National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 2014–15. . 2016. 24. Paradies Y, Cunningham J. Development and validation of the measure of indigenous racism experiences (MIRE). Int J Equity Health. 2008;7:9–19. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 25. Bodkin-Andrews G, Carlson B. The legacy of racism and Indigenous Australian identity within education. Race Ethn Educ. 2016;19(4):784–807. Google Scholar 26. Ferdinand A, Paradies Y, Kelaher M. Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Victorian Aboriginal communities: the localities embracing and accepting diversity (LEAD) experiences of racism survey. Melbourne: The Lowitja Institute; 2012. 27. ABS. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3238.0.55.001 - Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2011. . 2016. 28. Becares L, Nazroo J, Stafford M. The buffering effects of ethnic density on experienced racism and health. Health Place. 2009;15(3):670–8. PubMed Google Scholar 29. Das-Munshi J, et al. Understanding the effect of ethnic density on mental health: multi-level investigation of survey data from England. BMJ. 2010;341:c5367. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 30. Jurcik T, et al. Understanding the role of the ethnic density effect: issues of acculturation, discrimination and social support. Journal of Community Psychology. 2013;41(6):662–78. Google Scholar 31. Pedersen A, et al. Attitudes toward Indigenous Australians: the issue of “special treatment”. Aust Psychol. 2006;41(2):85–94. Google Scholar 32. DoH. The health and wellbeing of Aboriginal VIctorians: Victorian population health survey 2008 supplementary report, Department of Health. Melbourne: State Government of Victoria; 2011. Google Scholar 33. Paradies Y, J C. Experiences of racism among urban Indigenous Australians: findings from the DRUID study. Ethn Racial Stud. 2009;32(3):548–73. Google Scholar 34. Paradies Y. Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Crit Public Health. 2006;16(2):143–57. Google Scholar 35. Priest N, et al. Strengths and challenges for Koori kids, koori kids doing well - exploring aboriginal perspectives on social determinants of aboriginal child health and wellbeing. Health Sociol Rev. 2012;21:165–79. Google Scholar 36. Szoke, H., Australian human rights commission. Racism exists in Australia - are we doing enough to address it? . 2012. 37. Cullen, S., Teachers warn of \'culture wars’as Christopher Pyne announces back-to-basics curriculum review. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 Jan 2014. . 2014. 38. Paradies Y, et al. Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138511. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 39. Schmitt MT, et al. The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(4):921–48. PubMed Google Scholar 40. Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(4):531–54. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 41. Ansari Z, et al. A public health model of the social determinants of health. Soz Praventivmed. 2003;48(4):242–51. PubMed Google Scholar 42. Paradies Y, et al. Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):1–48. Google Scholar 43. Liu B, et al. Mobile phones are a viable option for surveying young Australian women: a comparison of two telephone survey methods. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:159–64. PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 44. Walter M. The politics of the data: how the Australian statistical indigene is constructed. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies. 2010;3(2):45–56. Google Scholar 45. Bond CJ. A culture of ill health: public health or Aboriginality? Med J Aust. 2005;183(1):39–41. 46. Begg S, et al. Burden of disease and injury in Australia in the new millenium: measuring health loss from diseases, injuries and risk factors. Med J Aust. 2008;188(1):36–40. PubMed Google Scholar 47. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Closing the gap Prime Minister\'s report. 2017. 48. Commonwealth of Australia, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Plan 2013–2023. . 2013. 49. Markwick A, et al. Perceived racism may partially explain the gap in health between aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Victorians: a cross-sectional population based study. SSM Popul Health. 2019;7:010. 50. VicHealth, Victorian Health Promotion Foundation. Reducing race-based discrimination. . 2017. 51. Greco, T, N. Priest, and Y. Paradies, Review of strategies and resources to address race-based discrimination and support diversity in schools. Victorian Heath Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), Carlton, Australia. 2010. 52. Lee VS. Political determinants and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women: don\'t leave your integrity at the political gate. J Public Health Policy. 2017;38:387–93. PubMed Google Scholar #### BMC Public Health ISSN: 1471-2458 #### Contact us * General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com ![\\"\\"](\\"/track/article/10.1186/s12889-019-6614-7\\") * Read more on our blogs * Receive BMC newsletters * Manage article alerts * Language editing for authors * Scientific editing for authors * Policies * Accessibility * Press center * Support and Contact * Leave feedback * Careers ### Follow BMC * BMC Twitter page * BMC Facebook page * BMC Weibo page By using this website, you agree to our Terms and Conditions, Your US state privacy rights, Privacy statement and Cookies policy. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. ![\\"Springer](\\"/static/images/logo-springernature-acb40b85fb.svg\\"/) © 2024 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. 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The gap in outcomes between Indigenous and nonIndigenous people is more about place than race | 3,173 | * Homelessness in America * What Causes Homelessness? * Who Experiences Homelessness? * Homelessness Statistics * Ending Homelessness * Solutions * Policy * What We Do * Resources * Data & Graphics * Publications * Toolkits & Training Materials * Videos * Training * Online Training * Request Technical Assistance * Take Action * Donate * Give Once * Give Monthly * Other Ways to Give * Your Impact * Blog * Who We Are * Media * Contact * Events DONATE NOW![\\"The](\\" logo-white.svg\\"/) * Blog * Who We Are * Media * Contact * Events * Homelessness in America * What Causes Homelessness? * Who Experiences Homelessness? * Homelessness Statistics * Ending Homelessness * Solutions * Policy * What We Do * Resources * Data & Graphics * Publications * Toolkits & Training Materials * Videos * Training * Online Training * Request Technical Assistance * Take Action * Donate * Give Once * Give Monthly * Other Ways to Give * Your Impact Home / Homelessness in America / What Causes Homelessness? / Homelessness and Racial Disparities # Homelessness and Racial Disparities ![\\"\\"](\\" disparities.jpg\\") Updated December 2023. Most minority groups, especially African Americans and Indigenous people, experience homelessness at higher rates than Whites, largely due to long- standing historical and structural racism. The most striking disparity can be found among African Americans, who represent 13 percent of the general population but account for 37 percent of people experiencing homelessness and more than 50 percent of homeless families with children. This imbalance has not improved over time. ## What Are the Causes? From slavery to segregation, African Americans have been systemically denied rights and socioeconomic opportunities. Other minority groups, including Indigenous and Latinx people, share similar histories. The disproportionality in homelessness is a by-product of systemic inequity: the lingering effects of racism continue to perpetuate disparities in critical areas that impact rates of homelessness. ### Poverty Poverty, and particularly deep poverty, is a strong predictor of homelessness. Black and Latinx groups are overrepresented in poverty relative to their representation in the overall population, and are most likely to live in deep poverty, with rates of 10.8% and 7.6% percent, respectively. [1] ![\\"\\"](\\" Graph-population-age.png\\") ### Segregation/Rental Housing Discrimination Redlining – systemic housing discrimination supported by the federal government decades ago – is a root cause of the current wealth gap between White households and households of color. Redlining discouraged economic investment, such as mortgage and business loans, in Black and Brown neighborhoods. The effects are still with us today: African Americans still live disproportionately in concentrated poverty[2] or in neighborhoods where they are regularly exposed to environmental toxins, and have limited access to quality care, services, nutritious food and economic opportunities. People that become homeless are likely to have lived in these types of neighborhoods. For most minority groups, the transition to neighborhoods with less crime, no environmental hazards, and close proximity to services, are often met with challenges. A study by the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)[3] on racial discrimination found that people of color were often shown fewer rental units and denied more leases in comparison to White people. White people, on the other hand, were frequently offered lower rents. Deposits and other move-in costs were also quoted as “negotiable,” making it easier for White people to secure units. ### Incarceration The racial disparity in incarceration rates has continuously worsened. The rate for African Americans has tripled between 1968 and 2016 and is more than six times the rate of White incarceration.[4] These racial disparities are no accident. Black and Brown people are at far greater risk of being targeted, profiled and arrested for minor offenses, especially in high poverty areas. The implications of overcriminalization are far-reaching: A criminal history can keep people from successfully passing background checks to secure both housing and employment. People exiting jails and prisons often face significant problems in accessing safe and affordable housing and their rate of homelessness is high. ### Access to Quality Health Care People of color are far more likely to lack health insurance than White people, especially in states without Medicaid expansion. Even with expansion, overall about 30 million people are uninsured, with about half of them being people of color. The lack of health insurance for people with chronic medical conditions and/or untreated serious mental illness can place them at risk of becoming homeless or being precariously housed. For example, people with mental health disabilities are vastly overrepresented in the population of people who experience homelessness. Of the more than 653,000 people in America who experienced homelessness on a given night in 2023, nearly 1 in 5 had a behavioral health issue. While the rate of serious mental illness may not vary by race, studies show African Americans have more difficulty accessing treatment. ## The Homelessness System’s Response Any effort to end homelessness in the United States must address the range of issues that have resulted from racial inequity. This includes assuring affordable, stable housing for all. Systems, programs, and individuals that serve people experiencing homelessness should monitor their outcomes in order to eliminate disparities in the way that they provide services. [1] and-hispanics-reached-historic-lows-in-2019.html [2] Jones, Janelle, John Schmitt, and Valerie Wilson. “50 years after the Kerner Commission: African Americans are better off in many ways but are still disadvantaged by racial inequality,” Economic Policy Institute. 2018 [3] “Housing Discrimination against Racial and Ethnic Minorities 2012,” HUD. 2013 [4] Jones, Janelle, John Schmitt, and Valerie Wilson. “50 years after the Kerner Commission: African Americans are better off in many ways but are still disadvantaged by racial inequality,” Economic Policy Institute. 2018. racial-disparities.pdf ### Racial Equity Resources Learn more about data, tools, and advocacy materials to make your system more equitable. View the Resources ## The Solution to Homelessness is Simple ### Make Sure Everyone has a Home. Through research, policy, and education, we’re bringing this message to communities across the country. Stay informed — sign up for monthly updates from the National Alliance to End Homelessness. Source How should we be in touch? I want weekly tools, resources, and news about homelessness I want to receive general news and updates on the Alliance’s work Subscribe ### SIGN UP FOR EMAIL UPDATES I want weekly tools, resources, and news about homelessness I want to receive general news and updates on the Alliance’s work ![\\"NAEH](\\" logo-white.svg\\"/) National Alliance to End Homelessness 1518 K Street NW, 2nd Floor, Washington, DC 20005 Privacy Policy T: 202.638.1526 | F: 202.638.4664 All content © 2024 | All rights reserved. Registered 501 (c)(3). EIN: 52-1299641 How to Get Help If You Are Experiencing Homelessness The National Alliance to End Homelessness does not provide direct services such as housing or case management. If you are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless, please contact your local 2-1-1 hotline or learn about other resources on our How to Get Help page. 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The gap in outcomes between Indigenous and nonIndigenous people is more about place than race | 3,173 | ![\\"The](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/logo.svg\\"/) ![\\"Close](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/close.svg\\"/) Main navigation * About ![\\"Arrow](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/arrow-white.svg\\"/) * Contact * News * Human Rights Awards * What are human rights? * Commissioners & Executive * Jobs * Media contacts * Corporate info * Our Work ![\\"Arrow](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/arrow-white.svg\\"/) * Publications * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice * Age Discrimination * Asylum Seekers and Refugees * Business and Human Rights * Children\'s Rights * Disability Rights * LGBTIQ+ * Race Discrimination * Rights and Freedoms * Sex Discrimination * Technology and Human Rights * Legal * Projects * Education ![\\"Arrow](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/arrow-white.svg\\"/) * Training * Teachers * Students * Employers * Face the Facts * Human Rights Explained fact sheets * Publications * Get involved ![\\"Arrow](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/arrow-white.svg\\"/) * Have your say * Human Rights Awards * Events list * Subscribe ![\\"Chevron](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/chevron-left.svg\\"/)Back ![\\"Close](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/close.svg\\"/) Complaints ![\\"Search\\"](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/search.svg\\"/) Complaints ![\\"Main](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/hamburger.svg\\"/) * Home * About * News * speeches * Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia # Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia ![\\"\\"](\\"/sites/default/files/2018-12/aboriginal.svg\\"/) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice ## Archived You are in an archived section of the website. This information may not be current.This page was first created in December, 2012 Listen Share * ![\\"Facebook](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/facebook-white.svg\\"/) * ![\\"Twitter](\\"/themes/custom/ahrc/dist/img/icons/twitter-white.svg\\"/) * View more recent speeches by Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner. * Review the Bringing them Home interactive educational resource. * Learn about the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). * Explore the Wiyi Yani U Thangani (Women\'s voices) website, part of a multiyear project for First Nations gender justice. ## Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia – a human rights based approach ### Workshop paper presented by Mr Darren Dick on behalf of Mr Tom Calma, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner #### International Symposium on the #### Social Determinants of Indigenous Health, #### Adelaide, 29-30 April 2007 #### 1\. Introduction Improving the health status of Indigenous peoples1 in Australia is a longstanding challenge for governments in Australia. The gap in health status between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians remains unacceptably wide.2 It has been identified as a human rights concern by United Nations committees3; and acknowledged as such by Australian governments4. Social determinants theory recognises that population health and inequality is determined by many interconnected social factors5. Likewise, it is a basic tenet of human rights law that all rights are interconnected and that impacting on the enjoyment of one right will impact on the enjoyment of others6. Because of this synergy, human rights discourse provides a framework for analysing the potential health impacts of government policies and programs on Indigenous peoples.7 Important determinants of Indigenous health inequality in Australia include the lack of equal access to primary health care and the lower standard of health infrastructure in Indigenous communities (healthy housing, food, sanitation etc) compared to other Australians. While fundamental to improving Indigenous health outcomes, these issues are not addressed in this paper.8 Instead, this paper considers the social determinants of Indigenous health with reference to human rights principles. Indigenous health policy in Australia is guided by the National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health 2003-2013. One of the nine guiding principles of this is that Governments adopt a holistic approach: ‘recognising that the improvement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health status must include attention to physical, spiritual, cultural, emotional and social well-being, community capacity and governance.’9 This paper also highlights the inconsistencies between this guiding principle and the practices of Australian governments. #### 2\. Indigenous health in Australia – key trends The current status of Indigenous health in Australia can be briefly synopsized as follows: * The health status of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is poor in comparison to the rest of the Australian population.10 There remains a large inequality gap in Australia across all statistics. For example, there is an estimated gap of approximately 17 years between Indigenous and non-Indigenous life expectation in Australia11. For all age groups below 65 years, the age-specific death rates for Indigenous Australians are at least twice those experienced by the non-Indigenous population12. * Indigenous peoples do not have an equal opportunity to be as healthy as non-Indigenous Australians. ‘The relative socioeconomic disadvantage experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared to non-Indigenous people places them at greater risk of exposure to behavioural and environmental health risk factors’13 as does the higher proportion of Indigenous households that ‘live in conditions that do not support good health’.14 Indigenous peoples also do not enjoy equal access to primary health care and health infrastructure (including safe drinking water, effective sewerage systems, rubbish collection services and healthy housing).15 * There has been very little progress in reducing this inequality gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australians over the past decade, for example in relation to long term measures such as life expectation. * While there have been improvements on some measures of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health status, they have not matched the rapid health gains made in the general population in Australia. For example, death rates from cardiovascular disease in the general population have fallen 30% since 1991, and 70% in the last 35-years16 whereas Indigenous people do not appear to have made any reduction in death rates from cardiovascular disease over this period.17 * The young age structure of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population means that the scope of the issues currently being faced is expected to increase in the coming decades. The increase in absolute terms of the size of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth population will require significant increases in services and programs simply to keep pace with demand and maintain the status quo, yet alone to achieve a reduction in existing health inequality. * The inequality in health status experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is linked to systemic discrimination. Historically, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have not had the same opportunity to be as healthy as non-Indigenous people. This occurs through the inaccessibility of mainstream services and lower access to health services, including primary health care, and inadequate provision of health infrastructure in some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. The Royal Australasian College of Physicians describes these health inequities as ‘both avoidable and systematic’.18 This legacy remains to be fully addressed and is a significant barrier to the full enjoyment of the right to health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. #### 3\. Indigenous health and human rights – Key principles The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) includes the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (article 12); the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, clothing and housing (article 11); and the right to education (article 13). Article 2 of the Covenant requires that governments take steps, to the maximum of their available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant. It also requires that all rights be enjoyed on a non-discriminatory basis. The right to health, and these related rights, have been recognised for some time. But it is only in recent years that detailed consideration has been given a rights based approach to health. This framework therefore offers a relatively new perspective on the factors necessary to address health inequalities and ensure to all people the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. Overall, the human rights based approach to health has the following components. It: * emphasises the accountability of governments for socio-economic outcomes among different sectors of civil society by treating these outcomes as a matter of legal obligation, to be assessed against the norms established through the human rights system; * establishes fundamental principles to guide policy development – such as that Indigenous peoples are not discriminated against and are provided with equality of opportunity, including through recognising their distinct cultural status; * highlights that governments have immediate responsibilities to guarantee that the right to health will be exercised without discrimination of any kind, and to take deliberate, concrete and targeted steps towards the full realisation of the right to health; * recognises as legitimate, and as non-discriminatory, the establishment of specific programs for particular groups (such as based on race) which are taken with the purpose of addressing inequality; * establishes that the obligation of government is to respect, protect and fulfil the right to health, which requires a combination of responses ranging from refraining from committing harmful acts, introducing measures to prevent others from committing such acts, and taking positive steps to realise the right to health; * emphasises process for achieving improvements in these outcomes, with the free, active and meaningful participation of Indigenous peoples being critical; * establishes criteria against which to assess health policy and program interventions to ensure that services are appropriate, accessible, available and of sufficient quality, and that they also do not fall below a core minimum or essential level of rights; * requires governments, working in partnership with Indigenous peoples, to demonstrate that they are approaching these issues in a targeted manner, and are accountable for the achievement of defined goals within a defined timeframe; and * places the burden on government of justifying that it has made every effort to use all available resources at its disposal in order to satisfy, as a matter of priority, the right to health. A rights based approach to health has begun to be operationalized throughout the United Nations structure through the Common Understanding of a Human- Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation.19 The Common Understanding emphasises, inter alia, that: * People are key actors in their own development, rather than passive recipients of commodities and services; * Participation is both a means and a goal; and * Strategies should be empowering, not disempowering, and encourage active engagement of all stakeholders. These human rights considerations are critical in addressing the social determinants of health. * Social determinants of Indigenous health in Australia (a) Links between health status and socio-economic status / poverty Indigenous peoples in Australia experience socio-economic disadvantage on all major indicators. For example: * At the 2001 National Census, the average gross household income for Indigenous peoples in Australia was $364 per/week, or 62% of the rate for non-Indigenous peoples ($585 per/ week) .20 * At the 2001 Census, the unemployment rate for Indigenous peoples was 20%; three times higher than the rate for non-Indigenous Australians21. * Nationally in 2004, Indigenous students were also half as likely to continue to year 12 as non-Indigenous students22. Research has demonstrated associations between an individual’s social and economic status and their health. Poverty is clearly associated with poor health.23 For example: * Poor education and literacy are linked to poor health status, and affect the capacity of people to use health information; 24 * Poorer income reduces the accessibility of health care services and medicines; * Overcrowded and run-down housing is associated with poverty and contributes to the spread of communicable disease; * Poor infant diet is associated with poverty and chronic diseases later in life;25 and * Smoking and high-risk behaviour is associated with lower socio-economic status.26 Research has also demonstrated that poorer people also have less financial and other forms of control over their lives.27 This can contribute to a greater burden of unhealthy stress28 where ‘prolonged exposure to psychological demands where possibilities to control the situation are perceived to be limited and the chances of reward are small.’29 Chronic stress can impact on the body’s immune system, circulatory system, and metabolic functions through a variety of hormonal pathways and is associated with a range of health problems from diseases of the circulatory system (notably heart disease)30, mental health problems31, violence against women and other forms of community dysfunction.32 (b) Linkages between perceptions of control and chronic stress In the National Aboriginal Health Strategy (1989), Indigenous peoples stated that their health status is linked to ‘control over their physical environment, of dignity, of community self-esteem, and of justice. It is not merely a matter of the provision of doctors, hospitals, medicines or the absence of disease and incapacity’33. In making these assertions, Indigenous peoples anticipated developments in social determinants theory over the 1990s. It is now generally accepted that an individual’s perceived lack of control over their lives can contribute to a burden of chronic, unhealthy stress contributing to mental health issues, violence and substance abuse34. This is the experience among Indigenous Australians. For example: * An indicator of chronic stress in a population group is high rates of high-risk health behaviour, notably substance abuse.35 In 2002, just under one-half of the Indigenous population aged15 years or over smoked on a daily basis36. One in six reported consuming alcohol at risky or high risk levels.37 * High rates of mental health problems also indicate chronic stress in a population group. 38 In 2003-04, Indigenous people were up to twice as likely to be hospitalised for mental and behavioural disorders as other Australians. * Hospitalisation rates for assault or intentional self-harm may also be indicative of mental illness and distress. In 2003–04, Indigenous males were 7 times more likely, and females 31 times as likely as for males and females in the general population; hospitalisation rates for intentional self-harm was twice as high.39 Relatively permanent, negative features of the social environment trigger chronic stress: intergenerational poverty, racism, and so on. It can impact on the body’s immune system, circulatory system, and metabolic functions through a variety of hormonal pathways and is associated with a range of health problems, particularly diseases of the circulatory system.40 These are currently the biggest killer of Indigenous people in Australia. The WAACHS found that the environmental safety and the emotional and social health of Indigenous children improved with isolation (that is, those in remote communities had better mental health). Children living in Perth had significantly poorer (in fact, five times worse) emotional and social health than those living in very remote communities. The report concludes that traditional cultures and ways are protective against poor environmental safety and emotional and social health.41 To the degree recognising Indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination supports communities to regain control of their lives, including through the maintenance of traditional cultures, it can be understood as having positive health impacts. It is also a stepping-stone to the goal of social and economic equality. Experience from overseas confirms that Indigenous communities’ control over their own affairs can be crucial to their social and economic regeneration42. (c) Evidence of the health impact of Indigenous community control of health services Aboriginal community controlled health services an excellent example of how communities can be empowered by exercising control of local services. While the fact of control may in and of itself be expected to bring broader health benefits, the ability of communities to decide on, and address, their own health priorities has been found to increase the impact of primary health care in communities.43 For example: * The Northern Territory Well Women’s Program, which operates in a region with a high proportion of Aboriginal women and has a long history of engagement with women and local Aboriginal Health Services, has achieved a high rate of cervix screening (61%) in the Alice Springs remote area, which is comparable to the rate for Australian women generally (62%). \ * A mental health project at the Geraldton Regional Aboriginal Medical Service reduced psychiatric admissions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to Geraldton Regional Hospital by 58%. * Since 2000 the Townsville Aboriginal and Islander Health Service’s Mums and Babies Project increased the numbers of women presenting for antenatal care (from 40 to over 500 visits per month in 1 year). The number of antenatal visits made by each woman has doubled, with the number having less than four visits falling from 65% to 25%. Pre-natal deaths per 1,000 reduced from 56.8 prior to the program to 18 in 2000; the number of babies with birth weights less than 2,500 grams has dropped significantly; and the number of premature births has also decreased. * Since 1990 an antenatal program at Daruk Aboriginal Community Controlled Medical Service, Western Sydney has achieved increased awareness among Aboriginal women of the importance of antenatal care. Thirty-six (36) per cent of Indigenous women presented within the first trimester, compared with 21% at Nepean and 26% at Blacktown Hospitals’ antenatal clinics; and women attended more antenatal visits (an average of 10 at Daruk compared to 6 at Nepean and 9 at Blacktown). (d) Traditional ownership of land and health status The right of self-determination includes the right of peoples to freely ‘dispose of their natural wealth and resources’ and that ‘in no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence’. Native title and the title to communally owned land (through the various Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia) is the ‘natural wealth and resources’ of Indigenous peoples. As noted above, supporting traditional culture – including customary law and governance structures – is likely to help improve the health status of people living in remote communities. In practice, this also means ensuring Indigenous peoples have access to their traditional lands. While Indigenous commentators have highlighted the social and culturally related health benefits of access to land,44 many possible positive health impacts are likely including improved diet, exercise, and the reconnection of Indigenous peoples with their traditional economic bases. The Kuka Kanyini project in Wattaru, South Australia in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands illustrates these benefits. **Text Box: Case study - The Kuka Kanyini project, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands****45** The goals of managing country, conserving biodiversity, maintaining culture, providing employment and training and improving the diet of remote communities coincide in the Kuka Kanyini project. This was initiated in 2003 as a pilot around the remote community of Watarru in the far north west Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands. The project is a local community- government partnership funded by the South Australian Department of Environment and Heritage and the APY land management. The Kuka Kanyini model, it is hoped, will be extended throughout the APY Lands in time. Watarru has a seasonal population of between 60 and 100 people and is located in an extremely remote part of the APY Lands. It is a lawfully strong, proud and socially cohesive community, generally free of problems like petrol sniffing and domestic violence that occur elsewhere on the APY Lands. However, despite these positive points, a visit to Watarru by staff members of HREOC in 2003 noted high rates of diabetes and other chronic diseases self-reported by community members. There was a limited range of foods stocked at the Watarru community store. Convenience foods high in saturated fat and sugars are often the preferred foods by community members. Land management is an integral part of the project. This includes maintaining the traditional pattern of fire management regimes that helps minimise the impact of accidental fires that can otherwise devastate the local mulga woodlands from which foods (grubs, mistletoe fruit, honey ants, mulga apples and seeds) and pharmacopeia are found. Fire also is used to encourage regrowth of foods preferred by kangaroos and emus that assist Anangu when hunting. It also includes the control of populations of feral rabbits, foxes, camels, and cats that have had a significant impact on the population of small sized native mammals in the region. Feral camels and horses also foul and damage water sources that native animals rely on and compete with the community for several plant food-sources and are of high cultural significance. To date the project has exceeded expectations. It continues to employ a minimum of 12 people on a full time basis, increasing the level of self esteem and valuing the 40,000 years information base of the local people to assist western science. By combining contemporary and traditional skills the local people are now able to best manage the land. To date, the increase in the physical activity by participants has assisted in the control of diabetes. The guaranteed wage ensures that people are now saving for large items and buying healthy foods. The increase in self- esteem is obvious with the younger people wanting to participate; young men in particular seek to working with camels and learn fire skills as these are considered prestigious occupations. --- (e) Social determinants as a contemporary reflection of historical treatment Indigenous peoples are not merely ‘disadvantaged citizens’. The poverty and inequality that they experience is a contemporary reflection of their historical treatment as peoples. The inequality in health status that they continue to experience can be linked to systemic discrimination. In Australia, this has been vividly demonstrated by: * the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, which illustrated the links between socio-economic status and imprisonment; and * the National Inquiry into the Forcible Removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children From Their Families (or Bringing them Home), which illustrated the inter-generational problems for parenting, health, and care and protection of the removal of children during the assimilation period. The following examples (both contemporary and historical) demonstrate the negative impact of social determinants on Indigenous peoples’ health. * Racism Racism is a stressor that has been reported to affect both mental and physical health. A 2003 review of 53 studies in the United States found a decline in mental health status as racism increased46. Eight out of 11 studies found links between the elevated prevalence of high blood pressure in Afro-Americans and racism47. There have been very few studies on the impact of racism on the health of Indigenous people in Australia, although experts agree that a correlation with the US studies is to be expected48. One such study is the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey 2001-02 (WAACHS). It reported than 21.5% of the Indigenous children under 12 surveyed experienced racism in the previous 6-months. This was associated with increased smoking, marijuana use and alcohol consumption in these under-12s49. * Children removed from their families (‘stolen generations’) The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey 2002 reported that 38% of respondents had either been removed themselves and/or had relatives who, as a child, had been forcibly or otherwise removed from their natural family.50 The practice has intergenerational health impacts. The WAACHS reported that the effect on parents was that they had higher rates substance abuse and mental health problems. Their children were twice as likely to have emotional and behavioural problems, to be at high risk for hyperactivity, emotional and conduct disorders, and twice as likely to abuse alcohol and drugs.51 * Indigenous women as victims of crime Research conducted by the Social Justice Commissioner on the circumstances of Indigenous women’s prisoners in Australia found that Indigenous women are victims of a complex frame of dynamics upon their lives including violence, poverty, trauma, grief, loss, cultural and spiritual breakdown. Indigenous women are particularly vulnerable to intersectional discrimination within criminal justice processes due to the following reasons: * the combination of socio-economic conditions faced by many indigenous women; including being more likely than non-indigenous women to be unemployed, to have carer responsibilities for children other than their own, to receive welfare payments and to have finished school at an earlier age; and to be a victim of violence and also more likely to live in communities where violence is prevalent. These factors combine to make Indigenous women particularly vulnerable and their needs more complex than others. * Second, due to the consequences of family violence in indigenous communities, and its impact on Indigenous women. This has not been grappled with appropriately by the criminal justice system. Policies and programs provide relatively little attention to the high rate of indigenous victimization, particularly through violence and abuse in communities. Indigenous women disproportionately bear the consequences of this. There is a consistent pattern indicating that incarcerated Indigenous women have been victims of assault and sexual assault at some time in their lives. There was also a strong relationship between incarceration and experiences of violence, drug and alcohol abuse, with Indigenous women often entering custody with poor physical or mental health, and at higher risk of self harming when in prison and also soon after release from prison. As a consequence, the rate of Indigenous women being imprisoned has increased most rapidly in Australia since 2000. Indigenous women also experience extremely high rates of recidivism. In consultations to identify solutions to address this situation, Indigenous women emphasised the importance of healing to address grief and trauma as a major priority. Strategies need to respond to the circumstances of indigenous women holistically, which seeks to not only address offending behaviours but also focus on healing the distress and grief experienced by many indigenous women and their communities. Text box 3 below contains a case study of a program that attempts to help heal the trauma experienced by survivors of the Stolen Generation, Indigenous women prisoners and other Indigenous people. Text Box: Case study - Sacred Site Within Healing Centre The Sacred Site Within Healing Centre was established in Adelaide in 1993. Sacred Site provides grief and loss counselling services to Indigenous people, as well as making presentations and conducting training with government departments and community organisations on the effects in Indigenous communities of unresolved grief and trauma. Sacred Site was established due to concerns that mainstream counselling services were not appropriate in addressing the grief and loss of Indigenous people. An underpinning belief of the Sacred Site program is that Indigenous peoples\' unresolved grief is a major contributing factor to the range of social and health issues which exist in Indigenous communities today. Healing strategies used at Sacred Site seek to: * Create an awareness about the impact of losses and the unresolved grief that results; * Create and develop grieving ceremonies; * Recreate women\'s business and ceremonies; * Recreate men\'s business and ceremonies; and * Recreate rites of passage for young people. Overall, Sacred Site attempts to assist Indigenous people understand their grief and loss in a holistic sense which includes the effects of colonisation. The program also aims to assist people working with Indigenous people to understand issues of grief and loss. --- * Reconciliation In 1991, Australia commenced a formal process of reconciliation with Indigenous peoples. The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation made its recommendations to the nation in 2000. The federal government responded to these recommendations by emphasising the need to address ‘practical’ issues such as disadvantage, as opposed to ‘symbolic issues’ which they described as including recognition of rights, a treaty and a national apology to the Stolen Generations, and other forms of reparation. ‘Practical reconciliation’ rests on an artificial division between measures that are described as practical as opposed to symbolic.52 But, as social determinants theory would suggest, no such clear distinction exists – there are interdependencies between many of the dimensions of Indigenous disadvantage; including how social and historical factors can influence contemporary Indigenous practical outcomes. At the moment a more lasting and meaningful reconciliation process is the task of future generations. 5\. Recognising social determinants as a contemporary reflection of the impact of colonisation – international developments Recognising the contemporary impact of colonization on Indigenous peoples globally remains a major challenge for the international community and the United Nations. It is also a major challenge for those seeking to understand the social determinants of health among Indigenous communities. At the launch of the Second International Decade for the World’s Indigenous People, Ms Mililani Trask vividly described this challenge. She stated: Governments speak of ‘poverty’ while Indigenous Peoples speak of ‘rights’. Within Indigenous territories, poverty is also defined by power deficits, lack of self-determination, marginalization and lack of mechanisms for meaningful participation and access to decision-making processes… Poverty alleviation must start from Indigenous Peoples own definitions and indicators of poverty…53 Applying the Millennium Development Goals to the situation of Indigenous peoples, she continued: the effort to meet the targets laid down for MDGs could in fact have harmful effects for indigenous peoples such as the acceleration of loss of lands and natural resources or the displacement from those lands. (The MDG indicators need to be redefined to be relevant to indigenous peoples by taking into consideration)… culturally appropriate indicators, redefining the process of impoverishment caused by dispossession of ancestral lands, loss of control over natural resources and indigenous knowledge, devastating social and environmental impacts, impacts from militarization and conflict and forced assimilation into the mainstream society and integration into the market economy.54 She concluded: The human-rights based approach to development is essential to the achievement of the MDGs. The MDGs must therefore be firmly grounded on a rights-based approach, to have meaning for Indigenous Peoples.55 The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (PFII) have identified that to address these concerns there is a need for processes for indigenous peoples ‘to identify gaps in existing indicator frameworks, examine linkages between quantitative and qualitative criteria, and propose the development of indicators that are culturally-specific, measure exclusion, and reflect the aspirations of indigenous peoples’.56 The PFII convened a meeting in Ottawa in February 2006 to this end. 57 It identified numerous challenges at the national and international level in developing appropriate indicator frameworks and linking these to the Millennium Development Goals. They stated, inter alia, that: * Indicators must place significant emphasis on indigenous peoples’ inherent values, traditions, languages, and traditional orders/systems, including laws, governance, lands, economies etc. Collection of data and development of indicators should, therefore, also represent indigenous peoples’ perceptions and understanding of well-being. It was noted, however, that not everything relating to indicators development undertaken by governments is relevant to indigenous peoples and not everything that indigenous peoples perceive can be measured. * Indicators should also focus on the interplay between indigenous and non-indigenous systems (social, political and economic, colonization, industrialization) that result in a series of impacts, such as racism and discrimination, migration to urban centres, youth suicide and disconnection to land and culture. * Indicators that demonstrate inequities and inadequacies in government funding for indigenous peoples’ programming and services should also be developed. This data can be illuminating by linking funding levels to mandated areas of government responsibility, assessing their accountability and projecting demand and other impacts into the future. * There should be a balance of comparative indicators to assess well-being among non-indigenous and indigenous peoples, and indigenous-specific indicators based on indigenous peoples’ visions and understandings of well-being.58 The Workshop recommended that ‘the United Nations should identify and adopt appropriate indicators of indigenous identity, lands, ways of living, and indigenous rights to, and perspectives on, development and well-being’ and that these indicators should by applied in performance measurement and monitoring processes by the UN system, as well as its member states, intergovernmental organizations and other development institutions.59 Accordingly, the Workshop proposed a series of indicators that could be further considered at the national and international level based on the two key themes of: * Identity, Land and Ways of Living; and * Indigenous Rights to, and Perspectives on, Development. The Workshop noted that ‘more exact indicators need to be developed in a measurable form, with full participation by indigenous peoples from all regions’.60 The proposed indicators relate to the following issues: * Maintenance and development of Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural expressions and practices; * Use and intergenerational transmission of indigenous languages; * Support of, and access to, bilingual, mother tongue, and culturally appropriate education; * Ownership, access, use, permanent sovereignty of lands, territories, natural resources, waters; * Health of communities – including community safety, community vitality, and support for safe and culturally appropriate infrastructure; * Health of ecosystems; * Patterns of migration; * Indigenous governance and management systems; * Free, prior, informed consent, full participation and Self-determination in all matters affecting indigenous peoples’ well-being; * Degree of implementation/compliance with international standards and agreements relating to indigenous peoples’ rights; and * Government funding for indigenous peoples’ programs and services.61 6\. Conclusions and lessons This paper has addressed a broad range of issues. It seeks to demonstrate the connections between low socio-economic status and poverty, and health outcomes. It demonstrates that the social determinants of health for Indigenous peoples reflect more than just their relative disadvantage. It also reflects the non-recognition and non-enjoyment of their human rights and of their distinct cultural characteristics. Indigenous peoples globally have actively noted the importance of a human rights based approach to addressing their disadvantage and to ensuring the survival of their cultures. An approach to social determinants that fails to recognise the fundamental connections between health status and the enjoyment of human rights will fail. #### Footnotes [1] Throughout this chapter I refer to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as ’Indigenous peoples’. In doing so, I acknowledge the distinct cultures and societies of different Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. The term ‘peoples’ is also used to recognise the collective dimension of the livelihoods of Indigenous people, with distinct cultural beliefs that differentiate them as a group from other Australians. [2] For a detailed discussion of the statistics see Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commissioner, Social Justice Report 2005, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Sydney, 2006, pp17-29, available online at: [3] United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding Observations – Australia, Unedited version, UN Doc: CRC/C/15/Add.268; United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations of the Committee on Australia, UN Doc:CERD/C/AUS/CO/14, para 17. [4] See, for example, the 2nd and 3rd periodic report of Australia to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (submitted 29 December 2004, UN Doc: CRC/C/129/Add.4, p5) and the 14th periodic report of Australia to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (submitted 1 April 2004, UN Doc: CERD/C/428/Add.2, paras 80-81. [5] Saggers, S and Gray, D, ‘Defining what we mean’, Editors, Carson, B, Dunbar, T, Chenall, R, et.al., Social Determinants of Indigenous Health, Allen and Unwin, NSW, 2007, pp1-18. [6] See for example, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (25 June 1993) Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights on 25 June 1993 A/CONF.157/23 12 July 1993. [7] See Gray, N, ‘Human Rights’ Editors, Carson, B, Dunbar, T, Chenalll, R, et.al, op.cit. pp.253-267. [8] See further: Social Justice Report 2005, op.cit. [9] National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Council, National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health: Context, NATSIHC, Canberra, 2003, p2. [10] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), The Health and Welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS cat. no. 4704.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2005, pxvii, available online at: [11] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Australian Bureau of Statistics, The Health and Welfare of Australia\'s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2005, ABS cat. no. 4704.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2005, p148, available online at: [12] ibid., p151. [13] ibid., pxxiii. [14] ibid., pxxii. [15] Communicable and water-borne diseases and parasites are indicators of poor health infrastructure. Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to these diseases. [16] National Health and Medical Research Centre, Promoting the health of Australians, Case studies of achievements in improving the health of the population, AGPS, Canberra, 1997, p35. [17] Thomson, N. and Brooks, J., ‘Cardiovascular Disease’, in Editor, Thomson, N., The Health of Indigenous Australians, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2003, p186. [18] Royal Australasian College of Physicians, Inequity and Health – A Call to Action - Addressing Health and Socioeconomic Inequality in Australia – Policy Statement 2005, RACP, Canberra, 2005, p3. [19] United Nations, The Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Cooperation: Towards a Common Understanding Among the UN Agencies, United Nations, New York 2003, available online at: [20] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2001, ABS cat. no. 4713.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra., 2002, p81. [21] ibid. p66. [22] Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, op.cit. p3.19. [23] See generally Editors Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., Social Determinants of Health, op.cit. [24] Fred Hollows Foundation, Literacy for Life, Australian National University, Canberra, 2004, pp10-12, available online at . See also the issues raised in: Malin, M, Is schooling good for Indigenous children\'s health?, Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal and Tropical Health & Northern Territory University, 2003, available online at: [25] Wadsworth, M., Early Life, in (eds.), Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., Social Determinants of Health, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999, p44. Chronic diseases that have poor diet as a determinant include cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and renal disease. Connections have been made between poor foetal nutrition and the presence of chronic diseases later in life: National Health and Medical Research Council, Nutrition in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples - An information paper, Commonwealth of Australia, 2000, p15. [26] Jarvis, M. and Wardie, J., ‘Social pattering of individual health behaviours; the case of cigarette smoking’, in Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., Social Determinants of Health, op.cit., pp241-244. [27]In 2002, 54% of indigenous people aged 15 or over were living in households where the household spokesperson reported that household members would be unable to raise $2000 within a week in a time of crisis. Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, op.cit., pp12-13. [28] Shaw, M., Dorling, D. and Davey-Smith, G., ‘Poverty, social exclusion, and minorities’, in Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R.., Social Determinants of Health, op.cit.,pp32-37. [29] Brunner, E, Marmot, M, ‘Social Organization, stress and health’, in Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., Social Determinants of Health op.cit, p 17. [30] ibid.,pp32-37. [31] Marmot, M., ‘Health and the psychosocial environment at work’, in Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., Social Determinants of Health, op.cit., p124. [32] Wilkinson, R., ’Prosperity, redistribution, health and welfare’, in Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., Social Determinants of Health, op.cit., pp260-265. [33] National Aboriginal Health Strategy Working Group, National Aboriginal Health Strategy, AGPS, Canberra, 1989, pix. [34] See generally, Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., op.cit. [35] ibid. [36] Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, op.cit., p135. [37] ibid., pp135-137. [38] Marmot, M., ‘Health and the psychosocial environment at work’, in Editors, Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R., op.cit., p124. [39] ibid., p131. [40] ibid.,pp32-37. [41] Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, op.cit., pp18-19. [42] Cornell, S, \'The importance and power of Indigenous self-governance: Evidence from the United States\', Speech, Indigenous Governance Conference, 3 April 2002, p1. [43] Dwyer, J., Silburn, K., and Wilson, G., National Strategies for Improving Indigenous Health and Health Care, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care Review: Consultant Report No 1, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2004, pp91-106, Appendix. [44] See generally Burgess, P., and Morrison, J., ‘Country’ in Editors, Carson, B, Dunbar, T, Chenall, R, et.al., op.cit., pp177-196 [45] Extracted from Social Justice Report 2005, op.cit. [46] Williams, R., Neighbours, H. and Jackson, J., ‘Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings from Community Studies’, (Feb 2003), 93(2) American Journal of Public Health 200, p200. [47] ibid., p201. [48] See generally Paradies, Y, ‘Racism’ Editors, Carson, B, Dunbar, T, Chenall, R, et.al., op.cit.,pp65-80. [49] Cited in ibid., p66. [50] About 8% of Indigenous respondents reported that they themselves had been removed from their natural family. The most frequently reported relatives removed were grandparents (15%), aunts or uncles (11%), and parents (9%). Australian Bureau of Statistics, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey 2002, ABS cat. no. 4714.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2004, pp5-6. [51] Stanley, F., Speech at the National Day of Healing, Parliament House, Canberra, 25 May 2005. [52] For a critique of this distinction see: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Social Justice Report 2001, HREOC Sydney 2001. [53] Mililani Trask, Comments on behalf of the Global Indigenous Peoples’ Caucus at the launch of the 2nd International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People, United Nations General Assembly, 12 May 2006, available online at: [54] Mililani Trask, Comments on behalf of the Global Indigenous Peoples’ Caucus at the launch of the 2nd International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People, United Nations General Assembly, 12 May 2006, available online at: [55] Mililani Trask, Comments on behalf of the Global Indigenous Peoples’ Caucus at the launch of the 2nd International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People, United Nations General Assembly, 12 May 2006, available online at: [56] See further: [57] Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Report of the meeting on Indigenous peoples and indicators of well-being, UN Doc: E/C.19/2006/CRP.3, 20 April 2006, Available online at accessed 26 February 2007. [58] See further: Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Report of the meeting on Indigenous peoples and indicators of well-being, UN Doc: E/C.19/2006/CRP.3, 20 April 2006, paras 9-20. [59] Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Report of the meeting on Indigenous peoples and indicators of well-being, UN Doc: E/C.19/2006/CRP.3, 20 April 2006, para 33. [60] Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Report of the meeting on Indigenous peoples and indicators of well-being, UN Doc: E/C.19/2006/CRP.3, 20 April 2006, para 34. [61] Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Report of the meeting on Indigenous peoples and indicators of well-being, UN Doc: E/C.19/2006/CRP.3, 20 April 2006, pp 10-14. ## Keep me updated Email Subscribe We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of Country throughout Australia, and recognise their continuingconnection to land, waters and culture. 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Voter turnout below 50 percent creates a legal problem | 3,174 | TopThe U.S. National Archives Home Menu Blogs · Bookmark/Share · Contact Us Search Search ## Main menu * Research Our Records * Veterans\' Service Records * Educator Resources * Visit Us * America\'s Founding Documents Milestone Documents Home > Voting Rights Act (1965) ### Milestone Documents Complete List of Documents ![\\"National](\\"/sites/all/themes/nara/images/nara-print-logo.jpg\\"/) # Voting Rights Act (1965) ![\\"refer](\\"/files/milestone-documents/images/doc-100-big.jpg\\"/) EnlargeDownload Link Citation: An act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States and for other purposes, August 6, 1965; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog View Transcript This act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. This “act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution” was signed into law 95 years after the amendment was ratified. In those years, African Americans in the South faced tremendous obstacles to voting, including poll taxes, literacy tests, and other bureaucratic restrictions to deny them the right to vote. They also risked harassment, intimidation, economic reprisals, and physical violence when they tried to register or vote. As a result, African-American voter registration was limited, along with political power. In 1964, numerous peaceful demonstrations were organized by Civil Rights leaders, and the considerable violence they were met with brought renewed attention to the issue of voting rights. The murder of voting-rights activists in Mississippi and the attack by white state troopers on peaceful marchers in Selma, Alabama, gained national attention and persuaded President Johnson and Congress to initiate meaningful and effective national voting rights legislation. The combination of public revulsion to the violence and Johnson\'s political skills stimulated Congress to pass the voting rights bill on August 5, 1965. The legislation, which President Johnson signed into law the next day, outlawed literacy tests and provided for the appointment of federal examiners (with the power to register qualified citizens to vote) in those jurisdictions that were \"covered\" according to a formula provided in the statute. In addition, Section 5 of the act required covered jurisdictions to obtain \"preclearance\" from either the District Court for the District of Columbia or the U.S. Attorney General for any new voting practices and procedures. Section 2, which closely followed the language of the 15th amendment, applied a nationwide prohibition of the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of race or color. The use of poll taxes in national elections had been abolished by the 24th amendment (1964) to the Constitution; the Voting Rights Act directed the Attorney General to challenge the use of poll taxes in state and local elections. In Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966), the Supreme Court held Virginia\'s poll tax to be unconstitutional under the 14th amendment. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was the most significant statutory change in the relationship between the federal and state governments in the area of voting since the Reconstruction period following the Civil War; and it was immediately challenged in the courts. Between 1965 and 1969, the Supreme Court issued several key decisions upholding the constitutionality of Section 5 and affirming the broad range of voting practices for which preclearance was required. [See South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 383 U.S. 301, 327-28 (1966) and Allen v. State Board of Elections, 393 U.S. 544 (1969)] In 2013, the Court struck down a key provision of the act involving federal oversight of voting rules in nine states. The Voting Rights Act had an immediate impact. By the end of 1965, a quarter of a million new Black voters had been registered, one-third by federal examiners. By the end of 1966, only four out of 13 southern states had fewer than 50 percent of African Americans registered to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was readopted and strengthened in 1970, 1975, and 1982. ## Teach with this document. ![\\"DocsTeach](\\"/files/education/images/docsteach-logo-square.jpg\\"/)This document is available on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives. Find teaching activities that incorporate this document, or create your own online activity. Previous Document Return to List of Documents ## Transcript AN ACT To enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act shall be known as the \"Voting Rights Act of 1965.\" SEC. 2. No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. SEC. 3. (a) Whenever the Attorney General institutes a proceeding under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court shall authorize the appointment of Federal examiners by the United States Civil Service Commission in accordance with section 6 to serve for such period of time and for such political subdivisions as the court shall determine is appropriate to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment (1) as part of any interlocutory order if the court determines that the appointment of such examiners is necessary to enforce such guarantees or (2) as part of any final judgment if the court finds that violations of the fifteenth amendment justifying equitable relief have occurred in such State or subdivision: Provided, That the court need not authorize the appointment of examiners if any incidents of denial or abridgement of the right to vote on account of race or color (1) have been few in number and have been promptly and effectively corrected by State or local action, (2) the continuing effect of such incidents has been eliminated, and (3) there is no reasonable probability of their recurrence in the future. (b) If in a proceeding instituted by the Attorney General under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that a test or device has been used for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color, it shall suspend the use of tests and devices in such State or political subdivisions as the court shall determine is appropriate and for such period as it deems necessary. (c) If in any proceeding instituted by the Attorney General under any statute to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment in any State or political subdivision the court finds that violations of the fifteenth amendment justifying equitable relief have occurred within the territory of such State or political subdivision, the court, in addition to such relief as it may grant, shall retain jurisdiction for such period as it may deem appropriate and during such period no voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect at the time the proceeding was commenced shall be enforced unless and until the court finds that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure does not have the purpose and will not have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color: Provided, That such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be enforced if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within sixty days after such submission, except that neither the court\'s finding nor the Attorney General\'s failure to object shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure. SEC. 4. (a) To assure that the right of citizens of the United States to vote is not denied or abridged on account of race or color, no citizen shall be denied the right to vote in any Federal, State, or local election because of his failure to comply with any test or device in any State with respect to which the determinations have been made under subsection (b) or in any political subdivision with respect to which such determinations have been made as a separate unit, unless the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in an action for a declaratory judgment brought by such State or subdivision against the United States has determined that no such test or device has been used during the five years preceding the filing of the action for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color: Provided, That no such declaratory judgment shall issue with respect to any plaintiff for a period of five years after the entry of a final judgment of any court of the United States, other than the denial of a declaratory judgment under this section, whether entered prior to or after the enactment of this Act, determining that denials or abridgments of the right to vote on account of race or color through the use of such tests or devices have occurred anywhere in the territory of such plaintiff. An action pursuant to this subsection shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28 of the United States Code and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court. The court shall retain jurisdiction of any action pursuant to this subsection for five years after judgment and shall reopen the action upon motion of the Attorney General alleging that a test or device has been used for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color. If the Attorney General determines that he has no reason to believe that any such test or device has been used during the five years preceding the filing of the action for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, he shall consent to the entry of such judgment (b) The provisions of subsection (a) shall apply in any State or in any political subdivision of a state which (1) the Attorney General determines maintained on November 1, 1964, any test or device, and with respect to which (2) the Director of the Census determines that less than 50 percentum of the persons of voting age residing therein were registered on November 1, 1964, or that less than 50 percentum of such persons voted in the presidential election of November 1964. A determination or certification of the Attorney General or of the Director of the Census under this section or under section 6 or section 13 shall not be reviewable in any court and shall be effective upon publication in the Federal Register. (c) The phrase \"test or device\" shall mean any requirement that a person as a prerequisite for voting or registration for voting (1) demonstrate the ability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter, (2) demonstrate any educational achievement or his knowledge of any particular subject, (3) possess good moral character, or (4) prove his qualifications by the voucher of registered voters or members of any other class. (d) For purposes of this section no State or political subdivision shall be determined to have engaged in the use of tests or devices for the purpose or with the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color if (1) incidents of such use have been few in number and have been promptly and effectively corrected by State or local action, (2) the continuing effect of such incidents has been eliminated, and (3) there is no reasonable probability of their recurrence in the future. (e) (1) Congress hereby declares that to secure the rights under the fourteenth amendment of persons educated in American-flag schools in which the predominant classroom language was other than English, it is necessary to prohibit the States from conditioning the right to vote of such persons on ability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter in the English language. (2) No person who demonstrates that he has successfully completed the sixth primary grade in a public school in, or a private school accredited by, any State or territory, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in which the predominant classroom language was other than English, shall be denied the right to vote in any Federal, State, or local election because of his inability to read, write, understand, or interpret any matter in the English language, except that, in States in which State law provides that a different level of education is presumptive of literacy, he shall demonstrate that he has successfully completed an equivalent level of education in a public school in, or a private school accredited by, any State or territory, the District of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in which the predominant classroom language was other than English. SEC. 5. Whenever a State or political subdivision with respect to which the prohibitions set forth in section 4(a) are in effect shall enact or seek to administer any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting different from that in force or effect on November 1, 1964, such State or subdivision may institute an action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for a declaratory judgment that such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure does not have the purpose and will not have the effect of denying or abridging the right to vote on account of race or color, and unless and until the court enters such judgment no person shall be denied the right to vote for failure to comply with such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure: Provided, That such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure may be enforced without such proceeding if the qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure has been submitted by the chief legal officer or other appropriate official of such State or subdivision to the Attorney General and the Attorney General has not interposed an objection within sixty days after such submission, except that neither the Attorney General\'s failure to object nor a declaratory judgment entered under this section shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement of such qualification, prerequisite, standard, practice, or procedure. Any action under this section shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28 of the United States Code and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court. SEC. 6. Whenever (a) a court has authorized the appointment of examiners pursuant to the provisions of section 3(a), or (b) unless a declaratory judgment has been rendered under section 4(a), the Attorney General certifies with respect to any political subdivision named in, or included within the scope of, determinations made under section 4(b) that (1) he has received complaints in writing from twenty or more residents of such political subdivision alleging that they have been denied the right to vote under color of law on account of race or color, and that he believes such complaints to be meritorious, or (2) that, in his judgment (considering, among other factors, whether the ratio of nonwhite persons to white persons registered to vote within such subdivision appears to him to be reasonably attributable to violations of the fifteenth amendment or whether substantial evidence exists that bona fide efforts are being made within such subdivision to comply with the fifteenth amendment), the appointment of examiners is otherwise necessary to enforce the guarantees of the fifteenth amendment, the Civil Service Commission shall appoint as many examiners for such subdivision as it may deem appropriate to prepare and maintain lists of persons eligible to vote in Federal, State, and local elections. Such examiners, hearing officers provided for in section 9(a), and other persons deemed necessary by the Commission to carry out the provisions and purposes of this Act shall be appointed, compensated, and separated without regard to the provisions of any statute administered by the Civil Service Commission, and service under this Act shall not be considered employment for the purposes of any statute administered by the Civil Service Commission, except the provisions of section 9 of the Act of August 2, 1939, as amended (5 U.S.C. 118i), prohibiting partisan political activity: Provided, That the Commission is authorized, after consulting the head of the appropriate department or agency, to designate suitable persons in the official service of the United States, with their consent, to serve in these positions. Examiners and hearing officers shall have the power to administer oaths. SEC. 7. (a) The examiners for each political subdivision shall, at such places as the Civil Service Commission shall by regulation designate, examine applicants concerning their qualifications for voting. An application to an examiner shall be in such form as the Commission may require and shall contain allegations that the applicant is not otherwise registered to vote. (b) Any person whom the examiner finds, in accordance with instructions received under section 9(b), to have the qualifications prescribed by State law not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States shall promptly be placed on a list of eligible voters. A challenge to such listing may be made in accordance with section 9(a) and shall not be the basis for a prosecution under section 12 of this Act. The examiner shall certify and transmit such list, and any supplements as appropriate, at least once a month, to the offices of the appropriate election officials, with copies to the Attorney General and the attorney general of the State, and any such lists and supplements thereto transmitted during the month shall be available for public inspection on the last business day of the month and, in any event, not later than the forty-fifth day prior to any election. The appropriate State or local election official shall place such names on the official voting list. Any person whose name appears on the examiner\'s list shall be entitled and allowed to vote in the election district of his residence unless and until the appropriate election officials shall have been notified that such person has been removed from such list in accordance with subsection (d): Provided, That no person shall be entitled to vote in any election by virtue of this Act unless his name shall have been certified and transmitted on such a list to the offices of the appropriate election officials at least forty-five days prior to such election. (c) The examiner shall issue to each person whose name appears on such a list a certificate evidencing his eligibility to vote. (d) A person whose name appears on such a list shall be removed therefrom by an examiner if (1) such person has been successfully challenged in accordance with the procedure prescribed in section 9, or (2) he has been determined by an examiner to have lost his eligibility to vote under State law not inconsistent with the Constitution and the laws of the United States. Sec. 8. Whenever an examiner is serving under this Act in any political subdivision, the Civil Service Commission may assign, at the request of the Attorney General, one or more persons, who may be officers of the United States, (1) to enter and attend at any place for holding an election in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether persons who are entitled to vote are being permitted to vote, and (2) to enter and attend at any place for tabulating the votes cast at any election held in such subdivision for the purpose of observing whether votes cast by persons entitled to vote are being properly tabulated. Such persons so assigned shall report to an examiner appointed for such political subdivision, to the Attorney General, and if the appointment of examiners has been authorized pursuant to section 3(a), to the court. SEC. 9. (a) Any challenge to a listing on an eligibility list prepared by an examiner shall be heard and determined by a hearing officer appointed by and responsible to the Civil Service Commission and under such rules as the Commission shall by regulation prescribe. Such challenge shall be entertained only if filed at such office within the State as the Civil Service Commission shall by regulation designate, and within ten days after the listing of the challenged person is made available for public inspection, and if supported by (1) the affidavits of at least two persons having personal knowledge of the facts constituting grounds for the challenge, and (2) a certification that a copy of the challenge and affidavits have been served by mail or in person upon the person challenged at his place of residence set out in the application. Such challenge shall be determined within fifteen days after it has been filed. A petition for review of the decision of the hearing officer may be filed in the United States court of appeals for the circuit in which the person challenged resides within fifteen days after service of such decision by mail on the person petitioning for review but no decision of a hearing officer shall be reversed unless clearly erroneous. Any person listed shall be entitled and allowed to vote pending final determination by the hearing officer and by the court. (b) The times, places, procedures, and form for application and listing pursuant to this Act and removals from the eligibility lists shall be prescribed by regulations promulgated by the Civil Service Commission and the Commission shall, after consultation with the Attorney General, instruct examiners concerning applicable State law not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States with respect to (1) the qualifications required for listing, and (2) loss of eligibility to vote. (c) Upon the request of the applicant or the challenger or on its own motion the Civil Service Commission shall have the power to require by subpoena the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of documentary evidence relating to any matter pending before it under the authority of this section. In case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpoena, any district court of the United States or the United States court of any territory or possession, or the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, within the jurisdiction of which said person guilty of contumacy or refusal to obey is found or resides or is domiciled or transacts business, or has appointed an agent for receipt of service of process, upon application by the Attorney General of the United States shall have jurisdiction to issue to such person an order requiring such person to appear before the Commission or a hearing officer, there to produce pertinent, relevant, and nonprivileged documentary evidence if so ordered, or there to give testimony touching the matter under investigation, and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by said court as a contempt thereof. SEC. 10. (a) The Congress finds that the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting (i) precludes persons of limited means from voting or imposes unreasonable financial hardship upon such persons as a precondition to their exercise of the franchise, (ii) does not bear a reasonable relationship to any legitimate State interest in the conduct of elections, and (iii) in some areas has the purpose or effect of denying persons the right to vote because of race or color. Upon the basis of these findings, Congress declares that the constitutional right of citizens to vote is denied or abridged in some areas by the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting. (b) In the exercise of the powers of Congress under section 5 of the fourteenth amendment and section 2 of the fifteenth amendment, the Attorney General is authorized and directed to institute forthwith in the name of the United States such actions, including actions against States or political subdivisions, for declaratory judgment or injunctive relief against the enforcement of any requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting, or substitute therefor enacted after November 1, 1964, as will be necessary to implement the declaration of subsection (a) and the purposes of this section. (c) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of such actions which shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges in accordance with the provisions of section 2284 of title 28 of the United States Code and any appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court. It shall be the duty of the judges designated to hear the case to assign the case for hearing at the earliest practicable date, to participate in the hearing and determination thereof, and to cause the case to be in every way expedited. (d) During the pendency of such actions, and thereafter if the courts, notwithstanding this action by the Congress, should declare the requirement of the payment of a poll tax to be constitutional, no citizen of the United States who is a resident of a State or political subdivision with respect to which determinations have been made under subsection 4(b) and a declaratory judgment has not been entered under subsection 4(a), during the first year he becomes otherwise entitled to vote by reason of registration by State or local officials or listing by an examiner, shall be denied the right to vote for failure to pay a poll tax if he tenders payment of such tax for the current year to an examiner or to the appropriate State or local official at least forty-five days prior to election, whether or not such tender would be timely or adequate under State law. An examiner shall have authority to accept such payment from any person authorized by this Act to make an application for listing, and shall issue a receipt for such payment. The examiner shall transmit promptly any such poll tax payment to the office of the State or local official authorized to receive such payment under State law, together with the name and address of the applicant. SEC. 11. (a) No person acting under color of law shall fail or refuse to permit any person to vote who is entitled to vote under any provision of this Act or is otherwise qualified to vote, or willfully fail or refuse to tabulate, count, and report such person\'s vote. (b) No person, whether acting under color of law or otherwise, shall intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for voting or attempting to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce, or attempt to intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for urging or aiding any person to vote or attempt to vote, or intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person for exercising any powers or duties under section 3(a), 6, 8, 9, 10, or 12(e). (c) Whoever knowingly or willfully gives false information as to his name, address, or period of residence in the voting district for the purpose of establishing his eligibility to register or vote, or conspires with another individual for the purpose of encouraging his false registration to vote or illegal voting, or pays or offers to pay or accepts payment either for registration to vote or for voting shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both: Provided, however, That this provision shall be applicable only to general, special, or primary elections held solely or in part for the purpose of selecting or electing any candidate for the office of President, Vice President, presidential elector, Member of the United States Senate, Member of the United States House of Representatives, or Delegates or Commissioners from the territories or possessions, or Resident Commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (d) Whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of an examiner or hearing officer knowingly and willfully falsifies or conceals a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. SEC. 12. (a) Whoever shall deprive or attempt to deprive any person of any right secured by section 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 10 or shall violate section 11(a) or (b), shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (b) Whoever, within a year following an election in a political subdivision in which an examiner has been appointed (1) destroys, defaces, mutilates, or otherwise alters the marking of a paper ballot which has been cast in such election, or (2) alters any official record of voting in such election tabulated from a voting machine or otherwise, shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both (c) Whoever conspires to violate the provisions of subsection (a) or (b) of this section, or interferes with any right secured by section 2, 3 4, 5, 7, 10, or 11(a) or (b) shall be fined not more than $5,000, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. (d) Whenever any person has engaged or there are reasonable grounds to believe that any person is about to engage in any act or practice prohibited by section 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, or subsection (b) of this section, the Attorney General may institute for the United States, or in the name of the United States, an action for preventive relief, including an application for a temporary or permanent injunction, restraining order, or other order, and including an order directed to the State and State or local election officials to require them (1) to permit persons listed under this Act to vote and (2) to count such votes. (e) Whenever in any political subdivision in which there are examiners appointed pursuant to this Act any persons allege to such an examiner within forty-eight hours after the closing of the polls that notwithstanding (1) their listing under this Act or registration by an appropriate election official and (2) their eligibility to vote, they have not been permitted to vote in such election, the examiner shall forthwith notify the Attorney General if such allegations in his opinion appear to be well founded. Upon receipt of such notification, the Attorney General may forthwith file with the district court an application for an order providing for the marking, casting, and counting of the ballots of such persons and requiring the inclusion of their votes in the total vote before the results of such election shall be deemed final and any force or effect given thereto. The district court shall hear and determine such matters immediately after the filing of such application. The remedy provided in this subsection shall not preclude any remedy available under State or Federal law. (f) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this section and shall exercise the same without regard to whether a person asserting rights under the provisions of this Act shall have exhausted any administrative or other remedies that may be provided by law SEC. 13. Listing procedures shall be terminated in any political subdivision of any State (a) with respect to examiners appointed pursuant to clause (b) of section 6 whenever the Attorney General notifies the Civil Service Commission, or whenever the District Court for the District of Columbia determines in an action for declaratory judgment brought by any political subdivision with respect to which the Director of the Census has determined that more than 50 percentum of the nonwhite persons of voting age residing therein are registered to vote, (1) that all persons listed by an examiner for such subdivision have been placed on the appropriate voting registration roll, and (2) that there is no longer reasonable cause to believe that persons will be deprived of or denied the right to vote on account of race or color in such subdivision, and (b), with respect to examiners appointed pursuant to section 3(a), upon order of the authorizing court. A political subdivision may petition the Attorney General for the termination of listing procedures under clause (a) of this section, and may petition the Attorney General to request the Director of the Census to take such survey or census as may be appropriate for the making of the determination provided for in this section. The District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction to require such survey or census to be made by the Director of the Census and it shall require him to do so if it deems the Attorney General\'s refusal to request such survey or census to be arbitrary or unreasonable. SEC. 14. (a) All cases of criminal contempt arising under the provisions of this Act shall be governed by section 151 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (42 U.S.C.1995). (b) No court other than the District Court for the District of Columbia or a court of appeals in any proceeding under section 9 shall have jurisdiction to issue any declaratory judgment pursuant to section 4 or section 5 or any restraining order or temporary or permanent injunction against the execution or enforcement of any provision of this Act or any action of any Federal officer or employee pursuant hereto. (c) (1) The terms \"vote\" or \"voting\" shall include all action necessary to make a vote effective in any primary, special, or general election, including, but not limited to, registration, listing pursuant to this Act, or other action required by law prerequisite to voting, casting a ballot, and having such ballot counted properly and included in the appropriate totals of votes cast with respect to candidates for public or party office and propositions for which votes are received in an election. (2) The term \"political subdivision\" shall mean any county or parish, except that, where registration for voting is not conducted under the supervision of a county or parish, the term shall include any other subdivision of a State which conducts registration for voting. (d) In any action for a declaratory judgment brought pursuant to section 4 or section 5 of this Act, subpoenas for witnesses who are required to attend the District Court for the District of Columbia may be served in any judicial district of the United States: Provided, That no writ of subpoena shall issue for witnesses without the District of Columbia at a greater distance than one hundred miles from the place of holding court without the permission of the District Court for the District of Columbia being first had upon proper application and cause shown. SEC. 15. Section 2004 of the Revised Statutes (42 U.S.C.1971), as amended by section 131 of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (71 Stat. 637), and amended by section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1960 (74 Stat. 90), and as further amended by section 101 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (78 Stat. 241), is further amended as follows: (a) Delete the word \"Federal\" wherever it appears in subsections (a) and (c); (b) Repeal subsection (f) and designate the present subsections (g) and (h) as (f) and (g), respectively. SEC. 16. The Attorney General and the Secretary of Defense, jointly, shall make a full and complete study to determine whether, under the laws or practices of any State or States, there are preconditions to voting, which might tend to result in discrimination against citizens serving in the Armed Forces of the United States seeking to vote. Such officials shall, jointly, make a report to the Congress not later than June 30, 1966, containing the results of such study, together with a list of any States in which such preconditions exist, and shall include in such report such recommendations for legislation as they deem advisable to prevent discrimination in voting against citizens serving in the Armed Forces of the United States. SEC. 17. Nothing in this Act shall be construed to deny, impair, or otherwise adversely affect the right to vote of any person registered to vote under the law of any State or political subdivision. SEC. 18. