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The Community of Madrid is going to recover classes in July or April | 3,328 | Home * MyIvy * IvyLearn * FAQs * Visit a Campus * Contact Us * Request Free Info * Contact Us * Search Contact Directory Faculty/Staff/Student white pages * Help Center * Common Questions * Campus Locator * Schedule a Campus Tour * 1-888-IVY-LINE (1-888-489-5463) * Live Chat * 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (se habla español) × * Translate * Search this site Go | × --- search ![\\"Ivy](\\" white.png\\") * Request Free Info * Apply Now * Register for Classes ![\\"Ivy](\\" white.png\\")![\\"Ivy](\\" * Request Free Info * Apply Now * Register for Classes * Programs ### Students * Explore Programs * Apply Now * Programs Overview * All Academic Programs * Degrees & Certificates * Programs by School * Types of Credentials * Stackable Credentials * Transfer Options * Guaranteed Admissions * Transfer as a Junior (TSAP) * Transfer as a Sophomore (Indiana College Core) * IvyOnline * Special Programs * Next Level Jobs * Dual Credit/High School Programs * Accelerated Programs * Skills Training Classes * Ivy+ IT Academy * Apprenticeships * Achieve Your Degree Program * Attend Two Colleges at the Same Time * Honors College * Study Abroad * Global Studies * Senior Scholars ### Employers * Employer Services * Connect with Talent * Skill Up Your Employees * Skills Training Classes × * Classes ### Credit Classes * Register for Classes * Classes Overview * Academic Calendar * Class Formats * How 8-Week Terms Work * Class Policies and Grades * Course Descriptions & Prerequisites (Course Catalog) * Search Class Schedules * How to Register for Classes * Schedule Builder Instructions * Course Placement ### Skills Training * Explore Upcoming Training * Build in-demand skills and earn industry certifications through training you can take without pursuing a degree. * Upcoming Skills Training Classes * Ivy+ IT Academy Classes * How Skills Training Works * Skill Up Your Employees × * Locations * Find Locations Near You * See All Locations * Anderson * Batesville * Bloomington * Columbus * Connersville * Crawfordsville * Crown Point * East Chicago * Elkhart * Evansville * Fort Wayne * Frankfort * Franklin * Gary * Greencastle * Greensburg * Hamilton County * Indianapolis * Jeffersonville * Kokomo * La Porte * Lafayette * Lake County * Lawrence * Lawrenceburg * Logansport * Madison * Marion * Michigan City * Muncie * New Castle * North Vernon * Peru * Plainfield * Richmond * Rushville * Scottsburg * Sellersburg * Seymour * Shelbyville * South Bend * Tell City * Terre Haute * Valparaiso * Warsaw × * Admissions * Apply Now * Request Free Info * Admissions & Enrollment * How to Apply * Find Your Local Admissions Rep * Local Enrollment Centers * Tuesdays@TheTech Enrollment Events * Campus Tours * Assessment for Admissions * You’re Accepted — Now What? * New Student Orientation * Credit for Prior Learning ### Find Your Path * Transfer Pathways * Homeschoolers * 21st Century Scholars * Project Lead the Way * First Generation in College ### Questions? * 1-888-IVY-LINE (1-888-489-5463) * Live Chat * 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (se habla español) × * Tuition & Aid ### Costs * Tuition & Financial Aid Overview * Tuition & Fees * Ivy+ Tuition & Textbooks Initiative * Total Cost of Attendance * Estimate Your College Cost ### Payments * Payments Overview * Ways to Pay * Make a Payment Now * Payment Plans * Payment Due Dates * Understanding Your Bill ### Financial Aid * Manage Aid in MyIvy * Financial Aid Overview * FAFSA Help * Types of Aid * Scholarships * Grants * Work Study * Loans * Employer-Paid Tuition Assistance * Veteran & Military Tuition Benefits * Managing Your Financial Aid/Refunds * Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) × * Student Services * Log In: MyIvy IvyLearn * Register for Classes * Student Services Overview * Advising * Registrar/Transcripts * Bookstores * Student Life * Bursar/Payments * Ivy+ Career Link (Career Development) * Course Placement * Libraries * Disability Support * Public Safety * About MyIvy * About IvyLearn * Support for Your Success * IvyCares * Tech Support * Testing/Schedule an Exam * Tutoring * Help Center * First-Generation Students * TRIO Program * Veterans * Active Military * Student Handbook * Alumni × * About Ivy Tech * View Open Jobs * About Ivy Tech * Careers at Ivy Tech * Our Team * News * Events * College Operations * Human Resources * Board of Trustees * Facilities & Capital Planning * Strategic Plan * Office of General Counsel * Diversity, Equity & Belonging * Ivy+ Career Link * Accreditation & Mission * Financial Information * Policies & Rights * Donate * Ivy Tech Foundation * Make an Impact * Ways to Give * Give Now × # The Goal Isn’t Just Graduation Day.It’s a Better Every Day After. Apply Now Explore Programs William F. | 2013 Information Technology Grad ## More Than 70 Programs.Which One Is Meant for You? Find a Specific Program Select program Accounting Advanced Automation & Robotics Technology Agriculture Automotive Technology Aviation Maintenance Technology Aviation Management Aviation Technology — Flight Biology Biotechnology Building Construction Management Building Construction Technology Business Administration Business Operations, Applications & Technology (BOAT) Chemistry Cloud Technologies Computer Science Criminal Justice Cybersecurity / Information Assurance Data Analytics Dental Assisting Dental Hygiene Design Technology Diagnostic Medical Sonography Diesel Technology Education – Early Childhood Education – Elementary & Special Education – Secondary Electrical Engineering Technology Electronics & Computer Technology Energy Technology Engineering Engineering Technology Entrepreneurship Fine Arts General Studies Health Information Technology Healthcare Specialist Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning Technology (HVAC) Homeland Security / Public Safety Hospitality Administration (Events & Culinary Arts) Human Services Indiana College Core Industrial Technology Informatics Information Technology Support Interior Design Kinesiology & Exercise Science Legal & Paralegal Studies Liberal Arts Logistics & Supply Chain Management Machine Tool Technology Manufacturing Production & Operations Mechanical Engineering Technology Medical Assisting Medical Imaging Medical Laboratory Technology Mortuary Science Network Infrastructure Nursing Paramedic Science Patient Care Technician Physical Therapist Assistant Precision Agriculture Equipment Technology Professional Communication Psychology Radiation Therapy Respiratory Therapy Smart Manufacturing & Digital Integration Software Development Surgical Technology Therapeutic Massage Visual Communications Go See Programs at a Specific Location Select location Anderson Batesville Bloomington Columbus Connersville Crawfordsville Crown Point East Chicago Elkhart Evansville Fort Wayne Frankfort Franklin Gary Greencastle Greensburg Hamilton County Indianapolis Kokomo La Porte Lafayette Lake County Lawrence Lawrenceburg Logansport Madison Marion Michigan City Muncie New Castle North Vernon Perkins Technology Center Peru Plainfield Richmond Rushville Scottsburg Sellersburg Seymour Shelbyville South Bend Tell City Terre Haute Valparaiso Warsaw Go Explore Programs by Field of Interest Select field of interest Advanced Manufacturing Agriculture Automotive Aviation Business Computers & Information Technology Construction Education Engineering Entrepreneurship Fine Arts & Design General Studies Healthcare Hospitality & Culinary Law Public Safety Science & Applied Science Social Service Go * Transfer Programs for Bachelor\'s * See All Programs ## Popular Programs * Nursing 1,500+ nurses launch their careers from Ivy Tech each year Learn more * Cloud Technologies Train for a career in IT with our Amazon Web Services partnership Learn more * Smart Manufacturing & Digital Integration First-of-its-kind program in the nation Learn more * Computer Science Consistently ranked high in job satisfaction and salary for the last 20 years Learn more * Cybersecurity Program certified by the National Security Agency Learn more * Precision Agriculture Learn the latest in ag tech in this first-of-its-kind program Learn more * Healthcare Specialist Become more employable in the healthcare industry in just one year Learn more * Business Administration Learn management and innovation skills to thrive in this growing field Learn more See all Programs Find a Location Near You: Go ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 ![\\"\\"](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 To navigate, press the arrow keys. ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"dark](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 service campus ![\\"light](\\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22 location * ![\\"\\"](\\"/media/rdcbrtds/promo-image_tuesdays-2x.jpg?center=0.46742743138246717,0.55889724310776945&mode=crop&quality=90&width=492&height=284&rnd=133131917893400000\\") ### Tuesdays@TheTech #### VISIT CAMPUS ON ANY TUESDAY Personal support and guidance to get registered for classes. Learn More * ![\\"\\"](\\"/media/5o0ol5w4/programsoverview_promo_nextleveljobs-2x.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&quality=90&width=492&height=284&rnd=133036010491500000\\") ### Free Ivy Tech Credential #### $0 COST IF YOU QUALIFY Your path towards a high-paying, high-demand job in Indiana. Learn More * ![\\"\\"](\\"/media/ngcfjgtc/promo_careercoaching-2x.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&quality=90&width=492&height=284&rnd=132870879499170000\\") ### Career Coaching #### WE ARE HERE TO HELP Career concerns? You’re not alone. See all the ways our Ivy+ Career Link support can help! Schedule an Appointment * ![\\"\\"](\\"/media/df1dtb44/promo_registration-2x.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&quality=90&width=492&height=284&rnd=132870880227900000\\") ### Registration Now Open #### CLASSES STARTING SOON Get started on your career path today! Register for Classes Scroll to item 1 in the slideshow aboveScroll to item 2 in the slideshow aboveScroll to item 3 in the slideshow aboveScroll to item 4 in the slideshow above ## Graduation Day Pays Off Every Day * ![\\"Earn](\\"/content/img/[email protected]\\"/) * ![\\"4](\\"/content/img/[email protected]\\"/) ## Important Dates Oct 13 | * 4-Week Fall Class Session #2 Ends * 8-Week Fall Class Session #1 Ends ---|--- Oct 14-20 | * Fall Break Oct 15 | * 1st 8 Week Grades Due Oct 21 | * 4-Week Fall Class Session #3 Begins * 8-Week Fall Class Session #2 Begins Oct 28 | * Last Date to Drop: Fall 2nd 8-Week Courses Nov 17 | * 4-Week Fall Class Session #3 Ends * 12-Week Early Start Ends Nov 18 | * 4-Week Fall Class Session #4 Begins * View full academic calendar ## Find Your Fit Figuring out what’s next can be tough. Click through the tiles to compare your options! Explore Programs by Field of Interest Advanced Manufacturing Agriculture Automotive Aviation Business Computers & Information Technology Construction Education Engineering Entrepreneurship Fine Arts & Design General Studies Healthcare Hospitality & Culinary Law Public Safety Science & Applied Science Social Service Go ### Advanced Manufacturing (5 Programs) #### Advanced Automation & Robotics Technology Advanced manufacturing helps build our modern world. Learn to program robotics and work with equipment like hydraulics. Classes at 23 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 10 semesters * Certificates (2): 3-5 semesters * Workforce Certifications (6): 0.5-3 semesters $64,714 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Advanced Automation & Robotics Technology Advanced manufacturing helps build our modern world. Learn to program robotics and work with equipment like hydraulics. Classes at 23 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 10 semesters * Certificates (2): 3-5 semesters * Workforce Certifications (6): 0.5-3 semesters $64,714 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Industrial Technology Manufacturers need technicians who understand modern machines. Train for career fields like repair technician, welder, or machinist. Classes at 41 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters * Certificates (11): 2-3 semesters * Workforce Certifications (9): 0.5-1 semesters $58,824 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Machine Tool Technology There’s high demand for skills in precision machining. Certificate paths include manual machining or computer-based CNC machining. Classes at 18 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (5): 1-3 semesters $57,057 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Manufacturing Production & Operations Online degree program designed to lead to roles as technicians, operators, and managers on the modern manufacturing plant floor. Classes at 40 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificate: 2-3 semesters $71,938 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Smart Manufacturing & Digital Integration Combines skills from the world of IT, engineering, operations, and informatics to develop systems that improve manufacturing efficiency. Classes at 9 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters * Certificates (2): 2-3 semesters $73,105 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Accounting Gain real-world accounting experience with software such as QuickBooks and Sage 50, while also partnering with CPA firms across the state. Classes at 24 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (3): 1-2 semesters $62,370 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Agriculture Prepare for a real-world agriculture career. Includes partnerships with Case IH, John Deere, NRCS, Co-Alliance, Corteva and others. Classes at 13 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (11): 1-2 semesters * Workforce Certification: 0.5 semesters $37,367 median salary $18 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Automotive Technology From EVs to self-driving cars, few industries are moving as fast as automotive. Be ready with training in today\'s high-tech vehicles. Classes at 14 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (3): 5 semesters * Certificates (9): 2-3 semesters $50,389 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Aviation Maintenance Technology Go wheels up on a great career with FAA-certified skills needed to perform maintenance, inspection, and repair of civilian aircraft. Classes at 1 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (3): 1-4 semesters * Certificate: 1 semesters $81,519 median salary $39 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Aviation Management Get the background and skills to prepare for a career in aviation operations or management. Includes ground school and pilot training. Classes at 1 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 1-3 semesters $51,290 median salary $23 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Aviation Technology — Flight Prepare for a career in the cockpit with FAA-approved training that includes flight instructor ratings, aviation weather, and more. Classes at 1 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificate: 2 semesters $106,373 median salary $52 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Biology Biology is the study of life itself–and your first step to a career in medicine, pharmacology, agriculture, research, and many others. Classes at 16 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $64,417 median salary $31 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Biotechnology Biotechnology uses living cells to develop products, leading to careers that include research, pharmaceuticals, genomics, and others. Classes at 3 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (3): 2 semesters $57,713 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Building Construction Management Learn to deliver construction projects on time, on budget, and to the right standards. Internships available with industry partners. Classes at 4 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 5 semesters * Workforce Certifications (3): 1 semesters $51,771 median salary 100% online option Learn More * #### Building Construction Technology Nothing is more hands-on than construction. Get the carpentry, electrical, or management skills for a variety of building trades. Classes at 12 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters * Certificates (5): 2 semesters * Workforce Certifications (2): 0.5-1 semesters $51,771 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Business Administration Learn principles that build a background for success in business, including the creation of marketing plans, budgets, and case studies. Classes at 43 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (6): 4-6 semesters * Certificates (8): 1-3 semesters $65,008 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Business Operations, Applications & Technology (BOAT) Prepare for a career as an administrative professional, helping all types of office environments, such as legal, medical, and others. Classes at 25 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 1-2 semesters $54,123 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Chemistry Your formula for earning skills in organic and physical chemistry, atomic structure, and more before transferring to a 4-year school. Classes at 4 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $64,925 median salary $31 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Cloud Technologies Get skills in essential Internet-based software and services, including platforms such as Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure. Classes at 16 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (4): 2 semesters $75,191 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Computer Science Acquire skills needed to interact with computers and complex software in any organization, using programming and critical thinking. Classes at 6 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificate: 2 semesters $87,672 median salary $42 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Criminal Justice Learn from instructors with real-world experience in career fields like law enforcement, court services, security, and others. Classes at 25 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (5): 2 semesters $56,831 median salary 100% online option Learn More * #### Cybersecurity / Information Assurance This nationally recognized program helps students learn how to effectively secure computers, networks, and critical infrastructure. Classes at 17 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (3): 2-4 semesters * Certificates (4): 2 semesters $85,748 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Data Analytics Learn essentials of extracting information from data, using tools such as data mining, statistical analysis, and business analytics. Classes at 7 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2 semesters $87,653 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Dental Assisting Taught by instructors experienced in the field, you’ll learn skills involving radiography, dental materials, and general dentistry. Classes at 7 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4-5 semesters * Certificate: 3-4 semesters $45,192 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Dental Hygiene Learn in a true clinical environment, treating a wide variety of patients while using the most current technology in dental care. Small class sizes allow for more one-on-one interaction with faculty. Classes at 3 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters $78,545 median salary $38 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Design Technology Discover the basics of form and function, with electives leading to paths such as Mechanical Design, Computer Graphics and others. Classes at 14 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (6): 2 semesters $62,485 median salary $30 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Diagnostic Medical Sonography Help create the ultrasonic images that diagnose illness. Choose from among three degree pathways: cardiac, vascular, or general. Classes at 2 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (3): 4 semesters $77,524 median salary $37 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Diesel Technology Learn how to maintain high-tech engine systems that rely on advanced computer electronics to comply with strict emission standards. Classes at 5 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 6-8 semesters * Certificates (3): 2-4 semesters $41,795 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Education – Early Childhood Discover essentials of childhood development and growth in a variety of settings, such as traditional classrooms and on-campus labs. Classes at 23 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (5): 2-4 semesters $34,688 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Education – Elementary & Special From lesson plans to community engagement, future teachers learn to teach in a variety of authentic classroom and school settings. Classes at 20 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificate: 2 semesters $46,269 median salary $22 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Education – Secondary This program can lead to a teaching degree in biology, chemistry, or mathematics, areas where qualified teachers are sorely needed. Classes at 18 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (5): 4 semesters * Certificates (3): 1-2 semesters $39,866 median salary $19 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Electrical Engineering Technology Become a skilled technologist who can perform engineering tasks such as installing, maintaining, and troubleshooting electronic systems. Classes at 6 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4-8 semesters $78,946 median salary $38 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Electronics & Computer Technology This computer-focused electronics program leans into automated systems, offering background in networking and digital communications. Classes at 7 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4-8 semesters * Certificates (3): 2-4 semesters $74,714 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Energy Technology Get ready for the green energy future with skills in wind and solar power systems. Industry partners include Vectren, Siemens, and GE. Classes at 8 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (5): 3 semesters * Workforce Certifications (2): 1 semesters $71,540 median salary $35 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Engineering A focus on math and science gives you the foundation toward further study in mechanical, civil, electrical, or other engineering. Classes at 8 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2-3 semesters $90,675 median salary $43 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Engineering Technology Often working with engineers, engineering technicians have responsibilities that can include project development, planning, and testing. Classes at 8 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $77,678 median salary $37 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Entrepreneurship Get a solid foundation for starting or growing a business, including mentoring and opportunities to pitch investors for funding. Classes at 17 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters * Certificates (2): 2-3 semesters Learn More * #### Fine Arts Discover your artistic voice and build a portfolio as you master what it takes to begin in your field or move on to a 4-year degree. Classes at 2 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $29,041 median salary $14 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### General Studies Get broad exposure to a solid core of courses largely transferable to 4-year institutions as required for a bachelor\'s degree. Classes at 41 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters 100% online option Learn More * #### Health Information Technology Efficient processing of health records helps improve quality of care. Graduates can work in hospitals, doctors’ offices, and clinics. Classes at 2 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificate: 2-3 semesters $44,067 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Healthcare Specialist Start your healthcare career with clinical hands-on practice in certification options like Phlebotomy, Pharmacy Technician, and more. Classes at 26 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (12): 0.5-3 semesters $46,875 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning Technology (HVAC) Train with actual furnace and AC equipment while also learning about new technologies like solar, geothermal, and HVAC automation. Classes at 16 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (3): 2-3 semesters * Workforce Certifications (2): 0.5 semesters $61,408 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Homeland Security / Public Safety Choose a career on the front lines of service. Occupations include firefighter, EMS, law enforcement, and transportation security. Classes at 14 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (4): 5 semesters * Certificates (9): 2-3 semesters $60,261 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Hospitality Administration (Events & Culinary Arts) Discover the skills behind the largest private sector industry in the US. Career choices include events manager, caterer, pastry chef, and others. Classes at 8 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (4): 4 semesters * Certificates (11): 2-3 semesters * Workforce Certification $54,402 median salary 100% online option Learn More * #### Human Services Ready to help others? Here, students are trained to develop the skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to work in social services. Classes at 24 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (4): 4 semesters * Certificates (6): 1-3 semesters $35,670 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Indiana College Core Fulfills core requirements equivalent to your first year of college so you can start as a sophomore at any Indiana 4-year institution. Classes at 29 Indiana locations. * Certificate: 2-4 semesters 100% online option Learn More * #### Informatics Learn how people and technology interact so you can develop skills to make tomorrow’s computers and software more useful. Classes at 15 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (3): 2 semesters $81,056 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Information Technology Support Prepare for a career in the IT field with knowledge and skills needed to build and maintain computing systems and technology. Classes at 19 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2 semesters $74,666 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Interior Design Learn the principles of designing interior spaces and environments as you build your portfolio and intern with professionals. Classes at 2 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2-3 semesters $39,436 median salary $19 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Kinesiology & Exercise Science Put your future in motion with skills that could lead to roles in fitness management, coaching, and other sports/fitness occupations. Classes at 1 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2-3 semesters $32,287 median salary $16 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Legal & Paralegal Studies The starting point for students interested in the law. Learn about sources of law, legal research, civil procedure, ethics, and more. Classes at 12 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 5-6 semesters * Certificates (3): 2-5 semesters $45,951 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Liberal Arts Explore personal and academic growth in areas from critical thinking to creative expression as you build toward a bachelor’s degree. Classes at 42 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters 100% online option Learn More * #### Logistics & Supply Chain Management Get your logistics career going by studying the technologies and systems used to track goods efficiently and keep the economy moving. Classes at 29 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (6): 1-3 semesters $53,151 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Mechanical Engineering Technology Get skills that can lead to careers related to mechanical engineering, including product design, drafting, manufacturing, and testing. Classes at 5 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $77,621 median salary $37 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Medical Assisting Be the link between healthcare providers and patients as you learn in a variety of settings, including labs and patient exam rooms. Classes at 25 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (5): 1-3 semesters $51,224 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Medical Imaging Discover the art and science of using X-ray, MRI, and CT imaging technology to assist physicians in diagnosing diseases and injuries. Classes at 3 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters * Certificates (3): 1-3 semesters $70,298 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Medical Laboratory Technology Tests and lab work are key to diagnosing patients. You’ll work with microscopes, chemistry analyzers, and other modern lab equipment. Classes at 3 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $45,674 median salary $22 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Mortuary Science Gain expertise in all aspects of this essential career, including working with bereaved families, embalming, and restorative art. Classes at 1 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5-6 semesters $43,581 median salary $21 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Network Infrastructure Get the industry-standard hardware and software skills needed to master computer networks, the nerve center of our digital world. Classes at 12 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2 semesters $73,957 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Nursing Work toward an LPN, ASN, or transfer as a junior. Learn to care for patients and qualify to work in hospitals, home health, and more. Classes at 23 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 3-4 semesters * Certificate: 3 semesters ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Paramedic Science Help make a difference and change lives in a program that has EMS alumni currently working with some of the state’s best hospitals. Classes at 13 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4-6 semesters * Certificates (2): 1-4 semesters $40,206 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Patient Care Technician Assist patients with day-to-day activities, take