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out the provisions of this Act SEC 19. If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of the provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances shall not be affected thereby. Approved August 6, 1965. This page was last reviewed on February 8, 2022. 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Voter turnout below 50 percent creates a legal problem | 3,174 | Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World * Newsletters * Press * My Account * Donate * Contacted By Us? Read our research on: * Economy & Work * Hispanics * Election 2024 Search * Research Topics __ ##### Topics Politics & Policy International Affairs Immigration & Migration Race & Ethnicity Religion Age & Generations Gender & LGBTQ Family & Relationships Economy & Work Science Internet & Technology News Habits & Media Methodological Research Full Topic List ##### Regions & Countries Asia & the Pacific Europe & Russia Latin America Middle East & North Africa North America Sub-Saharan Africa Multiple Regions / Worldwide ##### Formats Feature Fact Sheet Video Data Essay * Publications * Our Methods * Short Reads * Tools & Resources * Experts * About Us * * Research Topics * Publications * Short Reads * Tools & Resources * About Pew Research Center * Newsletters * My Account * Contacted By Us? * Search Read Our Research On: * Economy & Work * Hispanics * Election 2024 Home Research Topics Politics & Policy Political Ideals & Systems Democracy U.S. Democracy * Short Reads | November 1, 2022 * X * Facebook * Threads * LinkedIn * WhatsApp Share # Turnout in U.S. has soared in recent elections but by some measures still trails that of many other countries By Drew DeSilver ![\\"Tellers](\\" content/uploads/2018/05/FT_18.05.17_InternationalVoterTurnout_feature.jpg?w=640\\"/)Tellers in Seoul, South Korea, count ballots from the May 2017 presidential election. (Jean Chung/Getty Images) Voter turnout in the 2020 U.S. general election soared to levels not seen in decades, fueled by the bitter campaign between Joe Biden and Donald Trump and facilitated by pandemic-related changes to state election rules. More than 158.4 million people voted in that election, according to a Pew Research Center tabulation of official state returns, amounting to 62.8% of people of voting age, using Census Bureau estimates of the 2020 voting-age population. The 2020 voting surge followed unusually high turnout in the 2018 midterm elections, when about 47.5% of the voting-age population – and 51.8% of voting-age citizens – went to the polls. This year, some political analysts are predicting another heavy turnout in this month’s midterms. According to a recent Center survey, 72% of registered voters say they’re “extremely” or “very” motivated to vote this year, and 65% say it “really matters” which party wins control of Congress – a level roughly on par with the run-up to the 2018 vote. How we did this As the 2022 midterm elections draw near, Pew Research Center decided to revisit its occasional comparisons of U.S. turnout rates with those of other countries. For our comparison group, we began with the 37 other countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a group of mostly highly developed, mostly democratic states. For greater diversification, we added to that group the six current candidates for OECD membership (Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania), as well as six other economically significant electoral democracies (India, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan and Uruguay), for an even 50 countries. Political scientists often define turnout as votes cast divided by the estimated number of eligible voters. But eligible-voter estimates are difficult or impossible to find for many nations. So to compare turnout calculations internationally, we used two different denominators – the estimated voting-age population and the total number of registered voters, because they’re readily available for most countries. Using both denominators, we calculated turnout rates for the most recent national election in each country as of Oct. 31, 2022, except in cases where that election was for a largely ceremonial position (such as president in a parliamentary system) or for European Parliament members, as turnout is often substantially lower in such elections. In countries that elect both a legislature and a head of state, we used the election that attracted the most voters. Voting-age turnout is based on estimates of each country’s voting-age population (VAP) by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). Registered-voter turnout is derived from each country’s reported registration data. (In some countries, IDEA’s VAP estimates are lower than the reported number of registered voters due to methodological differences.) For most countries, we gathered vote totals from national election authorities or statistical agencies. For the U.S., which has no central elections authority, we compiled the total votes cast in the 2020 presidential election from each state’s election office, and checked them against figures compiled by the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (read more about the methodology). We also drew data on reported registrations from the U.S. Census Bureau. One unknown factor, though, is how the many state voting-law changes since 2020 will affect turnout. While some states have rolled back early voting, absentee or mail-in voting, and other rule changes that made voting easier in 2020 – or adopted new rules that make voting more difficult or inconvenient – other states have expanded ballot access. Even if predictions of higher-than-usual turnout come to pass, the United States likely will still trail many of its peers in the developed world in voting-age population turnout. In fact, when comparing turnout among the voting-age population in the 2020 presidential election against recent national elections in 49 other countries, the U.S. ranks 31st – between Colombia (62.5%) and Greece (63.5%). ![\\"A](\\" content/uploads/sites/20/2022/11/FT_22.10.17_GlobalTurnout_dot.png?w=640\\") The Center examined the most recent nationwide election results for 50 countries, mostly with highly developed economies and solid democratic traditions. The clear turnout champion was Uruguay: In the second, decisive round of that nation’s 2019 presidential election, 94.9% of the estimated voting-age population and 90.1% of registered voters cast ballots. Uruguay’s voting-age turnout was followed by Turkey (89% in the 2018 presidential election) and Peru (83.6% in last year’s presidential election). All five countries with the highest voting-age turnout have presidential, as opposed to parliamentary, systems of government, and four of the five have – and enforce – laws making voting compulsory. In Switzerland, by contrast, just 36.1% of the voting-age population turned out in the 2019 parliamentary elections, the lowest among the 50 countries in our analysis. But that may have less to do with voter apathy than with demographics: More than a quarter of Switzerland’s permanent resident population (25.7%) are foreign nationals, and hence ineligible to vote in Swiss elections. When turnout is calculated as a share of registered voters, Swiss turnout rises to 45.1% – still the second-lowest among the 50 countries we examined. In Luxembourg, by comparison, changing the metric makes a dramatic difference: The tiny country’s voting-age turnout was just 48.2% in its 2018 parliamentary election, but 89.7% of registered voters went to the polls. Why? Nearly half of the population (47.1%) are foreigners. Those examples illustrate how turnout comparisons between countries are seldom clean and often tricky. Another complicating factor, besides demographics, is how countries register their voters. In many countries, the national government takes the lead in getting people’s names on the voter rolls – whether by registering them automatically once they become eligible (as in, for example, Sweden or Japan) or by aggressively encouraging them to do so (as in the United Kingdom). In such countries, there’s often little difference in turnout rates among registered voters and the voting-age population as a whole. In other countries – notably the United States – it’s largely up to individual voters to register themselves. And the U.S. is unusual in that voter registration is not the job of a single national agency, but of individual states, counties and cities. That means the rules can vary considerably depending on where a would-be voter lives. It also means there’s no single, authoritative source for how many people are registered to vote in the U.S. The Census Bureau estimates that in 2020, 168.3 million people were registered to vote in 2020 – or at least said they were. Even so, that figure represents only about two-thirds of the total voting-age population (66.7%) and 72.7% of citizens of voting age. By comparison, 91.8% of the UK’s voting-age population was registered to vote in that country’s 2019 parliamentary election; the equivalent rates were 89.1% in Canada, 94.1% in New Zealand and 90.7% in Germany for those countries’ most recent national elections. In the U.S., there’s a huge gap between voting-age turnout (62.8% in 2020) and registered-voter turnout (94.1% that same year). In essence, registered voters in the U.S. are much more of a self-selected group than in other countries – already more likely to vote because, in most cases, they took the trouble to register themselves. ![\\"A](\\" content/uploads/sites/20/2022/11/FT_22.10.17_GlobalTurnout_map.png?w=420\\") Some states are trying to reduce that gap. As of this past January, 19 states and the District of Columbia automatically register people to vote (unless they opt out) when they interact with the state motor vehicles department or other designated state agencies. Three other states are on track to fully implement automatic registration in the next few years. And North Dakota doesn’t require voter registration at all. Another complicating factor for cross-national turnout comparisons: According to the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), 27 countries (and one Swiss canton, or member state of the Swiss Confederation) have laws making voting compulsory, including 12 of the 50 countries examined here. Overall, 14 of those 27 countries actively enforce their laws, with penalties including fines, inability to access certain public services, or even imprisonment. How much difference such laws make is unclear. On the one hand, four of the five countries with the highest turnout rate (whether measured as a share of the total voting-age population or of registered voters) have and enforce such laws. In the eight countries examined that enforce compulsory-voting laws, voting-age turnout averaged 78.2% in the most recent election, compared with 57.6% in the four countries that have such laws on the books but don’t actively enforce them. But in the remaining 38 countries and Switzerland, which have no national compulsory-voting laws, turnout averaged 65%. Although there aren’t many examples, there’s some indication that too many elections in too short a time can dampen voters’ enthusiasm. Consider Bulgaria, which has had four parliamentary elections in the past 18 months, as the leading parties have repeatedly tried and failed to form a stable governing coalition. Turnout was 58.3% of voting-age Bulgarians in the first election (April 2021), but steadily fell to 45.8% in the most recent one (45.8% earlier this month). And with a splintered parliament as yet unable to agree on a new government, weary Bulgarians may yet have to trudge back to the polls sooner rather than later. Israelis had to go the polls four times between April 2019 and March 2021 before lawmakers were able to agree on a governing coalition; turnout among voting-age Israelis rose from 74.6% in the first election to 77.9% in the third, before falling back to 73.7% in the March 2021 vote. But the coalition that emerged nearly three months after that election fell apart barely a year later, and Israel is holding yet another election today, Nov. 1. 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Voter turnout below 50 percent creates a legal problem | 3,174 | * HOME * NEWS * Government + Politics * Courts + Policing * Health * Environment * Growth + Affordability * Living * Commentary * Election 2024 * Commentary * ABOUT * SUBSCRIBE * DONATE ![](\\" content/uploads/2024/02/mobileHeader.svg\\"/) Part of States Newsroom ![\\"Idaho](\\" content/uploads/2024/02/headerLogo.png\\") * Government + Politics * Courts + Policing * Health * Environment * Growth + Affordability * Living * Commentary * Election 2024 ##### 4:00 ##### News Story * Government + Politics # States with low election turnout did little in 2023 to expand voting access ## Tennessee, West Virginia, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Hawaii, Arkansas, Indiana and Alabama had turnout rates below 50% when averaged between last national elections ###### By: Zachary Roth \- June 19, 2023 4:00 am ![\\"\\"](\\" voters-2048x1366-1-1536x1025.jpeg\\") An analysis by States Newsroom found that eight states had voter turnout rates of below 50% when averaged between the last two national elections, and several of those states have since imposed new restrictions that are likely to make voting harder. In this photo, poll workers check in a voter at a polling station at David R. Cawley Middle School on Feb. 11, 2020, in Hookset, New Hampshire. (Drew Angerer/Getty Images) This year’s state legislative sessions are almost all wrapped up. And on voting and elections policy, the headlines have largely focused on a new wave of restrictive voting laws passed in big Republican-led states like Florida, Texas and Ohio, as well as expansive laws approved in Democratic-led states like Michigan, Minnesota and New York. But another development has flown under the radar — one that may be equally revealing about the priorities driving those in charge of voting policy in many states. U.S. states with the lowest average turnout rates The eight states with average turnout rates (based on the 2020 and 2022 elections) below 50%: Tennessee: 45.4% West Virginia: 46.2% Mississippi: 46.4% Oklahoma: 47.7% Hawaii: 48.2% Arkansas: 48.7% Indiana: 49.1% Alabama: 49.8% Eight states — Tennessee, West Virginia, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Hawaii, Arkansas, Indiana and Alabama — had turnout rates of below 50% when averaged between the last two national elections. Yet these states did almost nothing this year to boost turnout, according to an analysis by States Newsroom of new election laws and policies (though one, Hawaii, did make meaningful reforms in previous sessions). In fact, several moved in the opposite direction, imposing new restrictions that are likely only to make voting harder. Because these eight states are mostly small or mid-size, and none are swing states — Hawaii is deep blue, while the rest are solidly red — their voting policies tend to attract less national attention than their larger and more competitive counterparts. But they’re home to around 32 million people. And, by settling for feeble voting rates, they weaken U.S. democracy writ large. Turnout rates matter for the health of a democracy, because the higher the rate of voting, the more closely the result reflects the will of the people, and the more legitimacy it carries. That’s especially true because turnout rates vary by age, race, income level, and more. The findings highlight how inaction can be as powerful as active voter suppression. Policymakers in some of these states don’t recognize their low turnout rates as a problem: Top election officials in several have said encouraging voting isn’t their job. Methodology for analysis Turnout rates: For state turnout rates, States Newsroom used figures compiled by the U.S. Elections Project, run by Michael McDonald, a political scientist at the University of Florida. The rates were computed from states’ “Voting Eligible Population” — giving the most accurate count possible of what share of a state’s population that could legally have cast a ballot actually did so. No single election offers a perfectly fair comparison of state turnout rates, because the races on the ballot, and their level of competitiveness, vary from year to year, and this affects turnout. As a result, the average is made up of each state’s turnout rates from the last two national elections — 2020, when a presidential race was also on the ballot, and 2022, a non-presidential year. New elections laws: To find new elections laws passed by the states this year, States Newsroom used the State Voting Rights Tracker, run by the Voting Rights Lab. The tracker allows users to follow elections legislation introduced at the state level, and provides brief descriptions of each bill. Ease of voting: To determine how easy a state makes voting, States Newsroom used the Cost of Voting Index, a system developed by Scot Schraufnagel, a political science professor at Northern Illinois University, Michael Pomante, a research associate at States United Democracy Center, a pro-democracy advocacy group, and Quan Li, a data scientist at Catalist, which manages data for progressive organizations. The index, which has been used by The New York Times to assess state voting policies, gives each state a numerical score based on multiple factors. These include: whether a state offers automatic, same-day, and/or online voter registration; whether and how much early voting a state provides; whether a state allows voters to vote by mail without an excuse; how long a state’s voters must wait in line to cast their ballots; how restrictive a state’s voter ID rules are; and whether a state makes Election Day a holiday. #### U.S. voter turnout lags behind election participation in other developed countries American democracy has a turnout problem, experts on elections warn. In the 2020 election, almost two-thirds of eligible voters cast a ballot — the highest rate in decades. Yet that still ranked the U.S. 31st out of 50 developed countries examined in a 2022 Pew Research Center study of turnout among the voting-age population — well behind places with far less robust democratic traditions like Indonesia, the Philippines, Brazil, Hungary and Slovenia. U.S. midterm elections have even lower voting rates. In 2022, just 46% of eligible voters turned out. And that was higher than all but one previous midterm this century. Plenty of factors affect turnout, from the appeal of the choices on the ballot to the effectiveness of the campaigns at mobilizing their backers. But broadly speaking, states with more voter-friendly rules tend to see higher turnout than states with more restrictive rules. In 2022, Oregon, which made voting easier than any other state that year, according to a well-regarded ranking system, had the highest turnout in the country — more than twice that of Tennessee, which ranked 38th on ease of voting. Six of the eight states with the lowest voting rates in the States Newsroom analysis ranked 35th or lower on ease of voting as measured by a cost of voting index. This correlation between ease of voting and turnout gives lawmakers and election officials from states with low turnout rates a clear path to starting to fix the problem: Make voting easier. But a close look at what those eight lowest-performing states did this year shows that — with perhaps one exception — easing voting is not the path they’re pursuing. Tennessee Average turnout in last two elections: 45.4% (50th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 38th out of 50 After a midterm election in which turnout dropped to just 31.3% — less than 1 in 3 eligible voters — the Volunteer State passed two elections bills this year, neither of which is likely to significantly affect turnout. In addition, lawmakers introduced several restrictive measures, including one, quickly withdrawn, that would have eliminated early voting in the state. The office of Secretary of State Tre Hargett, a Republican, said it has partnered with businesses, sports teams, chambers of commerce and nonprofit organizations to promote voting. It also runs outreach programs encouraging eligible high-school and college students to register to vote. Julia Bruck, a Hargett spokesperson, attributed Tennessee’s low voting rates to a lack of competitive races. “Competitive races drive turnout, not the referees,” Bruck said via email. “Tennessee has not seen as many competitive statewide races.” Asked why Tennessee’s turnout lags even other states with a lack of competitive races, Bruck did not respond. West Virginia Average turnout in last two elections: 46.2% (49th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 19th out of 50 The Mountaineer State passed only one elections bill this session, which isn’t likely to have a major impact on turnout. The League of Women Voters of West Virginia wrote in a February letter to lawmakers that the state’s rules present “many barriers,” and called for increased access. “The Legislature has offered no such improvements,” the group added. West Virginia joined several other GOP-led states in withdrawing from the Electronic Registration Information Center, an interstate compact for sharing voter data, after right-wing activists accused the group, without evidence, of partisan bias. Experts have said that leaving ERIC will make it harder to maintain accurate voter rolls. Secretary of State Mac Warner, a Republican, doesn’t appear in a hurry to boost voting in the state. Testifying before Congress in April, Warner said West Virginia has “perhaps the best balance” in the country between election access and election security, and called for an end to the federal requirement that state motor vehicle departments offer voter registration — the single most popular way for new voters to register. In a separate appearance, Warner said it’s not his job to increase turnout. “That is a candidate, party or campaign’s job, to get out the voters,” he argued. “It’s my job to run a free, fair and clean election.” Warner’s office did not respond to a request for comment on any efforts to increase turnout. Mississippi Average turnout in last two elections: 46.4% (48th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 49th out of 50 The Magnolia State passed three elections bills this year, two of which had the effect of further restricting access (the third will likely have little impact on turnout). One makes it easier for election officials to remove voters from the rolls, while the other outlaws “ballot harvesting,” in which third parties, often local community organizations, collect absentee ballots from voters and mail or bring them to election offices. Voter advocacy groups have said the ban, which is being challenged by the ACLU as a violation of the Voting Rights Act, will make it harder for elderly voters and those with disabilities, among others, to cast a ballot. After turnout in last year’s June primaries sank to just 11%, Secretary of State Michael Watson, a Republican, called the number “discouraging,” and led registration drives at high school and college football games and other venues. Watson’s office did not respond to a request for comment about additional ways to boost turnout. Oklahoma Average turnout in last two elections: 47.7% (47th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 35th out of 50 The Sooner State passed five elections bills this session. None appear likely to have a major impact on turnout, but one suggests an aversion to efforts to expand access: It makes it much harder for Oklahoma to join ERIC or any other interstate compact that, like ERIC, requires outreach to eligible but unregistered voters — a key factor in the decisions of some other red states to leave ERIC. Another new law requires the state to obtain death records from the Social Security Administration, to identify registered voters who may have died, then work with local election officials to potentially remove them from the rolls. Oklahoma’s Board of Elections didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment on efforts to boost turnout. Hawaii Average turnout in last two elections: 48.2% (46th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 4th out of 50 The Aloha State passed only one elections bill this session, which isn’t likely to significantly affect turnout. But Hawaii stands out from most of the other low-performing states, because in recent years it has implemented reforms, giving it an extremely voter-friendly system today. In 2019, it switched to universal mail elections, and in 2021 it passed automatic voter registration. It also offers same-day registration, in which voters can register at the polls. Though Hawaii’s 2020 turnout rate of 55.2% was the lowest in the nation, the state also saw the biggest turnout increase compared to the previous presidential election, when turnout was just 42.5%. That suggests the new mail-balloting system has the potential to lead to significant improvements over time. Automatic voter registration, too, has helped boost turnout in other states, but it has generally taken at least one cycle to have an impact. Still, some election officials don’t sound eager to help with the turnaround. The chief elections administrator for Honolulu County, where over two-thirds of Hawaiians live, has said, as paraphrased by a local columnist, that “it is not up to government to inspire people to vote.” “People vote because they are motivated or optimistic, or they are passionate about the issues or the candidates,” the administrator, Rex Quidilla, said last year. Arkansas Average turnout in last two elections: 48.7% (45th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 48th out of 50 Arkansas passed 16 elections bills this session. And yet, despite the state’s third-from-bottom ranking on turnout, not one aimed to significantly expand access. In fact, taken together, they’re likely to make voting even harder. One measure creates a criminal penalty for election officials who mail voters unsolicited absentee ballots or absentee ballot applications — something state law already barred them from doing. Another creates an “Election Integrity Unit” to investigate election crimes, and a third bans the use of drop-boxes to vote. Still another amends the state constitution to require the secretary of state to do more to remove ineligible voters from the rolls, including creating a system to verify citizenship. And a fifth expands a ban on accepting money from outside groups to help run elections. That was an issue taken up by Republicans nationally after funds provided by an organization financed in part with a one-time donation in 2020 by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg played a key role in ensuring that the 2020 elections ran smoothly despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Secretary of State John Thurston, a Republican, has suggested that expanding access isn’t a top priority. “You have to take ownership of your vote,” he said last year. “We do want it to be convenient, but hard to cheat. Accuracy is more important than convenience.” Thurston’s office did not respond to a request for comment on efforts to increase turnout. Indiana Average turnout in last two elections: 49.1% (44th out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 36th out of 50 The Hoosier State passed two significant elections bills this year, both of which could further limit voting. One makes it harder for local governments to adopt their own election reforms without state approval — it comes after cities across the country have found innovative ways to expand voting access. The other affects the ability to vote more directly: It bars the mailing of unsolicited mail ballot applications, and requires voters requesting a mail ballot to submit additional identifying information. Secretary of State Diego Morales, a Republican, campaigned on his support for a slew of new voting restrictions, but has backed off most of them since taking office in January. Morales spokesperson Lindsey Eaton said via email that the secretary of state has sought and received special funding from the Legislature for voter outreach, and has also provisionally received a federal grant to be used in part for voter outreach. The office is also working with the Indiana Broadcasters Association on a public information campaign to promote voting. And Morales has announced plans to conduct voter outreach at county fairs in all 92 counties in the state. “As the first Latino elected to a statewide office in Indiana, increasing voter turnout across the state remains a top priority for Secretary Morales,” Eaton said. Alabama Average turnout in last two elections: 49.8% (43rd out of 50) Ease of Voting Ranking: 45th out of 50 The Yellowhammer State’s Legislature adjourned in early June without passing any elections bills. A measure that Democrats and civil rights groups called voter suppression passed the state House but unexpectedly did not receive a vote in the Senate. The bill would have made it a crime to help a voter with an absentee ballot, though it contained exceptions for family members and some others. Like Warner in West Virginia, Secretary of State Wes Allen, a Republican who has denied the 2020 election results, rejects the idea that he should encourage voting. Allen withdrew Alabama from ERIC on his first day in office, and explained that he did so in part because ERIC requires states to contact eligible but unregistered voters and urge them to register. “Our job is to help give (local election staff and law enforcement) the resources they need to make sure our elections are run in the most safe, secure, and transparent way possible,” Allen said soon afterward. “Our job is not to turn people out. That is the job of the candidates — to make people excited to go to the polls.” Allen’s office did not respond to a request for comment about efforts to increase turnout. GET THE MORNING HEADLINES. SUBSCRIBE ![\\"Creative](\\" content/plugins/sn2/republisher/assets/img/ccwhite.png\\") Republish Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our website. AP and Getty images may not be republished. Please see our republishing guidelines for use of any other photos and graphics. ![\\"Zachary](\\" Zachary-Roth-150x150.jpg\\") ###### Zachary Roth __ Zachary Roth was a national democracy reporter for States Newsroom, national reporter at MSNBC, and the author of The Great Suppression: Voting Rights, Corporate Cash, and the Conservative Assault on Democracy (Crown, 2016). He has also written for The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Atlantic, The New Republic, Slate, Politico, and more. 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We’re part of States Newsroom, the nation’s largest state-focused nonprofit news organization. DEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy ![](\\"/wp-content/themes/genesis-child/icons/ccwhite.png\\"/) Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. We ask that you edit only for style or to shorten, provide proper attribution and link to our website. (See full republishing guidelines.) DEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy © Idaho Capital Sun, 2024 v1.49.1 ## States Newsroom ## Fair. Fearless. Free. 1 X # States with low election turnout did little in 2023 to expand voting access by Zachary Roth, Idaho Capital Sun June 19, 2023 <h1>States with low election turnout did little in 2023 to expand voting access</h1> <p>by Zachary Roth, <a href=\" Capital Sun</a> <br />June 19, 2023</p> <div> <p>This year’s state legislative sessions are almost all wrapped up. And on voting and elections policy, the <a href=\" states.html\">headlines</a> have largely focused on a new wave of restrictive voting laws passed in big Republican-led states like Florida, Texas and Ohio, as well as expansive laws approved in Democratic-led states like Michigan, Minnesota and New York.</p> <p>But another development has flown under the radar — one that may be equally revealing about the priorities driving those in charge of voting policy in many states.</p> <div class=\"newsroomSidebarContainer \"> <div class=\"newsroomSidebar\"> <p><strong>U.S. states with the lowest average turnout rates</strong></p> <p>The eight states with average turnout rates (based on the 2020 and 2022 elections) below 50%:</p> <p>Tennessee: 45.4%</p> <p>West Virginia: 46.2%</p> <p>Mississippi: 46.4%</p> <p>Oklahoma: 47.7%</p> <p>Hawaii: 48.2%</p> <p>Arkansas: 48.7%</p> <p>Indiana: 49.1%</p> <p>Alabama: 49.8%</p> </div> </div> <p>Eight states — Tennessee, West Virginia, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Hawaii, Arkansas, Indiana and Alabama — had turnout rates of below 50% when averaged between the last two national elections.</p> <p>Yet these states did almost nothing this year to boost turnout, according to an analysis by States Newsroom of new election laws and policies (though one, Hawaii, did make meaningful reforms in previous sessions). In fact, several moved in the opposite direction, imposing new restrictions that are likely only to make voting harder.</p> <p>Because these eight states are mostly small or mid-size, and none are swing states — Hawaii is deep blue, while the rest are solidly red — their voting policies tend to attract less national attention than their larger and more competitive counterparts.</p> <p>But they’re home to around 32 million people. And, by settling for feeble voting rates, they weaken U.S. democracy writ large.</p> <p>Turnout rates matter for the health of a democracy, because the higher the rate of voting, the more closely the result reflects the will of the people, and the more legitimacy it carries. That’s especially true because turnout rates vary by age, race, income level, and more.</p> <p>The findings highlight how inaction can be as powerful as active voter suppression. Policymakers in some of these states don’t recognize their low turnout rates as a problem: Top election officials in several have said encouraging voting isn’t their job.</p> <div class=\"snrsInfobox\"> <div class=\"snrsInfoboxContainer\"> <div class=\"snrsInfoboxSubContainer\" style=\"padding-top:24px\"> <p><strong>Methodology for analysis</strong></p> <p><strong>Turnout rates:</strong></p> <p>For state turnout rates, States Newsroom used figures compiled by the <a href=\" Elections Project</a>, run by Michael McDonald, a political scientist at the University of Florida. The rates were computed from states’ “Voting Eligible Population” — giving the most accurate count possible of what share of a state’s population that could legally have cast a ballot actually did so.</p> <p>No single election offers a perfectly fair comparison of state turnout rates, because the races on the ballot, and their level of competitiveness, vary from year to year, and this affects turnout. As a result, the average is made up of each state’s turnout rates from the last two national elections — 2020, when a presidential race was also on the ballot, and 2022, a non- presidential year.</p> <p><strong>New elections laws:</strong></p> <p>To find new elections laws passed by the states this year, States Newsroom used the <a href=\" Voting Rights Tracker</a>, run by the Voting Rights Lab. The tracker allows users to follow elections legislation introduced at the state level, and provides brief descriptions of each bill.</p> <p><strong>Ease of voting:</strong></p> <p>To determine how easy a state makes voting, States Newsroom used the <a href=\" of Voting Index</a>, a system developed by Scot Schraufnagel, a political science professor at Northern Illinois University, Michael Pomante, a research associate at States United Democracy Center, a pro-democracy advocacy group, and Quan Li, a data scientist at Catalist, which manages data for progressive organizations.</p> <p>The index, which has been <a href=\" voting.html\">used by</a> The New York Times to assess state voting policies, gives each state a numerical score based on multiple factors. These include: whether a state offers automatic, same-day, and/or online voter registration; whether and how much early voting a state provides; whether a state allows voters to vote by mail without an excuse; how long a state’s voters must wait in line to cast their ballots; how restrictive a state’s voter ID rules are; and whether a state makes Election Day a holiday.</p> </div> </div> </div> <p><strong> <h4>U.S. voter turnout lags behind election participation in other developed countries</h4> </strong></p> <p>American democracy has a turnout problem, experts on elections warn.</p> <p>In the 2020 election, almost two- thirds of eligible voters cast a ballot — the highest rate in decades. Yet that still ranked the U.S. 31st out of 50 developed countries examined in a 2022 Pew Research Center <a href=\" reads/2022/11/01/turnout-in-u-s-has-soared-in-recent-elections-but-by-some- measures-still-trails-that-of-many-other-countries/\">study</a> of turnout among the voting-age population — well behind places with far less robust democratic traditions like Indonesia, the Philippines, Brazil, Hungary and Slovenia.</p> <p>U.S. midterm elections have even lower voting rates. In 2022, just 46% of eligible voters turned out. And that was higher than all but one previous midterm this century.</p> <p>Plenty of factors affect turnout, from the appeal of the choices on the ballot to the effectiveness of the campaigns at mobilizing their backers. But broadly speaking, states with more voter- friendly rules tend to see higher turnout than states with more restrictive rules.</p> <p>In 2022, Oregon, which made voting easier than any other state that year, according to a <a href=\" regarded ranking system</a>, had the highest turnout in the country — more than twice that of Tennessee, which ranked 38th on ease of voting.</p> <p>Six of the eight states with the lowest voting rates in the States Newsroom analysis ranked 35th or lower on ease of voting as measured by a cost of voting index.</p> <p>This correlation between ease of voting and turnout gives lawmakers and election officials from states with low turnout rates a clear path to starting to fix the problem: Make voting easier.</p> <p>But a close look at what those eight lowest-performing states did this year shows that — with perhaps one exception — easing voting is not the path they’re pursuing.</p> <p><strong>Tennessee</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 45.4% (50th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 38th out of 50</strong></p> <p>After a midterm election in which turnout dropped to just 31.3% — less than 1 in 3 eligible voters — the Volunteer State passed two elections bills this year, <a href=\" <a href=\" which</a> is likely to significantly affect turnout. In addition, lawmakers introduced several restrictive measures, including one, quickly withdrawn, that would have <a href=\" introduces-bill-that-would-get-rid-of-early-voting-in- tennessee/51-9148b439-4489-4d4b-a2b8-02d66e5f868c\">eliminated early voting</a> in the state.</p> <p>The office of Secretary of State Tre Hargett, a Republican, said it has partnered with businesses, sports teams, chambers of commerce and nonprofit organizations to promote voting. It also runs outreach programs encouraging eligible high-school and college students to register to vote.</p> <p>Julia Bruck, a Hargett spokesperson, attributed Tennessee’s low voting rates to a lack of competitive races.</p> <p>“Competitive races drive turnout, not the referees,” Bruck said via email. “Tennessee has not seen as many competitive statewide races.”</p> <p>Asked why Tennessee’s turnout lags even other states with a lack of competitive races, Bruck did not respond.</p> <p><strong>West Virginia</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 46.2% (49th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 19th out of 50</strong></p> <p>The Mountaineer State passed only <a href=\" elections bill this session, which isn’t likely to have a major impact on turnout. The League of Women Voters of West Virginia <a href=\" virginia-c679a84c8cf207a109ab61545cc5c576\">wrote</a> in a February letter to lawmakers that the state’s rules present “many barriers,” and called for increased access.</p> <p>“The Legislature has offered no such improvements,” the group added.</p> <p>West Virginia joined several other GOP-led states in withdrawing from the Electronic Registration Information Center, an interstate compact for sharing voter data, after right-wing activists accused the group, without evidence, of partisan bias. Experts have said that leaving ERIC will make it harder to maintain accurate voter rolls.</p> <p>Secretary of State Mac Warner, a Republican, doesn’t appear in a hurry to boost voting in the state. <a href=\" before Congress in April, Warner said West Virginia has “perhaps the best balance” in the country between election access and election security, and called for an end to the federal requirement that state motor vehicle departments offer voter registration — the single most popular way for new voters to register.</p> <p>In a separate appearance, Warner <a href=\" electio-70908109/episode/episode-15-west-virginia-sec-of-109442201/\">said</a> it’s not his job to increase turnout.</p> <p>“That is a candidate, party or campaign’s job, to get out the voters,” he argued. “It’s my job to run a free, fair and clean election.”</p> <p>Warner’s office did not respond to a request for comment on any efforts to increase turnout.</p> <p><strong>Mississippi</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 46.4% (48th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 49th out of 50</strong></p> <p>The Magnolia State passed three elections bills this year, two of which had the effect of further restricting access (the <a href=\" will likely have little impact on turnout). One <a href=\" it easier</a> for election officials to remove voters from the rolls, while the other <a href=\" “ballot harvesting,”</a> in which third parties, often local community organizations, collect absentee ballots from voters and mail or bring them to election offices. Voter advocacy groups have said the ban, which is being <a href=\" by the ACLU as a violation of the Voting Rights Act, will make it harder for elderly voters and those with disabilities, among others, to cast a ballot.</p> <p>After turnout in last year’s June primaries sank to just 11%, Secretary of State Michael Watson, a Republican, <a href=\" after-11-june-turnout/\">called</a> the number “discouraging,” and led registration drives at high school and college football games and other venues.</p> <p>Watson’s office did not respond to a request for comment about additional ways to boost turnout.</p> <p><strong>Oklahoma</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 47.7% (47th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 35th out of 50</strong></p> <p>The Sooner State passed five elections bills this session. None appear likely to have a major impact on turnout, but one suggests an aversion to efforts to expand access: It <a href=\" it</a> much harder for Oklahoma to join ERIC or any other interstate compact that, like ERIC, requires outreach to eligible but unregistered voters — a <a href=\" balk-at-voter-registration-outreach/\">key factor</a> in the decisions of some other red states to leave ERIC.</p> <p>Another new law <a href=\" the state to obtain death records from the Social Security Administration, to identify registered voters who may have died, then work with local election officials to potentially remove them from the rolls.</p> <p>Oklahoma’s Board of Elections didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment on efforts to boost turnout.</p> <p><strong>Hawaii</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 48.2% (46th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 4th out of 50</strong></p> <p>The Aloha State passed only <a href=\" elections bill this session, which isn’t likely to significantly affect turnout.</p> <p>But Hawaii stands out from most of the other low-performing states, because in recent years it has implemented reforms, giving it an extremely voter-friendly system today. In 2019, it switched to universal mail elections, and in 2021 it passed automatic voter registration. It also offers same-day registration, in which voters can register at the polls.</p> <p>Though Hawaii’s 2020 turnout rate of 55.2% was the lowest in the nation, the state also saw the biggest turnout increase compared to the previous presidential election, when turnout was just 42.5%.</p> <p>That suggests the new mail-balloting system has the potential to lead to significant improvements over time. Automatic voter registration, too, has helped boost turnout in other states, but it has generally taken at least one cycle to have an impact.</p> <p>Still, some election officials don’t sound eager to help with the turnaround. The chief elections administrator for Honolulu County, where over two-thirds of Hawaiians live, <a href=\" hawaii-so-why-isnt-turnout-higher/\">has said</a>, as paraphrased by a local columnist, that “it is not up to government to inspire people to vote.”</p> <p>“People vote because they are motivated or optimistic, or they are passionate about the issues or the candidates,” the administrator, Rex Quidilla, said last year.</p> <p><strong>Arkansas</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 48.7% (45th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 48th out of 50</strong></p> <p>Arkansas passed 16 elections bills this session. And yet, despite the state’s third-from-bottom ranking on turnout, not one aimed to significantly expand access. In fact, taken together, they’re likely to make voting even harder.</p> <p>One <a href=\" creates a criminal penalty for election officials who mail voters unsolicited absentee ballots or absentee ballot applications — something state law already barred them from doing. <a href=\" creates an “Election Integrity Unit” to investigate election crimes, and a <a href=\" bans the use of drop-boxes to vote.</p> <p>Still <a href=\" amends the state constitution to require the secretary of state to do more to remove ineligible voters from the rolls, including creating a system to verify citizenship. And a <a href=\" expands a ban on accepting money from outside groups to help run elections. That was an issue taken up by Republicans nationally after funds provided by an organization financed in part with a one-time donation in 2020 by Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg played a key role in ensuring that the 2020 elections ran smoothly despite the COVID-19 pandemic.</p> <p>Secretary of State John Thurston, a Republican, has suggested that expanding access isn’t a top priority.</p> <p>“You have to take ownership of your vote,” he <a href=\" news/2022-10-18/arkansas-secretary-of-state-candidates-differ- on-2020-election-fairness\">said</a> last year. “We do want it to be convenient, but hard to cheat. Accuracy is more important than convenience.”</p> <p>Thurston’s office did not respond to a request for comment on efforts to increase turnout.</p> <p><strong>Indiana</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 49.1% (44th out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 36th out of 50</strong></p> <p>The Hoosier State passed two significant elections bills this year, both of which could further limit voting. <a href=\" makes it harder for local governments to adopt their own election reforms without state approval — it comes after cities across the country have found innovative ways to expand voting access. The <a href=\" affects the ability to vote more directly: It bars the mailing of unsolicited mail ballot applications, and requires voters requesting a mail ballot to submit additional identifying information.</p> <p>Secretary of State Diego Morales, a Republican, campaigned on his support for a slew of new voting restrictions, but has backed off most of them since taking office in January.</p> <p>Morales spokesperson Lindsey Eaton said via email that the secretary of state has sought and received special funding from the Legislature for voter outreach, and has also provisionally received a federal grant to be used in part for voter outreach.</p> <p>The office is also working with the Indiana Broadcasters Association on a public information campaign to promote voting. And Morales has announced plans to conduct voter outreach at county fairs in all 92 counties in the state.</p> <p>“As the first Latino elected to a statewide office in Indiana, increasing voter turnout across the state remains a top priority for Secretary Morales,” Eaton said.</p> <p><strong>Alabama</strong></p> <p><strong>Average turnout in last two elections: 49.8% (43rd out of 50)</strong></p> <p><strong>Ease of Voting Ranking: 45th out of 50</strong></p> <p>The Yellowhammer State’s Legislature adjourned in early June without passing any elections bills. A measure that Democrats and civil rights groups called voter suppression passed the state House but unexpectedly did not receive a vote in the Senate. The bill would have made it a crime to help a voter with an absentee ballot, though it contained exceptions for family members and some others.</p> <p>Like Warner in West Virginia, Secretary of State Wes Allen, a Republican who has denied the 2020 election results, rejects the idea that he should encourage voting. Allen withdrew Alabama from ERIC on his first day in office, and explained that he did so in part because ERIC requires states to contact eligible but unregistered voters and urge them to register.</p> <p>“Our job is to help give (local election staff and law enforcement) the resources they need to make sure our elections are run in the most safe, secure, and transparent way possible,” Allen <a href=\" state-wes-allen-jeff-poor-show-thursday-1-19-23\">said</a> soon afterward. “Our job is not to turn people out. That is the job of the candidates — to make people excited to go to the polls.”</p> <p>Allen’s office did not respond to a request for comment about efforts to increase turnout.</p> <a href=\" <div class=\"subscribeShortcodeContainer\"> <div class=\"subscribeTextContainer\"> <i></i> <p>GET THE MORNING HEADLINES.</p> </div> <div class=\"subscribeButtonContainer\"> SUBSCRIBE </div> </div> </a> </div> <style> figure, .tipContainer, .socContainer, .subscribeShortcodeContainer, .donateContainer {display:none !important;} .youtubeContainer { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 30px; height: 0; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom:12px; } .youtubeContainer iframe, .video-container object, .video-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100% !important; height: 100%; margin: 12px 0px !important; } .newsroomSidebar {width:35%;max-width:35%;padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background- color:#d3d3d3;float:right;margin-left:50px;} .snrsInfoboxSubContainer {padding:10px;border-top:solid 2px black;background-color:#d3d3d3;} .halfwidth {float:right;width:50%;max-width:50%;} .indent2Container {margin-left: 1em;margin-bottom:1em; border-left: solid 1px black;padding-left: 2em;} @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {.newsroomSidebar {max- width:95%;width:95%;margin-left:4%} .halfwidth {float:none;width:100%;max- width:100%;} }</style> <p><a href=\" Capital Sun</a> is part of States Newsroom, a nonprofit news network supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. 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Two pictures showing instances of book burning in 1933 and 2022 are genuine | 3,176 | Become a Member ![\\"snopes](\\"/design/images/logo-main.png\\"/) Search My Profile Logout Submit a Rumor Latest Trending News & Politics Entertainment Fact Checks Quiz Sections Latest Trending Fact Checks News Collections More Contact Us Submit a Rumor Archives Quiz FactBot Newsletters About Us Categories News & Politics Entertainment Science & Technology Lifestyle Free accounts support our journalism Become a Member Login My Profile Logout ![\\"republican_symbol\\"](\\"/design/images/republican_symbol.png\\"/) Snopes fact-checked the vice presidential debate live! Read more here ![\\"democrat_symbol\\"](\\"/design/images/democrat_symbol.png\\"/) Fact Check # Do These Pics Show Book Burnings in 1933 and 2022? ## The photo comparison made it to the top of the front page of Reddit on Feb. 4, 2022. ### Jordan Liles ### Published Feb. 4, 2022 ![\\"](\\" burning-feat.jpg\\") Image courtesy of Reddit Claim: Two pictures showing instances of book burning in 1933 and 2022 are genuine. Rating: True About this rating On Feb. 4, 2022, the top post on the front page of Reddit claimed to show two pictures of book burning, one from 1933 and the other from present-day. The post was titled: \"Book burning in 1933 and again in 2022.\" This was true. Advertisement: ![\\"A](\\" burning-1933-2022.jpg\\") Source: Reddit Advertisement: #### The 1933 Picture According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum\'s website, the first picture was taken at a book burning in Opera Square in Berlin, Germany, on May 10, 1933. Opera Square was once known as Opernplatz, but is now known as Bebelplatz. ![\\"A](\\" Courtesy: U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum/National Archives and Records Administration Advertisement: The museum described it as \"perhaps the most famous book burning in history\": > In a symbolic act of ominous significance, on May 10, 1933, university > students burned upwards of 25,000 volumes of “un-German” books, presaging an > era of state censorship and control of culture. On the evening of May 10, in > most university towns, right-wing students marched in torchlight parades > “against the un-German spirit.” The scripted rituals called for high Nazi > officials, professors, university rectors, and university student leaders to > address the participants and spectators. > > At the meeting places, students threw the pillaged and “unwanted” books onto > bonfires with great ceremony, band-playing, and so-called “fire oaths.” In > Berlin, some 40,000 persons gathered in the Opernplatz to hear Joseph > Goebbels deliver a fiery address: “No to decadence and moral corruption!” > Goebbels enjoined the crowd. “Yes to decency and morality in family and > state! I consign to the flames the writings of Heinrich Mann, Ernst Gläser, > Erich Kästner.” #### The 2022 Picture The second photograph was taken on Feb. 2, 2022, in Mt. Juliet, Tennessee, which is a suburb of Nashville. Advertisement: According to Nashville Scene, \"Mt. Juliet pastor and pro-Trump conspiracy theorist Greg Locke\" held a book burning in the days after a Tennessee school board voted to ban \"Maus,\" a Pulitzer Prize-winning graphic novel about the Holocaust. Reasons given for the ban included \"inappropriate language\" and an illustration of a nude woman, according to The Associated Press. The news was first reported by The Tennessee Holler. The picture was captured by photographer Tyler Salinas. Advertisement: Facebook provided live video hosting of the 2022 book burning. (The burning begins at the 1:04:00 moment in the clip.) Literary Hub noted that Locke had announced the book burning on the previous Sunday during a church service, calling \"Harry Potter\" books \"full-blown witchcraft\": Advertisement: Other reports said that books from the \"Twilight\" series were also burned. In sum, yes, the top post on Reddit did show book burnings that happened in 1933 in Germany, and in 2022 in Tennessee. #### Sources “A Right-Wing Pastor Held a Literal Book-Burning in Tennessee Last Night.” Literary Hub, 3 Feb. 2022, literal-book-burning-in-tennessee-last-night/. “Book About Holocaust Banned in Tennessee School District.” Snopes.Com and Associated Press, 27 Jan. 2022, about-holocaust-banned-in-tennessee-school-district/. Book Burning. Book Burning in Opera Square — Media — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. exhibitions/fighting-the-fires-of-hate/book-burning-in-opera-square. Graphics_Nerd. “Book Burning in 1933 and Again in 2022.” R/Pics on Reddit, 4 Feb. 2022, Kanew, Justin. “McMinn County Bans ‘Maus,’ Pulitzer Prize-Winning Holocaust Book.” The Tennessee Holler, 26 Jan. 2022, holocaust-book/. Ramirez, Alejandro. “They’re Burning Books in Tennessee.” Nashville Scene, 3 Feb. 2022, books-in-tennessee/article_1f8c631e-850f-11ec-bc9f-dbd44d7e14d7.html. ### By Jordan Liles Jordan Liles is a Senior Reporter who has been with Snopes since 2016. ## Article Tags Reddit Tennessee Book Burning Recommendations Advertisement: ![\\"Snopes.com\\"](\\"/design/images/logo-main.png\\") Company About Us FAQs Contact Us Submit a Topic Navigate Home Search Archive Newsletters Random Sections Latest Top Fact Checks News Account Join Login Game FactBot Like Us on Facebook Follow Us on Twitter © 1995 - 2024 by Snopes Media Group Inc. This material may not be reproduced without permission. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com Terms of Use Privacy Policy DMCA Policy |
Two pictures showing instances of book burning in 1933 and 2022 are genuine | 3,176 | Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file ![\\"\\"](\\"/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png\\") ![\\"Wikipedia\\"](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark- en.svg\\") ![\\"The](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline- en.svg\\") Search Search * Donate Appearance * Create account * Log in Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk ## Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Historical background Toggle Historical background subsection * 1.1 Hebrew Bible (7th century BCE) * 1.2 Burning of books and burying of scholars in China (210–213 BCE) * 1.3 Christian book burnings (80–1759 CE) * 1.4 Burning of Nestorian books (435 CE) * 1.5 Burning of Arian books (587 CE) * 1.6 French burning of Jewish manuscripts (1244 CE) * 1.7 Spanish burning of Aztec and Mayan manuscripts (1560s CE) * 1.8 Book burnings in Tudor and Stuart England (16th century CE) * 1.9 Burning of Voltaire\'s books (18th century CE) * 1.10 Burning of abolitionist books in the American South (1859–60 CE) * 1.11 Comstock book burnings in the United States (1873–1950 CE) * 1.12 Nazi regime (1933 CE) * 1.13 Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952 CE) * 2 Notable book burnings and destruction of libraries * 3 Burnings by authors Toggle Burnings by authors subsection * 3.1 20th century * 4 Books saved from burning * 5 Posthumous destruction of works * 6 Modern biblioclasm Toggle Modern biblioclasm subsection * 6.1 20th century * 6.2 21st century * 7 Sikh book burning * 8 Book burnings in popular culture * 9 See also * 10 Further reading * 11 References * 12 External links Toggle the table of contents # Book burning 36 languages * العربية * Български * Català * Dansk * Deutsch * Español * Esperanto * Euskara * فارسی * Galego * 한국어 * Հայերեն * Hrvatski * Bahasa Indonesia * Íslenska * Italiano * עברית * Magyar * മലയാളം * Bahasa Melayu * Nederlands * 日本語 * Norsk bokmål * Norsk nynorsk * Polski * Português * Română * Русский * Shqip * سنڌي * Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски * Suomi * Svenska * Türkçe * Українська * 中文 Edit links * Article * Talk English * Read * Edit * View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects * Wikimedia Commons * Wikiquote Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Practice of destroying, books or other written material ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_- _Burning_4.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg\\")Contemporary book burning ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin- book-burning.JPG/220px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG\\")Nazi youth brigades burning \"un-German\" works by Jewish and left-wing authors at the library of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, 1933[1] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg/220px- Plaque_at_Bebelplaz_commemorating_Nazi_book_burning%2C_10_May_1933.jpg\\")Plaque at Bebelplaz commemorating Nazi book burning, 10 May 1933 Book burning is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of censorship and usually proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question.[1] Book burning can be an act of contempt for the book\'s contents or author, intended to draw wider public attention to this opposition, or conceal the information contained in the text from being made public, such as diaries or ledgers. Burning and other methods of destruction are together known as biblioclasm or libricide. In some cases, the destroyed works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a severe loss to cultural heritage. Examples include the burning of books and burying of scholars under China\'s Qin dynasty (213–210 BCE), the destruction of the House of Wisdom during the Mongol siege of Baghdad (1258), the destruction of Aztec codices by Itzcoatl (1430s), the burning of Maya codices on the order of bishop Diego de Landa (1562),[2] and the burning of Jaffna Public Library in Sri Lanka (1981).[3] In other cases, such as the Nazi book burnings, copies of the destroyed books survive, but the instance of book burning becomes emblematic of a harsh and oppressive regime which is seeking to censor or silence some aspect of prevailing culture. In modern times, other forms of media, such as phonograph records, video tapes, and CDs have also been burned, shredded, or crushed. Art destruction is related to book burning, both because it might have similar cultural, religious, or political connotations, and because in various historical cases, books and artworks were destroyed at the same time. When the burning is widespread and systematic, destruction of books and media can become a significant component of cultural genocide. ## Historical background [edit] The burning of books has a long history of being a tool utilized by authorities both secular and religious, in their efforts to suppress dissenting or heretical views that are believed to pose a threat to the prevailing order. Books infested with bookworms were sometimes burned in the Medieval era as a rudamentary form of pest control, rather than targeted censorship.[4] ### Hebrew Bible (7th century BCE) [edit] ![\\"A](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/220px- Jehoiakim_Burns_the_Word_of_God_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg\\")King Jehoiakim burns Jeremiah\'s scroll. According to the Hebrew Bible, in the 7th century BCE, King Jehoiakim of Judah burned part of a scroll that Baruch ben Neriah had written at prophet Jeremiah\'s dictation (see Jeremiah 36). ### Burning of books and burying of scholars in China (210–213 BCE) [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg/220px- Killing_the_Scholars%2C_Burning_the_Books.jpg\\")Killing the Scholars and Burning the Books in 210–213 BC (18th-century Chinese painting) In 213 BCE Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, ordered the burning of books and burying of scholars and in 210 BCE he supposedly ordered the premature burial of 460 Confucian scholars in order to stay on his throne.[3][5][6] Though the burning of books is well established, the live burial of scholars has been disputed by modern historians who doubt the details of the story, which first appeared more than a century later in the Han dynasty official Sima Qian\'s Records of the Grand Historian. Some of these books were written in Shang Xiang, a superior school founded in 2208 BCE. The event caused the loss of many philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Treatises which advocated the official philosophy of the government (\"legalism\") survived. ### Christian book burnings (80–1759 CE) [edit] In the New Testament\'s Acts of the Apostles, it is claimed that Paul performed an exorcism in Ephesus. After men in Ephesus failed to perform the same feat many gave up their \"curious arts\" and burned the books because apparently, they did not work. > And many that believed, came and confessed and shewed their deeds. Many of > them also which used curious arts, brought their books together, and burned > them before all men: and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty > thousand pieces of silver.[7] After the First Council of Nicea (325 CE), Roman emperor Constantine the Great issued an edict against nontrinitarian Arians which included a prescription for systematic book-burning: > \"In addition, if any writing composed by Arius should be found, it should > be handed over to the flames, so that not only will the wickedness of his > teaching be obliterated, but nothing will be left even to remind anyone of > him. And I hereby make a public order, that if someone should be discovered > to have hidden a writing composed by Arius, and not to have immediately > brought it forward and destroyed it by fire, his penalty shall be death. As > soon as he is discovered in this offense, he shall be submitted for capital > punishment.....\"[8] According to Elaine Pagels, \"In AD 367, Athanasius, the zealous bishop of Alexandria... issued an Easter letter in which he demanded that Egyptian monks destroy all such unacceptable writings, except for those he specifically listed as \'acceptable\' even \'canonical\'—a list that constitutes the present \'New Testament\'\".[9] (Pagels cites Athanasius\'s Paschal letter (letter 39) for 367 CE, which prescribes a canon, but her citation \"cleanse the church from every defilement\" (page 177) does not explicitly appear in the Festal letter.[10]) Heretical texts do not turn up as palimpsests, scraped clean and overwritten, as do many texts of Classical antiquity. According to author Rebecca Knuth, multitudes of early Christian texts have been as thoroughly \"destroyed\" as if they had been publicly burnt.[11] In 1759 Pope Clement XIII banned all publications written by Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus from the Vatican, and ordered that all copies of his work be burned.[12][13][14] ### Burning of Nestorian books (435 CE) [edit] Activity by Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376–444) brought fire to almost all the writings of Nestorius (386–450) shortly after 435.[15] \'The writings of Nestorius were originally very numerous\',[16] however, they were not part of the Nestorian or Oriental theological curriculum until the mid-sixth century, unlike those of his teacher Theodore of Mopsuestia, and those of Diodorus of Tarsus, even then they were not key texts, so relatively few survive intact, cf. Baum, Wilhelm and Dietmar W. Winkler. 2003. The Church of the East: A Concise History. London: Routledge. ### Burning of Arian books (587 CE) [edit] According to the Chronicle of Fredegar, Recared, King of the Visigoths (reigned 586–601) and first Catholic king of Spain, following his conversion to Catholicism in 587, ordered that all Arian books should be collected and burned; and all the books of Arian theology were reduced to ashes, along with the house in which they had been purposely collected.[17][18] Which facts demonstrate that Constantine\'s edict on Arian works was not rigorously observed, as Arian writings or the theology based on them survived to be burned much later in Spain. ### French burning of Jewish manuscripts (1244 CE) [edit] In 1244, as an outcome of the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Talmuds and other Jewish religious manuscripts were set on fire by French law officers in the streets of Paris.[19][20] ### Spanish burning of Aztec and Mayan manuscripts (1560s CE) [edit] During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, numerous books written by indigenous peoples were burned by the Spaniards. Several books[_quantify_] written by the Aztecs were burnt by Spanish conquistadors and priests during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Despite opposition from Catholic friar Bartolomé de las Casas, numerous books found by the Spanish in Yucatán were burnt on the order of Bishop Diego de Landa in 1562.[2][21] De Landa wrote on the incident that \"We found a large number of books in these characters and, as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil, we burned them all, which they (the Maya) regretted to an amazing degree, and which caused them much affliction\".[2][22] ### Book burnings in Tudor and Stuart England (16th century CE) [edit] The founding of the Church of England after King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church led to the targeting of English Catholics by Protestants. During the Tudor and Stuart periods, Protestant citizens loyal to the Crown attacked Catholic religious sites across England, frequently burning any religious texts they found. These acts were encouraged by the Crown, who pressured the general public to take part in such \"spectacles\". According to American historian David Cressy, over \"the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries book burning developed from a rare to an occasional occurrence, relocated from an outdoor to an indoor procedure, and changed from a bureaucratic to a quasi-theatrical performance\".[23] With the Bishops\' Ban of 1599 the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London ordered an end to the production of verse satire and the confiscation and the burning of specific extant works, including works by John Marston and Thomas Middleton. Nine books were specifically singled out for destruction. Scholars disagree about what properties these nine books have in common to cause official offence. ### Burning of Voltaire\'s books (18th century CE) [edit] During the 18th century, the works of French philosopher and writer Voltaire were repeatedly burned by government officials in the kingdoms of France and Prussia. In 1734, the publication of his Lettres philosophiques in the city of Rouen led to a public outcry, as it was seen as an attack against the ancien régime of France. In response, the French authorities ordered copies of book to be publicly confiscated and burnt, and Voltaire was forced to flee Paris. In 1751, King of Prussia Frederick the Great ordered a pamphlet written by Voltaire titled Doctor Akakia to be publicly burnt as it insulted Pierre Louis Maupertuis, the president of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, of whom Frederick was a significant patron.[24] ### Burning of abolitionist books in the American South (1859–60 CE) [edit] Following John Brown\'s raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, slaveholders and their supporters spread panic about abolitionism, believing that anti-slavery conspiracies would lead to widespread slave revolts. Pro-slavery southerners burned books in Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas, including textbooks from public schools. Books that were critical of slavery, or insufficiently supportive of it, were seen as \"anti-Southern\" by the book-burners.[25] ### Comstock book burnings in the United States (1873–1950 CE) [edit] Anthony Comstock\'s New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, founded in 1873, inscribed book burning on its seal, as a worthy goal to be achieved.[2] Comstock\'s total accomplishment in a long and influential career is estimated to have been the destruction of some 15 tons of books, 284,000 pounds of plates for printing such \"objectionable\" books, and nearly 4,000,000 pictures. All of this material was defined as \"lewd\" by Comstock\'s very broad definition of the term – which he and his associates successfully lobbied the United States Congress to incorporate in the Comstock Law.[26] ### Nazi regime (1933 CE) [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg/220px- Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg\\")Thousands of books smoulder in a huge bonfire as Germans give the Nazi salute during the wave of book-burnings that spread throughout Nazi Germany. Main article: Nazi book burnings The Nazi government decreed broad grounds for burning material \"which acts subversively on Nazi Germany\'s future or strikes at the root of German thought, the German home and the driving forces of German people\".[1][27][28] ### Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952 CE) [edit] Further information: Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers § Media censorship During the Allied occupation of Japan, GHQ officials banned any kind of criticism of the Allies or \"reactionary\" political ideas and many books were confiscated and burned. Over 7,000 books were destroyed.[29] ## Notable book burnings and destruction of libraries [edit] Main articles: List of book-burning incidents and List of destroyed libraries ## Burnings by authors [edit] In 1588, the exiled English Catholic William Cardinal Allen wrote \"An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England\", a work sharply attacking Queen Elizabeth I. It was to be published in Spanish-occupied England in the event of the Spanish Armada succeeding in its invasion. Upon the defeat of the Armada, Allen carefully consigned his publication to the fire, and it is only known of through one of Elizabeth\'s spies, who had stolen a copy.[30] Carlo Goldoni is known to have burned his first play, a tragedy called Amalasunta in the 1730s, when encountering unfavorable criticism. The Hassidic Rabbi Nachman of Breslov is reported to have written a book which he himself burned in 1808. To this day, his followers mourn \"The Burned Book\" and seek in their Rabbi\'s surviving writings for clues as to what the lost volume contained and why it was destroyed.[31] Nikolai Gogol burned the second half of his 1842 magnum opus Dead Souls, having come under the influence of a priest who persuaded him that his work was sinful; Gogol later described this as a mistake. As noted in Claire Tomalin\'s intensively researched \"The Invisible Woman\", Charles Dickens is known to have made a big bonfire of his letters and private papers, as well as asking friends and acquaintances to either return letters which he wrote to them or themselves destroy the letters – and most complied with his request in the 1850s and the 1860s. Dickens\' purpose was to destroy evidence of his affair with the actress Nelly Ternan. To judge from surviving Dickens letters, the destroyed material – even if not intended for publication – might have had considerable literary merit. Martin Gardner, a well-known expert on the work of Lewis Carroll, believes that Carroll had written an earlier version in the 1860s of Alice in Wonderland which he later destroyed after writing a more elaborate version which he presented to the child Alice who inspired the book.[32] In the 1870s Tchaikovsky destroyed the full manuscript of his first opera, The Voyevoda. Decades later, during the Soviet period, The Voyevoda was posthumously reconstructed from surviving orchestral and vocal parts and the composer\'s sketches. ### 20th century [edit] Alberto Santos-Dumont, after being considered a spy by the French government in 1914 and then having this deception excused by the police, he destroyed all his aeronautical documents.[33] The following year, according to the afterword to the historical novel \"De gevleugelde,\" Arthur Japin says that when Dumont returned to Brazil, he \"burned all his diaries, letters and drawings.\"[34] After Hector Hugh Munro (better known by the pen name Saki) was killed in World War I in November 1916, his sister Ethel destroyed most of his papers. There is substantial evidence that Finnish composer Jean Sibelius worked on an Eighth Symphony. He promised the premiere of this symphony to Serge Koussevitzky in 1931 and 1932, and a London performance in 1933 under Basil Cameron was even advertised to the public. However, no such symphony was ever performed, and the only concrete evidence of the symphony\'s existence on paper is a 1933 bill for a fair copy of the first movement and short draft fragments first published and played in 2011.[35][36][37][38] Sibelius had always been quite self-critical; he remarked to his close friends, \"If I cannot write a better symphony than my Seventh, then it shall be my last.\" Since no manuscript survives, sources consider it likely that Sibelius destroyed most traces of the score, probably in 1945, during which year he certainly consigned a great many papers to the flames.[39] Aino, Sibelius\' wife, recalled that \"In the 1940s there was a great auto da fé at Ainola [where the Sibelius couple lived]. My husband collected a number of the manuscripts in a laundry basket and burned them on the open fire in the dining room. Parts of the Karelia Suite were destroyed – I later saw remains of the pages which had been torn out – and many other things. I did not have the strength to be present and left the room. I therefore do not know what he threw on to the fire. But after this my husband became calmer and gradually lighter in mood.\" It is assumed that a draft of Sibelius\' Eighth Symphony - which he worked on in the early 1930s but with which he was not satisfied - was among the papers destroyed.[40] Joe Shuster, who together with Jerry Siegel created the fictional superhero Superman, in 1938 burned the first Superman story when under the impression that it would not find a publisher. Axel Jensen made his debut as a novelist in Oslo in 1955 with the novel Dyretemmerens kors, but he later burned the remaining unsold copies of the book. In August 1963, when C.S. Lewis resigned from Magdalene College, Cambridge and his rooms there were being cleaned out, Lewis gave instructions to Douglas Gresham to destroy all his unfinished or incomplete fragments of manuscript - which scholars researching Lewis\' work regard as a grievous loss.[41] In 1976 detractors of Venezuelan liberal writer Carlos Rangel publicly burned copies of his book From the Noble Savage to the Noble Revolutionary in the year of its publication at the Central University of Venezuela.[42][43] ## Books saved from burning [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/220px- NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg\\")Symbol of the \"New York Society for the Suppression of Vice\", advocating book-burning In Catholic hagiography, Saint Vincent of Saragossa is mentioned as having been offered his life on condition that he consign Scripture to the fire; he refused and was martyred. He is often depicted holding the book which he protected with his life. Another book-saving Catholic saint is the 10th-century Saint Wiborada. She is credited with having predicted in 925 an invasion by the then-pagan Hungarians of her region in Switzerland. Her warning allowed the priests and religious of St. Gall and St. Magnus to hide their books and wine and escape into caves in nearby hills.[44] Wiborada herself refused to escape and was killed by the marauders, being later canonized. In art, she is commonly represented holding a book to signify the library she saved, and is considered a patron saint of libraries and librarians. ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG/220px- Vitahomosexualis.JPG\\")Vita homosexualis, a 1902 collection of August Fleischmann\'s popular pamphlets on third gender and against §175 \- a Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee library copy, confiscated on 6 May 1933, annotated on the endpaper: **ByReichspräsident\'s decree of 28.02.1933 destined for destruction!** and hidden from the publique (label \"Secr.\") as Nazi plunder by the Prussian State Library. During a tour of Thuringia in 1525, Martin Luther became enraged at the widespread burning of libraries along with other buildings during the German Peasants\' War, writing Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants in response.[45] During the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire the Imperial Court Library (now Austrian National Library) was in extreme danger, when the bombardment of Vienna caused the burning of the Hofburg, in which the Imperial Library was located. The fire was halted in a timely manner - saving countless irreplaceable books, diligently collected by many generations of Habsburg emperors and the scholars in their employ. At the beginning of the Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II, two German officers – Viennese-born Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel (a Roman Catholic) and Captain Maximilian Becker (a Protestant) – had the foresight to transfer the Monte Cassino archives to the Vatican. Otherwise the archives – containing a vast number of documents relating to the 1500-years\' history of the Abbey as well as some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript codices, chiefly patristic and historical – would have been destroyed in the Allied air bombing which almost completely destroyed the Abbey shortly afterwards. Also saved by the two officers\' prompt action were the collections of the Keats-Shelley Memorial House in Rome, which had been sent to the Abbey for safety in December 1942. The Sarajevo Haggadah – one of the oldest and most valuable Jewish illustrated manuscripts, with immense historical and cultural value – was hidden from the Nazis and their Ustaše collaborators by Derviš Korkut, chief librarian of the National Museum in Sarajevo. At risk to his own life, Korkut smuggled the Haggadah out of Sarajevo and gave it for safekeeping to a Muslim cleric in Zenica, where it was hidden until the end of the war under the floorboards of either a mosque or a Muslim home. The Haggadah again survived destruction during the wars which followed the breakup of Yugoslavia.[46] In 1940s France, a group of anti-fascist exiles created a Library of Burned Books which housed all the books that Adolf Hitler had destroyed. This library contained copies of titles that were burned by the Nazis in their campaign to cleanse German culture of Jewish and foreign influences such as pacifist and decadent literature. The Nazis themselves planned to make a \"museum\" of Judaism once the Final Solution was complete to house certain books that they had saved.[47] ## Posthumous destruction of works [edit] When Virgil died, he left instructions that his manuscript of the Aeneid was to be burnt, as it was a draft version with uncorrected faults and not a final version for release. However, this instruction was ignored. It is mainly to the Aeneid, published in this \"imperfect\" form, that Virgil owes his lasting fame – and it is considered one of the great masterpieces of classical literature as a whole.[48][49] Before his death, Franz Kafka wrote to his friend and literary executor Max Brod: \"Dearest Max, my last request: Everything I leave behind me... in the way of diaries, manuscripts, letters (my own and others\'), sketches, and so on, [is] to be burned unread.\"[50][51] Brod overrode Kafka\'s wishes, believing that Kafka had given these directions to him, specifically, because Kafka knew he would not honour them – Brod had told him as much. Had Brod carried out Kafka\'s instructions, virtually the whole of Kafka\'s work – except for a few short stories published in his lifetime – would have been lost forever. Most critics, at the time and up to the present, justify Brod\'s decision.[48] In his foreword to Kafka\'s The Castle Brod noted that when entering Kafka\'s apartment after his death, he found several big empty folders and traces of burnt paper - the manuscripts which were in these folders having evidently been destroyed by Kafka himself before his death. Brod expressed pain at the irreversible loss of this material and happiness at having saved so much of Kafka\'s work from its creator\'s ruthlessness. A similar case concerns the noted American poet Emily Dickinson, who died in 1886 and left to her sister Lavinia the instruction of burning all her papers. Lavinia Dickinson did burn almost all of her sister\'s correspondences, but interpreted the will as not including the forty notebooks and loose sheets, all filled with almost 1800 poems; these Lavinia saved and began to publish the poems that year. Had Lavinia Dickinson been more strict in carrying out her sister\'s will, all but a small handful of Emily Dickinson\'s poetic work would have been lost.[52][53] In early 1964, several months after the death of C.S. Lewis, Lewis\' literary executor Walter Hooper, rescued a 64-page manuscript from a bonfire of the author\'s writings – the burning carried out according to Lewis\' will.[54] In 1977, Hooper published it under the name The Dark Tower. It was apparently intended as part of Lewis\' Space Trilogy. Though incomplete and evidently an early draft which Lewis abandoned, its publication aroused great interest and a continued discussion among Lewis fans and scholars researching his work. ## Modern biblioclasm [edit] Although the act of destroying books is condemned by the majority of the world\'s societies, book burning still occurs on a small or large scale. ### 20th century [edit] In Azerbaijan, when a modified Latin alphabet was adopted, books which were published in the Arabic script were burned, especially those published in the late 1920s and 1930s.[55] The texts were not limited to the Quran; medical and historical manuscripts were also destroyed.[56] Book burnings were regularly organised in Nazi Germany in the 1930s by stormtroopers so that \"degenerate\" works could be destroyed, especially works written by Jewish authors such as Thomas Mann, Marcel Proust, and Karl Marx. One of the most infamous book burnings in the 20th century occurred in Frankfurt, Germany, on May 10, 1933.[1] Organized by Joseph Goebbels, books were burned in a celebratory fashion, complete with bands, marchers, and songs. Seeking to \"cleanse\" German culture of the \"un-German\" spirit, Goebbels compelled students (who were egged on by their professors) to perform the book burning. To some this could be easily dismissed as the childish actions of the youth, but to many in Europe and America, it was a horrific display of power and disrespect.[57] During the denazification which followed the war, literature which had been confiscated by the Allies was reduced to pulp rather than burned. ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px- Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg\\")Copies of books which were burned by the Nazis, on display at Yad Vashem In 1937, during Getúlio Vargas\' dictatorship in Brazil, several books by authors such as Jorge Amado and José Lins do Rego were burned in an anti- communist act.[58] In the People\'s Republic of China from the 1940s to present day, library officials publicize the burning of \"illegal publications, religious publications\".[59] In 1942, local Catholic priests forced Irish storyteller Timothy Buckley to burn a book The Tailor and Ansty by Eric Cross about Buckley and his wife, because of its sexual frankness.[60] In the 1950s, over six tons of books by Wilhelm Reich were burned in the U.S. in compliance with judicial orders.[61] In 1954, the works of Mordecai Kaplan were burned by Orthodox Jewish rabbis in America, after Kaplan was excommunicated.[62] In Denmark, a comic book burning took place on 23 June 1955. It was a bonfire which consisted of comic books topped by a life-size cardboard cutout of The Phantom.[63] During the military dictatorship in Brazil from (1964-1985), several methods of censure were used, among them, torture and the burning of books by firemen.[64] Some supporters have celebrated book-burning cases in art and other media. Such is the case in Italy in 1973 with The Burning of Heretical Books over a side door on the façade of Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, the bas-relief by Giovanni Battista Maini, which depicts the burning of \"heretical\" books as a triumph of righteousness.[65] During the years of the Chilean military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet from 1973 to 1990, hundreds of books were burned as a way of repression and censorship of left-wing literature.[66][67] In some instances, even books on Cubism were burned because soldiers thought it had to do with the Cuban Revolution.[68][69] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG/170px- Chile_quema_libros_1973.JPG\\")Book burning in Chile following the 1973 coup that installed the Pinochet dictatorship. In 1981, the Jaffna Public Library in Jaffna, Sri Lanka, was burned down by Sinhalese police and paramilitaries during a pogrom against the minority Tamil population. At the time of its burning, it contained almost 100,000 Tamil books and rare documents.[3][11] Kjell Ludvik Kvavik, a senior Norwegian official, had a penchant for removing maps and other pages from rare books and he was noticed in January 1983 by a young college student. The student, Barbro Andenaes, reported the actions of the senior official to the superintendent of the reading room and then reported them to the head librarian of the university library in Oslo. Hesitant to make the accusation against Kvavik public because it would greatly harm his career, even if it was proven to be false, the media did not divulge his name until his house was searched by police. The authorities seized 470 maps and prints as well as 112 books that Kvavik had illegally obtained. While this may not have been the large-scale, violent demonstration which usually occurs during wars, Kvavik\'s disregard for libraries and books shows that the destruction of books on any scale can affect an entire country. Here, a senior official in the Norwegian government was disgraced and the University Library was only refunded for a small portion of the costs which it had incurred from the loss and destruction of rare materials and the security changes that had to be made as a result of it. In this case, the lure of personal profit and the desire to enhance one\'s own collection were the causes of the defacement of rare books and maps. While the main goal was not destruction for destruction\'s sake, the resulting damage to the ephemera still carries weight within the library community.[70] In 1984, Amsterdam\'s South African Institute was infiltrated by an organized group which was bent on drawing attention to the inequality of apartheid. Well-organized and assuring patrons of the library that no harm would come to them, group members systematically smashed microfiche machines and threw books into the nearby waterway. Indiscriminate with regard to the content which was being destroyed, shelf after shelf was cleared of its contents until the group left. Staff members fished books from the water in hopes of salvaging the rare editions of travel books, documents about the Boer Wars, and contemporary materials which were both for and against apartheid. Many of these materials were destroyed by oil, ink, and paint that the anti-apartheid demonstrators had flung around the library. The world was outraged by the loss of knowledge that these demonstrators had caused, and instead of supporting their cause and drawing people\'s attention to the issue of apartheid, the international community denounced their actions at Amsterdam\'s South African Institute. Some of the demonstrators came forward and sought to justify their actions by accusing the institute of being pro-apartheid and claiming that nothing was being done to change the status quo in South Africa.[11] ### 21st century [edit] The advent of the digital age has resulted in the cataloguing of an immense collection of written works, exclusively or primarily in digital form. The intentional deletion or removal of these works has often been referred to as a new form of book burning.[71] For example, Amazon, the world\'s largest online marketplace, has increasingly banned the sale of controversial books. An article in The New York Times reported that \"Booksellers that sell on Amazon say the retailer has no coherent philosophy about what it decides to prohibit, and seems largely guided by public complaints.\".[72] A biblioclastic incident occurred in Mullumbimby, New South Wales, Australia in 2009. Reported as \"just like the ritual burning of books in Nazi Germany\", a book-burning ceremony was held by students of the \"socially harmful cult\" Universal Medicine, an esoteric healing business which was owned by Serge Benhayon.[73] Students were invited to throw their books onto the pyre. Most of the volumes were on Chinese medicine, kinesiology, acupuncture, homeopathy and other alternative healing modalities, all of which Benhayon has decreed evil or \"prana\".[74] Russian nationalists burned Ukrainian history books in Crimea in 2010.[75] Prorussian demonstrators burned books in Eastern Ukraine, 2014.[76] After the failed 2016 Turkish coup d\'état, the Turkish government burned 301,878 books deemed related to the coup or its alleged leader, Fethullah Gülen, including 18 textbooks with the word \"Pennsylvania\" in them. Photos of books being burned became a viral sensation on the internet once they were taken by a website named Kronos27.[77][78][79] In April 2019 Poland, priests in Gdańsk burned Harry Potter books.[80] In 2019, the French-language Providence Catholic School Board in southwestern Ontario held a \'flame purification\' ceremony and burned around thirty recently banned children\'s books. The ashes were used as fertilizer to plant trees and according to the participants the action was \'to turn a negative to a positive\'. The books included Tintin and Asterix and were deemed harmful to Indigenous people.[81] Since the introduction of the controversial national security law in 2020, multiple counts of biblioclasm have been reported. Shortly after the introduction of the new law, books written by prominent Hong Kong pro- democracy figures, including Joshua Wong and Tanya Chan, have been removed from public libraries.[82] In 2021, 29 previously available titles about the Tiananmen Massacre are completely removed from the public libraries, whilst 94 of the remaining 120 titles are only available on request.[83] In 2022, reported by local media, three secondary schools removed more than 400 books since June 2021.[84] Unlike the two book burning happened in the public libraries, the schools were not given any concrete criteria but the schools had to perform the self-censorship themselves.[84] Titles that were removed included those related to the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests, Tiananmen Massacre and jailed activists.[84] In the same year, the Hong Kong government also refused to provide a list of books that have been removed from the public libraries.[85] In February 2021 some religious communities in the United States have started holding book burning ceremonies to garner attention and publicly denounce heretical beliefs. In Tennessee pastor Greg Locke has held sermons over the incineration of books like Harry Potter and Twilight.[86] This trend of calling for the burning of books one\'s ideology conflicts with has continued into the political sphere. Two members of a Virginia school board Rabih Abuismail, and Kirk Twigg, have condoned the burning of recently banned books to keep their ideas out of the minds of the public.[87][88] In September 2023, Missouri State Senator and gubernatorial candidate Bill Eigel showed off a flamethrower at a campaign event and vowed to burn \"woke pornographic books [...] on the front lawn of the governor\'s mansion\" if elected.[89] During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the facts of the destruction of Ukrainian books, especially on the history of Ukraine and the history of the Russian-Ukrainian war, are known. In Mariupol, Russians burned all the books from the library of the church of Petro Mohyla.[90] In the temporarily occupied Mariupol, Russian invaders are throwing away books from the library collections of the Pryazovskyi State Technical University.[91] Russian “military police” seize and destroy books on Ukrainian history and culture in the occupied territories in the Northeast of Ukraine. There are also cases of destruction and damage to the Ukrainian archives with documents about the Soviet repression and attempts to introduce Russian re-educational programs in Melitopol.[92] ## Sikh book burning [edit] In the Sikh religion, any copies of their sacred book, Guru Granth Sahib, which are too badly damaged to be used, and any printer\'s waste which bears any of its text, are cremated. This ritual is called an Agan Bhet, and it is similar to the ritual which is performed when a deceased Sikh is cremated.[93][94][95][96] ## Book burnings in popular culture [edit] ![\\"Three](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg/220px- Escrutinio_cura_barbero.jpg\\")1741 woodcut illustrating the examination and burning of Don Quixote\'s library. * In chapters 6 and 7 of the first part of Don Quixote,[97] the titular character\'s parish priest, relatives, and friends examine his library, full with chivalry romances and other books, and decide to burn most of them and seal the room. The comments of the priest allow author Cervantes to praise or condemn the books, while subtly satirizing the Spanish Inquisition.[98][99] * In his 1821 play, Almansor, the German writer Heinrich Heine – referring to the burning of the Muslim holy book, the Qur\'an, during the Spanish Inquisition – wrote, \"Where they burn books, so too will they in the end burn people.\" (\"Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen.\") Over a century later, Heine\'s own books were among the thousands of volumes that were torched by the Nazis in Berlin\'s Opernplatz, even while his poem \"Die Lorelei\" continued to be printed in German schoolbooks as \"by an unknown author\".[100] * Book burning played a small part in Jules Verne\'s 1864 Journey to the Center of the Earth. After Professor Lidenbrock deciphers a writing of Arne Saknussem and attempts to recreate his purported subterranean journey, his nephew Axel protests that they should study more of his works before making any rash decisions. Professor Lidenbrock explains that this is impossible: Saknussem was out of favor in his native country, whose leaders ordered all of his writings burned after his death. * In Ray Bradbury\'s 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451, about a culture which has outlawed books due to its disdain for learning, books are burned along with the houses they are hidden in.[3][98] ## See also [edit] * ![\\"icon\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png\\")Books portal * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png\\")History portal * Banned books * Bibliophobia * Bonfire of the vanities * Library fires * List of book-burning incidents * List of destroyed libraries * Maya codices ## Further reading [edit] Library resources about Book burning * Resources in your library * Resources in other libraries * Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). _The Church of the East: A Concise History_. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192. * Civallero, Edgardo. When Memory Turns into Ashes... Memoricide During the XX Century Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. DOI. * Knuth, Rebecca (2006). Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist violence and Cultural Destruction. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. * Knuth, Rebecca. Libricide : the regime-sponsored destruction of books and libraries in the twentieth century. ISBN 0-275-98088-X * Ovenden, Richard Burning the Books. London: John Murray[101] * Polastron, Lucien X. 2007. Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries throughout History. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions. * The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project – A call for Bosnian manuscripts ingathering * Polastron, Lucien X. (2007) Libros en Llamas: historia de la interminable destrucción de bibliotecas. Libraria, ISBN 968-16-8398-6.[1] * Polastron, Lucien X. Books on fire: the destruction of libraries throughout history. ISBN 978-1-59477-167-5 * Raven, James. (2004). Lost Libraries: The Destruction of Great Book Collections Since Antiquity. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. * UNESCO. Lost Memory – Libraries and archives destroyed in the twentieth century * Books on Fire: The Destruction of Libraries Throughout History. Lucien Xavier Polastron. Translated by John E Graham. Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1-59477-167-5. ISBN 1-59477-167-7. ## References [edit] 1. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ \"Book Burning\". _United States Holocaust Memorial Museum_. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2022. 2. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ Brockell, Gillian. \"Burning books: 6 outrageous, tragic and weird examples in history\". _The Washington Post_. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. 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Retrieved 1 December 2022. 88. **^** Burke, Timothy [@bubbaprog] (10 November 2021). \"You need to *see* and *hear* the Virginia elected officials set forth their plan to burn books they oppose — one of which the American Library Association named a \"Best Book for Young Adults\" This nation\'s march toward fascism is turning into a full sprint. (Tweet). Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023 – via Twitter. 89. **^** Bayless, Kacen (18 September 2023). \"Republican candidate for Missouri governor vows to burn books after viral flamethrower video\". _Kansas City Star_. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023. 90. **^** \"In Mariupol, the occupiers burned all the books from the library of the church of Petro Mohyla\". _National Museum of the Holodomor-Genocide_. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. 91. **^** \"Occupants throw away books from the university library in Mariupol\". _chytomo.com_. 25 February 2023. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. 92. **^** \"Russian occupiers launch war on Ukrainian history, burning books and destroying archives\". _Euromaidan Press_. April 2022. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. 93. **^** \"Press Release BC Sikh Community\" (PDF). Harjas.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007. 94. **^** \"Seva After A One-Two Hurricane Punch\". _Sikh News Network_. 27 September 2005. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. 95. **^** Kaur, Gurmeet. \"on the Nicobar Islands after the 2004 tsunami\". _GHANAIA_. end of the page. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. 96. **^** \"Blog query about an accumulation of download printouts of Sikh sacred text\". Mrsikhnet.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. 97. **^** Cervantes, Miguel de. _Don Quixote_. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2022. 98. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Romera, Ángel (March 2005). Aguirre, Joaquín María (ed.). \"Escrutinio de donosos escrutinios. Estela de los bibliocaustos generados por un capítulo de Don Quijote\". _Espéculo_ (in Spanish) (29). Madrid: Universidad Complutense. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2021. 99. **^** Peña, Manuel (30 December 2005). \"El \"donoso y grande escrutinio\" o las caras de la censura\" [The \"diverting and important scrutiny\" or the faces of censorship]. _Hispania_ (in Spanish). **65** (221). CSIC: 939–955. doi:10.3989/hispania.2005.v65.i221. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2021. 100. **^** Henley, Jon (10 September 2010). \"Book-burning: fanning the flames of hatred\". _The Guardian_. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2012. 101. **^** Cooke, Rachel (31 August 2020). \"Burning the Books by Richard Ovenden review – the libraries we have lost\". _the Guardian_. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ## External links [edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book burning. Wikiquote has quotations related to **Book burning**. * \"On Book Burnings and Book Burners: Reflections on the Power (and Powerlessness) of Ideas\" by Hans J. Hillerbrand * \"Burning books\" by Haig A. Bosmajian * \"Bannings and burnings in history\" – Book and Periodical Council (Canada) * \"The books have been burning: timeline\" by Daniel Schwartz, CBC News. Updated 10 September 2010. * v * t * e Censorship --- Media regulation| * Books * books banned * Films * banned films * Internet * circumvention * Music * Postal * Press * Radio * Speech and expression * Student media * Televisions * banned televisions * Thought * Video games * banned video games Methods| * Bleeping * Book burning * Broadcast delay * Censor bars * Chilling effect * Collateral censorship * Concision * Conspiracy of silence * Content-control software * Damnatio memoriae * Euphemism * Minced oath * Expurgation * Fogging * Gag order * Heckling * Heckler\'s veto * Internet police * Memory hole * National intranet * Newspaper theft * Pixelization * Prior restraint * Propaganda * Purge * Revisionism * Sanitization * Self-censorship * Speech code * Strategic lawsuit * Surveillance * computer and network * mass * Whitewashing * Word filtering Contexts| * Criminal * Corporate * Apple * Facebook * Google * Hate speech * Online * Ideological * LGBT issues * Media bias * Moralistic fallacy * Naturalistic fallacy * Politics * Propaganda model * Religious * Suppression of dissent * Systemic bias By country| * Censorship * Chinese issues overseas * Freedom of speech * Internet censorship * Muhammad controversy * v * t * e Books --- Production| * Binding * Covers * dust jackets * Design * Editing * Illustration * Illuminated manuscripts * Printing * edition * history * incunabula * instant book * limited edition * Publishing * advance copy * hardcover * paperback * Size * Typesetting * Volume (bibliography) * Collection (publishing) * Book series Consumption| * Awards * Bestsellers * list * Bibliography * Bibliomania (tsundoku) * Bibliophilia * Bibliotherapy * Bookmarks * Bookselling * blurbs * book towns * history * used * Censorship * Clubs * Collecting * Digitizing * Bookworm (insect) * Furniture * bookcases * bookends * Library * Print culture * Reading * literacy * Reviews By country| * Brazil * France * Germany * Italy * Japan * Netherlands * Pakistan * Spain * United Kingdom * United States Other| * Genres * fictional * miniature * pop-up * textbook * Grimoire * Formats * audiobooks * Ebooks * Folio * Coffee table book Related| * Banned books * Book burning * incidents * Nazi * Book curses * Book packaging * Book swapping * Book tour * Conservation and restoration * Dog ears * History of books * scroll * codex * Intellectual property * ISBN * Novel * Outline * Preservation * The Philobiblon * World Book Day * World Book Capital * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png\\") Outline * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\\") Category * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png\\") Portal * v * t * e Damage, destruction and looting of art and cultural heritage --- Human-caused| | By location| * Afghanistan * Destruction of art * Bangladesh * Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack * Brazil * Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack * Canada * Monuments removed in 2020–2022 * China * Destruction of the Four Olds * Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum * France * Iconoclasm during the French Revolution * Germany * Bombing of Dresden * Iran * Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010 * Iraq * Archaeological looting * Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts * Ireland * Destruction of country houses, 1919–1923 * Israel * Destruction of the Shrine of Husayn\'s Head * Kosovo * Destruction of Albanian heritage * Destruction of Serbian heritage * Middle East * Damage to heritage sites in 21st-century conflicts * Nigeria * Benin Bronzes * Palestine * Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip * Poland * Destruction of Warsaw * Looting in World War II * Saudi Arabia * Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites * Spain * Destroyed landmarks * Syria * Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war * Ukraine * Demolition of monuments to Lenin * Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion * United Kingdom * 20th-century destruction of country houses * Baedeker Blitz * Demolished buildings and structures in London * Churches in the City of London * Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt * Public art formerly in London * United States * Artworks lost or damaged in the September 11 attacks * List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks ---|--- By type| * Attacks on museums * Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State * Destroyed libraries * Grave robbery * Body snatching * Landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change * Museums destroyed by war * Napoleonic looting * List * Stolen and missing Moon rocks * Tallest voluntarily demolished buildings World War II| * Art theft and looting * Restitution claims * Works by Vincent van Gogh * Libraries * Nazi plunder Natural| * Library damage in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake * Archaeological looting * Art destruction * Art theft * Book burning * Iconoclasm * Lost artworks * Looted art * Vandalism of art * v * t * e Historical negationism --- * Denialism * Disinformation * Knowledge falsification * Pseudohistory * school textbook controversies * Rationalization * Victim blaming Genocide denial / denial of mass killingsand atrocities| * Armenian genocide * Atrocities against Indigenous peoples * Bosnian genocide * Cambodian genocide * Genocide of Serbs during WWII * Croatian Wikipedia * Holodomor * Katyn massacre * Khojaly massacre * Nanjing Massacre * U.S. cover-up of Japanese war crimes * Rohingya genocide * Rwandan genocide * Denial of the 7 October attacks | Holocaust| * Austria victim theory * Clean Wehrmacht * Rommel / Speer myth * Italiani brava gente * Trivialization * Double genocide theory * Vichy syndrome * Sonderaktion 1005 ---|--- Other whitewashingof governments| * Cuba de ayer * Czechoslovak myth * Denial of state terrorism in Argentina * Driftwood theory * Ferdinand Marcos apologism * Lost Cause of the Confederacy * Dunning School * Negationism of the military dictatorship of Brazil [pt] / Chile * Neo-Stalinism * Operation Legacy (UK) Other manifestations| * Allah as a lunar deity * Ancient astronauts * Ancient Egyptian race controversy * Antiquization * Book burnings * list * Censorship of Great Zimbabwe * Christ myth theory * Dacianism * Damnatio memoriae * Destruction of cultural heritage * Islamic State * Saudi Arabia * Gaza Strip * Myth of English aid [es] * Izbrisani * Khazar hypothesis * LGBT erasure * Like sheep to the slaughter * Myth of the golden exile * Phantom time hypothesis / New chronology * Shakespeare authorship question * Territorial losses of Thailand | Azerbaijan| * Destruction of Armenian heritage * Cemetery in Julfa * Nakhchivan [ru] * Nizami Ganjavi * Western Azerbaijan ---|--- Germany| * Borussian myth * Myth of Langemarck [de] * Stab-in-the-back myth Israel / Palestine| * Denial of the 7 October attacks * Nakba denial * Temple denial * There was no such thing as Palestinians Russia| * Allegations of genocide in Donbas * All-Russian nation * On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians * Soviet Union * Censorship of images * Denial of Crimean Tatars Turkey| * Denial of Kurds * History Thesis * Sun Language Theory United States| * 1776 Commission * Irish slaves myth * Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth Organizations| * Adelaide Institute * ASİMKK * Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War * CODOH * Dalit Voice * FactCheckArmenia.com * Gesellschaft zur Rechtlichen und Humanitären Unterstützung * HIAG * Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum * Institute for Armenian Research * Institute for Historical Review * Nippon Kaigi * Turkish Historical Society * United Daughters of the Confederacy * Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt Publications| * A Town Betrayed * A Verdade Sufocada * The Birth of a Nation * Coverage of the Hillsborough disaster by The Sun * Did Six Million Really Die? * Falsifiers of History * Flatline * Folk og Land * A History of the Palestinian People (2017) * Hitler Diaries * The Hoax of the Twentieth Century * I Am More Than a Wolf Whistle * Jasenovac – istina * Journal of Historical Review * Leuchter report * The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism * The Ottoman Lieutenant * Report about Case Srebrenica Conferences| * International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust Publishing houses| * Arndt Verlag * J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing * Munin Verlag * Nation Europa Verlag Legal status| | Statute law| * Austria * Belgium * France * Germany ---|--- Case law| * R v Zundel (1992) * Lehideux and Isorni v France (1998) * Irving v Penguin Books Ltd (2000) * Perinçek v. Switzerland (2013) International law| * Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime * Right to truth Related| * Historical fiction * Historical revisionism * Historical misconceptions * Accusation in a mirror * Ash heap of history * Censorship * Cherry picking * Conspiracy theories * False attribution * Furtive fallacy * Genocide justification * Propaganda * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\\") Category Authority control databases ![\\"Edit](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit- ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\\") --- International| * FAST National| * Germany * United States * France * BnF data * Japan * Spain * Israel Other| * IdRef Retrieved from \" Categories: * Book burnings * Book censorship * Anti-intellectualism * Arson * Events relating to freedom of expression * Freedom of expression * Historical negationism * History of books * Protest tactics Hidden categories: * CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) * CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) * CS1 interwiki-linked names * CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) * CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) * CS1 Danish-language sources (da) * CS1 Italian-language sources (it) * CS1 Canadian French-language sources (fr-ca) * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * Use dmy dates from March 2020 * All articles with unsourced statements * Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 * Webarchive template wayback links * Commons category link from Wikidata * This page was last edited on 23 September 2024, at 05:03 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. 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Shop Now ![\\"Personalized](\\" content/uploads/sites/6/2020/08/anniversary-gifts.jpg\\"/) Shop Now * Track Your Order Timelines # A Year In History: 1933 Timeline Written by Samples Last Updated on 12th July 2022 Throughout 1933, many unforgettable events made headline news across the world. The year saw many political changes that would pave the way for the Second World War, such as Adolf Hitler rising to power in German and beginning his rule as dictator for a minimum of four years. Gaining an incredibly influential position, the Nazi Party eliminated political opposition to govern a single-party state, and the year marked the start of their persecution of certain members of society opposed to fascism, including Jewish people and communists. The United States (and the rest of the world) was deep into the Great Depression, and we welcomed a new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, to tackle unemployment and the country’s failing economy. In other, more positive news, the first singing telegram was delivered in New York City, and the original King Kong film had its premiere. You can explore original 1933 newspapers for yourself in our archive, and you can discover which events made the front pages on your chosen date. ## 1933 Timeline Turn the page to: * January * February * March * April * May * June * July * August * September * October * November * December * The Rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany * Communism, Civil Liberties and Jewish Persecution in Germany * President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal ## January January 2: At Melbourne Cricket Ground, cricket legend Don Bradman leads Australia to an 111 run victory after scoring an unbeaten 103 during the second ‘Bodyline’ Test. January 2: Troops from the United States leave Nicaragua. January 3: Minnie D. Craig becomes the first female to hold a speaking position in the United States when she is elected to be the Speaker of the North Dakota House of Representatives. January 5: In San Francisco, construction takes place on the Golden Gate Bridge January 5: In New York, the premiere for the film Cavalcade takes place. The film is directed by Frank Lloyd, stars Clive Brook and Diana Wynyard and is based on the play written by Noël Coward. The film would go on to win the Best Production Award in 1934. January 5: The 30th President of the United States, Calvin Coolidge, passes away at the age of 60. January 6: Clyde Barrow (Bonnie and Clyde) walks into a trap laid out for another criminal and ends up killing Tarrant County Deputy Sheriff Malcolm Davis. January 7: In the Netherlands, the first edition of People and Fatherland is published. January 9: Against wage reduction in Amsterdam, confectionery workers go on strike. January 11: Between Australia and New Zealand, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith begins the first commercial flight. January 12: The independence of the Philippines is recognized by the United States Congress. January 12: In Spain, the uprising of the Guardia Civil results in the deaths of 25 people. January 15: Almost 100 people lose their lives in Spain when political violence breaks out. January 16: In cricket, and during the third test match in Adelaide, English bowler Harold Larwood fractures the skull of Australian batsman Bert Oldfield. January 16: American author and film director, Susan Sontag, is born in New York City. January 17: In cricket, Don Bradman, the Australian batting champion, takes just his second test wicket and bowls English player Walter Hammond for 85 during the 3rd test in Adelaide. The English team are defeated by 338 runs. January 17: Going against the wishes of current President Herbert Hoover, the United States Congress votes in favor of Philippine independence. January 18: In New Mexico, the White Sands National Monument is established. January 18: American inventor and sound expert, Ray Dolby, is born in Portland, Oregon. Dolby was the inventor of the Dolby noise limiting system. January 20: In Prague, Czechoslovakia, the erotic romance film starring Hedy Lamarr, Ecstacy, has its premiere. The film causes a sensation and Lamarr was just 18 years old at the time. January 23: In the United States, the 20th amendment is ratified. This amendment to the United States Constitution changed the date of presidential inaugurations to January 20th, starting in 1937. January 24: In New York City, the play Design for Living by Noël Coward has its premiere. January 25: The 11th President of the Philippines, Corazon Aquino, is born in Paniqui, Tarlac, Philippines. January 27: Sir Horace Rumbold, the British ambassador, dines with the Head of the German President’s Office, Otto Meisnner. January 28: In France, the government of Paul Boncour falls. January 28: In Germany, the government of Von Schleicher falls. January 28: Choudhry Rahmat Ali coins the name “Pakistan,” and the name begins to be pushed and accepted by Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, in order to create a separate Muslim homeland in South Asia. Ali publishes a pamphlet Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever? which sparked the Pakistan Movement. January 30: German President and World War One General, Paul von Hindenburg, gives Adolf Hitler the role of Reich Chancellor of Germany. Hitler then goes on to form a government with Franz von Papen, the Vice Chancellor. January 30: The Lone Ranger, a popular radio drama, runs on ABC Radio. The show would continue to run on the station for 21 years. January 30: In Melbourne, the Australian Tennis Championships take place. Coral McInnes Buttsworth is defeated by Joan Hartigan Bathurst to win Bathurst the women’s title, and Jack Crawford wins his 3rd consecutive men’s title when he defeats Keith Gledhill. January 30: Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg, German President and World War One General, hears from his former colleague General Erich Ludendorff. Ludendorff’s letter stated “this accursed man will cast our Reich into the abyss and bring our nation inconceivable misery.” January 31: Following the fall of Paul Boncour’s government, the government of Édouard Daladier takes power in France. January 31: Adolf Hitler promises to offer parliamentary democracy. ![\\"1933](\\" hitler.jpeg\\") 1933 was a very significant year in Adolf Hitler’s rise to power Image: Wikimedia Commons Back to the top ↑ ## February February 1: The membership of non-Catholic unions is forbidden by Dutch bishops. February 1: After the request of new German chancellor, Adolf Hitler, President Paul von Hindenburg dissolves the German Parliament. On the same day, Hitler gives an address to the people of Berlin, known as his Proclamation to the German People. February 2: In Germany, communist meetings and demonstrations are banned by Nazi politician Hermann Göring. February 2: Without results, the second international conference on disarmament comes to an end. The conference attempts to reduce the size of armies for the major powers, while Germany is allowed 200,000 men. Germany leaves the conference due to the plan postponing its limitations for 4 years. February 3: In Germany, a secret speech is given to military leaders by Adolf Hitler, stating that he aims to rearm Germany against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles issues after the First World War. He also announces his plan to adopt a policy of “Lebensraum” in eastern Europe. It would become an ideological principle of the Nazi Party and would provide a reason for German territorial expansion into central and Eastern Europe. February 3: In Washington D.C., the first interstate legislative conference begins for the United States. February 3: In Germany, the social-democratic newspaper called Vorwarts is banned by Hermann Göring, German Minister. February 3: Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe leaves to travel to Berlin. February 4: In Germany, the freedom of the press is limited by President Paul von Hindenburg. February 5: The crew onboard the Dutch De Zeven Provinciën ship break out in mutiny following pay cuts. February 6: USS Ramapo, the Patoka-class replenishment oiler, recorded the highest-ever sea wave of the time, measuring 34m high during the North Pacific hurricane. This record measurement excludes tsunamis. February 6: In the United States, the 20th Amendment goes into effect. The Constitution states “The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.” February 7: In Suriname, two demonstrators are killed by colonial troops. February 8: The first flight of an all-metal Boeing 247 takes place. February 9: In the King and Country debate within the Oxford Union, the student debating society passes a resolution which states “That this house will in no circumstances fight for its King and country.” February 10: In New York City, the first singing telegram is delivered by the New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company. February 10: The Dutch De Zeven Provinciën ship is bombed by a Dutch seaplane amidst the mutiny that broke out a few days prior. February 10: In Germany, the end of Marxism is promised by new chancellor Adolf Hitler. February 10: Beginning on February 5, the mutiny that broke out on the De Zeven Provinciën ship comes to an end, resulting in the deaths of 23 people. The remaining people involved in the mutiny surrender. February 12: In Germany, Catholic aid for Nazis is demanded by Franz von Papen, Vice-Chancellor. February 15: The German communist party’s invincible force is praised by Karl Radek, Marxist active. February 15: In the United States, the President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survives an assassination attempt. However, Anton Cermak, Chicago Mayor, ends up mortally wounded and would pass away from his injuries on March 6. February 16: In Germany, the magazine Germania (a Catholic newspaper), issues a warning against both Communists and Nazis. February 17: In the United States, the news magazine Newsweek publishes its first issue. February 17: In the United States, the Blaine Act is accepted by the Senate, which submits the proposed 21st Amendment that would bring prohibition to an end. It would officially come to an end on November 5. February 18: Japanese artist, poet, singer and second wife of the Beatles member John Lennon, Yoko Ono, is born in Tokyo, Japan. February 19: Hermann Göring, German Minister, implements a ban on all Catholic newspapers. February 20: In the United States, the congressional action to repeal the prohibition law is completed by the US House of Representatives. February 20: In New York City, Alien Corn, the play by Sidney Howard, has its premiere. February 21: American jazz singer, pianist, songwriter and civil rights activist, Nina Simone, is born in Tyron, North Carolina. February 22: At Daytona Beach, Florida, the world land speed record of 272.46 mph is set by Malcolm Campbell, while driving his famous Blue Bird car. February 24: In Berlin, Germany, the final demonstration by the German Communist Party takes place. February 24: In one 1933 WW2 events, the Japanese are told by the League of Nations to retreat from Manchuria. February 25: In the United States, the first genuine aircraft carrier is named (USS Ranger). February 25: In the United States, a major NFL rule change takes place, with players now allowed to throw the ball anywhere behind the line. February 25: The Boston Red Sox baseball team is purchased by Thomas Yawkey, an American industrialist and Major League Baseball executive. February 26: At Crissy Field, San Francisco, the groundbreaking ceremony for the Golden Gate Bridge takes place. February 26: Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe is kept in a cell overnight. February 27: In Germany, the German parliament building, the Reichstag, is destroyed by a fire. It is suspected that the fire was started by the Nazis, who in turn blame, trial, and later execute Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe. February 27: In Paris, Intermezzo, the play by Jean Genet, has its premiere. February 28: In the United States, the first female is appointed in the Cabinet when Frances Perkins becomes the Secretary of Labor. February 28: Thanks to controversial “bodyline” tactics in cricket, the England team wins the Ashes in Australia. February 28: In Germany, following the Reichstag fire, President Paul von Hindenburg signs the Reichstag Fire Decree. This was on the advice of Adolf Hitler, and removes many of Germany’s civil liberties. On the same day, the German Communist Party (KPD) is outlawed, although not banned formally, since the government in Germany blames communists for the fire. February 28: Carl von Ossietzky, a pacifist and anti-fascist writer, is sent to Esterwegen-Papenburg concentration camp after being arrested. Back to the top ↑ ## March March 1: In the United States, bank holidays are declared in six states, in order to prevent run on banks. March 2: In New York City, the original film King Kong, starring Fay Wray and directed by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack, has its premiere. March 2: At the age of 73, Thomas J. Walsh, United States Senator for Montana, passes away after a heart attack. March 3: In Germany, Earnest Thalmann, the presidential candidate for the German Communist Party (KPD) is arrested. March 3: In Japan, the country experiences the most powerful earthquake in 180 years when the Sanriku earthquake hits and measures 8.4 on the Richter scale. Approximately 3,000 people lose their lives in and around Honshū. March 3: In Taiwan, the Ching Yun University is formed. March 3: In South Dakota, Mount Rushmore becomes a dedicated monument. March 4: In Austria, the parliament is dissolved by Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. The parliament becomes suspended after a disagreement over procedure, and Dollfuss enforces authoritarian rule by degree, which is an origin of Austrofascism. March 4: In New York City, the play Strike Me Pink premieres. March 4: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States. Since the United States was currently in the midst of the Great Depression, the President famously stated in his inauguration speech that “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.” This day marks the start of his “First 100 Days” in office, in which the President attempts to ease the effect of the depression, and his inauguration is the last to occur on March 4. March 4: In the United States, Francis Perkins becomes the first female member of the United States Cabinet when she becomes United States Secretary of Labor. March 5: A bank holiday is declared in the United States by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The bank holiday freezes all financial transitions and closes all banks until March 13. March 5: In Germany, the Nazi party wins a majority in parliament, with 43.9% of the votes. March 6: The play Both Your Houses, written by playwright Maxwell Anderson, has its premiere in New York City. March 6: The free city of Danzig (Gdańsk) becomes occupied by Poland. March 9: In Berlin, Germany, Dimitrov, Popov & Vassili, Bulgarian communists, are arrested. March 9: With a new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, in office, the United States Congress was called into a special session. This was to begin Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “100 Days,” during which the President aimed to try and ease the ongoing Great Depression in the United States. March 10: Long Beach, California experiences a major earthquake. The earthquake shakes Southern California and results in the deaths of 115 people. March 10: In the United States, Nevada becomes the first state to regulate narcotics. March 12: The first of many “Fireside Chats” is begun by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. These chats were a series of radio addresses given to the American public in the evenings, taking place between 1933 and 1944. By doing these addresses, the President could squash any rumors and directly explain his policies and intentions to the public, particularly regarding his measures to ease the Great Depression. March 13: In the United States, and after a bank holiday, the banks in the nation are allowed to reopen. March 13: In Germany, Joseph Goebbels becomes the Minister of Information and Propaganda. March 14: In Indonesia, the Indonesian Association football club Persib Bandung is established as the Bandoeng Inlandsche Voetbal Bond. March 14: In England, English actor Michael Caine is born. March 14: In Chicago, Illinois, Quincy Jones, American jazz artist, is born. March 15: In the United States, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), a civil rights organization, begins its coordinated attack on discrimination and segregation. March 15: In the United States, the American jurist and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, is born in Brooklyn, New York. March 15: In Paris, France, French film director Philippe de Broca is born. March 15: In the United States, the Dow Jones Industrial Average rises from 53.84 to 62.10. Achieved during the Great Depression, the gain of 15.34% continues to be the largest percentage gain in a day for the index. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a price-weighted measurement stock market index. March 15: The Austrofascist dictatorship begins in Austria when Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss manages to keep members of the National Council from convening. March 16: In Germany, Hjalmar Schacht is appointed as the President of the Bank of Germany by Adolf Hitler. March 18: In the United States, Maribel Vinson becomes the Ladies’ Figure Skating champion. March 18: In the United States, Roger Turner becomes the Men’s Figure Skating champion. March 20: In Germany, the first Nazi concentration camp at Dachau is completed. The camp will open for the first time on March 22. March 20: In the United States, the first of a series of meetings called by Jewish organizations begin. The organizations call for an international, anti- Nazi boycott in response to the increasing persecution Jews in Germany. March 20: The man responsible for the attempted assassination attack on President Franklin D. Roosevelt earlier in the year, Giuseppe Zangara, is executed by the electric chair. March 21: In Germany, the day of Potsdam takes place, in which the Reichstag reopens after its fire the month prior. At the ceremony, Chancellor Adolf Hitler and German President Paul von Hindenburg famously shake hands in public. March 22: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act, known as the Cullen-Harrison act, making wine and beer, of up to 3.2% alcohol, legal. March 23: In Germany, dictatorial powers are given to Adolf Hitler by the Reichstag with the passing of the Enabling Act. March 23: In Berlin, the Kroll Opera opens. March 24: As a Norwegian dependency, Peter I island is incorporated. March 25: At Donington Park, Leicestershire, the first car race on the circuit takes place. March 24: The 92nd Grand National race takes place. March 27: In the United States, the Farm Credit Administration is authorized. March 27: In one of the most tense 1933 events, Japan stuns the world by leaving the League of Nations. In turn, Japan would continue to occupy Manchuria against the League’s demands. The cancellation period is exactly two years, which means Japan’s exit will become official on March 27, 1935. March 27: Eric William Fawcett and Reginald Gibson discover Polythene. March 28: In the United States, Mississippi is defeated by Kentucky, 46-27, in the first SEC Men’s Basketball Tournament. March 28: In the air over Belgium, the Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Argosy biplane airliner, called the City of Liverpool, sets fire and crashes. As a result, all three crew members and all twelve passengers lose their lives and the incident is the deadliest in British civil aviation history to date. It is also unknown whether the fire on board the plane was started deliberately. March 29: Gareth Jones, a Welsh journalist, writes the first report in the West about the Holodomor famine-genocide occurring in Ukraine. March 31: In the United States, the Soperton News newspaper in Georgia becomes the first newspaper to be published on pine pulp paper. March 31: In the United States, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) is established. The CCC was created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in order to provide work to unmarried and unemployed men who were struggling to find work during the Great Depression. ![\\"1933](\\" in-1933.jpeg\\") Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, photographed in 1933. Image: Wikimedia Commons Back to the top ↑ ## April April 1: In cricket, batsman Wally Hammond, who plays for the England team, hits 24 fours and 10 sixes in an unbeaten Test record in the drawn second test against New Zealand. April 1: In Germany, Heinrich Himmler becomes the Police Commander. April 1: In Germany, the Nazis proclaim a one-day boycott of all Jewish businesses in the country. April 1: In rugby, the Home Nations Rugby Championship takes place, with Ireland being defeated by Scotland 8-6. The game, which was played at Lansdowne Road, wins Scotland the Championship and the Triple Crown. April 2: In cricket, English batsman Wally Hammond scores a record of 336 runs in a test match at Eden Park, Auckland. This was part of the English cricket team’s tour of New Zealand. April 3: For the first time, an airplane is flown over Mount Everest as part of the British Houston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition. The flight is led by the Marquis of Clydesdale and funded by Lucy, Lady Houston. April 3: In hockey, the Canadiens team is beaten 1-0 when Maple Leaf player Ken Doraty finally scores after 1 hour 44 minutes of overtime. At the time, the game is the longest North American hockey game to take place. April 3: In Siam, Thailand, an anti-monarchist rebellion breaks out. April 4: 73 crew members, out of a total 76, lose their lives when the United States’ Akron crashes off the coast of New Jersey. The accident is considered to be the worst in aviation history up to this date, and until 1950. April 5: In The Hague, Netherlands, the International Court of Justice declares that Greenland belongs to Denmark. It also condemns the landings of Norway on eastern Greenland, and Norway accepts the decision. April 5: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Executive order 6102 after declaring a national emergency. The Order makes it illegal for citizens of the United States to own significant amounts of monetary gold or bullion. April 7: The first two Nazi anti-Jewish laws are put into place in Germany, which bans Jewish people from legal and public service. The law is known as the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, and is also aimed at political opponents. April 7: In the United States, the Cullen-Harrison Act comes into effect, which allows the sale of low alcohol beer. As a result, this day becomes known as National Beer Day. The act also comes into effect 8 months before the official repeal of prohibition in December. April 7: In Seattle, Washington, the University Bridge opens for public traffic. April 8: The Manchester Guardian newspaper warns the public of unknown terror from the Nazi Party in Germany. April 9: In Paris, France, French actor Jean-Paul Belmondo is born. April 11: In Germany, Nazi politician Hermann Göring starts his position as Premier of Prussia. April 11: Taking off from Lymphe, England, aviator Bill Lancaster attempts to make a speed record to the Cape of Good Hope. He completely vanishes, and his body would be discovered in the Sahara Desert in 1962. April 12: In California, the Moffett Federal Airfield is commissioned. April 13: In the National Hockey League, the Stanley Cup final is played in Toronto, Canada. The Toronto Maple Leafs are beaten by the New York Rangers, 1-0, for a 3-1 series win. April 13: In the United Kingdom, the Children and Young Persons Act is passed. April 15: In Los Angeles, California, American actress Elizabeth Montgomery is born. April 17: In the National Football League, the New York Giants are defeated by the Chicago Bears, winning the Bears their first ever NFL game with the final score 23-21. April 17: Leslie Pawson wins the 37th Boston Marathon with a time of 2 hours 31 minutes. April 19: In Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, American actress Jayne Mansfield is born. April 19: In the United States, the nation officially leaves the gold standard. April 21: In Germany, Martin Heidegger, a philosopher, becomes the rector of the University of Freiburg. He joined the Nazi party in 1933, the year after giving the lectures behind The Essence of Truth. While his philosophy and description of human existence did not refer directly to Nazism, in recent years, some of his anti-Semite writings have surfaced. April 21: The kosher ritual, shechita, is outlawed in Nazi Germany. April 22: In the Netherlands, left-wing radio addresses are forbidden by the Dutch government. April 23: In Veenendaal, Netherlands, the Dovvo soccer team is established. April 23: American Baseball Hall of Fame player, Tim Keefe, passes away at the age of 76. April 24: In Germany, the persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses starts, with the Bible Students’ office in Magdeburg being seized. April 24: In Nazi Germany, Jewish physicians are excluded from official insurance schemes. This forces many to give up their practices. April 25: In Major League Baseball, Dick Bartell, player for the Philadelphia Phillies, becomes the first league player to achieve 4 consecutive doubles in 9 innings. April 26: Jewish persecution in Germany reaches a more extreme level in Germany when Jewish children are banned from attending school. April 26: In San Antonio, Texas, American comedian Carol Burnett is born. April 26: The Sacred Cod of Massachusetts is stolen from the State House by editors of the Harvard Lampoon. It would be returned two days later. April 27: In Germany, the establishment of the Ministry of Aviation is authorized by Adolf Hitler. The ministry is created partly to help revive the German Luftwaffe under the watchful eye of Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring. April 27: In Washington D.C., the reception of a cosmic radio signal is indicated by Karl Jansky. April 27: The John Lewis Partnership acquires the Jessop & Son department store in Nottingham. This marks the partnership’s first shop outside of London. April 27: In Germany, the Stahlhelm organization officially joins the Nazi party. April 29: In Abbott, Texas, American country singer Willie Nelson is born. April 30: Operated by Midland & Scottish Air Ferries Ltd., the first internal air service to Scotland, Renfrew-Campbeltown, takes place. Hired to fly the route is Winifred Drinkwater, who is deemed to be “the world’s first female commercial pilot. Back to the top ↑ ## May May 2: In Germany, Adolf Hitler establishes a ban on trade unions. May 2: In Scotland, the first modern sighting of the Loch Ness Monster occurs, with Aldie and John Mackay claiming they saw “something resembling a whale.” This alleged sighting sparks popular interest and curiosity around the Scottish folklore story, bringing it to worldwide attention. May 3: In the United States, Nellie T Ross becomes the first female director of the US Mint and takes office on this day. May 3: American soul singer and funk music originator, James Brown, is born in Barnwell, South Carolina. May 3: To the British Crown, Dáil Éireann abolishes the oath of allegiance in the Irish Free State. May 3: Following talks with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the situation of the global economy, Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald arrives back in the United Kingdom. May 4: American poet and writer Archibald Macleish wins the Pulitzer Prize for his long poem Conquistador. May 5: In The New York Times, a report is written that Karl Jansky has detected radio waves from the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy. The birth of radio astronomy follows on from this report. May 6: In the United States, the 59th Kentucky Derby takes place. American jockey Don Meade wins with a time of 2:06:8 aboard Brokers Tip. May 6: A trade agreement is signed between the USSR and Italy. May 7: In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, NFL quarterback Johnny Unitas is born. After playing for the Baltimore Colts and the San Diego Chargers, Unitas is considered to be “one of the greats.” May 8: In India, pacifist and spiritual leader Mahatma Gandhi starts a fast to protest against British oppression, lasting 21 days. May 9: In Spain, a general strike is called for by anarchists. May 10: In Germany, the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF, German Labor Front) is created. The DAF acted as the labor organization under the Nazi Party, replacing the trade unions which Adolf Hitler had recently banned. May 10: In Germany, the public book burnings are staged. The book burnings are a campaign that was held by the German Student Union, who burnt books in Nazi Germany and Austria that were viewed as representing ideologies against Nazism. May 10: War is declared by Paraquay on Bolivia. May 10: A de Come, a Suriname worker’s union leader, is exiled to the Netherlands. May 11: American religious leader, Louis Farrakhan, is born in New York City. May 12: In the United States, and as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s mission to create jobs for the unemployed and ease the effects of the Great Depression, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administrations are formed. These administrations aimed to create jobs for farmers primarily, and other unemployed members of society. May 15: In the United States Senate, the first voice amplification system is used. May 17: In Norway, the Nasjonal Samling (the nationalist-socialist party of Norway) is created by Vikdun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort. May 18: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Tennessee Valley Act (TVA), which allows the creation of dams and in turn creates jobs for those in need. May 18: In Comiskey Park, United States, the first major league All-Star game in baseball is announced. The game is scheduled for July 6 and will be played as part of the Chicago World’s Fair. May 18: On Nazino Island, approximately 6,000 forced Soviet Union deportees arrive. After just thirteen weeks on the island, the majority of the deportees will pass away as a result of violence, disease and cannibalism. As one of the most terrifying 1933 events, the deportation became known as the Nazino Tragedy. May 19: In Finland, the Cavalry General C. G. E. Mannerheim is appointed the field marshal. May 21: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sends a telegraph to light up the Mount Davidson Cross. May 22: In the United States, the first World Trade Day is celebrated. May 24: In Moscow, USSR, Dmitri Shostakovich’s composition Preludes has its premiere. May 26: In the Netherlands, a second emergency government is formed under Hendrikus Colijn. May 26: At the age of 35, American country singer Jimmie Rodgers passes away after a pulmonary hemorrhage. May 26: In Germany, the Nazis introduce a law which legalizes eugenic sterilization, in their efforts to “cleanse” German society of impurity. May 27: In Austria, the communist party is banned. May 27: In Chicago, Illinois, the Century of Progress Exposition is opened. The exposition aimed to celebrate the city’s centennial. May 27: In the United States, the Federal Securities Act is signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is the first piece of federal legislation to regulate the stock market in American history, following the Wall Street Crash of 1929. May 27: In the United States, the short film 3 Little Pigs is released by Walt Disney. The film would go on to win the Academy Award for the Best Animated Film in 1934. May 27: After becoming the rector of the University of Freiburg, German philosopher Martin Heidegger gives his inaugural address. The address, The Self-Assertion of the German University, has been understood by some as supporting the Nazi regime. May 30: In the United States, the Indianapolis 500, annual automobile race, takes place. Driver Mark Billman is killed on lap 79 after crashing, and both driver Lester Spangler and mechanic “Monk” Jordan lose their lives on lap 132. Louis Mayer emerges victorious, accompanied by riding mechanic Lawson Harris. ![\\"1933](\\" of-progess-exposition-1933.jpeg\\")Vintage playing cards from the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago, 1933 and 1934 Image: Flickr Back to the top ↑ ## June June 1: English comedian and silent film star Charlie Chaplin marries Paulette Goddard. June 2: In the United States, the building of the first swimming pool inside the White House is authorized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. June 5: In French Championships Men’s Tennis, the home favorite player, Henri Cochet, is defeated 8-6, 6-1, 6-1 by Australian player Jack Crawford. This achievement would be Crawford’s only French title win. June 5: In French Championships Women’s Tennis, Simonne Mathieu is defeated 6-2 ,4-6, 6-4 by English player Margaret Scriven. Scriven is the first woman from England to win the women’s singles title in Paris. June 5: In the United States, a joint resolution is made in Congress to officially remove the country from the gold standard. This nullifies the right of creditors to ask for payment in gold. June 6: In the United States, the first drive-in theatre opens in New Jersey. This opening would mark the start of the drive-in movie craze, which has become a staple aspect of America’s 20th century movie culture. June 6: In the United States, the US Employment Service is established. June 7: In Paris, 7 Deadly Sins, a ballet chanté created by Kurt Weills and George Balanchine has its premiere. June 8: In Major League Baseball, Philadelphia Hall of Fame player Jimmie Foxx smashes three consecutive home runs in a game against the New York Yankees. June 8: In Brooklyn, New York City, American comedian and actress Joan Rivers is born. June 9: In Spain, President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora assumes power. June 9: In Major League Baseball, Walter Johnson becomes the manager of the Cleveland team. June 10: In the US Open Men’s Golf, player Ralph Guldahl is outlasted by amateur player Johnny Goodman by a single stroke. That single stroke would win Goodman his only major championship. June 10: In the United States, gangster John Dillinger robs a bank for the first time. From the bank in Carlisle, Ohio, he escapes with $10,600. June 10: In the United States, outlaws and famous criminal couple Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow flip their car into a ravine. Parker experiences severe third degree burns, which will impact her for the rest of her life. June 11: In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, American actor Gene Wilder is born. June 12: The London Economic Conference takes place. June 13: In Schenectady, New York, the first sodium vapor lamps are installed. June 13: In the United States, the Federal Home Owners Loan Corporation is authorized. June 13: In Germany, Nazi politician Hermann Göring creates the Gestapo – Geheime Staats Polizei (German Secret State Police). June 14: In Major League Baseball, players Joe McCarthy and Lou Gehrig are thrown out of their game. While Gehrig ends up with no suspension, he is able to continue his playing streak of 1,249 games. McCarthy, on the other hand, is suspended from his next three games. June 16: In the United States, the National Industrial Recovery Act is established as law. This law enabled the President to regulate industry in the country, creating fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery from the Great Depression. In 1935, the law would be considered unconstitutional and would be struck down. June 16: In the United States, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is established, providing deposit insurance to depositors in American depository institutions. June 17: In the United States, the Kansas City Massacre occurs, in which bank robber Pretty Boy Floyd kills an FBI agent, 4 policemen and a gangster. The person they intended to rescue, Frank Nash, is also killed. June 19: In Austria, Nazi organizations are banned by the government under Dollfuss. June 21: In Germany, Nazi control reaches another level when all non-Nazi political parties are banned, officially creating a single-party state. June 23: In the United States on NBC, Don McNeill’s Breakfast Club starts its 35 and a half year run. June 24: In Los Angeles, American Western actor John Wayne marries Josephine Saenz. June 25: In Kosciusko, Mississippi, American civil rights activist James Meredith is born. June 25: In Berlin, Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in order to protest against the Nazi’s persecution of Jehovah’s Witnesses. June 26: At the Arlington Park race track near Chicago, the first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine is unveiled by the American Totalizator Company. June 27: In golf, the Ryder Cup takes place, and Great Britain would win its last cup victory until 1957. June 29: In boxing, American defending champion Jack Sharkey is defeated by Italian boxer Primo Carnera in round 6. The match takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City, and Carnera becomes the third European boxer to win the lineal world heavyweight title. June 29: At the age of 46, American actor Roscoe “Fatty” Arbuckle, dies from a heart attack. June 30: In the LPGA Western Open Women’s Golf, Jane Weiller is beaten by June Beebe. June 30: In Antwerp, Belgium, 50,000 people gather to demonstrate against war and fascism. ![\\"1933](\\" party-leaders.jpeg\\") 1933 was the year Germany became a single-party state, governed by the Nazi Party. This image shows Adolf Hitler (left) with leading members of the party. Image: Flickr Back to the top ↑ ## July July 1: In Germany, the Nazi regime declares that women who are married should not work. July 1: In Dresden, Germany, the opera Arabella, by Strauss and von Hofmannsthal, has its premiere at the Semperoper Opera House. July 1: In Canada, all Chinese immigration is suspended by Parliament. July 1: In London, the London Passenger Transport Board starts operating, unifying earlier services. July 1: In the United States, a failed coup attempt is led by Gerald MacGuire, involving Smedley Butler, a senior United States Marine Corp Officer, against President Franklin D. Roosevelt. July 2: In baseball, the St. Louis Cardinals are beaten by the New York Giants. Pitcher for the New York Giants, Carl Hubbell, manages to work 18 innings of shutout ball, without a walk. July 3: At the age of 80, previous President of Argentina, Hipólito Yrigoyen, passes away. July 4: In Oakland, California, work on the Oakland Bay Bridge begins. July 4: In India, Mahatma Gandhi is sentenced to prison. July 5: In Germany, the party Catholic Center breaks up. July 6: In baseball, the first Major League All-Star game takes place. At the game, at Comiskey Park in Chicago, baseball legend Babe Ruth hits his first All-Star home run. July 6: One of the first movie appearances for The Three Stooges occurs when the short film Nertsery Rhymes, starring Ted Healy and His Stooges has its premiere. July 7: In tennis, the Wimbledon finals take place. American player Ellsworth Vines is defeated by Australian player Jack Crawford, winning Crawford his only Wimbledon singles title. In the women’s final, local favorite player Dorothy Round loses to American player Helen Wills Moody, defending her title successfully. July 8: In the United States, the Public Works Administration (PWA) takes effect. The PWA is a public works construction agency on a large scale, which was overseen by the Secretary of the Interior, Harold L. Ickes. The PWA is another response to the Great Depression jobs crisis by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. July 8: In golf, the British Men’s Open takes place, with American golfer Craig Wood defeated by fellow American golfer Denny Shute. Shute wins by 5 strokes in the 36-hole Saturday playoff, and he achieves his only Open title. July 8: Between the Wallabies of Australia, and the Springboks of South Africa, the first rugby union test match is played at Newlands, Cape Town. July 8: In American football, the Frankford Yellow Jackets team is sold and re-born as the Philadelphia Eagles. July 10: In Eastchester Township, New York, the first radio system for the police begins operation. July 12: In the United States, the first minimum wage law, at 33 cents per hour, is passed by Congress. July 12: American actor and dancer Fred Astaire marries socialite Phyllis Livingston Potter. July 14: In Germany, the mandatory sterilzation of people with hereditary illness begins when the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring is enacted. This is one of the first reproductive controls issued by Germany, in order to “cleanse” society of people considered to be biological threats. July 15: American Aviator Wiley Post embarks on his first solo flight around the world. He completes the flight in 7 days and 19 hours. July 15: Between France, Germany, Britain and Italy, the Four-Power pact is signed. This international treaty was signed in order to ensure better international security. July 15: The International Left Opposition (ILO) becomes the International Communist League (ICL). July 17: Under mysterious circumstances, and following a successful cross of the Atlantic Ocean, the Lithuanian research aircraft, Lithuania, crashes in Germany. July 18: Jack Dempsey, heavyweight boxing champion, marries Broadway singer Hannah Williams. July 19: In baseball, a game between the Boston Red Sox and the Cleveland Indians (as the team were known at the time) takes place. For the first time in Major League Baseball history, two brothers who play on opposing teams both score home runs, Rick Ferrell for the Red Sox and Wes Ferrell for the Cleveland Indians. July 20: With dictator of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler, Pacelli (Pius XII), the Vatican State Secretary, signs an accord. July 20: In London, a march against anti-Semitism takes place, with 500,000 people in attendance. July 20: In Nuremberg, Germany, 200 Jewish merchants are arrested and forced to parade the