vital signs, collect specimens, and perform other diagnostic or treatment procedures. Classes at 10 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2-3 semesters $35,846 median salary $17 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Physical Therapist Assistant Prepares you for the fulfilling job of helping patients recover from illness or injury under the direction of a physical therapist. Classes at 3 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters $61,012 median salary $29 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Precision Agriculture Equipment Technology Farm equipment is advancing rapidly, with GPS and mapping software. Discover agriculture’s future in labs with the newest on-board tech. Classes at 4 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters * Certificates (5): 1-3 semesters $41,457 median salary $20 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Professional Communication Get started on the path to Executive Assistant, Writer, or another communications career with skills for effective message delivery. Classes at 19 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters * Certificate: 2 semesters $82,050 median salary $39 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Psychology Psychology is the study of behavior, a highly valuable career skill. Studies include human sexuality and theories of personality. Classes at 25 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4 semesters $50,050 median salary 100% online option Learn More * #### Radiation Therapy Learn essentials of the high-energy technology used to treat disease. Industry partners include cancer centers, hospitals, and clinics. Classes at 1 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4-6 semesters $83,242 median salary $40 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Respiratory Therapy Help treat breathing disorders in patients ranging from infants to seniors, while working side-by-side with doctors, nurses and others. Classes at 8 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 7 semesters $64,730 median salary $31 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Software Development Learn to develop, test, and maintain software by gaining a foundation in programming, web development, and application development. Classes at 31 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (2): 4 semesters * Certificates (5): 2-3 semesters $87,672 median salary 100% online option ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Surgical Technology Train in a real operating room to enter the workforce as a surgical assistant, in labor and delivery, or in central sterile supply. Classes at 10 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 5 semesters $56,296 median salary $27 avg hourly rate Learn More * #### Therapeutic Massage Ideal environment to become a skilled massage therapist, thanks to a student- run public clinic and field trips to clientele in need. Classes at 7 Indiana locations. * Associate Degree: 4-5 semesters * Certificates (2): 3-4 semesters $51,678 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More * #### Visual Communications Careers in media and marketing begin with skills in visual communications. Here students learn both the technical and aesthetic aspects. Classes at 7 Indiana locations. * Associate Degrees (3): 4 semesters * Certificates (2): 2 semesters $37,754 median salary ![\\"Next](\\"/content/img/logos/next-level-jobs.png\\"/) could be free Learn More ## Filling Indiana Jobs * ![\\"2,500](\\"/content/img/[email protected]\\"/) * ![\\"70+](\\"/content/img/[email protected]\\"/) * ![\\"93%](\\"/content/img/[email protected]\\"/) ## Advance Your Career with Skills Training Classes Ivy Tech’s skills training classes are open to the community and you don’t need to pursue a degree or apply to Ivy Tech to take them. They can help you prepare for an industry certification, learn new skills for your employer, or satisfy professional needs. Explore Skills Training Classes ##### Search for Skills Training Classes Select Topic Business College & Career Prep Computer Science Construction Education Health Information Technology Manufacturing Personal Enrichment Safety Transportation Select Location Anderson Batesville Bloomington Columbus Connersville Crawfordsville Crown Point East Chicago Elkhart Evansville Fort Wayne Frankfort Franklin Gary Greencastle Greensburg Hamilton County Indianapolis Kokomo La Porte Lafayette Lake County Lawrence Lawrenceburg Logansport Madison Marion Michigan City Muncie New Castle North Vernon Perkins Technology Center Peru Plainfield Richmond Rushville Scottsburg Sellersburg Seymour Shelbyville South Bend Tell City Terre Haute Valparaiso Warsaw ### Featured Skills Training Classes * Class A Commercial Drivers License (CDL-A) * ServSafe Food Manager Certification * Certified Clinical Medical Assistant (CCMA) * Microsoft Excel 2019 & 365 - Level 1 Beginner ## STEPS TO SUCCESS ### FUTURE STUDENTS * Picking Your Program You will be surprised that you can choose to study one of over 70 programs at Ivy Tech. And the best part? They are all very focused on a career goal, so you know what your outcome will be. Some of the most popular or surprising areas of study are: * Nursing * Smart Manufacturing & Digital Integration * Business Administration * Cybersecurity * Engineering * Agriculture Depending on the program you choose, you will earn a certain type of degree or credential. Two-year associate degrees give you the skills and knowledge you need to start a career in a field where workers are in high demand. Your two- year degree can also have you halfway to your bachelor’s degree at a four-year college you transfer to. Certificates and workforce certifications, on the other hand, are shorter-term options. Some of them can be completed in less than a year, providing you with an industry-recognized credential quickly. Not all programs are offered at each of our locations, so you will want to make note if it’s available near you. Our website gives you many details about each program, including the various degrees and certificates available, what types of jobs you would be qualified for, and even your potential income. Need help determining what program is best for you? Call us at 1-888-IVY-LINE (1-888-489-5463) from 7 a.m. to 1 a.m. daily or email the Admissions Office at the location most convenient to you. * Applying to Ivy Tech Getting Started Your first step to starting your Ivy Tech education is to apply for admission—with no application fee. And we’ve made that as simple as possible! If you have never applied before or it’s been two years since you last applied, you will start by clicking here. This page describes the process and tells you what you might want to later upload for your assessment. From there, you will click the “Apply Now for Free” button. It’s an easy process! Timing Ivy Tech does not require applications by certain dates. Instead, we offer five opportunities to start classes in January, March, June, August and October. You can start whichever time works best in your life. Your application will take about 7-10 business days to process, after which you will receive an acceptance letter in the mail. If you do not hear back from us in that timeframe, call Admissions at 888-IVY-LINE (1-888-489-5463) for information. Online ApplicationWe accept online applications. If this won’t work for you, you will need to visit your local campus. * After You\'re Accepted How to Become an Ivy Tech Student Once you receive your acceptance letter, you will get instructions on what to do next. Below is a list of steps you will take to become and Ivy Tech student. 1. Your first step will be to set up your MyIvy Account, which you’ll use all the time for student information. 2. Meet with an Enrollment Specialist at your campus (find local campus contact info here). 3. File your Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). 4. Submit your transcripts if you recently finished high school or college courses. 5. Check to see if you need to take a Knowledge Assessment. 6. Meet with your Career Coach. 7. Meet with your Advisor. 8. Register for classes. 9. Pay for classes and/or set up a payment plan. Getting Started Checklist If you like to check off items on a list, you can download a handy checklist here that outlines the steps to completing enrollment and class registration and becoming an Ivy Tech student. Tuesdays@The Tech If this all feels a bit overwhelming, don’t worry, we’re here to help. Take advantage of Tuesdays@TheTech by stopping by your local campus on any Tuesday to get personal support and guidance to complete your registration. * Talking with Your Advisor You will not be alone as you take your Ivy Tech journey. Instead, you’ll be guided by your Advisor, who will meet with you to build your Academic Completion Plan. This will include determining which classes to take each semester. If you’re planning to transfer to a four-year university after finishing your Ivy Tech degree or certificate, that will drive your plan. Finding Your Advisor You will work directly with an advisor at your location. You will start by logging into MyIvy, scroll to the QUICKLINKS section, and then click Schedule Appointment with Advisor. You can use this appointment scheduling guide for step-by-step instructions. The Advising Checklist on page 2 of this document will give you a good idea of what to expect and how to be best prepared for your meeting. * Navigating Financial Aid & FAFSA Worrying about how you’ll pay your tuition should never keep you away from improving your career options with an Ivy Tech education. There are many types of financial aid available to our students, and we want you to find the best fit for your situation. Getting financial aid can help you pay for college now and finish with little or no debt or a more manageable payment plan. Financial Aid Options Ivy Tech offers students many ways to find aid that doesn’t have to be paid back. This gift aid includes grants, scholarships, and work study programs. * Grants \- A grant is tuition money given to students based on financial need. * Scholarships \- Ivy Tech offers hundreds of scholarships worth more than $7 million. Scholarships are based on a number of factors, including financial need and/or academic achievement. Many of the scholarships are tied to a certain campus. You must complete the FAFSA and fill out just one scholarship application per year. * Work Study Programs \- You have both federal and state work study programs to consider as a way to help pay for your education. These require you to work a certain number of hours per week. * Loans \- This is money that you borrow from a bank, credit union, or other organization that you are required to pay back once you’re done with school. The payment you make back will be the amount loaned plus interest that is charged over the course of the loan. Starting with the FAFSA The FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) is the starting point for all financial aid opportunities, and you must fill it out every year. It’s actually easier to fill out than you might think. This page will help you know what information to gather and the steps to take when filling out the form. * Registering for Classes To register for classes, you must already be accepted to Ivy Tech. It\'s a good idea to meet with your Advisor before registering. You can find the courses that best fit your life with our schedule builder, a tool in the MyIvy student portal that lets you easily search for the class you want. When you’re ready, you can get started here on registering for classes. If you have questions about the process, you can find lots of answers here. You can also take advantage of Tuesdays@TheTech by stopping by your local campus on any Tuesday to get personal support and guidance to complete your registration. * Getting Comfortable with MyIvy & IvyLearn Put most simply, MyIvy is your student portal for email, course registration, grades, transcripts, online payments, class communication, college events, and other student services. The first time you go to MyIvy, just click on “First Time User” to start the process (see the complete steps here). IvyLearn is the student portal to access your course information, syllabus, and online coursework. Learn more here about getting started with IvyLearn before your first class. You’ll find both portals will make your Ivy Tech experience easy to navigate. ### CURRENT STUDENTS * Registering for Classes As you know, the schedule builder in MyIvy is our tool that lets you easily search for the classes you want. The schedule builder provides you with dates and times of each course, instructor information, and the course description so you have everything you need to make your semester schedule. When you’re ready to register for classes, it\'s a good idea to schedule a meeting with your Advisor. Your advisor will make sure your academic plan is on track. You can also take advantage of Tuesdays@TheTech by stopping by your local campus on any Tuesday to get personal support and guidance to complete your registration. * Using MyIvy & IvyLearn As a reminder, MyIvy is your student portal for email, course registration, grades, transcripts, online payments, class communication, college events and other student services. If you’re just getting started at Ivy Tech, click here to learn how to access MyIvy. IvyLearn is Ivy Tech’s learning management system where you access your course information, syllabus, and online coursework. To get started successfully in an online course via IvyLearn, you need to do three things at least one week before your class begins. * Working with Your Advisor Your Advisor is available not just when you’re registering for classes but throughout the semester if you have questions or concerns. You can meet with your Advisor in person, virtually or on the phone. Remember that your Advisor helped you create your Academic Completion Plan. Check back on that to make sure it still includes your current goals. If you’ve made a change, talk through that with your Advisor. * Managing Your Account & Financial Aid Remember that you will need to fill out the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) each year, as well as the scholarship application. Then you can keep track of your financial aid in MyIvy. Your financial aid might include grants, scholarships, loans, and/or work study. If you cannot make just one payment for your tuition, you can set up a payment plan in MyIvy. See important dates and deadlines for: * Refunds * Payment plans * FAFSA * Getting Your Transcript Your transcript includes information about your attendance at Ivy Tech. It includes your current program of study, any degrees awarded by Ivy Tech, transfer credit and term-by-term course, and grade and GPA information. You can request your transcript in MyIvy. Once you log in, just select Browse Topics at the top of the page, select Academics & Advising from the drop-down menu, and then select Request Official Transcripts. If you prefer, you can request your transcript by visiting your local Express Enrollment Center or Registrar’s Office. You can request mailed or electronic transcripts. The fee for official transcripts is $5 per copy. Questions? Get live help with: * Programs * Admissions * Costs & aid * Advising * Registering for classes Chat Now * Schedule a Tour * Donate * Request Free Info * Apply Now #### About Us * About Ivy Tech * Academic Programs * Classes * Locations * Tuition & Financial Aid * Jobs at Ivy Tech * Ivy Tech Foundation * News #### For Employers * Employer Services * Connect with Talent * Skill Up Your Employees #### Quick Links for Students * MyIvy * IvyLearn * Advising * How to Register for Classes * Bookstores * Registrar/Transcripts * Course Placement * Academic Calendar * Libraries #### How Can We Help? * Contact Us * Search Contact Directory * Help Center * Student Support Services * * * * * * ![\\"Ivy](\\" white.png\\") Ivy Tech Community College (888) IVY-LINE (489-5463) Powered by ![\\"Google](\\" ![\\"U.S.](\\" scorecard.png?v202406101303\\"/) © 2022-2024 Ivy Tech Community College. 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The Community of Madrid is going to recover classes in July or April | 3,328 | (844) 277-2527 (844) 277-2527 * Home * StoreMenu Toggle * AEDs + Lifesaving Products * AED365 – AED Program Management * TrainingMenu Toggle * CPR / AED / First Aid / BLS / ACLS / PALS / Instructor Courses * EMS Academy * Active Shooter Response * Onsite Classes * AboutMenu Toggle * Our Team * Events * Our Brands * Careers * News * Contact Us Main Menu * Home * StoreMenu Toggle * AEDs + Lifesaving Products * AED365 – AED Program Management * TrainingMenu Toggle * CPR / AED / First Aid / BLS / ACLS / PALS / Instructor Courses * EMS Academy * Active Shooter Response * Onsite Classes * AboutMenu Toggle * Our Team * Events * Our Brands * Careers * News * Contact Us # YOUR SOURCE FOR AEDS + CPR TRAINING ![\\"A](\\" Arrest-e1715092771155.png\\") ## Check out our 2024 Accelerated 18-Day EMT Course Schedule HERE! CLICK HERE TO REGISTER FOR A CLASS AEDs Placed 0 ![\\"Legacy](\\" SHA-2-150x150.jpg\\") ![\\"Legacy](\\" Trio-150x150.jpg\\") ![\\"Logo](\\" SHA-150x150.jpg\\") Students Trained 0 ## Lifesaving Products __ AEDs & Accessories __ Certified Pre-Owned __ Tempus ALS Device __ Bleeding Control Kits ## Lifesaving Services __ CPR & First Aid Training __ EMT Training __ Active Shooter Response Training __ AED365 Program Management 5/5 Zoll AEDs are excellent as is the service and training we received. I would not hesitate to recommend GoRescue! ![\\"\\"](\\" images-5.png\\") Jim Smith April, 2024 5/5 Had a great experience at the class, Duane was a fantastic instructor! We were also glad to find out that they could help us with sourcing and maintaining AEDs for our facility. ![\\"\\"](\\" images-5.png\\") Wayne Schroer June, 2024 5/5 We were in need of an AED for the community pool. We raised the money and called GoRescue. I had a brand new AED in my hands 1 day later!! So easy to deal with and provided all the information I needed to share with my community and board of directors. Thank you!! ![\\"\\"](\\" images-5.png\\") Jon Ryan October, 2022 5/5 Roby was excellent. She was very professional. She gave us breaks to stretch. Her techniques were flawless. I really enjoyed my CPR and First Aid training. Although we were in the smaller room Roby made us feel comfortable. I\'m sure my jib will be using Go Rescue for future trainings.Thank you Roby 😃 ![\\"\\"](\\" images-5.png\\") Ankhe June July, 2024 ## Most Popular Lifesaving Classes #### Save your seat today! __ CPR AED __ First Aid CPR AED __ Basic Life Support (BLS) __ Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) __ Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) __ Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) __ CPR Instructor Course __ More Class Options... __ VIEW CLASS SCHEDULE TO REGISTER! ![\\"A](\\" images-7.png\\") __ Online Blended #### Our online blended classes are available for your convenience. ###### Complete the class online then come to our training center for a skill check. __ Onsite Class #### Schedule Onsite Training at your location. ###### Simply click the button to fill out a form, and we will come to YOU to provide lifesaving training. ![\\"\\"](\\" white3.png\\") ## Your EMS career starts here. ### **18-Day Accelerated EMT Program** __ REGISTER TODAY! ![\\"An](\\" Shot-2022-12-10-at-10.34.23-AM.png\\") #### AEDs & Accessories __ SHOP ![\\"\\"](\\" Shot-2022-12-10-at-10.34.45-AM.png\\") #### Bleeding Control Kits __ SHOP ![\\"\\"](\\" Shot-2022-12-10-at-10.34.33-AM.png\\") #### AED Program Management __ SHOP ![\\"\\"](\\" Shot-2022-12-10-at-10.58.20-AM.png\\") #### Training Supplies __ SHOP ![\\"Logo](\\" content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/wedgwood- logo-3-q2zaicv6x49qz0mcuduy8hvq1syxy7zz3gidbyf5rq.png\\") ##### Donating AEDs to Our Communities LEARN MORE AED DONATION FORM ## AS SEEN ON: ![\\"Homewood](\\" content/uploads/2021/03/homewood.png\\") ![\\"Fox](\\" ![\\"abc](\\" ![\\"al.com](\\" ![\\"UAB](\\" ![\\"American](\\" cross.png\\") ![\\"Birmingham](\\" content/uploads/2021/03/bbj.png\\") ![\\"Alabama](\\" ![\\"American](\\" ![\\"inc](\\" ![\\"Citizen](\\" content/uploads/2021/03/citizen.png\\") ![\\"American](\\" ![\\"Mercedes-Benz](\\" content/uploads/2021/03/mercedes.png\\") ![\\"GoRescue](\\" rescue-300x65.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" content/uploads/2022/02/5000-and-25-logo-4.png\\") * Home * Our Brands * About * Resources * News * Careers * Contact Us Google Reviews Copyright © 2024 GoRescue Brands, LLC. | A Family of Lifesaving Brands Scroll to Top ![\\"\\"](\\"\\")CALL NOW |
The Community of Madrid is going to recover classes in July or April | 3,328 | ![\\"European](\\"/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/logo/logo-ec-- mute.svg\\"/) enen Select your language Close * bgбългарски * esespañol * csčeština * dadansk * deDeutsch * eteesti * elελληνικά * enEnglish * frfrançais * gaGaeilge * hrhrvatski * ititaliano * lvlatviešu * ltlietuvių * humagyar * mtMalti * nlNederlands * plpolski * ptportuguês * roromână * skslovenčina * slslovenščina * fisuomi * svsvenska Search Search Search ![\\"\\"](\\" banner-3840x348.jpg?itok=u07ZIfJO\\"/) 1. Home 2. … 3. Business, Economy, Euro 4. Economic recovery 5. Recovery and Resilience Facility 6. Country pages 7. Spain’s recovery and resilience plan # Spain’s recovery and resilience plan Page contents Page contents * RRF FUNDED PROJECTS IN SPAIN * WHAT’S IN THE PLAN? * Country snapshot * REPowerEU measures in Spain’s plan * Green transition * Digital transition * Economic and social resilience * ANNUAL EVENTS * EUROPEAN SEMESTER * DOCUMENTS Following the unprecedented crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Spain’s recovery and resilience plan has responded to the urgent need to foster a strong recovery, while making Spain’s economy and society more resilient and future ready. In response to the energy market disruption caused by Russia\'s invasion of Ukraine, the Commission launched the REPowerEU Plan. The Recovery and Resilience Facility is at the heart of its implementation and its funding. Under REPowerEU, EU countries are updating their recovery and resilience plans with new measures to save energy and diversify the EU’s energy supplies. ![\\"Recovery](\\" President Ursula von der Leyen presents the Commission’s assessment of the original plan to acting Prime Minister Sanchez in Madrid on 16 June 2021. ## RRF FUNDED PROJECTS IN SPAIN ### Legend Description Green transition Focusing on green technologies and capacities - sustainable mobility, energy efficiency and renewables, climate change adaptation; circular economy; and biodiversity. Policies for the next generation Improving access to and the quality of general, vocational, and higher education; focusing on digital education, early childhood education and care; supporting youth employment. Smart, sustainable, inclusive growth promoting entrepreneurship, competitiveness, industrialisation; improving the business environment; fostering research, development and innovation, supporting small- and medium-sized businesses. Digital transformation Promoting the roll-out of very high-capacity networks, the digitalisation of public services, government processes, and businesses, in particular SMEs; developing basic and advanced digital skills; supporting digital-related R&D and the deployment of advanced technologies. Social and territorial cohesion Improving social and territorial infrastructure and services, including social protection and welfare systems, the inclusion of disadvantaged groups; supporting employment and skills development; creating high-quality, stable jobs. Health and economic, social and institutional resilience Improving the resilience, accessibility and quality of health and long-term care, including measures to advance their digitalisation; increasing the effectiveness of public administration systems. ### Disclaimer The map exclusively serves information purposes and is not an exhaustive database of projects supported by the Recovery and Resilience Facility. It does not reflect the distribution of the projects funded by the Recovery and Resilience Facility across the European Union, nor across different geographical areas or sectors within EU Member States. The RRF funding amounts shown for measures are based on the initial cost estimates included in the recovery and resilience plans. Furthermore, the projects showcased are without prejudice to any future assessment by the Commission in the context of verifying the satisfactory fulfilment of milestones and targets under Regulation (EU) 2021/241 establishing the Recovery and Resilience Facility. ## WHAT’S IN THE PLAN? ## Country snapshot ![\\"Country](\\"/sites/default/files/styles/oe_theme_ratio_3_2_medium/public/2024-02/Country_snapshots_AdobeStock_194372112.jpeg?h=f5c88bb3&itok=NKle3Pif\\"/) Spain’s country snapshot The country snapshot illustrates some of the most iconic and impactful projects included in the Spanish Recovery and Resilience Plan that will bring positive change for EU citizens, businesses and the EU at large. The reforms and investments in Spain\'s plan, approved by Council on 13 July 2021, are helping it to become more sustainable, resilient and better prepared for the challenges and opportunities of the green transition and digital transition. Following Council approval of Spain’s plan on 13 July 2021, Spain’s recovery and resilience plan was updated on 17 October 2023 increasing its allocation and also introducing a REPowerEU chapter. €163 bn Value of the plan €80 bn RRF Grants 83 bn RRF loans _*The approved Plan is entirely financed with RRF grants_ * 142 investment streams and 111 reforms * 40% of the plan will support the climate objectives * 26% of the plan will foster the digital transition The transformative impact of Spain’s plan is the result of a strong combination of reforms and investments which address the specific challenges for Spain. The reforms address bottlenecks to lasting and sustainable growth, while investments are targeted to accelerate the transition towards a more sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient economy, to maximise the benefits of the digital transformation and to ensure social cohesion. The plan also intends to improve connectivity within the country, boost labour market performance, innovation capacity of the economy and make public spending more efficient and sustainable. All measures have to be implemented within a tight time frame, as the Regulation establishing the Recovery and Resilience Facility requires all milestones and targets within the national plans to be completed by August 2026. ## REPowerEU measures in Spain’s plan Spain’s plan now includes one reform, one scaled up investment and seven new investments to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, in line with the REPowerEU objectives. To finance this increased ambition, Spain has asked for a share of its Brexit Adjustment Reserve to be transferred to the plan, amounting to €58 million. These funds would be added to Spain\'s REPowerEU grant of €2.58 billion and to the EUR 1.7 billion in loans that Spain has allocated to that Chapter. Key measures for REPowerEU The REPowerEU chapter includes one new reform that will streamline permitting procedures for renewable energy projects. The chapter includes one scaled up investment to support self-consumption, energy storage and energy communities and 7 new investments: a public investment in a support scheme to improve access to finance in the value chain in the design, manufacturing, storage, recycling or research & development of technologies and components relevant for the transition to a net-zero-emission economy; a public investment in a support scheme to support renewable hydrogen and an investment to deploy new electricity transmission infrastructure to integrate larger volumes of renewable energy and to connect new net-zero industrial sites to the electricity network and four investments to support industrial decarbonisation, two of which in the form of support schemes. ### Example project: Supporting the value chain of renewable energy, and energy storage. The investment will support the design, manufacturing, storage, recycling or research & development of technologies and components relevant for the transition to a net-zero-emission economy. Examples of those technologies or components include batteries, solar panels, wind turbines and heat pumps. ## Green transition In the area of climate and environmental policies, Spain faces the challenges of the significant renovation needs of its building stock to increase energy efficiency, of making mobility and the transport sector more sustainable, and of further increasing the share of renewables in the energy mix. Spain also faces challenges in the area of biodiversity (including transformation of the agri-food and fishing systems and preservation of ecosystems integrating climate change adaptation) and the need to enhance water and waste management. Key measures for the green transition * The plan supports the green transition through investments of over €12 billion in the energy efficiency of public and private buildings including new social housing. * €13.2 billion will be invested in sustainable mobility in urban and long-distance, by * improving railway infrastructure, * creating low-emission zones in urban areas, * financing green public buses, * deploying electric charging stations and developing urban public transport. * The plan supports the decarbonisation of the energy sector by investing €6.1 billion under the original plan, EUR 6.9 billion under the REPowerEU chapter and EUR 22 billion under the financial instrument ICO Green Line, in clean technologies and infrastructure (including storage and electricity grids) and accelerating the development and use of renewables, including renewable hydrogen. * The plan also includes measures to help mitigate the adverse effects of climate change by preserving coastal spaces, ecosystems and biodiversity. * It promotes the circular economy by improving water and waste management in the country. * The plan includes a Law on climate change and energy transition establishing into law the renewable targets for 2030 and the objective of climate neutrality by 2050, including a 100% renewable electricity system. * It also includes a Renewable Hydrogen Roadmap, new strategies for building rehabilitation, decarbonisation and energy storage, and new procurement auctions for renewable electricity. The modified plan, including the REPowerEU chapter, has further strengthened the focus on the plan on the green transition, devoting €67 billion of the available funds to measures that support climate objectives (up from €27.6 billion in the original plan). Low-emission areas and transformation of urban and metropolitan transport The measure seeks to promote the sustainable and digital transformation