streets. July 21: In Palestine, Haifa Harbor opens. July 22: At the Hippodrome in New York, Caterina Jarboro becomes the first black female opera singer to perform in the United States when she sings Aida. July 22: In the United States, Memphis gangster Machine Gun Kelly and bank robber Albert Bates kidnap an Oklahoma oilman names Charles Urschel, and demand $200,000 in ransom. July 23: The 27th Tour de France takes place, with French cyclist Georges Speicher winning. July 24: In Germany, Marinus van der Lubbe has a deed of accusation signed against him for the Reichstag fire back in February, by Judge Vogt. July 24: During a battle with local police in Iowa, members of the Barrow Gang are injured or captured. July 25: Duke Ellington performs on the first Dutch live radio concert. July 26: In baseball, and in the Pacific Coast League, star player Joe DiMaggio’s 61 game hitting streak comes to an end. July 26: In London, electricity is first generated by Battersea Power Station. July 28: The USSR is formally recognized by Spain. July 28: In English law, the Grand Jury is abolished. July 30: In Paris, France, the International Lawn Tennis Challenge takes place. André Merlin is defeated by Fred Perry, winning Britain a 3-2 victory against France. This British victory brings the French 6 title win streak to an end. ![\\"1933](\\" wills-1932.jpg\\") American tennis player Helen Wills Moody playing in 1932 Image: Picryl Back to the top ↑ ## August August 1: In baseball, the Major League Baseball record for the most consecutive scoreless innings is set by Hall of Fame pitcher Carl Hubbell, in a New York Giants game against the Boston Braves. August 1: In Batavia, the Dutch colonial regime arrests the first President of Indonesia, Sukarno. August 1: In the United States, the National Recovery Administration (NRA) is established. U.S. Army Officer Hugh S. Johnson becomes the NRA’s first director. August 1: In the United States, the National Recovery Administration displays the Blue Eagle emblem for the first time in public. August 2: In the USSR, a 227km ship canal, built using forced labor, opens. The canal is named the Stalin White Sea-Baltic Canal, and connects the White Sea with Lake Onega and the Baltic. August 2: In Germany, President Paul von Hindenberg passes away from lung cancer at the age of 86. His death meant Hitler became the head of state and head of government in Germany, which solidified his role as the absolute dictator of Germany. August 3: In baseball, the New York Yankees are defeated by the Philadelphia A’s for the first time in 308 games. August 4: American business magnate and CEO of Las Vegas Sands casino, Sheldon Adelson, is born in Boston, Massachusetts. August 7: In the village of Sumail, more than 3000 Assryians are slaughtered by the Iraqi government. Following the traumatic event, the day would become known as Assyrian Martyrs Day, and the event would be known as the Simele massacre. August 10: In the US National Championship for Women’s Tennis, Helen Wills Moody is defeated by defending champion Helen Jacobs at Forest Hills, New York. August 12: After a military coup in Cuba, dictator Machado y Morales flees. August 12: In Britain, Winston Churchill publicly expresses the dangers of German rearmament in a speech for the first time. August 13: In the PGA Championship Men’s Golf, Willie Goggin is beaten by Gene Sarazen for the third of his PGA Championship titles. August 13: Dutch cyclist Jacques van Egmond becomes the world champion amateur cyclist. August 14: In Tillamook, Oregon, two billion board feet of lumber is destroyed in a fire. It becomes known as the Tillamook Burn, and after destroying 240,000 acres, it is put out on September 5. August 17: In baseball, Major League player Lou Gehrig plays 1,308 consecutive games, setting a new record. August 17: In the USSR, the GIRD-R1 rocket is tested. August 17: The film The Private Life of Henry VIII is released. In 1934, the leading actor Charles Laughton would win an Academy Award for his performance in the role, making the film the first British production to win an Oscar. August 18: In Paris, France, Polish-French film director Roman Polanski was born. Polanski was married to actress Sharon Tate at the time she was murdered by the Manson family. August 22: In Prague, Czechoslovakia, the International Zionists Congress opens. August 23: At the Broadcasting House in London, a 6-round boxing match takes place between Lauri Raiteri and Archie Sexton. The match is the first boxing match to be televised, and is aired by BBC. August 23: Following another hunger strike, Mahatma Gandhi is released from jail in India. August 24: In Cairo, Egypt, the Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, Yasser Arafat, is born. August 25: In China, the Diexi earthquake hits Mao County, Sichuan, resulting in the deaths of 9,000 people. August 30: In Portugal, the secret police (PIDE) is created by dictator Salazar. August 30: In Marienbad, Czechoslovakia, Theodor Lessing, a German-Jewish philosopher, is shot. He would pass away the following day from his injuries. Back to the top ↑ ## September September 3: Communism Peak, the highest point in the USSR at 7495m high, is reached by Yevgeniy Abalakov. September 4: In Glenview, Illinois, the first airplane flies at a speed exceeding 300 mph. September 4: In Cuba, a coup against president Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada occurs, started by Fulgencio Batista. September 8: In Spain, the second Spanish government of Manuel Azaña is established. September 10: In the US National Championship Men’s Tennis, Australian player Jack Crawford is defeated by English player Fred Perry, losing Crawford his chance of winning the Grand Slam. September 11: In Antwerp, Belgium, the Antwerps Sportpaleis opens as the largest indoor arena in Europe. September 12: In Spain, a new government is formed by Alejandro Lerroux. September 12: In the Netherlands, a ban on uniforms is accepted by parliament. September 12: In London, and while waiting for a red light to change on Southampton Row, Bloomsbury, physicist and inventor Leó Szilárd develops the idea of a nuclear chain reaction. September 13: In New Zealand, Elizabeth McCombs becomes the first female Member of Parliament. September 18: In Montreal, Quebec, NHL coach and former player, Scotty Bowman, is born. September 19: In baseball, the pennant is grasped by the New York Giants. September 20: In American football, the Pittsburgh Steelers play their first NFL game, losing 23-2 against the New York Giants. September 21: After being accused in Germany of being responsible for the Reichstag fire earlier this year, the trial for Marinus van der Lubbe begins. September 23: In baseball, and despite committing 5 errors, the New York Yankees beat the Boston Red Sox 16-12 at their game in Fenway Park, Boston. September 25: In Smyrna, Georgia, the first state poorhouse is opened. September 25: In Nanjing and Jiangxi province, China, the fifth “extermination campaign” against communists begins. September 26: In New York City, the play by Sidney Kingsley, Men in White, has its premiere. September 26: In Tampico, Mexico, a hurricane destroys the town. September 29: In New Rochelle, New York, baseball legend Lou Gehrig marries Eleanor Twitchell. ![\\"1933](\\" van-der-lubbe-memorial.jpeg\\") The memorial of Marinus van der Lubbe, the Dutch communist who was put on trial, and eventually executed for, the Reichstag fire in Berlin that occurred on February 27, 1933. Image: Wikimedia Commons Back to the top ↑ ## October October 1: At Yankee Stadium, baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his final pitching appearance in Major League Baseball. He pitches all 9 innings in a season ending with a 6-5 New York Yankees win against the Boston Red Sox. October 1: In Austria, the Fatherland’s Front leader Engelbert Dollfuss is seriously injured when an assassination is attempted against him. October 2: In New York City, the comedy play by Eugene O’Neill, Ah, Wilderness, has its premiere. October 2: In Dippenhall, Hampshire, English developmental biologist and Nobel Prize winner, John B. Gurdon, is born. October 3: In Belgium, the Flemish National Covenant is formed by Gustave “Staf” de Clerq. October 4: The first issue of the American Esquire magazine is published. October 6: In England, the Milk Marketing Board is established. October 7: In the 30th baseball World Series, the Washington Senators are defeated by the New York Giants 4 games to 1. October 7: Starting operations with 250 planes, five French airline companies merge to form Air France. October 8: In San Francisco, as a monument for firefighters, the Coit Tower is dedicated. October 8: In Spain, a new government is formed by Martinez Barrios. October 10: Procter & Gamble’s “Dreft,” the first synthetic detergent, is put on sale. October 10: Near Chesterton, Indiana, all 7 people on board the United Airlines Boeing 247 are killed when a bomb destroys the plane during a transcontinental flight. This event is the first proven case of sabotage in civil aviation, despite a suspect never being identified. October 12: Unofficially, Alcatraz becomes a federal prison when the United States Army Disciplinary Barracks are obtained by the United States Department of Justice. The Department had already planned to absorb the island as a penitentiary into its Federal Bureau of Prisons. October 12: In Allen County, Ohio, gangster John Dillinger escapes from jail. October 12: In the United States, gangster George Francis Barnes, also known as Machine Gun Kelly, is sentenced to life in prison. October 13: In Liverpool, England, the British Interplanetary Society is established. October 13: In Paris, France, Tovarich, by JDJ Boularan, has its premiere. October 13: In Geesteren, the STEVO football team is established. October 14: From the League of Nations, Nazi Germany announces its withdrawal, as well as from the World Disarmament Conference. This is following the UK, United States and France denying Germany’s request to increase its defense armaments. October 14: In Estonia, the new constitution is approved on just the third consecutive referendum. October 15: In England, the Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engine is run for the first time. October 16: In the United States, following the horrific parricides committed by Victor Licata, the legal prohibition of cannabis is called for. October 17: Theoretical physicist Albert Einstein arrives in the United States with his wife after fleeing Nazi Germany. Einstein’s move to the United States would be permanent, and he would assume a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. October 19: In Germany, the Berlin Olympic Committee votes in favor of the introduction of basketball in 1936. October 22: In boxing, Italy holds onto the IBU heavyweight title when boxer Primo Carnera defeats Spanish opponent Paulino Uzcudun on points. October 23: In Greencastle, Indiana, and after escaping prison earlier in the month, gangster John Dillinger robs Central National Bank with his gang, leaving with $75,000. October 23: In Birmingham, England, Chancellor of the Exchequer Neville Chamberlain opens the city’s 40,000th council house on the Weoley Castle estate. October 24: In New York City, Mulatto, a play by Langston Hughes, has its premiere. October 26: In France, the government of Albert Sarraut is established. Back to the top ↑ ## November November 3: In West Bengal, India, economist and Nobel Prize laureate Amartya Sen is born. November 5: In American football, the Chicago Bears’ 30-game winning streak comes to an end when they are beaten by the Patriots, 10-0. November 5: In Spain, the Basque people vote in favor of autonomy. November 7: In Pennsylvania, United States, Sunday sports become permitted, with voters overturning blue law. The first Sunday football game in the state would take place on November 12. November 7: In New York City, Fiorello H. La Guardia is elected to be the 99th mayor of the city. November 8: In another effort to create jobs for the unemployed during the Great Depression, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes the Civil Works Administration (CWA). The administration was short-lived, and was primarily aimed to help the country get out of the depression. The CWA mostly created manual-labor work, and millions of jobs were created for men across the nation. November 11: In the United States, the Great Black Blizzard dust storm is the first of the big dust storms of the 1930s, ripping through South Dakota. The storm strips desiccated farmlands of topsoil, making the lands unusable for farmers. November 11: Riffin’ the Scotch, the second song and first hit of single Billie Holiday, is released. November 12: In Kelkan, Iraq, Iraqi-Kurshish politician and President of Iraq, Jalal Talabani, is born. November 12: In Japan, the predecessor for camera and complexcopier brand Canon, is founded as the Japan Precision Optical Industry. November 12: In Scotland, Hugh Gray takes the first known photo of the so- called Loch Ness Monster. November 12: In Germany, the Nazi party receives 92% of the vote. November 13: In Austin, Minnesota, Hormel meat packers starts the first modern sit-down strike. November 16: In Brazil, President Getulio Vargas declares himself to be dictator of the country. November 16: In Venezuela, Jimmie Angels, American aviator, becomes the first foreign person to see the Angel Falls. The Falls are subsequently named after him. November 16: With the USSR, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes diplomatic relations. The following day, the USSR would be formally recognized by the United States, and trading between the two countries could begin. November 17: In the United States, the film directed by LeoMcCarey, Duck Soup, is released. The film stars the Marx Brothers, an American family comedy group. November 19: In Spain, women are granted the right to vote, which helps the right-wing. November 19: In New York City, American radio and TV host Larry King is born. November 19: In Spain, right-wing parties achieve a victory in the general elections. November 21: W.C. Bullitt, the first United States ambassador to the USSR, begins service. November 22: In the Fujian Province, China, the Fujian People’s Government is declared. November 25: In the USSR, the first liquid fuel rocket manages to reach an altitude of 80 meters. November 26: In France, Camille Chautemps becomes Premier. November 26: In Lawrence, Massachusetts, American singer and actor Robert Goulet, is born. November 28: In the United States, the infamous criminal couple Bonnie and Clyde are issued with a murder indictment by the Dallas grand jury for the murder of Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis in January 1933. November 29: In the United States, the first state liquor stores are authorized in Pennsylvania. November 29: The persecution of communists begins in Japan. November 30: In Cleveland Park District, CCC camps are formed. CCC camps were temporary camps set up for CCC workers in the United States during the Great Depression, and they were set up near where they would be completing their work. Back to the top ↑ ## December December 1: In Germany, Ernest Rohm and Rudolf Hess become ministers in the Nazi government of Adolf Hitler. December 2: The first film starring Fred Astaire, Dancing Lady, is released. December 3: In baseball, Mickey Cochrane, Philadelphia A’s catcher, is sold to the Detroit Tigers for $100,000 by the team’s owner, Connie Mack. Immediately after joining the team, Cochrane is named manager of the Tigers. The selling of Cochrane formed part of the Major League Baseball fire sale of players. December 4: In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt establishes the Federal Alcohol Control Administration. December 4: In New York City, the play by Jack Kirkland, Tobacco Road, has its premiere. The play would become the longest-running play of the time. December 5: In the United States, prohibition formally comes to an end when the 21st Amendment is ratified, and the 18th amendment is repealed. December 6: In the United States, the ban on the novel Ulysses, by James Joyce, is lifted. Federal Judge John M. Woolsey rules that the novel is not obscene. December 8: The Catholic Church canonizes Bernadette Soubirous, a French nun who saw the vision of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes. December 9: The fascist Iron Guard is prohibited by Romania. December 10: Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger are awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for “the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.” December 12: In hockey, Toronto Leaf player Ace Bailey is hit by Eddie Shore from behind. Bailey ends up with a fractured skull, which brings his career to an end. December 14: In Amsterdam, dancer and singer Josephine Baker performs. December 15: Until after June 15, it is agreed among baseball owners to ban Sunday doubleheaders. December 15: After being formally repealed 10 days earlier, alcohol officially becomes legal in the United States when the 21st Amendment goes into effect. December 17: In Spain, the second government of Lerroux is established. December 17: In American football, the first NFL Championship game takes place, with the New York Giants defeated by the Chicago Bears 23-21. December 20: A cease fire is announced between Paraguay and Bolivia. December 21: At the age of just 5, Shirley Temple is signed to a studio contract with Fox Films. December 21: Newfoundland once again becomes a crown colony of Britain when it collapses financially. December 21: In Britain, the British Plastics Federation is established December 23: In Germany, Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist, is sentenced to death for setting the German Reichstag on fire. December 23: 230 people lose their lives when a train crashes in the Lagny- Pomponne rail incident near Paris. December 23: In Japan, the future Emperor of Japan Akihito is born. December 25: In Belgium, Henry de Mans’ Plan of Labor is accepted by the Belgian Working People’s Party. December 26: In the Western Hemisphere, the United States forbears armed intervention. December 26: American engineer Edwin Howard Armstrong is granted an FM radio patent. December 26: In Japan, the Nissan Motor Company is created. December 26: FM radio is first patented. December 29: In baseball, the owner of the New York Yankees, Jacob Ruppert, refuses to sell slugger Babe Ruth to the Cincinnati Reds to become their manager. December 29: The film Sons of the Desert, directed by William A. Seiter, is released. The film stars popular comedy duo Laurel and Hardy. December 29: Ion Gheroghe Duca, Romanian Prime Minister, is assassinated by members of the Iron Guard. Back to the top ↑ ## The Rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany 1933 was a significant year in the rise of Adolf Hitler. Throughout the year, the Nazi Party would achieve remarkable electoral victories in Germany, fighting against the humiliation of their First World War defeat and the damaging war reparations required of their nation by the Treaty of Versailles. Between the First World War and 1933, Germany had become severely limited in size, in terms of both her land and her armies. As an admirable public speaker armed with the determination to see the rise of the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party, Hitler quickly grew to become the dictator of Germany in 1933. He promised the people that a better and more prosperous Germany was around the corner, while simultaneously beginning to persecute the Jewish population and ban communists. From forming a new government as Reich Chancellor in January, March 23 saw the Reichstag give Hitler dictatorial powers for four years with the passing of the Enabling Act. The passing of this act was a pivotal moment in history. From this day onwards, and throughout 1933, Hitler banned trade unions, embarked on a stronger persecution of Jewish people, and prohibited all non-Nazi political parties. Hitler had created a single-party state, withdrawn Germany from the peace-keeping League of Nations and proclaimed the end of Marxism. Hitler’s power was made total and absolute when President of Germany, Paul von Hindenberg, passed away on August 2. Hitler had assumed the role of head of state and head of government, removing any legal obstacle to which he could be removed from power. However, 1933 was only the beginning. From this moment until his death in 1945, Hitler would rule at the head of a single-party state and draw the world into another devastating world war. Back to the top ↑ ## Communism, Civil Liberties and Jewish Persecution in Germany Simultaneously with the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, Germany began to see great limitations in its freedoms and civil liberties throughout 1933. At the start of February 1933, Nazi politician Hermann Göring banned meetings and demonstrations among Communists, as well as Vorwarts, a social-democratic newspaper. At the same time, President Paul von Hindenberg limited the freedom of the press, and Hitler promised the end of Marxism. The Reichstag Fire of February 1933 was allegedly started by a Dutch communist named Marinus van der Lubbe. The fire forced President Paul von Hindenberg to sign the Reichstag Fire Decree, removing many of Germany’s civil liberties on the advice of Hitler. Since Communists were blamed for the fire, the German Communist Party was outlawed. The beginning of April saw Jewish persecution take a new level, when the government ordered a one-day boycott of Jewish businesses throughout the country. In the same week, two anti-Jewish laws are passed, preventing Jewish people, and other political opponents, from taking roles in legal and public service. By the end of April, Jewish physicians are excluded from insurance schemes, forcing many to give up their practises.Jewish children are also banned from attending schools, and in Nuremberg, 200 Jewish people are arrested and forced to parade the streets. The book burning campaign was a significant 1933 event, in which the German Student Union, in support of Nazism, began burning all books that represented ideologies opposing Nazism. This was done publicly and symbolized the commitment of the students to Nazism and the rise of Hitler. In the same month, May 1933, a law was introduced which legalized eugenic sterilization. This meant the government could control reproduction among the population, preventing those with mental and physical illnesses from having children in an attempt to “cleanse” German society. From 1933 until 1945, Hitler’s dictatorship would become synonymous with persecution and terror, beginning the Holocaust and removing any political opponents from society. Back to the top ↑ ## President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal In 1933, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression. The start of the 1930s was anything but prosperous, unlike the Roaring Twenties which came to an end after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Millions of Americans were unemployed, life savings had become worthless, and families were struggling to survive within the failing economy. As soon as President Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933, he was determined to turn the country around by creating jobs for the unemployed and stimulating economic growth. His first “100 Days” in office were famously for implementing his New Deal program, which established organizations and administrations for creating jobs across the country. For example, in May, he created the Tennessee Valley Act (TVA), allowing for dams to be built by the unemployed. With many other organizations being implemented, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the new President was determined to bring the United States out of the depression. 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Two pictures showing instances of book burning in 1933 and 2022 are genuine | 3,176 | Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file ![\\"\\"](\\"/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png\\") ![\\"Wikipedia\\"](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark- en.svg\\") ![\\"The](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline- en.svg\\") Search Search * Donate Appearance * Create account * Log in Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk ## Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Campaign Toggle Campaign subsection * 1.1 Announcement * 1.2 The burnings start * 1.3 Cultural genocide in occupied territories * 2 Persecuted authors * 3 Responses Toggle Responses subsection * 3.1 German Freedom Library * 3.2 American Library of Nazi Banned Books * 3.2.1 US urban vs. rural news reporting * 4 Allied censorship during de-Nazification * 5 In popular culture * 6 See also * 7 References * 8 External links Toggle the table of contents # Nazi book burnings 31 languages * Afrikaans * العربية * Català * Čeština * Dansk * Deutsch * Español * Esperanto * فارسی * Français * 한국어 * Hrvatski * Bahasa Indonesia * Italiano * עברית * മലയാളം * Nederlands * 日本語 * Norsk bokmål * Polski * Português * Română * Русский * Shqip * Српски / srpski * Svenska * Татарча / tatarça * ไทย * Türkçe * Українська * 中文 Edit links * Article * Talk English * Read * Edit * View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects * Wikimedia Commons Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 1930s campaign to destroy prohibited literature and research in Nazi Germany and Austria ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/1933-may-10-berlin- book-burning.JPG/220px-1933-may-10-berlin-book-burning.JPG\\")Book burning in Berlin, 10 May 1933 ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px- Yad_Vashem_Books_burned_by_Nazis_by_David_Shankbone.jpg\\")Examples of books burned by the Nazis on display at Yad Vashem The Nazi book burnings were a campaign conducted by the German Student Union (‹See Tfd›German: Deutsche Studentenschaft, DSt) to ceremonially burn books in Nazi Germany and Austria in the 1930s. The books targeted for burning were those viewed as being subversive or as representing ideologies opposed to Nazism. These included books written by Jewish, half-Jewish, communist, socialist, anarchist, liberal, pacifist, and sexologist authors among others.[1] The initial books burned were those of Karl Marx and Karl Kautsky,[2] but came to include very many authors, including Albert Einstein, Helen Keller, writers in French and English, and effectively any book incompatible with Nazi ideology. In a campaign of cultural genocide, books were also burned en masse by the Nazis in occupied territories, such as in Poland.[3] ## Campaign [edit] ### Announcement [edit] On April 8, 1933, the Main Office for Press and Propaganda of the German Student Union (DSt) proclaimed a nationwide \"Action against the Un-German Spirit\", which was to climax in a literary purge or \"cleansing\" (\"Säuberung\") by fire. According to historian Karl Dietrich Bracher: > [T]he exclusion of \"Left\", democratic, and Jewish literature took > precedence over everything else. The black-lists ... ranged from Bebel, > Bernstein, Preuss, and Rathenau through Einstein, Freud, Brecht, Brod, > Döblin, Kaiser, the Mann brothers, Zweig, Plievier, Ossietzky, Remarque, > Schnitzler, and Tucholsky, to Barlach, Bergengruen, Broch, Hoffmannsthal, > Kästner, Kasack, Kesten, Kraus, Lasker-Schüler, Unruh, Werfel, Zuckmayer, > and Hesse. The catalogue went back far enough to include literature from > Heine and Marx to Kafka.[4] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-2406-01%2C_Berlin- Lustgarten%2C_Rede_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg/170px- Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-2406-01%2C_Berlin- Lustgarten%2C_Rede_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg\\")Goebbels speaking at a political rally against the Lausanne Conference (1932) Local chapters were to supply the press with releases and commissioned articles, sponsor well-known Nazis to speak at public gatherings, and negotiate for radio broadcast time. The DSt had contacted an official from the Propaganda Ministry to request support for their campaign, including having Propaganda Minister Josef Goebbels be the main speaker at the event in Berlin. Because Goebbels had studied under several Jewish professors, and had, in the past, praised them despite his avowed antisemitism, he was afraid that speaking at the book burning would cause these past remarks to be dug up by his enemies. As a result, he did not formally accept the invitation to speak – despite his having been listed in the advance publicity – until the last moment.[5] On the same day, the Student Union published the \"Twelve Theses\", a title chosen to be evocative of two events in German history: Martin Luther\'s burning of a papal bull when he posted his ninety-five theses in 1520, and the burning of a handful of items, including 11 books, at the 1817 Wartburg Festival on the 300th anniversary of Luther\'s burning of the bull. This was, however, a false comparison, as the \"book burnings\" at those historic events were not acts of censorship, nor destructive of other people\'s property, but purely symbolic protests, destroying only one individual document of each title, for a grand total of 12 individual documents, without any attempt to suppress their content, whereas the Student Union burned tens of thousands of volumes, all they could find from a list comprising around 4000 titles.[6] The \"Twelve Theses\" called for a \"pure\" national language and culture. Placards publicized the theses, which attacked \"Jewish intellectualism\", asserted the need to \"purify\" German language and literature, and demanded that universities be centres of German nationalism. The students described the action as a “response to a worldwide Jewish smear campaign against Germany and an affirmation of traditional German values.” ### The burnings start [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_- _Bibliothek_1933.jpg/220px-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft_- _Bibliothek_1933.jpg\\")A German student and a Nazi SS member plunder the library of Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld, Director of the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin. ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Burnt_remains_of_book%2C_Le_Marquis_de_Sade_et_Son_Temps.jpg/220px- Burnt_remains_of_book%2C_Le_Marquis_de_Sade_et_Son_Temps.jpg\\")Burnt remains of a book-burning target, Le Marquis de Sade et Son Temps (Marquis de Sade and his times). Part of the Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection On 6 May 1933, the Berlin chapter of the German Student Union made an organised attack on Magnus Hirschfeld\'s Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute of Sex Research).[7] The institute\'s library included many thousands of volumes on sexuality and other matters relating to its work. The institute also had a substantial collection of objects, photographs and documents including research, biographies and patient records. Estimates of total size vary.[8][9][10][11] The looted material was witnessed by the international press being loaded on to a truck and, on 10 May, it was taken to the Bebelplatz square at the State Opera, and burned them along with volumes from elsewhere.[12][13][14] A total of over 25,000 volumes of \"un-German\" books were burned, thereby ushering in an era of uncompromising state censorship. In many other university towns, nationalist students marched in torch lit parades against the \"un-German\" spirit. The scripted rituals of this night called for high Nazi officials, professors, rectors, and student leaders to address the participants and spectators. At the meeting places, students threw the pillaged, banned books into the bonfires with a great joyous ceremony that included live music, singing, \"fire oaths,\" and incantations. In Berlin, some 40,000 people heard Joseph Goebbels deliver an address: \"No to decadence and moral corruption!\" Goebbels enjoined the crowd. \"Yes to decency and morality in family and state! I consign to the flames the writings of Heinrich Mann, Ernst Glaeser,[15] Erich Kästner.\" > The era of extreme Jewish intellectualism is now at an end. The breakthrough > of the German revolution has again cleared the way on the German path...The > future German man will not just be a man of books, but a man of character. > It is to this end that we want to educate you. As a young person, to already > have the courage to face the pitiless glare, to overcome the fear of death, > and to regain respect for death – this is the task of this young generation. > And thus you do well in this midnight hour to commit to the flames the evil > spirit of the past. This is a strong, great and symbolic deed – a deed which > should document the following for the world to know – Here the intellectual > foundation of the November Republic is sinking to the ground, but from this > wreckage the phoenix of a new spirit will triumphantly rise. > > — Joseph Goebbels, Speech to the students in Berlin[16] In his speech – which was broadcast on the radio – Goebbels\' referred to the authors whose books were being burned as \"Intellectual filth\" and \"Jewish asphalt literati\".[5] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg/220px- Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-14597%2C_Berlin%2C_Opernplatz%2C_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung.jpg\\")Opernplatz, Berlin book burnings ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Story_of_Berlin_Museum.jpg/220px- Story_of_Berlin_Museum.jpg\\")Books built into the floor at the museum Story of Berlin ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Commemorative_Plaque_book_burning_Frankfurt_Hesse_Germany.JPG/220px- Commemorative_Plaque_book_burning_Frankfurt_Hesse_Germany.JPG\\")Memorial for book burning in 1933; on the ground of Römerberg Square in front of Frankfurt city hall, Hesse, Germany ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Empty_Library_- _Bebelplatz_mit_Mahnmal_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung_Aug_2009.jpg/220px- The_Empty_Library_- _Bebelplatz_mit_Mahnmal_B%C3%BCcherverbrennung_Aug_2009.jpg\\")The Empty Library at the Bebelplatz (former Opernplatz) in Berlin, designed by Micha Ullman ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Buchdenkmal- marktplatz-bonn-02.jpg/220px-Buchdenkmal-marktplatz-bonn-02.jpg\\")\"Lese- Zeichen\" (\"Book marks\"), commemorating the burning of the books on 10 May 1933 at the Bonner Marketplace Not all book burnings took place on 10 May as the German Student Union had planned. Some were postponed a few days because of rain. Others, based on local chapter preference, took place on 21 June, the summer solstice, a traditional date of celebration. Nonetheless, in thirty four university towns across Germany the \"Action against the Un-German Spirit\" was a success, enlisting widespread newspaper coverage. And in some places, notably Berlin, radio broadcasts brought the speeches, songs, and ceremonial incantations \"live\" to countless German listeners. All of these types of literature, as described by the Nazis, were to be banned: * The works of traitors, emigrants and authors from foreign countries who believe they can attack and denigrate the new Germany (H. G. Wells, Romain Rolland); * The literature of Marxism, Communism and Bolshevism; * Pacifist literature; * Literature with liberal, democratic tendencies and attitudes, and writings supporting the Weimar Republic (Walther Rathenau,[15] Heinrich Mann, Thomas Mann);[15] * All historical writings whose purpose is to denigrate the origin, the spirit and the culture of the German Volk, or to dissolve the racial and structural order of the Volk, or that denies the force and importance of leading historical figures in favor of egalitarianism and the masses, and which seeks to drag them through the mud (Emil Ludwig); * Books that advocate \"art\" which is decadent, bloodless, or purely constructivist (George Grosz, Otto Dix, Bauhaus, Felix Mendelssohn); * Writings on sexuality and sexual education which serve the egocentric pleasure of the individual and thus, completely destroy the principles of race and Volk (Magnus Hirschfeld[15]); * The decadent, destructive and Volk-damaging writings of \"Asphalt and Civilization\" literati: (Oskar Maria Graf, Heinrich Mann, Stefan Zweig, Jakob Wassermann, Franz Blei); * Literature by Jewish authors, regardless of the field; * Popular entertainment literature that depicts life and life\'s goals in a superficial, unrealistic and sickly sweet manner, based on a bourgeois or upper class view of life; * Patriotic kitsch in literature. * Pornography and explicit literature * All books degrading German purity. Many German students took part in the Nazi book burning campaign. They were known as Deutsche Studentenschaft, and when they ran out of books in their own libraries they turned to independent bookstores. Libraries were asked to stock their shelves with material that stood up to Hitler\'s standards, and destroy anything that did not.[17] ### Cultural genocide in occupied territories [edit] Among the Nazi crimes against the Polish nation was a campaign of cultural genocide that included the burning of millions of books, resulting in the destruction of an estimated 80% of all school libraries, and three-quarters of all scientific libraries in the country.[3] The Nazis also seized many books from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe. They did intend to keep and display a few rare and ancient books in a museum on Judaism after the Final Solution was successfully completed.[18] ## Persecuted authors [edit] Among the other German-speaking authors whose books student leaders burned were: Vicki Baum, Walter Benjamin, Ernst Bloch, Franz Boas, Albert Einstein, Friedrich Engels, Etta Federn, Lion Feuchtwanger, Marieluise Fleißer, Leonhard Frank, Sigmund Freud, Iwan Goll, Jaroslav Hašek, Werner Hegemann, Hermann Hesse, Ödön von Horvath, Heinrich Eduard Jacob, Franz Kafka, Georg Kaiser, Alfred Kerr, Egon Kisch, Siegfried Kracauer, Theodor Lessing, Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Karl Liebknecht, Georg Lukács, Rosa Luxemburg, Klaus Mann, Thomas Mann, Ludwig Marcuse, Karl Marx, Robert Musil, Carl von Ossietzky,[15] Erwin Piscator, Alfred Polgar, Gertrud von Puttkamer, Erich Maria Remarque,[15] Ludwig Renn, Joachim Ringelnatz, Joseph Roth, Nelly Sachs, Felix Salten,[19] Anna Seghers, Abraham Nahum Stencl, Carl Sternheim, Bertha von Suttner, Ernst Toller, Frank Wedekind, Franz Werfel, Grete Weiskopf, and Arnold Zweig. Not only German-speaking authors were burned, but also French authors such as Henri Barbusse, André Gide, Victor Hugo and Romain Rolland; American writers such as John Dos Passos, Theodore Dreiser, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Helen Keller, Jack London, Upton Sinclair, and Margaret Sanger;[20] as well as British authors Joseph Conrad, Radclyffe Hall, Aldous Huxley, D. H. Lawrence, Henry de Vere Stacpoole, H. G. Wells, Irish authors James Joyce and Oscar Wilde; and Russian authors including Isaac Babel, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Ilya Ehrenburg, Maxim Gorki, Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Vladimir Nabokov, Leo Tolstoy, and Leon Trotsky. The burning of the books represents a culmination of the persecution of those authors whose oral or written opinions were opposed to Nazi ideology. Many artists, writers and scientists were banned from working and publication. Their works could no longer be found in libraries or in the curricula of schools or universities. Some of them were driven to exile (such as Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Magnus Hirschfeld, Walter Mehring, and Arnold Zweig); others were deprived of their citizenship (for example, Ernst Toller and Kurt Tucholsky) or forced into a self-imposed exile from society (e.g., Erich Kästner). For other writers the Nazi persecutions ended in death. Some of them died in concentration camps, due to the consequences of the conditions of imprisonment, or were executed (like Carl von Ossietzky, Erich Mühsam, Gertrud Kolmar, Jakob van Hoddis, Paul Kornfeld, Arno Nadel, Georg Hermann, Theodor Wolff, Adam Kuckhoff, Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen, and Rudolf Hilferding). Exiled authors despaired and died by suicide, for example: Walter Hasenclever, Ernst Weiss, Carl Einstein, Walter Benjamin, Ernst Toller, and Stefan Zweig. > Where they burn books, they will burn people too in the end. –**Heinrich Heine** (1823)[a][21] (Heine\'s books were among those burned.) ## Responses [edit] Helen Keller published an \"Open Letter to German Students\", in which she wrote: \"You may burn my books and the books of the best minds in Europe, but the ideas those books contain have passed through millions of channels and will go on.\"[22] ### German Freedom Library [edit] On 10 May 1934, one year after the mass book burnings, the German Freedom Library founded by Alfred Kantorowicz was opened to assemble copies of the books that had been destroyed.[23] Because of the shift in political power and the blatant control and censorship demonstrated by the Nazi Party, 1933 saw a “mass exodus of German writers, artists, and intellectuals\".[24] They went into exile in America, England, and France. On 10 May 1934, those writers in exile in France came together and established the Library of the Burned Books where all the works that had been banned, burned, censored, and destroyed were collected.[23] Alfred Kantorowicz, the author of the 1944 article Library of the Burned Books, was one of the key leaders instrumental in creating this library. In his article, he explains first-hand how the library came to be, and how it was finally destroyed. The library not only housed those books banned by the Nazis, the more important mission was to be the “center of intellectual anti- Nazi activities”.[23] In addition, it had extensive archives “on the history of Nazism and the anti-Nazi fight in all its forms”.[23] After the French surrender, the Nazis were virtually in control in France so the French government closed down the library and anyone associated was imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. Once the Nazis occupied Paris, the library and archives were turned over and that was the end of the Library.[_citation needed_] In Kantorowicz\'s words, “the real significance of the Library was not confined to its material existence. When we inaugurated it, we wanted to make that day of shame a day of glory for literature and for freedom of thought which no tyrant could kill by fire. And furthermore, by this symbolic action, we wanted to awaken Europe to the dangers which threatened its spiritual as well as its material existence.”[23] ### American Library of Nazi Banned Books [edit] A similar library, modeled after one in Paris, was opened at the Brooklyn Jewish Center in Brooklyn, New York on 15 November 1934. There were speeches given by Rev. Dr. Israel H. Levinthal, Rabbi of the Jewish Center, and the library chairman Rabbi Louis Hammer. An inaugural dinner dedicated to Albert Einstein and Heinz Liepmann was held on December 22, 1934.[25] The library had as its aim to \"gather as many books as can be secured by authors whose books were burned by the Nazi Government at the notable bonfire on 10 May 1933. Also included were general titles relating to \"general Jewish interest, in English, Hebrew and Yiddish.\" Among the authors whose books were available upon the library\'s opening were Albert Einstein, Maxim Gorki, Helen Keller, Sigmund Freud, Thomas Mann, and many others.[25] Unlike the Paris library, the American library did not have any collection of books relating to Nazi ideology, or events or individuals in Nazi Germany.[26] The library was a strong advocate for the cause of Zionism, the Jewish national movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. To the minds of those in charge of the library, the Nazi book burnings represented \"proof of [the] urgency\" of Zionist affairs.[26] Rabbi Stephen Wise, who spoke at the inaugural dinner, had led a protest at Madison Square Garden on the day of the book burning, and was an advocate of the Zionist movement. Thomas Mann, whose books were part of the library\'s collection, is quoted as saying that \"what happened in Germany convinced me more and more of the value of Zionism for the Jew\".[26] The American Library of Nazi Banned Books remained in place until the Brooklyn Jewish Center closed in the 1970s. Its collection was then donated to the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York City.[26] #### US urban vs. rural news reporting [edit] After analysing eight different newspaper excerpts from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum\'s History Unfolded Database,[27] a collection of thousands of news clippings about events related to the Holocaust, certain trends became apparent.[28] The United States’ reporting on the book burnings peaked after the May 10, 1933, Berlin burning but varied in coverage and approach. Publications from urban areas like the Miami Herald, Honolulu Star-Bulletin and the Philadelphia Inquirer, leaned towards a more critical stance on the book burnings and Nazi regime. The Miami Herald’s article by Walt Lippman denoted the Nazi regime as “violent in its character” and claimed that the destruction of intellectual property was an ominous sign of the Nazis’ preparation for war. The Honolulu Bulletin commented that Hitler’s attempt to eradicate everything non-German would be fruitless as similar attempts had failed in other “kingdoms.” The Philadelphia Inquirer, unusually, advocated wide-scale protest against the Nazi regime and its book burnings. On the other hand, the trends that appeared in rural and suburban area reporting appeared to be less critical of the Third Reich. Instead they were more wary and angered at the burning of US authors. This was seen in the Wilmington Morning News, The Ogden Utah Examiner and the Evening Herald Courier of Bristol Tennessee. The Tennessee newspaper described the event in a very straightforward manner, calling Goebbels the “minister of enlightenment.” Similarly, the Delaware Morning News described the behavior of the Germans as “childish.” ## Allied censorship during de-Nazification [edit] Main articles: Denazification, Allied-occupied Germany, and Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany In 1946, the Allied occupation authorities drew up a list of over 30,000 titles, ranging from school books to poetry and including works by such authors as von Clausewitz.[_citation needed_] Millions of copies of these books were confiscated and destroyed.[_citation needed_] A representative of the Military Directorate admitted that the order in principle was no different from the Nazi book burnings.[29] However \"most observers condemned the order as a piece of unenforceable foolishness\".[29] Artworks were under the same censorship as other media; > all collections of works of art related or dedicated to the perpetuation of > German militarism or Nazism will be closed permanently and taken into > custody. The directives were very broadly interpreted, leading to the destruction of thousands of paintings and thousands more were shipped to deposits in the US. Those confiscated paintings still surviving in US custody, As of 2007[update], include, for example, a painting \"depicting a couple of middle aged women talking in a sunlit street in a small town\".[30] ## In popular culture [edit] * The 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade features a scene which is set to the backdrop of a book burning event, an event which is part of a large Nazi rally in Berlin which is attended by Adolf Hitler. The fictional scene was set in 1938 and it took place at the Institute of Aryan Culture. * Fighting the Fires of Hate: America and the Nazi Book Burnings was a traveling exhibition that was produced by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[31] In 2014 the exhibition was displayed in West Fargo, North Dakota; Dallas, Texas; and Missoula, Montana.[32] ## See also [edit] * Books in Germany * Degenerate art * Denazification * Wolfgang Herrmann, the librarian who created the original blacklist of books * List of authors banned in Nazi Germany * List of book-burning incidents ## References [edit] Informational notes 1. **^** Dort wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man auch am Ende Menschen. Citations 1. **^** \"Book Burning\". _History Unfolded: US Responses to the Holocaust_. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2. **^** Strätz, Hans-Wolfgang (1968). _Die studentische \"Aktion wider den undeutschen Geist\" im Frühjahr 1933. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 16_ (in German). pp. 347–353. 3. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Hench, John B. (2010) _Books As Weapons_ , p. 31. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4891-1 4. **^** Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). _The German Dictatorship_. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books. p. 325. ISBN 0-14-013724-6. 5. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Reuth, Ralf Georg (1993). _Goebbels_. A Harvest Book. Translated by Winston, Krishna. Harcourt Brace. pp. 182–183. ISBN 9780156001397. Retrieved 28 July 2021. 6. **^** \"When Books Burn: A University of Arizona Special Collections Exhibit\". _ualibr-exhibits.s3-website-us-west-2.amazonaws.com_. Retrieved 2021-10-01. 7. **^** Kaye, Hugh (November 16, 2021). \"The incredible story of the first known trans woman to undergo gender confirmation surgery\". _Attitude_. Retrieved January 31, 2022. 8. **^** \"Institute of Sexology\". Qualia Folk. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015. 9. **^** John Lauritsen; David Thorstad (1974), _The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864–1935)_ , New York: Times Change Press, pp. 40–41, ISBN 0-87810-027-X. Revised edition published 1995, ISBN 0-87810-041-5. 10. **^** Evans, Richard J. (2004). _The coming of the Third Reich_ (1st American ed.). New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-004-1. OCLC 53186626. 11. **^** \"Dorchen\'s Day – Providentia\". _drvitelli.typepad.com_. December 5, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2016. 12. **^** \"6 May 1933: Looting of the Institute of Sexology\". Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023. 13. **^** \"Book Burning\". US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023. 14. **^** \"Book Burning\". PBS. Retrieved 24 Jun 2023. 15. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ _**e**_ _**f**_ Frei, Norbert (1993) _National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933–1945_. Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers. p. 62 ISBN 0-631-18507-0 16. **^** Dickerman, Michael; Bartrop, P.R. (2017). _The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 Volumes]_. ABC-CLIO. p. 458. ISBN 9781440840845. 17. **^** Battles, M (2003). \"Knowledge On Fire\". _American Scholar_. **3** (35). 18. **^** Lyons, Martyn. Books: A Living History. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011. chapter 5 pp. 200–201 19. **^** Schulz, Kathryn (January 17, 2022) \"\'Bambi\' Is Even Bleaker Than You Thought\" _The New Yorker_ 20. **^** Staff (Winter 2002/2003) \"The Sanger–Hitler Equation\" New York University: The Margaret Sanger Papers Project, Newsletter #32 21. **^** Heine, Heinrich (1823). \"Tragödien nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo\". Berlin: German Wikisource. p. 148. Retrieved 25 December 2022. 22. **^** Baez 2011, p. 211 23. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ _**e**_ Kantorowicz, A. (1944). Library of the Burned Books. _The New Republic_ , 110(20), 686–688. 24. **^** Noble, L. (2019). \"Burning Books\". _Cambridge University Library_. Retrieved November 3, 2019. 25. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ \"Nazi Banned Books – Articles | Brooklyn Jewish Center Circle – Connecting to our Past – Preserving our Future\". _ Retrieved 2020-11-20. 26. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ von Merveldt, Nikola (Winter 2007). \"Books Cannot Be Killed by Fire: The German Freedom Library and the American Library of Nazi-Banned Books as Agents of Cultural Memory\". _Library Trends_. **55** (3): 523–535. doi:10.1353/lib.2007.0026. hdl:2142/3723. S2CID 39301623 – via EBSCO. 27. **^** In History Unfolded: US Newspapers and the Holocaust. United States Holocaust Museum, n.d. Accessed February 15, 2024. 28. **^** Edel, Audrey (March 25, 2024). \"US Urban vs Rural News Reporting on Nazi Book Burnings\" (PDF). _German History Source Exploration Essays_. 29. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ \"Read No Evil\". _Time_. May 27, 1946. Archived from the original on 2009-06-27. 30. **^** Goldstein, Cora. \"Purges, Exclusions, and Limits: Art Policies in Germany 1933–1949\". Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. 31. **^** \"_Fighting the Fires of Hate: America and the Nazi Book Burnings_ \". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 32. **^** \"Current Schedule: _Fighting the Fires of Hate_ \". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved August 13, 2014. [1] Bibliography * Mauthner, Martin (2007) German Writers in French Exile, 1933–1940, London: Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4 * This article incorporates text from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and has been released under the GFDL. ## External links [edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book burning in Nazi Germany. * United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Holocaust Encyclopedia: Book Burning * United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Library Bibliography: 1933 Book Burnings * Jewish Virtual Library – The Burning of the Books * \"Fighting the Fires of Hate: America and the Nazi Book Burnings\". Traveling exhibition produced by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. * Verbrannte Orte – Scorched Places, map of places in contemporary Germany * v * t * e Books --- Production| * Binding * Covers * dust jackets * Design * Editing * Illustration * Illuminated manuscripts * Printing * edition * history * incunabula * instant book * limited edition * Publishing * advance copy * hardcover * paperback * Size * Typesetting * Volume (bibliography) * Collection (publishing) * Book series Consumption| * Awards * Bestsellers * list * Bibliography * Bibliomania (tsundoku) * Bibliophilia * Bibliotherapy * Bookmarks * Bookselling * blurbs * book towns * history * used * Censorship * Clubs * Collecting * Digitizing * Bookworm (insect) * Furniture * bookcases * bookends * Library * Print culture * Reading * literacy * Reviews By country| * Brazil * France * Germany * Italy * Japan * Netherlands * Pakistan * Spain * United Kingdom * United States Other| * Genres * fictional * miniature * pop-up * textbook * Grimoire * Formats * audiobooks * Ebooks * Folio * Coffee table book Related| * Banned books * Book burning * incidents * Nazi * Book curses * Book packaging * Book swapping * Book tour * Conservation and restoration * Dog ears * History of books * scroll * codex * Intellectual property * ISBN * Novel * Outline * Preservation * The Philobiblon * World Book Day * World Book Capital * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png\\") Outline * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png\\") Category * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png\\") Portal 1. **^** Strätz, Hans-Wolfgang (1968). \"Die studentische \'Aktion wider den undeutschen Geist\' im Frühjahr 1933\". _Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte_. **16** : 347–353. Retrieved from \" Categories: * May 1933 events * 1933 in Germany * Censorship in Germany * History of censorship * Nazi culture * The Holocaust in Germany * Book burnings * Anti-Marxism Hidden categories: * CS1 German-language sources (de) * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * Articles containing German-language text * Pages using Lang-xx templates * All articles with unsourced statements * Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024 * Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 * All articles containing potentially dated statements * Commons category link is on Wikidata * This page was last edited on 14 September 2024, at 21:37 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Join Our WhatsApp Channel ![\\"Business](\\" in.tosshub.com/businesstoday/2023-04/logo.png?size=45:45\\") Business Today Desk * Updated Apr 30, 2023, 6:47 PM IST * ![\\"The](\\" in.tosshub.com/businesstoday/images/story/202304/pti04_09_2023_000197a-sixteen_nine- sixteen_nine.jpg?size=948:533\\") The 100th episode of Mann Ki Baat was not only heard in India but also across the world. In his 100th episode of \'Mann Ki Baat\', Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday interacted with UNESCO Director-General Audrey where the latter asked questions on education and cultural preservation in India. The Director-General of UNESCO also wished the countrymen for the wonderful journey of the 100th episode of \'Mann Ki Baat\'. \"I have received another special message from Audrey Azoulay, DG, UNESCO regarding \'Mann Ki Baat\'. She wished all the countrymen for this wonderful journey of the 100th episode,\" PM Modi said during his 100th Mann Ki Baat address. Audrey Azoulay is a French civil servant and politician who has been the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) since 2017, making her the organization\'s second female leader. Speaking to PM Modi in his radio broadcast today, the UNESCO Chief said, \"Dear Prime Minister, on behalf of UNESCO, I thank you for this opportunity to be part of the hundredth episode of the Mann Ki Baat radio broadcast. UNESCO and India have a long common history. We have very strong partnerships together in all areas of our mandate education, science, culture and information.\" She also questioned PM Modi on education and cultural preservation in the midst of India\'s G20 presidency. \"UNESCO is working with its member states to ensure that everyone in the world has access to quality education by2030, with the largest population in the world. Could you please explain the Indian way to achieve this objective? UNESCO also works to support culture and protect heritage,\" she said. PM Modi thanked the UNESCO Director-General for participating in the 100th episode of the radio programme and expressed satisfaction that she discussed significant concerns. He went on to say that Mann Ki Baat was a spark for many major movements. \"Be it NEP or the option of studying in regional languages, many initiatives such as Gunotsav and Shala Praveshotsav were highlighted in MannKiBaat,\" the Prime Minister said. \"Maan Ki Baat is a programme that allows every citizen to inspire others; this positivity will propel our nation in Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.\" \"Be it Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, love towards Khadi, nature-related concerns, Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav or that of Amrit Sarovar, whatever issue Mann Ki Baat got associated with, it has ignited a people\'s movement,\" PM Modi added. The 100th episode of Mann Ki Baat was not only heard in India but also across the world. For instance, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar listened to a live broadcast during an event in the United States. Bollywood celebrities such as Madhuri Dixit, Shahid Kapoor, and Rohit Shetty attended the screening of the 100th episode of \'Mann Ki Baat\' at Raj Bhavan, Mumbai on Sunday. Meanwhile, a survey by the Indian Institute of Management-Rohtak revealed that the programme has reached 100 crore people who are aware of and have listened to the programme at least once. The Mann Ki Baat program was started on 3rd October 2014 and is broadcast on the last Sunday of every month at 11 AM on the entire AIR and DD network. It is translated by AIR into 22 Indian languages, 29 dialects and 11 Foreign languages, apart from English. It includes Hindi, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Marathi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Odiya, Konkani, Nepali, Kashmiri, Dogri, Manipuri, Maithili, Bengali, Assamese, Bodo, Santhali, Urdu, Sindhi. The Dialects include Chhattisgarhi, Gondi, Halbi, Sargujia, Pahari, Sheena, Gojri, Balti, Ladakhi, Karbi, Khasi, Jaintia, Garo, Nagamese, Hmar, Paite, Thadou, Kabui, Mao, Tangkhul, Nyishi, Adi, Monpa, Ao, Angami, Kokborok, Mizo, Lepcha, Sikkimese (Bhutia). Also Read: ‘Honouring all job offers’: TCS announces 100% variable pay for all junior employees ### SPOTLIGHT * ![\\"\\'Be](\\" \'Be it temple or dargah...\': Supreme Court says structures encroaching on roads or railway tracks must be removed MOST READ * ![\\"\\'Get](\\" \'Get girls married...\': Preacher of hate Zakir Naik makes shocking outburst at girls orphanage; watch why he got so angry TRENDING * ![\\"](\\" This US neighbour is selling citizenship to people only for Rs 1.7 Cr; Can Indians participate? 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View Discipline Hubs * Information for * Authors * Editors * Librarians * Promoters / Advertisers * Researchers * Reviewers * Societies * Frequently asked questions * In this journal * Journal Homepage Submit Paper The British Journal of Politics and International Relations ![\\"Political](\\"/pb- assets/societylogos/bpi_society1_logo-1662986062790.gif\\"/) Impact Factor:**2.1** / 5-Year Impact Factor:**2.5** Journal Homepage Submit Paper Close #### Add email alerts You are adding the following journal to your email alerts New content --- The British Journal of Politics and International Relations Create email alert Open access Research article First published online February 27, 2022 # Populism and the politicisation of foreign policy Sandra Destradi Johannes Plagemann, and Hakkı Taş hakki.tas@giga-hamburg.deView all authors and affiliations Volume 24, Issue 3 * Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Conceptualising populist politicisation of foreign policy * How populists politicise foreign policy * Case selection and methodology * Erdoğan and the politicisation of foreign policy * Modi and the politicisation of foreign policy * Analysis: Variation in the populist politicisation of foreign policy * Conclusion: Avenues for further research * Acknowledgments * Authors’ note * Funding * ORCID iDs * Footnotes * References * PDF / ePub * More * * Cite article * Share options * Information, rights and permissions * Metrics and citations * Figures and tables ## Abstract Populists in power often resort to the politicisation of foreign policy to generate domestic support. This article explores this process. First, it conceptualises populist politicisation of foreign policy. Second, it develops expectations on how such politicisation will take place: the distinctive features of populism (the intensity of populist discourse, the relative weight of anti-elitism and people-centrism, and a transnational understanding of the ‘people’ or the ‘elite’) will have an impact on how foreign policy is politicised. The empirical analysis focuses on selected public speeches and tweets by two populist leaders from the Global South: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Narendra Modi. The analysis reveals huge differences: the more populist Erdoğan emphasises anti-elitism and extensively resorts to the politicisation of Turkish foreign policy by constructing foreign threats. Modi is less populist and his discourse emphasises people-centrism; as expected, he only marginally politicises foreign policy, highlighting the greatness of the Indian nation. ## Introduction In recent years, we have seen the formation of populist governments all over the world. Besides the extensive existing works on the domestic drivers and consequences of populism, a growing literature has addressed populism’s implications for international affairs. This includes the impact of populist- government formation on individual countries’ foreign and security policies (e.g. Chryssogelos, 2017; Destradi and Plagemann, 2019; Taş, 2020a; Verbeek and Zaslove, 2017; Wehner and Thies, 2020). While some studies have started theorising under what conditions populism impacts foreign policy or what constitutes a genuinely ‘populist’ foreign policy, the links between populism’s domestic and international dimensions remain unspecified. In particular, we have relatively little systematic knowledge about the role foreign policy plays for populists’ efforts to mobilise support and, vice versa, the extent to which foreign policy is politicised by populist leaders and parties. This is surprising given widespread presumptions that populists from Donald Trump to Viktor Orbán habitually employ foreign threats and foreign policy as mobilising devices. Moreover, the Comparative Politics literature tells us that populists, once voted into power, tend to keep mobilising and polarising as they face a substantial dilemma: they themselves have become the much-despised ‘elite’ and need new ways to generate popular support. As a result, they are permanently on the campaign trail (Müller, 2016: 41). Foreign policy topics might be particularly suitable to generate popular support. Electoral cycles co-determine the conduct of foreign policy in democracies, often favouring short-term considerations over long-term strategy (Quandt, 1986). The literature on the ‘rally-around-the-flag effect’ tells us that foreign policy issues and potential threats from abroad can be easily used for domestic political mobilisation (Tir, 2010). More generally, political leaders play ‘two-level games’, seeking to satisfy domestic supporters while negotiating international treaties (Putnam, 1988) or revising their countries’ grand strategies (Chryssogelos and Martill, 2021). In the case of populists in power, we might expect such links between foreign and domestic issues to be even stronger. This is so because, according to many, populism often emerges in response to distinctively international factors,1 first and foremost the negative consequences of globalisation – real or perceived. Indeed, populism is often described as a backlash against the increasing influence of ‘international bureaucracies’ (Chryssogelos, 2019) or resentment towards Westernisation (Holmes and Krastev, 2019). On the other hand, populism is also often portrayed as an inward-oriented strategy concerned with fighting domestic ‘enemies of the people’ rather than with the conduct of world politics. Populism, as the opposite of cosmopolitanism (Ingram, 2017), may suggest disengagement and ignorance of international issues instead of raising awareness thereof. Indeed, anecdotal evidence suggests a wide variation in the ways and extent to which populists politicise foreign policy (see below). Overall, while politicisation seems to be an important feature of the foreign policy of populist governments, there are also indications that it might be an uneven occurrence and one that certainly deserves greater scrutiny. With few exceptions limited to the European context (e.g. Chryssogelos, 2019), the study of populist politicisation of foreign policy is uncharted territory in both theoretical and empirical terms. Thus, in this article we explore to what extent and how populists politicise foreign policy. Specifically, we ask whether and how the distinctive features of populism impact on how foreign policy is politicised. To that end, we link the literatures on populism and on politicisation and we outline a conceptualisation of populist politicisation of foreign policy. Moreover, we develop expectations about how populism’s intensity, the relative weight of its constitutive dimensions (anti-elitism and people-centrism), and the distinctive way in which the ‘people’ and the ‘elite’ are defined affect the politicisation of foreign policy. As the populist politicisation of foreign policy can have varying intensities, it is a continuous concept. Moreover, we expect a prevalence of people-centrism versus anti-elitism in populist discourse to lead to different subtypes of politicisation. Our empirical analysis focuses on the foreign policy discourses of two populist leaders who employ populist discourse to different degrees: Turkey’s Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and India’s Narendra Modi, respectively. These two case studies from the Global South promise insights into the populist politicisation of foreign policy outside the denser institutional framework of international politics in Europe, which has predominantly been the focus in the literature on politicisation so far (Hurrelmann et al., 2015). The analysis of public statements by Erdoğan and Modi shows that the two leaders emphasise different dimensions of populism and that this corresponds to a variation in the politicisation of foreign policy both in scope and content. Erdoğan’s more intense and anti-elitist politicisation feeds into a discourse describing Turkey as an underdog in international politics; by contrast, Modi’s politicisation of foreign policy is less intense and it is explicitly framed in people-centric terms, highlighting the strength of the Indian nation rather than its victimisation. In the concluding section, we outline avenues for further research focusing on the context conditions that might contribute to shaping the populist politicisation of foreign policy. ## Conceptualising populist politicisation of foreign policy The term ‘populism’ has been debated extensively in the Comparative Politics literature. In line with the now widely established ‘ideational’ approach, we understand populism as a ‘thin-centred ideology’ (Mudde, 2004: 544): a coherent but narrow set of ideas that typically coexists alongside a ‘thick ideology’ like socialism or ethnonationalism. Mudde (2004: 543, emphasis removed) defines populism as > an ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two > homogeneous and antagonistic groups, ‘the pure people’ versus ‘the corrupt > elite’, and which argues that politics should be an expression of the > volonté générale (general will) of the people. Anti-elitism and people-centrism are therefore the core defining elements of populism. As highlighted in the recent literature, populism should not be understood in binary terms. For example, Hawkins et al. (2019) show that populist actors can resort to populist discourse to different degrees. The two cases we look at in more detail below illustrate this. Like populism, ‘politicisation’ is a much-debated concept. Arguably, like other public policies, foreign affairs are always subject to politicisation, and existing discussions have revolved around the question of whether leaving foreign policy to professionals or making it the subject of broader debates within society is beneficial or detrimental to the ‘national interest’ or to democracy at large (for a position advocating for greater politicisation, for instance, in the European Union (EU), see Habermas, 2001). The politicisation of foreign policy is therefore not a phenomenon confined to populists in power, and there are strong differences in the degrees to which foreign policy in general or individual foreign policy issues are the object of public debate and, thereby, are politicised. Conceptually, we follow Michael Zürn (2019: 977–978) in arguing that ‘[politicization], in the most general terms, means the demand for, or the act of, transporting an issue or an institution into the sphere of politics – making previously unpolitical matters political’. More specifically, with regard to national foreign policy discourse, politicisation creates or makes visible a link between foreign policy and domestic politics. This can be observed by looking at three components of politicisation vis-à-vis a given foreign policy issue: (a) if awareness of it is high or on the rise, (b) if it is used for the mobilisation of political support, and (c) if political actors use it in contestation of the policies of political opponents, rather than merely those of technocratic actors within the bureaucracy (cf. Zürn, 2014: 50–51; also see Hackenesch et al., 2021: 5–7).2 These three components are interrelated. The higher the awareness of a certain foreign policy issue, the more attractive it is as a field for political mobilisation. After all, awareness itself is a function of an issue’s high salience to voters. However, voter salience varies dramatically across bilateral relations and foreign policy issue areas (cf. Narang and Staniland, 2018: 417–419). While there is room for manipulation by political leaders, so far we know very little about the conditions under which ‘playing the foreign policy card’ (Narang and Staniland, 2018: 419) in political campaigning is indeed a successful strategy, particularly so outside European or US contexts. Yet, mobilising voters around foreign policy issues not only hinges on their salience. In peace times at least, such issues must also allow for significant and comprehensible (e.g. non-technical) differences between opposing domestic political camps. Like its three components, politicisation is a continuous concept (Goertz, 2006: 34) – a specific foreign relation or policy as well as a country’s foreign policy generally can be more or less politicised. The comparison between our two cases illustrates this. As said, so far there is very little research defining populist as opposed to non-populist foreign policy politicisation. A useful exception is Chryssogelos (2019), who also relies on Zürn’s conceptualisation of politicisation. With reference to Greek foreign policy during the Eurozone crisis, he further distinguishes between what he calls ‘nationalist’ and ‘societal’ politicisation. Whereas the former denotes the conventional, non-populist opposition to specific policies adopted under EU pressure, the latter describes a specifically populist politicisation that ‘challenges the very legitimacy of internationalised state elites and the state’s membership of the EU as such’ (Chryssogelos 2019: 609). Accordingly, societal politicisation is not only more radical but also more unpredictable, erratic, and ‘contingent on factors like the ideological outlook of governing parties or short-term tactical considerations of politicians dealing with more energised, vigilant and suspicious electorates’ (Chryssogelos 2019: 617). Hence, non-populist politicisation may simply reflect the growing salience of international politics in a globalised world with more domestic interest groups invested more heavily in foreign affairs. By contrast, populist politicisation necessarily includes the opposition to foreign elites or their domestic affiliates, as well as references to the pure and virtuous ‘people’, and it may challenge the conventional conduct of international affairs in more fundamental ways. To conclude, based on the previous discussion of the concepts of populism and politicisation, we understand populist politicisation of foreign policy as the process by which a political actor3 promotes awareness of, mobilises with, and contests alternatives to his or her foreign policy course in domestic politics by deliberately framing those foreign policy issues in anti-elitist and people-centric terms. ## How populists politicise foreign policy Populist politicisation of foreign policy can take place to different degrees and in different ways. Think of Hugo Chávez, who made anti-Americanism a core element of his populism, leading to a strong politicisation of Venezuelan foreign policy and particularly of relations with the United States. Viktor Orbán radically restructured Hungary’s foreign policy machinery by exchanging technocrats within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with outspoken party loyalists (Visnovitz and Jenne, 2021). By contrast, other populists in power – Mexico’s Andrés Manuel López Obrador being one example here – have been less liable to politicise foreign policy. Moreover, some populists have tended to politicise foreign policy by generating fears, for example, of uncontrollable migration waves in the case of Italy’s former Interior Minister Salvini, while others like Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines have not necessarily resorted to similar fearmongering while politicising foreign policy. How can we make sense of these variations in the populist politicisation of foreign policy? As the examples above show, populist politicisation of foreign policy takes place to different degrees. We expect the intensity of politicisation to depend on the intensity of populist discourse. Theoretically, parts of the literature on populism argue that there is a close relationship between populism and politicisation. While Pappas (2019) regards the politicisation of popular resentments as a central mechanism of populism, Brubaker (2017: 367) considers ‘the antagonistic re-politicization of depoliticized domains of life’ one of its inherent elements. Indeed, foreign policy can be particularly suitable for populist politicisation. External notions of threat may be linked to the identification of domestic elites, thereby using foreign affairs for mobilisation purposes (Breeze, 2019). Populism’s reliance on anti-elitism also makes targeting supranational or foreign elites such as EU bureaucrats or Western corporations an attractive strategy. Moreover, to some authors, populism is a riposte to ‘liberal internationalism’ per se (Jahn, 2018: 44), which would naturally lead populists to demonise foreign actors – from international institutions to individual countries, and the ‘West’ at large. Foreign policy issues also offer incumbents the opportunity to speak in the name of the people and the national interest vis-à-vis other countries. Whoever then dares to question their policies challenges not only the political leader but also the ‘national interest’ as well as the popular will. Therefore, foreign policy may provide particularly fertile ground for populist rulers to emphasise the ‘indivisibility of the people’. Empirical research from the past few years shows that populists tend to centralise and personalise foreign policy-making (Destradi and Plagemann, 2019). We expect such centralisation and personalisation to also contribute to the populist politicisation of foreign policy. In fact, centralisation tends to benefit ideological hardliners over technocratic moderates – a recipe for making foreign policy more ‘political’. Personalisation, in turn, changes the ‘accountability environment’ of foreign policy (Narang and Staniland, 2018): Leaders who personalise foreign policy-making will be held more directly accountable for their respective courses of action. It is easy to see how personalisation may also increase politicisation, as the involvement of the populist leader raises awareness and, depending on the individual in question, may be used for mobilisation purposes – as, for instance, in the Trump administration’s conduct of relations with Mexico. More generally, many of the issues populists problematise (e.g. migration or the influence of multilateral organisations like the EU over domestic policy-making) can only be resolved by way of resorting to foreign policy. Hence, a populist capture of a selection of foreign policy issues appears almost unavoidable. There are therefore a range of theoretical arguments that lead us to expect that the more populist a government is, the more it is prone to politicise its foreign relations. The second aspect we are interested in concerns the way in which populist governments politicise foreign policy. To find out, one possible avenue is to look in greater detail at the features of populist discourse itself. While anti-elitism and people-centrism are two sides of the same coin, they can be emphasised to different degrees by populist leaders. In our endeavour to study the different facets of populist politicisation of foreign policy, we therefore highlight the multidimensionality of populism and suggest dissecting its two constitutive components (anti-elitism vs people-centrism) and their respective effects (see also Meijers and Zaslove, 2021). Depending on which element prevails, we expect populist politicisation of foreign policy to take different forms. In particular, if anti-elitism dominates, this might imply a populist leader’s efforts at generating awareness, at mobilising followership, and at contesting domestic opponents’ foreign policies by resorting to a narrative of oppression at the hands of ‘elites’, taking an ‘underdog’ approach to international relations along with adopting a fearmongering siege mentality (Taş, 2020b). By contrast, if populists prioritise people-centrism over anti-elitism and thereby primarily highlight the virtues of the ‘true people’ as opposed to the elite, we can expect them to underscore the greatness and strength of their nation when they talk about foreign policy. Correspondingly, populists who privilege people-centrism can be expected to politicise foreign policy in more ‘positive’ terms, by adopting a foreign policy discourse focused on emotions of hope and aspirations to global standing (Taş, 2020b). These populist leaders will generate awareness, mobilisation, and contestation of foreign policy issues by highlighting the greatness and the achievements of their ‘people’ in world politics. Through our explorative research we account for such different emphases on individual components of populism and we assess to what extent they are reflected in different discursive strategies of foreign policy politicisation. Finally, our research explores to what extent the very definition of the ‘people’ versus the ‘elite’ might lead to different ways of politicising foreign policy. As the literature on the ideational approach to populism has shown, the ‘people’ and the ‘elite’ are discursively constructed by populist leaders and filled with meaning in each specific case. For Trump, the Washington establishment was the elite that had betrayed the hard-working American people; for Duterte, it was ‘imperial Manila’. Similarly, the ‘people’ can be defined in nativist terms, or by excluding specific minorities (from religious ones to social groups like drug addicts in the Philippines); or it can rather be understood in transnational terms, as in the case of left- wing populist leaders in Latin America. We argue that specific understandings of the ‘people’ and the ‘elite’ will lead to different ways of politicising foreign policy. Populist leaders who conceive of the elite and/or of the people in transnational terms will be more prone to politicise foreign policy as compared to those who primarily see the elite and the people as domestic actors. If the source of all evils is located abroad (as in the case of the United States for left-wing populists like Chávez), the politicisation of foreign policy will be an almost immediate consequence. Similarly, if the ‘people’ whose will a populist government claims to embody is scattered beyond national borders, this very claim of representation will lead to a deep connection between domestic politics and foreign policy. ## Case selection and methodology Considering the pivotal role of individual leaders in the supply side of populism, we focus on populist leaders as agents of politicisation – asking whether and how they transport foreign policy issues into the sphere of domestic politics. Adopting a most similar systems design, we empirically explore and compare two cases of populist leaders from so-called emerging powers in the Global South: Erdoğan in Turkey and Modi in India. Both politicians are widely referred to as populists following the ideational understanding of populism adopted in this article (Destradi and Plagemann, 2019; Göksel, 2019; McDonnell and Cabrera, 2019; Öniş and Kutlay, 2020; Taş, 2020a, 2020b). Both endorse thick ideologies of the religious right: Muslim nationalism in the case of Erdoğan and Hindu nationalism in that of Modi (Jaffrelot, 2021; White, 2013). Both leaders have also habitually expressed a sense of foreign policy exceptionalism based on their countries’ supposedly superior cultural-religious heritage (Nymalm and Plagemann, 2019). Despite these similarities, a comparative analysis by Team Populism shows that Erdoğan and Modi resort to populist discourse to different degrees. On a scale of 0–2, Erdoğan’s discourse has a score of 1.5 (between ‘populist’ and ‘very populist’) for the years 2014–2018, while Modi’s discourse has a score of 0.5 (‘moderately populist’) for the years 2014–2019 (Lewis et al., 2019).4 This divergence in the intensity of populism between two otherwise similar cases makes them particularly suitable for testing the explanatory power of our expectations on the intensity and the features of populist politicisation of foreign policy. For our empirical analysis, we chose the method of qualitative content analysis, which allowed us to systematically assess the two leaders’ public discourses while ensuring validity and reliability (Schreier, 2012). We generated our own text corpus, collecting speeches directed at home audiences since we were interested in whether and how references to foreign policy were brought into the realm of domestic affairs. The longitudinal range of the qualitative data spans from 2014 to 2019. In 2014, not only Modi ascended to power in India, but also Erdoğan’s populism intensified in the aftermath of the anti-government Gezi Protests. Besides speeches, we also analysed selected tweets (see below) as research on populism has shown that populist discourse may vary across media and formats (Hawkins et al., 2019). Our text corpus consists of two sets of speeches and tweets by Erdoğan and Modi. Upon becoming prime minister in 2014, Modi introduced his monthly Mann ki Baat (MKB – Inner Thoughts) radio speeches. These represent Modi’s attempt to speak directly to and with the people, for example, by responding to individual citizens’ concerns communicated ‘directly’ to him via mail, email, telephone, or his ‘NaMo App’. These regular radio addresses were targeted at the majority of Indians of all ages and backgrounds. We included in our text corpus all MKB speeches given until the end of 2019. Besides these monthly speeches, we compiled Modi’s annual Independence Day speeches in the same period.5 Finally, we also selected foreign policy–related tweets from Modi’s personal Twitter account. As Modi is a prolific twitterer, for pragmatic reasons we narrowed down the data around four specific episodes,6 each of which involved security challenges related to India’s arch-enemy Pakistan, arguably the most pressing foreign policy issue for India with high domestic salience (2–21 January 2016 after the attack in Pathankot; 18 September–4 October 2016 after the attack in Uri; 14 February–15 March 2019 after the attack in Pulwama in Kashmir; and 5–31 August 2019, following the revocation of the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir). Similarly, the Turkish case study relies on two sets of speeches as well as on tweets by Erdoğan. The first set of textual data includes Erdoğan’s annual speeches at the opening session of the new legislative year for the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The second set covers a random selection of Erdoğan’s addresses at the weekly party-group sessions in parliament and weekly mukhtar (head of neighbourhood) meetings at the Presidential Palace (one for every month).7 Both annual and weekly speeches are regularly broadcast live via numerous pro-government television channels simultaneously, reaching millions of viewers. These two sets are enriched with a collection of Erdoğan’s tweets in the same time period. While Erdoğan once called Twitter the worst menace to society, he later took control of his account on the platform – personally posting his first tweet on 9 February 2015 (Hürriyet Daily News, 2015). The focus of the analysis is on tweets related to the Syrian civil war, arguably the most salient foreign policy and security issue in the years 2014 to 2019. With tweets on Syria and Pakistan we chose two foreign and security issues that already possess high salience and visibility in Turkish and Indian public debates, respectively. Thus, in contrast to the analysis of speeches, findings from our Twitter analyses say little about whether populists turned previously un-politicised foreign policy issues into politicised ones. However, including social media data was important for our exploration of degrees and varieties of politicisation, and we presumed particularly instructive findings in matters of high voter salience. Moreover, the importance of social media for populist leaders can be seen in the sheer number of tweets both leaders send out. The research rests on computer-assisted (MaxQDA) manual coding, which is time- intensive but particularly useful when dealing with both manifest and latent meaning within qualitative data. To keep coding reliable, consistent, and accurate, we not only generated our coding guidelines and held two training sessions, but also checked each other’s coding at both preparation and organisation phases to minimise cognitive biases. Based on the above-mentioned theoretical considerations, our codes were generated deductively. Specifically, our coding proceeded in three steps. First, we coded for foreign policy–related content (code: FP). Second, within the sections on foreign policy, we coded for populist content (code: PFP). In line with our understanding of populism outlined above, the main node of populist foreign policy has two interrelated but analytically distinct sub-categories: anti- elitism (any statement targeting an evil or corrupt elite; code: PFP anti- elitism) and people-centrism (any claim to speak in the name of the ‘people’ or unified ‘we’, depicting belief in the popular will; code: PFP people- centrism). In a third step, we coded for the politicisation of foreign policy. As outlined above, politicisation entails three distinct sub-categories: awareness, mobilisation, and contestation. We accounted for attempts to raise the public’s awareness of foreign policy by looking for an intensification of references to the latter over time.8 We coded mobilisation as calls for mass support for the government’s foreign policy efforts or calls to domestic actors for supporting the nation against foreign enemies and/or their domestic affiliates (code: P mobilisation). For contestation, we look for instances in which the leaders evocate cleavages between their government’s foreign policy and that of past governments and/or the positions of domestic political opponents (code: P contestation). ## Erdoğan and the politicisation of foreign policy Throughout the two decades and counting of Justice and Development Party (AKP) rule, populism in Turkey has taken on different hues. Especially after 2015, when the Kurdish peace process fully shattered, the notion of the people in the AKP’s populism exclusively referred to the Muslim/Sunni Turkish nation (Taş, 2020b). Gradually, the can-do spirit arising from the people-centrism in early AKP populism ‘to make Turkey great again’ would be replaced by a predominantly anti-elitist discourse and a concomitant narrative of victimhood depicting the Muslim Turkish nation as under assault from Western powers and their domestic collaborators (Özpek and Yaşar, 2018). After the 2013 anti- government Gezi Protests, the AKP resorted to such an increasingly conspiratorial populist discourse. To consolidate its conservative base amid growing social discontent, the government began depicting Turkey as being in a liberation war against imperialist Western powers, crusaders, and global financial lobbies, all combined under the umbrella term ‘mastermind’ (‘üst akıl’) – a ubiquitous conspiratorial power determined to divide and conquer the country, using its domestic pawns. Our analysis of Erdoğan’s speeches confirms this broad assessment. In total, 19.9% of the total text corpus (150,147 words) referred to foreign policy (FP), and of those statements 39% was framed in populist terms (PFP). In turn, anti-elitism represented 75.6% of populist foreign policy statements. Our qualitative analysis of the text corpus plus the Twitter data reveals that, blaming the invisible, anti-elitism clearly entails an international dimension, which automatically contributes to populist politicisation of foreign policy. According to Erdoğan, the Turkish nation shows ‘its loyalty to its future and independence in the face of the attempts by others [i.e., Western powers] to bring us to our knees by employing various terrorist organizations such as the PKK, DAESH and FETO’ (Erdoğan, 1 October 2019). Within the data considered here, all of Turkey’s foreign policy initiatives were presented in such a Manichean framing that renders the multiplicity of actors and events into the binaries of the oppressed, good people and the oppressive, evil international elite. Its operations in Northern Syria, for instance, were defended as ‘fighting against oppressors and terrorists’ (Erdoğan, Twitter 16 October 2019). For Erdoğan, Turkey had ‘to crush the head of the snake’ (Erdoğan, Twitter 21 January 2018) for its own survival and be present wherever needed for both its own future and that of its sister nations. While manufacturing the ‘elite’ as an outside actor renders foreign policy more relevant to domestic politics, the increasing politicisation has taken the form of a victimhood narrative. When it comes to the individual components of populist politicisation of foreign policy, generating awareness was not reflected in a growing number of references to foreign policy over time in the years 2014–2019. In qualitative terms, however, we see a growing urgency in Erdoğan’s discourse, clearly aiming at building awareness around the country’s ‘war of liberation’ on multiple fronts – from Libya to Syria. Framing the Syrian war as another plan of imperialist powers to divide and conquer the Middle East, Erdoğan argued that ‘Very insidious, evil and bloody games are being played over both our region and country today, too. The thing I call “[master]mind” is confronting us every day with new tricks’ and ‘Our War of Independence was the answer our nation gave to this scenario’ (Erdoğan, 14 December 2016). According to this narrative, Turkey’s fate was tied to the region as a whole and its military operations abroad became part of its struggle for independence. The ontological insecurity deliberately cultivated by such tensions around ‘the survival of the nation’ (milletin bekası) demands a strongman willing to break the rules. Moreover, this emphasis on existential foreign threats relates to the challenges to AKP rule at home since the 2013 Gezi Protests. Citing tensions abroad performs a diversionary function then, distracting from a faltering economy and the wider loss of popular support – which eventually led to the AKP losing both its absolute majority in parliament and a number of major municipalities in the 2019 elections. When it comes to mobilisation, the data confirm our expectations: in the speeches, in 13.6% of paragraphs referring to populist foreign policy, Erdoğan resorted to mobilisation. He discursively assigned his people the historic mission of defending their country, the last fortress of Islam. Accordingly, being the heir to Ottoman civilisation brings great responsibilities for those living in former Ottoman territories (Erdoğan, Twitter 01/10/2019). Thereby the people versus elite dichotomy is extended beyond national boundaries, depicting Turkey as a protector of oppressed nations against cruel global- elite powers: > There is great affection as well as hope with respect to our country in > regions where we have close historical, cultural and social ties. It is > possible to respond to such affection with some words of thanks, but hope > translates into bigger responsibilities for us. Therefore, we cannot turn > our backs on Iraq, Syria, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Balkans and > Eastern Europe. Neither do we have the right to turn a blind eye to North > Africa, Central Africa and South Asia. (Erdoğan, 1 October 2017) Such a call for duty alongside emotive language echoes well among Erdoğan’s audience. Responding to the exaltation of martyrdom in his speeches, for instance, his supporters cheered ‘Chief, take us to Afrin’ to show their readiness to fight in Syria. In one of those speeches, a 6-year-old girl in military uniform took the stage on the invitation of Erdoğan, who said: ‘If she\'s martyred, they\'ll lay a flag on her, God willing [. . .]