of transport services. Project locations Spain See all ## Digital transition Digital challenges for the Spanish economy include a high share of the population with an insufficient level of digital skills and a shortage of workers with specialist digital skills. This hampers digitization of society and is one of the barriers to investment in Spain. Key measures for the digital transition * Spain’s recovery and resilience plan supports the digital transition with investments in the digitalisation of the public administration, in digital skills and digital inclusion, in cyber security and in connectivity. * It will invest €3.6 billion in digital skills training. * The plan will invest €4.5 billion in the digital transformation of the public administration, with a special focus on the justice, health care, employment, educational and social services systems. * The plan also includes €10.2 billion investments to promote the digitalisation of industry and SMEs, investments in artificial intelligence, digitalisation of tourism and culture systems, and € 15.4 billion to support fixed and 5G connectivity, data infrastructure and the related ecosystem. * The plan includes the Digital Spain Agenda 2025, the 5G cybersecurity law, the Artificial Intelligence strategy, the digital skills Plan and a law on telecommunications to upgrade the regulatory framework with the development of new regulatory and enforcement instruments. The modified plan has further strengthened the focus on the plan on the digital transition, devoting €40.4 billion of the available funds to measures that support digital objectives (up from €19.7 billion in the original plan). ![\\"\\"](\\" Digital Toolkit The objective of the programme is to boost the digitalisation of small enterprises (10 to 49 employees), micro-enterprises (1 to 9 employees) and the self-employed, in any sector of economic activity, raising their level of digital maturity. Project locations Spain See all ## Economic and social resilience Key macro-economic challenges for the Spanish economy include a high unemployment rate - in particular for the youth – and high share of workers on temporary contracts, low productivity growth, large stocks of external, private and government debt, as well as low public investments in particular for the digital and green transitions. These challenges weigh on potential growth and employment. Key measures in reinforcing economic and social resilience * The plan reinforces economic and social resilience with measures fostering effective and inclusive education systems to reduce early school leaving rate, skills acquisition in line with current and future labour market needs, including the green and digital transition, and measures to improve the employability of the youth. * It also puts forward a labour market reform to reduce the high share of workers on temporary contracts. * There are substantial investments to upskill and reskill workers and to modernise the vocational education and training system. * The plan also provides for specific actions in the area of active labour market policies, including reforming the system of hiring incentives, developing individual pathways for counselling, reinforcing the system of adult learning, and modernising public employment services. * Spain will invest €2.1billion in reskilling and upskilling measures, teachers training, digitalisation and internationalisation of VET and €4.8 billion will boost Spain’s innovation capacity by financing research and innovation infrastructure and programmes. * The plan includes measures to make public spending more efficient and sustainable. Spending reviews will contribute to improve the quality and efficiency of Spain’s public spending, allowing to reprioritise it towards more growth and environmentally friendly expenditures. A reform of the pension regime is expected to improve the sustainability and adequacy of pensions. Regulation and Integration of Vocational Training The Organic Law on the Regulation and Integration of Vocational Training aims to transform the vocational training system. Project locations Spain See all ## ANNUAL EVENTS Annual events facilitate the exchange of views on the state of implementation of the Recovery and resilience plans, while ensuring close cooperation between all stakeholders and providing a platform to discuss interlinks between the Plans and other Union programmes. More information on Annual events held in Spain can be found here ## EUROPEAN SEMESTER Spain’s plan is consistent with the challenges and priorities identified in the European Semester, the annual cycle of coordination and monitoring of each EU country’s economic policies. For a detailed explanation of the European Semester see the following link: The European Semester explained | European Commission (europa.eu) ## DOCUMENTS ### Spain’s recovery and resilience plan National recovery and resilience website **Original Recovery and Resilience Plan (July 2021)** National recovery and resilience plan ### Assessment of the recovery and resilience plan _Original Recovery and Resilience Plan_ _(July 2021)_ Council Implementing Decision on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan of Spain and Annex Commission Staff Working Document: Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Spain Press Material Press release: \"European Commission endorses Spain\'s plan\" Factsheet: Spain’s recovery and resilience plan Questions and answers: European Commission endorses Spain\'s plan Further Information Presentation to the Council of Spain’s recovery and resilience plan Summary of the assessment of the Spanish recovery and resilience plan _Updated Recovery and Resilience Plan_ _(June, 2023)_ Documents COMMISSION PROPOSAL for a Council Implementing Decision amending the Council Implementing Decision of 13 July 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Spain Revised ANNEX to the COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION amending Implementing Decision (EU) (ST 10150 2021; ST 10150 2021 ADD 1 REV 1) of 13 July 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Spain Commission Staff Working Document: Analysis of the recovery and resilience plan of Spain amending the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan of 13 July 2021 Press Material Daily news: Spain submits request to revise recovery and resilience plan and add a REPowerEU chapter Daily News: Commission endorses Spain\'s €163 billion modified recovery and resilience plan, including a REPowerEU chapter **Updated Recovery and Resilience Plan (March 2024)** Documents Commission proposal for a Council Implementing Decision amending Implementing Decision of 13 July 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Spain ANNEX to the Commission proposal for a Council Implementing Decision amending Implementing Decision of 13 July 2021 on the approval of the assessment of the recovery and resilience plan for Spain Press Material Daily News: Spain submits a request for a targeted revision of its recovery plan Daily News: La Commission approuve la demande de l\'Espagne concernant la révision ciblée de son plan de relance ### Operational Arrangements Operational Arrangements between the Commission and Spain Operational Arrangements between the European Commission and Spain (revision) ### Payments **Pre-financing** Press release: \"European Commission disburses €9 billion in pre-financing to Spain\" **First Payment Request** Documents Preliminary assessment of the first payment request of Spain Commission implementing Decision on the authorisation of the first disbursement to Spain Press Material Press release: European Commission endorses positive preliminary assessment of Spain\'s first payment request Q&A on Spain\'s first payment request Daily news: Commission disburses first payment to Spain **Second Payment Request** Documents Preliminary assessment of the second payment of Spain Commission implementing Decision on the authorisation of the second disbursement to Spain Press Material Press release: European Commission endorses positive preliminary assessment of Spain\'s second payment request Q&A on Spain’s second payment request Daily News: Commission disburses second payment to Spain **Third Payment Request** Documents Preliminary assessment of the third payment of Spain Commission implementing Decision on the authorisation of the third disbursement to Spain Press Material Press release: European Commission endorses positive preliminary assessment of Spain\'s third payment request for €6 billion under the Recovery and Resilience Facility Questions and Answers on Spain\'s third disbursement request under NextGenerationEU Daily News: Commission disburses third payment to Spain **Fourth Payment Request** Documents Preliminary assessment of the fourth payment request of Spain Commission Implementing Decision on the authorisation of the disbursement of the fourth instalment of the non-repayable support for Spain Commission Implementing Decision on the partial suspension of the disbursement of the fourth instalment of the non-repayable support for Spain Press Material Daily News: La Commission approuve une évaluation préliminaire de la quatrième demande de paiement de l\'Espagne au titre de la facilité pour la reprise et la résilience ### European Semester European Semester documents for Spain ### Implementation Recovery and Resilience Scoreboard (europa.eu) Share this page ![\\"European](\\"/themes/contrib/oe_theme/dist/ec/images/logo/negative/logo- ec--en.svg\\"/) This site is managed by:Directorate-General for Communication * Strategy * About the European Commission * Business, Economy, Euro * Live, work, travel in the EU * Law * Funding, Tenders * Research and innovation * Energy, Climate change, Environment * Education * Aid, Development cooperation, Fundamental rights * Food, Farming, Fisheries * EU regional and urban development * Jobs at the European Commission * Statistics * Press Corner * Events * Publications * Contact the European Commission * Accessibility * Follow the European Commission on social media * Resources for partners * Report an IT vulnerability * Languages on our websites * Cookies * Privacy policy * Legal notice |
The Community of Madrid is going to recover classes in July or April | 3,328 | Language Select your language Set your preferred language. Language English Powered by ![\\"Google](\\" skip to main contentskip to navigation * Skip to Navigation # Val Verde Unified School District Login * District Information * Board Of Education * Departments * Schools * Parents|Students|Staff * Calendars Change to December Board Meeting Date ### Please note the December Board Meeting has been changed to Tuesday, December 17, 2024 @ 6pm. ### Thank you Quick Links * School Locator * District Performance Overview * Peach Jar- School Communications * Community Partnerships * 2023 CAASPP Score Report Parent Letter * School / Developer Fees * Child Tax Credit Info * Technology Plan * SELPA * Val Verde Educational Foundation * Citizens’ Bond Oversight Committee ### Press Releases 14 days ago ### Lasselle Elementary School is Named One of America’s Healthiest Schools 2024 Alliance for a Healthier Generation has named Lasselle Elementary School as one of America’s Healthiest Schools for 2024. This annual recognition honors schools for implementing best practices to support the health of students, staff, and families. Eight hundred and seventy-nine schools across 30 states were awarded this year. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" web-banner-l7na8h.png\\"/) ### Avalon Elementary School is Named One of America’s Healthiest Schools 2024 Alliance for a Healthier Generation has named Avalon Elementary School as one of America’s Healthiest Schools for 2024. This annual recognition honors schools for implementing best practices to support the health of students, staff, and families. Eight hundred and seventy-nine schools across 30 states were awarded this year. Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" star-web-banner-oydyhe.png\\"/) ### Rancho Verde High School Receives National Recognition For High Performance Rancho Verde High School has been selected as a National Demonstration School by AVID (Advancement Via Individual Determination), a nonprofit organization that provides educators with proven, real-world strategies to accelerate the performance of underrepresented students so that these students and all students across the entire campus succeed in college, careers, and life. Read More ![\\"Read](\\" teacher-live-instagram-post-pgpkpa.png\\"/) **** > ******VAL VERDE UNIFIED SELECTS FINALIST FOR SUPERINTENDENT POSITION GORDON > AMERSON** > ** > **Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" ______________________________________________________________________________________ _Superintendent Announces Retirement_ Dear Val Verde Unified School District Staff and Community, As I write to you today, it is with a heart full of gratitude and a myriad of emotions. After 27 wonderful years with the Val Verde Unified School District, I am announcing my retirement as your Superintendent effective June 30, 2024. This decision, made with both joy and nostalgia, marks the end of a significant chapter in my life. Reflecting on our journey together, I am filled with pride for what we have accomplished. Together, we have navigated challenges and celebrated triumphs, always with the unwavering goal of providing the best possible education for our students. A few highlights of our time together include the significant improvement in our district\'s academic performance, the successful integration of innovative technology in our classrooms, and the expansion of our facilities to better serve our growing community. These achievements are not just mine but are a testament to the dedication and hard work of each member of our district. However, more than these accomplishments, what I cherish most are the relationships I have formed over these years. The opportunity to work alongside talented educators, committed staff, devoted parents, and, most importantly, our inspiring students, has been the highlight of my career. Your passion, resilience, and dedication to education have been the driving force behind our district\'s success leading to state and national recognitions. As I step into this new chapter of my life, I carry with me the memories and lessons learned from each of you. While I look forward to enjoying retirement, know that I will always carry a piece of Val Verde Unified School District in my heart. The future of our district is bright, and I am confident that under new leadership, Val Verde Unified will continue to flourish and reach new heights. I extend my deepest gratitude to each of you for your support, collaboration, and friendship over the years. You have made my tenure as Superintendent not just a job but a deeply rewarding experience. Thank you for being part of my journey. Here\'s to a future filled with continued success and innovation for the Val Verde Unified School District! Warmest regards, Michael R. McCormick Superintendent **_Message from the Superintendent_** Val Verde family, I hope that your time away is going well and that you have been able to relax and rejuvenate. The past three years are regarded by many as the most challenging ever faced by educators. With this said, I continue to be impressed with the service that our employees have provided for our students and community. I am optimistic that the coming year will be less arduous and that we will feel more of a sense of normalcy. I am proud of what we have accomplished together. Preliminary CAASPP scores show impressive gains at our elementary schools. Yet, our recovery work is not complete. In fact, we must continue to support our students to ensure we are _whole learner focused_ —leaving no learner marginalized. We must also continue to strengthen our support structures so that they align to accomplish our mission of future ready learners based on our North Star, the Portrait of a Graduate As members of the Val Verde family, we have all played a part in our district’s success. Please know that you are appreciated!! We should feel very proud of the many accomplishments and accolades that our district has received: * The 2022 Cohort Graduation Rate is now **94.0%.** * The **A-G completion rate** for VVUSD (Val Verde Unified School District) in 2022 is 59**%. Ranking Val Verde 3 rd highest among all school districts in Riverside County** * Val Verde USD was named **2023 Best Community for Music Education** by NAMM (National Association of Music Merchants) * 55% of the class of 2023 participated in Career and Technical Education classes, our highest percentage ever. * Since 2012, we have reduced our suspension rate significantly from 9.1% to 3.8% overall and our African American suspension rate has fallen from 18.6% to 7.2%, **a reduction of 61%** * Our Family Engagement participation for 2023 sits at 11,865 parents representing an increase of 76% over the prior year. * Our Board of Education’s number one goal of Reading by 3rd Grade **increased by 14 points to 57% of K-2 students achieving at or above standard** in the Reading Composite Score as measured by the Acadience reading assessment. On behalf of the Board of Education, Welcome Back! I am proud and humbled to be part of this family as I begin my twenty-seventh year. We will continue our relentless pursuit in providing a world-class education to our students so that they are college AND career ready and prepared to assume their role in the 21st Century workforce. As we cast a light on the future, let\'s continue to work together in making a positive difference in the lives of our students and the communities we serve. Let’s make this the best year yet! Sincerely, Michael R. McCormick Superintendent **** > ******Val Verde Unified School District provides aid to Banda La Primavera > from Panama** > ** > **Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" logo-square-01-ke8w2h.png\\"/) **** > ******Val Verde Schools Honored for Being Named AASA Lighthouse > Demonstration System to Serve as National Model to Help Transform > Education** > Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" **** > ****Val Verde District Police Department Hosts Annual Large Scale Multi- > Agency Active Shooter Scenario Training** > **Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" **** > ****Val Verde Unified School District Named Lighthouse Demonstration Systems > to Serve as Models to Help Transform America’s Education System** > **Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" > State Superintendent Tony Thurmond Announces 2022 California Pivotal > Practice Award Program Winners > Read More **** ![\\"\\"](\\" practice-award-02-hm00dv.png\\"/) > > Val Verde Unified School District Partners with Garner Holt’s Education > Through Imagination to Bring AniMakerspace to Val Verde Elementary School > Read More **** ![\\"\\"](\\" eti-logo-favicon-wht-f4561t.png\\"/) > Val Verde Unified School District Selected to be Part of Learning 2025 > Initiative: A National Push to Transform America’s Education System > Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" > **U.S. Secretary of Education, Dr. Miguel Cardona, Names May Ranch > Elementary School 2021 U.S. Department of Education Green Ribbon School > ** Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Walgreens hosts Johnson & Johnson COVID Vaccine Clinic for Val Verde Staff Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" Val Verde Unified School District Distributes Free Hand Sanitizer to Community Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" visit page Search and Serve Notice **Every Child is Entitled to a Free Appropriate Public Education ** Local Educational Agencies (LEA) within the Riverside County Special Education Local Plan Area (SELPA) offer programs for youngsters, between the ages of birth and 21 years of age, who have: * Communication problems * Learning difficulties * Physical disabilities * Severe disabilities If you think your child needs special help in school, call his/her school or the Special Education offie (951) 940-6104. Report Crime ### Val Verde Unified School District 975 WEST MORGAN ST PERRIS, CA 92571 (951) 940-6100 Where Success Begins! ### district * Schools * Calendars ### FOLLOW US * Twitter * Facebook * Instagram * Privacy Policy The Val Verde Unified School District desires to provide a safe environment that allows all students and employees equal access to, and opportunities in, the District’s programs, services, and activities. The District does not discriminate on the basis of sex, and specifically prohibits, at any District program or activity, unlawful discrimination, including discriminatory harassment, intimidation, and bullying based on the individual’s actual or perceived race; color; ancestry; nationality; national origin; immigration status; ethnic group identification; ethnicity; age; religion; ; pregnancy, childbirth, termination of pregnancy or lactation, including related medical conditions or recovery; parental, marital, or family status; physical or mental disability; medical condition; sex; sex stereotypes; sex characteristics; sexual orientation; gender; gender identity; gender expression; or genetic information; or, association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics. Unlawful discrimination, including discriminatory harassment, intimidation, or bullying, may result from physical, verbal, nonverbal, or written conduct based on any of the categories listed above. Unlawful discrimination also occurs when prohibited conduct is so severe or pervasive that it affects an individual’s ability to participate in, or benefit from, a District program or activity; creates an intimidating, threatening, hostile, or offensive environment; has the effect of substantially or unreasonably interfering with an individual’s academic or work performance; or otherwise adversely affects an individual’s educational or work environment. Unlawful discrimination also includes disparate treatment based on one of the categories above with respect to the provision of opportunities to participate in District programs or activities or the provision or receipt of educational or work benefits or services. The District also prohibits any form of retaliation against any individual who reports or participates in reporting unlawful discrimination, files or participates in filing a complaint, or investigates or participates in the investigation of a complaint or report alleging unlawful discrimination. Retaliation complaints shall be investigated and resolved in the same manner as discrimination complaints. Students who engage in unlawful discrimination, including discriminatory harassment, intimidation, retaliation, or bullying, in violation of law, Board policy, or administrative regulation shall be subject to appropriate consequence or discipline, which may include suspension or expulsion when the behavior is severe or pervasive as defined in Education Code 48900.4. Any employee who permits or engages in prohibited discrimination shall be subject to disciplinary action, up to, and including, dismissal. For inquiries or complaints related to Title IX (including for employees), and for discrimination, harassment, intimidation, or bullying of students based on actual or perceived protected characteristics, contact your school administrator, or: Diana M. Hernandez, Title IX Compliance and Resolution Officer (951) 940-6100, extension 10225, [email protected]. For Non-Title IX inquiries or complaints related to employee-to-employee, student-to-employee, or work/employment-related discrimination, harassment, abusive conduct or intimidation, contact your school administrator or: Daniel Whitfield, Director of Risk Management (951) 940-6100, extension 10672, [email protected]. Both Offices are located at: Val Verde Unified School District, 975 W. Morgan Avenue, Perris, CA 92571 Login This website is powered by SchoolBlocks * Home * Account * My Feed * Menu ![\\"\\"](\\" Original text Rate this translation Your feedback will be used to help improve Google Translate |
Since PCR tests have been used to combat the corona pandemic their validity has been questioned There are currently numerous postings circulating on Facebook archived here claiming that the World Health Organization WHO has changed its guidelines on the use of PCR tests A positive result is no longer an indication of a COVID19 infection There are different versions of the claim Another Facebook posting archived here states that the WHO has declared PCR tests unreliable According to the WHO such a test alone would not be enough to detect an infection | 3,330 | * World Health Organization Global * Regions World Health Organization WHO Regional websites * Africa * Americas * South-East Asia * Europe * Eastern Mediterranean * Western Pacific __When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. 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response to COVID-19 29 June 2020 Statement Reading time: 65 min (17608 words) العربية 中文 Français Русский Español Click here for the interactive timeline Last updated 29 January 2021 \------ WHO provides this timeline of the Organization’s COVID-19 response activities for general information. WHO will update the timeline on a regular basis and in light of evolving events and new information. Unless noted otherwise, country-specific information and data are as reported to WHO by its Member States. This timeline supersedes the WHO Timeline statement published in April 2020. It is not intended to be exhaustive and does not contain details of every event or WHO activity. As of 26 January 2021, the following milestones and events focused on COVID-19 have taken place: * WHO Headquarters has held 134 media briefings. The Director-General\'s opening remarks, transcripts, videos and audio recordings for these media briefings are available online. * There have been 41 Member State Briefings and information sessions. * WHO convenes international expert networks, covering topics such as clinical management, laboratory and virology, infection prevention and control, mathematical modelling, seroepidemiology, and research and development for diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, which have held frequent teleconferences, starting in early January 2020. These networks include thousands of scientists, medical and public health professionals from around the world. * The OpenWHO platform has had more than 4.8 million total course enrolments, with 25 different COVID-19 courses available to support the COVID-19 response, spanning across 44 languages for COVID-19. * The Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on Infectious Hazards (STAG-IH) has met 57 times. STAG-IH provides independent advice and analysis to the WHO Health Emergencies Programme on the infectious hazards that may pose a threat to global health security. As of 26 January 2021, WHO’s landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines lists 63 candidate vaccines in clinical development and~~~~ 173 in preclinical development. In addition to the selected guidance included below, all of WHO’s technical guidance on COVID-19 can be found online here. All events listed below are in the Geneva, Switzerland time zone (CET/CEST). Note that the dates listed for documents are based on when they were finalized and timestamped. \------ ## 31 Dec 2019 WHO’s Country Office in the People’s Republic of China picked up a media statement by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission from their website on cases of ‘viral pneumonia’ in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. The Country Office notified the International Health Regulations (IHR) focal point in the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office about the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission media statement of the cases and provided a translation of it. WHO’s Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) platform also picked up a media report on ProMED (a programme of the International Society for Infectious Diseases) about the same cluster of cases of “pneumonia of unknown cause”, in Wuhan. Several health authorities from around the world contacted WHO seeking additional information. ## 1 January 2020 WHO requested information on the reported cluster of atypical pneumonia cases in Wuhan from the Chinese authorities. WHO activated its Incident Management Support Team (IMST), as part of its emergency response framework, which ensures coordination of activities and response across the three levels of WHO (Headquarters, Regional, Country) for public health emergencies. ## 2 January 2020 The WHO Representative in China wrote to the National Health Commission, offering WHO support and repeating the request for further information on the cluster of cases. WHO informed Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) partners about the cluster of pneumonia cases in the People’s Republic of China. GOARN partners include major public health agencies, laboratories, sister UN agencies, international organizations and NGOs. ## 3 January 2020 Chinese officials provided information to WHO on the cluster of cases of ‘viral pneumonia of unknown cause’ identified in Wuhan. ## 4 January 2020 WHO tweeted that there was a cluster of pneumonia cases – with no deaths – in Wuhan, Hubei province, People’s Republic of China, and that investigations to identify the cause were underway. ## 5 January 2020 WHO shared detailed information about a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause through the IHR (2005) Event Information System, which is accessible to all Member States. The event notice provided information on the cases and advised Member States to take precautions to reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections. WHO issued its first Disease Outbreak News report. This is a public, web-based platform for the publication of technical information addressed to the scientific and public health communities, as well as global media. The report contained information about the number of cases and their clinical status; details about the Wuhan national authority’s response measures; and WHO’s risk assessment and advice on public health measures. It advised that “WHO’s recommendations on public health measures and surveillance of influenza and severe acute respiratory infections still apply”. ## 9 January 2020 WHO reported that Chinese authorities have determined that the outbreak is caused by a novel coronavirus. WHO convened the first of many teleconferences with global expert networks, beginning with the Clinical Network. ## 10-12 January 2020 WHO published a comprehensive package of guidance documents for countries, covering topics related to the management of an outbreak of a new disease: * Infection prevention and control * Laboratory testing * National capacities review tool * Risk communication and community engagement * Disease Commodity Package (v1) * Disease Commodity Package (v2) * Travel advice * Clinical