. She is ready for everything, isn\'t she?’ (BBC, 2018). Contesting the contractual citizenship model of modern nation states, this securitised agenda calls for the people working for the survival of their state (rather than vice versa). Per this rationale, Erdoğan rhetorically declared ‘national mobilization’ against all terrorist organisations at home and abroad and suggested every citizen cooperate with the security forces (Erdoğan, 14/12/2016). Finally, foreign policy issues are frequently used in antagonisms drawing the lines of inclusion and exclusion and creating the political frontiers at home (contestation, which was coded in 15.9% of paragraphs referring to populist foreign policy in Erdoğan’s speeches). Whoever dares to challenge Turkey’s military interventions in the region is thus accused of not belonging to the people and collaborating with the imperialist powers. Referring to Turkey’s Liberation War (1919–1922), Erdoğan drew a parallel between the current opposition and those who defended the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) – the peace agreement envisaging the division of the Ottoman Empire along ethnic and religious lines (Erdoğan, 14 January 2020). Such de-contextualised historicising asserted that history in the form of a fight of good versus evil repeats itself. In other instances, Erdoğan accused the opposition parties CHP, HDP, and the Good Party of supporting Kurdish terrorism because of their divergent approaches to the ‘Syria Question’ (Erdoğan, 5 February 2019). While anti-elitism has informed much of Turkey’s foreign policy discourse, ranging from the Syrian war to relations with the EU to the Eastern Mediterranean gas dispute,9 Erdoğan has adopted different narratives in other policy fields. For instance, Turkey’s Africa policy was largely framed in terms of people-centrism, which depicts the Turkish nation as a blessing for the continent without colonial past or ambitions. Within this ‘Turkey is not like others’ approach, Erdoğan repeatedly argued that Turkey views Africa ‘from a humanitarian and conscientious perspective, not from the perspective of politics, strategies or interests’, as they both ‘share a common fate’ (i.e. European imperialism) (Erdoğan, 28 October 2020). Accordingly, Turkey then re-enacts its past Ottoman role as ‘virtuous power’ on the African continent. Apart from these diverse forms of politicisation, Turkey’s foreign policy towards China, for instance, does not exhibit any kind of politicisation at all. Despite the dominant religious and nationalist motifs in Erdoğan’s discourse, the Chinese suppression of Uyghurs, a Muslim Turkish minority, has not even been addressed – one early explicit exception in 2015 aside (Erdoğan, 9 July 2015). ## Modi and the politicisation of foreign policy The analysis of Modi’s speeches and tweets shows entirely different results as compared to the Turkish case. Of the total text corpus of 215,964 words, only 4.6% were devoted to foreign policy issues. Of those statements, 37.1% were framed in populist terms. When it comes to the two components of populism, Modi clearly emphasised the people-centric dimension. The radio speeches were declaredly apolitical (MKB, November 2018), focusing on a broad range of topics related to everyday life of ordinary people – from weather conditions to school examinations. Throughout his speeches, Modi highlighted national unity and the beauty of India’s cultural diversity – even resorting to the trope of ‘unity in diversity’ (e.g. MKB, 12/2018). In line with people- centrism and the claim to embody the popular will, Modi defined himself as ‘the Pradhan Sewak – the Chief Servant of the people’ (MKB, 05/2017) and claimed: > I am merely an instrument. It is not one single person who makes that > address, but it is the collective voice of 1.25 billion of my countrymen > that resounds from the Red Fort. I try to give words to their dreams [. . > .]. (MKB, 08/2017). Importantly, such people-centrism was only rarely accompanied by explicit anti-elitism in text segments referring to foreign policy. Of the statements coded as PFP, 89.8% contained references to people-centrism, and only 10.2% to anti-elitism. The latter were framed in very moderate tones, as in this statement trying to depict Modi as a common man and a pilgrim instead of a diplomat: > I had the opportunity to visit South Africa for the first time some time > back. During a foreign visit, diplomacy is practiced, there are trade > deliberations, discussions about security and as is customary, many MoUs are > concluded. But for me the visit to South Africa was more like a pilgrimage. > (MKB, 07/2016) On his Twitter account, in contrast, Modi was more openly anti-elitist, as in the following example: > India is united when it comes to fighting terrorism. India is proud of our > armed forces and the nation trusts the forces. 130 crore Indians have seen > through the dirty politics of a handful of Opposition parties on national > security! (Modi, Twitter 8 March 2019) Anti-elitism was at times framed in terms of deliberate conspiracies, such as ‘the conspiracy of keeping the farmers poor as always’ (MKB, 03/2015), while corruption and ‘black money’ were presented as evils against which to fight a ‘war’ (MKB, 12/2016). However, both the ‘people’ and the ‘elite’ were always conceptualised in domestic terms. Moreover, in most speeches Modi put emphasis on being constructive and not divisive, painting the picture of a unified and strong India rather than highlighting differences and tensions. While observers agree that Modi’s government has promoted a divisive discourse and a majoritarian Hindu culture to the detriment of minorities (e.g. Jaffrelot, 2021; Varshney, 2019), this is barely reflected in the prime minister’s radio addresses; instead, such discourse takes place through other channels (see below). As outlined above, foreign policy consistently played a marginal role in Modi’s radio addresses, with no increased efforts to raise awareness during the period analysed (the references to foreign policy in Modi’s MKB speeches stagnated over the period analysed). The most frequently mentioned foreign policy issues were India’s promotion of the International Day of Yoga (e.g. MKB, 03/2017), Indian successes in space technology and its international collaborations in this field (e.g. MKB, 06/2017), or India’s contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations (e.g. MKB, 10/2017). Other issues mentioned in Modi’s radio speeches included things like the launch of a ballistic interceptor missile (MKB, 02/2017) or brief references to the visits of foreign dignitaries. Foreign policy issues were nevertheless related to the populist elements in Modi’s discourse, as they were frequently presented as achievements or attributes of the people, in line with the ‘strength of the nation’ frame. By contrast, Modi never resorted to ‘underdog’ rhetoric. Indian culture was presented as a model emulated in other parts of the world, for example, in references to global Diwali celebrations (MKB, 10/2016). Moreover, Indian initiatives in different fields of global governance were presented as a natural consequence of the country’s core values – such as its peace-loving tradition (UN peacekeeping, MKB, 10/2017) or its respect for the environment (climate change mitigation, MKB, 05/2018). While on domestic issues – from agriculture to sanitation – Modi’s radio speeches are full of exhortations and calls for action, references to foreign policy include only few elements of mobilisation (20.3% of populist statements on foreign policy in Modi’s speeches) and contestation (only 3% of populist statements on foreign policy in Modi’s speeches). Even after high-profile incidents such as an attack by Pakistan-sponsored militants on an Indian military base in Uri, Kashmir, in 2016, Modi in his radio address did not explicitly attack Pakistan but called for ‘constructive’ contributions by the population: > We recently lost 18 brave sons of our country in a terrorist attack in Uri > Sector in Jammu and Kashmir [. . .]. There are strong emotions of widespread > grief as well as anger across the country. [. . .] The guilty will certainly > be punished. [. . .] I shall also like to add that the anger in the hearts > of our countrymen is of a very high value. It symbolises our national > consciousness. [. . .] Now, if all of us [. . .] make some constructive > contribution imbued with the feeling of patriotism, our country will most > definitely scale greater heights. (MKB, 09/2016) Overall, therefore, the Indian case reveals that a relatively moderate populist discourse, with the ‘people’ and the ‘elite’ defined in domestic terms and an emphasis on people-centrism, was accompanied by an only extremely limited politicisation of foreign policy in the prime minister’s public addresses. The few foreign policy issues that were addressed were framed in terms of the strength of the nation, and Modi did not resort to an underdog discourse. Instead, he highlighted the achievements of India and the value (and moral superiority) of the country’s traditions. ## Analysis: Variation in the populist politicisation of foreign policy Our empirical analysis had the goal to explore the features of populist politicisation of foreign policy. Our empirical analysis indeed reveals interesting differences in the politicisation of foreign policy by populist leaders, which can be drawn back to the distinctive features of populism in the two cases, especially its intensity, the relative weight of its constitutive components (anti-elitism vs people-centrism), and the way in which the ‘people’ and the ‘elite’ are defined. As emerges from the analysis above, the two leaders differ in the extent to which they politicise foreign policy in public discourse. First of all, foreign policy issues take up very different shares of the text corpus of Modi’s versus Erdoğan’s speeches (Figure 1). ![](\\"/cms/10.1177/13691481221075944/asset/images/large/10.1177_13691481221075944-fig1.jpeg\\")Figure 1. Share of foreign policy issues (FP) in speeches analysed. Moreover, the qualitative analysis reveals that the kinds of issues addressed differ in a fundamental way. Despite ongoing conflicts with a nuclear-armed arch-enemy (Pakistan) and a regional rival (China), in the case of India, foreign policy issues were addressed in an almost apolitical and consistently positive way. By contrast, Erdoğan’s references to foreign policy were expressed in nearly apocalyptical tones entailing a high degree of mobilisation and contestation and thereby a much more pronounced politicisation. We found the differences so striking that we expanded the analysis of the Indian case beyond Modi’s supposedly ‘apolitical’ radio addresses and also coded his yearly Independence Day speeches. Here too we found few references to foreign policy, and practically no politicisation. This does not mean, however, that Modi refrains from politicising foreign policy altogether. In fact, his much more combative speeches at election rallies frequently include the politicisation of foreign policy issues, as was the case shortly before parliamentary elections in 2019: > I am astonished that when the entire nation is standing with the Indian > army, there are a few people who are suspecting the army itself. On one > hand, the entire world is supporting India in the war against terrorism, > while a few parties doubt our fight against terrorism. These are the same > people whose statements and articles are being used by the Pakistani > Parliament, radio and television channels against India. These people have > turned into anti-national from being anti-Modi. They are harming the nation. > (Modi, 2019) Another sphere of politicisation that is not reflected in our data is Modi’s proactive cultivation of India’s diaspora (Plagemann and Destradi, 2019) – arguably a group that had been marginalised in India’s foreign policy establishment but now forms a strong part in the societal coalition that sustains Modi’s power (also see Chryssogelos and Martill, 2021). Nonetheless, the relative irrelevance of foreign policy issues in Modi’s speeches to the widest audiences is telling. Thus, we find substantial support for our expectation that the more populist a leader’s discourse is, the more he or she politicises foreign policy. Besides differences in the intensity of populism, the relative weight each leader accords to the two constitutive elements of populism, per the ideational understanding of it, also clearly differs (Figure 2). ![](\\"/cms/10.1177/13691481221075944/asset/images/large/10.1177_13691481221075944-fig2.jpeg\\")Figure 2. Shares of anti-elitism and people-centrism in statements coded as PFP. Modi’s emphasis on people-centrism highlights his country’s strengths and greatness, rather than foreign adversaries or threats. Whereas references to fraught relations with China or Pakistan – or to any other imminent foreign policy issue – are virtually absent, Modi habitually mentions the International Day of Yoga as a major example of India’s rich contribution to the world. Tellingly, ‘China’ and ‘Pakistan’ are mentioned a mere seven times each in the entire MKB corpus. By contrast, ‘Yoga Day’ is mentioned 42 times and discussed in much greater detail. Modi’s Independence Day speeches also follow this pattern. Overall, Erdoğan exhibits a populism that is both more intense and more anti- elitist, while also articulating a foreign policy discourse that stresses Turkey as a victim of malign foreign forces. In his conspiratorial rhetoric, Erdoğan uses ‘the mastermind’ as an all-encompassing term capturing Western imperialists, transnational lobbies and actors like investor George Soros, against all of whom Turkey is fighting a ‘war of liberation’ (Erdoğan, 30 October 2019). With this narrative of wronged Turks against the Western imperialist elite, he taps into the persistent ‘Sèvres Syndrome’: the popular belief that Western powers are seeking to bring down and invade Turkey (Erdoğan, 14 December 2016). Adopting an ‘underdog’ approach to foreign relations, he generates fear among his followers. Thriving on a shared feeling of insecurity, he intensifies latent public fears in order to create a sense of ‘we-ness’ and consolidate his base. Thus, the findings also support our expectations with regard to how the features of populism will shape the way foreign policy is politicised. Finally, the very framing of the ‘elite’ and the ‘people’ matters in shaping the populist politicisation of foreign policy. In the case of India, the elite is defined in domestic terms and the ‘people’ is primarily understood as a national community unified by a Hindu religious identity (even though the Indian diaspora also matters in Modi’s understanding of the people). This might contribute to the much lower degree of populist politicisation of foreign policy as compared to the case of Turkey. By contrast, the AKP’s populist discourse conceptualises the elite primarily in international/transnational terms. Meanwhile, the people is understood as a monolithic entity, epitomised in Erdoğan’s infamous Rabaa motto (‘one nation, one flag, one homeland, one state’), pitted against an international elite. The clearly international connotations of anti-elitism in Turkey facilitate a more pronounced populist politicisation of foreign policy. ## Conclusion: Avenues for further research Examining two prominent cases of populism from the Global South underscores the multidimensionality of populism, understood in ideational terms, and suggests that dissecting its constitutive components (anti-elitism and people- centrism) and their respective effects is a fruitful exercise (Meijers and Zaslove, 2021). While populism itself is a politicised concept, this article sought to conceptualise the populist politicisation of foreign policy. Populist politicisation can be conceptualised by its difference in degree that can be scaled on a continuum across its two subtypes classified here as anti- elitist and people-centric. Contrary to the bulk of academic studies considering politicisation as an either-or concept, we found that the degree of populist politicisation varies depending on the intensity of populist discourse. Moreover, the prevalence of one of the features of populism (anti- elitism vs people-centrism) ultimately leads to different types of politicisation (underdog discourse vs ‘strength of the nation’ narrative). Future research will need to delve deeper into the peculiar conditions under which populists are more or less prone to politicise foreign policy. The two case studies provide some interesting preliminary insights in this regard. One possible factor that mitigates populists’ tendency to politicise foreign policy is the salience of foreign policy for the general public, which tends to be lower in India than it is in Turkey. Correspondingly, future research needs to explore to what extent the salience of foreign policy to voters as well as individual voter segments plays a role in inducing populists to politicise it or not. Furthermore, our two cases hint at the importance of regional contexts. For India, bordering two nuclear-armed regional rivals, Pakistan and China, demands a delicate handling of the situation. Given the power asymmetry between the two countries, politicising relations with China is risky for an outspokenly nationalist leader. Future studies on the populist politicisation of foreign policy also need to explore whether a government’s duration in office has an impact. Interestingly, Modi resembles the early Erdoğan in his pragmatism, along with a proactive foreign policy conveying the message that his country is ready to assert itself to take regional and global responsibilities. Following his re- election as prime minister in 2007, Erdoğan incrementally adopted a more ideologically restrictive discourse. As argued by Pappas (2019) and others, populists enganger democracy. While this might be less prominent when winning power for the first time, their more radical streaks may come out gradually – potentially playing out in foreign policy as well as other domains. In addition, our analysis points to the need to better understand the variety of forms of political communication adopted by populist governments. Modi has repeatedly demonstrated his ability to diversify his message according to his target audience (Mahapatra and Plagemann, 2019: 3). Politicisation of foreign policy issues in the more combative election rallies fits with Modi’s sophisticated communication strategy. Moreover, Modi’s own messaging should be seen in the context of the discourse of the wider Hindu-nationalist environment in India, in which the more radical and divisive messaging has been left to political allies, local politicians, and a capillary network of Hindu-nationalist organisations operating in social media as well as offline (Jaffrelot, 2021). Finally, future research needs to address the consequences of politicisation for the actual foreign policy practice of populist governments. In the two cases analysed, the formation of a populist government had very different impacts on respective foreign policies. Whereas Modi so far has not radically transformed his nation’s foreign relations regionally or globally, Turkey’s foreign policy under Erdoğan has changed substantially. Thus, the ways in which populist politicisation of foreign policy impacts foreign policy outcomes need to be systematically examined. ## Acknowledgments Earlier versions of this paper were presented at IB Sektionstagung in October 2020, at the Jour Fixe of the Chair of IR, University of Freiburg, in December 2020, and at the Special Issue authors’ workshop in March 2021. We are grateful to the participants, and especially to Kai Oppermann, Egecan Hüsemoğlu, Angela Geck, Konrad Ringleb, and an anonymous reviewer at the Special Issue workshop, as well as to the anonymous referees during the review process, for their helpful feedback. We also would like to thank Sangeeta Mahapatra and Lukas Schmid for excellent research assistance. ## Authors’ note Authors are listed in alphabetical order. ## Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Sandra Destradi and Johannes Plagemann’s work on this article builds on research conducted in the context of the project ‘Populism and Foreign Policy’ funded by the German Research Foundation (grant DFG-DE 1918/3-1 and DFG-PL 797/3-1). ## ORCID iDs Sandra Destradi Hakkı Taş ## Footnotes 1\. On the fundamental argument that the ‘international system is not only a consequence of domestic politics and structures but a cause of them’, see Gourevitch (1978). 2\. Note that contestation in our understanding is related but not equal to polarisation. Whereas the former is a public act of disagreement over individual (or a series of) policies, polarisation describes a longer-term change of political debate often also associated with populism. For a diverging use of the term contestation as an act that may also take place outside the public purview, see Hackenesch et al. (2021: 6). 3\. Contrary to other understandings of politicisation found in recent literature on the European Union (EU), we consider political leaders to be potential agents of politicisation. That is, politicisation not merely ‘implies change over time’ (Biedenkopf et al., 2021: 329), but can be the consequence of individual political agency by populist leaders. 4\. This discrepancy notwithstanding, there is considerable empirical evidence for classifying Modi and his BJP as populist. For instance, based on interviews with BJP politicians, McDonnell and Cabrera find that party representatives echo Mudde by emphasising that ‘politics should reflect the general will of the people’ (2019: 489) and describe the oppositional ‘Congress as a party of rich elites that was very distant from the people and utterly centred on the Gandhi family, which itself was not really Indian (and hence not of the people)’. Also see Jaffrelot (2021: 31–73) and Plagemann and Destradi (2019: 289–291). 5\. In the following, we refer to the month and year of the MKB speech in question in brackets. All speeches are available online in English at: (accessed 14 January 2020). Modi’s Independence Day speeches are available at: (accessed 15 December 2020). 6\. Tweets by Modi are cited as ‘Modi Twitter’ plus the date of the tweet. The same applies for Erdoğan’s tweets. 7\. These addresses can be found on the official homepage of the Office of the Presidency at: (accessed 20 September 2020). 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Does Sri Lanka rank second in the latest ICC World Test Championship rankings However the original sentence seems to be a question The translation should reflect the question format Does Sri Lanka rank second in the latest ICC World Test Championship rankings | 3,179 | Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file ![\\"\\"](\\"/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png\\") ![\\"Wikipedia\\"](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark- en.svg\\") ![\\"The](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline- en.svg\\") Search Search * Donate Appearance * Create account * Log in Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk ## Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Early years and personal life * 2 Spelling and meaning of name * 3 Domestic cricket Toggle Domestic cricket subsection * 3.1 In Sri Lanka * 3.2 In England * 3.3 In India * 3.4 In Australia * 4 International career Toggle International career subsection * 4.1 Bowling style and career progress * 4.2 Test cricket * 4.2.1 Emerging years * 4.2.2 Boxing Day Test 1995 * 4.2.3 Mid career * 4.2.4 Passing Walsh and Warne * 4.2.5 Beyond the world record * 4.2.6 Performance analysis * 4.2.7 Test wicket milestones * 4.3 One day internationals * 4.3.1 Career summary * 4.4 Batting * 4.5 Abuse in Australia * 4.6 Retirement * 5 After retirement * 6 Coaching career * 7 World records and achievements * 8 Recognition * 9 Controversy of bowling action Toggle Controversy of bowling action subsection * 9.1 First throwing citation and testing * 9.2 Second citation and testing * 9.3 Third citation and testing * 9.4 University of South Australia study * 9.5 Fourth round of testing * 9.6 Bowling with an arm brace * 9.7 Critics and converts * 10 Scientific research on bowling actions * 11 Philanthropy * 12 Other work * 13 In popular culture * 14 See also * 15 References * 16 External links Toggle the table of contents # Muttiah Muralitharan 26 languages * العربية * অসমীয়া * বাংলা * Dansk * Deutsch * Français * Hausa * हिन्दी * Bahasa Indonesia * Italiano * ಕನ್ನಡ * Latviešu * മലയാളം * मराठी * مصرى * नेपाली * 日本語 * Norsk bokmål * ਪੰਜਾਬੀ * پنجابی * Polski * සිංහල * Svenska * தமிழ் * తెలుగు * اردو Edit links * Article * Talk English * Read * Edit * View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects * Wikimedia Commons Appearance move to sidebar hide Checked From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ## Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 September 2024. Sri Lankan cricketer (born 1972) This article is about a person whose name includes a patronymic. The article properly refers to the person by his given name, Muralitharan, and not as Muttiah. Deshabandu Muttiah Muralitharan ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Photograph_of_Muttiah_Muralitharan.jpg/220px- Photograph_of_Muttiah_Muralitharan.jpg\\")Muralitharan at the CEAT Cricket Ratings Awards in February 2013 --- Personal information Born| (1972-04-17) 17 April 1972 (age 52)Kandy, Sri Lanka[1] Nickname| Murali Height| 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) Batting| Right-handed Bowling| Right-arm off break Role| Bowler International information National side| * Sri Lanka (1992–2011) Test debut (cap 54)| 28 August 1992 v Australia Last Test| 18 July 2010 v India ODI debut (cap 70)| 12 August 1993 v India Last ODI| 2 April 2011 v India ODI shirt no.| 8 T20I debut (cap 13)| 22 December 2006 v New Zealand Last T20I| 31 October 2010 v Australia Domestic team information Years| Team 1991/92–2009/10| Tamil Union 1999, 2001, 2005, 2007| Lancashire 2003| Kent 2008–2010| Chennai Super Kings 2011| Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011–2012| Gloucestershire 2011/12| Wellington Firebirds 2011/12| Chittagong Kings 2012–2014| Royal Challengers Bangalore 2012/13–2013/14| Melbourne Renegades 2013| Jamaica Tallawahs Career statistics | Competition | Test | ODI | FC | LA ---|---|---|---|--- Matches | 133[2] | 350[3] | 232 | 453 Runs scored | 1,256 | 674 | 2,192 | 945 Batting average | 11.67 | 6.80 | 11.35 | 7.32 100s/50s | 0/1 | 0/0 | 0/1 | 0/0 Top score | 67 | 33* | 67 | 33* Balls bowled | 44,039 | 18,811 | 66,933 | 23,734 Wickets | 800 | 534 | 1,374 | 682 Bowling average | 22.72 | 23.08 | 19.64 | 22.39 5 wickets in innings | 67 | 10 | 119 | 12 10 wickets in match | 22 | 0 | 34 | 0 Best bowling | 9/51 | 7/30 | 9/51 | 7/30 Catches/stumpings | 72/– | 130/– | 123/– | 159/– Medal record | Men\'s Cricket --- Representing ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px- Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png\\") Sri Lanka ICC Cricket World Cup Winner | 1996 India-Pakistan-Sri Lanka Runner-up | 2007 West Indies Runner-up | 2011 India–Bangladesh–Sri Lanka Source: ESPNcricinfo, 8 January 2014 Deshabandu Muttiah Muralitharan[4] (born 17 April 1972) is a Sri Lankan cricket coach, businessman and former professional cricketer. Averaging over six wickets per Test match, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of the sport. He is the only bowler to take 800 Test wickets and more than 530 One Day International (ODI) wickets. As of 2024[update], he has taken more wickets in international cricket than any other bowler.[5] Muralitharan was a part of the Sri Lankan team that won the 1996 Cricket World Cup. Muralitharan\'s international career was beset by controversy over his bowling action. Due to an unusual hyperextension of his congenitally bent arm during delivery, his bowling action was called into question on a number of occasions by umpires and sections of the cricket community.[6] After biomechanical analysis under simulated playing conditions, Muralitharan\'s action was cleared by the International Cricket Council, first in 1996 and again in 1999.[7] Muralitharan held the number one spot in the International Cricket Council\'s player rankings for Test bowlers for a record period of 1,711 days spanning 214 Test matches.[8] He became the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket when he overtook the previous record-holder Shane Warne on 3 December 2007.[9][10] Muralitharan had previously held the record when he surpassed Courtney Walsh\'s 519 wickets in 2004, but he suffered a shoulder injury later that year and was overtaken by Warne.[11] Muralitharan took the wicket of Gautam Gambhir on 5 February 2009 in Colombo to surpass Wasim Akram\'s ODI record of 502 wickets.[12] He retired from Test cricket in 2010, registering his 800th and final wicket on 22 July 2010 from his final ball in his last Test match.[13] Muralitharan was rated the greatest Test match bowler by Wisden\'s Cricketers\' Almanack in 2002, and in 2017 was the first Sri Lankan cricketer to be inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.[14] He won the Ada Derana Sri Lankan of the Year award in 2017.[15] ## Early years and personal life [edit] Muralitharan was born 17 April 1972 to a Hill Country Tamil Hindu family in Kandy, Sri Lanka, the eldest of the four sons to Sinnasamy Muttiah and Lakshmi. Muralitharan\'s father, Sinnasamy Muttiah, runs a successful biscuit- making business.[16] Muralitharan\'s paternal grandfather, Periyasamy Sinasamy, came from South India to work in the tea plantations of central Sri Lanka in 1920.[17] Sinasamy later returned to the country of his birth with his daughters and settled in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. However, his sons, including Muralitharan\'s father Muttiah, remained in Sri Lanka.[18] When he was nine years old, Muralitharan was sent to St. Anthony\'s College, Kandy, a private school run by Benedictine monks. He began his cricketing career as a medium pace bowler but on the advice of his school coach, Sunil Fernando, he took up off-spin when he was fourteen years old. He soon impressed and went on to play for four years in the school First XI. In those days he played as an all-rounder and batted in the middle order. In his final two seasons at St Anthony\'s College he took over one hundred wickets and in 1990–91 was named as the \'Bata Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year\'.[19] After leaving school he joined Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club and was selected for the Sri Lanka A tour of England in 1991. He played in five games but failed to capture a single wicket. On his return to Sri Lanka he impressed against Allan Border\'s Australian team in a practice game and then went on to make his Test debut at R. Premadasa Stadium in the Second Test match of the series.[20] When his grandfather died at the age of 104 in July 2004, Muralitharan returned home from Asia Cup to attend his funeral. Periyasamy Sinasamy\'s first wish to see Muralitharan claiming the world record for the most Test wickets was realised (passing the record set by Courtney Walsh), but not his desire to live to see his grandson married. Muralitharan\'s grandmother had died one month earlier at the age of 97. Muralitharan\'s manager, Kushil Gunasekera, stated that \"Murali\'s family is closely knit and united. They respect traditional values. The late grandfather enjoyed a great relationship with Murali.\"[21] Muralitharan married Madhimalar Ramamurthy,[22] a Chennai native, on 21 March 2005.[23][24] Madhimalar is the daughter of the late Dr S. Ramamurthy of Malar Hospitals, and his wife Dr Nithya Ramamurthy.[25] Their first child, Naren, was born in January 2006.[26] Muttiah Muralitharan holds Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)[27] and he does not need a visa for travelling to India. According to his manager, Kushil Gunasekera, Muralitharan qualifies for this status because his family originates from India.[28] Muttiah announced on 3 April 2011 that he was retiring from all sport. ## Spelling and meaning of name [edit] Even though his name was widely romanised as Muralitharan from the start of his career, he prefers the spelling Muralidaran. The different spellings have arisen because the Tamil letter த can be pronounced as both \'t\' and \'d\' depending on its place in a word. It is often transliterated as \'th\' to distinguish it from another letter, ட, which is a retroflex \'t\' or \'d\'. In 2007, when Cricket Australia decided to unveil the new Warne-Muralidaran Trophy, to be contested between Australia and Sri Lanka, Muralitharan was requested to clarify how his name should be spelt. Cricket Australia spokesman Peter Young confirmed that \"the spelling he\'s given is Muralidaran\".[29] The first-day cover involving Muralitharan bears an official seal captioned as \"The highest wicket taker in Test cricket, MUTHIAH MURALIDARAN, First Day of Issue 03.12.2007, Camp Post Office, Asgiriya International Cricket Stadium, Kandy\".[30] ## Domestic cricket [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Muttiah_Muralitharan- web.jpg/220px-Muttiah_Muralitharan-web.jpg\\")Muralitharan bowling for Gloucestershire in 2011. ### In Sri Lanka [edit] In domestic cricket, Muralitharan played for two first-class Sri Lankan sides, Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club in the Premier Trophy and Central Province in the Provincial Championship. His record is exceptional – 234 wickets at 14.51 runs in 46 matches.[31] ### In England [edit] He also played county cricket in England, mainly for Lancashire (1999, 2001, 2005 and 2007), appearing in twenty-eight first-class games for the club. He played five first class games for Kent during the 2003 season. His bowling record in English domestic cricket is also exceptional – 236 wickets at 15.62 runs in 33 matches.[31] Despite his efforts, he was never on a title-winning first-class domestic team in either the Premier Trophy or the County Championship. He was unusual amongst his contemporaries in that he played in more Test matches than other first-class games (116 Tests and 99 other first- class matches as of 30 November 2007). Muralitharan was signed by Gloucestershire in 2011 to play in T20 matches. He renewed his T20 contract with Gloucestershire in 2012, but did not stay on for the 2013 season. ### In India [edit] Muralitharan was contracted to represent Bengal in the 2008–09 Ranji Trophy tournament. He was expected to play about four matches in the tournament\'s second division – the Plate League. In February 2008, Muralitharan was slated to play Twenty20 cricket for the Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League (IPL). He was bought for $600,000 by India Cements, the Chennai franchisee of the IPL, through a bidding process.[32] The Chennai Super Kings were the runners-up in the inaugural edition of the IPL, losing to the Rajasthan Royals in the final. Muralitharan captured 11 wickets in 15 games, at an economy rate of 6.96 an over. In 2010, in the third season of IPL, Muralitharan was part of the Chennai Super Kings side that won the IPL championship.[33] Muralitharan also remained the side\'s leading wicket-taker after all the three tournaments.[34] At the 2011 IPL Player Auction Muralitharan was bought by Kochi Tuskers Kerala for US$1.1 million.[35] In the 2012 season Muralitharan moved to Royal Challengers Bangalore, where he took 14 wickets in 9 games and had an average economy rate of 6.38. He played for Royal Challengers Bangalore from 2012 to 2014. He decided to retire from the IPL in 2014. In 2015, Muralitharan was appointed as the bowling coach and mentor of the IPL team Sunrisers Hyderabad. ### In Australia [edit] Muttiah Muralitharan signed for the Melbourne Renegades to play Twenty20 cricket in the Big Bash League in 2012. He stated, \"I wanted to play one season in Australia and the opportunity from the Melbourne Renegades was there so I took it with both hands.\"[36][37] ## International career [edit] ### Bowling style and career progress [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MMuralidaranBowling.png/600px- MMuralidaranBowling.png\\")A graph showing Muralitharan\'s Test career bowling statistics and how they have varied over time Muralitharan is the first wrist-spinning off-spinner in the history of the game.[38] He bowls marathon spells, yet he is usually on the attack. His unique bowling action begins with a short run-up, and culminates with an open- chested extremely wristy release from a partly supinated forearm which had him mistaken for a leg-spinner early in his career by Allan Border.[39] Aside from his stock delivery, the off-break, of which he claimed to have two variations (during a recorded television \'doosra\' show off with Mark Nicholas from Channel 4 in 2004), his main deliveries are a fast topspinner which lands on the seam and usually goes straight on, and the doosra, a surprise delivery which turns from leg to off (the opposite direction of his stock delivery) with no easily discernible change of action.[40][41] Additionally, he would occasionally use one of his several unnamed novelties. His super-flexible wrist makes him especially potent and guarantees him turn on any surface.[7] From his debut in 1992, Muralitharan took 800 Test wickets and over 500 One Day International wickets, becoming the first player to take 1,000 wickets combined in the two main forms of international cricket. ### Test cricket [edit] #### Emerging years [edit] On 28 August 1992 at the age of 20, Muralitharan made his debut against Australia at the Khettarama Stadium and claimed 3 for 141. Craig McDermott was his first Test wicket. In August 1993 at Moratuwa, Muralitharan captured 5 for 104 in South Africa\'s first innings, his first five-wicket haul in Tests. His wickets included Kepler Wessels, Hansie Cronje and Jonty Rhodes. Prior to the eventful Boxing Day Test of 1995, Muralitharan had captured 80 wickets in 22 Tests at an unflattering average of 32.74. Even at that point in his career he was the leading wicket taker for Sri Lanka having gone past Rumesh Ratnayake\'s aggregate of 73 wickets. #### Boxing Day Test 1995 [edit] During the second Test between Sri Lanka and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on Boxing Day 1995, Australian umpire Darrell Hair called Muralitharan for throwing in front of a crowd of 55,239. The off-spinner was no-balled seven times in three overs by Hair, who believed the then 23-year- old was bending his arm and straightening it in the process of delivery; an illegal action in cricket. Muralitharan had bowled two overs before lunch from umpire Steve Dunne\'s or the Members\' End of the ground with umpire Hair at square leg and these passed without incident. At 2:34 pm he took up the attack from umpire Hair\'s or the southern end. Muralitharan\'s third over was a maiden with all deliveries again passed as legitimate but in his fourth Hair no-balled him twice for throwing on the fourth and sixth balls. The umpire continued to call him three times in his fifth over on the second, fourth and sixth balls. While the bowler stood with his hands on his hips perplexed, the five calls provoked an immediate response by the Sri Lankan captain Arjuna Ranatunga who left the field at 3:03 pm to take advice from his team management. He returned at 3:08 pm and continued with Muralitharan who was called two more times in his sixth over on the second and sixth balls. At 3:17 pm Ranatunga removed the bowler from the attack, although he reintroduced him at 3:30 pm at umpire Dunne\'s end. Although Hair reports in his book, \"Decision Maker\", that at the end of the tea break he stated that he would call Muralitharan no matter which end he bowled he did not do so. Muralitharan completed another twelve overs without further no-balls and, after bowling Mark Waugh, finished the day with figures of 18–3–58–1.[42] After being no-balled Muralitharan bowled a further 32 overs from umpire Steve Dunne\'s end without protest from either Dunne or Hair, at square leg. The Sri Lankan camp was outraged after the incident, but the ICC defended Hair, outlining a list of steps they had taken in the past to determine, without result, the legitimacy of Muralitharan\'s action.[43] By calling Muralitharan from the bowlers\' end Hair overrode what is normally regarded as the authority of the square leg umpire in adjudicating on throwing. Dunne would have had to break convention to support his partner. At the end of the match the Sri Lankans requested from the ICC permission to confer with Hair to find out exactly how to remedy the problem with their bowler. Despite the game\'s controlling body agreeing to it, the Australian Cricket Board vetoed it on the grounds that it might lead to umpires being quizzed by teams after every game and meant that the throwing controversy would continue into the World Series Cup during the coming week. The Sri Lankans were disappointed they did not get an explanation and decided they would continue playing their bowler in matches not umpired by Hair and wanted to know whether other umpires would support or reject Hair\'s judgement.[44] Muralitharan\'s action was cleared by the ICC after biomechanical analysis at the University of Western Australia and at the Hong Kong University of Science & Technology in 1996. They concluded that his action created the \'optical illusion of throwing\'.[7] #### Mid career [edit] On 16 March 1997, Muralitharan became the first Sri Lankan to reach 100 test wickets, when he dismissed Stephen Fleming in the second innings of the Hamilton Test. In January 1998, Muralitharan took his first ten-wicket haul against Zimbabwe in the first test at Kandy. Sri Lanka won by eight wickets and Muralitharan had figures of 12 for 117. In August that same year Muralitharan produces his career-best test match figures of 16 for 220, in the one-off test against England. In England\'s second innings Muralitharan bowled a marathon 54.2 overs to pick up 9 for 65 runs,[45] the other wicket being a run out. Ben Hollioake becomes his 200th test wicket. Sri Lanka won by ten wickets, their first Test victory in England. After breaking the world record for the most test wickets in 2007, Muralitharan commented that his 1998 performance at the Oval against England, was his career highlight. He stated \"Everyone thought I was a good bowler then and I didn\'t look back from there.\"[46] Playing his 58th test, Muralitharan claimed his 300th test wicket when he dismissed Shaun Pollock in the First Test in Durban, in December 2000. Only Dennis Lillee reached the milestone faster, in his 56th test. On 4 January 2002 in Kandy Muralitharan might have finished with the best-ever figures for a single innings, but after he had claimed nine wickets against Zimbabwe Russel Arnold dropped a catch at short leg.[38] He missed out on the tenth when Chaminda Vaas dismissed Henry Olonga caught behind amid stifled appeals. Muralitharan follows up his 9 for 51 in the first innings with 4 for 64 in the second, equalling Richard Hadlee\'s record of 10 ten-wicket match hauls, but needing 15 fewer Tests to do so. On 15 January 2002 playing in his 72nd test, Muralitharan became the fastest and youngest to reach the 400-wicket landmark when he bowled Olonga in the third Test in Galle.[47][48] On 16 March 2004 Muralitharan became the fastest and the youngest bowler to reach 500 wickets during the second test between Sri Lanka and Australia played in Kandy. In his 87th test, he bowled Kasprowicz to claim his 500th victim just four days after Warne reached the landmark on the fifth day of the First Test between the two teams at Galle. Warne took 108 tests to reach 500. Muralitharan took 4–48 on the first day of the second Test as Australia were skittled for 120 in the first innings.[49] #### Passing Walsh and Warne [edit] In May 2004, Muralitharan overtook West Indian Courtney Walsh\'s record of 519 Test match wickets to become the highest wicket-taker. Zimbabwe\'s Mluleki Nkala becomes Muralitharan\'s 520th scalp in Tests. Muralitharan held the record until Shane Warne claimed it in October 2004. Warne surpassed Muralitharan\'s mark of 532 wickets by dismissing India\'s Irfan Pathan. Warne said he enjoyed his duel with Muralitharan, who was sidelined following shoulder surgery at the time.[50] After an outstanding year Muralitharan was adjudged as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2006. In six Tests, he took 60 wickets. He took ten in each of four successive matches, the second time he performed such a feat. The opponents for his 60-wicket haul were England away, South Africa at home and New Zealand away: serious opposition. In all, Muralitharan took 90 wickets in 11 Tests in the calendar year. [51] For his performances in 2006, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC[52][_circular reference_] and ESPNcricinfo.[53] In July 2007, Muttiah Muralitharan became the second bowler after Warne to capture 700 Test wickets. The off-spinner reached the landmark when he had Bangladesh\'s last man Syed Rasel caught in the deep by Farveez Maharoof on the fourth day of the third and final Test at the Asgiriya stadium in Kandy. The dismissal signalled Sri Lanka\'s victory by an innings and 193 runs to give the host a 3–0 sweep of the series. Muralitharan finished with six wickets in each innings to claim 10 wickets or more in a Test for the 20th time.[54] However, he was unable to pass Warne\'s record of 708 wickets when Sri Lanka toured Australia in November 2007, capturing just four wickets in two Test matches. Muralitharan reclaimed the record for most Test wickets during the first Test against England at Kandy on 3 December 2007. The spinner bowled England\'s Paul Collingwood to claim his 709th Test victim and overtaking Shane Warne in the process.[9] Muralitharan reached the mark in his 116th Test – 29 fewer than Warne – and had conceded only 21.77 runs per wicket compared to the Australian\'s 25.41. This was Muralitharan\'s 61st 5-wicket haul.[11][55] Warne believed that Muralitharan would take \"1,000 wickets\" before he retired.[56] Former record holder Courtney Walsh also opined that this would be possible if Muralitharan retained his hunger for wickets.[57] Muralitharan himself believed there was a possibility that he would reach this milestone.[58] For his performances in 2007, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC[52][_circular reference_] and ESPNcricinfo.[59] #### Beyond the world record [edit] In July 2008, Muralitharan and Ajantha Mendis stopped India\'s strong batting as Sri Lanka won the first Test by a record innings and 239 runs in Colombo. Muralitharan finished the match with 11 wickets for 110, as India were shot out for 138 in their second innings after conceding a lead of 377 on the fourth day. He was well supported by debutant Ajantha Mendis, an unorthodox spinner with plenty of variation, who took eight wickets in his debut match. Muralitharan believed the emergence of Mendis would help prolong his own career. Muralitharan, 36, and 23-year-old Mendis formed a formidable partnership in the first Test thrashing of India, taking 19 of the 20 wickets between them. \"If he keeps performing this way, he will definitely take a lot of wickets in international cricket. Now that he has come, I think I can play Test cricket a few more years. Bowling 50 overs in a Test innings is very hard. Now if I bowl only 30–35 and he bowls more than me, the job will get easier for me.\"[60] For his performances in 2008, he was named in the World Test XI by ICC[52][_circular reference_]. #### Performance analysis [edit] Table: Test bowling performance --- A Summary of Muralitharan\'s Test bowling performance against all opponents. Versus | M | O | M | R | W | 5w | 10w | Best | Avg | S/R | E/R Australia | 13* | 685.3 | 100 | 2128 | 59 | 5 | 1 | 6 for 59 | 36.07 | 69.7 | 3.1 Bangladesh | 11 | 452.0 | 114 | 1190 | 89 | 11 | 4 | 6 for 18 | 13.37 | 30.4 | 2.6 England | 16 | 1102.1 | 348 | 2247 | 112 | 8 | 4 | 9 for 65 | 20.06 | 59.0 | 2.0 India | 22 | 1125.2 | 215 | 3297 | 105 | 7 | 2 | 8 for 87 | 32.32 | 66.1 | 2.9 New Zealand | 14 | 753.2 | 203 | 1776 | 82 | 5 | 1 | 6 for 87 | 21.53 | 55.1 | 2.3 Pakistan | 16 | 782.5 | 184 | 2027 | 80 | 5 | 1 | 6 for 71 | 25.46 | 58.7 | 2.6 South Africa | 15 | 984.4 | 221 | 2311 | 104 | 11 | 4 | 7 for 84 | 22.22 | 56.8 | 2.3 West Indies | 12 | 622.3 | 143 | 1609 | 82 | 9 | 3 | 8 for 46 | 19.62 | 45.5 | 2.6 Zimbabwe | 14 | 786.5 | 259 | 1467 | 87 | 6 | 2 | 9 for 51 | 16.86 | 54.2 | 1.9 Overall (9) | 133 | 7339.5 | 1794 | 18180 | 800 | 67 | 22 | 9 for 51 | 22.72 | 55.0 | 2.5 Source: ESPNcricinfo[61] *Including one for an ICC World XI In July 2007, Muralitharan achieved a career peak Test Bowling Rating of 920, based on the LG ICC Player Rankings. This is the highest ever rating achieved by a spin bowler in Test cricket. This also puts him in fourth place in the LG ICC Best-Ever Test bowling ratings.[62] Muralitharan has the unique distinction of getting 10 or more wickets in a match against all other nine Test playing nations as well as capturing over 50 wickets against each of them. He also obtained 7 or more wickets in an innings against five nations, namely England, India, South Africa, West Indies and Zimbabwe (refer to table above). Muttiah Muralitharan also took at least five five-fors against all the other nine Test sides. He currently holds the highest wickets/match ratio (6.1) for any bowler with over 200 Test wickets and also represented Sri Lanka in 118 Tests of the 175 that they have played (67.4%). Against teams excluding Bangladesh and Zimbabwe, Muralitharan took 624 wickets in 108 Tests. By comparison, excluding his matches against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe, Warne took 691 wickets in 142 tests. Murali\'s average of 24.05 is slightly superior to Warne\'s career average of 25.41. Muralitharan won 18 Man of the Match awards in Test cricket.[63] During Muralitharan\'s playing days, the ICC Future Tours Programme denied Sri Lanka and several other teams a level playing field. As a consequence Muralitharan never toured South Africa after December 2002 and never playing a Test at the spin-friendly Sydney Cricket Ground.[64] Another comparison of Muralitharan\'s bowling record against other successful international bowlers is their career record away from home. Muralitharan received criticism that he enjoyed great success on home soil, taking wickets on pitches that are more spin-friendly than other international pitches.[65] A quick analysis of his Test record of matches played outside Sri Lanka shows that from 52 matches he took 278 wickets at an average of 26.24 runs per wicket, with a strike rate of 60.1 balls per wicket.[66] Similarly, spin bowling rival Shane Warne retired with a slightly superior \'away\' record of 362 wickets from 73 matches, at an average of 25.50 and a strike rate of 56.7.[67] Due to the variabilities of Test cricket such as grounds played at and opposition played against it is difficult to compare the quality of the top level players and, as such, is very difficult and subjective. However, it is clear that Muralitharan did much better playing at home to test minnows Zimbabwe and Bangladesh, averaging less than 16 runs a wicket. Cricinfo\'s statistics editor S Rajesh concluded that the decade 2000–2009 was the best 10-year period for Test batsmen since the 1940s.[68] Muralitharan was clearly the leading Test wicket-taker during this period, capturing 565 wickets at 20.97 in spite of the dominance of the bat over ball. Shane Warne captured 357 wickets at an average of 25.17 during the decade.[69] Of spinners with over Test 100 wickets only John Briggs (17.75), Jim Laker (21.24), Bill O\'Reilly (22.59) and Clarrie Grimmett (24.21) have sub 25.00 bowling averages.[70] Muralitharan was on the winning side on 54 of the 133 test matches he played. In those games he captured a total of 438 wickets (8.1 wickets per match), at an outstanding average of 16.18 per wicket and a strike rate of 42.7.[71] Muralitharan took 795 wickets for his country Sri Lanka in 132 tests. The next most wickets for Sri Lanka in these 132 Tests was Chaminda Vaas\' 309 – less than 40% of the spinner\'s pile. No one else managed 100. Collectively Sri Lankan bowlers tallied 1968 wickets across that span, of which Muralitharan accounted for 40.4%. Among the 24 other Sri Lankans who took more than 10 of those wickets, only Lasith Malinga did so at a better strike rate (52.3) than Muralitharan\'s 54.9 – and the latter bowled rather more overs, 6657.1 of them to be precise.[72] #### Test wicket milestones [edit] Number | Batsman | Method | Score | Team | Match # | Test # | Notes ---|---|---|---|---|---|---|--- 1st[73] | Craig McDermott | lbw | 9 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png\\") Australia | 1 | 1195 50th | Navjot Sidhu | caught Ruwan Kalpage | 43 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png\\") India | 13 | 1247 74th | Inzamam-ul-Haq | caught and bowled | 26 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png\\") Pakistan | 20 | 1305 | Breaks Rumesh Ratnayake\'s Sri Lankan record[74] 100th[75] | Stephen Fleming | bowled | 59 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png\\") New Zealand | 27 | 1359 150th[76] | Guy Whittall | caught Mahela Jayawardene | 17 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png\\") Zimbabwe | 36 | 1395 200th[77] | Dominic Cork | caught Romesh Kaluwitharana | 8 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png\\") England | 42 | 1423 250th[78] | Naved Ashraf | lbw | 27 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png\\") Pakistan | 51 | 1489 300th[79] | Shaun Pollock | caught Tillakaratne Dilshan | 11 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png\\") South Africa | 58 | 1526 350th[80] | Mohammad Sharif | caught and bowled | 19 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png\\") Bangladesh | 66 | 1561 400th[81] | Henry Olonga | bowled | 0 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png\\") Zimbabwe | 72 | 1585 450th[82] | Daryl Tuffey | caught Sanath Jayasuriya | 1 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png\\") New Zealand | 80 | 1644 500th[83] | Michael Kasprowicz | bowled | 0 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png\\") Australia | 87 | 1688 520th | Mluleki Nkala | caught Mahela Jayawardene | 24 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png\\") Zimbabwe | 89 | 1698 | Breaks Courtney Walsh\'s world record[84] 550th | Khaled Mashud | caught Thilan Samaraweera | 2 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png\\") Bangladesh | 94 | 1764 600th | Khaled Mashud | caught Lasith Malinga | 6 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png\\") Bangladesh | 101 | 1786 650th | Makhaya Ntini | caught Farveez Maharoof | 13 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png\\") South Africa | 108 | 1812 700th | Syed Rasel | caught Farveez Maharoof | 4 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png\\") Bangladesh | 113 | 1839 709th | Paul Collingwood | bowled | 45 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png\\") England | 116 | 1851 | Breaks Shane Warne\'s world record 750th | Sourav Ganguly | stumped Prasanna Jayawardene | 16 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png\\") India | 122 | 1884 800th | Pragyan Ojha | caught Mahela Jayawardene | 13 | ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png\\") India | 133 | 1964 | His final delivery in Test cricket ### One day internationals [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Muttiah_Muralitharan.jpg/220px- Muttiah_Muralitharan.jpg\\")Muralitharan bowling to Adam Gilchrist in an ODI in 2006. #### Career summary [edit] On 12 August 1993 Muralitharan made his One Day International (ODI) debut against India at the Khettarama Stadium and took 1 for 38 off ten overs. Pravin Amre was his first ODI wicket. On 27 October 2000 in Sharjah, Muralitharan captured 7 for 30 against India, which were then the best bowling figures in One Day Internationals. On 9 April 2002 Muralitharan achieved a career peak ODI Bowling Rating of 913, based on the LG ICC Player Rankings. This is the highest ever rating achieved by a spin bowler in One Day Internationals. This also puts him in fourth place in the LG ICC Best-Ever ODI bowling ratings.[85] In 2006, Muralitharan had the second (now third) highest number of runs (99) hit off him in a One Day International Innings. The Australians, especially Adam Gilchrist, attacked Muralitharan\'s bowling more than usual that day. Yet, for his performances in 2006, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.[86] Muralitharan does not have a great record against the Australians in ODIs and this was proved again as he was ineffective in the finals of the 2007 World Cup; his chief tormentor again being Gilchrist.[87] Yet, for his performances in 2007, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC.[88][_circular reference_] He was named in the \'Team of the Tournament\' by ESPNcricinfo for the 2007 World Cup.[89] Muralitharan played in five Cricket World Cup tournaments, in 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011. He captured 67 World Cup wickets and is second in the list behind Glenn McGrath who has 71,[90] and represented Sri Lanka in three World Cup finals. In 1996 Muralitharan was part of Sri Lanka\'s World Cup winning team that defeated Australia in Lahore, Pakistan. Muralitharan also played in the 2007 World Cup final, when Australia defeated Sri Lanka in Bridgetown, Barbados. He picked up 23 wickets in the 2007 World Cup, and finished as the second highest wicket taker in the tournament behind Glenn McGrath. He was part of the 2011 team who lost the world cup final against India in Mumbai. It was his farewell match as well. He was named in the \'Team of the Tournament\' for the 2011 World Cup by the ICC.[91] Muttiah Muralitharan was left out of the Sri Lankan one-day squad to tour West Indies in April 2008. The chairman of selectors Ashantha De Mel clarifying the non-selection stated that \"We know he (Muralitharan) can still play in the next World Cup if he is properly looked after, so we want to use him sparingly to preserve him for the big games and the World Cup coming up in the Asian sub-continent where Muralitharan will be a threat.\"[92][93] Muralitharan has the highest number of career wickets in One Day Internationals, having overtaken Wasim Akram on 5 February 2009. Akram took 502 wickets in 356 matches. On 3 February 2009, Muralitharan dismissed Yuvraj Singh in his 327th match, the third ODI against India in Colombo to equal Akram\'s record. He won 13 Man of the Match awards in this form of the game.[94] ### Batting [edit] An aggressive lower order batsman who usually batted at No. 11, Muralitharan was known for his tendency to back away to leg and slog. Sometimes, he could be troublesome for bowlers because of his unorthodox and adventurous ways. Once, in a Test match against England, while playing Alex Tudor, he moved back towards his leg stump trying to hook the ball and ended up lying on the ground sideways after the shot. He was infamously run out in a match against New Zealand when he left his crease to congratulate Kumar Sangakkara, who had just scored a single to reach his century; the New Zealand fielder had not yet returned the ball to the wicketkeeper, so the ball was still in play. His highest Test score of 67 came against India at Kandy in 2001, including three sixes and five fours.[95] He made valuable scores on occasion, including 30 runs against England at the Oval in 1998, including 5 fours,[96] 38 runs (4 fours, 1 six) against England at Galle in 2003,[97] 43 runs (5 fours, 3 sixes) against Australia at Kandy in 2004[98] 36 runs against the West Indies at Colombo in 2005,[99] and his highest-ever ODI score, 33 not out (4 fours and 2 sixes off 16 balls) against Bangladesh in the final of the 2009 Tri-Series in Bangladesh.[100] In the latter match, Muralitharan\'s effort, which included three fours and a six off one over, played a key role in Sri Lanka winning the match and series after the first eight overs saw them reduced to 6 for 5, the lowest score ever recorded in an ODI at the fall of the fifth wicket.[101] Muralitharan has a strike rate close to 70 in Test cricket and scored over 55% of his Test runs in fours and sixes.[7] Muralitharan, together with Chaminda Vaas, holds the record for the highest 10th wicket partnership in Tests for Sri Lanka. The pair put on 79 runs for the last wicket at the Asgiriya Stadium against Australia in March 2004.[102] Muralitharan also holds the record for scoring most runs in Test cricket while batting at the number 11 position.[103] Muralitharan currently holds the record for the most ducks (dismissals for zero) ever in international cricket (Tests, ODI\'s and Twenty20), with a total of 59 ducks.[104] ### Abuse in Australia [edit] Muralitharan voiced his frustration at routinely being heckled by Australian crowds who accuse him of throwing – one common jeer directed at him was \"No Ball!\".[105][106][107][108][109] Following the then Australian Prime Minister John Howard\'s statement that Muralitharan was a \"chucker\",[110] in 2004, Muralitharan indicated that he would skip future tours to Australia. Tom Moody, the former Sri Lanka coach and former Australian Test cricketer, said he was embarrassed by the derogatory reaction and negative attention directed towards Muttiah Muralitharan by Australian crowds. Moody stated that \"As an Australian when I have been with the Sri Lankan team in Australia, or playing against them in the World Cup, it\'s the only situation we find in the whole of the cricketing world where we have this disgraceful slant on a cricketer\".[111] During the 2008 Commonwealth Bank series in Australia, some members of the Sri Lankan contingent including Muralitharan, were the target of an egg throwing incident in Hobart. The Sri Lankan cricket selector Don Anurasiri was hit by an egg, while Muralitharan and two others were verbally abused by a car-load of people as they were walking from a restaurant back to the hotel.[112] Due to the incident taking place at night, it is unclear whether Muralitharan was indeed the target of the culprits.[113] Even though the Australian coach of the Sri Lankan team, Trevor Bayliss, down-played the incident as \"a non- event\", Cricket Australia tightened security around the team. In response to this episode Muralitharan was quoted as saying \"When you come to Australia, you expect such incidents\".[114] At the conclusion of Muralitharan\'s test career cricket writer Rahul Bhattacharya summed up Muralitharan\'s trials thus: \"Murali is described often as a fox. This seems right. Unlike hedgehog bowlers who pursue one big idea, Murali, like a fox, had many ways of pursuit. Like a fox he did not hunt in a pack. Like a fox he was himself cruelly hunted for sport in some parts of the world. Fox hunting was banned a few years ago in England, but is still legal in Australia.\"[115] ### Retirement [edit] On 7 July 2010, Muttiah Muralitharan formally announced his retirement from Test cricket at a media briefing in Colombo. He confirmed that the first Test Match against India due to commence on 18 July, 2010 would be his last, but indicated that he was willing to play One-Day Internationals if it was considered necessary leading up to the 2011 World Cup, which Sri Lanka co- hosted.[116] He identified Sri Lanka\'s World Cup win of 1996 as his greatest moment as a cricketer. He also stated that there were some regrets during his 19-year playing career. \"Not winning Test matches in South Africa, Australia and India are regrets. But I am sure we will win very soon.\"[116] At the start of his last match, Muralitharan was eight short of 800 wickets.[117] At the fall of the ninth wicket of the Indian\'s second innings Muralitharan still needed one wicket to reach the milestone. After 90 minutes of resistance Muralitharan was able to dismiss the last Indian batsman Pragyan Ojha on the last delivery of the final over of his Test career.[118] By doing so he became the only bowler to reach 800 wickets in Test cricket.[119] Sri Lanka won the match by 10 wickets, the seventh time they have done so and the second time they have done it against India.[117][120] In late 2010, Muralitharan announced his retirement[121] from international cricket after 2011 Cricket World Cup, co-hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka announcing \"This World Cup will be my last outing. I am retiring totally from international cricket thereafter. My time is up. I\'ve signed up to play for two years in IPL.\" His final ODI appearance in Sri Lankan soil came during the semi-final clash against New Zealand, where Muralitharan took the wicket of Scott Styris in his last delivery.[122] His last ODI was against India in the World Cup final at Mumbai, however Sri Lanka lost the match and Murali couldn\'t take any wickets.[123][124][125] ## After retirement [edit] In July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord\'s.[126] ## Coaching career [edit] Muralitharan is the bowling coach of Sunrisers Hyderabad since 2015. Under in his tenure the Sunrisers Hyderabad emerged as IPL Champions in 2016.[127] He has also been appointed as the head coach of Thiruvallur Veerans in the 2nd edition of the TNPL.[128] In 2014, Muralitharan joined the Australian national team as a coaching consultant for the Test series against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates.[129] On 11 March 2014, he was appointed as the spin bowling consultant for the Cricket Association of Bengal. The tenure started with the players in a four-day camp beginning on 15 March 2014.[130] He was again called up for the Australian team prior to Australia\'s tour of Sri Lanka in 2016. Despite his presence in the team as consultant, Australia failed to win any of the three Test matches, losing the series 3–0.[131] Muralitharan\'s role in the Australian team generated controversy throughout the country and Sri Lanka Cricket, and Muralitharan traded verbal blows with the then Sri Lanka team manager Charith Senanayake following an altercation. The Head of SLC Thilanga Sumathipala warned Muralitharan for attempting to coach the Australian team, the team which gave more pressure to Muralitharan in the past due to his bowling actions. Muralitharan said that the team which was against him in the past but now called him to coach them to play against Sri Lanka was a big victory in his career.[132] ## World records and achievements [edit] Muttiah Muralitharan holds a number of world records, and several firsts: * The most Test wickets (800 wickets)[133] * The most One-Day International wickets (534 wickets)[134] * The highest number of international wickets in Tests, ODIs and T20s combined (1347 wickets)[135][136] * The most 5-wicket hauls in an innings at Test level (67).[137] * The most 10-wicket hauls in a match at Test level (22). He is the only player to take 10 wickets/match against every Test playing nation.[138] * Fastest to 350,[139] 400,[140] 450,[141] 500,[142] 550,[143] 600,[144] 650,[145] 700,[146] 750[147] and 800 Test wickets, in terms of matches played (indeed the only bowler to exceed 708 wickets). * Only player to take 10 wickets in a Test in four consecutive matches. He achieved this feat twice.[148] * Only player to take 50 or more wickets against every Test playing nation.[149] * Muralitharan and Jim Laker (England), are the only bowlers to have taken 9 wickets in a Test innings twice. * 7 wickets in an innings against the most countries (5).[150] * Most Test wickets taken bowled (167),[151] stumped (47)[152] and caught & bowled (35) jointly with Anil Kumble.[153] Bowled by Muralitharan (b Muralitharan) is the most common dismissal in Test cricket (excluding run out).[154] * Most successful bowler/fielder (non-wicket-keeper) combination – c. Mahela Jayawardene b. Muttiah Muralitharan (77).[155] Most test wickets caught by a fielder(388).[156] Most wickets taken caught(435)[157] * Most Man of the Series awards in Test cricket (11).[158] * One of only six bowlers who have dismissed all the eleven batsmen in a Test match. Jim Laker, Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan, Geoff Dymock, Abdul Qadir and Waqar Younis are the others.[159] * Most Test wickets in a single ground. Muralitharan is the only bowler to capture 100-plus Test wickets at three venues, the Sinhalese Sports Club Ground in Colombo, the Asgiriya Stadium in Kandy and the Galle International Stadium in Galle.[160] * The only bowler to take 75 or more wickets in a calendar year in test cricket on three occasions, achieving it in 2000, 2001 and 2006.[161] * Most five wicket hauls in international career (77)[162] * Most ducks (dismissals for zero) ever in international cricket (across Tests, ODIs, and T20Is): 59 ducks total.[104] * Most balls bowled in international cricket career (63132)[163] * 6th in the list of taking the most test wickets in a home test season (62 wicket in 7 matches in 2001/02-Most by a Sri Lankan)[164] * Most balls bowled by any bowler in test career (44039)[165] * Holds the record for taking the most test wickets when playing at home soil (493)[166] * Only bowler to take 100 or more wickets in a calendar year four times (1998, 2000, 2001 and 2006) across all formats (ODI, Test and T20I).[167] * Highest number of wickets in a calendar year in Tests, ODIs and T20Is combined, with 136 wickets in 2001.[167] (Muralitharan also holds second place for this record, with 128 wickets in 2006). ## Recognition [edit] In 2002, Wisden carried out a statistical analysis of all Test matches in an effort to rate the greatest cricketers in history, and Muralitharan was ranked as the best Test bowler of all time.[13] However, two years earlier, Muralitharan was not named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Century. Former Australian captain Steve Waugh called him \"the Don Bradman of bowling\".[168] Muralitharan was selected as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 2000 and in 2006.[169] On 15 November 2007, the Warne-Muralidaran Trophy was unveiled named after the two leading wicket-takers in Test cricket, Shane Warne and Muralitharan. The trophy displays images of the two spin bowlers\' hands each holding a cricket ball. This trophy will be contested between Australia and Sri Lanka in all future Test series.[170] On 3 December 2007, just hours after Muttiah Muralitharan became Test cricket\'s leading Test wicket-taker, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) announced it had unveiled a portrait of the Sri Lanka off-spinner at Lord\'s.[171] On the same day the Philatelic Bureau of the Department of Posts in Sri Lanka issued a circular stamp with a denomination of Rs. 5 to mark the world record set by Muttiah Muralitharan. The circular design was meant to denote the cricket ball.[172] Australian musician Alston Koch provoked worldwide interest when he recorded the only official tribute song to Muralitharan. The song was even mentioned on the BBC\'s Test Match Special.[173][174] The Muralitharan Song video was also released after he broke the world record. On 10 January 2008, the Parliament of Sri Lanka felicitated Muttiah Muralitharan for his world record breaking feat of being the highest wicket taker in Test cricket.[175] This was the first time that a sportsman had been honoured in the country\'s Supreme Legislature.[176] The Central Provincial Council in Kandy has renamed the International Cricket Stadium in Pallekele after Muttiah Muralitharan.