management * Surveillance case definitions ## 10 January 2020 The Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on Infectious Hazards (STAG-IH) held its first meeting on the novel coronavirus outbreak. The Global Coordination Mechanism for Research and Development to prevent and respond to epidemics held its first teleconference on the novel coronavirus, as did the Scientific Advisory Group of the research and development (R&D) Blueprint, a global strategy and preparedness plan that allows the rapid activation of research and development activities during epidemics. The Director-General spoke with the Head of the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. He also had a call to share information with the Director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. ## 11 January 2020 WHO tweeted that it had received the genetic sequences for the novel coronavirus from the People’s Republic of China and expected these to soon be made publicly available. Chinese media reported the first death from the novel coronavirus. ## 13 January 2020 WHO convened the first teleconference with the diagnostics and laboratories global expert network. The Ministry of Public Health in Thailand reported an imported case of lab- confirmed novel coronavirus from Wuhan, the first recorded case outside of the People’s Republic of China. WHO publishes first protocol for a RT-PCR assay by a WHO partner laboratory to diagnose the novel coronavirus. ## 14 January 2020 WHO held a press briefing during which it stated that, based on experience with respiratory pathogens, the potential for human-to-human transmission in the 41 confirmed cases in the People’s Republic of China existed: “it is certainly possible that there is limited human-to-human transmission”. WHO tweeted that preliminary investigations by the Chinese authorities had found “no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission”. In its risk assessment, WHO said additional investigation was “needed to ascertain the presence of human-to-human transmission, modes of transmission, common source of exposure and the presence of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic cases that are undetected”. ## 15 January 2020 The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare informed WHO of a confirmed case of a novel coronavirus in a person who travelled to Wuhan. This was the second confirmed case detected outside of the People’s Republic of China. WHO stated that considering global travel patterns, additional cases in other countries were likely. ## 16 January 2020 The Pan American Health Organization/WHO Regional office for the Americas (PAHO/AMRO) issued its first epidemiological alert on the novel coronavirus. The alert included recommendations covering international travellers, infection prevention and control measures and laboratory testing. ## 17 January 2020 WHO convened the first meeting of the analysis and modelling working group for the novel coronavirus. ## 19 January 2020 The WHO Western Pacific Regional Office (WHO/WPRO) tweeted that, according to the latest information received and WHO analysis, there was evidence of limited human-to-human transmission. ## 20 January 2020 WHO published guidance on home care for patients with suspected infection. ## 20-21 January 2020 WHO conducted the first mission to Wuhan and met with public health officials to learn about the response to the cluster of cases of novel coronavirus. ## 21 January 2020 WHO/WPRO tweeted that it was now very clear from the latest information that there was “at least some human-to-human transmission”, and that infections among health care workers strengthened the evidence for this. The United States of America (USA) reported its first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus. This was the first case in the WHO Region of the Americas. WHO convened the first meeting of the global expert network on infection prevention and control. ## 22 January 2020 The WHO mission to Wuhan issued a statement saying that evidence suggested human-to-human transmission in Wuhan but that more investigation was needed to understand the full extent of transmission. ## 22-23 January 2020 The WHO Director-General convened an IHR Emergency Committee (EC) regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus. The EC was comprised of 15 independent experts from around the world and was charged with advising the Director- General as to whether the outbreak constituted a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The Committee was not able to reach a conclusion on 22 January based on the limited information available. As the Committee was not able to make a recommendation, the Director-General asked the Committee to continue its deliberations the next day. The Director-General held a media briefing on the novel coronavirus, to provide an update on the Committee’s deliberations. The EC met again on 23 January and members were equally divided as to whether the event constituted a PHEIC, as several members considered that there was still not enough information for it, given its restrictive and binary nature (only PHEIC or no PHEIC can be determined; there is no intermediate level of warning). As there was a divergence of views, the EC did not advise the Director-General that the event constituted a PHEIC but said it was ready to be reconvened within 10 days. The EC formulated advice for WHO, the People’s Republic of China, other countries and the global community. The Director-General accepted the advice of the Committee and held a second media briefing, giving a statement on the advice of the EC and what WHO was doing in response to the outbreak. ## 24 January 2020 France informed WHO of three cases of novel coronavirus, all of whom had travelled from Wuhan. These were the first confirmed cases in the WHO European region (EURO). WHO held an informal consultation on the prioritization of candidate therapeutic agents for use in novel coronavirus infection. The Director of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) urged countries in the Americas to be prepared to detect early, isolate and care for patients infected with the new coronavirus, in case of receiving travelers from countries where there was ongoing transmission of novel coronavirus cases. The Director spoke at a PAHO briefing for ambassadors of the Americas to the Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington. ## 25 January 2020 The WHO Regional Director for Europe issued a public statement outlining the importance of being ready at the local and national levels for detecting cases, testing samples and clinical management. ## 26 January 2020 WHO released its first free online course on the novel coronavirus on its OpenWHO learning platform. ## 27 January 2020 The WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia issued a press release that urged countries in the Region to focus on their readiness for the rapid detection of imported cases and prevention of further spread. ## 27-28 January 2020 A senior WHO delegation led by the Director-General arrived in Beijing to meet Chinese leaders, learn more about the response in the People’s Republic of China, and to offer technical assistance. The Director-General met with President Xi Jinping on 28 January, and discussed continued collaboration on containment measures in Wuhan, public health measures in other cities and provinces, conducting further studies on the severity and transmissibility of the virus, continuing to share data, and a request for China to share biological material with WHO. They agreed that an international team of leading scientists should travel to China to better understand the context, the overall response, and exchange information and experience. ## 29 January 2020 On his return to Switzerland from China, the Director-General presented an update to Member States on the response to the outbreak of novel coronavirus infection in China, at the 30th Meeting of the Programme, Budget and Administration Committee (PBAC) of the Executive Board. He informed the PBAC that he had reconvened the Emergency Committee on the novel coronavirus under the IHR (2005), which would meet the following day to advise on whether the outbreak constituted a PHEIC. The Director-General also held a press briefing on his visit to China and announced the reconvening of the EC the next day. The Director-General based the decision to reconvene on the “deeply concerning” continued increase in cases and evidence of human-to-human transmission outside China, in addition to the numbers outside China holding the potential for a much larger outbreak, even though they were still relatively small. The Director-General also spoke of his agreement with President Xi Jinping that WHO would lead a team of international experts to visit China as soon as possible to work with the government on increasing the understanding of the outbreak, to guide global response efforts. WHO held the first of its weekly informal discussions with a group of public health leaders from around the world, in line with its commitment to conducting listening exercises and outreach beyond formal mechanisms. The United Arab Emirates reported the first cases in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Regional Director affirmed that the Regional Office continued to monitor disease trends and work with Member States to ensure the ability “to detect and respond to potential cases”. The Pandemic Supply Chain Network (PSCN) created by WHO, in collaboration with the World Economic Forum, held its first meeting. The mission of PSCN is “to create and manage a market network allowing for WHO and private sector partners to access any supply chain functionality and asset from end-to-end anywhere in the world at any scale”. WHO published advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in health care settings. ## 30 January 2020 WHO held a Member State briefing to provide more information about the outbreak. The WHO Director-General reconvened the IHR Emergency Committee (EC). The EC advised the Director-General that the outbreak now met the criteria for a PHEIC. The Director-General accepted the EC’s advice and declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a PHEIC. At that time there were 98 cases and no deaths in 18 countries outside China. Four countries had evidence (8 cases) of human- to-human transmission outside China (Germany, Japan, the United States of America, and Viet Nam). The EC formulated advice for the People’s Republic of China, all countries and the global community, which the Director-General accepted and issued as Temporary Recommendations under the IHR. The Director-General gave a statement, providing an overview of the situation in China and globally; the statement also explained the reasoning behind the decision to declare a PHEIC and outlined the EC\'s recommendations. ## 31 January 2020 WHO’s Regional Director for Africa sent out a guidance note to all countries in the Region emphasising the importance of readiness and early detection of cases. ## 2 February 2020 First dispatch of RT-PCR lab diagnostic kits shipped to WHO Regional Offices. ## 3 February 2020 WHO finalised its Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP), centred on improving capacity to detect, prepare and respond to the outbreak. The SPRP translated what had been learned about the virus at that stage into strategic action to guide the development of national and regional operational plans. Its content is structured around how to rapidly establish international coordination, scale up country preparedness and response operations, and accelerate research and innovation. ## 4 February 2020 The WHO Director-General asked the UN Secretary-General to activate the UN crisis management policy, which held its first meeting on 11 February. During the 146th Executive Board, WHO held a technical briefing on the novel coronavirus. In his opening remarks, the Director-General urged Member States to prepare themselves by taking action now, saying “We have a window of opportunity. While 99% of cases are in China, in the rest of the world we only have 176 cases”. Responding to a question at the Executive Board, the Secretariat said, “it is possible that there may be individuals who are asymptomatic that shed virus, but we need more detailed studies around this to determine how often that is happening and if this is leading to secondary transmission”. ## 5 February 2020 WHO\'s headquarters began holding daily media briefings on the novel coronavirus, the first time that WHO has held daily briefings by the Director- General or Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme. ## 9 February 2020 WHO deployed an advance team for the WHO-China Joint Mission, having received final sign-off from the People’s Republic of China that day. The mission had been agreed between the Director-General and President Xi Jinping during the WHO delegation’s visit to China at the end of January. The advance team completed five days of intensive preparation for the Mission, working with China’s National Health Commission, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, local partners and related entities and the WHO China Country Office. ## 11 February 2020 WHO announced that the disease caused by the novel coronavirus would be named COVID-19. Following best practices, the name of the disease was chosen to avoid inaccuracy and stigma and therefore did not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or group of people. ## 11-12 February 2020 WHO convened a Global Research and Innovation Forum on the novel coronavirus, attended in person by more than 300 experts and funders from 48 countries, with a further 150 joining online. Participants came together to assess the level of knowledge, identify gaps and work together to accelerate and fund priority research, with equitable access as a fundamental principle underpinning this work. Topics covered by the Forum included: the origin of the virus, natural history, transmission, diagnosis; epidemiological studies; clinical characterization and management; infection prevention and control; R&D for candidate therapeutics and vaccines; ethical considerations for research; and the integration of the social sciences into the outbreak response. The Forum was convened in line with the WHO R&D Blueprint, which was activated to accelerate diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics for this novel coronavirus. ## 12 February 2020 Supplementing the SPRP with further detail, WHO published Operational Planning Guidelines to Support Country Preparedness and Response, structured around the eight pillars of country-level coordination, planning, and monitoring; risk communication and community engagement; surveillance, rapid response teams, and case investigation; points of entry; national laboratories; infection prevention and control; case management; and operational support and logistics. These guidelines operationalised technical guidance, such as that published on 10-12 January. ## 13 February 2020 WHO’s Digital Solutions Unit convened a roundtable of 30 companies in Silicon Valley to help build support for WHO to keep people safe and informed about COVID-19. ## 14 February 2020 Based on lessons learned from the H1N1 and Ebola outbreaks, WHO finalised guidelines for organizers of mass gatherings, in light of COVID-19. ## 15 February 2020 The Director-General spoke at the Munich Security Conference, a global forum dedicated to issues of international security, including health security, where he also held several bilateral meetings In his speech, the Director-General made three requests of the international community: use the window of opportunity to intensify preparedness, adopt a whole-of-government approach and be guided by solidarity, not stigma. He also expressed concern at the global lack of urgency in funding the response. ## 16 February 2020 The WHO-China Joint Mission began its work. As part of the mission to assess the seriousness of this new disease; its transmission dynamics; and the nature and impact of China’s control measures, teams made field visits to Beijing, Guangdong, Sichuan and Wuhan. The Mission consisted of 25 national and international experts from the People’s Republic of China, Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Nigeria, the Russian Federation, Singapore, the United States of America and WHO, all selected after broad consultation to secure the best talent from a diversity of geographies and specialties. It was led by a Senior Advisor to the WHO Director-General, with the Head of Expert Panel of COVID-19 Response at the China National Health Commission (NHC) as co-lead. Throughout the global outbreak, WHO has regularly sent missions to countries to learn from and support responses, at the request of the affected Member State. Particularly in the early stages of the worldwide COVID-19 response, missions went to countries facing relatively high levels of community transmission, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, and Spain. ## 19 February 2020 Weekly WHO Member State Briefings on COVID-19 began, to share the latest knowledge and insights on COVID-19. ## 21 February 2020 The WHO Director-General appointed six special envoys on COVID-19, to provide strategic advice and high-level political advocacy and engagement in different parts of the world: * Professor Dr Maha El Rabbat, former Minister of Health of Egypt; * Dr David Nabarro, former special adviser to the UN Secretary-General on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Climate Change; * Dr John Nkengasong, Director of the African Centres for Disease Control and Prevention; * Dr Mirta Roses, former Director of the WHO Region of the Americas; * Dr Shin Young-soo, former Regional Director of the WHO Region of the Western Pacific; * Professor Samba Sow, Director-General of the Center for Vaccine Development in Mali. ## 24 February 2020 The Team Leaders of the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 held a press conference to report on the main findings of the mission. The Mission warned that \"much of the global community is not yet ready, in mindset and materially, to implement the measures that have been employed to contain COVID-19 in China”. The Mission stressed that “to reduce COVID-19 illness and death, near-term readiness planning must embrace the large-scale implementation of high- quality, non-pharmaceutical public health measures”, such as case detection and isolation, contact tracing and monitoring/quarantining and community engagement. Major recommendations were developed for the People’s Republic of China, countries with imported cases and/or outbreaks of COVID-19, uninfected countries, the public and the international community. For example, in addition to the above, countries with imported cases and/or outbreaks were recommended to \"immediately activate the highest level of national Response Management protocols to ensure the all-of-government and all-of-society approach needed to contain COVID-19\". Success was presented as dependent on fast decision-making by top leaders, operational thoroughness by public health systems and societal engagement. In addition to the Mission press conference, WHO published operational considerations for managing COVID-19 cases and outbreaks on board ships, following the outbreak of COVID-19 during an international voyage. ## 25 February 2020 Confirmation of the second case in WHO\'s African Region, in Algeria. This followed the earlier reporting of a case in Egypt, the first on the African continent. The Regional Director for Africa called for countries to step up their readiness. ## 27 February 2020 WHO published guidance on the rational use of personal protective equipment, in view of global shortages. This provided recommendations on the type of personal protective equipment to use depending on the setting, personnel and type of activity. ## 28 February 2020 The Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission was issued, as a reference point for countries on measures needed to contain COVID-19. ## 29 February 2020 WHO published considerations for the quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for COVID-19. This described who should be quarantined and the minimum conditions for quarantine to avoid the risk of further transmission. ## 3 March 2020 WHO issued a call for industry and governments to increase manufacturing by 40 per cent to meet rising global demand in response to the shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide. This call fits within a broader scope of ongoing engagement with industry, through WHO’s EPI-WIN network and via partners, such as the International Chamber of Commerce and World Economic Forum, the latter of which has supported COVID-19 media briefings at the regional level. ## 6 March 2020 WHO published the Global Research Roadmap for the novel coronavirus developed by the working groups of the Research Forum. The Roadmap outlines key research priorities in nine key areas. These include the natural history of the virus, epidemiology, diagnostics, clinical management, ethical considerations and social sciences, as well as longer-term goals for therapeutics and vaccines. ## 7 March 2020 To mark the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases surpassing 100 000 globally, WHO issued a statement calling for action to stop, contain, control, delay and reduce the impact of the virus at every opportunity. WHO issued a consolidated package of existing guidance covering the preparedness, readiness and response actions for four different transmission scenarios: no cases, sporadic cases, clusters of cases and community transmission. ## 9 March 2020 The Global Preparedness Monitoring Board, an independent high-level body established by WHO and the World Bank, responsible for monitoring global preparedness for health emergencies, called for an immediate injection of US$8 billion for the COVID-19 response to: support WHO to coordinate and prioritize support efforts to the most vulnerable countries; develop new diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines; strengthen unmet needs for regional surveillance and coordination; and to ensure sufficient supplies of protective equipment for health workers. ## 10 March 2020 WHO, UNICEF and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) issued guidance outlining critical considerations and practical checklists to keep schools safe, with tips for parents and caregivers, as well as children and students themselves. ## 11 March 2020 Deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels of inaction, WHO made the assessment that COVID-19 could be characterized as a pandemic. Speaking at the COVID-19 media briefing, the Director-General highlighted how WHO had been in full response mode since being notified of the first cases and \"called every day for countries to take urgent and aggressive action\". Recognising that COVID-19 was not just a public health crisis but one that would touch every sector, he restated WHO\'s call – made from the beginning – for countries to take a whole-of-government, whole-of-society approach, built around a comprehensive strategy to prevent infections, save lives and minimize impact. Emphasising that \"we cannot say this loudly enough, or clearly enough, or often enough\", he stressed that \"all countries can still change the course of this pandemic\" if they “detect, test, treat, isolate, trace, and mobilize their people in the response”. He stressed that “the challenge for many countries who are now dealing with large clusters or community transmission is not whether they can do the same – it’s whether they will”. ## 13 March 2020 The Director-General said that Europe had become the epicentre of the pandemic with more reported cases and deaths than the rest of the world combined, apart from the People’s Republic of China. WHO, the UN Foundation and partners launched the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund to receive donations from private individuals, corporations and institutions. In just 10 days, the Fund raised more than US$70 million, from more than 187,000 individuals and organizations, to help health workers on the front lines to do their life-saving work, treat patients and advance research for treatments and vaccines. ## 16 March 2020 WHO launched the COVID-19 Partners Platform as an enabling tool for all countries, implementing partners, donors and contributors to collaborate in the global COVID-19 response. The Partners Platform features real-time tracking to support the planning, implementation and resourcing of country preparedness and response activities. ## 17 March 2020 WHO, together with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) published guidance on scaling-up COVID-19 outbreak readiness and response operations in camps and camp-like settings. ## 18 March 2020 WHO and partners launched the Solidarity trial, an international clinical trial that aims to generate robust data from around the world to find the most effective treatments for COVID-19. While randomized clinical trials normally take years to design and conduct, the Solidarity trial was designed to accelerate this process. Enrolling patients in one single randomized trial was to help facilitate the rapid worldwide comparison of unproven treatments. This arrangement was also to overcome the risk of multiple small trials not generating the strong evidence needed to determine the relative effectiveness of potential treatments. WHO published guidance on mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. ## 20 March 2020 WHO Health Alert, which offers instant and accurate information about COVID-19, launched on WhatsApp. It is available in multiple languages with users around the world. ## 21 March 2020 In light of many Member States facing shortfalls in testing capacity, WHO published laboratory testing strategy recommendations for COVID-19. ## 23 March 2020 WHO and FIFA launched the ‘Pass the message to kick out coronavirus’ awareness campaign, led by world-renowned footballers, who called on people around the world to protect their health, through hand washing, coughing etiquette, not touching one’s face, maintaining physical distance and staying home if feeling unwell. ## 25 March 2020 The UN Global Humanitarian Response Plan was launched by the WHO Director- General, UN Secretary-General, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and UNICEF Executive Director. WHO also updated its operational planning guidelines to help countries balance the demands of responding directly to COVID-19 while maintaining essential health service delivery, protecting health care workers and mitigating the risk of system collapse. ## 26 March 2020 The Director-General addressed the Extraordinary G20 Summit on COVID-19, chaired by King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and called on G20 leaders to fight, unite, and ignite against COVID-19. In the opening of their Statement for the Summit, the G20 Leaders said they were \"committed to do whatever it takes to overcome the pandemic, along with the World Health Organization (WHO)”. They also stated they would \"strengthen health systems globally, including through supporting the full implementation of the WHO International Health Regulations (IHR 2005)”. The Statement went on to outline that the Leaders \"fully support and commit to further strengthen the WHO’s mandate in coordinating the international fight against the pandemic, including the protection of front-line health workers, delivery of medical supplies, especially diagnostic tools, treatments, medicines, and vaccines”. The Leaders said they would “quickly work together and with stakeholders to close the financing gap in the WHO Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan” and also committed to “provide immediate resources to the WHO’s COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund”, calling upon all countries, international organizations, the private sector, philanthropies, and individuals to contribute to these efforts. Aside from the G20, WHO joined with UNESCO and other partners to launch the Global Education Coalition to facilitate inclusive learning opportunities for children and youth during this period of sudden and unprecedented educational disruption. ## 28 March 2020 With many health facilities around the world overwhelmed by the influx of COVID-19 patients seeking medical care, WHO published a manual on how to set up and manage a severe acute respiratory infection treatment centre and a severe acute respiratory infection screening facility in health care facilities to optimise patient care. ## 30 March 2020 The Director-General called on countries to work with companies to increase production; to ensure the free movement of essential health products; and to ensure equitable distribution, having spoken to G20 trade ministers about ways to address chronic shortages earlier in the day. At this point, WHO had shipped almost 2 million individual items of protective gear to 74 countries that needed them most and was working intensively with several partners to massively increase access to life-saving products, including diagnostics, personal protective equipment, medical oxygen, ventilators and more. ## 31 March 2020 WHO issued a Medical Product Alert warning consumers, healthcare professionals, and health authorities against a growing number of falsified medical products that claim to prevent, detect, treat or cure COVID-19. WHO published a Scientific Brief on the off-label use of medicines for COVID-19, addressing the issue of compassionate use. WHO announced the launch of a chatbot with Rakuten Viber, a free messaging and calling app. Subscribers to the WHO Viber chatbot receive notifications with the latest news and information directly from WHO. It is available in multiple languages with users around the world. ## 2 April 2020 WHO reported on evidence of transmission from symptomatic, pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic people infected with COVID-19, noting that transmission from a pre-symptomatic case can occur before symptom onset. ## 4 April 2020 WHO reported that over 1 million cases of COVID-19 had been confirmed worldwide, a more than tenfold increase in less than a month. ## 6 April 2020 WHO issued updated guidance on masks, including a new section on advice to decision-makers on mask use by healthy people in communities. ## 7 April 2020 World Health Day focused on celebrating the work of nurses and midwives at the forefront of the COVID-19 response. WHO issued a document outlining what the health sector/system can do to address COVID-19 and violence against women. WHO finalised practical considerations for religious leaders and faith-based communities in the context of COVID-19. ## 8 April 2020 The UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force was launched to coordinate and scale up the procurement and distribution of personal protective equipment, lab diagnostics and oxygen to the countries most in need. ## 9 April 2020 WHO marked 100 days since the first cases of ‘pneumonia with unknown cause’ were reported with an overview of key events and efforts taken to stop the spread of coronavirus. ## 11 April 2020 WHO published a draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines, on the basis of a systematic assessment of candidates from around the world, which continues to be updated. ## 13 April 2020 WHO published a statement by 130 scientists, funders and manufacturers from around the world, in which they committed to working with WHO to speed the development of a vaccine against COVID-19. ## 14 April 2020 WHO published a COVID-19 strategy update, with guidance for countries preparing for a phased transition from widespread transmission to a steady state of low-level or no transmission. It aims for all countries to control the pandemic by mobilizing all sectors and communities to prevent and suppress community transmission, reduce mortality and develop safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics. The first WHO and World Food Programme ‘Solidarity Flight’, organised with partners, departed from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, carrying vital medical cargo for countries in Africa, WHO launched a Facebook Messenger chatbot version of its WHO Health Alert platform – offering instant, accurate and multilingual information and guidance to keep users safe from COVID-19. ## 15 April 2020 WHO finalised guidance on public health advice for social and religious practices during Ramadan, in the context of COVID-19. ## 16 April 2020 WHO issued guidance on considerations in adjusting public health and social measures, such as large-scale movement restrictions, commonly referred to as ‘lockdowns’. ## 18 April 2020 WHO and Global Citizen co-hosted the \'One World: Together At Home’ concert, a global on-air special to celebrate and support front line healthcare workers. The concert raised a total of $127.9 million, providing $55.1 million to the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund and $72.8 million to local and regional responders. ## 19 April 2020 Together with 14 other humanitarian organizations, WHO issued a call to the donor community to urgently support the global emergency supply system to fight COVID-19. ## 20 April 2020 The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution entitled ‘International cooperation to ensure global access to medicines, vaccines and medical equipment to face COVID-19’. The resolution \"acknowledges the crucial leading role played by the World Health Organization\" with regard to \"coordinating the global response to control and contain the spread\" of COVID-19. It also requested “close collaboration” with WHO by the UN Secretary-General. ## 24 April 2020 In a virtual event co-hosted by WHO, President Emmanuel Macron of France, President Ursula Von der Leyen of the European Commission and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Director-General launched the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator, or ACT-Accelerator, a collaboration to accelerate the development, production and equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics for COVID-19. WHO issued a Scientific Brief on ‘immunity passports’ in the context of COVID-19. This brief highlighted that there was not enough evidence about the effectiveness of antibody-mediated immunity to guarantee the accuracy of an ‘immunity passport’ or ‘risk-free certificate’ and that the use of such certificates may therefore increase the risks of continued transmission. ## 30 April 2020 The Director-General convened the IHR Emergency Committee on COVID-19 for a third time, with an expanded membership to reflect the nature of the pandemic and the need to include additional areas of expertise. The Emergency Committee met on 30 April and issued its statement on 1 May. The Director-General declared that the outbreak of COVID-19 continued to constitute a PHEIC. He accepted the advice of the Committee to WHO and issued the Committee’s advice to States Parties as Temporary Recommendations under the IHR. In his opening remarks at the 1 May media briefing on COVID-19, the Director- General spoke about the EC\'s advice for WHO and outlined how the organization would continue to lead and coordinate the global response to the pandemic, in collaboration with countries and partners. The Director-General accepted the Committee’s advice that \"WHO works to identify the animal source of the virus through international scientific and collaborative missions”. Among other commitments, he said that WHO would “continue to call on countries to implement a comprehensive package of measures to find, isolate, test and treat every case, and trace every contact”, as it had “done clearly from the beginning”. ## 4 May 2020 The Director-General addressed leaders from 40 countries from all over the world at a COVID-19 Global Response International Pledging Event, hosted by the European Commission. The Director-General highlighted that the ACT Accelerator represented a \"unique commitment to work together at record speed to develop essential tools to prevent, detect and treat COVID-19”. He went on to emphasise that the \"ultimate measure of success\" would be how equally these tools were distributed, as part of ensuring health for all. ## 5 May 2020 WHO launched the COVID-19 Supply Portal, a purpose-built tool to facilitate and consolidate submission of supply requests from national authorities and all implementing partners supporting COVID-19 National Action Plans. The Portal is accessed via the COVID-19 Partners Platform. ## 7 May 2020 The UN launched an update to the Global Humanitarian Response Plan for $6.7 billion to minimise the most debilitating effects of the pandemic in 63 low and middle-income countries. ## 10 May 2020 Building on previous guidance on the investigation of cases and clusters, WHO issued interim guidance on contact tracing. ## 10-14 May 2020 With Member States facing different transmission scenarios, WHO published four annexes to the considerations in adjusting public health and social measures for workplaces, schools and mass gatherings, as well as the public health criteria to adjust these measures. ## 13 May 2020 Designed to inform health care workers to help them care for COVID-19 patients and protect themselves, the WHO Academy App launched, together with the WHO Info app for the general public. ## 14 May 2020 WHO issued an advocacy brief advising countries to incorporate a focus on gender into their COVID-19 responses, in order to ensure that public health policies and measures to curb the pandemic account for gender and how it interacts with other inequalities. ## 15 May 2020 WHO released a Scientific Brief on multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporally related to COVID-19. ## 18 May 2020 The Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme (IOAC) – which continuously reviews WHO’s work in health emergencies – finalised and published its interim report on WHO’s response to COVID-19 from January to April 2020. This report sits within WHO’s existing independent accountability mechanisms, in operation since the pandemic started. The Committee was alerted to the cluster of cases in Wuhan on 2 January and WHO has provided regular updates to the Committee since 6 January. The Committee held its first teleconference on the WHO response to COVID-19 on 20 January and began drafting its interim report on 30 March. IOAC continues to review the work of WHO on the COVID-19 pandemic and will report to the next meeting of WHO governing bodies. ## 18-19 May 2020 The 73rd World Health Assembly, the first ever to be held virtually, adopted a landmark resolution to bring the world together to fight the COVID-19 pandemic, co-sponsored by more than 130 countries – the largest number on record – and adopted by consensus. Fourteen heads of state participated in the opening and closing sessions. The resolution calls for the intensification of efforts to control the pandemic, and “recognizes the role of extensive immunization against COVID-19 as a global public good for health\", and calls for equitable access to and fair distribution of all essential health technologies and products to combat the virus. It takes stock of the pandemic’s “disproportionately heavy impact on the poor and the most vulnerable”, addressing not just health but also the wider impact on economies and societies and the \"exacerbation of inequalities within and between countries\". The resolution calls on Member States to take several actions including to provide WHO both with \"sustainable funding\" and \"timely, accurate and sufficiently detailed public health information related to the COVID-19 pandemic, as required by the International Health Regulations (2005)\". It also requests the Director-General, working with other organizations and countries, “to identify the zoonotic source of the virus and the route of introduction to the human population”. The resolution concludes with a request to the Director-General to initiate an impartial, independent and comprehensive evaluation of the response to COVID-19, at the earliest appropriate moment and in consultation with Member States, in order to review experience and lessons learned and to make recommendations to improve capacity for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, and to report on the implementation of the resolution at the 74th World Health Assembly. In his opening remarks, the Director-General urged countries to \"proceed with caution\" to secure the \"fastest possible global recovery\". He reiterated the importance of a comprehensive approach and a whole-of-government and whole-of-society response, with special attention to vulnerable groups. Highlighting that the world “needs to strengthen, implement and finance the systems and organizations it has – including WHO”, the Director-General placed special emphasis on investing in “the global treaty that underpins global health security: the International Health Regulations”. In his closing remarks, the Director-General outlined how WHO was fighting the pandemic with every tool at its disposal and said “Let our shared humanity be the antidote to our shared threat”. ## 21 May 2020 WHO signed a new agreement with the UN Refugee Agency, with a key aim for 2020 of supporting ongoing efforts to protect some 70 million forcibly displaced people from COVID-19. ## 26 May 2020 A civil society town hall with the Director-General took place, which brought together over 130 civil society leaders from across 33 countries to discuss the role of civil society in the COVID-19 response. This session was organized with the Global Health Council. ## 27 May 2020 The WHO Foundation was established, with the aim of supporting global public health needs by providing funds to WHO and trusted partners. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WHO Foundation will initially focus on emergencies and pandemic response. By facilitating contributions from the general public, individual major donors and corporate partners, the Foundation will drive work towards securing more sustainable and predictable funding for WHO, drawn from a broader donor base. WHO published interim guidance on the clinical management of COVID-19. ## 29 May 2020 Thirty countries and multiple international partners and institutions launched the COVID-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP), an initiative to make vaccines, tests, treatments and other health technologies to fight COVID-19 accessible to all. Voluntary and based on social solidarity, C-TAP aims to provide a one- stop shop for equitably sharing scientific knowledge, data and intellectual property. Heads of government and leaders from across the UN, academia, industry and civil society spoke at the launch event for C-TAP, an initiative first proposed in March by President Carlos Alvarado of Costa Rica. WHO, Costa Rica and all the co-sponsor countries also issued a ‘Solidarity Call to Action’ asking stakeholders to join and support the initiative, with recommended actions for key groups. ## 2 June 2020 The Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme addressed the Yemen High-level Pledging Conference, organised to support the humanitarian response and alleviate suffering in the country. The Executive Director said that COVID-19 was placing a major burden on the health system, already on the verge of collapse, and that a “massive scale-up of our COVID and non-COVID health operations” was needed, despite the considerable efforts of WHO and partners. ## 4 June 2020 WHO welcomed funding commitments made at the Global Vaccine Summit. Hosted virtually by the UK government, this was Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance’s, third pledging conference. These commitments will help maintain immunization in lower-income countries, mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Summit also highlighted how important a safe, effective and equitably accessible vaccine will be in controlling COVID-19. ## 5 June 2020 WHO published updated guidance on the use of masks for the control of COVID-19, which provided updated advice on who should wear a mask, when it should be worn and what it should be made of. ## 13 June 2020 WHO reported that Chinese authorities had provided information on a cluster of COVID-19 cases in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Officials from the National Health Commission and Beijing Health Commission briefed WHO’s China country office, to share details of preliminary investigations ongoing in Beijing. WHO offered support and technical assistance, as well as requested further information about the cluster and the investigations underway and planned. ## 16 June 2020 WHO welcomed initial clinical trial results from the UK that showed dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, could be lifesaving for patients critically ill with COVID-19. The news built off the Global Research and Innovation Forum, which took place in Geneva in mid-February, to accelerate health technologies for COVID-19. The Forum highlighted further research into the use of steroids as a priority. ## 17 June 2020 WHO announced that the hydroxychloroquine arm of the Solidarity Trial to find an effective COVID-19 treatment was being stopped. The decision was based on large scale randomized evidence from the Solidarity, Discovery and Recovery trials, as well as a review of available published evidence from other sources, which showed that hydroxychloroquine did not reduce mortality for hospitalised COVID-19 patients. ## 26 June 2020 The ACT-Accelerator published its consolidated investment case, calling for $31.3 billion over the next 12 months for diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. A press conference detailed the ACT-Accelerator\'s four pillars of work: diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccines and the health system connector, in addition to the cross-cutting workstream on Access and Allocation. As part of WHO’s SARS-CoV-2 global laboratory network, which has monitored virus mutations from the start of the pandemic, a specific working group on virus evolution held its first meeting. The Virus Evolution Working Group is composed of experts in sequencing, bioinformatics, and in vivo and in vitro laboratory studies. ## 29 June 2020 WHO\'s first infodemiology conference began, as part of the organization’s work on new evidence-based measures and practices to prevent, detect and respond to mis- and disinformation. \'Infodemiology\' is the science of managing ‘infodemics’: the overabundance of information – some accurate and some not – occurring during an epidemic. ## 1-2 July 2020 WHO held its second summit on COVID-19 research and innovation, to take stock of the evolving science on COVID-19 and examine progress in developing effective health tools. The virtual summit hosted over 1000 researchers and scientists from all over the world. One of the outcomes was agreement that more trials were needed to test antivirals, immunomodulatory drugs and anti-thrombotic agents, as well as combination therapies, at different stages of the disease. The discussion of vaccine candidates covered the use of a global, multi country, adaptive trial design, with a common Data and Safety Monitoring Board, and clear criteria to advance candidates through the various stages of trials. ## 4 July 2020 WHO announced that the hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir arms of the Solidarity trial to find an effective COVID-19 treatment were being discontinued, building on the decision to stop the hydroxychloroquine arm on 17 June 2020. The decision was based on evidence from the Solidarity trial interim results and from a review of the evidence from all trials presented at the 1-2 July WHO Summit on COVID-19 research and innovation. ## 6 July 2020 WHO shared survey findings, showing that seventy-three countries have warned that they are at risk of stock-outs of antiretroviral (ARV) medicines as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-four countries reported having either a critically low stock of ARVs or disruptions in the supply of these life- saving medicines. ## 8 July 2020 The Director-General participated in a WHO webinar with civil society organizations to discuss how to engage them in COVID-19 responses at the national and local levels, with a stated plan of future events on these issues. ## 9 July 2020 The WHO Director-General announced the co-chairs of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (IPPR) to evaluate the world’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This announcement was a response to the request in a landmark resolution adopted by the World Health Assembly in May, which called on WHO to initiate an independent and comprehensive evaluation of the lessons learned from the international health response to COVID-19. In remarks to WHO Member States, the Director-General said the Panel will be co-chaired by former Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark and former President of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. In the past, WHO\'s internal evaluation department would serve as a secretariat in independent evaluations but the Director-General proposed an independent secretariat fully accountable to the two co-chairs and the panel, due to the unique situation. WHO issued an updated Scientific Brief on COVID-19 transmission, providing information on how, when and in which settings the virus spreads between people. The brief described possible modes of transmission, including contact, droplet, airborne, fomite, fecal-oral, bloodborne, mother-to-child, and animal-to-human transmission. ## 10 July 2020 Launch of the Access Initiative for Quitting Tobacco, which provides free access to nicotine replacement therapy and to Florence, a digital health worker, based on artificial intelligence that dispels myths around COVID-19 and tobacco and helps people develop a personalized plan to quit tobacco. To develop the scope and terms of reference for a WHO-led international mission, WHO experts departed for China to work together with their Chinese counterparts to prepare scientific plans for identifying the zoonotic source of COVID-19. The mission objective is to advance the understanding of animal hosts for COVID-19 and ascertain how the disease jumped between animals and humans. ## 13 July 2020 The 2020 edition of the UN’s ‘State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World’ is published, which forecasted that the COVID-19 pandemic could tip over 130 million more people into chronic hunger by the end of the year. ## 15 July 2020 The COVAX Facility, a mechanism designed to guarantee rapid, fair and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines worldwide, secured engagement from more than 150 countries, representing over 60% of the world’s population. Seventy-five countries have expressed interest in financing the vaccines from their own public finance budgets and partnering with up to 90 lower-income countries that could be supported through the COVAX Advance Market Commitment. The COVAX Facility forms a key part of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator’s vaccines pillar, which is co-led by WHO. ## 17 July 2020 The WHO Director-General held a press conference with the UN Under-Secretary- General for Humanitarian Affairs, marking the release of the updated Global Humanitarian Response Plan for COVID-19 for $10.3 billion to fight the virus in low-income and fragile countries. ## 22 July 2020 WHO, the United Nations Development Programme and Georgetown University launched the COVID-19 Law Lab, a database of laws implemented in over 190 countries in response to the pandemic. The initiative\'s goal is to ensure that laws protect health and wellbeing, while adhering to international human rights standards. ## 24 July 2020 WHO issued a policy brief to prevent and mitigate the impact of COVID-19 across all aspects of long-term care, including home- and community-based care. The brief’s 11 policy objectives and key action points are summarized in an accompanying annex. ## 25 July 2020 WHO published interim guidance on safe Eid al Adha practices in the context of COVID-19, which highlights public health advice for social gatherings and religious practices that can be applied across different national contexts. ## 27 July 2020 WHO marked World Hepatitis Day, highlighting results from a modelling study conducted in collaboration with Imperial College London. The study looked at potential disruptions to the hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination programme due to the pandemic. Under a worst case scenario, there would be a projected 5.3 million additional chronic HBV infections among children born between 2020 and 2030 and 1 million additional HBV-related deaths among those children later on. ## 31 July 2020 The Director-General convened the IHR Emergency Committee on COVID-19 (EC) for a fourth time. The EC met on 31 July and issued its statement on 1 August. The Committee unanimously agreed that the pandemic still constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and offered advice to the Director-General. The Director-General declared that the outbreak of COVID-19 continues to constitute a PHEIC. He accepted the advice of the Committee to WHO and issued the Committee’s advice to States Parties as Temporary Recommendations under the IHR (2005). The Committee put forward a number of recommendations for countries to continue to implement to bring the virus under control. These ranged from sharing best practice, to enhancing political commitment and leadership for national strategies and localized response activities driven by science, data, and experience. It was also recommended that countries engage in the ACT-Accelerator, participate in relevant clinical trials, and prepare for safe and effective therapeutics and vaccine introduction. In his opening remarks at the 3 August media briefing on COVID-19, the Director-General spoke about how the Committee \"acknowledged that Member States have tough choices to make\" but were \"also clear that when leaders step up and work intensely with their populations, this disease can be brought under control\". ## 3 August 2020 WHO published its COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Progress Report, covering progress from 1 February up to 30 June 2020 in scaling up international coordination and support and country preparedness, as well as accelerating research and innovation. The report also discussed key challenges and updated on the resource requirements for the next phase of WHO’s response. ## 5 August 2020 The Director-General launched the #WearAMask challenge on social media to help spread the word about how and when to use a mask to protect against COVID-19. This campaign, involving a wide range of partners, is part of WHO’s wider call to take a comprehensive “ do it all” response to the pandemic. A plane carrying 20 tonnes of WHO health supplies landed in Beirut, Lebanon, to support the treatment of patients injured by the massive blast that occurred in the city on 4 August, within the context of the COVID-19 outbreak, recent civil unrest, a major economic crisis and heavy refugee burden. ## 6 August 2020 WHO hosted its regular COVID-19 media briefing in partnership with the Aspen Security Forum, with the Director-General highlighting the critical importance of health investment to national security, emphasising that \"no country will be safe, until we’re all safe\". WHO published two new documents on the COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) Facility, outlining global procurement for COVID-19 vaccines and focusing on insuring accelerated vaccine development and manufacturing. The COVAX Facility enables countries to benefit from a portfolio of vaccine candidates so that their populations can have early access to effective vaccines. The Facility is being developed through the COVAX Pillar of the ACT- Accelerator, which is being worked on by WHO, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) together with multinational and developing country vaccine manufacturers. ## 7 August 2020 WHO published updated guidance on public health surveillance for COVID-19, which includes revised suspected and probable case definitions that integrate new knowledge about the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 and its transmission. ## 12 August 2020 WHO published updated guidance on home care for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and management of their contacts. ## 14 August 2020 WHO, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) issued a statement calling on governments to ensure that the procurement and supply of controlled medicines in countries meet the needs of patients, both those who have COVID-19 and those who require internationally controlled medicines for other medical conditions. ## 19 August 2020 On World Humanitarian Day, WHO joined with UN partners to pay tribute to the frontline workers around the world responding to COVID-19 and other health emergencies. These #RealLifeHeroes include refugees who as health workers are playing essential roles in the pandemic response; Ebola health workers who are stepping in to fight COVID-19; and doctors and nurses who continue to provide critical health care to women and children. ## 21 August 2020 WHO, in collaboration with UNICEF, published guidance on the use of masks for children in the community in the context of COVID-19. ## 27 August 2020 Speaking at a Member State Briefing, the Director-General announced his plan to establish a Review Committee on the functioning of the IHR during COVID-19. This Committee will advise the Director-General on whether any changes to the IHR may be necessary to ensure this powerful tool of international law is as effective as possible. It has been established in accordance with the IHR and a landmark resolution adopted by the World Health Assembly in May, which called on WHO to initiate an independent and comprehensive evaluation of the lessons learned from the international health response to COVID-19. ## 28 August 2020 WHO launched its ‘Science in 5’ video and podcast series, featuring WHO experts giving explanations of the science on specific issues related to COVID-19, to help audiences protect themselves and others. In the first episode, WHO\'s Chief Scientist explained the concept of ‘herd immunity’. ## 31 August 2020 WHO published a first indicative survey on the impact of COVID-19 on health systems based on 105 countries’ reports. Almost every country (90%) experienced disruption to its health services, with low- and middle-income countries reporting the greatest difficulties. The Director-General announced an appeal for at US$76 million for Lebanon, following the 4 August Beirut port blast. The appeal will support WHO’s work to provide follow-up care for the injured, ensure access to services, provide mental health support, rebuild destroyed hospitals and control COVID-19 through expanding testing and treatment, buying urgently needed medicines and protecting health care workers. ## 1 September 2020 Following a town hall meeting in May and a webinar in July with civil society, the first session in a series of COVID-19 related ‘civil society dialogue’ meetings with the Director-General took place; it focused on achieving a gender transformative COVID-19 response. The session was organized and co- hosted by WHO, together with GENDRO and Women in Global Health. ## 2 September 2020 WHO published guidance on the role of corticosteroids in treating COVID-19, developed in collaboration with the non-profit Magic Evidence Ecosystem Foundation (MAGIC). ## 8-9 September 2020 The Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) during the COVID-19 Response began its work to evaluate the functioning of the IHR during the pandemic and recommend any changes it believes are necessary. The Review Committee was convened by the Director-General in line with the landmark resolution adopted at the 73rd World Health Assembly. ## 10 September 2020 The Director-General and President Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission co-hosted the inaugural meeting of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator Facilitation Council. The meeting was co-chaired by President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa and Prime Minister Erna Solberg of Norway. Global leaders, including over 30 heads of state and ministers, committed to: provide sustained political leadership, advocate in support of the ACT- Accelerator Investment Case and work to ensure that all countries and populations have early, affordable and equitable access to the new vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics the ACT-Accelerator is pursuing. ## 11 September 2020 WHO published interim guidance, highlighting the value of antigen based rapid diagnostic tests for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in areas where community transmission is widespread and where nucleic acid amplification-based diagnostic testing is either unavailable or where test results are significantly delayed. ## 14 September 2020 The Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) – an independent monitoring and accountability body to ensure preparedness for global health crises – issued its \'The World in Disorder\' report. To strengthen the current response to COVID-19 and better prepare the world for future pandemics and health emergencies, the report called for responsible leadership; engaged citizenship; strong and agile systems for health security; sustained investment; and robust global governance of preparedness. The GPMB was co-convened by WHO and the World Bank Group and formally launched in May 2018. Its co-chairs are Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway and former WHO Director-General, and Elhadj As Sy, Chair of the Kofi Annan Foundation Board and former Secretary General of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Endorsed