[177] ## Controversy of bowling action [edit] Throughout much of his international career, Muralitharan\'s action was suspected of contravening the laws of the game by the straightening of his bowling arm during delivery. Although he was cited three times, subsequent biomechanical testing led the ICC to clear him of the charge and permit him to continue bowling. Biomechanical testing conducted on four occasions fueled debate as to whether his action was in fact illegal or actually an illusion created by his allegedly unique ability to generate extra movement both at the shoulder as well the wrist, which enables him to bowl the doosra without straightening the elbow.[178][179] ### First throwing citation and testing [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Muttiah_Muralitharan_in_SCG_2005.jpg/220px- Muttiah_Muralitharan_in_SCG_2005.jpg\\")Muttiah Muralitharan bowling in SCG for ICC World XI Initial concerns as to whether Muralitharan\'s action contravened the laws of the game by straightening his bowling arm during delivery broke into open controversy after Australian umpire Darrell Hair called a \"no-ball\" for an illegal action seven times during the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne, Australia, in 1995. Australian Sir Donald Bradman, universally regarded as the greatest batsman in history, was later quoted as saying it was the \"worst example of umpiring that [he had] witnessed, and against everything the game stands for. Clearly Murali does not throw the ball\".[180][181] Ten days later, on 5 January 1996, Sri Lanka played the West Indies in the seventh ODI of the triangular World Series competition, in Brisbane. Umpire Ross Emerson officiating in his debut international match, no-balled Muralitharan three times in his first over, twice in his second and twice in his third. It was an identical tally to that called by Hair on Boxing Day and (like Hair) Emerson made his calls from the bowler\'s end while his partner stood silent. The main difference was that several no-balls were for leg- breaks instead of the bowler\'s normal off-breaks. In February 1996, just before the World Cup, Muralitharan underwent biomechanical analysis at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology under the supervision of Prof. Ravindra Goonetilleke, who declared his action legal in the conditions tested, citing a congenital defect in Muralitharan\'s arm which makes him incapable of fully straightening the arm but gives the appearance of fully straightening it. Although under the original Laws a bowler\'s arm did not have to be fully straightened to be an illegal delivery,[182][183] it was concluded that his action created the \'optical illusion of throwing\'. Based on this evidence, ICC gave clearance to Muralitharan to continue bowling.[7] ### Second citation and testing [edit] Doubts about Muralitharan\'s action persisted, however. On the 1998–99 tour to Australia he was once again called for throwing by Ross Emerson during a One Day International against England at the Adelaide Oval in Australia. The Sri Lankan team almost abandoned the match, but after instructions from the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka, the game resumed.[184] The Sri Lankan captain at the time Arjuna Ranatunga, was later fined and given a suspended ban from the game as a result.[185] It later emerged that at the time of this match Emerson was on sick leave from his non- cricket job due to a stress-related illness and he stood down for the rest of the series.[186] Muralitharan was sent for further tests in Perth and England and was cleared again.[7] At no stage was Muralitharan requested to change or remodel his action, by the ICC. Up to this point in his career (1999) Muralitharan primarily bowled two types of deliveries, namely the off-break and the topspinner. He had not yet mastered the doosra. ### Third citation and testing [edit] Muralitharan continued bowling, taking his 500th Test wicket in the second Test against Australia in Kandy on 16 March 2004. At the end of the series his doosra delivery was officially called into question by match referee Chris Broad. At the University of Western Australia (Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science), three-dimensional kinematic measurements of Muttiah Muralitharan\'s bowling arm were taken using an optical motion capture system while he bowled his doosra. Muralitharan\'s mean elbow extension angle for the doosra delivery was 14°, which was subsequently reduced to a mean of 10.2° after remedial training at the university. The findings reported to ICC by the University of Western Australia\'s study[187] was that Muralitharan\'s doosra contravened the established ICC elbow extension limit of 5° for spinners.[188][189][190] Under the original throwing Laws of Cricket, the umpires officiating were under an obligation to call \"no-ball\" to a delivery that they were not entirely happy was absolutely fair. This Law gave the umpires absolutely no discretion. In 2000, the Laws were changed to put an allowable figure of straightening of 5° for spinners, 7.5° for medium pacers and 10° for fast bowlers in an attempt to more clearly define what was legal.[191] But these figures proved difficult to enforce due to umpires being unable to discern actual amounts of straightening and the differentiation between the three different allowable figures. Testing in Test match conditions is not currently possible \"when the identification of elbow and shoulder joint centres in on- field data collection, where a shirt is worn, also involves large errors. In a match the ability to differentiate anatomical movements such as \'elbow extension\' by digitising segment end-points, particularly if you have segment rotations, is extremely difficult and prone to error.[192] This is certainly the case with spin bowlers. It is therefore not surprising that laboratory testing is preferred, particularly for spin bowlers, where an appropriate pitch length and run-up can be structured. This is clearly the only way to test players, where data would be able to withstand scientific and therefore legal scrutiny.\"[190] An extensive ICC study, the results of which were released in November 2004, was conducted to investigate the \"chucking issue\". A laboratory kinematic analysis of 42 non-Test playing bowlers done by Ferdinands and Kersting (2004) established that the 5° limit for slow and spin bowlers was particularly impractical.[193] Due to the overwhelming scientific findings, researchers recommended that a flat rate of 15° tolerable elbow extension be used to define a preliminary demarcation point between bowling and throwing. A panel of former Test players consisting of Aravinda de Silva, Angus Fraser, Michael Holding, Tony Lewis, Tim May and the ICC\'s Dave Richardson, with the assistance of several biomechanical experts, stated that 99% of all bowlers in the history of cricket straighten their arms when bowling.[194] Only one player tested (part- time bowler Ramnaresh Sarwan) reportedly did not transgress the pre 2000 rules.[194] Many of these reports have controversially not been published and as such, the 99% figure stated has yet to be proved. In fact, Muralitharan stirred up controversy when he said during an interview with a Melbourne radio station that Jason Gillespie, Glenn McGrath and Brett Lee flexed their arms by 12, 13 and 14–15 degrees respectively, although it is unclear as to where Muralitharan quoted these figures from. Muralitharan was censured by the Sri Lankan Cricket Board for these comments.[195] The ICC Executive was asked to ratify the panel\'s recommendations at the ICC\'s Annual General Meeting in February 2005. Based on the recommendations the ICC issued a new guideline (which was effective from 1 March 2005) allowing for extensions or hyperextensions of up to 15 degrees for all types of bowlers, thus deeming Muralitharan\'s doosra to be legal.[196][197] Explaining why the maximum level of 15 degrees was arrived at, panel member Angus Fraser stated \"That is the number which biomechanics says that it (straightening) becomes visible. It is difficult for the naked eye to see less than 15 degrees in a bowler\'s action. We found when the biceps reached the shoulder the amount of bend was around 165 degrees. Very few bowlers can get to 180 degrees because the joint doesn\'t allow that. ... but once you go further than 15 degrees you get into an area which is starting to give you an unfair advantage and you are breaking the law\".[197] ### University of South Australia study [edit] The original decision of disallowing the doosra bowling action was hailed widely as justifiable on account of being scientifically based. Hence, a team of Australian scientists[198] representing the University of South Australia conducted an independent research, in line with modern Artificial Intelligence and biomechanics to solve the controversial issue arise from doosra. The University of South Australia\'s study, founded by Prof. Mahinda Pathegama, and contributed by Prof. Ozdemir Gol, Prof. J. Mazumdar, Prof. Tony Worsley and Prof. Lakmi Jain has analyzed the previous studies with close scrutiny since the techniques in their fields of expertise are employed in the course of assessment as the basis for decision-making. The findings based on this scientific study are overwhelming[198] and Dave Richardson, general manager ICC stated that \"the ICC is currently reviewing the Law on throwing and the ICC regulations and the study done by Prof. Mahinda Pathegama with UniSA scientists[192] is a valuable source of information in this regard.\"[199] The team of Australian scientists including Sri Lankan-born Australian scientist, Prof. Mahinda Pathegama[198] reporting their findings, in line with the Muralitharan test to ICC, has analyzed in-depth various issues, such as Pitfalls in image interpretation when using 2D images for 3D modeling associates compared to the modern techniques in Artificial Intelligence and biomechanics, and Biomechanics assessment for doosra bowling action, etc. Pathegama at al. (2004) further reports on the Disagreement of expression on measurement accuracy in the Murali Report, with the analysis of the Motion tracking system used for the Murali Report, and discussing Cognitive aspects, Evidence of errors in Anthropometric assessment and movement tracking, Lateral inhibition in response tracking, Psycho-physiological aspect on post- assessments, Angular measurement errors, Skin marker induced errors, Geometrics-and physics-based 3D modeling and the Approach to on-field assessment, etc. The Muralitharan Report produced by the University of Western Australia\'s study has considered the Richards study[200] done in 1999 to evaluate the error margin. University of South Australia\'s study done by Prof. Mahinda Pathegama[198] argued that the Richards study which was presented by the University of Western Australia\'s study has used a rigid aluminium bar that only rotated in the horizontal plane to introduce such error margin. Pathegama\'s report[192] stated that \"in view of the system used in the test itself yielding considerable error even with a rigid aluminum bar (an accuracy level of approximately 4 degrees as stated in the Murali Report), it stands to reason that the error margin would be considerably larger when tracking skin markers on a spin bowler\'s moving upper limb by this same system\". Sri Lankan born Australian medical doctor Siri Kannangara who also then served as the director of the New South Wales Institute of Sports Medicine, was also present at the forefront in analyzing Muttiah Muralitharan\'s bowling action as part of the University of South Australia case study to determine whether Muralitharan\'s bowling action was genuinely legitimate or if he was chucking the ball in his bowling runup when delivering the ball in his follow-through at the international level.[201] Vincent Barnes in an interview argues[202] that Bruce Elliott, the UWA professor who is also the ICC biomechanist, had made an interesting discovery in his dealings with finger spinners. \"He said he had found that a lot of bowlers from the subcontinent could bowl the doosra legally, but not Caucasian bowlers.\" ### Fourth round of testing [edit] On 2 February 2006, Muralitharan underwent a fourth round of biomechanical testing at the University of Western Australia. There had been criticism that the previous round of tests in July 2004 did not replicate match conditions due to a slower bowling speed in the laboratory tests. The results showed that the average elbow extension while bowling the \'doosra\' delivery was 12.2 degrees, at an average of 53.75 mph (86.50 km/h). The average for his off- break was 12.9 degrees at 59.03 mph (95.00 km/h).[203] ### Bowling with an arm brace [edit] In July 2004 Muralitharan was filmed in England, bowling with an arm brace on. The film was shown on Britain\'s Channel 4 during the Test against England on 22 July 2004. Initially, Muralitharan bowled three balls – the off-spinner, the top-spinner and the doosra – as he would in a match. Then he bowled the same three balls with a brace that is made from steel bars, which are set into strong resin. This brace has been moulded to his right arm, is approximately 46 centimetres long and weighs just under 1 kilogram. TV presenter Mark Nicholas who tried the brace himself, confirmed that \"There is no way an arm can be bent, or flexed, when it is in this brace.\" All three balls reacted in the same way as when bowled without the brace. They were not bowled quite so fast because the weight of the brace restricts the speed of Muralitharan\'s shoulder rotation, but the spin was still there. With the brace on, there still appeared to be a jerk in his action. When studying the film at varying speeds, it still appeared as if he straightened his arm, even though the brace makes it impossible to do so. His unique shoulder rotation and amazing wrist action seem to create the illusion that he straightens his arm.[179] The off-spinner said the exercise was to convince a sceptical public rather than sway an ICC investigation into bowling actions launched after he was reported by match referee Chris Broad for his doosra delivery in March 2004, the third time action was taken on his bowling. In an interview for August 2004 edition of Wisden Asia Cricket, Muralitharan stated \"I think it will prove a point to those who had said that it was physically impossible to bowl a ball that turned the other way. I proved that it was possible to bowl the doosra without bending the arm.\"[204] In 2004 at the R Premadasa Stadium in Colombo, Muralitharan voluntarily performed a series of tests with live video cameras. Michael Slater and Ravi Shastri witnessed it all unfold. Muralitharan once again showed he could bowl all his deliveries including the doosra with an arm brace that prevents any straightening of his elbow. Orthopediatrician Dr Mandeep Dillon stated that Muralitharan\'s unusual ability to generate extra movement both at the shoulder as well the wrist enables him to bowl the doosra without straightening the elbow.[178] ### Critics and converts [edit] Two vocal critics of Muralitharan\'s action have been former test cricketers, Australian Dean Jones and Bishan Bedi, the former Indian captain. Dean Jones later admitted[205] to being wrong in his assessment of Murali when he witnessed first hand Murali bowling with an arm-brace on. Michael Holding, the former West Indian fast bowler was also a critic of Muralitharan, but withdrew his criticisms under the light of the tests carried out. Holding had been quoted[206] as being in \"110% agreement\" with Bedi, who likened Murali\'s action to a \"javelin throw\"[207] and more recently, compared to a \"shot putter\".[208] Following the ICC study, as a member of the panel that conducted the study, Holding stated, \"The scientific evidence is overwhelming ... When bowlers who to the naked eye look to have pure actions are thoroughly analysed with the sophisticated technology now in place, they are likely to be shown as straightening their arm by 11 and in some cases 12 degrees. Under a strict interpretation of the Law, these players are breaking the rules. The game needs to deal with this reality and make its judgment as to how it accommodates this fact.\"[209] In May 2002, Adam Gilchrist, speaking at a Carlton (Australian) Football Club luncheon, claimed Muralitharan\'s action does not comply with the laws of cricket. The Melbourne-based Age newspaper quoted Gilchrist as saying.\"Yeah, I think he does (chuck), and I say that because, if you read the laws of the game, there\'s no doubt in my mind that he and many others, throughout cricket history have.\"[210] These comments were made before the doosra controversy, in spite of Muralitharan\'s action having been cleared by ICC in both 1996 and 1999. For his comment Gilchrist was reprimanded by the Australian Cricket Board (ACB) and found guilty of being in breach of ACB rules concerned with \"detrimental public comment\".[211] During the 2006 tour of New Zealand another Muralitharan critic, former New Zealand captain and cricket commentator Martin Crowe, called for Muralitharan\'s doosra to be monitored more closely, asserting that his action seemed to deteriorate during a match.[212] Earlier that year when delivering the Cowdrey lecture at Lords Martin Crowe had demanded zero tolerance instead of 15 degrees for throwing and specifically branded Muttiah Muralitharan a chucker.[213][214] In response to Crowe\'s criticism ICC general manager Dave Richardson stated that the scientific evidence presented by biomechanists Professor Bruce Elliot, Dr Paul Hurrion and Mr Marc Portuswith was overwhelming and clarified that \"Some bowlers, even those not suspected of having flawed actions, were found likely to be straightening their arms by 11 or 12 degrees. And at the same time, some bowlers that may appear to be throwing may be hyper-extending or bowl with permanently bent elbows. Under a strict interpretation of the law, they were breaking the rules – but if we ruled out every bowler that did that then there would be no bowlers left.\"[215] ## Scientific research on bowling actions [edit] Since 1999 there has been a number of scientific research publications discussing Muralitharan\'s bowling action as well the need for defining the legality of a bowling action using biomechanical concepts. This research directly contributed towards the official acceptance of Muralitharan\'s bowling action and convinced the ICC to redefine the bowling laws in cricket. The key publications are listed below: * Elliot, B.C., Alderson, J., Reid, S. and Foster, D. (2004). Bowling Report of Muttiah Muralitharan.[216] * Ferdinands, R.E.D. (2004). Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of bowling in cricket. PhD Thesis, University of Waikato. * Ferdinands, R.E.D. and Kersting, U.G. (2004). Elbow Angle Extension and implication for the legality of the bowling action in Cricket. In A McIntosh (Ed.), Proceedings of Australasian Biomechanic Conference 5 (9 December – 10), University of New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 26–27. * Ferdinands, R.E.D. and Kersting, U.G. (2007). An evaluation of biomechanical measures of bowling action legality in cricket. Sports Biomechanics, Volume 6, Issue 3 September 2007, pages 315–333 * Goonetilleke, R.S. (1999). Legality of bowling actions in cricket. Ergonomics, 42 (10), 1386–1397. * Lloyd, D. G., Alderson, J. and Elliot, B.C. (2000). An upper limb kinematic for the examination of cricket bowling: A case study of Muttiah Muralitharan. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 975–982. * Marshall, R. and Ferdinands R. (2003). The effect of a flexed elbow on bowling speed in cricket. Sports Biomechanics, 2(1), 65–71. * Pathegama, M., Göl, Ö, Mazumdar, J., Winefield, T. and Jain, L (2003) \'Use of imprecise biomedical image analysis and anthropometric assessment in biomechanics with particular reference to competitive cricket\', UniSA Scientific Study, SEIE, University of South Australia, Australia. * Pathegama, M. and Göl, Ö (2004) \'Special Report on the Controversial doosra bowling action based on UniSA scientific study: As per the invitation made by David Richardson, general manager, ICC), EIE, University of South Australia, Australia. * Portus, M., Mason, B., Rath, D. and Rosemond, C. (2003). Fast bowling arm actions and the illegal delivery law in men\'s high performance cricket matches. Science and Medicine in Cricket. R. Stretch, T. Noakes and C. Vauhan (Eds.), Com Press, Ports Elizabeth, South Africa, pp. 41–54. ## Philanthropy [edit] Muralitharan, along with his manager Kushil Gunasekara, established the charitable organisation Foundation of Goodness in the early 2000s.[217] The organisation is committed to the wellbeing of the Seenigama region (in southern Sri Lanka) and supports local communities through a range of projects across areas including children\'s needs, education and training, health care and psycho-social support, housing, livelihoods, sport and the environment. Murali\'s Seenigama project raised funds from cricketers and administrators in England and Australia. Canadian pop-star Bryan Adams donated a swimming pool.[218] Muralitharan also planned to build a second sports complex for war-displaced civilians in Mankulam, a town located 300 kilometres from north of Colombo. The two-year, $1 million dollar project aimed to build a sports centre, a school, English and IT training centres and an Elders\' home.[218] While the Sports Complex remains the main project, Foundation of Goodness also plans to help educate children, youth and adults. English cricketer Sir Ian Botham visited Mankulam with Muralitharan, and later addressing the media in Colombo on 27 March 2011 said that he will consider a walk from Point Pedro (the extreme northern tip of Sri Lanka) to Dondra Head (the extreme southern tip of Sri Lanka) to raise funds for the project.[219] In June 2004, Muralitharan also joined the United Nations World Food Program as an ambassador to fight hunger among school children.[220] When the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake devastated Sri Lanka on 26 December 2004, Muralitharan contributed to the relief programs.[221] He himself narrowly escaped death,[222] arriving 20 minutes late at Seenigama, where he was to give away prizes at one of the charity projects he worked on. While international agencies were bringing food in by air, Muralitharan paid for and organised three convoys of ten trucks each to get assist in the distribution.[223] He persuaded those who could to donate clothes, and supervised the delivery himself. During the rehabilitation efforts in the tsunami\'s aftermath, cement was in short supply. Muralitharan promptly signed an endorsement deal with Lafarge, a global cement giant, that was a straight barter, where cement would be supplied to the Foundation for Goodness in exchange for work Muralitharan did. During the first three years since the tsunami, the foundation raised more than US$ 4 million to help survivors, and has built homes, schools, sports facilities and computer centres.[224] ## Other work [edit] On 1 August 2015, Muralitharan and fellow Sri Lankan cricketer Tillakaratne Dilshan were appointed by President of Sri Lanka Maithripala Sirisena as the Brand Ambassadors for the Presidential Task Force to combat kidney disease.[225][226] ## In popular culture [edit] In July 2019, it was announced that a biopic would be made in Tamil titled 800 with actor Vijay Sethupathi portraying Muralitharan.[227] The film was set to be produced by actor Rana Daggubati under his banner Suresh Productions with MS Sripathy director.[228][229] However the filming was put on hold due to various reasons such as political opposition. On 8 October 2020, the filmmakers announced that the biopic film tentatively titled as 800 would be proceeded as planned and also revealed that first look poster of the film would be released sooner along with the details of cast and crew members.[230][231][232] Sethupathi received widespread criticism and backlash in the social media for portraying the role of Muttiah Muralitharan in the biopic flick.[233] Netizens also claimed that Muralitharan himself is a pro Rajapaksa supporter and requested Sethupathi to leave the filming. In addition, politicians from Tamil Nadu also cautioned that a Tamil actor shouldn\'t play the role of a Sri Lankan recalling the claims of genocide massacre of over 200,000 Sri Lankan Tamils during the final stage of the Sri Lankan Civil War.[234] Dravidian outfit in Coimbaitore also urged Vijay Sethupathi to drop out from the project insisting that Muralitharan supported Sinhalese during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[235] #Shame on Vijay Sethupathi hashtag was trending on the social media on 13 October 2020 soon after the motion poster release of the film which was released via Star Sports prior to the group stage match between Chennai Super Kings and Sunrisers Hyderabad during the 2020 Indian Premier League.[236] Muralitharan denied the allegations regarding supporting the killing of civilians during the civil war and insisted that the war should not be glorified.[237] Due to the political upheavals regarding the film, Muralitharan himself urged Sethupathi to opt out of the project and the film project did not materialise.[238][239] On 17 April 2023, coinciding with the birthday of Muralitharan, the first look poster of the biopic titled 800 was released with Madhur Mittal replacing Sethupathi. The film, produced by Movie Train Motion Pictures, was filmed across Sri Lanka, Chennai, Cochin, England, and Australia.[240] ## See also [edit] * ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cricketball.png/28px-Cricketball.png\\")Cricket portal * ICC Cricket Hall of Fame * List of international cricketers called for throwing * List of cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia * List of World XI ODI cricketers * List of Asian XI ODI cricketers * World Cricket Tsunami Appeal ## References [edit] 1. **^** Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon at the time of Muralitharan\'s birth. 2. **^** Including 1 Test for an ICC World XI 3. **^** Including 4 ODIs for the Asian XI and 3 for an ICC World XI. 4. **^** Also spelt as **Muralidaran** and often referred to as **Murali**. 5. **^** Gough, Christina (10 September 2020). \"Leading wicket-takers in international test match cricket as of June 2023\". _statistica.com_. 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Retrieved 13 July 2021. 234. **^** \"Fans trend #ShameonVijaySethupathi; Tamil star also gets backing amid backlash over Muttiah Muralitharan biopic \'800\'\". _DNA India_. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2021. 235. **^** Swaroop, Vishnu (11 October 2020). \"Coimbatore: Dravidian outfit urges Vijay Sethupathi to give up Muttiah Muralitharan biopic\". _The Times of India_. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. 236. **^** \"After first look from Muralitharan\'s biopic gets unveiled, netizens trend \'Shame On Vijay Sethupathi\'\". _The New Indian Express_. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. 237. **^** \"Muttiah Muralitharan: \'I did not support the killing of innocent civilians\'\". _The Hindu_. 17 October 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2021. 238. **^** \"Muralitharan offers Vijay Sethupathi out from controversial biopic\". _ Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. 239. **^** Fernando, Andrew Fidel (23 October 2020). \"Muttiah Muralitharan biopic: A compelling life story, lost in the fog of illogic\". _The Hindu_. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. 240. **^** \"\'Slumdog Millionaire\' fame Madhur to play Muralitharan in biopic \'800\'\". _DT Next_. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023. ## External links [edit] * Royalchallengers Player Profile: Muttiah Muralitharan * ESPNcricinfo Player Profile: Muttiah Muralitharan Archived 27 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine * Muttiah Muralitharan on Twitter ![\\"Edit](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\\") Awards and achievements --- Preceded bySteve Waugh | Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World 2000 | Succeeded byGlenn McGrath Preceded byAndrew Flintoff | Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World 2006 | Succeeded byJacques Kallis Records Preceded byShane Warne | World Record – Most Career Wickets in Test cricket 800 wickets (22.72) in 133 Tests | Incumbent Preceded byWasim Akram | World Record – Most Career Wickets in ODI cricket 534 wickets (23.08) in 350 matches | Incumbent Career achievements --- | * v * t * e ICC Cricket Hall of Fame --- Players| | Men| * Abbas * Akram * Ambrose * Barnes * Barrington * Bedi * Bedser * Benaud * Border * Botham * Boycott * Bradman * Chanderpaul * G. Chappell * I. Chappell * Compton * Constantine * Cowdrey * Crowe * Davidson * de Silva * Dev * Dexter * Donald * Dravid * Faulkner * Flower * Garner * Gavaskar * Gibbs * Gilchrist * Gooch * Gower * Grace * Graveney * Greenidge * Grimmett * Hadlee * Hall * Hammond * Harvey * Haynes * Headley * Hobbs * Holding * Hutton * Jayawardene * Kallis * Kanhai * Khan * Knott * Kumble * Laker * Lara * Larwood * Lillee * Lindwall * Lloyd * Lohmann * Mankad * Marsh * Marshall * May * McCabe * McGrath * Miandad * Miller * Mohammad * Morris * Muralitharan * Noble * O\'Reilly * G. Pollock * S. Pollock * Ponting * Qadir * Rhodes * B. Richards * V. Richards * Roberts * Sangakkara * Sehwag * Simpson * Sobers * Spofforth * Statham * Sutcliffe * Tendulkar * Trueman * Trumper * Underwood * Walcott * Walsh * Warne * Waugh * Weekes * Willis * Woolley * Worrell * Younis ---|--- Women| * Bakewell * Brittin * Clark * Edulji * Edwards * Fitzpatrick * Heyhoe Flint * Hockley * Rolton * Sthalekar * Taylor * Wilson * v * t * e Sri Lankan cricketers who have played hundred Test matches --- * Mahela Jayawardene **149** * Kumar Sangakkara **134** * Muttiah Muralitharan **132** * Chaminda Vaas **111** * Sanath Jayasuriya **110** * Angelo Mathews **100*** **Note.** Muralitharan played **1** Test match for **ICC World Test XI**, which is not included above. * v * t * e 300-wicket club in Test cricket --- Australia ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px- Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png\\")| * Shane Warne (708) * Glenn McGrath (563) * Nathan Lyon (530) * Mitchell Starc (358) * Dennis Lillee (355) * Mitchell Johnson (313) * Brett Lee (310) England ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px- Flag_of_England.svg.png\\")| * James Anderson (704) * Stuart Broad (604) * Ian Botham (383) * Bob Willis (325) * Fred Trueman (307) India ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px- Flag_of_India.svg.png\\")| * Anil Kumble (619) * Ravichandran Ashwin (527) * Kapil Dev (434) * Harbhajan Singh (417) * Zaheer Khan (311) * Ishant Sharma (311) * Ravindra Jadeja (303) New Zealand ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px- Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png\\")| * Richard Hadlee (431) * Tim Southee (382) * Daniel Vettori (362) * Trent Boult (317) Pakistan ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px- Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png\\")| * Wasim Akram (414) * Waqar Younis (373) * Imran Khan (362) South Africa ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px- Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png\\")| * Dale Steyn (439) * Shaun Pollock (421) * Makhaya Ntini (390) * Allan Donald (330) * Morné Morkel (309) Sri Lanka ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px- Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png\\")| * Muttiah Muralitharan (800) * Rangana Herath (433) * Chaminda Vaas (355) West Indies ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg/23px- WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg.png\\")| * Courtney Walsh (519) * Curtly Ambrose (405) * Malcolm Marshall (376) * Lance Gibbs (309) Current players are listed in bold. * v * t * e 300-wicket club in One Day International cricket --- ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px- Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png\\") Australia| * Glenn McGrath (381) * Brett Lee (380) ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px- Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png\\") Bangladesh| * Shakib al Hasan (317) ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px- Flag_of_India.svg.png\\") India| * Anil Kumble (337) * Javagal Srinath (315) ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px- Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png\\") New Zealand| * Daniel Vettori (305) ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px- Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png\\") Pakistan| * Wasim Akram (505) * Waqar Younis (416) * Shahid Afridi (395) ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px- Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png\\") South Africa| * Shaun Pollock (393) ![\\"\\"](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px- Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png\\") Sri Lanka| * Muttiah Muralitharan (534) * Chaminda Vaas (400) * Lasith Malinga (338) * Sanath Jayasuriya (323) Current players are listed in italics. Sri Lanka squads --- | * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 1996 Cricket World Cup – Champions (1st Title) --- * 1 Ranatunga (c) * 2 Atapattu * 3 Chandana * 4 De Silva * 5 Dharmasena * 6 Gurusinha * 7 Kaluwitharana (wk) * 8 Jayasuriya * 9 Mahanama * 10 Muralitharan * 11 Pushpakumara * 12 Tillakaratne * 13 Vaas * 14 Wickramasinghe * Coach: Whatmore * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 1997 Asia Cup – Champions (2nd title) --- * 1 Jayasuriya * 2 Atapattu * 3 A de Silva * 4 Ranatunga (c) * 5 Mahanama * 6 Kaluwitharana (wk) * 7 Kalpage * 8 Dharmasena * 9 Vaas * 10 Muralitharan * 11 S de Silva * 12 L de Silva (wk) * 13 Chandana * 14 Liyanage * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 1999 Cricket World Cup --- * 1 Ranatunga (c) * 2 Muralitharan * 3 Atapattu * 4 Jayawardene * 5 Mahanama * 6 Tillakaratne * 7 Kaluwitharana (wk) * 8 Vaas * 9 De Silva * 10 Wickramasinghe * 11 Kalpage * 12 Chandana * 13 Upashantha * 14 Hathurusingha * 15 Jayasuriya * Coach: Dias * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 2002 ICC Champions Trophy – Champions (1st title – shared) --- * 1 Jayasuriya (c) * 2 Atapattu * 3 Jayawardene * 4 Sangakkara (wk) * 5 De Silva * 6 Arnold * 7 Dilshan * 8 Gunaratne * 9 Muralitharan * 10 Vaas * 11 D. Fernando * 12 H. Fernando * 13 Dharmasena * 14 Buddhika * Coach: Whatmore * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 2003 Cricket World Cup semi-finalists --- * 1 Jayasuriya (c) * 2 Atapattu * 3 Jayawardene * 4 Sangakkara (wk) * 5 De Silva * 6 Arnold * 7 Mubarak * 8 Tillakaratne * 9 Muralitharan * 10 Vaas * 11 Fernando * 12 Gunaratne * 13 Gunawardene * 14 Nissanka * 15 Buddhika * Coach: Whatmore * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 2004 Asia Cup – Champions (3rd title) --- * 1 Atapattu (c) * 2 Jayantha * 3 Jayasuriya * 4 Sangakkara (wk) * 5 Jayawardene * 6 Dilshan * 7 Kandamby * 8 Muralitharan * 9 Vaas * 10 Malinga * 11 Zoysa * 12 Gunawardane * 13 Chandana * 14 Maharoof * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 2007 Cricket World Cup runners-up --- * 1 Jayawardene (c) * 2 Atapattu * 3 Jayasuriya * 4 Tharanga * 5 Sangakkara * 6 Dilshan * 7 Arnold * 8 Silva * 9 Maharoof * 10 Vaas * 11 Fernando * 12 Malinga * 13 Kulasekara * 14 Muralitharan * 15 Bandara * Coach: Moody * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 2008 Asia Cup – Champions (4th title) --- * 1 Jayawardene (c) * 2 Fernando * 3 Jayasuriya * 4 Sangakkara (wk) * 5 Kapugedera * 6 Dilshan * 7 Kulasekara * 8 Muralitharan * 9 Vaas * 10 Thushara * 11 Udawatte * 12 Weeraratne * 13 Mendis * 14 Maharoof * 15 Silva * 16 Mubarak * v * t * e Sri Lanka squad – 2011 Cricket World Cup runners-up --- * 1 Perera * 3 Samaraweera * 5 Silva * 8 Muralitharan * 11 Sangakkara (c & wk) * 14 Herath * 16 Kapugedera * 23 Dilshan * 26 Fernando * 27 Jayawardene * 40 Mendis * 44 Tharanga * 69 Mathews * 92 Kulasekara * 99 Malinga * Coach: Bayliss Authority control databases ![\\"Edit](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit- ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png\\") --- International| * VIAF * WorldCat National| * United States Retrieved from \" Categories: * 1972 births * ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers * Alumni of St. Anthony\'s College, Kandy * Chennai Super Kings cricketers * Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in India * Chattogram Challengers cricketers * Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in Bangladesh * Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup * Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup * Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup * Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup * Gloucestershire cricketers * Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in England * ICC World XI One Day International cricketers * Jamaica Tallawahs cricketers * Kandurata cricketers * Kent cricketers * Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers * Lancashire cricketers * Living people * Melbourne Renegades cricketers * Sri Lankan expatriate cricketers in Australia * Cricketers from Kandy * Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers * Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers * Sri Lankan Hindus * Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers * Sri Lanka Test cricketers * Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers * Uthura Rudras cricketers * Wellington cricketers * Wisden Cricketers of the Year * Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World * World XI Test cricketers * Tamil sportspeople * Sri Lankan cricket coaches * Deshabandu * Sri Lankan people of Indian descent * Sri Lankan people of Indian Tamil descent * People with Overseas Citizenship of India Hidden categories: * CS1 maint: archived copy as title * Webarchive template wayback links * All articles with dead external links * Articles with dead external links from May 2017 * Articles with permanently dead external links * Articles with dead external links from June 2024 * Articles with dead external links from May 2016 * CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list * CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * Wikipedia pending changes protected pages * Use dmy dates from January 2020 * Articles using Template:Medal with Winner * Articles using Template:Medal with Runner-up * Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024 * All articles containing potentially dated statements * All articles lacking reliable references * Articles lacking reliable references from August 2019 * This page was last edited on 19 September 2024, at 12:26 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. 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A baby was abandoned in various locations | 3,181 | Accessibility help | Skip to Content ![\\"CA.gov\\"](\\"/portals/_default/skins/cagov-santabarbara) ![\\"Information](\\"/Portals/9/cdss-logo.png?ver=2016-10-04-165132-000\\"/) Department of Social Services Social Services Menu Contact Search Disclaimer * Home * Letters/Regulations * Forms/Brochures * Fiscal/Financial * Data Portal * Home Home * Letters/Regulations * Forms/Brochures * Fiscal/Financial * Data Portal CDSS Programs OCAP Safely Surrendered Baby # Safely Surrendered Baby ![\\"Blue](\\" resize90x102.jpg?ver=2016-10-17-153846-000\\") The Safely Surrendered Baby Law responds to the increasing number of newborn infant deaths due to abandonment in unsafe locations. First created in January 2001, the Safely Surrendered Baby Law was signed permanently into state law in January 2006. The law\'s intent is to save lives of newborn infants at risk of abandonment by encouraging parents or persons with lawful custody to safely surrender the infant within 72 hours of birth, with no questions asked. From January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2017, 931 newborns have been surrendered in California, and 88 newborns were surrendered during the 2017 calendar year. This is compared with 175 infants abandoned since 2001, one of which occurred in the 2017 calendar year. Available data indicates a generally decreasing trend of abandonments since enactment of the SSB Law, from 25 cases in 2002 to five or less cases per year since 2010, representing a decrease of at least 80% (see the “SSB Data” tab for more detail). The CDSS continues to identify abandonment cases from various sources and will continue to report updates to this trend. ## Free Safe Surrender Kits Safe surrender sites are hospitals or other locations, typically fire stations, approved by the board of supervisors or fire agency in each county. To request Safely Surrendered Baby Kits, please complete the order form, Safely Surrendered Baby Kit Order Form. For more information please email ssb@dss.ca.gov. Optional Medical Questionnaire: English | Russian | Chinese | Spanish Procedures for Accepting a Newborn The toll-free telephone hotline number provides information and the locations of safe surrender sites DIAL 1.877.BABY.SAF (1-877-222-9723). ## Free Safe Surrender Publications The Office of Child Abuse Prevention would like to share our education and awareness materials regarding the Safely Surrendered Baby program. If you would like to request copies, please visit the Safe Surrender Publication page and fill out the order form. The Office of Child Abuse Prevention provides signage to approved Safely Surrendered Baby sites. To request signage, please email ssb@dss.ca.gov with your site name, mailing address and number of signs needed (maximum 2 signs per location). ### Other Resources * SSB Data * SSB Legislation and Reports * SSB Publications * SSB Site Locations * Media Inquiries * Request Information * Order SSB Kits * SSB Frequently Asked Questions ![\\"Office](\\"/portals/9/Images/OCAP-logo-small-trans-for-Web.png\\") ### Contact Us The Office of Child Abuse Prevention 744 P Street, MS 8-11-82 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 651-6960 ![\\"Facebook](\\"/portals/9/Images/facebook_icon_25_px.jpg\\") ![\\"Twitter](\\"/portals/9/Images/twitter_icon_25_px.jpg\\") OCAP Newsletter Sign-up ## Quick Links * About OCAP * Child Abuse Prevention Month * Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline * Citizen Review Panels * County Liaisons & ETO Users * Funded Programs * Funding Sources * Grant Opportunities * How You Can Help * Kids\' Art Contest Awards 2019 * Mandated Reporter Resources * News and Events * OCAP Home * Parent Leadership and CAN Prevention Award Winners 2019 * Parent Leadership Month * Parent Resources * Prevent Child Abuse * Report Abuse * Resources * Safely Surrendered Baby * Shaken Baby Syndrome * State Childrens Trust FundAccessibility Accessibility Certification Conditions of Use Contact Us Get Free Reader Notice on Collection Privacy Policy Copyright © 2024 California Department of Social Services |
A baby was abandoned in various locations | 3,181 | Accessibility help | Skip to Content ![\\"CA.gov\\"](\\"/Portals/_default/skins/cagov- santabarbara/images/template2014/header-ca.gov.png?\\"/) ![\\"CDSS](\\"/Portals/13/cdss-logo.png?ver=2016-05-25-084027-000\\"/) Department of Social Services Social Services Menu Contact Search Disclaimer * Home * Benefits & Services * Information & Resources * Reporting * Data Portal * Careers With CDSS * Home Home * Benefits & Services * Information & Resources * Reporting * Data Portal * Careers With CDSS Benefits & Services Child Services Safe Surrender Baby # Safely Surrendered Baby Program ![\\"Photo](\\"/portals/13/Images/Modified/Baby) The Safely Surrendered Baby Law responds to the increasing number of newborn infant deaths due to abandonment in unsafe locations. First created in January 2001, the Safely Surrendered Baby Law was signed permanently into state law in January 2006. The law\'s intent is to save lives of newborn infants at risk of abandonment by encouraging parents or persons with lawful custody to safely surrender the infant within 72 hours of birth, with no questions asked. ## The Law The Safely Surrendered Baby law (California Health and Safety Code, section 1255.7) provides a safe alternative for the surrender of a newborn baby in specified circumstances. Under the Safely Surrendered Baby law, a parent or person with lawful custody can safely surrender a baby confidentially, and without fear of prosecution, within 72 hours of birth. The Safely Surrendered Baby law requires the baby be taken to a public or private hospital, designated fire station or other safe surrender site, as determined by the local County Board of Supervisors. No questions will be asked and California Penal Code Section 271.5 protects surrendering individuals from prosecution of abandonment. ## The Process At the time of surrender, a bracelet is placed on the baby for identification purposes and a matching bracelet provided to the parent or lawful guardian, in case the baby is reclaimed. A parent or person with lawful custody has up to 14 days from the time of surrender to reclaim their baby. A medical questionnaire must be offered, however it is a voluntary document and can be declined. The questionnaire is offered solely for the purpose of collecting medical information critical to the health and survival of the infant. All identifying information that pertains to a parent or individual who surrenders a child is strictly confidential. Surrendered Baby Law Fast Facts English | Spanish | Chinese | Russian ![\\"Blue](\\"/portals/13/Images/SSB_Logo.jpg?ver=2016-08-03-155232-000\\")THERE IS AN OPTION. DON\'T ABANDON YOUR BABY. Safe surrender sites are required to display the blue and white logo above. The toll-free telephone hotline number provides information and the locations of safe surrender sites. DIAL 1.877.BABY.SAF (1-877-222-9723) ## Optional Medical Questionnaire Although a person surrendering a baby under the Safely Surrendered Baby Law will be asked to complete a medical questionnaire, the form is optional and is intended solely for the purpose of collecting medical information critical to the health and survival of the child. Any information that may identify the person surrendering the baby will be removed in order to maintain that person\'s confidentiality. English | Spanish | Chinese | Russian ### Contacts Us For more information on the Safely Surrendered Baby Law, please contact the Child Welfare Policy and Program Development Bureau at (916) 651-6160. For media inquiries, please call the Office of Public Affairs at (916) 657-2268. ### SSB Publications To order Safely Surrendered Baby posters and brochures, please visit SSB Publications. Los Angeles County residents, please visit Los Angeles County Health Services. ## Information and Resources For more information and resources visit the Safely Surrendered Baby Program website. This resource is designed to assist county eligibility workers and other partners who provide services to the public.Accessibility Accessibility Certification Conditions of Use Contact Us Get Free Reader Notice on Collection Privacy Policy Copyright © 2024 State of California |
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SAFELY SURRENDER YOUR BABY. Helpline: 1-877-222-9723 ## Baby Safe Surrender Program Some parents of newborns can find themselves in difficult circumstances. Sadly, babies are sometimes harmed or abandoned by parents who feel that they’re not ready or able to raise a child, or don’t know there are other options. Many of these mothers or fathers are afraid and don’t know where to turn for help. This is why California has a Safely Surrendered Baby Law, which gives parents or guardians the choice to legally and safely surrender their baby at any hospital or fire station in Los Angeles County, no questions asked. Since the program was launched in LA County, over 250 infants have been safely surrendered. ## Find your nearest location ## Frequently Asked Questions Click the entries below to see answers to frequently asked questions about the Baby Safe Surrender program. What is the Safely Surrendered Baby Law? The state of California passed the Safely Surrendered Baby Law to give parents or guardians the choice to legally and safely leave a baby three days old or younger with an employee at any Los Angeles County hospital or fire station, no questions asked. The parent or guardian may surrender the baby without fear of arrest or prosecution for child abandonment. For more information about the law itself, please see the legislation passed on August 1, 2003 which strengthened the existing Safely Surrendered Baby Law. How to Surrender a Baby The Safely Surrendered Baby Law gives parents the choice to legally leave their baby with an employee at any Los Angeles County hospital or fire station at any time, no questions asked. If you think this is the right choice for you, here’s what you need to do: 1. Go to a Safe Surrender site (at any Los Angeles County hospital or fire station) and give the baby to an employee within 72 hours of the baby’s birth. 2. Fill out a voluntary and anonymous medical history form (or take one home and mail it back later) to help provide medical care for the baby. 3. Obtain an I.D. bracelet that matches one that will be fastened to the baby’s ankle. The bracelet will help you get the baby back if you change your mind (you have 14 days from the day of surrender). No other questions will be asked. For more information, please call 1-877-222-9723 Who is legally allowed to surrender the baby? Anyone with lawful custody can drop off a baby within the first 72 hours of birth. Do you need to call ahead before surrendering a baby? No. A baby can be surrendered anytime, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, as long as the parent or guardian surrenders the child to an employee of the hospital or fire station. What information needs to be provided? The person surrendering the baby will be asked to voluntarily fill out a medical history form, which is useful in caring for the child. The form can be returned later and includes a stamped return envelope. No names are required. What happens to the baby? After a complete medical exam, the baby will be released and placed in a safe and loving home, and the adoption process will begin. What happens to the parent or surrendering adult? Nothing. They may leave at any time after surrendering the baby. How can someone who has surrendered get the baby back? Parents who change their minds can begin the process of reclaiming their baby within 14 days by calling the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services at 1-800-540-4000. Is it possible to adopt a surrendered baby? Families who want to adopt a safely surrendered baby must be an approved Resource Family which means that the family can take in both children in need of foster care and children in need of long term permanence like adoption. There are many families that want to provide loving homes for these babies. While the process may involve long waits, adopting a child can be a rewarding experience. The requirements for adopting a child can be met through the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) or a local foster family agency that is also licensed as an adoption agency. DCFS can be contacted at 1-888-811-1121 or via their website at To work through an agency, please ensure that the agency is contracted with DCFS. What if parents are unsure what to do . . . You can call our toll-free hotline at 1.877.BABY SAFE (1.877.222.9723). The hotline is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. (English, Spanish and 140 other languages are spoken.) How can I receive materials about Baby Safe Surrender? There are a variety of materials, including a Baby Safe Surrender brochure, available for download below. If you’d like to have information mailed to you, please contact Jeremy Huang at HuangJ3@dcfs.lacounty.gov. * Brochure (PDF) (English) (Spanish) (Chinese) (Korean) * Fact Sheet (PDF) (English) * Poster (PDF) (English) (Spanish) (Chinese) (Korean) * Business Cards (PDF) (Bilingual – English and Spanish) What opportunities are available for safely surrendered children? In 2014, the Don Knabe Safe Surrender Scholarship Fund was established to provide scholarships for children safely surrendered in LA County. The Safe Surrender Scholarship Fund is administered by the Long Beach Community Foundation. Youth who were adopted as a Safely Surrendered Baby are eligible for the scholarship. The scholarship may be used for any purpose toward higher education, including trade school, community college and a four-year university. An Eligibility Verification Letter is sent to the adoptive family of a Safely Surrendered Baby at the time of finalization of their adoption. When the youth is 17 years old, the adoptive parents of the Safely Surrendered Baby may present the letter to the Foundation as verification of eligibility in the application for the scholarship. If you have questions about the scholarship, please contact the Long Beach Community Foundation at (562) 435-9033 or you may wish to visit longbeachcf.org. ![\\"An](\\" content/uploads/2022/02/BSS_Poster_English_18x24-768x1024.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" seal.2016-150x150.png\\") Enriching lives . . . 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Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90 gone | 3,182 | Hurricane-prone states The day in pictures Get the USA TODAY app Start the day smarter ☀️ U.S. Elections Sports Entertainment Life Money Tech Travel Opinion ONLY AT USA TODAY: Newsletters For Subscribers From the Archives Crossword eNewspaper Magazines Investigations Podcasts Video Humankind Just Curious Best-selling Booklist 24/7 Live Stream Legals OUR PORTFOLIO: 10Best USAT Wine Club Shopping Homefront Blueprint Southern Kitchen Best Auto Insurance Best Pet Insurance Best Travel Insurance Best Credit Cards Best CD Rates Best Personal Loans Home Internet FACT CHECK fact-checking Add Topic # Fact check: False claim that 90% of plankton has been lost in Atlantic Ocean ![\\"Portrait](\\"/gcdn/presto/2022/08/03/USAT/bc51c0eb-4303-46f5-bf37-cae8c7868faa- Chris_Mueller_WI.jpg?crop=1899,1899,x0,y446&width=48&height=48&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\") Chris Mueller USA TODAY ![\\"\\"](\\"/gcdn/presto/2022/01/28/NCCT/17563617-1409-4c2c-880b-23327e09e85c-graphics- HABs-Microscopy-cells-Plankton_assemblage- withAlex.jpg?crop=1274,717,x0,y0&width=660&height=371&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\"/) PlayPause Sound OnSound Off 0:00 1:33 AD SKIP ClosedCaptionOpen ShareEnter Full ScreenExit Full Screen ## The claim: Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone The plankton in the world’s oceans are being affected by climate change, according to experts, but a claim spreading on social media gives a particularly dire assessment of the situation. “Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone,” reads a July 19 Facebook post shared more than 5,800 times. “In what could be the most disturbing news in ocean conservation, if not human history,” the post continues, “data reveals worse than expected state of plankton – the foundation of life on Earth – with a 90% drop in the Atlantic, driving another nail in the coffin of our dying ocean.” A similar post on Instagram accumulated more than 40,000 likes before it was deleted. Follow us on Facebook! Like our page to get updates throughout the day on our latest debunks The posts both pointed to research by the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey, but the author of that research told USA TODAY it doesn’t support such a broad claim. That survey was a limited survey of plankton in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 15 degrees north latitude. In response to an inquiry from USA TODAY, the Facebook user replied another post would be coming with more information from researchers at the ocean survey. That update had not been published as of July 29. ## A 90% decline would be ‘instantly noticeable,’ expert says Plankton are a diverse array of tiny organisms that drift freely in the ocean and are “important to the ocean ecosystem and very sensitive to changes in their environment,” according to the National Ocean Service. Plankton populations are changing, David Johns, head of the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, said but none of the research by his group has shown the sort of decline described in the claim. \"They are responding in many cases to climate change, but it depends on the region and plankton type,\" he said. \"Some are going up, some are going down.\" Such a significant decline in the plankton population would be “catastrophic and instantly noticeable,” Johns told USA TODAY in an email. “So much marine life, from fish to whales and seabirds, critically depends on plankton,” Johns said. Fact check:NASA says modern climate change caused by human activity, not solar orbital cycles Howard Dryden, lead author of the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey research cited by the social media posts, said in an email to USA TODAY the group’s research was limited to the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. “Plankton density in the equatorial Atlantic is low in comparison to the temperate and higher latitudes of the Atlantic, so low plankton counts are to be expected in the equatorial regions,” he said. The amount of plankton found during the group\'s research was still \"exceptionally low,\" Dryden said. Johns said his group’s research has found certain types of cold-loving plankton have shifted northward to colder water, while plankton that thrive in warmer water have also moved north as “conditions in those areas become more favorable.” “These changes have led to populations in the areas changing as species move into areas more suitable for them,” he said. The Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey has been using recorders on merchant shipping routes in the north Atlantic Ocean for more than 70 years and has analyzed more than 250,000 samples in that time period, Johns said. “We take samples all over the place every month, and we are still getting lots of plankton,” Johns said. The Associated Press has previously debunked the claim. ## Our rating: False Based on our research, we rate FALSE the claim that plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone. The claim is based on research that was limited to a specific region of the Atlantic Ocean. Experts say such a significant drop in the plankton population would be immediately apparent and have drastic consequences for the rest of the ecosystem. There have been some observable changes to plankton populations as a result of climate change, but nothing close to the massive drop described in the claim, experts say. ## Our fact-check sources: * Howard Dryden , July 26, Email exchange with USA TODAY * David Johns , July 26, Email exchange with USA TODAY * Global Oceanic Environmental Survey, accessed July 28, GOES Atlantic plankton and pollution survey * Global Oceanic Environmental Survey, accessed July 28, Climate change…have we got it all wrong? * Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, accessed July 28, About the CPR Survey * National Ocean Service, accessed July 27, What are plankton? * Oregon State University, accessed July 27, Plankton Ecology Laboratory * Earth System Science Data, accessed July 26, The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool * Associated Press, July 26, Atlantic Ocean has not lost 90% of its plankton Thank you for supporting our journalism. You can subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. Our fact-check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. 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Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90 gone | 3,182 | Enable accessibility Menu ![\\"Image\\"](\\" Menu * World * U.S. * Election 2024 * Politics * Sports * Entertainment * Business * Science * Fact Check * Oddities * Be Well * Newsletters * Photography * AP Investigations * Climate * Health * Tech * Lifestyle * Religion * Español * AP Buyline Personal Finance * AP Buyline Shopping * Press Releases * My Account * ... * World * Mideast Wars * Israel-Hamas War * Russia-Ukraine War * Global Elections * ESPAÑOL * China * Asia Pacific * Latin America * Europe * Africa * Middle East * Australia * U.S. * Election 2024 * Election results * Advance vote * Google trends * AP & Elections * Global elections * Politics * Election 2024 * Joe Biden * Congress * U.S. Supreme Court * Sports * MLB * NFL * AP Top 25 * WNBA * NBA * Soccer * Golf * Auto Racing * NHL * Entertainment * Movie Reviews * What to Stream * Television * Book Reviews * Music * Celebrity Interviews * Business * Inflation * Financial Markets * Financial Wellness * Science * Space * Animals * The Ancient World * Climate * Medicine * Fact Check * Oddities * Be Well * Newsletters * Photography * Photo Essays * Photography * The Americans * AP Investigations * Climate * Climate Questions * Climate Migration * India Focus * Health * Tech * Artificial Intelligence * Social Media * Lifestyle * Back to school * Food & Recipes * Gardening * Homes * Travel * Fashion * Pets * Religion * Español * AP Buyline Personal Finance * AP Buyline Shopping * Press Releases * My Account Search Query Submit Search Show Search Submit Search * World * Mideast Wars * Israel-Hamas War * Russia-Ukraine War * Global Elections * ESPAÑOL * China * Asia Pacific * Latin America * Europe * Africa * Middle East * Australia SECTIONS Mideast Wars Israel-Hamas War Russia-Ukraine War Global Elections ESPAÑOL China Asia Pacific Latin America * U.S. * Election 2024 * Election results * Advance vote * Google trends * AP & Elections * Global elections SECTIONS Election results Advance vote Google trends AP & Elections Global elections * Politics * Election 2024 * Joe Biden * Congress * U.S. Supreme Court SECTIONS Election 2024 Joe Biden Congress U.S. Supreme Court * Sports * MLB * NFL * AP Top 25 * WNBA * NBA * Soccer * Golf * Auto Racing * NHL SECTIONS MLB NFL AP Top 25 WNBA NBA Soccer Golf Auto Racing * Entertainment * Movie Reviews * What to Stream * Television * Book Reviews * Music * Celebrity Interviews SECTIONS Movie Reviews What to Stream Television Book Reviews Music Celebrity Interviews * Business * Inflation * Financial Markets * Financial Wellness SECTIONS Inflation Financial Markets Financial Wellness * Science * Space * Animals * The Ancient World * Climate * Medicine SECTIONS Space Animals The Ancient World Climate Medicine * Fact Check * Oddities * Be Well * Newsletters * Photography * Photo Essays * Photography * The Americans SECTIONS Photo Essays Photography The Americans * AP Investigations * Climate * Climate Questions * Climate Migration * India Focus SECTIONS Climate Questions Climate Migration India Focus * Health * Tech * Artificial Intelligence * Social Media SECTIONS Artificial Intelligence Social Media * Lifestyle * Back to school * Food & Recipes * Gardening * Homes * Travel * Fashion * Pets SECTIONS Back to school Food & Recipes Gardening Homes Travel Fashion Pets * Religion * Español * AP Buyline Personal Finance * AP Buyline Shopping * Press Releases * My Account * The Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. 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Vanderbilt beat Alabama Tropical Storm Milton Mideast wars Bronny James Keanu Reeves debut # Atlantic Ocean has not lost 90% of its plankton By ALI SWENSON Published [hour]:[minute] [AMPM] [timezone], [monthFull] [day], [year] Published 1:13 AM GMT+5:30, August 20, 2022 Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print CLAIM: Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone. AP’S ASSESSMENT: False. This claim is based on a misrepresentation of a limited survey that reviewed water samples for plankton in a section of the Atlantic Ocean. The lead author told The Associated Press it was inaccurate to suggest his research reported that 90% of Atlantic Ocean plankton was gone. Experts who study global marine life say that if 90% of plankton in the Atlantic Ocean were gone, there would be severe collapse in the ecosystem as a whole. THE FACTS: Climate change is significantly disrupting the world’s oceans, but experts say it hasn’t caused 90% of the Atlantic Ocean’s plankton to die out, as grim online posts have falsely claimed in recent days. The misconception emerged last week, after the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post reported on an Edinburgh-based research team’s efforts to sample seawater in one section of the Atlantic Ocean, slightly north of the equator. The newspaper described the research as finding that 90% of Atlantic plankton had vanished. It used the headline, “Our empty oceans: Scots team’s research finds Atlantic plankton all but wiped out in catastrophic loss of life.” However, a closer look at the research, which has not been peer-reviewed, shows it was a limited survey in an area of the Atlantic Ocean at 15 degrees north latitude. It was conducted by the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey, which describes its plankton research as a “citizen science” project. A report on the group’s findings explains the research team developed its own filter to collect its samples instead of using standard plankton trawls. It said the survey involved 13 vessels that all recorded the same results. Howard Dryden, a marine biologist and the lead author of the research, explained in an email to the AP that the Sunday Post story should have said there has been a 90% decline in plankton in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. “Unfortunately, there was a breakdown in communication with the Sunday Post who wrote and printed the story,” Dryden wrote. “I didn’t have a chance to fact check prior to publication.” The Sunday Post has updated its story and headline to reflect that the research was limited to the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. However, the newspaper denies misrepresenting the research and stands by its reporting. Sunday Post editor Jim Wilson told the AP in an email, “We accurately reported Dr Dryden’s research. Our headline might have been more specific about the geographical limits of that research but the story was clear and would have left no fair-minded reader confused.” Dryden acknowledged that his team’s sample size limited its research, and said the group had plans to sign with a university to prepare a report that could be peer reviewed. He said the findings “should be verified by a second independent study.” Independent experts who research plankton said it was false to conclude, as many social media posts did, that 90% of Atlantic plankton had been wiped out. “Categorically no, this is not true,” said David Johns, head of the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, which has taken monthly samples across multiple routes in the north Atlantic and north Pacific for the last 70 years. “We have over a ¼ million samples and we have used a consistent methodology throughout that time giving us a unique time series of plankton distribution and abundance in large areas of the worlds oceans,” Johns told the AP in an email. “We have not seen this drop.” Johns said his survey has seen changes in plankton species in response to climate change, with cold-loving species moving northwards and warmer water plankton taking their place. But, he said, if there were a 90% drop in plankton populations, it would be “immediately apparent to everyone” because all sea creatures depend on plankton. He said many factors can dramatically affect findings in a survey like this, including the time of day a sample is collected, since many types of zooplankton, or animal species of plankton, come to the surface at night while descending to deeper waters during the day. “So if you took a sample in the surface waters in nice sunny weather, in a great many areas of the ocean, particularly the open ocean, there would be virtually nothing there,” Johns said. “That’s normal.” James Sullivan, executive director of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, agreed that claims that 90% of Atlantic plankton had vanished were inaccurate. Reporting such changes in a worldwide ecosystem or ocean basin “takes an incredible amount of science and work,” he said. “Our oceans are having a hard time with global warming, there’s no doubt about that,” he said. “But it’s not that simple to say, you know, 90% of their life has disappeared.” ## ___ This story has been updated to add comments from the editor of The Sunday Post. ## ___ This is part of The Associated Press’ ongoing effort to fact-check misinformation that is shared widely online, including work with Facebook to identify and reduce the circulation of false stories on the platform. Learn more about fact- checking at AP. ![\\"Image\\"](\\" pri-wordmarktagline-rgb-dbg.png\\") The Associated Press is an independent global news organization dedicated to factual reporting. Founded in 1846, AP today remains the most trusted source of fast, accurate, unbiased news in all formats and the essential provider of the technology and services vital to the news business. 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Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90 gone | 3,182 | Support provided by: LEARN MORE A Public Media Initiative from The WNET Group # ![\\"Peril](\\" promise/files/2023/05/logo-PP.png\\") * About * Films * Series * News * All Stories Connect on Social Subscribe to our Newsletter EMAIL ADDRESS ZIP CODE Tip of the Iceberg # If 90% of the Atlantic Ocean’s Plankton Were Gone, We Would Know About It July 27, 2022 By Isabel Plower On July 17, 2022, the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post published an article titled “Our empty oceans: Scots team’s research finds Atlantic plankton all but wiped out in catastrophic loss of life.” The article claimed that a research report by Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (Goes) Foundation showed that 90% of Atlantic plankton have vanished. The sensational headline was soon posted on the social media accounts of environmental awareness organizations like Save the Reef and Seaspiracy, who called the findings “another nail in the coffin of our dying ocean.” The posts were shared thousands of times. However, Save the Reef eventually deleted its post, and the Seaspiracy post was flagged for misinformation after both had been scrutinized by the scientific community. The criticism was directed at the fact that The Sunday Post cited the preprint manuscript of the Goes Foundation study, meaning that the findings have yet to undergo peer review. Thus the study’s methods and results may not hold up against scientific scrutiny. For example, the Foundation’s decision to develop its own filter to collect samples, instead of using standard plankton trawls, could represent a flaw in the study’s methodology. This is supported by the fact that all 13 vessels employed in the study returned the same results. The preprint also does not mention when the samples were collected or what magnification was used to detect the plankton — more factors that could affect the count. Additionally, The Sunday Post over-reported the scope of the study, claiming that it collected samples from the entire Atlantic Ocean when it actually collected samples only from a limited area within the equatorial Atlantic. Moreover, the Goes Foundation only collected 500 data points, which is “a literal drop in the ocean” according to David Johns, head of the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey. For perspective, the Survey has collected over 265,000 samples since 1958. The Sunday Post responded to the criticism with an updated story and headline reflecting the limitations of the study. The headline now reads: “Our empty oceans: Scots team’s research reveals loss of plankton in equatorial Atlantic provoking fears of potentially catastrophic loss of life.” David Johns also spoke with USA TODAY and asserted that a 90% reduction in the Atlantic plankton population would be “catastrophic and instantly noticeable.” This is because plankton provide many vital ecosystem services. For instance, phytoplankton account for about half of the photosynthesis on the planet. Like land plants, phytoplankton have green chlorophyll pigments that capture sunlight. The phytoplankton then produce photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy with oxygen as a byproduct. Since phytoplankton account for so much of global photosynthesis, they are among the world’s most important sources of oxygen. If plankton numbers were to decline as drastically as 90%, there would be a significant reduction in atmospheric oxygen. Further, plankton are a major carbon sink. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton consume carbon dioxide on a scale equivalent to forests and other land plants. Much of this carbon is incorporated into the phytoplankton’s shells and sinks into the deep ocean when they die. But some carbon moves to different levels of the ocean when the phytoplankton is consumed. This movement of carbon is referred to as the biological carbon pump and it annually transfers about 10 gigatons of carbon from the atmosphere to the deep ocean. Even a slight change in phytoplankton populations can affect this process, which, in turn, will affect atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global surface temperatures. Phytoplankton are also the foundation of the aquatic food web. As primary producers, they provide sustenance for the primary consumers, which include everything from microscopic zooplankton to enormous whales. Phytoplankton also indirectly supply the other trophic levels with energy as primary consumers are eaten by secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers. If the plankton population were to undergo a dramatic decline, there would be corresponding decreases in the populations of every marine species that depends on them. At the same time, plankton populations have not been entirely stagnant. According to David Johns, some plankton populations are increasing, while others are decreasing. Johns says many of these changes are in response to climate change. For example, large numbers of a Pacific diatom were found by the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Atlantic after an unusually extended ice-free period. The diatom had previously been absent from the region for over 800,000 years. According to the Survey, the species may be evidence of a trans-Arctic migration which could be “an indicator of the scale and speed of changes that are taking place in the Arctic as a consequence of climate warming.” While it is unclear what the exact consequences of this trans-Arctic migration may be, it is likely that it will affect the biodiversity, productivity, and health of Arctic systems. Plankton populations may not be vanishing before our very eyes. But their numbers are changing, and these changes could seriously disrupt ecosystems and vital biological processes. There is a need to monitor plankton populations. But this must be done in a scientifically sound manner so as to avoid the climate doomspeak perpetrated by The Sunday Post article and other organizations that picked up and amplified the article’s sensational message. For more information, see the companion “Tip of the Iceberg” podcast episode _here_. Extreme Weather global warming ice melt plankton The Sweaty Penguin #### More From Tip of the Iceberg ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/08/Environmental_Disaster_6983486731-scaled-480x270.jpeg\\") ### Opinion: Blame and Finger-Pointing Don’t Solve Environmental Disasters August 17, 2023 When a Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous materials derailed in East Palestine, a national debate was sparked over who was to blame. ![\\"\\"](\\" perkinson-wsCUg9oya84-unsplash-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Amid Severe Drought, Arizona Turns to Sustainable Farming July 26, 2023 As temperatures continue to soar in the Southwest and freshwater supplies dwindle, locals are turning to Indigenous farming practices. ![\\"\\"](\\" tasi-CzW-wxA15j8-unsplash-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Climate Change and El Niño Produce World’s Hottest Days July 19, 2023 While climate change has largely driven these recent heat records, natural variation from El Niño put them over the top. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/07/TOI-E43_-Climate-Lessons-From-Turkey_Syrias-earthquake- scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Unenforced Building Codes Worsened the Impacts of the Earthquake That Hit Turkey and Syria July 12, 2023 Turkey and Syria’s fragile infrastructure includes multiple layers of disregarding the region’s vulnerability to earthquakes. ![\\"\\"](\\" anderson-Vq__yk6faOI-unsplash-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Gen-Z Plaintiffs Impress in Montana’s Constitutional Climate Trial July 6, 2023 The Held V. Montana case made international headlines for the plaintiffs’ ages, and the historic nature of a constitutional climate case. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/06/Quebec_Canada_Wildfire_Smoke_Consumes_New_Jersey_and_New_York_City_June_7_2023_-_52959378738-480x270.jpeg\\") ### Wildfires Can Be Mitigated, Even in a Changing Climate June 29, 2023 Weeks of unprecedented wildfires across Canada have scorched millions of hectares and displaced over 100,000 people. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/06/TOI-E49_Permitting-Reform_The-Bipartisan-Climate-Issue- of-2023-480x270.jpg\\") ### Permitting Reform: The Bipartisan Climate Issue of 2023 June 14, 2023 Permitting reform may be the hot topic of the summer, with both Republican and Democratic legislators putting forth proposals. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/06/redlined-communities-480x270.jpeg\\") ### 39% of Climate Scientists Report Online Harassment June 7, 2023 A recent survey from Global Witness found over a third of climate scientists have experienced online harassment or abuse. ![\\"\\"](\\" stein-6BvytXfRw5M-unsplash-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Arizona v. Navajo Nation: A Crucial Legal Battle Amidst the Southwest’s Drought Crisis May 31, 2023 The Navajo Nation is involved in a Supreme Court case about water access on the reservation. How will the justices rule? ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/05/IPCC_adoption_of_the_Summary_for_Policymakers_of_the_Special_Report_on_Global_Warming_of_1.5°C-480x270.jpg\\") ### Solutions Abound in the Latest IPCC Report May 25, 2023 The 2023 IPCC synthesis report outlines optimistic solutions to the climate crisis, which seemed to be buried under doom-and-gloom headlines. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/05/7471851078_d16e43067c_k-480x270.jpg\\") ### Willow Snatched the Spotlight from a Massive Climate Win May 19, 2023 A drilling project in Alaska’s North Slope was approved, leading to outrage over social media. But why do many locals support Willow? ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/05/96_car_Train_derailment_in_Trinway_Ohio_USA_01-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Blame Versus Accountability: Responding to the East Palestine Train Derailment May 10, 2023 After a train derailed and spilled over 100,000 gallons of chemicals, accountability and common ground are needed in Ohio. ![\\"\\"](\\" khaled-akacha-15485974-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Earthquake Solutions Are Climate Solutions May 4, 2023 In reflecting on the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, it\'s clear that many earthquake solutions also happen to be climate solutions. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/04/frederic-paulussen-LWnD8U2OReU-unsplash- scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Five Signs of Nuclear Fusion Progress Around the World April 19, 2023 Despite the demand and capacity for renewable energy increasing, nuclear fusion is not yet available for mass production. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/04/272411289_fb637411fe_o-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Nuclear Fusion Is Not the “Holy Grail” of Clean Energy April 19, 2023 A nuclear fusion reaction created a net gain of energy for the first time, but there\'s still a long way to go before this technology is implemented. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/04/Snow_pic-480x270.jpg\\") ### How Climate Change May Impact Winter Storms April 12, 2023 This latest winter season in the U.S. included extreme rains and flooding. How did climate change affect these extreme weather events? ![\\"\\"](\\" winter-car-weather-covered-season-918769-pxhere.com_-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### Stop Calling Storms “Once-in-a-Generation” April 12, 2023 Winter Storm Elliot in December of 2022 brought up the question of whether a \"once-in-a-generation\" label is accurate for weather events. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/04/52560372468_c12c7393c2_o-1-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### How the UN Biodiversity Conference Impacts Indigenous Communities April 5, 2023 During COP15, Indigenous communities spoke about their integral role in land stewardship and conservation. They also requested more support. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/04/22dec07-COP15-Sec-Gen- Media-3206_52549456365-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### The United States Hasn’t Ratified an Important Biodiversity Treaty April 5, 2023 The United States has yet to ratify the treaty that established the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/03/52535173369_90c0900f18_o-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### COP27 Establishes Historic Loss and Damage Fund March 29, 2023 Nearly 200 countries agreed to the ‘Loss and Damage Fund’ proposed at COP27, but the conference’s outcome still had limitations. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/03/52481606163_9b45f6a1c6_o-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### New Loss and Damage Fund Is a Win-Win March 29, 2023 A new fund to help developing countries recovering from climate change was created at COP27. Why is this beneficial, even for the U.S.? ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/03/52535372240_8b8aea9975_o-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### COP27’s Indigenous Turnout Could Help Nature-Based Solutions March 23, 2023 Nature-based solutions were a headline of COP27. How can world leaders ensure Indigenous stewardship and land rights moving forward? ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/03/TOI-E38_-No-the-1.5-C-climate-target-is-not-dead- Thumbnail-scaled-480x270.jpg\\") ### No, the 1.5°C Climate Target Is Not Dead March 23, 2023 COP27\'s agreement did not include India\'s proposal for a phase down of fossil fuels, but there is still a chance for optimism and hope. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/03/TOI-E37_-COP27-begins-Thumbnail-480x270.jpg\\") ### Was “Implementation” the Right Theme for COP27? March 15, 2023 Ethan Brown analyzes the plans presented at the United Nations COP27 and identifies which issues still require solutions to be found. ![\\"\\"](\\" promise/files/2023/03/Coca_Cola_plastic_bottles-scaled-480x270.jpeg\\") ### Why Was COP27 Accused of Greenwashing? March 15, 2023 Limited access for community groups and a sponsorship from large plastic producer Coca Cola are among the reasons COP27 was accused of greenwashing. * About * Films * Series * News * All Stories * TERMS OF USE * PRIVACY POLICY * DONATE STAY CONNECTED SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER EMAIL ADDRESS ZIP CODE ![\\"The](\\" content/themes/mpi/libs/images/the-wnet-group.png\\") Major funding for Peril and Promise is provided by Dr. P. Roy Vagelos and Diana T. Vagelos with additional funding from Sue and Edgar Wachenheim III, and the Estate of Worthington Mayo-Smith. © 2024 WNET. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. |
Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90 gone | 3,182 | Facebook Twitter Tumblr CloseFactCheck.org® A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center ![\\"Become](\\" mini.png\\"/) ![\\"Follow](\\" twitter.png\\"/) ![\\"Get](\\" ![\\"Follow](\\" instagram-1.png\\"/) ![\\"Sign](\\" ![\\"Help](\\" FactCheck.org® * Home * Articles * Featured Posts * FactCheck Posts * SciCheck * En Español * 2024 elections * Players Guide 2024 * Debunking Viral Claims * Ask a Question * Ask FactCheck * Ask SciCheck * Donate * Topics * President Biden * Donald Trump * Kamala Harris * JD Vance * Tim Walz * health * Coronavirus * immigration * climate change * View All * About Us * Our Mission * Our Process * Our Funding * Our Staff * Undergraduate Fellows * Awards * Request a Correction * Contact Us * Search * More * Viral Claims * Subscribe * Instagram * Threads * YouTube * X (Twitter) * Facebook * TikTok * FactCheck On the Air * Mailbag Debunking Viral Claims › FactCheck Posts › SciCheck # Faulty Research Paper Leads to Unfounded Claims About Health of Atlantic Ocean By Saranac Hale Spencer Posted on July 29, 2022 * * * * * ## SciCheck Digest Climate change has affected ocean ecosystems, scientists say. But an unfounded claim on social media that “plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone” and the ocean is “now pretty much dead” is based on a faulty paper. ## Full Story The world’s oceans have changed over the last several decades. Climate change has warmed the surface water and caused the sea level to rise, for example. ![\\"\\"](\\" some social media accounts that post about environmental issues have made the unfounded claim, “Plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone.” Plankton — the catchall term for small marine plants, phytoplankton, and animals, zooplankton — serve two vital functions in the ecosystem. They are a major source of food for other marine life, and they absorb carbon dioxide while creating oxygen in the ocean. So, if the claim were true it would, indeed, be a major environmental catastrophe. But experts who study plankton have not found that to be the case. “We absolutely haven’t seen the drops that were noted” in the social media posts, David Johns, head of the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey, told us in an email. “[I]n fact, in some areas there have been increases in plankton,” he said. The CPR Survey has been recording marine ecological data since 1931 and is now run by the Marine Biological Association in the U.K. We’ll explain how the inaccurate claim about plankton developed. It’s based on a quote from Howard Dryden, a marine biologist in Scotland who has, for most of his career, developed and distributed water treatment systems. In 2021, Dryden sought help from fellow members of the Ocean Cruising Club to gather water samples as part of a citizen science project. He wrote in a March 11, 2021, announcement calling for volunteers, “There are around 5,000 yachts crossing oceans every year, from Arctic regions to the equator. If some of these yachts were to start collecting data, then it would be invaluable for the measurement of oceanic pollution and productivity.” Three months later he posted a report suggesting that the primary problem facing ocean ecosystems was chemical and plastic pollution and, about a year after that, on May 6, he posted a paper titled: “Climate change…have we got it all wrong? an observational report by a Marine Biologist.” The abstract for that paper concluded, “peer reviewed literature shows we have lost more than 50% of all life in the oceans, but from own plankton sampling activity and other observations, we consider that losses closer to 90% have occurred, and these are due to chemical pollution from, for example, wastewater and not climate change.” The paper was cited in a July 17 article published by a Scottish newspaper, the Sunday Post, which also quoted extensively from an interview with Dryden. Among the quotes was this, referring to plankton: “Our results confirmed a 90% reduction in primary productivity in the Atlantic. Effectively, the Atlantic Ocean is now pretty much dead.” Shortly after the article was published, the claim that “plankton in the Atlantic Ocean is 90% gone” began circulating widely online. Ars Technica was among the first to address the claim and, after it published a story explaining that the claim was overstated, Dryden contacted the publication and said that the Sunday Post article should have reported a “90% reduction in marine plankton in the Equatorial Atlantic, not the whole Atlantic.” Dryden also changed the name of his May 6 paper to include the “equatorial Atlantic” distinction. It’s now titled: “Climate Change…Equatorial Atlantic Ocean plankton productivity and Caribbean pollution….a think piece for debate.” The newspaper updated its story and included an editor’s note at the bottom explaining the changes. The equatorial Atlantic includes currents flowing west from North Africa toward the southeast coast of the U.S. near the equator, as the name suggests. That area doesn’t typically have high numbers of visible plankton, though. “Equatorial waters are naturally not hotspots for plankton (unless you look at the really small stuff, like pico- and nanoplankton, which you cannot see with a typical microscope),” Johns, of the CPR Survey, told us. “So the claims are unfounded.” Johns also noted the reference in Dryden’s paper to a global loss of 50% of plankton, and disagreed with that, too. “I work with a large number of national and international plankton scientists,” Johns said, “and no one is reporting those sorts of declines – a decline in that order would be absolutely catastrophic, so many marine organisms depend on plankton, from larval through to adult fish, whales, whale sharks, manta rays, sea birds etc. And the phytoplankton are massively important as global producers of oxygen, and they ‘drawdown’ and fix CO2.” The larger premise of Dryden’s paper — that climate change isn’t much of a threat — is inaccurate, too. Looking at the anticipated impacts of climate change on the ocean alone, we can expect increased coastal flooding due to sea level rise, changes in climate patterns due to higher ocean temperatures that affect the currents, and decreased marine biodiversity as higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide acidify the water. “We have seen lots of changes relating to climate change, specifically the warming of the sea surface,” Johns said, addressing Dryden’s specific claim about the amount of plankton in the equatorial Atlantic. “In many cases, this has forced some plankton groups to retract northwards into cooler waters, and has allowed warming loving species to advance northwards as conditions for them become more favourable.” So, the claim that 90% of plankton has disappeared from the Atlantic is based on a faulty paper that was highlighted by a news outlet. Those who study the issue have found cause for concern about the impacts of climate change, but they haven’t clocked the magnitude of decline trumpeted in the viral social media claim. _Editor’s note: FactCheck.org is one of several organizations_ _working with Facebook_ _to debunk misinformation shared on social media. Our previous stories can be foundhere. Facebook has no control over our editorial content._ ## Sources Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Accessed 27 Jul 2022. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “How Do We Know Climate Change Is Real?” Climate.nasa.gov. Updated 26 Jul 2022. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “What are plankton?” Updated 26 Feb 2021. Johns, David. Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey. Email to FactCheck.org. 28 Jul 2022. Dryden, Howard. “Climate change…have we got it all wrong? an observational report by a Marine Biologist.” 6 May 2022. Howarth, Mark. “Our empty oceans: Scots team’s research finds Atlantic plankton all but wiped out in catastrophic loss of life.” Sunday Post. 17 Jul 2022. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. “Climate Change Indicators: Oceans.” Updated 12 May 2021. United Nations. “How is climate change impacting the world’s ocean.” Accessed 29 Jul 2022. * Categories * Debunking Viral Claims * FactCheck Posts * SciCheck * Location * International * National * Issue * climate change * Memes Previous StoryUnraveling Trump’s Unsubstantiated Claim of ‘Crooked’ Nursing Home Votes Next StoryPosts Distort Chinese Research Creating Fragment of Monkeypox Viral Genome Ask SciCheck Q: Are wind farms harmful to the environment? A: Like all energy sources, wind farms have some negative environmental impacts. But getting energy from wind farms results in dramatically lower greenhouse gas emissions than getting it from fossil fuels. Read the full question and answer View the Ask SciCheck archives Have a question? Ask us. 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The video shows Americans celebrating after the release of Trump’s mugshot photo | 3,183 | Become a Member ![\\"snopes](\\"/design/images/logo-main.png\\"/) Search My Profile Logout Submit a Rumor Latest Trending News & Politics Entertainment Fact Checks Quiz Sections Latest Trending Fact Checks News Collections More Contact Us Submit a Rumor Archives Quiz FactBot Newsletters About Us Categories News & Politics Entertainment Science & Technology Lifestyle Free accounts support our journalism Become a Member Login My Profile Logout Fact Check # Video of Crowd Celebrating Release of Trump\'s Mugshot Is Fake ## This isn\'t the first time a 2016 video of a crowd in England celebrating a soccer victory has been repurposed for political gain. ### David Emery ### Published Aug. 25, 2023 Updated Aug. 25, 2023 ![\\"](\\" Image courtesy of @ProjectLincoln/X Claim: A viral video authentically shows a crowd of Americans celebrating the release of former U.S. President Donald Trump\'s Fulton County, Georgia, mugshot in August 2023. Rating: Fake About this rating A mugshot of former U.S. President Donald Trump was released by Fulton County, Georgia, on Aug. 24, 2023, after he was indicted by a grand jury on charges related to election interference in the 2020 presidential election. Given Trump\'s status as a Republican contender in the 2024 presidential election, the mugshot became instant fodder for memes and jokes, including a video purportedly showing a crowd of Americans in a bar celebrating when the picture appeared on a giant TV screen: Advertisement: > Hey @realDonaldTrump look. The country is celebrating your mugshot. > pic.twitter.com/kU1NmJxPjX > > — Weezie Proud Resister (@itsweezie) August 25, 2023 The video was fake, of course, though some who shared it may not have been aware of that fact. Created by digitally editing an existing (and real) YouTube video of a crowd celebrating a soccer victory in England in 2016, the altered clip seemingly originated with the X (formerly Twitter) account of Project Lincoln, which describes itself as \"a political action committee formed in late 2019 by former and current moderate Republicans.\" The group is known for its strongly anti-Trump stance. ![\\"Lincoln](\\" (@ProjectLincoln/X) Advertisement: The 2016 clip has been repurposed in other ways, too, before the Trump edit. We had occasion to debunk a variant of the video meme in 2019, when the real content on the giant TV screen was substituted for footage of NBA player Kevin Durant sustaining an injury on the court: > Toronto bar reacts to Kevin Durant\'s injury pic.twitter.com/4oWqlcuv3S > > — Barstool Sports (@barstoolsports) June 11, 2019 And this is the original, unedited video as uploaded to YouTube in 2016, captioned, \"Fans at Ashton Gate Stadium, Bristol, celebrate England winner against Wales at Euro 2016\": Advertisement: #### Sources Kasprak, Alex. \"This Is Donald Trump\'s Fulton County Mugshot.\" Snopes, 25 Aug. 2023, \"Trump Has Surrendered for a Fourth Time This Year. Here\'s Where All the Cases against Him Stand.\" AP News, 1 Aug. 2023, charges-b8b064a00caad4306fb54d2f6a320468. ### By David Emery David Emery is a West Coast-based writer and editor with 25 years of experience fact-checking rumors, hoaxes, and contemporary legends. ## Article Tags Mugshot Donald Trump Recommendations Advertisement: ![\\"Snopes.com\\"](\\"/design/images/logo-main.png\\") Company About Us FAQs Contact Us Submit a Topic Navigate Home Search Archive Newsletters Random Sections Latest Top Fact Checks News Account Join Login Game FactBot Like Us on Facebook Follow Us on Twitter © 1995 - 2024 by Snopes Media Group Inc. This material may not be reproduced without permission. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com Terms of Use Privacy Policy DMCA Policy |
The video shows Americans celebrating after the release of Trump’s mugshot photo | 3,183 | British Broadcasting Corporation Register* Home * News * US Election * Sport * Business * Innovation * Culture * Arts * Travel * Earth * Video * Live RegisterHome News US Election Sport Business Innovation Culture Arts Travel Earth Video Live Audio Weather Newsletters # Americans react to Donald Trump\'s mugshot 25 August 2023 Share Save Chloe Kim BBC News Share Save ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"BBC](\\" Former President Donald Trump has surrendered to the Fulton County Jail to face charges of trying to overturn the 2020 election in Georgia. This, the fourth criminal case brought against him this year, differs from the others in that Mr Trump actually had a mugshot taken. US voters shared their gut reactions to seeing the first booking photo of a former president. Mr Trump has denied all 13 charges against him. ![\\"Crystal](\\" **Crystal Myers-Barber is a staunch supporter of Donald Trump. She voted for him in both 2016 and 2020 and plans on voting for him next year.** Wow! I didn\'t expect this expression. I had wondered if he would smile and the answer is no! He looks very upset and actually disgusted. It makes me very sad to see this. He\'s tough but I can see this appears to hurt him within. I do believe it will help his ratings and backfire, though! ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"Luke](\\" **Luke Gordon grew up in a liberal-leaning part of the north-east. He voted for Donald Trump in 2020, but he wants someone else to win the Republican nomination for 2024.** Trump is the most photographed person in human history. The mugshot was obviously unnecessary and vindictive. Regardless, the Trump campaign is going to use this image to fundraise - and they will make a fortune. Voters who feel the system does not apply an equal standard of justice to politicians, like the former president, will be instantly mobilised. ![\\"Isaiah](\\" **Isaiah Reeves describes himself as a progressive.** I think it\'s simultaneously hilarious and not as funny as I hoped it would have been. It is somewhat surreal to see his mugshot, but I have no faith in these charges going anywhere substantial. I find the fact that him getting this picture taken funny in its own right, but I was hoping for some odd facial expression. He looks more stern than I think we\'ve ever really seen him in public, and that adds a bit of humour as well. ![\\"Kathleen](\\" **Kathleen McClellan is a strong anti-abortion voter and backed Donald Trump twice.** President Trump looks mightily displeased with the whole thing as I think many people are. The timing is perfect political theatre. ![\\"Joey](\\" **Joey Blackburn is a liberal Democrat, who was very politically active in previous years - campaigning for various candidates.** He looks very angry, which frankly I find refreshing! He always has a very smug, satisfied look on his face. Perhaps he is actually realising he might finally face consequences for his actions - something he\'s avoided essentially all his life. ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"Anna](\\" **Anna Bosking is a politically active young person who first voted in 2020 for Joe Biden.** No matter the party you affiliate with, it\'s truly devastating to see the mugshot of an individual who held the highest office in the United States. Putting party aside, it is an international embarrassment that the man we put on the world stage is an alleged criminal. But at the same time, it is a wave a relief to know that the justice system is doing its job. No person is above the law. ![\\"Gabriel](\\" **Gabriel Montalvo is part of the military and is active in local political groups. He voted for Trump in 2020.** Trump, one of the most powerful men in the free world, was taken into custody by his political opponents because he questioned election integrity. Latin America is the closest example of this response towards open discourse to tackling corruption within a governing body. Trump is the most investigated man in our history, with the intent evident; the Democratic party and the far left do not want him to run for president and succeed. While the mugshot will certainly rally the Republican base, the arrest now sets a dangerous precedent for how the United States handles the ruling party\'s opposition. ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"Nuha](\\" **Nuha Nazy says democracy, women\'s rights and gay rights are her top priorities.** Sad for the US and happy that the chickens are coming home to roost for Donald Trump after all the damage he has done. It will make 2024 even more contentious than 2020. I still think he will lead in the Republican primary. I\'m glad he is being charged on the state level, none of the Republican candidates can pardon him. Even the government of Georgia can\'t pardon him until he has served a part of his sentence. He will have to live with whatever comes from this. ## Reasons why Trump\'s Georgia case is different ## A guide to Trump\'s four criminal cases ## What are the charges in Trump\'s Georgia indictment? ## A very simple guide to Trump\'s indictments Georgia Indictments of Donald Trump Donald Trump Related ## A guide to Donald Trump\'s four criminal cases 3 days agoUS & Canada ## Biden and Harris tour storm Helene havoc as death toll climbs 4 days agoUS & Canada ## Helene\'s devastating impact in 100 seconds 5 days agoUS & Canada More 6 hrs ago ![\\"Graphic](\\" ## US election polls: Who is ahead - Harris or Trump? An in-depth look at the polls and what they can and can’t tell us about who will win the White House. 6 hrs agoUS & Canada 17 hrs ago ![\\"Republican](\\" ad45-893aa022fcbc.jpg.webp\\") ## Time stood still, Trump says at site of assassination attempt Donald Trump invited tech billionaire Elon Musk to the stage to join him attacking his Democratic opponent. 17 hrs agoUS & Canada 17 hrs ago ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"Kamala](\\" ad45-893aa022fcbc.jpg.webp\\") ## Trump and Harris are deadlocked - could an October surprise change the game? With one month to go, any unexpected event could help sway this close race for the White House. 17 hrs agoUS & Canada 23 hrs ago ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"President](\\" ## How much security does Donald Trump get? Following a second apparent assassination attempt, BBC Verify looks at what security Donald Trump is entitled to. 23 hrs agoUS & Canada 1 day ago ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"A](\\" ## Sadness and defiance in Trump-shooting town trying to heal The town is undergoing its own healing process ahead of the former president\'s visit. 1 day agoUS & Canada British Broadcasting Corporation * Home * News * US Election * Sport * Business * Innovation * Culture * Arts * Travel * Earth * Video * Live * Audio * Weather * BBC Shop BBC in other languages ## Follow BBC on: * Terms of Use * About the BBC * Privacy Policy * Cookies * Accessibility Help * Contact the BBC * Advertise with us * Do not share or sell my info * Contact technical support Copyright 2024 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking. |
The video shows Americans celebrating after the release of Trump’s mugshot photo | 3,183 | Hurricane-prone states The day in pictures Get the USA TODAY app Start the day smarter ☀️ U.S. Elections Sports Entertainment Life Money Tech Travel Opinion ONLY AT USA TODAY: Newsletters For Subscribers From the Archives Crossword eNewspaper Magazines Investigations Podcasts Video Humankind Just Curious Best-selling Booklist 24/7 Live Stream Legals OUR PORTFOLIO: 10Best USAT Wine Club Shopping Homefront Blueprint Southern Kitchen Best Auto Insurance Best Pet Insurance Best Travel Insurance Best Credit Cards Best CD Rates Best Personal Loans Home Internet FACT CHECK Donald Trump Add Topic # Clip of crowd celebrating Trump conviction is edited video of 2016 soccer win | Fact check ![\\"Portrait](\\"/gcdn/presto/2022/04/18/USAT/5e65e405-399e-4a65-8d35-f90f601a30ce- BrieAnna_Frank_Headshot_1.jpg?crop=490,490,x0,y0&width=48&height=48&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\") BrieAnna J. Frank USA TODAY ![\\"\\"](\\"/gcdn/authoring/authoring- images/2024/05/31/USAT/73923735007-getty- images-2155437737.jpg?crop=1023,576,x0,y53&width=660&height=371&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\"/) PlayPause Sound OnSound Off 0:00 1:41 AD SKIP ClosedCaptionOpen ShareEnter Full ScreenExit Full Screen ## The claim: Post implies video of crowd celebrating Trump’s conviction is real A May 31 Facebook post (direct link, archive link) from the anti-Donald Trump group the Lincoln Project includes a video in which a bar crowd erupts in cheers as news of the former president\'s conviction is shown on a large TV screen. “Every. Damn. Charge. #TrumpGuilty,” reads the caption on the post. Comments in the post indicate some people took the scene as real. “Where was this, I would have loved to have been there!” reads one of the comments. “I can’t stop watching this,” reads another. “Gives me chills. I love NY.” The post received more than 4,000 shares in one day. Other versions of the claim spread widely on X, formerly Twitter. More from the Fact-Check Team: How we pick and research claims | Email newsletter | Facebook page ## Our rating: Missing context The implied claim is false. This is an altered version of a video that originally showed a crowd celebrating England’s last-minute soccer goal against Wales in the 2016 UEFA European Football Championship, also known as the Euro 2016. It has since become a meme template used to show supposed reactions to various news events. ## Video modified to show crowd cheering Biden\'s stair trip, release of Trump\'s mugshot The original video was uploaded to YouTube in 2016, predating by eight years Trump’s conviction on 34 counts of falsifying business records. It shows soccer fans in England erupting in celebration, as reported by CBS Sports. Fact check: Trump jury had to be unanimous in hush money trial to find him guilty The clip has since become a meme that is edited to fit various scenarios. It was modified to show the crowd cheering after President Joe Biden tripped on stairs while boarding Air Force One and in response to Kyle Rittenhouse’s acquittal in 2021, for example. The edited clip also circulated after the Fulton County Sheriff’s Office released Trump’s mugshot in August 2023. USA TODAY has debunked an array of altered content pertaining to Trump, including a photo showing him and Melania Trump posing alongside Stormy Daniels, a video showing him vowing to release former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan from jail if elected in 2024 and an image purporting to show hismugshot. USA TODAY reached out to the user who shared the post for comment but did not immediately receive a response. ## Our fact-check sources: * Bristol Post, May 31, The Bar Goes Wild meme – the real story behind that Ashton Gate Sports Bar video * CBS Sports, June 16, 2016, Watch as a bar in England goes nuts after late winner vs. Wales in Euro 2016 * Heart News West Country, June 16, 2016, Fans at Ashton Gate Stadium, Bristol, celebrate England winner against Wales at Euro 2016 Thank you for supporting our journalism. You can subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or e-newspaper here. USA TODAY is a verified signatory of the International Fact-Checking Network, which requires a demonstrated commitment to nonpartisanship, fairness and transparency. Our fact-check work is supported in part by a grant from Meta. 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Pennsylvania vs. national polls right nownews Checkout 2/3/4 BHK Apartments on Dwarka Expressway99 Acres| AdAd Enquire Now About Us Newsroom Staff Ethical Principles Responsible Disclosure Request a Correction Press Releases Accessibility Sitemap Subscription Terms & Conditions Terms of Service Privacy Policy Your Privacy Choices Contact Us Help Center Manage Account Give Feedback Get Home Delivery eNewspaper USA TODAY Shop USA TODAY Print Editions Licensing & Reprints Advertise With Us Advertising Acceptance Policy Careers Internships Support Local Business News Tips Submitting letters to the editor Podcasts Newsletters Mobile Apps Facebook X Instagram LinkedIn Threads YouTube Reddit Flipboard 10Best USAT Wine Club Shopping Best-selling Booklist Southern Kitchen Jobs Sports Betting Sports Weekly Studio Gannett Classifieds Homefront Home Internet Blueprint Auto Insurance Pet Insurance Travel Insurance Credit Cards Banking Personal Loans LLC Formation Payroll Software © 2024 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Satellite Information Network, LLC. Statue of 2024 presidential candidate Donald Trump appears in PhoenixA giant nude statue of 2024 presidential candidate Donald Trump was seen in downtown Phoenix on Oct. 3 ahead of upcoming election.USA TODAY 99 Acres Discover New Project in New Gurgaon that fits your budgetCheckout hottest new launches in New Gurgaon that suit your needs and budget.99 Acres| SponsoredSponsored Enquire Now Sunteck Realty 2/3 BHK Premium Beachview Home in Mumbai at ₹ 92 Lakhs*Sunteck Beach Residences, Mumbai - A well-connected address offering a seamless lifestyleSunteck Realty| SponsoredSponsored Learn More Listen to Donald Trump tell a Fayetteville crowd he\'d rename Fort Liberty to Fort BraggDonald Trump was in Fayetteville on Friday, where he told the crowd several times that if he\'s reelected, he\'d rename the Army installation.USA TODAY Who is winning the election? Here\'s what polls, odds sayWill Donald Trump or Kamala Harris be the next president. Here is what polls, odds and historians say as we head into Election Day on Nov. 5.USA TODAY Who\'s ahead in the presidential race? What the polls and odds say nowVice presidential candidates and their debates don\'t usually move the needle, but this time, every moment counts. Here\'s who\'s ahead in the electionUSA TODAY Your turn: Here\'s the only reason people vote for Kamala HarrisHarry Bulkeley believes there\'s only one reason people will be voting for Kamala Harris for the election.USA TODAY Who is winning the election? Pennsylvania vs. national polls right nowWill Donald Trump or Kamala Harris be the next president. Here is how national polls and odds compare to swing state - Pennsylvania right now.USA TODAY HomeLane Personalized Modular Kitchen Interiors built to your budget.45 Day Delivery. Upto 10-Year Material Warranty. No Hidden Costs. Book a FREE design session!HomeLane| SponsoredSponsored Get Quote Donate For Health My son will die without a liver transplant. 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The video shows Americans celebrating after the release of Trump’s mugshot photo | 3,183 | British Broadcasting Corporation Register* Home * News * US Election * Sport * Business * Innovation * Culture * Arts * Travel * Earth * Video * Live RegisterHome News US Election Sport Business Innovation Culture Arts Travel Earth Video Live Audio Weather Newsletters # Donald Trump still rewriting laws of politics after Georgia arrest 25 August 2023 Share Save Sarah Smith North America editor Share Save ![\\"FULTON](\\" COUNTY SHERIFF\'S OFFICE Donald Trump has been complaining recently about the pictures used of him on Fox News. \"They purposely show the absolutely worst pictures of me, especially the big \'orange\' one with my chin pulled way back,\" he wrote on his Truth Social platform. The former president obviously prefers the mugshot taken in Atlanta\'s Fulton County jail, where he was booked on charges of plotting to overturn Georgia\'s 2020 election result on Thursday. Within minutes of the picture being released, it appeared on Mr Trump\'s website along with a statement saying he had been arrested despite committing no crime. \"What has taken place is a travesty of justice,\" it said, along with a call for campaign contributions. Mugshots have destroyed other political careers. For him, it has already become a campaign symbol. In fact, in a matter of hours his official campaign was selling T-shirts featuring the image. \"NEVER SURRENDER,\" they read. Mugs and stickers are also available. It is yet another example of how Mr Trump continues to defy political gravity. We are no longer surprised when his poll ratings rise with each criminal indictment against him. The Georgia charges, after all, were the fourth in five months. We can also see that the man who may have to spend the better part of next year in a courtroom, not on the campaign trail, is still the clear frontrunner to win the Republican party\'s presidential nomination for 2024. He is rewriting the laws of politics right in front of our eyes. ![\\"Bar](\\" Anyone who doubts Mr Trump\'s continuing grip on the party should watch one moment from Wednesday night\'s televised Republican debate. Mr Trump chose to skip the event because he is so far ahead of his rivals he believed he had nothing to gain from being there. Yet he still loomed over the stage. All eight candidates were asked to raise their hand if they would still support Mr Trump for president if he is found guilty in court. Six hands went up in the air - even if Florida Governor Ron DeSantis conspicuously waited to see what the others did before raising his. Three quarters of the people running against Mr Trump will not dare to say he should not be president if he has a criminal conviction. ![\\"line\\"](\\" ## More on Trump and 2024 * Americans react to Donald Trump\'s mugshot * A very simple guide to Trump\'s indictments * Inside notorious Atlanta jail where Trump surrendered * Who were the Republican debate winners and losers? ![\\"line\\"](\\" \"Someone\'s got to stop normalising this conduct, okay?\" arch Trump-critic Chris Christie said. \"Whether or not you believe that the criminal charges are right or wrong, the conduct is beneath the office of president of the United States.\" He was then practically booed off the stage. Arguably, Mr Christie has it wrong. The Republican Party is not normalising Mr Trump\'s conduct. It is celebrating his actions and rewarding him with more support and adulation each time his legal problems become more serious. \"They are not after me, they are after you - I\'m just standing in the way,\" Mr Trump often says. His supporters love that. It is a phrase I\'ve had repeated back to me around the country. Even though no one is quite sure what it actually means, it encapsulates the idea that he is more than another politician. He presents himself as a potential martyr for his support base. Mr Trump has an almost unique talent for attracting attention. He is using this moment to suffocate his rivals and opponents by starving them of the oxygen of publicity. He has successfully merged his legal problems with his political campaign - and turned both into a reality TV show. That is why he brings cameras with him when he is arrested. That is why he called into right-wing TV stations to describe what it was like being booked in a notorious Atlanta jail. And that is why he will use this mugshot as the ultimate accolade. Watch: Trump surrenders at Georgia jail...in 74 seconds ## Historic Trump mugshot released in Georgia arrest ## What are the charges in Trump\'s Georgia indictment? ## Trump seeks to make the most of historic mugshot ## Americans react to Donald Trump\'s mugshot ## Top Republicans clash on abortion, spending and Trump Georgia Indictments of Donald Trump US election 2024 Donald Trump US politics United States Related ## A guide to Donald Trump\'s four criminal cases 3 days agoUS & Canada ## Biden and Harris tour storm Helene havoc as death toll climbs 4 days agoUS & Canada ## Helene\'s devastating impact in 100 seconds 5 days agoUS & Canada More 6 hrs ago ![\\"Graphic](\\" ## US election polls: Who is ahead - Harris or Trump? An in-depth look at the polls and what they can and can’t tell us about who will win the White House. 6 hrs agoUS & Canada 17 hrs ago ![\\"Sid](\\" ## My mission is to take Tamil music global, says Sid Sriram The Indian-born, American-raised artist is going to perform his biggest solo UK show. 17 hrs agoWorld 17 hrs ago ![\\"Republican](\\" ad45-893aa022fcbc.jpg.webp\\") ## Time stood still, Trump says at site of assassination attempt Donald Trump invited tech billionaire Elon Musk to the stage to join him attacking his Democratic opponent. 17 hrs agoUS & Canada 17 hrs ago ![\\"Kamala](\\" ad45-893aa022fcbc.jpg.webp\\") ## Trump and Harris are deadlocked - could an October surprise change the game? With one month to go, any unexpected event could help sway this close race for the White House. 17 hrs agoUS & Canada 23 hrs ago ![](\\"/bbcx/grey- placeholder.png\\"/)![\\"President](\\" ## How much security does Donald Trump get? Following a second apparent assassination attempt, BBC Verify looks at what security Donald Trump is entitled to. 23 hrs agoUS & Canada British Broadcasting Corporation * Home * News * US Election * Sport * Business * Innovation * Culture * Arts * Travel * Earth * Video * Live * Audio * Weather * BBC Shop BBC in other languages ## Follow BBC on: * Terms of Use * About the BBC * Privacy Policy * Cookies * Accessibility Help * Contact the BBC * Advertise with us * Do not share or sell my info * Contact technical support Copyright 2024 BBC. All rights reserved. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Read about our approach to external linking. |
AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF THE 1924 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION | 3,185 | The Poynter Institute Menu Donate State Editions * California * Florida * Iowa * Michigan * New Hampshire * New York * North Carolina * Pennsylvania * Texas * West Virginia * Wisconsin Issues * All Issues * Online hoaxes * Coronavirus * Health Care * Immigration * Extremism * Taxes * Marijuana * Environment * Crime * Guns * Foreign Policy * LGBTQ+ People * Joe Biden * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump * Mitch McConnell * Hakeem Jeffries * Ron DeSantis Media * PunditFact * Tucker Carlson * Sean Hannity * Rachel Maddow * Bloggers * PolitiFact Videos Campaigns * 2024 Elections Truth-o-Meter * True * Mostly True * Half True * Mostly False * False * Pants on Fire Promises * Biden Promise Tracker * Trump-O-Meter * Obameter * Latest Promises About Us * Our Process * Our Staff * En Español * Who pays for PolitiFact? * Advertise with Us * Suggest a Fact-check * Corrections and Updates * Newsletters Donate #### Follow us The Facts Newsletter Sign up English Español ### Stand up for the facts! Our only agenda is to publish the truth so you can be an informed participant in democracy. We need your help. More Info ### I would like to contribute One Time Monthly Yearly Join Now ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on February 3, 2019 in a Facebook post: A photograph shows KKK members marching at the 1924 Democratic National Convention. ![\\"true\\"](\\" false/33efdb6633e5e2fdc2d4e2f63383a1e0.jpg.\\") ![\\"false\\"](\\" false.jpg\\") * History * Facebook Fact-checks * Viral image ![\\"Ciara](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke February 11, 2019 # No, viral photo does not show the KKK at the 1924 Democratic convention With two Virginia Democrats now under scrutiny for wearing blackface, an old picture of Klansmen marching down a street has reemerged in connection with the Democratic Party. \"This photo was taken at the 1924 Democratic National Convention,\" reads a Facebook post published on Feb. 3. \"It was known as the ‘klanbake’ (just in case you want to Google it).\" The text frames dozens of hooded people walking together. \"Reminder that the KKK = Democrats,\" the post says at the bottom. This post was flagged as part of Facebook’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Facebook.) PolitiFact has already fact-checked a claim that the Ku Klux Klan was formed by the Democratic Party (that’s false, and you can read why here). But did Klansmen crowd the 1924 convention? Well, there was a gathering of the KKK across the Hudson River on the 10th day of the political convention that year — but this photo that\'s making the rounds on social media is not from that event. Here\'s what we know. #### Featured Fact-check ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on August 30, 2024 in a post \"Samsung drops out of $1 billion advertising campaign with Olympics.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" false/33efdb6633e5e2fdc2d4e2f63383a1e0.jpg.\\") ![\\"false\\"](\\" false.jpg\\") By Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu • August 2, 2024 The Democratic National Convention was held at Madison Square Garden in New York in 1924. Back then, according to the New York Times, the KKK was \"the most powerful bloc in the Democratic Party.\" It was the longest convention in American history, the paper reported in the March 15, 2016, story, replete with fistfights, roosters and the defeat of a resolution some delegates proposed that would have condemned the KKK. The convention is often referred to as the \"Klanbake,\" according to Politico. During the convention, 20,000 klansmen attended a rally across the river in New Jersey. But the photo pictured in the Facebook post isn’t from that rally, or from the convention. According to the Wisconsin Historical Society, Arthur Vinje, a photographer for the Wisconsin State Journal, took it in Madison, Wisconsin, on Dec. 2, 1924. Klansmen were parading down King Street to Schroeder Funeral Home for the funeral of a police officer, Herbert Dreger. Our ruling Though the 1924 Democratic National convention did come to be known as the klanbake, the photograph the Facebook post alleges was taken there is actually a picture from several states away as Klansmen walked to a funeral service. We rate this post False. #### Read About Our Process The Principles of the Truth-O-Meter ### Our Sources Facebook post, Feb. 3, 2019 The New York Times, \"G.O.P. path recalls Democrats convention disaster, in 1924,\" March 15, 2016 Wisconsin Historical Society, Photograph: Ku Klux Klan Parade, visited Feb. 8, 2019 The Associated Press, \"Not real news: Thousands of KKK members didn’t march down Fifth Avenue in 1924,\" Oct. 18, 2018 Politico, \"1924: The wildest convention in U.S. history,\" March 7, 2016 The Washington Post, \"The day 30,000 white supremacists in KKK robes marched in the nation’s capital,\" Aug. 11, 2018 The Washington Post, \"How social media spread a historical lie,\" March 15, 2018 Kambree Kawahine Koa tweet, March 3, 2018 ## Browse the Truth-O-Meter ### More by Ciara O\'Rourke ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 8, 2024 in a Threads post: “Elon Musk is going to expose Bill Gates soon, says ‘he’s evil.’” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 6, 2024 in a Facebook post: “Gordon Ramsay calls Tim Walz a ‘woke creep,’ throws him out of Hell’s Kitchen.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 7, 2024 in a Threads post: Photo shows Elton John wearing a “MAGA” jacket. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on August 30, 2024 in a Facebook post: Video shows tornadoes in Canada. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" Instagram_logo_2016.svg/322c808c00e73c217d17772ddd5a0eb5.jpg\\") ![](\\" Instagram_logo_2016.svg/8b142c91ebe468a84a192e6df2b7b994.jpg\\") Instagram posts stated on September 8, 2024 in an Instagram post: Video shows a Ku Klux Klan member at a rally for former President Donald Trump. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 7, 2024 in a Threads post: Elon Musk said, “Anyone caught promoting propaganda will be suspended from X.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 6, 2024 in a Facebook post: “Elon Musk to fund new anti-woke show featuring Tucker Carlson.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 2, 2024 in an Instagram post: Image shows “Michelle Obama’s necklace from DNC speech” said “Mike.” ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 11, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 4, 2024 in an Instagram post: “The entire family of Kamala Harris’ running mate, Tim Walz—they are all supporting Donald Trump.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 6, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 4, 2024 in an Instagram post: An image shows the social media profile of the accused suspect in the Apalachee High School shooting. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 5, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 2, 2024 in an Instagram post: “In less than 48 hours the United States government is shutting down for good.” ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 5, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 2, 2024 in a Facebook post: Photo shows a child “saved” by Deputy Ryan Braidley in Elko County, Nevada. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 5, 2024 ![](\\" logo-black-01/b6cedac93f6e57c68ecc025e5ec29d57.jpg\\") ![](\\" logo-black-01/438dbf066033f99de07598cbcc77ddcb.jpg\\") Threads posts stated on September 2, 2024 in a Threads post: Photo shows Vice President Kamala Harris “in the 90s.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 4, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on August 27, 2024 in a Facebook post: “Kurt Russell forms a new non-woke actors alliance with Roseanne Barr and Tim Allen.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • August 30, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on August 23, 2024 in an X post: Photo of former President Donald Trump after an assassination attempt was generated by artificial intelligence. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • August 30, 2024 ### No, viral photo does not show the KKK at the 1924 Democratic convention * ![](\\" ![](\\" Sam Brown stated on August 28, 2024 in a campaign appearance: Proposed Nevada constitutional amendment to protect abortion rights would put “essentially no limit on access to abortion.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Caleb McCullough • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jon Tester stated on September 8, 2024 in a Facebook ad: Tim Sheehy “would let politicians like him ban abortion, with no exceptions for rape or to save a woman’s life, and criminalize women.” ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Louis Jacobson • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 8, 2024 in a Threads post: “Elon Musk is going to expose Bill Gates soon, says ‘he’s evil.’” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 6, 2024 in a Facebook post: “Gordon Ramsay calls Tim Walz a ‘woke creep,’ throws him out of Hell’s Kitchen.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 11, 2024 in una publicación en Facebook: \"ÚLTIMA HORA Río Nilo se pinta de rojo sangre\". ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Marta Campabadal Graus • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on September 7, 2024 in a Threads post: Photo shows Elton John wearing a “MAGA” jacket. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 11, 2024 in a photo: The Minnesota Vikings have denounced Tim Walz: “We don’t suppᴏrt his values.” ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 8, 2024 in Instagram posts: Immigrants get $2,000 each time they cross the border illegally. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Sofia Ahmed • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Viral image stated on August 30, 2024 in a Facebook post: Video shows tornadoes in Canada. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 8, 2024 in an Instagram post: Video shows a Ku Klux Klan member at a rally for former President Donald Trump. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ciara O\'Rourke • September 12, 2024 Load more ### Support independent fact-checking. 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AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF THE 1924 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION | 3,185 | Facebook Twitter Tumblr CloseFactCheck.org® A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center ![\\"Become](\\" mini.png\\"/) ![\\"Follow](\\" twitter.png\\"/) ![\\"Get](\\" ![\\"Follow](\\" instagram-1.png\\"/) ![\\"Sign](\\" ![\\"Help](\\" FactCheck.org® * Home * Articles * Featured Posts * FactCheck Posts * SciCheck * En Español * 2024 elections * Players Guide 2024 * Debunking Viral Claims * Ask a Question * Ask FactCheck * Ask SciCheck * Donate * Topics * President Biden * Donald Trump * Kamala Harris * JD Vance * Tim Walz * health * Coronavirus * immigration * climate change * View All * About Us * Our Mission * Our Process * Our Funding * Our Staff * Undergraduate Fellows * Awards * Request a Correction * Contact Us * Search * More * Viral Claims * Subscribe * Instagram * Threads * YouTube * X (Twitter) * Facebook * TikTok * FactCheck On the Air * Mailbag Debunking Viral Claims › FactCheck Posts # Photo Shows 1924 KKK March in Wisconsin, Not Democratic Convention in NYC By Alan Jaffe Posted on March 15, 2024 * * * * * Para leer en español, vea esta traducción de Google Translate. ## Quick Take The Ku Klux Klan caused a divisive Democratic National Convention in 1924 but failed to nominate its preferred candidate. A social media post shows a photo of a Klan march to falsely claim it depicts Democratic delegates at the convention in New York. But the photo is from a Klan funeral march later that year in Wisconsin. ## Full Story Democrats and Republicans have criticized each other for years with claims about ties to or support for the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups, as we’ve previously written. Historians say the Klan — which was founded after the Civil War and had a resurgence in the 1920s — has sought to achieve power through both parties. The organization ignited a particularly divisive Democratic National Convention in July 1924 in New York City, when the Klan-backed candidate failed to capture the party’s nomination. A century later, amid another election season, a social media post mislabels an archival photo to misleadingly portray the participants at that Democratic convention. An Instagram post on March 13 shows a march of Ku Klux Klan members in their white hoods and robes, with text that claims it is an “AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF THE 1924 NATIONAL DEMOCRAT CONVENTION.” The text on the photo also says, “MAKE SENSE NOW?” The post has received more than 9,200 likes. One commenter wrote, in part: “The Democrats have NEVER voted in the history of America to make life easier for blacks. Only the Republicans have done that.” But Linda Gordon, a history professor at New York University, told us in an email that the image in the Instagram post “is not a photo of the [D]emocratic convention” of 1924. Rather, the photo is from the archive of the Wisconsin Historical Society and actually shows Klan members in December 1924, in Madison, Wisconsin, said Gordon, the author of “The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition.” The Wisconsin archive describes the photo as “Ku Klux Klan (KKK) wearing iconic masks and white robes parading down King Street to Schroeder Funeral Home for the funeral of Police officer Herbert Dreger.” Reuters debunked similar posts in 2020 and noted that the false description of the photo has circulated on social media since 2015. Gordon told Reuters that the Klan’s efforts to influence politics in the 1920s was “pretty much equally divided between Democrats and Republicans.” ## ‘A Powerful Force’ in Both Parties Felix Harcourt, associate professor of history at Austin College in Texas, told us in an email that the Klan was “a powerful force” in the Democratic Party in the 1920s and at the 1924 convention, where there was also strong opposition to the Klan. “The Klan lobbied furiously to prevent the party from endorsing a platform plank that would condemn the group by name. The organization’s leaders played an influential role in denying Al Smith, the Catholic governor of New York, the Democratic nomination during the contested convention,” said Harcourt, whose research focuses on the Klan’s political power. The effort to include a platform statement condemning the Klan at the Democratic convention failed. But the Klan’s preferred candidate, William G. McAdoo, did not capture the nomination, which went to John C. Davis on the 103rd ballot. “At the same time, the Klan was highly opportunistic, with little partisan attachment beyond what served the organization and its bigoted goals,” Harcourt said. “So, the Klan wasn’t just a powerful force in the Democratic Party — it was a powerful force in politics more broadly. It was lobbying Democratic leaders at their 1924 convention. It was also lobbying leaders during the Republican convention in 1924, albeit in a less visible way since the nomination wasn’t really contested and there was no similar effort to put forward a plank denouncing the Klan by name.” “Eventually, almost everyone running in the presidential election that year denounced the Klan by name, with the exception of Calvin Coolidge, who farmed the responsibility out to his vice presidential nominee, Charles Dawes. And the Klan’s national leadership in turn backed (in a limited way) Coolidge,” Harcourt said. Coolidge, the Republican incumbent, won reelection in 1924. “The Klan’s national leadership then very vocally and actively backed Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith in 1928,” Harcourt said. Hoover easily defeated Smith. In recent years, Harcourt also said, “that opportunism — of the Klan and of the broad panoply of white nationalist groups that have come to largely replace the Klan — has often remained in place. The most prominent example, of course, is David Duke, who has run for office as both a Democrat and a Republican and who has endorsed both Democratic and Republican politicians.” Editor’s note: FactCheck.org is one of several organizations working with Facebook to debunk misinformation shared on social media. Our previous stories can be found here. Facebook has no control over our editorial content. ## Sources Britannica. “United States presidential election of 1924.” Accessed 15 Mar 2024. Farley, Robert. “Trump Has Condemned White Supremacists.” FactCheck.org. 11 Feb 2020. Fichera, Angelo. “Anti-Biden Ad Misleads on Race Claims.” FactCheck.org. 23 Jul 2020. Fichera, Angelo. “Image Altered to Show KKK Members with Trump Sign.” 3 Mar 2020. Gordon, Linda. Professor emerita of history, New York University. Email to FactCheck.org. 14 Mar 2024. Gordon, Linda. “The Second Coming of the KKK: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and the American Political Tradition.” W.W. Norton. October 2017. Hamilton, David. “Herbert Hoover: Campaigns and Elections.” University of Virginia, Miller Center. Accessed 15 Mar 2024. Harcourt, Felix. Associate professor of history, Austin College. Email to FactCheck.org. 14 Mar 2024. National Geographic. “The Ku Klux Klan.” education.nationalgeographic.org. Accessed 15 Mar 2024. Pietrusza, David. “The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s.” Bill of Rights Institute. Accessed 15 Mar 2024. Reuters. “Fact check: Photograph shows 1924 KKK parade not DNC.” 6 Jul 2020. Shafer, Jack. “1924: The Wildest Convention in U.S. History.” Politico. 7 Mar 2016. The American Presidency Project. 1924 Democratic Party Platform. 24 Jun 1924. Wisconsin Historical Society. “Ku Klux Klan Parade.” 5 Dec 1924. * Categories * Debunking Viral Claims * FactCheck Posts * Location * New York City * Wisconsin * Issue * Ku Klux Klan Previous StoryTranscript of Joe Biden’s Interview with Hur Reveals How the Date of Beau Biden’s Death Came Up Next StoryExplaining the New CDC Guidance on What To Do if You Have COVID-19 Ask SciCheck Q: Are wind farms harmful to the environment? A: Like all energy sources, wind farms have some negative environmental impacts. But getting energy from wind farms results in dramatically lower greenhouse gas emissions than getting it from fossil fuels. Read the full question and answer View the Ask SciCheck archives Have a question? Ask us. 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AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF THE 1924 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION | 3,185 | Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation * Main page * Contents * Current events * Random article * About Wikipedia * Contact us Contribute * Help * Learn to edit * Community portal * Recent changes * Upload file ![\\"\\"](\\"/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png\\") ![\\"Wikipedia\\"](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark- en.svg\\") ![\\"The](\\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline- en.svg\\") Search Search * Donate Appearance * Create account * Log in Personal tools * Create account * Log in Pages for logged out editors learn more * Contributions * Talk ## Contents move to sidebar hide * (Top) * 1 Site selection * 2 The primaries * 3 Ku Klux Klan presence * 4 Roosevelt comeback * 5 Results Toggle Results subsection * 5.1 Presidential candidates * 5.1.1 First ballot * 5.1.2 Fifteenth ballot * 5.1.3 Twentieth ballot * 5.1.4 Thirtieth ballot * 5.1.5 Forty-second ballot * 5.1.6 Sixty-first ballot * 5.1.7 Seventieth ballot * 5.1.8 Seventy-seventh ballot * 5.1.9 Eighty-seventh ballot * 5.1.10 One hundredth ballot * 5.1.11 One hundred third ballot * 5.1.12 Full Balloting * 6 Vice presidential nomination Toggle Vice presidential nomination subsection * 6.1 Vice presidential candidates * 7 Prayers * 8 Legacy * 9 \"Klanbake\" meme * 10 See also * 11 References * 12 Further reading * 13 External links Toggle the table of contents # 1924 Democratic National Convention Add languages Add links * Article * Talk English * Read * Edit * View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions * Read * Edit * View history General * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Page information * Cite this page * Get shortened URL * Download QR code * Wikidata item Print/export * Download as PDF * Printable version In other projects * Wikimedia Commons Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia U.S. political event held in Madison Square Garden in New York City 1924 Democratic National Convention1924 presidential election --- ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_William_Davis_%283x4%29.jpg/100px- John_William_Davis_%283x4%29.jpg\\") ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Wayland_Bryan_%283x4_A%29.jpg/100px- Charles_Wayland_Bryan_%283x4_A%29.jpg\\")NomineesDavis and Bryan Convention Date(s)| June 24 – July 9, 1924 City| New York, New York Venue| Madison Square Garden Candidates Presidential nominee| John W. Davis of West Virginia Vice-presidential nominee| Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska ‹ 1920 · 1928 › ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Democratic_National_Convention_Ticket.jpg/446px- Democratic_National_Convention_Ticket.jpg\\") The 1924 Democratic National Convention, held at the Madison Square Garden in New York City from June 24 to July 9, 1924, was the longest continuously running convention in United States political history. It took a record 103 ballots to nominate a presidential candidate. It was the first major party national convention that saw the name of a woman, Lena Springs, placed in nomination for vice president. John W. Davis, a dark horse, eventually won the presidential nomination on the 103rd ballot, a compromise candidate following a protracted convention fight between distant front-runners William Gibbs McAdoo and Al Smith. Davis and his vice presidential running-mate, Governor Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, went on to be defeated by the Republican ticket of President Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes in the 1924 presidential election. ## Site selection [edit] New York had not been chosen for a convention since 1868, and its selection as the site for the 1924 convention was based in part on the state party\'s recent success. Two years earlier, thirteen Republican congressmen had lost their seats to Democrats. Wealthy New Yorkers, who had outbid other cities, declared their purpose \"to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red-light menace generally conceived by the sticks\". Though \"dry\" organizations that supported continuing the prohibition of alcohol opposed the choice, in the fall of 1923 it won the grudging consent of McAdoo, a dry, before McAdoo\'s connection to the Teapot Dome scandal made Smith a serious threat. (McAdoo\'s candidacy was hurt by the revelation that he had accepted money from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in Teapot Dome.) McAdoo\'s adopted state, California, had played host to the Democrats in 1920.[1] ## The primaries [edit] Main article: Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1924 McAdoo swept the primaries in the first real race in the history of the party, although most states chose delegates through party organizations and conventions, giving most of their projected votes to local or hometown candidates, referred to as \"favorite sons\". ## Ku Klux Klan presence [edit] See also: 1924 Democratic National Convention § \"Klanbake\" meme External videos --- ![\\"video](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px- Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png\\") A Broken Party (1924) Conventional Wisdom, 5:56, 2016, Retro Report[2] The Ku Klux Klan had surged in popularity after World War I, due to its leadership\'s connections to passage of the successful Prohibition Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[3] This made the Klan a political power throughout many regions of the United States, and it reached the apex of its power in the mid-1920s, when it exerted deep cultural and political influence on both Republicans and Democrats.[4] Its supporters had successfully quashed an anti- Klan resolution before it ever went to a floor vote at the 1924 Republican National Convention earlier in June, and proponents expected to exert the same influence at the Democratic convention. Instead, tension between pro- and anti-Klan delegates produced an intense and sometimes violent showdown between convention attendees from the states of Colorado and Missouri.[4][5] Klan delegates opposed the nomination of New York governor Al Smith because Smith was a Roman Catholic and an opponent of Prohibition, and most supported William Gibbs McAdoo. Non-Klan delegates, led by Sen. Oscar Underwood of Alabama, attempted to add condemnation of the organization for its violence to the Democratic Party\'s platform. The measure was narrowly defeated, and the anti-KKK plank was not included in the platform.[4] ## Roosevelt comeback [edit] Smith\'s name was placed into nomination by Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a speech in which Roosevelt dubbed Smith \"The Happy Warrior\".[6] Roosevelt\'s speech, which has since become a well-studied example of political oratory,[7] was his first major political appearance since the paralytic illness he had contracted in 1921.[8] The success of this speech and his other convention efforts in support of Smith signaled that he was still a viable figure in politics, and he nominated Smith again in 1928.[9] Roosevelt succeeded Smith as governor in 1929, and went on to win election as president in 1932.[10] ## Results [edit] ### Presidential candidates [edit] * Former governorJames M. Coxof Ohio * Former Treasury SecretaryWilliam Gibbs McAdooof California * GovernorAl Smithof New York(campaign) * AmbassadorJohn W. Davisof West Virginia * GovernorCharles W. Bryanof Nebraska * SenatorOscar Underwoodof Alabama * Secretary of AgricultureEdwin T. Meredithof Iowa * SenatorCarter Glassof Virginia * DNC ChairmanHomer S. Cummingsof Connecticut ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/FDR-Nominating- Smith-June-26-1924_%28cropped1%29.jpg/220px-FDR-Nominating-Smith- June-26-1924_%28cropped1%29.jpg\\")Franklin D. Roosevelt placing Al Smith\'s name into nomination The first day of balloting (June 30) brought the predicted deadlock between the leading aspirants for the nomination, William G. McAdoo of California and Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New York, with the remainder divided mainly between local \"favorite sons\". McAdoo was the leader from the outset, and both he and Smith made small gains in the day\'s fifteen ballots, but the prevailing belief among the delegates was that the impasse could only be broken by the elimination of both McAdoo and Smith and the selection of one of the other contenders; much interest centred about the candidacy of John W. Davis, who also increased his vote during the day from 31 to 61 (with a peak of 64.5 votes on the 13th and 14th ballots). Most of the favorite son delegations refused to be stampeded to either of the leading candidates and were in no hurry to retire from the contest.[11] In the early balloting many delegations appeared to be jockeying for position, and some of the original votes were purely complimentary and seemed to conceal the real sentiments of the delegates. Louisiana, for example, which was bound by the \"unit rule\" (all the state\'s delegate votes would be cast in favor of the candidate favored by a majority of them), first complimented its neighbor Arkansas by casting its 20 votes for Sen. Joseph T. Robinson, then it switched to Sen. Carter Glass, and on another ballot Maryland Gov. Albert C. Ritchie got the twenty, before the delegation finally settled on John W. Davis. There was some excitement on the tenth ballot, when Kansas abandoned Gov. Jonathan M. Davis and threw its votes to McAdoo. There was an instant uproar among McAdoo delegates and supporters, and a parade was started around the hall, the Kansas standard leading, with those of all the other McAdoo states coming along behind, and pictures of \"McAdoo, Democracy\'s Hope\", being lifted up. After six minutes the chairman\'s gavel brought order and the roll call resumed, and soon the other side had something to cheer, when New Jersey made its favorite son, Gov. George S. Silzer, walk the plank and threw its votes into the Smith column. This started another parade, the New York and New Jersey standards leading those of the other Smith delegations around the hall while the band played \"Tramp, Tramp, Tramp, the Boys are Marching\". #### First ballot [edit] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 1st ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 431.5 | 39.4% Alfred E. Smith | 241 | 22.0% James M. Cox | 59 | 5.4% Pat Harrison | 43.5 | 4.0% Oscar W. Underwood | 42.5 | 3.9% George S. Silzer | 38 | 3.5% John W. Davis | 31 | 2.8% Samuel M. Ralston | 30 | 2.7% Woodbridge N. Ferris | 30 | 2.7% Carter Glass | 25 | 2.3% Albert C. Ritchie | 22.5 | 2.1% Joseph T. Robinson | 21 | 1.9% Jonathan M. Davis | 20 | 1.8% Charles W. Bryan | 18 | 1.6% Fred H. Brown | 17 | 1.6% William Ellery Sweet | 12 | 1.1% Willard Saulsbury | 7 | 0.6% John Kendrick | 6 | 0.5% Houston Thompson | 1 | 0.1% #### Fifteenth ballot [edit] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 15th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 479 | 43.6% Alfred E. Smith | 305.5 | 27.8% John W. Davis | 61 | 5.6% James M. Cox | 60 | 5.5% Oscar W. Underwood | 39.5 | 3.6% Samuel M. Ralston | 31 | 2.8% Carter Glass | 25 | 2.3% Pat Harrison | 20.5 | 1.9% Joseph T. Robinson | 20.5 | 1.9% Albert C. Ritchie | 17.5 | 1.6% Jonathan M. Davis | 11 | 1.0% Charles W. Bryan | 11 | 1.0% Fred H. Brown | 9 | 0.8% Willard Saulsbury | 6 | 0.5% Thomas J. Walsh | 1 | 0.1% Newton D. Baker | 1 | 0.1% #### Twentieth ballot [edit] McAdoo and Smith each evolved a strategy to build up his own total slowly. Smith\'s trick was to plant his extra votes for his opponent, so that McAdoo\'s strength might later appear to be waning; the Californian countered by holding back his full force, though he had been planning a strong early show. But by no sleight of hand could the convention have been swung around to either contestant. With the party split into two assertive parts, the rule requiring a two-thirds vote for nomination crippled the chances of both candidates by giving a veto each could—and did—use. McAdoo himself wanted to drop the two-thirds rule, but his Protestant supporters preferred to keep their veto over a Catholic candidate, and the South regarded the rule as protection against a northern nominee unfavorable to southern interests. At no point in the balloting did Smith receive more than a single vote from the South and scarcely more than 20 votes from the states west of the Mississippi; he never won more than 368 of the 729 votes needed for nomination, though even this performance was impressive for a Roman Catholic. McAdoo\'s strength fluctuated more widely, reaching its highest point of 528 on the seventieth ballot. Since both candidates occasionally received purely strategic aid, the nucleus of their support was probably even less. The remainder of the votes were divided among dark horses and favorite sons who had spun high hopes since the Doheny testimony; understandably, they hesitated to withdraw their own candidacies as long as the convention was so clearly divided. Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 20th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 432 | 39.5% Alfred E. Smith | 307.5 | 28.0% John W. Davis | 122 | 11.3% Oscar W. Underwood | 45.5 | 4.1% Samuel M. Ralston | 30 | 2.7% Carter Glass | 25 | 2.3% Joseph T. Robinson | 21 | 1.9% Albert C. Ritchie | 17.5 | 1.6% Others | 97.5 | 8.6% #### Thirtieth ballot [edit] As time passed, the maneuvers of the two factions took on the character of desperation. Daniel C. Roper even went to Franklin Roosevelt, reportedly to offer Smith second place on a McAdoo ticket. For their part, the Tammany men tried to prolong the convention until the hotel bills were beyond the means of the delegates who had traveled to the convention. The Smith backers also attempted to stampede the delegates by packing the galleries with noisy rooters. Senator James Phelan of California, among others, complained of \"New York rowdyism\". But the rudeness of Tammany, particularly their delegates\' booing of William Jennings Bryan when he spoke to the convention, only steeled the resolution of the country delegates. McAdoo and Bryan both tried unsuccessfully to adjourn and then reconvene in another city, perhaps Washington, D.C., or St. Louis. Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 30th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 415.5 | 37.7% Alfred E. Smith | 323.5 | 29.4% John W. Davis | 126.5 | 11.5% Oscar W. Underwood | 39.5 | 3.6% Samuel M. Ralston | 33 | 3.0% Carter Glass | 24 | 2.2% Joseph T. Robinson | 23 | 2.1% Albert C. Ritchie | 17.5 | 1.6% Others | 95.5 | 9.9% #### Forty-second ballot [edit] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 42nd ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 503.4 | 45.7% Alfred E. Smith | 318.6 | 28.9% John W. Davis | 67 | 6.0% Others | 209.0 | 19.4% #### Sixty-first ballot [edit] As a last resort, McAdoo supporters introduced a motion to eliminate one candidate on each ballot until only five remained, but Smith delegates and those supporting favorite sons managed to defeat the McAdoo strategy. Smith countered by suggesting that all delegates be released from their pledges—to which McAdoo agreed on condition that the two-thirds rule be eliminated—although Smith fully expected that loyalty would prevent the disaffection of Indiana and Illinois votes, both controlled by political bosses friendly to him. Indeed, Senator David Walsh of Massachusetts expressed the sentiment that moved Smith backers: \"We must continue to do all that we can to nominate Smith. If it should develop that he cannot be nominated, then McAdoo cannot have it either.\" For his part, McAdoo would angrily quit the convention once he lost: but the sixty-first inconclusive round—when the convention set a record for length of balloting—was no time to admit defeat. Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 61st ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 469.5 | 42.6% Alfred E. Smith | 335.5 | 30.5% John W. Davis | 60 | 5.4% Others | 233 | 21.5% #### Seventieth ballot [edit] ![](\\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Samuel_Moffett_Ralston.jpg\\") Samuel Moffett Ralston It had seemed for a time that the nomination could go to Senator Samuel Ralston of Indiana.[13] Advanced by Indiana party boss Thomas Taggart, Ralston\'s candidacy might attract support from the Bryans, given that Charles Bryan had written, \"Ralston is the most promising of the compromise candidates.\"[14] Ralston was also a favorite of the Klan and a second choice of many McAdoo delegates.[13] In 1922, he had launched an attack on parochial schools that the Klan saw as an endorsement of its own views, and he won several normally Republican counties dominated by the Klan.[13] Commenting on the Klan issue, Ralston said that it would create a bad precedent to denounce any organization by name in the platform.[13] Much of Ralston\'s support came from the South and West—states including Oklahoma, Missouri, and Nevada that had strong Klan elements. According to Claude Bowers, McAdoo said: \"I like the old Senator, like his simplicity, honesty, record\"; and it was reported that he told Smith supporters he would withdraw only in favor of Ralston. As with John W. Davis, Ralston had few enemies, and his support from men as divergent as the Bryans and Taggart cast him as a viable compromise choice. He passed Davis, the almost consistent third choice, on the fifty-second ballot; but Taggart then discouraged the boom for the time being because the McAdoo and Smith phalanxes showed no signs of weakening. On July 8, the eighty- seventh ballot showed a total for Ralston of 93 votes, chiefly from Indiana and Missouri; before the day was over, the Ralston total had risen to almost 200, a larger tally than Davis had ever received. Most of these votes were drawn from McAdoo, to whom they later returned. Numerous sources indicate that Taggart was not exaggerating when he later said: \"We would have nominated Senator Ralston if he had not withdrawn his name at the last minute. It was a near certainty as anything in politics could be. We had pledges of enough delegates that would shift to Ralston on a certain ballot to have nominated him.\" Ralston wavered on whether to make the race; despite his doctor\'s stern recommendation not to run and the illness of his wife and son, Ralston had told Taggart that he would be a candidate, albeit a reluctant one.[13] But the 300-pound Ralston finally telegraphed his refusal to go on; sixty-six years old at the time of the convention, he died the following year.[13][15] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 70th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 528.5 | 48.0% Alfred E. Smith | 334.5 | 30.4% John W. Davis | 67 | 6.0% Others | 170 | 15.6% #### Seventy-seventh ballot [edit] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 77th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage William G. McAdoo | 513 | 47.7% Alfred E. Smith | 367 | 33.3% John W. Davis | 76.5 | 6.9% Others | 134 | 12.1% #### Eighty-seventh ballot [edit] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 87th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage Alfred E. Smith | 361.5 | 32.8% William G. McAdoo | 333.5 | 30.3% John W. Davis | 66.5 | 6.0% Others | 336.5 | 30.9% #### One hundredth ballot [edit] Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 100th ballot[12] --- Candidate | Votes | Percentage Alfred E. Smith | 351.5 | 32.4% John W. Davis | 203.5 | 18.7% William G. McAdoo | 190 | 17.5% Edwin T. Meredith | 75.5 | 7.0% Thomas J. Walsh | 52.5 | 4.8% Joseph T. Robinson | 46 | 4.2% Oscar W. Underwood | 41.5 | 3.8% Carter Glass | 35 | 3.2% Josephus Daniels | 24 | 2.2% Robert L. Owen | 20 | 1.8% Albert C. Ritchie | 17.5 | 1.6% James W. Gerard | 10 | 0.9% David F. Houston | 9 | 0.8% Willard Saulsbury | 6 | 0.6% Charles W. Bryan | 2 | 0.2% George L. Berry | 1 | 0.1% Newton D. Baker | 1 | 0.1% #### One hundred third ballot [edit] The nomination was finally awarded to John W. Davis, a compromise candidate, on the one hundred third ballot, after the withdrawal of Smith and McAdoo.[16] Davis had never been a genuine dark horse candidate; he had almost always been third in the balloting, and by the end of the 29th round he was the betting favorite of New York gamblers. There had been a Davis movement of considerable size at the 1920 San Francisco convention; however, Charles Hamlin wrote in his diary, Davis \"frankly said ... that he was not seeking [the nomination] and that if nominated he would accept only as a matter of public duty\". For Vice President, the Democrats nominated Charles W. Bryan, the governor of Nebraska and the brother of William Jennings Bryan, and for many years editor of The Commoner. #### Full Balloting [edit] A total of 58 candidates received votes over the 103 ballots, and the second ballot was the one where most candidates were voted for (20 in total). The alphabetically sorted list of all 58 candidates: * Henry Tureman Allen, retired Major general from Washington, D.C. * Newton D. Baker, former Secretary of War from Ohio * John T. Barnett, president of the Military Order of Foreign Wars from Indiana * George G. Battle * Martin Behrman, former Mayor of New Orleans * George L. Berry, president of the IPPU union from Tennessee * Fred H. Brown, Governor of New Hampshire * Charles W. Bryan, Governor of Nebraska * William Jennings Bryan, former Secretary of State from Nebraska * John M. Callahan, convention delegate from Wisconsin * Marcus A. Coolidge, former mayor of Fitchburg, Massachusetts * Royal S. Copeland, U.S. senator from New York * James M. Cox, former governor of Ohio * William Coyne, businessman from Delaware * Homer Stille Cummings, former chairman of the DNC from Connecticut * Josephus Daniels, former secretary of the Navy from North Carolina * Jonathan M. Davis, Governor of Kansas * John W. Davis, former congressman from West Virginia * William Emmett Dever, Mayor of Chicago * Edward L. Doheny, businessman from California * Edward I. Edwards, U.S. senator from New Jersey * Woodbridge N. Ferris, U.S. senator from Michigan * William Alexander Gaston, businessman from Massachusetts * James W. Gerard, former U.S. ambassador to Germany from New York * Carter Glass, U.S. senator from Virginia * Pat Harrison, U.S. senator from Mississippi * Gilbert Hitchcock, former U.S. senator from Nebraska * David F. Houston, former secretary of the treasury from New York * Cordell Hull, congressman from Tennessee * John Holmes Jackson, Mayor of Burlington, Vermont * John B. Kendrick, U.S. senator from Wyoming * J. Richard Kevin * Roland Krebs * William Maloney * Thomas R. Marshall, former vice president from Indiana * Fred C. Martin * William G. McAdoo, former secretary of the treasury from California * Edwin T. Meredith, former secretary of agriculture from Iowa * Emma Guffey Miller, convention delegate from Pennsylvania * Albert A. Murphree, president of the University of Florida * Robert Latham Owen, U.S. senator from Oklahoma * Atlee Pomerene, former U.S. senator from Ohio * Samuel M. Ralston, U.S. senator from Indiana * Albert Ritchie, Governor of Maryland * Joseph Taylor Robinson, U.S. senator from Arkansas * Will Rogers, actor from Oklahoma * Franklin D. Roosevelt, former assistant secretary of the Navy from New York * Willard Saulsbury Jr., former U.S. senator from Delaware * George Sebastian Silzer, Governor of New Jersey * Al Smith, Governor of New York * Thomas J. Spellacy, former U.S. Attorney from Connecticut * Cora Wilson Stewart, president of the Kentucky Education Association * William Ellery Sweet, Governor of Colorado * Samuel Huston Thompson, Chair of the FTC from Pennsylvania * Oscar Underwood, U.S. senator from Alabama * David I. Walsh, U.S. senator from Massachusetts * Thomas J. Walsh, U.S. senator from Montana * Burton K. Wheeler, U.S. senator from Montana (1-20) | Presidential Ballot ---|--- 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 12th | 13th | 14th | 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th J.W. Davis | 31 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 34.5 | 55.5 | 55 | 57 | 63 | 57.5 | 59 | 60 | 64.5 | 64.5 | 61 | 63 | 64 | 66 | 84.5 | 122 McAdoo | 431.5 | 431 | 437 | 443.6 | 443.1 | 443.1 | 442.6 | 444.6 | 444.6 | 471.6 | 476.3 | 478.5 | 477 | 475.5 | 479 | 478 | 471.5 | 470.5 | 474 | 432 Smith | 241 | 251.5 | 255.5 | 260 | 261 | 261.5 | 261.5 | 273.5 | 278 | 299.5 | 303.2 | 301 | 303.5 | 306.5 | 305.5 | 305.5 | 312.5 | 312.5 | 311.5 | 307.5 Cox | 59 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 Harrison | 43.5 | 23.5 | 23.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 31.5 | 20.5 | 21.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Underwood | 42.5 | 42 | 42 | 41.5 | 41.5 | 42.5 | 42.5 | 48 | 45.5 | 43.9 | 42.5 | 41.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 39.5 | 41.5 | 42 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 45.5 Silzer | 38 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Ferris | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Ralston | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 32.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 30 Glass | 25 | 25 | 29 | 45 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25.5 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 44 | 30 | 30 | 25 Ritchie | 22.5 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 21.5 | 42.9 | 22.9 | 20.9 | 19.9 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 Robinson | 21 | 41 | 41 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 46 | 28 | 22 | 22 | 21 J.M. Davis | 20 | 23 | 20 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 30 | 29 | 32.4 | 12 | 11 | 13.5 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 C.W. Bryan | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 Brown | 17 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 9.9 | 8.5 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Sweet | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Saulsbury | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 Kendrick | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Thompson | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 T.J. Walsh | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 8 W.J. Bryan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Baker | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Berry | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Krebs | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Copeland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 Hull | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 Hitchcock | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Dever | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 (21–40) | Presidential Ballot ---|--- 21st | 22nd | 23rd | 24th | 25th | 26th | 27th | 28th | 29th | 30th | 31st | 32nd | 33rd | 34th | 35th | 36th | 37th | 38th | 39th | 40th J.W. Davis | 125 | 123.5 | 129.5 | 129.5 | 126 | 125 | 128.5 | 126 | 124.5 | 126.5 | 127.5 | 128 | 121 | 107.5 | 107 | 106.5 | 107 | 105 | 71 | 70 McAdoo | 439 | 438.5 | 438.5 | 438.5 | 436.5 | 415.5 | 413 | 412 | 415 | 415.5 | 415.5 | 415.5 | 404.5 | 445 | 439 | 429 | 444.5 | 444 | 499 | 506.4 Smith | 307.5 | 307.5 | 308 | 308 | 308.5 | 311.5 | 316.5 | 316.5 | 321 | 323.5 | 322.5 | 322 | 310.5 | 311 | 323.5 | 323 | 321 | 321 | 320.5 | 315.1 Cox | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 54 | 50 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 Underwood | 45.5 | 45.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 38.5 | 41.5 Ralston | 30 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 33 | 33.5 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 Glass | 24 | 25 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 24 Robinson | 22 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 Ritchie | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 17.5 Saulsbury | 12 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 T.J. Walsh | 8 | 8.5 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 J.M. Davis | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 Baker | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Miller | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Pomerene | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Owen | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 5 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 4 | 4 Daniels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Martin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Gaston | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Gerard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Doheny | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Jackson | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 (41–60) | Presidential Ballot ---|--- 41st | 42nd | 43rd | 44th | 45th | 46th | 47th | 48th | 49th | 50th | 51st | 52nd | 53rd | 54th | 55th | 56th | 57th | 58th | 59th | 60th J.W. Davis | 70 | 67 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 71 | 70.5 | 70.5 | 63.5 | 64 | 67.5 | 59 | 63 | 62 | 62.5 | 58.5 | 58.5 | 40.5 | 60 | 60 McAdoo | 504.9 | 503.4 | 483.4 | 484.4 | 483.4 | 486.9 | 484.4 | 483.5 | 462.5 | 461.5 | 442.5 | 413.5 | 423.5 | 427 | 426.5 | 430 | 430 | 495 | 473.5 | 469.5 Smith | 317.6 | 318.6 | 319.1 | 319.1 | 319.1 | 319.1 | 320.1 | 321 | 320.5 | 320.5 | 328 | 320.5 | 320.5 | 320.5 | 320.5 | 320.5 | 320.5 | 331.5 | 331.5 | 330.5 Cox | 55 | 56 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 Underwood | 39.5 | 39.5 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37.5 | 38.5 | 38.5 | 42 | 42.5 | 43 | 38.5 | 42.5 | 40 | 40 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 38 | 40 | 42 Ralston | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 57 | 58 | 63 | 93 | 94 | 92 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 40.5 | 42.5 | 42.5 Glass | 24 | 28.5 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 Robinson | 24 | 23 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 23 | 23 | 23 Ritchie | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 17.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 Saulsbury | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 Owen | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 24 | 24 J.M. Davis | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Cummings | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Spellacy | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 T.J. Walsh | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 Edwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 C.W. Bryan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 Battle | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Roosevelt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Behrman | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (61–80) | Presidential Ballot ---|--- 61st | 62nd | 63rd | 64th | 65th | 66th | 67th | 68th | 69th | 70th | 71st | 72nd | 73rd | 74th | 75th | 76th | 77th | 78th | 79th | 80th J.W. Davis | 60 | 60.5 | 62 | 61.5 | 71.5 | 74.5 | 75.5 | 72.5 | 64 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 66 | 78.5 | 78.5 | 75.5 | 76.5 | 73.5 | 71 | 73.5 McAdoo | 469.5 | 469 | 446.5 | 488.5 | 492 | 495 | 490 | 488.5 | 530 | 528.5 | 528.5 | 527.5 | 528 | 510 | 513 | 513 | 513 | 511 | 507.5 | 454.5 Smith | 335.5 | 338.5 | 315.5 | 325 | 336.5 | 338.5 | 336.5 | 336.5 | 335 | 334 | 334.5 | 334 | 335 | 364 | 366 | 368 | 367 | 363.5 | 366.5 | 367.5 Cox | 54 | 49 | 49 | 54 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 Underwood | 42 | 40 | 39.5 | 39.5 | 40 | 39.5 | 46.5 | 46.5 | 38 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 38.5 | 47 | 46.5 | 47.5 | 47.5 | 49 | 50 | 46.5 Ralston | 37.5 | 38.5 | 56 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 6.5 | 5 | 4 | 5 Glass | 25 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 27 | 21 | 17 | 68 Owen | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 Robinson | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 22.5 | 28.5 | 29.5 Ritchie | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 Saulsbury | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 C.W. Bryan | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4.5 T.J. Walsh | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 4 Ferris | 0 | 0 | 28 | 24.5 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 18 | 17.5 D.I. Walsh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Baker | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48 | 55 | 54 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 57.5 | 54 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 Wheeler | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Rogers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Coolidge | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Daniels | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Kevin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Roosevelt | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 Gerard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 (81–100) | Presidential Ballot ---|--- 81st | 82nd | 83rd | 84th | 85th | 86th | 87th | 88th | 89th | 90th | 91st | 92nd | 93rd | 94th | 95th | 96th | 97th | 98th | 99th | 100th J.W. Davis | 70.5 | 71 | 72.5 | 66 | 68 | 65.5 | 66.5 | 59.5 | 64.5 | 65.5 | 66.5 | 69.5 | 68 | 81.75 | 139.25 | 171.5 | 183.25 | 194.75 | 210 | 203.5 McAdoo | 432 | 413.5 | 418 | 388.5 | 380.5 | 353.5 | 336.5 | 315.5 | 318.5 | 314 | 318 | 310 | 314 | 395 | 417.5 | 421 | 415.5 | 406.5 | 353.5 | 190 Smith | 365 | 366 | 368 | 365 | 363 | 360 | 361.5 | 362 | 357 | 354.5 | 355.5 | 355.5 | 355.5 | 364.5 | 367.5 | 359.5 | 359.5 | 354 | 354 | 351.5 Glass | 73 | 78 | 76 | 72.5 | 67.5 | 72.5 | 71 | 66.5 | 66.5 | 30.5 | 28.5 | 26.5 | 27 | 37 | 34 | 39 | 39 | 36 | 38 | 35 Underwood | 48 | 49 | 48.5 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 42.5 | 46.5 | 45.25 | 44.75 | 46.25 | 44.25 | 38.5 | 37.25 | 38.25 | 39.5 | 41.5 Robinson | 29.5 | 28.5 | 27.5 | 25 | 27.5 | 25 | 20.5 | 23 | 20.5 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 37 | 31 | 32 | 22 | 25 | 25 | 46 Owen | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 20 Ritchie | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 23.5 | 23 | 22.5 | 22.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 20.5 | 21.5 | 19.5 | 18.5 | 17.5 | 17.5 Ferris | 16 | 12 | 7.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 T.J. Walsh | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1.5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 52.5 Saulsbury | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 C.W. Bryan | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 15 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2 Ralston | 4 | 24 | 24 | 86 | 87 | 92 | 93 | 98 | 100.5 | 159.5 | 187.5 | 196.75 | 196.25 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Barnett | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Daniels | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 19.5 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 24 Roosevelt | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Miller | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Wheeler | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Coyne | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Baker | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 Meredith | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 75.5 Maloney | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 J.M. Davis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Cox | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Cummings | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 8.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Houston | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 Callahan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Copeland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Stewart | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 Marshall | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 Berry | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 Gerard | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 (101–103) | Presidential Ballot ---|--- 101st | 102nd | 103rdbefore shifts | 103rdafter shifts J.W. Davis | 316 | 415.5 | 575.5 | 844 Underwood | 229.5 | 317 | 250.5 | 102.5 T.J. Walsh | 98 | 123 | 84.5 | 58 Glass | 59 | 67 | 79 | 23 Robinson | 22.5 | 21 | 21 | 20 Meredith | 130 | 66.5 | 42.5 | 15.5 McAdoo | 52 | 21 | 14.5 | 11.5 Smith | 121 | 44 | 10.5 | 7.5 Gerard | 16 | 7 | 8 | 7 Hull | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 Daniels | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 Thompson | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 Berry | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 Allen | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 C.W. Bryan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 Ritchie | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 Owen | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 Cummings | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 Houston | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 Murphree | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 Baker | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 ## Vice presidential nomination [edit] ### Vice presidential candidates [edit] * GovernorCharles W. Bryanof Nebraska * IPPU PresidentGeorge L. Berryof Tennessee * FormerLegion CommanderAlvin M. Owsleyof Texas _(Withdrawn during balloting)_ * New York MayorJohn Francis Hylanof New York * GovernorJonathan M. Davisof Kansas * Women\'s ActivistLena Springsof South Carolina * Former AmbassadorJames W. Gerardof New York * Legion FounderBennett Champ Clarkof Missouri * Brigadier GeneralJohn C. Greenwayof Arizona * GovernorWilliam S. Flynnof Rhode Island * GovernorGeorge S. Silzerof New Jersey _(Withdrawn during balloting)_ * FormerAgriculture SecretaryEdwin T. Meredithof Iowa _(Withdrawn before balloting)_ * FormerBank PresidentWilliam A. Gastonof Massachusetts _(Withdrawn before balloting)_ * SenatorThomas J. Walshof Montana _(Not Nominated - Declined Consideration)_ Thirteen names were placed into nomination for Davis\' vice-presidential running mate, two of which were withdrawn before the balloting commenced. Early in the nominating process, the permitted length of speeches was limited to five minutes each. Despite this, the only ballot was chaotic, with thirty people, including five women, getting at least one vote for the nomination. The party leaders first asked Montana senator Thomas J. Walsh to run for vice president, but Walsh refused since he desired re-election to the Senate as opposed to being a guaranteed unsuccessful vice presidential candidate. New Jersey governor George Sebastian Silzer, Newton D. Baker, and Maryland governor Albert Ritchie were also considered. Eventually, Charles W. Bryan, Governor of Nebraska, was proposed as a candidate who could unite the Smith and McAdoo factions.[16] Bryan had been chosen by a group of party leaders, including Davis and Al Smith.[16] George Berry, a labor union leader from Tennessee, led Governor Bryan by a vote of 263.5 to 238 on an unrevised first ballot. Before the finalization of the first ballot, however, a cascade of switches from various candidates to Bryan took place, and Bryan was nominated with 740 votes. Notably, he remains, as of 2024, the only brother of a previous nominee (William Jennings Bryan) to be nominated by a major party. The official tally was: Vice Presidential Balloting --- Candidate | 1st (Before Shifts) | 1st (After Shifts) C. Bryan | 238 | 740 Berry | 263.5 | 208 Owsley | 152 | 16 Hylan | 110 | 6 Davis | 56.5 | 4 Springs * | 44 | 18 Gerard | 42 | 10 B. Clark | 24 | 41 Greenway | 32 | 2 Fields | 26 | 0 Farrell | 21 | 1 Flynn | 21 | 15 Walsh | 16 | 0 Silzer | 12 | 10 Baker | 7 | 7 Pittman | 6 | 6 Enright | 5 | 5 Shuler | 4 | 0 Miller * | 3 | 3 Renshaw * | 3 | 3 Chadbourne * | 2 | 0 Meredith | 2 | 0 Bird * | 1 | 0 M. Clark | 1 | 0 Erwin | 1 | 0 Gardner | 1 | 0 Ritchie | 1 | 1 Thompson | 1 | 0 Upshaw | 1 | 1 Whitlock | 1 | 1 Vice Presidential Balloting / 14th Day of Convention (July 9, 1924) * 1st Vice Presidential Ballot (Before Shifts) * 1st Vice Presidential Ballot (After Shifts) ## Prayers [edit] Each of the convention\'s 23 sessions was opened with an invocation by a different nationally prominent clergyman. The choices represented the party\'s coalition at the time: there were five Episcopalian ministers; three Presbyterians; three Lutherans; two Roman Catholics; two Baptists; two Methodists; one each from the Congregationalists, Disciples of Christ, Unitarians, and Christian Scientists; and two Jewish rabbis. All of the clergy were white men; African-American denominations were not represented. With the convention deadlocked over the choice of a nominee, some of the invocations became calls for the delegates and candidates to put aside sectionalism and ambition in favor of party unity.[17][18][19] Among the clergy who spoke to the convention: * Catholics included Patrick Joseph Hayes, Archbishop of New York,[20] and Francis Patrick Duffy, Chaplain of the New York National Guard.[21] * Episcopalians, such as Thomas F. Gailor, Bishop of Tennessee,[22] and Wythe Leigh Kinsolving, Chaplain of the Virginian Society of New York.[18] * The roster included, on different days, two fierce antagonists and frequent debaters on the theory of evolution and Biblical inerrancy, John Roach Straton, a Baptist conservative,[23] and Charles Francis Potter, a Unitarian Modernist.[24] * Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise, founder of the Free Synagogue, who was also a delegate from New York.[25] * Dr. Frederick Hermann Knubel, president of the United Lutheran Churches in America.[26] ## Legacy [edit] In his acceptance speech, Davis made the perfunctory statement that he would enforce the prohibition law, but his conservatism prejudiced him in favor of personal liberty and home rule and he was frequently denounced as a wet. The dry leader Wayne Wheeler complained of Davis\'s \"constant repetition of wet catch phrases like \'personal liberty\', \'illegal search and seizure\', and \'home rule\'\". After the convention Davis tried to satisfy both factions of his party, but his support came principally from the same city elements that had backed Cox in 1920.[27] The last surviving participant from the convention was Diana Serra Cary, who as a five-year-old child film star was the convention\'s official mascot; she died on February 24, 2020, at the age of 101. * This was the first Democratic National Convention broadcast on radio.[28] * The first seconding address by a woman in either national political parties was given by Izetta Jewel at this convention, seconding John Davis, and Abby Crawford Milton, seconding McAdoo.[29][30] * During his 1960 campaign, John F. Kennedy cited the dilemma of the Massachusetts delegation at the 1924 Democratic National Convention when making light of his own campaign problems: \"Either we must switch to a more liberal candidate or move to a cheaper hotel.\"[31] * Both Franklin D. Roosevelt and Al Smith were filmed during the convention by Lee de Forest using his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. These films are in the Maurice Zouary collection at the Library of Congress.[_citation needed_] ## \"Klanbake\" meme [edit] In 2015, conservative blogs and Facebook pages started circulating a photo of hooded Klansmen supposedly marching at the 1924 DNC. In early 2017, a pro- Donald Trump Facebook group called \"ElectTrump2020\" turned the photo into a meme which was shared more than 18,000 times on Facebook alone. Author Dinesh D\'Souza shared the photo and the meme on Twitter in September 2017.[32][33] In fact, the widely circulated photo depicted a December 1924 march by Klansmen in Madison, Wisconsin, and had no connection to any political convention.[34][4] The term \"Klanbake\" appears to have been coined by New York Daily News columnist Joseph A. Cowan, in a satirical column reporting on the Convention at the time. Cowan also used the derisive terms \"klanvention\" and \"klandidate.\"[35] In 2000, a Daily News reporter included the term in an historical article about the 1924 convention, stating erroneously that \"newspapers\" referred to the convention as the Klanbake, when in fact Cowan was the only writer to use the term.[36][33] Panorama of the convention\'s opening session ## See also [edit] * History of the United States Democratic Party * Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1924 * List of Democratic National Conventions * U.S. presidential nomination convention * 1924 Republican National Convention * 1924 United States presidential election ## References [edit] 1. **^** Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. _History of American Presidential Elections 1789–1968_. pp. 2467–2470. 2. **^** \"A Broken Party (1924): Conventional Wisdom\". Retro Report. 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2017. 3. **^** Laackman, Dale W. (2014). _For the Kingdom and the Power_ (First ed.). S. Woodhouse Books. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-893121-98-0. 4. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ Mendelsohn, Jennifer; Shulman, Peter A. (15 Mar 2018). \"How social media spread a historical lie\". _The Washington Post_. Retrieved 15 March 2018. 5. **^** Kent, Frank B. (29 Jun 1924). \"Democrats Split Wide Open in Row Over Klan Issue\". Vol. 84, no. 180. Newspapers.com. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Retrieved 15 March 2018. 6. **^** Roosevelt, Franklin (1928). _The Happy Warrior, Alfred E. Smith_. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 25–40. 7. **^** Reid, Loren Dudley (1961). _American Public Address: Studies in Honor of Albert Craig Baird_. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780826200099. 8. **^** Houck, Davis W.; Kiewe, Amos (2003). _FDR\'s Body Politics: The Rhetoric of Disability_. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-58544-233-1. 9. **^** Ryan, Halford Ross (1995). _U.S. Presidents as Orators: A Bio-critical Sourcebook_. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-313-29059-6. 10. **^** _U.S. Presidents as Orators_, p. 147. 11. **^** Oulahan, Richard V., \"M\'Adoo Ahead on 15th Ballot With 479, Smith 305 1/2; Governor Gains 64 1/2 During Day to his Rival\'s 47 1/2; J.B. Davis Third With 61: Adjourn to 10:30 a.m. Today\", _The New York Times_ , July 1, 1924. 12. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ _**e**_ _**f**_ _**g**_ _**h**_ _**i**_ _**j**_ Murray, Robert K. (1976). _The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden_. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-013124-1. 13. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ _**d**_ _**e**_ _**f**_ Indiana Historical Bureau (17 July 2018). \"Complicity in Neutrality? Samuel Ralston Denies Klan Affiliation\". _Indiana History Blog_. Indianapolis, IN: Indiana State Library. Retrieved June 13, 2019. 14. **^** Murphy, Paul L. (1974). _Political Parties in American History: 1890-present_. New York, NY: G. P. Putnam\'s Sons. p. 1075. ISBN 9780399109911. 15. **^** Pearcy, Gus (June 10, 2019). \"Who is Sam Ralston? Lebanon to erect historical marker for 28th governor\". _Zionsville Times Sentinel_. Zionsville, IN. 16. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _**c**_ \"Democrats Nominate Davis and C. W. Bryan; Former, Acclaimed, Calls Party to Battle; Smith Promises to Work Hard for the Ticket\". _The New York Times_. July 10, 1924. Retrieved October 8, 2015. 17. **^** \"Thrills Come Early in Morning After Session Opens Tamely\". _The New York Times_. July 9, 1924. 18. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), p. 886 19. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), p. 948 20. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), pp. 3-4 21. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), p. 385 22. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), p. 45 23. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), pp. 221-22 24. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), p. 852 25. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), p. 227 26. **^** _Official Report of the Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention_ , published by the Democratic National Committee (1924), pp. 538-39 27. **^** Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. _History of American Presidential Elections 1789–1968_. pp. 2467–2478. 28. **^** Sterling, Christopher H.; O\'Dell, Cary (2011). _The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio_. Routledge. p. 258. ISBN 9781135176846. 29. **^** Izetta Jewel, wvencyclopedia.org accessed September 1, 2012 30. **^** Teel, Ray (2006). _The Public Press, 1900–1945: The History of American Journalism_. p. 109. ISBN 9780275981662. 31. **^** White, Theodore (1961). _The Making of the President 1960_. New York: Atheneum Publishers. p. ?.[_page needed_] 32. **^** D\'Souza, Dinesh (24 September 2017). \"Hey @Kaepernick7 check out some of your fellow Democrats\". _Twitter.com_. 33. ^ _**a**_ _**b**_ Shapira, Ian (26 September 2017). \"No, Dinesh D\'Souza, that photo isn\'t the KKK marching to the Democratic National Convention\". _The Washington Post_. Retrieved 18 March 2018. 34. **^** \"Ku Klux Klan Parade (photo)\". _wisconsinhistory.org_. Wisconsin Historical Society. December 2003. Retrieved 23 May 2022. 35. **^** Cowan, Joseph A. (25 June 1924). \"Pat\'s Swig Peppers His Patter\". _Daily News_. Newspapers.com. p. 36. Retrieved 22 May 2022. 36. **^** Maeder, Jay (8 March 2000). \"\"Big Town Chronicles\"\". _Daily News_. Newspapers.com. p. 21. Retrieved 22 May 2022. ## Further reading [edit] * Burner, David. The Politics of Provincialism: The Democratic Party in Transition, 1918-1932 (1968) * Chalmers, David. \"The Ku Klux Klan in politics in the 1920\'s.\" Mississippi Quarterly 18.4 (1965): 234-247 online. * Goldberg, David J. \"Unmasking the Ku Klux Klan: The northern movement against the KKK, 1920-1925.\" Journal of American Ethnic History (1996): 32-48 online. * Murray, Robert K. (1976). _The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden_. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-013124-1. * McVeigh, Rory. \"Power Devaluation, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Democratic National Convention of 1924.\" Sociological Forum 16#1 (2001) abstract. * Martinson, David L. \"Coverage of La Follette Offers Insights for 1972 Campaign.\" Journalism Quarterly 52.3 (1975): 539–542. * Prude, James C. \"William Gibbs McAdoo and the Democratic National Convention of 1924.\" Journal of Southern History 38.4 (1972): 621-628 online. ## External links [edit] * Democratic Party Platform of 1924 at The American Presidency Project Preceded by1920 San Francisco, California | Democratic National Conventions | Succeeded by1928 Houston, Texas ---|---|--- * v * t * e (1923←) 1924 United States elections (→1925) --- President| * 1924 United States presidential election * Democratic primaries * Republican primaries * Democratic convention * Republican convention U.S.Senate| * Alabama * Arkansas * Colorado * Colorado (special) * Connecticut (special) * Delaware * Georgia * Idaho * Illinois * Iowa * Kansas * Kentucky * Louisiana * Maine * Massachusetts * Michigan * Michigan (special) * Minnesota * Mississippi * Montana * Nebraska * New Hampshire * New Jersey * New Mexico * North Carolina * Oklahoma * Oregon * Rhode Island * Rhode Island (special) * South Carolina * South Dakota * Tennessee * Texas * Virginia * West Virginia * Wyoming U.S.House| * Alabama * Arkansas * Arizona * California * Colorado * Connecticut * Delaware * Florida * Georgia * Idaho * Illinois * Indiana * Iowa * Kansas * Kentucky * Louisiana * Maine * Maryland * Massachusetts * Michigan * Minnesota * Mississippi * Missouri * Montana * Nebraska * Nevada * New Hampshire * New Jersey * New Mexico * New York * North Carolina * North Dakota * Ohio * Oklahoma * Oregon * Pennsylvania * Rhode Island * South Carolina * South Dakota * Tennessee * Texas * Utah * Vermont * Virginia * Washington * West Virginia * Wisconsin * Wyoming Stategovernors| * Arizona * Arkansas * Colorado * Connecticut * Delaware * Florida * Georgia * Idaho * Illinois * Lt. 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AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF THE 1924 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION | 3,185 | Skip to site indexSearch & Section NavigationSection Navigation SEARCH Log in * liveUpdates Oct. 6, 2024, 12:49 p.m. ET11m ago * Poll Tracker * Swing State Ratings * Key Issues * Early Vote Tracker * Voting Deadlines * Electoral College Paths You have a preview view of this article while we are checking your access. When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load. ![\\"A](\\" articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale\\") The 1924 Democratic National Convention was the longest in history: 16 days and 103 ballots.Credit...Bettmann Collection, via Getty Images # Divided and Undecided, 2024’s America Rhymes With 1924’s Hearing echoes of Independence Day a century ago, when Americans were clashing over race, religion, immigration and presidential candidates. The 1924 Democratic National Convention was the longest in history: 16 days and 103 ballots.Credit...Bettmann Collection, via Getty Images Supported by SKIP ADVERTISEMENT Listen to this article · 14:16 min Learn more * Share full article * 271 ![\\"Dan](\\" barry/author-dan-barry-thumbLarge-v3.png\\") By Dan Barry * July 5, 2024 Things should have been settled. The weary delegates should have already chosen a presidential nominee, packed up their Welcome to New York souvenirs and returned home in time for the nation’s celebration of what it stood for. Instead, the study in indecision that was the Democratic National Convention of 1924 staggered through the Fourth of July weekend, its 3,000 delegates all but ensnared in the red-white-and-blue bunting adorning a tired Manhattan arena slated for demolition. The convention, which lasted 16 days and an astounding 103 ballots, is notorious both for being the longest in history and for being infected by the Ku Klux Klan, which cast a long shadow over the America of that time. Just a few dozen miles to the south, it was celebrating a white-nationalist Independence Day with a hood-and-robe parade right down the Broadway of a beachside New Jersey city. The simultaneous events reflected the divide over what it meant to be an American. Instead of proudly asserting who we are, that distant summer day raised a question being debated over the July Fourth weekend a century later: Who are we? At play were the tensions between the rural and the urban; the isolationist and the world-engaged; the America of white Protestant Christianity and the multiracial America of all faiths; the America that distrusted immigrants and the America that saw itself in those immigrants, and wished to extend a hand. Exploiting these conflicts was the Klan, the post-Civil War white-supremacist organization that had been resurrected a decade earlier. Its “America First” mantra resonated with an aggrieved Protestant middle class — some Republicans, some Democrats — who sensed their power slipping away. Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times. Thank you for your patience while we verify access. Already a subscriber? Log in. Want all of The Times? Subscribe. Advertisement SKIP ADVERTISEMENT ## Site Index ## Site Information Navigation * © 2024 The New York Times Company * NYTCo * Contact Us * Accessibility * Work with us * Advertise * T Brand Studio * Your Ad Choices * Privacy Policy * Terms of Service * Terms of Sale * Site Map * Canada * International * Help * Subscriptions |
AUTHENTIC PHOTO OF THE 1924 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION | 3,185 | ![](\\" content/themes/coolidge2.0/assets/img/images/footer-logo.svg\\"/) ##### Menu * Home * 2023 Centennial * About Calvin Coolidge * Virtual Library * Coolidge Quarterly * Coolidge Scholarship and Senators * Speech & Debate Program * Donate * Foundation * Contact * Membership * Store * Photo Gallery ### Coolidge Blog January 24, 2024 ##### 1924: The High Tide of American Conservatism By Garland S. Tucker III The following is adapted from Garland S. Tucker III’s new book, 1924: Coolidge, Davis, and the High Tide of American Conservatism (Coolidge Press). […] January 17, 2024 ##### A Misunderstood Decade By John H. Cochrane This article appears in the Winter 2024 issue of the Coolidge Review. The 1920s were the single most consequential decade for the lives of […] January 12, 2024 ##### Casa Utopia: The Tale of an American Collective Farm By Amity Shlaes This review is from Amity Shlaes’s regular column “The Forgotten Book,” which she pens for “Capital Matters” as a fellow of National Review Institute. […] December 20, 2023 ##### Coolidge Books for the Holidays By Jerry Wallace M. C. Murphy, Calvin Coolidge: The Presidency and Philosophy of a Progressive Conservative A new biography of Calvin Coolidge is certainly worth your attention. Mark C. […] # The Ultimate “Messy” Convention: the 1924 Democratic Convention July 22, 2016 By Garland S. Tucker, III First, we heard Donald Trump crying foul at the very mention of a “contested” convention and warning ominously of “trouble” from his supporters if they are denied a first ballot victory. Now, we have Bernie Sanders alleging a “rigged” outcome and predicting a “messy” convention if super delegates deny his claim to the nomination. While it has been several decades since we have seen a contested convention, it is definitely not uncharted waters. The parties have not only survived contested conventions, but these contested conventions have often nominated good candidates. However, there are some serious warning signs, and both parties, as they come face to face with the possibility of a “messy” 2016 convention, should heed them. Many historic precedents of contentious conventions can be cited, but the granddaddy of them all was, without question, the 1924 Democratic National Convention. By the time convention delegates convened in New York City on June 24, 1924, there was ample evidence that the Democratic Party was deeply divided. As the leading quipster of that day, Finley Peter Dunne (“Mr. Dooley”) wrote, “The Dimmycratic Party ain’t on speakin’ terms with itself.” Former President Wilson’s son-in-law, Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo, and the Governor of New York, Al Smith, had squared off over the main issues – and with a generous portion of personal animosity thrown in. Each held enough delegate votes to prevent the other from being nominated. At that time the Democratic Party labored under the requirement of a two-thirds nominating majority, and it was clear neither Smith nor McAdoo could make it. To make matters worse, the hot button social issues of the day were enmeshed in religion and evoked a white hot fervor on all sides. Prohibition, immigration, and the KKK were the issues, and there appeared to be no room for compromise. The convention opened with an explosive floor fight over the party platform. Record setting temperatures outside, produced what reporters called “furnace- like air in the draped hall that kept fans and straw hats waiving vigorously.” By the third day the Washington Post was reporting “Delegates in Fist Fights on Floor Over Klan.” Al Smith and his anti-prohibition forces had the whiskey flowing, while McAdoo and his pro-prohibition delegates piously called for divine retribution against the “big city wets.” Former Secretary of the Navy and veteran Democratic warhorse Josephus Daniels wrote from the convention to the folks back home in North Carolina, “This convention is chock full of religion. It eats religion, dreams it, smokes it.” He warned the Democrats not to forsake “the denunciation of Republicans for religious warfare among themselves.” After endless wrangling and grandstanding, the convention staggered to the adoption of a platform that was noteworthy only for its failure to confront the big issues. Nothing of substance was said about prohibition, immigration, the League of Nations, or the KKK. It did make a gracious acknowledgement of President Harding’s recent death; but even that was contested. The original wording stated, “Our Party stands uncovered at the bier of Warren G. Harding….” But William Jennings Bryan and the prohibitionists insisted on substituting “grave” for “bier,” lest some of their supporters back home take offense! Then the primary task of nominating a candidate – and the real fireworks- began. Seizing his “home court advantage,” Al Smith packed Madison Square Garden with his supporters and practically blew off the roof with what newspapers called “terrifying pandemonium.” Other nominations of McAdoo and a string of favorite son candidates followed until after 4am in the morning. The following day the balloting began. The first roll call vote had McAdoo with 431, Smith with 241, and the rest far behind. By July 1, fifteen ballots had been cast with hardly any movement among the candidates: McAdoo 479, Smith 305. By July 3, the convention sailed past old Democratic Party record of fifty-seven ballots set in 1860, and the seventieth ballot was still McAdoo 415, Smith 323. The acrimony was pervasive. In historian David Burner’s words, “The deadlock that developed might as well have between the Pope and the Imperial Wizard of the KKK, so solidly did the Catholic delegates support Smith and the Klan delegates support McAdoo.” Some reporters claimed even the prohibition forces were drunk by this point. Finally on July 9, Smith released his delegates and McAdoo very grudgingly followed suit, and a compromise candidate secured the nomination on the 103rd ballot. John W. Davis, a former U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, was at last the nominee, and the longest and bitterest convention in American history mercifully came to an end. Well, what can be learned from all this? Three points: First, America does indeed have a history of contested conventions. While we haven’t had one in a while, it’s nothing new – and the Republic and the parties have survived them. Second, it’s possible in the midst of bitter acrimony and division for a party to nominate a good candidate. The leading columnist of that day, Walter Lippmann, wrote this about the 1924 Democratic convention, “In this case the delegates, who had looked into a witches’ cauldron of hatred and disunion, yielded to a half-conscious judgment which was far more reliable than their common sense. For they turned to the one candidate (Davis) who embodied those very qualities for lack of which the party had almost destroyed itself.” Third, despite the fact that John W. Davis was as fine a man as ever nominated by either party, his general election prospects were ruined by the convention. As Franklin Roosevelt wrote to a friend in the fall of 1924, “We defeated ourselves in New York in June.” With party divisions running so deep and personal animosities between McAdoo and Smith, it was impossible for the Democrats to rally around Davis and win the election. This final point should be sobering to both the GOP and the Democratic Party in July 2016. Contested conventions have not usually been as bitter as the 1924 Democratic convention, but the big winner in any “messy” convention has usually been the opposing party. – Garland S. Tucker III is Chairman of Triangle Capital Corporation, Raleigh, N.C., a New York Stock Exchange listed specialty finance company and the author of The High Tide of American Conservatism: Davis, Coolidge and the 1924 Election (Emerald Books, 2010) and Conservative Heroes: Fourteen Leaders Who Shaped America – Jefferson to Reagan (ISI Books, 2015). ### Leave a Reply Click here to cancel reply. 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Agha Mohammad Khan an 18thcentury Persian king ordered the execution of two servants for being too loud but postponed it to avoid doing it on a holy day He let them return to their duties but they killed him that very night | 3,186 | Become a Member ![\\"snopes](\\"/design/images/logo-main.png\\"/) Search My Profile Logout Submit a Rumor Latest Trending News & Politics Entertainment Fact Checks Quiz Sections Latest Trending Fact Checks News Collections More Contact Us Submit a Rumor Archives Quiz FactBot Newsletters About Us Categories News & Politics Entertainment Science & Technology Lifestyle Free accounts support our journalism Become a Member Login My Profile Logout ![\\"republican_symbol\\"](\\"/design/images/republican_symbol.png\\"/) Snopes fact-checked the vice presidential debate live! Read more here ![\\"democrat_symbol\\"](\\"/design/images/democrat_symbol.png\\"/) Fact Check # Did Persian King Order His Servants Killed, Only They Killed Him? ## Rather foolishly, he let them roam free before their execution. ### Nur Ibrahim ### Published Oct. 30, 2021 ![\\"](\\" of-Rating-Overlay-FEATURED-IMG-25-5.jpeg\\") Image courtesy of Sotheby\'s/Wikimedia Commons Claim: Agha Mohammad Khan, an 18th-century Persian king, ordered the execution of two servants for being too loud, but postponed it to avoid doing it on a holy day. He let them return to their duties, but they killed him that very night. Rating: True About this rating Plenty of ancient monarchs have had strange deaths. For example, King George II of the U.K. died suddenly after waking up and defecating into a close stool, an early version of a toilet. Others deaths were more grim and violent. Ottoman Sultan Osman II, a teen, died in 1622 through an excruciating “compression of the testicles.” And yet other kings, known for their shrewdness and ruthlessness, certainly weren’t too smart, which sometimes led to their untimely deaths. Advertisement: One such king was the Persian Shah Agha Mohammad Khan, also sometimes referred to as Agha Mohammad Shah. The 18th-century ruler ushered in the Qajar dynasty of Iran that ruled until 1925. Khan was childless, having been castrated in his youth while imprisoned by Adel Shah, a previous ruler. Khan gained a reputation for being intelligent and pragmatic while also very brutal. These traits did not help him at the time of his death. According to a post on Reddit, he foolishly postponed an execution that he ordered, and got killed as a result: > TIL that Persian King Agha Mohammad Khan ordered the execution of two > servants for being too loud. Since it was a holy day, he postponed their > execution by a day and made the servants return to their duties. They > murdered the king in his sleep that night. This account has been corroborated by a number of reputable historians. The killing took place around three days after the Shah entered and took over the city of Shusha with little opposition. At the time, he was leading his second campaign into Georgia, a region he had largely conquered and where he systematically pillaged, enslaved, and massacred people. Advertisement: The book “A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind” by Michael Axworthy, a noted academic and historian, described Khan’s death below: > Agha Mohammad Shah had now resumed control of the main territories of > Safavid Persia, with the exception of the Afghan provinces. But he did not > enjoy them, or his jewels, for long. In June 1797, while campaigning in what > is now Nagorno-Karabakh, he was stabbed to death by two of his servants, > whom he had sentenced to be executed but unwisely left alive and at liberty > overnight. In Volume 7 of “The Cambridge History of Iran,” his death is described in more detail: > The Shah set off with 5,000 horsemen and 3,000 infantry and rapidly fording > the Aras, entered Shusha. He remained there three days until, disturbed one > evening by a quarrel between two servants in his private quarters, he > ordered their immediate execution. Sadiq Khan, leader of the Shaqaqi Kurds, > was present. He tried to intercede for the servants, but the Shah was > implacable, agreeing only to postpone their execution until the following > morning, to avoid shedding blood on a Friday. He foolishly allowed the > condemned men to continue attending to him until he fell asleep, when they, > joined by a third servant, stabbed him to death, on 21 Dhu’l-Hijja 1211/16 > June 1797. They then fled to Sadiq Khan, bearing the treasure that the Shah > had with him, including the Darya-yi Nur and the Taj-i-Mah. Sadiq Khan took > the assassins under his protection, assumed charge of the regalia, and set > out with his troops for Tabriz. The Qajar ascendancy, to which the late Shah > had devoted himself with such single-mindedness, was now to be put to the > test. Advertisement: Agha Mohammad was succeeded by his nephew Fath Ali Shah. According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, a research initiative run by the Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Inc. started by Columbia University Professor Ehsan Yarshater, Khan was an interesting personality: > Āḡā Moḥammad’s salient characteristics were those which caused his death: > avarice and cruelty. Yet such was his energy, ambition, and intelligence > that he usually directed even his least praiseworthy qualities towards the > achievement of his aims. Obsessively acquisitive of money and jewels, he > nevertheless shunned pomp and ostentation, lived as austerely as his > soldiers, and ensured that these were regularly paid. He showed a real > concern for law and order, regularly prayed and fasted, yet also drank > heavily. [...] His acts of cruelty can usually be interpreted as politic or > exemplary, to terrorize the disaffected (as at Kermān), or to ensure > unquestioning obedience. He would often disembowel servants who displeased > him and expose them, still alive, to the kites and crows (R. G. Watson, A > History of Persia . . ., London, 1866, pp. 66-67). Often, however, he was > gratuitously vindictive; while at Shiraz, he exhumed the bones of Karīm Khan > and had them reburied under the threshold of his palace at Tehran, so that > he might daily trample on the grave of his predecessor in empire. There are > likewise tales of the cruel revenge he took on obscure Shiraz tradesmen who > had slighted him during his stay in the Zand capital; and once, while drunk, > he shot and wounded his secretary for no reason (M. von Kotzebuhe, Narrative > of a Journey into Persia . . . , London, 1818, pp. 256-58). Given that his death has been widely documented by numerous reputable historians, we rate this claim as “True.” Advertisement: Sources: Axworthy, Michael. A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Basic Books , 2010. Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. Black, Jeremy. George III: America’s Last King. Yale University Press, 2009. Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. Curtis, Glenn E., and Eric Hooglund. “Iran: A Country Study.” Field Research Division, Library of Congress, 2008, Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. Dash, Mike. “The Ottoman Empire’s Life-or-Death Race.” Smithsonian Magazine, 22 March 2012. life-or-death-race-164064882/. Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. History. \"A Short History of Qajar Iran.\" Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. Advertisement: Melville, C., and Ehsan Yarshater, G. R. G. Hambly, Ilya Gershevitch, John Andrew Boyle, P. Avery, Richard Nelson Frye, William Bayne Fisher. The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press, 1968. Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. Ross, J. Keith. “The Death of King George II, with a Biographical Note on Dr Frank Nicholls, Physician to the King.” Journal of Medical Biography, vol. 7, no. 4, Nov. 1999, pp. 228–233, doi:10.1177/096777209900700409. Accessed 28 Oct. 2021. ### By Nur Ibrahim Nur Nasreen Ibrahim is a reporter with experience working in television, international news coverage, fact checking, and creative writing. ## Article Tags Editor\'s Picks Recommendations Advertisement: ![\\"Snopes.com\\"](\\"/design/images/logo-main.png\\") Company About Us FAQs Contact Us Submit a Topic Navigate Home Search Archive Newsletters Random Sections Latest Top Fact Checks News Account Join Login Game FactBot Like Us on Facebook Follow Us on Twitter © 1995 - 2024 by Snopes Media Group Inc. This material may not be reproduced without permission. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com Terms of Use Privacy Policy DMCA Policy |
Agha Mohammad Khan an 18thcentury Persian king ordered the execution of two servants for being too loud but postponed it to avoid doing it on a holy day He let them return to their duties but they killed him that very night | 3,186 | You\'re scheduled for execution but I\'m gonna need you to finish your shift. : r/antiwork Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/antiwork A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to antiwork r/antiwork r/antiwork A subreddit for those who want to end work, are curious about ending work, want to get the most out of a work-free life, want more information on anti- work ideas and want personal help with their own jobs/work-related struggles. * * * 2.8M Members 518 Online • 3 yr. ago WithaK19 ADMIN MOD # You\'re scheduled for execution but I\'m gonna need you to finish your shift. ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"r/antiwork](\\" ![\\"r/antiwork](\\" Add a Comment Sort by: Best Open comment sort options * Best * Top * New * Controversial * Old * Q&A OrindaSarnia • 3y ago • Better to be executed for killing a king than executed for being loud… Reply reply ![\\"u/Lower_Department2940](\\" Lower_Department2940 • 3y ago • Right like if you\'re going to kill me at least let me earn it first Reply reply 14 more replies 14 more replies More replies 26 more replies 26 more replies More replies Marksd9 • 3y ago • I think it’s telling just how little he thought of the servants that he didn’t see that coming. Reply reply 3 more replies 3 more replies More replies ![\\"u/eriko_girl](\\" eriko_girl • 3y ago • Back when dinosaurs roamed the earth I worked for a GNC in a mall. Assistant manager and I did a huge stock delivery, got everything put away and cleaned, mopped the store in between taking care of customers. End of the night he says \"I have bad news, the manager says this was your last day.\" I was so pissed and asked him why the hell he let me bust my ass for the whole shift. He said sheepishly that he had been let go also. I told him he was an idiot. Reply reply 13 more replies 13 more replies More replies ![\\"u/xxrth](\\" xxrth • 3y ago • LMFAO, that’s hilarious. They fired my coworker friend, he’s a bartender. But get this, they fired him and let him finish out his shift. Needless to say, everybody got free drinks that night. Most tips he ever made. 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Agha Mohammad Khan an 18thcentury Persian king ordered the execution of two servants for being too loud but postponed it to avoid doing it on a holy day He let them return to their duties but they killed him that very night | 3,186 | If stealing was punishable by death would the crime rate of stealing drop to almost zero? : r/hypotheticalsituation Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/hypotheticalsituation A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to hypotheticalsituation r/hypotheticalsituation r/hypotheticalsituation We are a fun, interesting, and creative subreddit for you to ask what others would do in certain hypothetical situations. * * * 245K Members 173 Online • 8 mo. ago Fragrant_Sleep2243 ADMIN MOD # If stealing was punishable by death would the crime rate of stealing drop to almost zero? Add a Comment Sort by: Best Open comment sort options * Best * Top * New * Controversial * Old * Q&A ![\\"u/EhWTHN](\\" EhWTHN • 8mo ago • No. The penalty for theft in some places used to be the loss of a hand. It did not deter street rats, beggars, and common thieves then. It just meant you had to be smarter. If theft were punishable by death youd see more thieves in more elaborate/logical outfits to continue stealing, whether its to make a quick buck (thieves), or to genuinely survive another day (beggars, street rats, etc). Reply reply Disorderly_Chaos • 8mo ago • Or they’d be like…”shit I got caught. Better kill all witnesses” Reply reply 10 more replies 10 more replies More replies 3 more replies 3 more replies More replies Baksteengezicht • 8mo ago • If small crimes carry the capital punishment, there\'s no motivation not to escalate every crime to murder. Reply reply 30 more replies 30 more replies More replies aegisasaerian • 8mo ago • Ah, legalism, ancient china approves In reality no, it would just incentivize thieves to be better at what they do. Reply reply 12 more replies 12 more replies More replies ![\\"u/Gogs1234](\\" Gogs1234 • 8mo ago • No. The punishment for stealing used to be death and people stole things Reply reply haikusbot • 8mo ago • No. The punishment For stealing used to be death And people stole things \- Gogs1234 I detect haikus. And sometimes, successfully. Learn more about me. Opt out of replies: \"haikusbot opt out\" | Delete my comment: \"haikusbot delete\" Reply reply 1 more reply 1 more reply More replies 1 more reply 1 more reply More replies Avery-Hunter • 8mo ago • Does Texas have a zero murder rate? That should answer your question Reply reply 3 more replies 3 more replies More replies ![\\"u/mining_moron](\\" mining_moron • 8mo ago • No, the rate of being caught stealing would drop to almost zero Reply reply 3 more replies 3 more replies More replies IamlostlikeZoroIs • 8mo ago • There are two sides to this argument. 1. Yeah it can make it drop to almost zero, like the other person said it has helped Singapore. But I would imagine it helped in Singapore city where all the tourists are and all the rich people are. I would imagine around the edges of the city and what not there is crime. 2. No probably not because if you offer the maximum sentence for a small crime the criminals might as well commit the biggest crime if they have to. Go rob a guy but kill him so no witnesses are left. So maximum punishment would possibly make crime worse. I’m not sure how you would make crime better, some places have done a great job like Japan. Theft is quite low there and so are things like murder or assault. However the trade off is sexual assault is quite high. Reply reply 4 more replies 4 more replies More replies erinoco • 8mo ago • In Britain, in the period between the Restoration and the Victorian period, death was the punishment for any crime of theft which couldn\'t be described as petty larceny. The historical concensus, IIRC, is that crime rates don\'t seem to have been inhibited, and conviction rates may have been affected by the unwillingness of juries to condemn defendants to death. 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Commercial Bank Give Cash Gifts For Its 53rd Anniversary | 3,187 | CLOSE * . * Archives * About Us * Contact * Sinhala * Tamil * APAC __ * India * India English * India Marathi * Myanmar * Myanmar English * Bangladesh * Cambodia * Afghanistan * Thailand ![\\"Fact](\\"/images/logo.png?v=1\\") * * * * * * ![\\"Fact](\\"/images/logo.png?v=1\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" banner-image-e1702017847923.png\\") ![\\"Fact](\\" * . * Archives * About Us * Contact * Sinhala * Tamil * APAC * India * India English * India Marathi * Myanmar * Myanmar English * Bangladesh * Cambodia * Afghanistan * Thailand * ![](\\"/images/home.png\\"/) * >> * English * >> * False # Don’t Fall for this SCAM of Commercial Bank Giveaways for its 53rd Anniversary! ## දිනපතා සත්ය කරුණු දැන ගැනීමට අපගේ WhatsApp සමුහයටමෙතනින් එකතුවන්න. Fake messages, gifts, and scams are not new to Sri Lankan social media users. However, despite being constantly warned, people still fall prey to these frequent scams disguised alongside attractive offers. This is our investigation regarding such a scam targeting the Commercial Bank of Sri Lanka. […] By![\\"\\"](\\"/images/authorplaceholder.jpg\\") Loading... |25 Feb 2023 6:00 AM IST ![\\"Don’t](\\"/images/placeholder.jpg\\") X * Share * Tweet * Whatsapp * Telegram * LinkedIniiiii * __Email * __Print ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/Thumbnail-Post- No-02-kalna-1-1024x576.png?resize=640%2C360&ssl=1\\") දිනපතා **සත්ය කරුණු** දැන ගැනීමට අපගේ WhatsApp සමුහයටමෙතනින් එකතුවන්න. Fake messages, gifts, and scams are not new to Sri Lankan social media users. However, despite being constantly warned, people still fall prey to these frequent scams disguised alongside attractive offers. This is our investigation regarding such a scam targeting the Commercial Bank of Sri Lanka. #### Social Media Posts Viral messages, especially on messaging platforms and to a lesser extent on Facebook, claimed that Commercial Bank, on behalf of its 53rd Anniversary, had launched a National Government Subsidy program. The users stood a chance to win rewards by filling out a questionnaire. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-61.png?resize=504%2C902&ssl=1\\") Facebook| Archived We did a fact-check as the general public is keen on the issue. #### Fact Check First, we tried to find related social forwards which claim to give cash gifts to commemorate the Commercial Bank’s 53rd anniversary. So, we found several links that direct users to the same website. Those links are mainly shared via WhatsApp. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-60.png?resize=640%2C460&ssl=1\\") When social media users click these links, they go through several steps. Finally, there is a step to share the link with several other users via social media, a ploy used by similar fraudsters and scammers. ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-10.jpeg?w=640&ssl=1\\"/)| ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-59.png?w=640&ssl=1\\"/) ---|--- ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-58.png?w=640&ssl=1\\"/)| ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-9.jpeg?w=640&ssl=1\\"/) ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-57.png?w=640&ssl=1\\"/)| ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2023/02/image-56.png?w=640&ssl=1\\"/) And Commercial Bank of Sri Lanka warned its customers not to become victims of such fraud. They emphasized that if the bank wanted to inform customers about cash gifts, they do it using their official communication handles and not from fraudulent websites. Hence, they advised the public to refrain from providing sensitive information to such fraudsters. Their statement is below. Here are some tips from Factcrescendo to stay safe from such online phishing scams Here are some more tips to stay safe from other online scams. Follow us and stay up to date with our latest fact checks. Facebook | Twitter |Instagram | Google News | TikTok #### Conclusion The WhatsApp forward related to 53rd-anniversary cash gifts from Commercial Bank is fraud and not actual. Commercial Bank emphasized that they would not do such promotions via unofficial channels like this and requested customers not to click links or enter sensitive information. ![\\"Avatar\\"](\\" content/uploads/2019/03/False.png?w=640&ssl=1\\") Title:Don’t Fall for this SCAM of Commercial Bank Giveaways for its 53rd Anniversary! Fact Check By: Kalana Krishantha Result: False .container img {content: \"\";display: block;float: none;Demon Next Story #### Similar Posts ## ![\\"Fact](\\"/images/logo.png\\") © Copyright 2022, All rights reserved. Powered by Hocalwire X ![\\"sidekick\\"](\\"/images/sidekick-open.png\\") |
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Visit Stack Exchange Loading… 1. * Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site * Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have * Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site * About Us Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products 2. 3. ### current community * Personal Finance & Money help chat * Personal Finance & Money Meta ### your communities Sign up or log in to customize your list. ### more stack exchange communities company blog 4. Log in 5. Sign up ![\\"Personal](\\" 1. 1. Home 2. Questions 3. Tags 4. Users 5. Unanswered 2. Teams Now available on Stack Overflow for Teams! AI features where you work: search, IDE, and chat. Learn more Explore Teams 3. Teams 4. Ask questions, find answers and collaborate at work with Stack Overflow for Teams. Explore Teams Teams Q&A for work Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Learn more about Teams # How can I gift $41,000 to my friend anonymously? (Australia) Ask Question Asked 3 years, 2 months ago Modified 3 years, 2 months ago Viewed 18k times This question shows research effort; it is useful and clear 31 Save this question. Show activity on this post. We both live in Australia. I don\'t want him to know it\'s from me. But I’m not hiding from the government. I’d prefer the money to go into his bank account so he can see it\'s real money. I have his home address, BSB/account number, phone number & email (he might have PayID). I could do it as a birthday present and write “no strings attached”. I obviously want him to accept/keep/use the money. Do you know any charities in Australia that forward anonymous money gifts? I know of The Give Initiative, but they\'re American. I\'d rather not do a cheque because I don\'t think he\'ll cash it. It\'s also possible that if he receives a bank transfer, he will just transfer the money back to the sender (and if he does this, obviously I want to make sure that I\'m able to get the money back). It would be perfect if I could just send him a bank transfer. But the problem is that he will see my name on the bank transfer. I am also considering registering a business name under an Australian Business Number (ABN) so I can make a business bank account under the business name, and then transfer the money to his account from there, so he will see the business name instead of my name. I don’t know if that’s legally okay or not though. Obviously I’m not going to pretend it’s a business expense. I will admit to the government that it was a personal transaction. I am also considering creating my own charity that forwards money gifts for anyone who wants to gift someone money anonymously, like the The Give Initiative. That way (as the charity), I could assure him that the funds are lawful and that there will be no attempt to recover them, it would discourage him from sending it back because he’d think the donor might not get the money back, PLUS just in case he does send it back, it would be guaranteed that I would get the funds back. I am also considering another option: doing the exact same as above, but registering it as a business with an ABN (which only costs $39) instead of a charity. Businesses might be easier to set up than charities. And there\'s nothing wrong with me using my own business\'s services, right? * banking * australia * payment * gifts * charity Share Share a link to this question Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this question Follow Follow this question to receive notifications edited Jul 20, 2021 at 20:22 Ally asked Jul 20, 2021 at 17:16 ![\\"Ally\\'s](\\" version=2\\") AllyAlly 31111 gold badge33 silver badges55 bronze badges 1 * 1 Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. Please read The Intent and Purpose of Comments. We are seeing many flags asking to clean up the comments. Done. – JTP - Apologise to Monica ♦ Commented Jul 22, 2021 at 15:50 Add a comment | ## 7 Answers 7 Sorted by: Reset to default Highest score (default) Date modified (newest first) Date created (oldest first) This answer is useful 121 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. Use a Lawyer To ensure the legality and anonymity of such a transaction you should be able to use a lawyer as an intermediary without revealing your identity to the friend. Contact a lawyer and ask them if they can act as an intermediary to allow you to gift funds to your friend without informing the friend of the identity of the donor. A lawyer should be able to do this while also arranging tax matters are handled correctly and that the documentation is enough to satisfy all parties (including the government) that the monies are legitimate and have been transferred correctly. This would avoid potential issues with e.g. money laundering laws. A lawyer can also arrange a procedure to permit your friend to decline the gift - remember that is always a reasonable option. Share Share a link to this answer Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this answer Follow Follow this answer to receive notifications edited Jul 21, 2021 at 12:01 answered Jul 21, 2021 at 10:28 ![\\"StephenG](\\" version=2\\") StephenG - Help UkraineStephenG - Help Ukraine 58911 gold badge33 silver badges77 bronze badges 1 * 1 Comments on original question have been moved to chat. Please discuss there – JTP - Apologise to Monica ♦ Commented Jul 22, 2021 at 15:53 Add a comment | This answer is useful 46 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. Frame Challenge (idk if that\'s a thing in this SE, but I think it should be in this case) You\'re concerned your friend won\'t accept the money if he knows it is from you, how do you know he\'ll accept it from anyone else? You\'re at least his friend after all. I think the only real answer is convince your friend to accept the money from you, or don\'t gift it. If they really need it, they should swallow their pride and be grateful to have such a great friend as yourself. If they don\'t really need it, you should stop worrying to such a degree this much hassle sounds like a good idea. I don\'t know about AU, but in the US your ideas have tax implications (read: lots of paperwork) that don\'t seem fun to deal with. Obviously anyone answering here (myself) doesn\'t have the full context, but that\'s the best I can do given what I read. Share Share a link to this answer Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this answer Follow Follow this answer to receive notifications answered Jul 20, 2021 at 20:48 ![\\"TCooper\\'s](\\" version=2\\") TCooperTCooper 66044 silver badges1313 bronze badges 7 * 1 In Australia, there really isn\'t heaps of paperwork. It will probably be about 30 seconds of extra work when it comes to doing taxes (online). – Gregory Currie Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 1:38 * 1 @GregoryCurrie I imagine that at the very least the business idea will require some work. You will have to register a business, apply for a bank account, file a tax return for the business, prepare any documentation which businesses are required to keep by law, and finally wind down the business when the transaction and filings are done. It\'s all achievable but definitely not in 30 seconds. – JBentley Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 9:16 * 9 Another frame challenge (not posting as an answer, because I might be wrong) : if the OP wants to help a friend who is in a desperate situation (in a lot of debt, has medical bills to pay, etc.) but is too proud or too shy to accept help, then a solution would be to pay the debt or bill in question, instead of just giving the money to the friend. This will be less suspicious (a simple bank transfer might be seen as a mistake or a scam) and also less likely to be sent back. – vsz Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 13:28 * 1 @vsz this is likely impossible without details like the friends bill number which they\'re unlikely to provide. – JonathanReez Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 16:54 * 1 Another way to approach this is if the friend would unlikely accept such a large gift, tell them it\'s a loan and that they can pay you back when they\'re on their feet again. Now, the OP should only think of this as a gift and not expect to get the money back, but it may help the friend swallow their pride a bit. – David K Commented Jul 22, 2021 at 13:07 | Show 2 more comments This answer is useful 4 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. To actually answer your question: The most straightforward answer has already been posted by @StephenG - get a lawyer. It\'s probably cheaper in the long run and certainly much quicker and easier. Lawyers do this kind of thing all the time for all sorts of reasons - trust disbursements, will benefits, insurance payouts, property dividends, and so on, with a nontrivial amount of those either anonymous, confidential, or at least impenetrable to the common recipient. Alternatively: 1. Several major bank ATMs, at least in capital cities, let you deposit into the ATM with just the BSB, Account number, and the depositor\'s mobile phone number (which could be fake, they have no way to know). If you can make multiple smaller deposits over time (none of them will accept close to the number of bills you\'re talking about all at once), this would work. 2. You can set up a Trust. The Trustee of a trust can get a bank account in the name of a trust. You can then wind up the trust once you\'re done with it. There is nothing complicated about a trust, but it will take a small amount of research because it\'s going to be a pretty arcane system to a layman. In some states you may need to pay Stamp Duty to formalize a trust. 3. If you\'re loaded and have a few months, you could buy real estate, sell it, and have the settlement include a payment instruction as a disbursement. The money will come from the account of the settlement agent or lawyer. It\'s totally traceable by various authorities, but won\'t be easily traceable by your friend. 4. So, are you two loners who are only friends with each other? You don\'t have one mutual friend whom you could convince to transmit the money (by cash or electronic transaction) on your behalf, and swear not to tell? 5. Convince your friend to set up a bitcoin wallet and ... well, it\'s not really anonymous so much as deniable. 6. Grab an Uber to his house (ideally from a random street corner), and when you get there, tell the driver that you want to play a prank on your friend, and you\'ll pay him $50 to knock on the door and hand over this envelope with all these fake bills in it, I\'ll be hiding right over there so that I can film his reaction. Well, it would probably work - most rideshare drivers I\'ve met are doing it as a second (or third) job and are always happy to get easy money like that. 7. Or, even simpler, leave the cash-filled envelope in his mailbox? There is not really any risk if no-one, least of all your friend, expects it to be there. Some quick notes: In Australia, there is currently nothing illegal about dealing in cash (but the government is trying to change that... topics/economy/black-economy/cash-rules-2019). There is no requirement that a recipient has to be able to trace a payment - only that the authorities can. And you don\'t have to do anything to ensure that this is possible, only financial institutions have to have rules in place (though it is illegal for you to deliberately deceive them to prevent this - and, no-one is going to make it easy for you to do legal things that look like or could potentially be illegal). Part of those rules include that multiple regular smaller payments over time are to be treated with the same scrutiny as a single large one. Similarly, payments just under the threshold should be scrutinized the same as payments above the threshold. (If that sounds ambiguous and ripe for loophole abuse, you\'d be right: release/austrac-and-westpac-agree-penalty, and-cba-agree-700m-penalty) More importantly, as far as a non-cash transfer of any kind goes, I wouldn\'t try it myself. I know for sure that if I received any money I wasn\'t expecting and couldn\'t identify, I\'d flag it with my bank as a mistaken transaction, and they\'d retrieve it. Even if they couldn\'t actually return it to the depositor (such as for a cash deposit), it would still be surrendered to a bank holding account. Also, you don\'t have to worry about tax implications for your friend. Cash gifts are not normally taxed as income (but interest earned on it is). Not being a charity simply means that you, the giver, cannot treat it as a deduction against your own tax (like you could if the recipient was an appropriately registered charity); it has nothing to do with paying tax, only with the inability to claim tax deductions. Though in principle, it is his obligation to prove to the ATO that it is not income if they ask (but in practice, him not knowing where it even came from is significant). People give gifts, shout each other drinks, place friendly bets, and all sorts of other things all the time. Simply because gifts are cash, even if they\'re anonymous, does not make them illegal - only if you try to frustrate regulatory efforts to trace your payment will you have problems. You are allowed to remain anonymous to a recipient, but not necessarily anyone else who helps to facilitate a transaction. Setting up a business is overkill compared to setting up a trust, but a charity is even worse. The legal requirements for a charity are significant in Australia. But if it\'s your business, there\'s no reason that you can\'t operate it any way you want (in terms of whom you choose to make payments to for whatever reason). However, keep in mind that an ABN is not necessary but also definitely not sufficient for creating a business. ABNs are specifically for GST tax purposes and the \"business\" you\'ve described (i.e. making one payment for nothing) wouldn\'t have either GST credits or GST debits, making it pointless. It also wouldn\'t help to hide your name, as you\'d need a registered Business Name or Trading Name ( business/registering-a-business-name/) to hide your own name, but that has a public register of the name of the business owner. A Private Company can be set up, but registration ( company/) is still with ASIC who, while they won\'t provide your ownership information for free on the internet, will provide an extract of registration to anyone who will pay a couple of dollars. Basically, you\'d need someone (like an accountant or lawyer) to be substituted (in the correct legal fashion, and for a fee) if your purpose is to prevent casual inspection of the ownership of a business or partnership. In short, it\'s not a simple or cheap option to set up a business to make a single anonymous transaction. Share Share a link to this answer Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this answer Follow Follow this answer to receive notifications answered Jul 21, 2021 at 14:50 ![\\"Akunukl\\'s](\\" AkunuklAkunukl 4111 bronze badge Add a comment | This answer is useful 3 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. Have you considered the gift of cash? Four hundred and ten $100 notes delivered by courier (or friend unknown to the recipient). That could be as simple as half kilo package. Withdrawing or depositing will flag you and your friend under money laundering/ terrorism funding and it may take a while to process, but it\'s possible. Alternately, you could give your friend gold, which weighs the same as its value in $100 notes. Edit: regarding tax (IANATA) but this is what the ATO says: > Generally, you don\'t declare amounts you receive for: rewards or gifts on > special occasions, such as cash birthday presents and gifts from relatives > given out of love (however, gifts may be taxable if you receive them as part > of a business-like activity or for your income-earning activities as an > employee or contractor) Source: must-declare/amounts-you-do-not-include-as-income/ If the giver paid income tax on it you can give it without paying more tax. If it\'s a one off gift \"given out of love\" it\'s not taxed for the recipient. The same way that birthday presents aren\'t taxed (other than the income tax and sales tax). Share Share a link to this answer Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this answer Follow Follow this answer to receive notifications edited Jul 27, 2021 at 9:24 answered Jul 21, 2021 at 5:04 ![\\"Coomie\\'s](\\" CoomieCoomie 13944 bronze badges 9 * 1 Sounds like tax evasion. – henning no longer feeds AI Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 8:23 * 7 @henning It\'s only tax evasion if you evade tax. Dealing in cash _per se_ is not tax evasion. Granted that it might _look like_ tax evasion to an outside observer, but the OP has stated they are not intending to hide anything from the tax authorities. – JBentley Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 9:41 * 1 @JBentley Maybe they are not trying to hide anything, but if this \"gift\" does come to the notice of the tax authorities, the recipient is going to be flagged for a higher level of scrutiny by the tax office for several years into the future, or even for life. A nice unexpected present, not! – alephzero Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 12:56 * 3 If I got a stack of anonymous cash in the mail I would assume, even addressed to my name, it was the result of some kind of criminal scheme. For example: criminal 1 wants to send money to criminal 2 anonymously, criminal 2 stakes out pre-arranged address and takes any mail that is delivered before the addressee can pick it up. For some reason crim 2 misses and now I end up with it. – llama Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 15:29 * 3 @Fattie Giving someone a bunch of cash is not tax evasion. Not reporting that cash as income when filing your taxes is tax evasion. Last time I bought a (used) car I paid the previous owner in thousands of dollars of cash. If he chose not to include that income (or underreported it) on his taxes then he committed tax fraud, but the same would be true if I paid him with a check, paypal, etc. – Kevin Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 22:06 | Show 4 more comments This answer is useful 2 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. The short answer is that it is not right that money can flow anonymously. If that is possible, that all the terrorist group will have an easy time collecting donations without traces. My friend worked in a bank in Singapore, and someone approach them with cash to be deposited as a new account. Then after some questioning into the origin of the cash, the opening of new account was rejected. Every liquidity sources and sinks have to be traced, so that illegal activity like money laundering or corruption money can be caught easily. Some banks still have strict secrecy laws - in the name of protecting the privacy of customer, but under the hood they are just making lots of money from the underworld. Share Share a link to this answer Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this answer Follow Follow this answer to receive notifications answered Jul 21, 2021 at 5:47 ![\\"Peter](\\" Peter TeohPeter Teoh 12911 bronze badge 12 * 8 It\'s a good point, but doesn\'t really apply here where the OP is happy for the government and banks to know about all parties to the transaciton. They only want the recipient to not know where it came from – coagmano Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 6:40 * @FredStark I take the implied reasoning to be that it won\'t be easy to achieve because the system is not designed to allow it for the reasons set out in this answer, even though in this case it might be legitimate. – JBentley Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 9:19 * 2 Unless OPs money is from an illegal source, that wouldn\'t apply here either. Since OP knows the source of the money, so there\'s no need to worry about \"financial gains from illegal means\" – coagmano Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 9:56 * 2 @JBentley but if the money is provided legitimately, a lawyer or another intermediary could provide the necessary details to the authorities after the recipient makes the disclosure, so the recipient may confirm the funds are not ill gotten, while the giver is still anonymous, no? It would require additional steps (which is why suggested my solution was to convince the friend to accept it non-anonymously or don\'t bother), but should technically still achieve the goal? Obviously I don\'t know the legal details here... but seems to work in theory, just lots of paperwork – TCooper Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 16:55 * 1 @JBentley You\'re referencing UK law extensively for specific details that, correct me if I\'m wrong, we don\'t know if apply exactly in AU - either way, I agree whole heartedly it\'s overly complicated, not worth the time, and shouldn\'t be bothered with. I was just saying I think it technically works - not to say you wouldn\'t have to be a circus elephant jumping through hoops to make it happen. I still stand by my initial answer to the question - convince your friend to accept the gift from you, or don\'t give the gift – TCooper Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 19:08 | Show 7 more comments This answer is useful 0 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. One way to do this is through your local church. It might be a bit problematic if you and your friend do not attend church but that is a common way to do it here in the US. If it was me, that is how I would do it (and have done so in the past) with perhaps giving some to the pastor for his time and trouble. For a gift this size, and the potential hassle he has to go through, I would give 1K to the pastor. I would be concerned with such a large amount. Here in the US, transactions in excess of 10K are subject to higher scrutiny because of money laundering and narcotics laws. Could it be a lesser amount with more frequency? Could you simply deposit money into their bank account? Share Share a link to this answer Copy linkCC BY-SA 4.0 Improve this answer Follow Follow this answer to receive notifications answered Jul 20, 2021 at 18:03 ![\\"Pete](\\" Pete B.Pete B. 78.7k1616 gold badges172172 silver badges241241 bronze badges 4 * Neither of us attend church, but that is an idea. Good idea with smaller amounts with higher frequency. Yes I can deposit money into his bank account, but then he will see my name on the transaction. – Ally Commented Jul 20, 2021 at 18:28 * 16 Concealing a large transfer \"because it is subject to higher scrutiny\" is itself a potential crime, called \'structuring\'. Don\'t do it! – Orange Coast- reinstate Monica Commented Jul 20, 2021 at 22:59 * Since when were churches never involved in illegal activities? (Note, your own post _could_ be interpreted as \"my pastor will turn a blind eye to tax evasion for a 1K bribe\") – alephzero Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 13:03 * 2 Is this answer a joke? So, as well as Ally and the \"friend\" going to jail, the \"pastor\" will also go to jail. – Fattie Commented Jul 21, 2021 at 14:15 Add a comment | This answer is useful 0 Save this answer. Show activity on this post. Multiple people have brought up the idea that you run the risk of brushing up against laws regarding tax evasion, and money laundering. It\'s important to make sure you avoid these risks. Here are some ideas: Regarding tax evasion, realize that the gift is not tax deductible, even if you were to run the payment through a non-profit intermediary such as the aforementioned \"The Give Initiative\", or even your own charity that you might start. If you tried to deduct the gift (personally or as a business expense) you would enter into tax evasion territory. An exception would be if you hired the recipient and paid him as a contractor or employee, but then of course he would have to pay income tax on the amount received. That being said, fortunately there aren\'t any tax concerns from the recipient\'s point of view for gifts, since in countries such as Australia (and the US as well as many others) the recipient is not taxed on gifts received, anonymously or otherwise. (And this is why it\'s illegal to give gifts to employees or contractors without considering them income.) Regarding money laundering, laws are centered around detecting money obtained illegally being converted into \"clean\" money. (Cleaned means the original illegal source has been changed to look like a legal source.) Typically money laundering involves cash since once you enter the funds into the banking system there is a record of it in your name. Transferring money from bank to bank in a traceable way (check or wire) is a pretty good way of announcing you aren\'t trying to launder money, since it is easily traceable back to you, and you can be audited to confirm where the money came from. This does not necessarily change if you use a single intermediary, as long as government authorities can still easily trace the flow of money if they ever wish to. In other words, it\'s fine for the recipient to not know the original source of the funds, but it must be the case that if the recipient were questioned, he could reveal he received the funds from the intermediary, and the intermediary could reveal the funds were received from you. (Unless the authorities are allowed to inspect the banking transactions themselves, which is likely in some countries.) Given that, the suggestions would be: 1. Do not deduct the gift (or consider it a business expense, etc). 2. Do not transfer cash. 3. Realize that the source of the funds should be easily traced back to you (by authorities with proper access, not the recipient). 4. Select a trustworthy intermediary, perhaps an attorney as suggested in StephenG\'s answer. 5. Make sure the intermediary has enough information to convince the recipient this isn\'t a scam, and that the money will be returned to you if it isn\'t accepted. 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Commercial Bank Give Cash Gifts For Its 53rd Anniversary | 3,187 | NOBODY has been able to answer this - If I\'m given a very large cash gift, is it taxable? : r/fidelityinvestments Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/fidelityinvestments A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to fidelityinvestments r/fidelityinvestments r/fidelityinvestments As an official Fidelity customer care channel, our community is the best way to get help on Reddit with your questions about investing with Fidelity – directly from Fidelity Associates. Our goal is to help Redditors get answers to questions about Fidelity products and services, money movement, transfers, trading and more. Although we can’t help here with specific account service issues, we can help troubleshoot and point you in the right direction. Hours: 7am-10pm ET M-F, 11:30am-10pm ET Sat/Sun * * * 158K Members 54 Online • 7 mo. ago [deleted] ADMIN MOD # NOBODY has been able to answer this - If I\'m given a very large cash gift, is it taxable? Discussion Sorry, this post was deleted by the person who originally posted it. Add a Comment Sort by: Best Open comment sort options * Best * Top * New * Controversial * Old * Q&A ![\\"u/FidelityMikeS](\\" FidelityMikeS • 7mo ago • Hey there, u/DistantGalaxy-1991. Thanks for reaching out on our sub. Since this post is primarily tax-related, we\'ll go ahead and mark this as a discussion and encourage our community to continue to chime in. As a reminder, Fidelity does not provide legal or tax advice; therefore, we highly encourage you to speak with a qualified tax advisor to look over your specific situation before moving forward. To address how cash gifts are viewed; for 2024, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allows individuals to make gifts of up to $18,000 per year to an unlimited number of individuals, with no federal gift or estate tax consequences. Individuals can give even more than $18,000 to any or all heirs and perhaps still not trigger a tax bill—by choosing to have the excess amount reduce the lifetime exclusion of $13.61 million (in 2024), or $27.22 million if both members of a couple are giving. Lifetime Gifting We appreciate you engaging on our sub; if we can help with anything else, please let us know! Reply reply ![\\"u/McKnuckle_Brewery](\\" McKnuckle_Brewery • 7mo ago • Edited 7mo ago • You, the recipient, are not taxed at all. Period. The giver is able to give you, or any individual recipient, a maximum gift of $18,000 this year without filing any tax documentation. If the giver exceeds $18,000, the amount above that must be documented for the purposes of accruing towards a lifetime gift maximum of around $12 million. However, it’s only documentation, and nobody owes any tax at all - yet. There would only be tax due if the giver exceeded the lifetime limit. If the giver is married filing jointly, they and their spouse can each give you $18,000 for a total of $36,000, and the same rules apply. These limits generally increase every year with all the other inflation related tax changes. This is actually pretty basic stuff. Hard to understand why you weren’t able to get a clear answer before. It’s a shame that the various “authorities” are more concerned with CYA than simply providing reliable basic information. Reply reply ![\\"u/vv91057](\\" vv91057 • 7mo ago • Edited 7mo ago • CPA here. The answer above is correct. OP, I\'m confused as to why your tax preparer could not answer this, it\'s a fairly basic piece of tax law. There is a lifetime gift tax exclusion that the person gifting you the funds may wish to fill out. This essentially, counts the gift against their future inheritance so it would not be taxed. Also, there is a subreddit on tax where people that are more well versed on these issues would have been able to assist but it seems you got the correct advice here. asked-questions-on-gift-taxes Reply reply 25 more replies 25 more replies More replies 17 more replies 17 more replies More replies ![\\"u/Opili](\\" Opili • 7mo ago • Maybe you should fire your tax \"professional\". Reply reply seanodnnll • 7mo ago • TLDR but gifts are never taxable to the recipient Reply reply 5 more replies 5 more replies More replies KReddit934 • 7mo ago • When you start asking about money and taxes, you have to be very careful about language. That may be why you get different answers from different people. \"Gift tax\" is paid by the person who gives, not by the person who receives. Reply reply ![\\"u/Careful- Rent5779](\\" Careful-Rent5779 • 7mo ago • Edited 7mo ago • Door #1: The receipent of the gift is not subject to tax on the gift. If the gift was over $18000 the grantor has reporting obligations (If it was very, very, very large there could be estate tax implications (again for the grantor)). Its your money now you\'ll owe tax on the money you receive from banking or investing it. Reply reply 4 more replies 4 more replies More replies Pura-Vida-1 • 7mo ago • You have an unprofessional tax person if he, she, or it can\'t give you a straight answer. Reply reply ![\\"u/skipca](\\" skipca • 7mo ago • As answered by others, if it\'s an outright gift of their own money (which was already taxed when they earned it, for example money they received as wages, interest or dividends, capital gains etc.) then it\'s definitely not taxable to you (or them) just by giving it to you...until such time as they\'ve given you more than ~$12 million. Some of the confusion may be related to situations like trusts, where if the trust itself earns income (e.g. interest, or rents, or capital gains) and then distributes money to you by effectively passing that income on to you or other beneficiaries (which it should do before it gives out any principal) then that income is re-assigned to you via a K-1 which is sort of like a 1099. Doesn\'t sound like that\'s what is happening here. Reply reply ![\\"u/jasondfw](\\" jasondfw • 7mo ago • It\'s option 1. You are not taxed. The person giving the gift must keep track of it as part of their lifetimes gift tax amount. Reply reply Top 1% Rank by size Public Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community # More posts you may like * r/fidelityinvestments r/fidelityinvestments As an official Fidelity customer care channel, our community is the best way to get help on Reddit with your questions about investing with Fidelity – directly from Fidelity Associates. 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