by its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, WHO issued a Values Framework offering guidance on the allocation of COVID-19 vaccines between countries and on the prioritization of groups for vaccination within countries, while supply is limited. ## 15 September 2020 – 2 October 2020 At the unprecedented virtual high-level session of the 75th UN General Assembly, WHO called for: world leaders to support the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT)-Accelerator, maintaining momentum towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and preparing for the next pandemic together, now. WHO sessions covered topics such as: mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on future generations, stopping the spread of harmful misinformation and better emergency preparedness. ## 17 September 2020 The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (IPPR) held its first meeting. The Panel agreed to focus on three main themes of enquiry: an analysis and vision for a strengthened international system ideally equipped for pandemic preparedness and response; a review of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic from the initial phase through to the present, including the global alerts, the spread, country responses and wide societal impact; and lessons to be learnt in why SARS-CoV-2 spread globally and had its devastating impact, including an understanding of characteristics of the virus and of governmental and institutional responses at all levels. With health workers exposed to unprecedented risk from COVID-19, WHO released a Charter on World Patient Safety Day, calling for steps to protect health workers from violence; to improve their mental health; to protect them from physical and biological hazards; to advance national programmes for health worker safety; and to connect health worker safety policies to existing patient safety policies. ## 21 September 2020 WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization provided interim guidance for influenza vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of this date, 64 higher income economies had joined the COVAX Facility, a global initiative bringing together governments and manufacturers to ensure eventual COVID-19 vaccines reach those in greatest need, whoever they are and wherever they live. Commitments came from 35 economies, as well as the European Commission which said it would procure doses on behalf of 27 EU member states plus Norway and Iceland. By this date, 156 economies, representing roughly 64% of the global population in total, had either committed to or were eligible for the COVAX Facility. ## 22 September 2020 WHO issued the first Emergency Use Listing for a quality antigen based rapid diagnostic test for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19. ## 23 September 2020 WHO issued a joint statement with UN partners and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) calling for action on managing the COVID-19 \'infodemic\' of an overabundance of information, both online and offline. ## 24 September 2020 The Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-Accelerator) published its economic investment case and financing requirements, covering September 2020 through to December 2021. ## 28 September 2020 WHO joined with partners to make 120 million affordable, quality COVID-19 rapid tests available for low- and middle-income countries. ## 30 September 2020 The UN and partners welcomed nearly US$1 billion in new financing for the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, from governments, private sector, civil society and international organizations. ## 1 October 2020 WHO published a call for expressions of interest for manufacturers of COVID-19 vaccines – to apply for approval for prequalification and/or Emergency Use Listing. ## 5 October 2020 WHO shared survey findings showing that the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted or halted critical mental health services in 93% of the 130 countries covered, while the demand for mental health is increasing. ## 5-6 October 2020 An Executive Board special session on the COVID-19 response took place, which provided an update on implementation of resolution WHA73.1 approved by Member States at the World Health Assembly in May 2020. ## 6 October 2020 The Future is Unwritten’s Healing Arts Initiative was unveiled by the WHO Foundation, UN75 and Christie’s, a cultural call-to-action to support a global COVID-19 response through the arts. The initiative aims to increase awareness around a global path to recovery and raise critical funds to mobilize artists and health professionals in support of communities most vulnerable, at-risk and with the weakest health systems. ## 13 October 2020 WHO issued a joint statement with the International Labour Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization and International Fund For Agricultural Development, calling for urgent and ambitious action to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on livelihoods, health and food systems. Due to the pandemic\'s disruptive effects, nearly half of the world’s 3.3 billion global workforce are at risk of losing their livelihoods, tens of millions of people are at risk of falling into extreme poverty and up to 132 million people could become undernourished. ## 14 October 2020 WHO releases its 2020 Global Tuberculosis Report, highlighting significant reductions in tuberculosis case notifications but also efforts by countries to mitigate the pandemic\'s impact. A total of 108 countries – including 21 countries with a high tuberculosis burden – have expanded the use of digital technologies to provide remote advice and support. ## 15 October 2020 WHO announced conclusive evidence on the effectiveness of repurposed drugs for COVID-19. Interim results from the Solidarity Trial indicated that remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon regimens appeared to have little or no effect on 28-day mortality or the in-hospital course of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients. ## 19 October 2020 WHO partnered with musician Kim Sledge and social impact enterprise The World We Want to launch the #WeAreFamily campaign to inspire global solidarity for better health. Part of the proceeds from a special edition cover of the \'We Are Family\' song will be donated to the WHO Foundation. ## 22 October 2020 WHO and the Wikimedia Foundation – the nonprofit that administers Wikipedia – announced a collaboration to expand the public’s access to the latest and most reliable information about COVID-19. ## 25-27 October 2020 At the World Health Summit, the Director-General and an array of WHO leaders and experts called for increasing investment in COVID-19 innovation, research and solutions. The Summit is traditionally held under the patronage of the German Chancellor, the President of the Republic of France, the President of the European Commission, and the Director-General of the World Health Organization. ## 29 October 2020 The Director-General convened the International Health Regulations (IHR) Emergency Committee (EC) on COVID-19 for a fifth time. The EC met on 29 October and issued its statement on 30 October. The Committee considered the pandemic continues to constitute a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and offered advice to the Director- General. The Director-General declared that the outbreak of COVID-19 continues to constitute a PHEIC. He accepted the advice of the Committee to WHO and issued the Committee’s advice to States Parties as Temporary Recommendations under the IHR (2005). Reflecting on the EC in his opening remarks at the 30 October media briefing on COVID-19, the Director-General highlighted that: “The take home message is that it’s important for governments and citizens to keep focused on breaking the chains of transmission. Governments should focus on tackling the virus and avoid politicisation. No matter where they are in terms of the outbreak, they should keep investing in the health system and workforce and improving testing, tracing and treatment of all cases.” The Director-General also noted that the EC “recommended that to prepare for new COVID-19 vaccines, WHO and governments must work closely to develop rollout strategies, train health workers and ensure clear communications with the general public about vaccination”. ## 4 November 2020 The Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme (IOAC) published a report on the 2016 reform of WHO\'s work on outbreaks and emergencies, reviewing progress made over the past four years, and identifying the lessons learned that could be useful going forward, especially in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. ## 5 November 2020 WHO published terms of reference for the WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2. It outlines two phases of studies: Short term studies (Phase 1) will be conducted to better understand how the virus might have started circulating in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China. Building on the findings of these short-term studies, and the scientific literature, longer term studies will be developed (Phase 2). ## 6 November 2020 WHO issued a Disease Outbreak News report on the SARS-CoV-2 mink-associated variant strain in Denmark. The report included an overview of the Danish public health response, and WHO risk assessment and advice. WHO and the International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Authorities issued a joint statement, out of a shared commitment to ensuring that patients have access to safe and effective health products against COVID-19 as early as possible, while the existing rigorous scientific standards for the evaluation and safety monitoring of treatments and vaccines are maintained at all times. WHO and UNICEF issued an urgent call to action to avert major measles and polio epidemics as COVID-19 continues to disrupt immunization services worldwide. ## 9-13 November 2020 The resumed 73rd World Health Assembly took place virtually. The WHA adopted resolution EB146.R10 to strengthen preparedness for health emergencies. The resolution renews the commitment to better prepare for health emergencies such as COVID-19, through “full” compliance with the International Health Regulations (2005). Recognizing the dedication and sacrifice of the millions of health and care workers at the forefront of the Covid-19 pandemic, Member States unanimously designated 2021 as the International Year of Health and Care Workers. In his opening remarks, the Director-General welcomed Member States interested in participating in the pilot phase of the proposed Universal Health and Preparedness Review, a system in which countries agree to a regular and transparent process of peer review, similar to the system of universal periodic review used by the Human Rights Council. Its purpose is to build mutual trust and accountability for health, by bringing nations together as neighbours to support a whole-of-government approach to strengthening national capacities for pandemic preparedness, universal health coverage and healthier populations. In his closing remarks, the Director-General noted that the pandemic has shown “there is an urgent need for a globally agreed system for sharing pathogen materials and clinical samples, to facilitate the rapid development of medical countermeasures as global public goods.” The Director-General outlined a proposal for “a new approach that would include a repository for materials housed by WHO in a secure Swiss facility; an agreement that sharing materials into this repository is voluntary; that WHO can facilitate the transfer and use of the materials; and a set of criteria under which WHO would distribute them.” Noting that the pandemic has “demonstrated the consequences of chronic under- investment in public health”, the Director-General also announced the Council on the Economics of Health for All, chaired by Professor Mariana Mazzucato, Founding Director in the Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose at University College London. The Council will focus on investments in health, and achieving sustainable, inclusive and innovation-led economic growth. ## 10 November 2020 WHO launched the ‘We Are #InThisTogether’ campaign to promote collaboration and adherence to five key measures to counter COVID-19: cleaning hands, wearing masks, coughing and sneezing safely, keeping distant and opening windows. ## 11-13 November 2020 The European Commission, France, Spain, the Republic of Korea and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation pledged US$360 million to COVAX, the Vaccines Pillar of the Access to COVID-19 (ACT) Accelerator, at the Paris Peace Forum. The Director-General was among speakers highlighting the essential need for multilateral action and the ACT Accelerator’s role in ending the acute phase of the pandemic as quickly as possible. ## 16 November 2020 The 147th session of the Executive Board resumed. In his opening remarks, the Director-General welcomed encouraging news about vaccines but emphasised that \"a vaccine on its own will not end the pandemic\" and other public health measures would need to continue as there was \"still a long road to travel\". The Director-General co-signed a letter to the G20 Leaders with fellow champions of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator, President Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa, Prime Minister Erna Solberg of Norway and President Ursula Von der Leyen of the European Commission, outlining the need for an immediate investment of US$4.5 billion for vaccines. WHO published interim guidance, developed with UNICEF, to help national governments in developing and updating their national deployment and vaccination plan for COVID-19 vaccines. ## 18 November 2020 The WHO Academy launched its first augmented reality course for health workers on the proper use of COVID-19 personal protective equipment. ## 19 November 2020 WHO updated Member States on its research into the origins of the virus, including a status update on the international team’s membership and work with their Chinese counterparts, publishing the international team list on 20 November 2020. WHO and other UN agencies issued a Joint Statement on Data Protection and Privacy in the COVID-19 Response, calling for the use of data and technology in the COVID-19 response in a way that respects the right to privacy under international law, data protection and privacy principles, as well as the right to health, and economic and social development. ## 20 November 2020 __ WHO published aguideline on therapeutics and COVID-19, with new information for clinicians including a conditional recommendation against the use of remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, regardless of disease severity. ## 21 November 2020 The Director-General addressed the G20 Leaders’ Summit, calling for action to: ensure COVID-19 vaccines are allocated fairly as global public goods; fully implement the International Health Regulations; address the vulnerabilities and inequalities at the root of the pandemic; and help fill the ACT- Accelerator\'s financing gaps. ## 30 November 2020 WHO released its 2020 World malaria report, which provided an overview of the malaria response during the pandemic and outlined that even a disruption in access to treatment of 10% in sub-Saharan Africa was likely to lead to an estimated 19 000 additional deaths in the region. ## 1 December 2020 WHO marked World AIDS Day, including a call to policymakers to protect frontline health workers delivering services for HIV and COVID-19. At this point, 12 countries reported a critically low stock of antiretrovirals, down from 24 reporting less than three months’ supply in June 2020, thanks in part to WHO-led global, regional, country, manufacturer and partner coordination to ensure adequate supply. ## 3 December 2020 Demonstrating the return on investment provided by the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, the Eurasia Group published an analysis estimating that global equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines will generate economic benefits of at least US$ 153 billion in 2020–21 and US$ 466 billion by 2025, in 10 major economies. WHO issued a second Disease Outbreak News report on a SARS-CoV-2 mink- associated variant strain, reported by Danish authorities. ## 3-4 December 2020 The UN General Assembly held a special session (UNGASS) on the COVID-19 pandemic response, with discussions focused on equitable access to vaccines as well as socio-economic impact and recovery, including financing to ensure no one is left behind. Speaking at the event, the Director-General called on world leaders to invest in: vaccines to end the pandemic, preparedness to prevent the next one, health as the foundation of peace and prosperity, and multilateralism to safeguard our common future. ## 4 December 2020 Researchers in South Africa presented preliminary findings of a new recently identified variant called 501Y.V2 to the WHO Virus Evolution Working Group, which is part of the WHO SARS-CoV-2 global laboratory network. The WHO Youth Council launched, bringing together young people from health and non-health backgrounds from all over the world to provide advice to the Director-General on global health, and other health and development issues. It will serve as a platform for designing and incubating new initiatives and for maintaining and expanding WHO\'s existing youth engagement initiatives. ## 7 December 2020 The G20 issued its first report on digital health, to help guide countries in using digital health interventions for emergencies. The report emphasised the importance of WHO leadership in a number of key areas, such as data standards and interoperability for surveillance, open source development and curating information to implement digital health tools. ## 11 December 2020 WHO issued a call for action to promote access to health information and to mitigate harm from health misinformation among online and offline communities. ## 12 December 2020 WHO marked Universal Health Coverage Day through a range of activities throughout the week, including by launching a report providing the first analysis of how global health spending changed during 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. ## 14 December 2020 United Kingdom authorities reported a SARS-CoV-2 variant to WHO. The United Kingdom referred to the variant as SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 (Variant of Concern, year 2020, month 12, variant 01). WHO launched the \'Global Youth Mobilization for Generation Disrupted\', with the Big 6 Youth Organizations and UN Foundation. Key features of this initiative include: funding for community programmes, engaging youth in solutions to address COVID-19, and convening a Global Youth Summit in April 2021. ## 16 December 2020 WHO published guidance on implementing a risk-based approach to international travel in the context of COVID-19. ## 17 December 2020 WHO started a public service announcement campaign with YouTube to remind viewers to continue to take precautions to prevent the spread of COVID-19 during the end-of-year holiday season. ## 18 December 2020 National authorities in South Africa announced the detection of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spreading in three provinces of South Africa. South Africa named this variant 501Y.V2, because of a N501Y mutation. COVAX announced further deals, adding to existing agreements, which collectively gave it access to nearly two billion doses of several promising COVID-19 vaccine candidates, which should enable all participating countries to have access to doses in the first half of 2021. WHO marked International Migrants Day with a joint COVID-19 media briefing with the Director-General of the International Organization for Migration, António Vitorino, and by releasing the ApartTogether survey of refugees and migrants, developed together with the ApartTogether Consortium led by Ghent University and the University of Copenhagen. The survey indicated that the pandemic had reduced migrant and refugee access to housing, food, access to work, clothing, medical care and support from NGOs – amidst heightened perceptions of discrimination. ## 21 December 2020 WHO issued a Disease Outbreak News report on the SARS-CoV-2 VUI 202012/01 variant reported to WHO by UK authorities. ## 23 December 2020 WHO, the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and UNICEF published guidance on the COVID-19 Global Risk Communication and Community Engagement Strategy for December 2020 to May 2021. WHO published ‘A year without precedent’ to tell the story of WHO’s COVID-19 response through infographics and stories of impact from across the organization’s activities and partnerships. ## 24 December 2020 WHO published ‘10 global health issues to track in 2021’, including: building global solidarity for worldwide health security; speeding up access to COVID-19 tests, medicines and vaccines; and building back better. ## 27 December 2020 The first-ever International Day of Epidemic Preparedness was held to advocate for the importance of the prevention of, preparedness for and partnership against epidemics. ## 31 December 2020 WHO issued its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasized the need for equitable global access. WHO issued a Disease Outbreak News report on SARS-CoV-2 variants, covering reports from the Denmark, the United Kingdom and South Africa. It detailed the public health response, WHO risk assessment and WHO advice. ## 5 January 2021 WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) met to review the vaccine data for the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and formulate policy recommendations on how best to use it. The vaccine was the first to receive an emergency use validation from WHO for efficacy against COVID-19. ## 8 January 2021 WHO published guidance for laboratories on maximizing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing now and other emerging pathogens in the future. As more countries move to implement sequencing programmes, emerging pathogens and their interactions with humans and animals can be better understood, opening new paradigms in epidemic and pandemic prevention and control. ## 9 January 2021 WHO was notified by Japanese authorities of a SARS-CoV-2 variant, which was identified when whole-genome sequencing was conducted on samples from travellers from Brazil. ## 11 January 2021 The Director-General called for a collective worldwide commitment to ensure vaccination for health workers and those at high-risk in all countries gets underway in the next 100 days. ## 12 January 2021 WHO convened an international scientific consultation on SARS-CoV-2 variants research, which brought together more than 1 750 experts from 124 countries to discuss critical knowledge gaps and research priorities. The consultation was structured around six thematic areas covering epidemiology and mathematical modelling, evolutionary biology, animal models, assays and diagnostics, clinical management and therapeutics and vaccines. ## 14 January 2021 Thirteen scientists from the international Virus Origins Mission team, WHO and OIE examining the origins of the virus that causes COVID-19 arrived in Wuhan, China. The Director-General convened the International Health Regulations (IHR) Emergency Committee (EC) on COVID-19 for a sixth time. The EC met on 14 January and issued its statement on 15 January. The Committee said the pandemic continues to constitute a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) and offered advice to the Director- General. The Director-General determined that the COVID-19 pandemic continues to constitute a PHEIC. He accepted the advice of the Committee to WHO and issued the Committee’s advice to States Parties as Temporary Recommendations under the IHR (2005). In his opening remarks at the 15 January media briefing on COVID-19, the Director-General said that he was “pleased that the emergency committee put a major emphasis on rolling out COVID-19 vaccines equitably”. Also speaking at the media briefing, the Chair of the EC, Professor Didier Houssin said \"we are in a race between the virus which is going to continue trying to mutate in order to spread more easily, and humanity which has to try to stop its spreading\". The EC’s advice to the WHO Secretariat and additional temporary recommendations to state parties covered: SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 vaccines, health measures in relation to international traffic, evidence-based response strategies, surveillance and strengthening health systems. ## 15 January 2021 WHO hosted a global R&D forum to identify knowledge gaps and set research priorities for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Topics of discussion included: the safety and efficacy of existing vaccines and new candidates, ways to optimize limited supply, and the need for additional safety studies. Experts agreed the need for critical research ¬– including trials, modelling and observational studies on administering vaccines – in different target populations, as well as on vaccination delivery strategies and schedules. They discussed the impact of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants on the efficacy of vaccines, the impact of vaccines on transmission of infection, and the need to develop the next generation of vaccine platforms. The meeting concluded with agreement to establish a WHO-hosted platform for global sharing and coordination of emerging vaccine research information on efficacy and safety. ## 19 January 2021 The WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) COVID-19 subcommittee met virtually to review available information and data on deaths reported in frail, elderly individuals who had received the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. It was concluded that the reports did not suggest any unexpected or untoward increase in fatalities in frail, elderly individuals or any unusual characteristics of adverse events following administration of the vaccine. ## 22 January 2021 COVAX, the global initiative to ensure rapid and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for all countries, announced the signing of an advance purchase agreement for up to 40 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. COVAX also confirmed it would exercise its option – via an existing agreement with the Serum Institute of India (SII) – to receive its first 100 million doses of the AstraZeneca/Oxford University-developed vaccine manufactured by SII. ## 25 January 2021 WHO issued interim recommendations for the use of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19, developed on the basis of the advice issued by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization at its extraordinary meeting on 21 January 2021. ## 18-26 January 2021 The 148th session of the Executive Board took place. The Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme presented on the COVID-19 situation and strategic response, saying that \"in 2021, we must redouble our efforts to suppress transmission, protect the vulnerable and save lives in a comprehensive, coordinated and equitable fashion\". The Senior Advisor on Organizational Change to the Director-General presented on accelerating access to vaccines through the ACT Accelerator & COVAX. The Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) during the COVID-19 Response presented an interim progress report. The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response presented its second report on progress. Verbal reports were also provided by the Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee for the WHO Health Emergencies Programme (IOAC) and Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB). In his opening remarks, the Director-General warned that the world was \"on the brink of a catastrophic moral failure\" with equitable access to vaccines at serious risk, as \"some countries and companies continue to prioritize bilateral deals, going around COVAX, driving up prices and attempting to jump to the front of the queue\". The Director-General welcomed proposals from the European Union, relating to a pandemic preparedness treaty, and the GPMB, on a global health security summit. The Director-General also thanked the USA for its decision to maintain its membership in WHO, in addition to joining the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator and COVAX. ## 28 January 2021 WHO’s Regional Director for Africa tweeted a call for Tanzania to ramp up public health measures, such as wearing masks, and to prepare for a COVID-19 vaccination campaign. ## 29 January 2021 WHO announced the launch of its pilot of the Early AI-supported Response with Social listening (EARS) platform, an AI-powered public-access social listening tool. Using EARS, decision-makers can view real-time analysis of narratives happening in public online forums in multiple countries and languages, to help them proactively identify both rising topics and \'information voids\' so they can saturate online conversations with high-quality health information, which responds to public questions and concerns. ## 29 January 2021 WHO published its new Essential Diagnostics List, which includes WHO- recommended COVID-19 tests (PCR and Antigen). ## 1 February 2021 WHO and FIFA announced the launch of a public awareness campaign involving star footballers, through TV and in-stadium messaging. The campaign includes a series of videos of competing club captains who reiterate the key steps for everyone to follow to tackle and defeat the coronavirus, focusing on hands, elbow, face, distance, symptoms, masks and opening windows. It will also further promote the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator. ## 1 February 2021 WHO released the SCORE Global Report, the first ever global assessment of country health information systems, in partnership with Bloomberg Philanthropies. The pandemic has highlighted that even the most advanced health and data systems still struggle to provide data in near real-time in order to act swiftly. The lack of data worldwide limits the understanding of the true mortality impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, undermining response planning. ## 2 February 2021 WHO published a public health research agenda for managing ‘infodemics’: the overabundance of information – some accurate and some not – occurring during an epidemic. ## 2 February 2021 Nomenclature groups, the Virus Evolution Working Group and international experts held their first meeting to explore a mechanism to develop a standardized nomenclature for variants, which will be more easily understood and not be associated with any country or a region where viruses are initially identified. ## 3 February 2021 WHO, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, alongside key delivery partner UNICEF, published COVAX’s first interim distribution forecast with information on the availability of vaccines doses in the first half of 2021 to COVAX participants. ## 3 February 2021 The WHO Director-General joined WHO Global Ambassador for Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and Injuries Michael R Bloomberg in calling for urgent action to tackle NCDs, which worsen outcomes of patients with COVID-19. ## 5 February 2021 WHO launched free OpenWHO training on rehabilitation for COVID-19 for healthcare workers. ## 5 February 2021 WHO published an interim position paper, with considerations regarding proof of COVID-19 vaccination for international travellers. ## 8 February 2021 COVAX issued a statement on new variants of SARS-CoV-2, underscoring the importance of determining the AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine\'s effectiveness when it comes to preventing more severe illness caused by the B.1.351 variant, through additional studies. ## 8 February 2021 \'10 Steps to Community Readiness\', a tool on what countries should do to prepare communities for a COVID-19 vaccine, treatment, or new test, was published. The document was developed by WHO, UNICEF, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network (GOARN), through the Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) Collective Service. ## 9 February 2021 The international team studying the origins of SARS-CoV-2 held a press briefing from Wuhan, China on their field visit to the city. ## 9 February 2021 As part of efforts to expand knowledge on Post COVID-19 condition, and support patient care and public health interventions, WHO published its Post COVID case report form (CRF), designed to report standardized clinical data from individuals after hospital discharge or after the acute illness to examine the medium- and long-term consequences of COVID-19. ## 10 February 2021 The WHO Director-General issued a joint statement with UNICEF\'s Executive Director calling for global leadership to scale up vaccine production and achieve vaccine equity. ## 11 February 2021 WHO hosted a global consultation to discuss approaches to assess variants’ effect on vaccine efficacy, attended by approximately 1 400 participants, including many regulators. A summary report was issued soon after. ## 12 February 2021 In his opening remarks at WHO\'s press conference on COVID-19, the Director- General said that the mission to China to study the origins of the COVID-19 virus achieved a better understanding of the early days of the pandemic and had been a \"very important scientific exercise in very difficult circumstances\". He confirmed that all hypotheses remained open and required further analysis and studies. ## 15 February 2021 WHO listed two versions of the AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine for emergency use, giving the green light for these vaccines to be rolled out globally through COVAX. The vaccines are produced by AstraZeneca-SKBio (Republic of Korea) and the Serum Institute of India. ## 19 February 2021 Funding commitments made at the Virtual G7 leaders meeting, hosted by UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, and at the Munich Security Conference, saw the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator welcome over US$ 4.3 billion of new investments, with contributions from: the USA to the COVAX Advance Market Commitment (AMC), Germany to all ACT-Accelerator pillars and partners, the European Commission to the COVAX AMX, Japan to the COVAX AMX and Unitaid and Canada to the ACT Accelerator. ## 20 February 2021 The WHO Director-General issued a statement urging Tanzania to: start reporting COVID-19 cases, share data, implement proven public health measures and prepare for vaccination. ## 22 February 2021 Together with COVAX partners, WHO marked the signing of an agreement for the administration of a no-fault compensation programme for the 92 low- and middle-income countries and economies eligible for support via the COVAX Advance Market Commitment. ## 22 February 2021 The academic journal, Health Security, published a special infodemic feature, following a joint call for papers on infodemiology, organized by WHO, in collaboration with five journals. ## 22-24 February 2021 WHO hosted the 12th International Meeting of World Pharmacopoeias. These pharmacopoeias work together, providing support to manufacturers, regulators and stakeholders on medicines, all critical to the COVID-19 response. A major outcome of the collaboration is the global pharmacopoeial alert system, which has resulted in a dashboard listing COVID-19 investigated medicines, allowing easy identification of quality control specifications for therapeutics under consideration for COVID-19 treatment. ## 23 February 2021 WHO published its COVID-19 vaccine introduction toolkit of guidance, tools, and training to equip all countries to prepare for and implement COVID-19 vaccination. The toolbox is intended to support Ministries of Health, health workers, partner organizations, and other stakeholders. ## 23 February 2021 WHO co-hosted the \'Recovery Plan for the World\' event, with international advocacy organization Global Citizen and the European Commission. The event launched Global Citizen’s five-point policy plan, spanning hunger, learning, planet and equity for all, which adds to global efforts to build back better from the pandemic, including the WHO Manifesto for a healthy recovery from COVID-19. ## 24 February 2021 COVAX’s global rollout began, as Ghana became the first country outside India to receive COVID-19 vaccine doses shipped via COVAX. ## 24 February 2021 WHO issued the COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan (SPRP) for 2021. It aims to guide coordinated action at national, regional, and global levels to overcome the ongoing challenges in the response to COVID-19, address inequities, and plot a course out of the pandemic. ## 25 February 2021 A WHO-led consortium, together with the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator Therapeutics pillar, announced the launch of a COVID-19 Oxygen Emergency Taskforce. Taskforce partners will work together to measure oxygen demand, work with financing partners, and secure oxygen supplies and technical support for the worst-affected countries. ## 25 February 2021 WHO published a special edition of its weekly epidemiological update, with working definitions for SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and variants of concern and the associated actions WHO will take to support Member States, their national public health institutes and reference laboratories, along with the recommended actions Member States should take. ## 25 February 2021 The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) COVID-19 Subcommittee met to review available information and data on reports of influenza-like illness in health-care workers who had received COVID-19 vaccines, issuing their statement on 8 March 2021. The Subcommittee concluded that: symptoms of an influenza-like illness may be expected as immune responses following vaccinations in general; and the current reports with the COVID-19 vaccines were consistent with the expected side-effect profile of these vaccines, all of which were well tolerated. In view of this, the committee considered that the benefit-risk balance of the COVID-19 vaccines (for which reports of the influenza-like reactions are available to date) remained favourable and did not suggest any revision, at that point, to the recommendations around the safety of these vaccines. ## 1 March 2021 First COVAX COVID-19 vaccine doses administered in Africa, as the governments of Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana began COVID-19 vaccination campaigns aimed at protecting healthcare workers. ## 1 March 2021 WHO published its roadmap to improve and ensure good indoor ventilation in the context of COVID-19. ## 2 March 2021 COVAX published its first round of allocations, providing information on the provision of doses of the AstraZeneca(AZ)/Oxford vaccine to COVAX Facility participants. ## 4 March 2021 Vaccination data were published on the WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard for the first time. ## 8 March 2021 WHO held a consultation on the use of trained dogs for screening COVID-19 cases. ## 12 March 2021 WHO listed the COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S, developed by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson), for emergency use in all countries and for COVAX roll-out. The decision comes on the back of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) authorization, which was announced the day before. ## 12 March 2021 The Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator published a refreshed Strategy and Budget. Its four strategic priorities for 2021 are to: rapidly scale up the delivery of at least 2 billion vaccine doses; bolster R&D, evaluations and regulatory pathways to optimize products and address variants; stimulate rapid and effective uptake and use of tests, treatments and personal protective equipment (PPE); and ensure a robust pipeline of essential tests, treatments and PPE. ## 15 March 2021 The COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund – created by WHO and powered by the UN Foundation and the Swiss Philanthropy Foundation – marked its first anniversary. It was announced that the WHO Foundation would lead the next phase of the fund, in collaboration with the UN Foundation and a global network of fiduciary partners. During its first year, more than 661 000 donors have contributed nearly US$250 million to the fund. A renewed call for action was issued for funds to contribute to the estimated US$1.96 billion required by WHO in 2021 to respond to remaining and new challenges in the fight against COVID-19. ## 15 March 2021 \'Living with the Times’, a mental health and psychosocial support toolkit for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic, is released. The toolkit was developed by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (IASC MHPSS RG), which is co-chaired by WHO and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. ## 15 March 2021 The Qatar Fund for Development, on behalf of the State of Qatar, and WHO signed a Core Voluntary Contribution Agreement in the amount of US$ 10 million in support of WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work, which supports the core mandate of the Organization, and the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator. ## 16 March 2021 WHO issued a news release about research from WHO and partners – including a Lancet EClinicalMedicine study – showing that the COVID-19 pandemic is severely affecting the quality of care given to small and sick newborns, resulting in unnecessary suffering and deaths. ## 16 March 2021 The COVID-19 detailed surveillance data dashboard went live. Features include stratification by age and sex, trends over time, case fatality ratios by age, testing, hospitalization, and data on health workers – all visible at country and regional levels. The dashboard provides the ability for users to conduct further analyses by country and selected time period. ## 16 March 2021 The Pan-European Commission on Health and Sustainable Development called on governments, economic and social stakeholders, and international organizations to rethink their broad policy priorities, to step up investments and reforms in health- and social-care systems, and to upgrade global governance of public goods, such as health and the environment. The Commission is an independent and interdisciplinary group of leaders, convened by the WHO Regional Office for Europe on the initiative of its Regional Director. ## 17 March 2021 WHO issued interim recommendations for the use of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S (COVID-19) vaccine, developed on the basis of the advice issued by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization at its extraordinary meeting on 15 March 2021. ## 17 March 2021 WHO issued a statement on AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine safety signals. This followed some countries in the European Union temporarily suspending use of the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine as a precautionary measure, based on reports of rare blood coagulation disorders in persons who had received the vaccine. At this point, WHO considered that the benefits of the AstraZeneca vaccine outweighed its risks and recommended that vaccinations continue. ## 19 March 2021 Having met virtually on 16 and 19 March 2021 to review available information and data on thromboembolic events (blood clots) and thrombocytopenia (low platelets) after vaccination with the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) COVID-19 subcommittee issued a statement on safety signals related to the vaccine. Conclusions included that the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (including Covishield) continued to have a positive benefit-risk profile, with tremendous potential to prevent infections and reduce deaths across the world. ## 19 March 2021 The WHO Director-General met with Religions for Peace (RfP) senior leaders – representing all major faith traditions – for a high-level dialogue centered on the value of multi-faith collaboration in the pandemic response, especially the role faith leaders and organizations play in the COVID-19 vaccine rollout. ## 19 March 2021 WHO hosted a global workshop on enhancing sequencing to monitor SARS-CoV-2 evolution, with more than 800 participants joining. ## 25 March 2021 WHO issued a joint statement on the prioritization of COVID-19 vaccination for seafarers and aircrew, together with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Labour Organization (ILO), International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Organization for Migration (IOM). ## 25 March 2021 COVAX updated participating countries and economies that there would be delivery delays for vaccines from the Serum Institute of India (SII) in March and April, and in March for AstraZeneca. SII pledged that, alongside supplying India, it would prioritize the COVAX multilateral solution for equitable distribution. ## 25 March 2021 WHO published a feature story about the simulation game \'Plague Inc: The Cure\', which transports players into a global public health outbreak similar to the COVID-19 pandemic. The game had gained a new feature providing expert commentary comparing decisions made by gamers to real-life scenarios. \'Plague Inc: The Cure\' was developed by Ndemic Creations in collaboration with infectious disease experts from WHO, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN). ## 26 March 2021 WHO issued Medical Product Alert N°2/2021, referring to falsified COVID-19 Vaccine identified as “BNT162b2” detected in the WHO region of the Americas. ## 26 March 2021 WHO, Wunderman Thompson, the University of Melbourne and Pollfish shared the outcomes of a global study they collaborated on, which investigated how Gen Z and Millennials get information on the COVID pandemic. Covering approximately 23,500 respondents, aged 18-40 years, in 24 countries across five continents, topline findings included that: science content is seen as shareworthy, awareness of false news is high but so is apathy, and these groups have multiple worries beyond getting sick. ## 29 March 2021 WHO hosted a global consultation on a decision framework for assessing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern on public health interventions. ## 30 March 2021 The report on the 14 January-10 February 2021 Wuhan field visit of the international team studying the origins of SARS-CoV-2 was published. The WHO Director-General called for further studies and reiterated that all hypotheses remained on the table, in addition to thanking the team for their tireless work. The report stems from a May 2020 World Health Assembly resolution, which called on WHO “to identify the zoonotic source of the virus and the route of introduction to the human population, including the possible role of intermediate hosts, including through efforts such as scientific and collaborative field missions”. ## 30 March 2021 The WHO Director-General joined with 25 heads of government and the President of the European Council in calling on the international community to work together towards a new international treaty for pandemic preparedness and response to build a more robust global health architecture that will protect future generations. ## 31 March 2021 The WHO Director-General appointed Carl Bildt, former Prime Minister of Sweden, as WHO Special Envoy for the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator. ## 31 March 2021 WHO advised that ivermectin only be used to treat COVID-19 within clinical trials, due to the then-current evidence being inconclusive. ## 7 April 2021 WHO issued five calls for action for World Health Day: accelerate equitable access to COVID-19 technologies between and within countries; invest in primary health care; prioritize health and social protection; build safe, healthy and inclusive neighbourhoods; and strengthen data and health information systems. It will be important to avoid cuts in public spending as countries move forward post-COVID-19 and mitigate the pandemic’s socio- economic impacts, which have exceeded the public health impact of the virus in many places. ## 7 April 2021 The COVID-19 subcommittee of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) issued an interim statement on the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, having reviewed the latest information from the European Medicines Agency along with information from the United Kingdom’s Medicines and other Health products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and other Member States. Among the points noted was that, based on then-current information, a causal relationship between the vaccine and the occurrence of blood clots with low platelets was considered plausible but was not confirmed. Specialised studies were deemed to be needed to fully understand the potential relationship between vaccination and possible risk factors. The GACVS subcommittee also suggested that a committee of clinical experts including haematologists and other specialists be convened, for advice on clinical diagnosis and case management. They also noted that active surveillance, including sentinel site / hospital case-based investigations should be considered, to further characterise these rare events. ## 7 April 2021 Champion goalkeeper Alisson Becker, WHO Goodwill ambassador for health promotion, kickstarted \'Give a Breath for Health\', a fundraising campaign for purchasing oxygen and other life-saving supplies and therapeutics. The campaign will be driven by WHO and the WHO Foundation. ## 7 April 2021 COVAX delivered life-saving vaccines to over 100 economies, 42 days after its first international delivery. As of this date, COVAX had delivered more than 38 million doses across six continents. ## 10 April 2021 WHO marked the close of its 100-day challenge for vaccine equity, which saw tens of thousands of people and hundreds of organizations signing on to its declaration, directly calling on governments and manufacturers to speed up regulatory processes, boost manufacturing by sharing know-how and technology, and ensure that doses are shared equitably. * Regions * Africa * Americas * Eastern Mediterranean * Europe * South-East Asia * Western Pacific * Policies * Cybersecurity * Ethics * Information disclosure * Permissions and licensing * Preventing sexual exploitation * Terms of use * About us * Careers * Frequently asked questions * Library * Newsletters * Procurement * Publications * Contact us Report misconduct ![\\"Home\\"](\\"/ResourcePackages/WHO/assets/dist/images/logos/en/h-logo- white.svg\\"/) Privacy policy © 2024 WHO |
Since PCR tests have been used to combat the corona pandemic their validity has been questioned There are currently numerous postings circulating on Facebook archived here claiming that the World Health Organization WHO has changed its guidelines on the use of PCR tests A positive result is no longer an indication of a COVID19 infection There are different versions of the claim Another Facebook posting archived here states that the WHO has declared PCR tests unreliable According to the WHO such a test alone would not be enough to detect an infection | 3,330 | Hurricane-prone states The day in pictures Get the USA TODAY app Start the day smarter ☀️ U.S. Elections Sports Entertainment Life Money Tech Travel Opinion ONLY AT USA TODAY: Newsletters For Subscribers From the Archives Crossword eNewspaper Magazines Investigations Podcasts Video Humankind Just Curious Best-selling Booklist 24/7 Live Stream Legals OUR PORTFOLIO: 10Best USAT Wine Club Shopping Homefront Blueprint Southern Kitchen Best Auto Insurance Best Pet Insurance Best Travel Insurance Best Credit Cards Best CD Rates Best Personal Loans Home Internet FACT CHECK fact-checking Add Topic # Fact check: Comments from PCR test creator lacking context in social media post ![\\"Portrait](\\"/gcdn/presto/2022/02/03/USAT/3018c18b-c2ee-4dbe-85b2-1925cefb6706-Sadeghi_McKenzie.jpg?crop=237,237,x0,y28&width=48&height=48&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\") McKenzie Sadeghi USA TODAY ![\\"\\"](\\"/gcdn/presto/2021/12/21/USAT/b017ffc4-1f3f-4349-9cf9-d1bae4c937ab- AP_Virus_Outbreak_Omicron.2.jpg?crop=5923,3332,x0,y301&width=660&height=371&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\"/) PlayPause Sound OnSound Off 0:00 0:42 AD SKIP ClosedCaptionOpen ShareEnter Full ScreenExit Full Screen ## The claim: PCR creator Kary Mullis said the tests can detect \'anything in anybody\' and can\'t tell you if you\'re sick Biochemist and PCR test creator Kary Mullis died in 2019, months before the pandemic emerged, but some of his decades-old comments are being used on social media in an attempt to cast doubt on the reliability of COVID-19 test results. Mullis won the 1993 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA and detect viruses. Misinformation about PCR tests, which scientists call the “gold standard” for a COVID-19 diagnosis, has circulated online for more than a year. Now, some users are suggesting Mullis himself said the tests shouldn’t be used to detect viruses. A Jan. 11 Facebook post with more than 300 interactions claims Mullis said, \"Anyone can test positive for practically anything with a PCR test, if you run it long enough with PCR if you do it well, you can find almost anything in anybody. It doesn’t tell you that you’re sick.\" Fact-checking organizations debunked similar versions of this claim in November 2020, but the quote continues to make the rounds on social media without proper context. While Mullis made the statement attributed to him, he was speaking about how he opposed using PCR tests to detect HIV, not COVID-19. Special access for subscribers! Click here to sign up for our fact-check text chat The Facebook user who shared the post did not return a request for comment. ## Mullis on PCR testing The quote in question stems from a July 1997 meeting in Santa Monica, California, where Mullis spoke about the high sensitivity levels of PCR tests and how results can be misinterpreted. In response to a question from an audience member about how PCR tests can be misused, Mullis says the test itself can’t be misused, but rather the interpretations of it can, because the test creates “a whole lot of something from something.” “If they could find this virus in you at all, and with the PCR, if you do it well, you can find almost anything in anybody,” Mullis said. “It starts to get you to believe in some kind of Buddhist notion, where everything is contained there and everything in between.” Mullis added that someone with HIV is generally going to have “almost anything that you can test for” and “there’s a good chance you’ve also got a lot of other ones.” His comments were related to his argument that PCR tests shouldn\'t be used to diagnose AIDS. For years, Mullis denied that HIV was the cause of AIDS. The post cites Mullis\'s quote – in the midst of a pandemic where PCR tests are frequently used to diagnose COVID-19 – without clarifying his comments were tied to HIV, not the coronavirus. Health experts say the tests are the most accurate and reliable tests available for diagnosing . PCR technology has also advanced since Mullis made the comments in the 1990s. USA TODAY has previously debunked claims that PCR tests can\'t discern different strains, or that the tests are vaccines in disguise. Health officials say the chance of a false positive with a PCR test is extremely low, and the test cannot mistake COVID-19 for influenza. Fact check: CDC is withdrawing its PCR COVID-19 test, but not because it confuses viruses ## Our rating: Missing context Based on our research, we rate MISSING CONTEXT the claim that Mullis said PCR tests can detect \"anything in anybody\" and can\'t tell you if you\'re sick, because it can be misleading without additional information. The quote included in the post is from 1997, and Mullis was speaking about how he opposed using PCR tests to detect the HIV virus. The comment is not related to COVID-19, and health experts say PCR tests are accurate and reliable in detecting COVID-19. ## Our fact-check sources: * Thejournal.ie, Nov. 26, 2020, Fact Check: Did the creator of PCR tests say they don\'t work for Covid-19? * Archive.org, July 12, 1997, Kary Mullis, inventor of the PCR Test, Santa Monica 12 July 1997 (Part 1) * Frontiers in Public Health, Sept. 23, 2014, Questioning the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis: 30 Years of Dissent * The New York Times, March 11, 1993, Debunking Doubts That H.I.V. Causes AIDS * The New England Journal of Medicine, Dec. 11, 2003, The Discovery of HIV as the Cause of AIDS * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed Jan. 13, HIV and AIDS Timeline * National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, June 4, 2009, The Relationship between AIDS and HIV * The Washington Post, April 10, 1998, PANEL REBUTS BIOLOGIST\'S CLAIMS ON CAUSE OF AIDS * Los Angeles Times, Aug. 13, 2019, Kary Mullis, quirky Nobel laureate whose DNA discovery changed the science world, dies * Yale Medicine, Oct. 20, 2021, Which COVID-19 Test Should You Use? * Cleveland Clinic, Aug. 24, 2021, COVID-19 and PCR Testing * Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News, Feb. 28, 2017, Advances in PCR Technology and Its Applications in Healthcare Research * USA TODAY, July 31, 2021, Fact check: Genomic sequencing, not PCR testing, detects COVID-19 variants * USA TODAY, Oct. 15, 2021, Fact check: COVID-19 PCR test created to detect infection, not vaccinate * USA TODAY, Feb. 11, 2021, Fact check: Post distorts WHO\'s COVID-19 PCR testing guidelines * USA TODAY, July 29, 2021, Fact check: CDC test doesn\'t conflate COVID-19 virus with influenza Thank you for supporting our journalism. You can subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app, or electronic newspaper replica here. Our fact-check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. 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Since PCR tests have been used to combat the corona pandemic their validity has been questioned There are currently numerous postings circulating on Facebook archived here claiming that the World Health Organization WHO has changed its guidelines on the use of PCR tests A positive result is no longer an indication of a COVID19 infection There are different versions of the claim Another Facebook posting archived here states that the WHO has declared PCR tests unreliable According to the WHO such a test alone would not be enough to detect an infection | 3,330 | # Access Denied You don\'t have permission to access \" coronavirus-myths\" on this server. Reference #18.cc014017.1728229890.6e08dd38 |
We're pretty much at the 50 percent mark on deportations of MS13 gang members | 3,331 | Facebook Twitter Tumblr CloseFactCheck.org® A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center ![\\"Become](\\" mini.png\\"/) ![\\"Follow](\\" twitter.png\\"/) ![\\"Get](\\" ![\\"Follow](\\" instagram-1.png\\"/) ![\\"Sign](\\" ![\\"Help](\\" FactCheck.org® * Home * Articles * Featured Posts * FactCheck Posts * SciCheck * En Español * 2024 elections * Players Guide 2024 * Debunking Viral Claims * Ask a Question * Ask FactCheck * Ask SciCheck * Donate * Topics * President Biden * Donald Trump * Kamala Harris * JD Vance * Tim Walz * health * Coronavirus * immigration * climate change * View All * About Us * Our Mission * Our Process * Our Funding * Our Staff * Undergraduate Fellows * Awards * Request a Correction * Contact Us * Search * More * Viral Claims * Subscribe * Instagram * Threads * YouTube * X (Twitter) * Facebook * TikTok * FactCheck On the Air * Mailbag FactCheck Posts # More MS-13 Gang Nonsense By Eugene Kiely Posted on June 29, 2017 | Updated on July 5, 2017 * 4.5K * * * * President Donald Trump is once again grossly exaggerating the success of his efforts to deport members of the MS-13, a gang founded by El Salvadoran immigrants. This time he claims that his administration has removed “pretty much” half of the gang members. That’s impossible. There are an estimated 10,000 MS-13 gang members in the U.S. – a number that has been fairly constant for years, dating to at least 2006. Half of 10,000 would be about 5,000. However, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement says that the U.S. has deported 2,798 members of all gangs, not just MS-13, from Oct. 1, 2016, to June 4, 2017, which overlaps the Obama and Trump administrations. The president made his remarks during a meeting with a group of people whose loved ones were killed by people living in the U.S. illegally. > Trump, June 28: MS-13 is a prime target. They are bad people. And we’ve > gotten many of them out already. You know, we’re pretty much at the 50 > percent mark. We’re getting them out as fast as we can get them out, and > we’re freeing up towns. We’re actually liberating towns, if you can believe > that we have to do that in the United States of America. But we’re doing it, > and we’re doing it fast. The Mara Salvatrucha, or MS-13, is a gang that was formed by El Salvadoran immigrants in Los Angeles in the 1980s. Trump has targeted its members as part of his efforts to deport people living illegally in the U.S. with criminal records. But the president repeatedly has overstated the impact of the administration’s crackdown on the MS-13 gang. As we wrote last week, Trump falsely claimed at a June 21 rally in Iowa that his administration had deported MS-13 gang members “by the thousands.” Actually, the number is in the hundreds. Let’s go through the facts again. In April, Attorney General Jeff Sessions said that there are 10,000 MS-13 gang members in the United States. That number has been fairly constant for years, dating to at least 2006, even though more than 7,000 members of the gang have been arrested since fiscal year 2005 as part of “Operation Community Shield.” For Trump to claim that half of the Ms-13 gang members have been deported would mean that his administration is responsible for about 5,000 removals of MS-13 members. Here’s why that is not possible: Danielle Bennett, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, told us in an email for our earlier story that so far in fiscal year 2017 — from Oct. 1, 2016, to June 4, 2017 — ICE has removed 2,798 gang members. That includes all gang members, not just MS-13 members. For perspective, the FBI says there are about 33,000 street gangs with about 1.4 million members. The White House declined to comment when we contacted them for our June 22 story about the MS-13 gang. It has not responded to our request for information this time. However, the Washington Post Fact Checker on June 26 quoted White House spokesman Steven Cheung as saying the president was right to say “we are moving them out of the country by the thousands,” because Operation Community Shield has resulted in “more than 4,300 criminal arrests and nearly 3,000 civil immigration arrests of MS-13 leaders, members and associates.” But that’s the number of total arrests since fiscal year 2005. The vast majority of those arrests over the last 13 years had nothing to do with Trump. As of June 4, ICE Homeland Security Investigations made 602 criminal arrests and 170 administrative immigration arrests of MS-13 gang members in FY2017, Angel Melendez, an ICE HSI special agent, told a House committee on June 20. The federal fiscal year begins Oct. 1, so those arrests were made under both the Obama and Trump administrations. We do not know how many MS-13 gang members have been deported. Bennett, the ICE spokeswoman, told us last week, that ICE “does not track gang removals by specific gang.” With his latest comments, Trump elevates this talking point from a falsehood to a whopper. Update, July 5: The U.S. has deported 580 gang members to El Salvador in the first half of 2017, from Jan. 1 to June 30, according to the Salvadoran government. That figure includes all gang members, not just those with MS-13. Share the Facts 2017-06-29 19:53:25 UTC FactCheck.org ![\\"FactCheck.org\\"](\\" 7 1 11 ![\\"FactCheck.org](\\" facts/rating_images/factcheck.org/false.png\\") FactCheck.org Rating: False Claimed that his administration has removed “pretty much” half of MS-13 gang members living in the U.S. Donald Trump President of the United States ![](\\" widget.png\\") White House meeting Wednesday, June 28, 2017 2017-06-28 Read More info * Categories * FactCheck Posts * Location * National * Issue * gangs * People * Donald Trump Previous StoryTwisting the Facts on a Draft Executive Order Next StoryVideo: Both Sides Spin CBO Numbers Ask SciCheck Q: Are wind farms harmful to the environment? A: Like all energy sources, wind farms have some negative environmental impacts. But getting energy from wind farms results in dramatically lower greenhouse gas emissions than getting it from fossil fuels. Read the full question and answer View the Ask SciCheck archives Have a question? Ask us. 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We're pretty much at the 50 percent mark on deportations of MS13 gang members | 3,331 | Close Menu ## New American Story Project share ![\\"New](\\"/static/bwvert-f9ad2511b00d4b6e89b720f3bfb0ea97.svg\\")![\\"New](\\"/static/bwhorizontal-5da6bec11ca75dbc440fdda93ca06feb.svg\\") StoriesContextView All * Homepage * About NASP * Take Action * Collaborators * * * * Interview # A Brief History of El Salvador, Gangs, the U.S., and The Difficulties of Empathy Oscar MartínezWriter at ElFaro.net, Author of the History of Violence In 1989 the U.S. had begun to deport young men with criminal records involved in gangs in Southern California...The Salvadoran state was far too weak to deal with the influx of this criminal element. Slide 1 of 5 * ### Link ## More about Temporary Protective Status (TPS) TPS was created by Congress 1990 to help people from societies wracked by civil conflict or natural disasters. The Trump Administration has declined to renew TPS for nearly 200,000 Salvadorans and 57,000 Hondurans. Read More * ### Term ## Oligarchy An Oligarchy is a system in which a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. It is often described as a government by the few, for the few. Oligarchs use their relationships and money to influence elected officials. * ### Term ## Extortion Extortion is the act of obtaining money or property by intimidation or threat to a victim\'s property or loved ones. * ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") ### story ## Listen to Carlos\' Story Carlos, a Jehovah\'s Witness, escaped certain death at the hands of gangs in El Salvador. Read More Expand Previous 1 / 5 Next ## Some Context Let me give some context for the current violence taking place in El Salvador. This would be a very long conversation, so I’ll attempt to give an overview. The war in El Salvador ended in ’92. Peace accords were signed that were in reality political agreements meant to finalize the war and not a pathway to construct a peaceful society. These accords were designed, not for transforming the country into a peaceful place, but to give the guerrilla the ability to enter into a democracy. So, what am I referring to with all of this? There was never an economic agreement of reconciliation created that would lift the majority of the people out of poverty. There was no agreement concerned with either social restructuring or giving victims assistance. It was a political agreement meant to end the conflict with the guerrilla. Meanwhile, in 1989 the United States had begun to deport young men with criminal records involved in gangs in Southern California. This was a cocktail with two very dangerous ingredients. We’d just clawed out of a violent hole after 12 years. There were many orphans, a lot of poverty: it was a tumultuous region. The Salvadoran state was far too weak to deal with the influx of this criminal element. They came down here as experts in organizing gangs having learnt in the world capital of Latino gangs, which is in Southern California, specifically Los Angeles, where there are over 60 Latino gangs. Those 4000 deportees, and we’ll move quickly now in our timeline, have now become 60,000 gang members. They are now present in all 14 states of El Salvador. After years of disregarding the problem, and hard line measures taken since 2003 to address it (when repression was thought to be the avenue to a solution, though each year only proved to show that repression increased gang violence in terms of homicides and gang numbers), these failed policies left El Salvador with the highest murder rate in the world by 2009. The rate was of 71 homicides per 100,000 people. This murder rate of the world’s deadliest country was overtaken by Honduras two years later when they registered a rate of 86 homicides per 100,000 people. Then, in a type of final of the worst of sports, El Salvador took back the number one spot from Honduras in 2015 with a rate that had never been seen this century: 103 homicides per 100,000 people. This implies that in El Salvador one out of every 972 people was murdered in 2015. All of this occurs in a maelstrom where the state had attempted a ceasefire with the gangs in 2012. A shadow ceasefire that they didn’t want to make public and hid. It failed because the leaders at that time, in 2012, had decided not to risk the votes since making a pact with the gangs was highly unpopular with Salvadorans. When this very same party, this same government, won the presidency in 2014 they decided to change course. They began a strategy of extreme repression the likes of which had never been seen. In El Salvador there’s an average of three armed confrontations between the police and the gangs daily. We resemble a war zone more than a problem of public safety. The young, those between 9 and 17 years old that aren’t involved in gangs, are caught in the crossfire. These young people live between two powerful and violent forces. Of course, this primarily affects the young in the rural areas. The marginalized are dominated by the gangs. 50 to 60 percent of Salvadorans live in these areas. The people in these areas are facing a war. The young, those between 9 and 17 years old that aren’t involved in gangs, are caught in the crossfire. The police see them as gang members and treat them as such. There have been cases of extra-judicial executions of people that weren’t gang members. Then also, there are the pressures and threats from the gang itself to join. These young people live between two powerful and violent forces. They have no choice but to resign themselves to a hard life of uncertainty, closed off inside their homes, with miserable wages—or try to flee the country in search of a better life. ## 2014: The Eye of the Hurricane This is what came into focus in 2014 with the 64,000 children migrating from the three Central American countries. This was the eye of the hurricane but every year, since 2009 primarily, many teenagers have migrated. Around 10,000 to 16,000 teenagers a year have attempted to leave the Northern Triangle of Central America. I’ll sum up in a very short blunt way. Honduras at the moment has high rates of homicide, violence, and organized crime. They have somewhere around 60 homicides per 100,000 people. El Salvador is experiencing high rates as well. The current political climate leaves gang controlled neighborhoods to be invaded by the state, which behaves more like an army at war than a democratic government. This is our current situation. High levels of violence expressed in high rates of homicides that we hadn’t seen before this century because last century, after the war, the figures were very vague and unclear, but in this century the homicide figures are very clear. All they’ve done since 2003 is increase, which is when the state began its repressive tactics. Currently, the state is in favor of war, not prevention. This public policy of near extermination of gang members leaves the Salvadorian youth even more forgotten. It’s clear that it’s the underage children confronting this violent situation. When you ask a gang member how old he was when he entered the gang, he’ll normally tell you it was somewhere between 9 and 15 years old. So, in El Salvador to be a male of that age is to be in a disastrous time. It’s the age when the gangs are trying to recruit you. If you live in a gang zone and don’t want to be recruited, you’ll have a very restrictive life. You’ll have to live inside of your house, which will be quite small. Sixty percent of Salvadoran youth live under the subjugation of gangs. That’s the number. ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") Children playing football in rural Central America Credit: Tomas Ayuso Slide 2 of 5 * ### Link ## More about Temporary Protective Status (TPS) TPS was created by Congress 1990 to help people from societies wracked by civil conflict or natural disasters. The Trump Administration has declined to renew TPS for nearly 200,000 Salvadorans and 57,000 Hondurans. Read More * ### Term ## Oligarchy An Oligarchy is a system in which a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. It is often described as a government by the few, for the few. Oligarchs use their relationships and money to influence elected officials. * ### Term ## Extortion Extortion is the act of obtaining money or property by intimidation or threat to a victim\'s property or loved ones. * ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") ### story ## Listen to Carlos\' Story Carlos, a Jehovah\'s Witness, escaped certain death at the hands of gangs in El Salvador. Read More Expand Previous 2 / 5 Next # Organized Crime and Gangs: Identity vs. Money Organized crime and gangs have a very marked difference. Organized crime is purely interested in a financial reward through crime. If I belong to the Zetas and I’m a hitman and I’m not paid, then I won’t kill. Being part of a gang is defined mainly by a sense of cultural identity and not economics. In other words, how do I define myself as an adolescent? In that sense, I don’t need to be paid to be a gang member when I join. Instead of being a poor young man attending a mediocre school, in a gang zone where my life has no meaning, I’m not respected, because the gang itself is the one that demands respect, I join the gang. I prefer to be poor but respected, armed, have girls, and be looked up to in the neighborhood. The logic of joining a gang has nothing to do with financial logic. It has more to do with a logic linked to values that these youths recognize: respect, family, albeit a violent one, but for many the only one they’ve ever known. It has to do with the question of cultural identity. Though you see a cultural identity created in organized crime groups, the Zetas have a distinct culture from the Sinaloa Cartel, their primary reason for joining the group is not to identify with the culture. The reason is money. That’s also one of the principal differences between organized crime and gangs: what motivates you to join. Being part of a gang is defined mainly by a sense of cultural identity and not economics. In other words, how do I define myself as an adolescent? ## Extortion Affects All of Society The majority of El Salvador is affected by extortion. The problem with extortion is that it’s the economic model of the worst criminal groups. In the first place, it doesn’t pull the members of the criminal group out of poverty. It creates a subsistence economy. The logic would be that extortion would lead the gangs to receive large sums. In El Salvador we estimated that MS-13 received somewhere around 31 million dollars a year from extortion. Now, there are over 40 million members, and if you divided up the extortion money equally between all the gang members, each one would earn 34 dollars a month. That is if this was done equally, but it’s not. Extortion money usually rises to the top leaders. The low ranking members collect the extortion money and send it up. They also have their own personal extortions which are smaller and take place in the marginal zones they control. These are the poor areas where they live. The leaders spread the extortion money to cover costs like funerals. Lawyer fees of those imprisoned are also paid by the gang, as well as bail for those in jail. Some members’ widows are given some money. There are many costs the gang has to cover at minimum to maintain their 60 million members in service. While gang members aren’t pulled out of poverty by extortion, the victims themselves are impoverished by this crime. A worker asked to pay 60 dollars a month loses a quarter of his salary. Those extorted face a huge problem. They lose their businesses and are forced to flee the country. Extortion is a ruthless crime because if you don’t pay you will be killed. This problem touches all of Salvadoran society, from the lady selling tomatoes to The Coca- Cola Company. While gang members aren’t pulled out of poverty by extortion, the victims themselves are impoverished by this crime...This problem touches all of Salvadoran society, from the lady selling tomatoes to The Coca-Cola Company. Slide 3 of 5 * ### Link ## More about Temporary Protective Status (TPS) TPS was created by Congress 1990 to help people from societies wracked by civil conflict or natural disasters. The Trump Administration has declined to renew TPS for nearly 200,000 Salvadorans and 57,000 Hondurans. Read More * ### Term ## Oligarchy An Oligarchy is a system in which a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. It is often described as a government by the few, for the few. Oligarchs use their relationships and money to influence elected officials. * ### Term ## Extortion Extortion is the act of obtaining money or property by intimidation or threat to a victim\'s property or loved ones. * ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") ### story ## Listen to Carlos\' Story Carlos, a Jehovah\'s Witness, escaped certain death at the hands of gangs in El Salvador. Read More Expand Previous 3 / 5 Next ## All of Us Lose Extortion doesn’t benefit anybody financially. It doesn’t even create a thriving class for the country. Gang members don’t become wealthy and they impoverish those that are struggling to get out of poverty. It’s an economic model where all of us lose. The oligarchy is touched in a more indirect fashion. Some of the wealthiest businessmen in El Salvador are from the Poma family. The Pomas aren’t extorted because they travel with a group of bodyguards. No gang could get to them. Yet, the gangs generate costs for them. At any of their shopping centers they need to have 50 guards to keep out the gangs. Indirectly they are affected by the costs, even if they’ve never seen a gang member in person. So the gangs don’t reach the oligarchy and get extortion money, so to speak. But, these people end up using their money for guards at their shopping centers and their luxury hotels. Many of these people choose to invest their money in beach hotels in Costa Rica even though property is more expensive there. They do this for the simple reason that in Costa Rica infrastructure costs aren’t as high. They don’t have to build high walls to separate their hotel from the people. They don’t need 50 armed guards so that people at their hotel feel safe. Indirectly, the gang phenomenon creates costs for all businessmen, from the tomato peddler to the multi-millionaire. ## A Substitute Government As to whether El Salvador is a failed state, in this debate people stick to formal terms like, “What does a ‘failed state’ mean according to the United Nations Conventions?” But let’s speak as the people on the street speak. There are many places in El Salvador, 60 percent of the country, where the government is the gang. If the state wants to enter these areas, they can, with 20 policemen and 20 soldiers. But the state is the gang. The gangs decide who studies and who doesn’t. They decide if children from an MS-13 neighborhood can go to a school in a Barrio 18 neighborhood. They decide who can live in what neighborhood. If somebody seems suspicious to them, that person has to leave or he will be killed. They decide when and if the bus departs. If they decide there will be a bus stoppage, even if the minister of transport is opposed and says that the buses will run, the buses stop. The gang decides what streets the buses can use. They decide what time all businesses will close. There are many areas in the country where the state enters as visitors. The gang is the government that’s left. Call that what you want. There are people that become offended with the phrase “failed state.” I don’t know, call it a substitute government if you like. The second great migration of recent years of children is a consequence of the bad policies of deportation implemented by the United States. Slide 4 of 5 * ### Link ## More about Temporary Protective Status (TPS) TPS was created by Congress 1990 to help people from societies wracked by civil conflict or natural disasters. The Trump Administration has declined to renew TPS for nearly 200,000 Salvadorans and 57,000 Hondurans. Read More * ### Term ## Oligarchy An Oligarchy is a system in which a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. It is often described as a government by the few, for the few. Oligarchs use their relationships and money to influence elected officials. * ### Term ## Extortion Extortion is the act of obtaining money or property by intimidation or threat to a victim\'s property or loved ones. * ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") ### story ## Listen to Carlos\' Story Carlos, a Jehovah\'s Witness, escaped certain death at the hands of gangs in El Salvador. Read More Expand Previous 4 / 5 Next # Realpolitik and the Role of the U.S. When thinking of the role of the United States in this current situation it’s important for us to remember one thing: people like you and I are involved in the topic of migration and Central America, so we create this false idea that the United States cares a lot about what happens in this region. In the first place, let’s remember that the United States doesn’t care about what happens in the Northern Triangle of Central America. They care about some countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, but they don’t care about Central America. Let’s make that clear. We’re not the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth priority of the United States. All the belief we have in our work as being of utmost importance, it’s not. Governmentally speaking it’s marginal. Central America and El Salvador were of much interest to the United States during the civil wars. That’s because this is where the end of the Cold War was being settled. Also, the Sandinista model deeply frightened the United States: they thought it could spread up towards Mexico. During the wars, the United States participated in training the assassins in the death squads of Central America. A report from the United Nations confirms they were indeed assassins. The United States knew they were assassins from the beginning and yet financed them until ’89 when they killed the Jesuit priests. The United States then feigned surprise, and said it looks like you were assassins, but the government had known the truth for 9 years. This was the origin of the great Central American migration, before the gangs. The origin of the great migration was the war funded by the United States. Then, the second great migration of recent years of children, is a consequence of the bad policies of deportation implemented by the United States. The gangs formed because many people migrated because of the war and then found themselves alone in Southern California. They formed into a group and called themselves Mara Salvatrucha. The United States then deported many of these marginalized people who found in Central America the ideal place to build a monster from thousands of powerless teenagers. This turned into a meat-grinder because gangs are extremely sadistic and violent organizations. ## The Gangs Were a U.S. Import The United States government played a direct part in each of the problems that have expelled masses of Central Americas from their countries. Direct participation: financing a war, and a useless policy of deportation. I’m saying the US government had a direct effect on the situation and yet they behave as if they were helping to solve an unconnected problem. They are helping to solve a problem that was created between their governmental policies and our governmental policies. This situation was created by both. The children are fleeing a problem that wasn’t created here; it was created in Southern California. The problem was exported to El Salvador by the government of the United States. There were no gangs in El Salvador. They didn’t exist. We had a few small neighborhood gangs. But this concept we now have of Central American maras, homicidal very structured violent gangs, didn’t exist. In the marginalized violent areas there used to be a few groups, like the Máquina, but they were small. The Mao Mao was more interested in selling drugs than anything else. So, no. The phenomenon of the maras was exported by the United States to Central America. There were no gangs in El Salvador. They didn’t exist. The phenomenon of the maras was exported by the United States to Central America. ## An Economic and Human Catastrophe We are already quite afraid of the simple fact that President Trump might deport as many people as Obama. That would be disastrous for our region. Obama tripled, or at least doubled, the deportation numbers that Central America had experienced during George W. Bush. He deported as nobody had deported before. Following that trend would be terrible. Evidently, with Trump we expect those or greater numbers of deportees. But we are especially frightened by the idea that Trump might not pass TPS: Temporary Protected Status. TPS has allowed close to 100,000 Salvadorians, for more than two decades now, to work legally in the United States for a year. After the year they are able to renew their TPS. Those people who might have only had a one-year permit have built their lives in the US. Their children have been there for 20 years. They are stable supporters of 100,000 families of El Salvador. To not have TPS would be an economic and human catastrophe for the country. Those 100,000 would be multiplied by the million people who have a financial relationship with the tepesianos (TPS recipients), as we call them. We are afraid that a program of this type might be cancelled by such a crazy man. On the other hand, we suppose that Trump will strengthen his position by having more courts and make the refugee process quicker to resolve. Deportations will be much quicker. I think that with the environment of fear that exists, there will be more people who won’t show up to their court dates. They’ll decide to stay an undocumented person. A process will be begun, they’ll get themselves a few months, and then won’t appear again. I suppose a wave of fear will go out that one could go to court and receive an order of deportation. Many people will have deportations orders but they won’t be around for it to be fulfilled. We think this will generate a new generation of undocumented people. They will build their lives in the United States without anybody’s permission, until the day they’re deported. It’s a new generation guaranteeing that within five or ten years we’ll continue to receive lost teenagers, who speak better English than they do Spanish, and can’t build a life in a violent place like El Salvador. We don’t have a positive outlook with the arrival of Trump. We don’t have a positive outlook with the arrival of Trump. Slide 5 of 5 * ### Link ## More about Temporary Protective Status (TPS) TPS was created by Congress 1990 to help people from societies wracked by civil conflict or natural disasters. The Trump Administration has declined to renew TPS for nearly 200,000 Salvadorans and 57,000 Hondurans. Read More * ### Term ## Oligarchy An Oligarchy is a system in which a small group exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. It is often described as a government by the few, for the few. Oligarchs use their relationships and money to influence elected officials. * ### Term ## Extortion Extortion is the act of obtaining money or property by intimidation or threat to a victim\'s property or loved ones. * ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") ### story ## Listen to Carlos\' Story Carlos, a Jehovah\'s Witness, escaped certain death at the hands of gangs in El Salvador. Read More Expand Previous 5 / 5 Next # Fate of The Children: Stories that Fade Away Those who had fled from gangs and have been deported have to find somewhere else to go. There is no study as to the fate of those children that are deported back to the country after fleeing the gangs. He can no longer return to the place he fled because he has a death sentence on him there. There is no study that gives numbers about this topic. These are stories that fade away. When a child is deported his family receives him and he leaves. He tries to survive wherever he can, in an uncle’s house or some relative’s. ## Having an Impact I’m personally motivated because I think that journalism can affect change. Not at the pace I’d want, not at all at the pace I’d like. In fact, it does so at a very slow, clumsy, and indecent pace, but it does change things. I’ve yet to find a better way to have an impact than this one. If I found a better way I’d leave this profession, but I haven’t. It’s a profession that for me has two simple objectives: screwing with certain people’s lives by showing their corruption and ineptitude, their evil, and bringing awareness to the lives of those nobody speaks to: nobody tells their stories, nobody visits their homes. Those are the two most basic functions of this profession, which is, most of the time, very frustrating. ## The Barrier of a Disinterested Public I can’t think at the moment of a message of grand eloquence to leave for the people of the United States. What I have always believed is that it’s very difficult to generate empathy within the United States with these stories. There are groups of people, such as yourselves, who are familiar with the subject, but it’s very difficult to break the barrier of a disinterested public. These are good people who love their children and their neighbors. They are good people who don’t want to kill anybody. And the people that I’m telling you stories about are the same kind of people. But there’s a kind of mental block whereby they categorize human beings in different ways, even though they might not want to. It’s very difficult to attempt to understand that the person riding on the top of a cargo train could be your brother or your sister. Imagine if when I describe the story of a young man of 16 you thought of your own child of 16? People disassociate from this type of reality. They can’t think of their child undergoing such circumstances. It’s difficult to generate empathy within the United States. There’s a kind of mental block whereby they categorize human beings in different ways, even though they may not want to. ## Read Next View Everything ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") Interview Amílcar Méndez Urízar ### What Kind of Life Do Children Have in Guatemala? ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") story Adriana and Valeria ### Being a Girl in El Salvador: Sooner or Later They Come for You ![\\"\\"](\\"\\") Interview Anthony W. Fontes ### The New Violence ![\\"New](\\"/static/bwvertwhite-699959f9a28289b80a0515e3e69e3284.svg\\"/) * Homepage * All Content * About NASP * Take Action * Collaborators #### Stay Connected with NASP Sign up with your email to receive periodic newsletters and updates about NASP. Submit #### Want to Contribute? Email us at [email protected] if you would like to contribute, collaborate, or support the project. #### Sponsors These organizations help make NASP possible. Centro Legal de la Raza SF Foundation Rex Foundation Panta Rhea Aquent LLC Isabel Allende Foundation Center for Gender & Refugee Studies Contentful |
We're pretty much at the 50 percent mark on deportations of MS13 gang members | 3,331 | Close Close Comment Creative Commons Donate Email Add Email Facebook Instagram Mastodon Facebook Messenger Mobile Nav Menu Podcast Print ProPublica RSS Search Secure Twitter WhatsApp YouTube * ProPublica * Local Initiatives * Data Store * Donate * Follow us on Twitter * Like us on Facebook * Search * Newsletters # ProPublica logo * Graphics & Data * Newsletters * About Email Address * Racial Justice * Biden Administration * Health Care * Criminal Justice * More… * Series * Video * Impact * Search * More ![\\"\\"](\\" Christian Frederiksen for ProPublica Trapped In Gangland ## Former MS-13 Member Who Secretly Helped Police Is Deported An immigration judge said he was “very sympathetic” to the teenager who cooperated with authorities only to be jailed with those he informed on. The judge nonetheless rejected his plea for asylum. by Hannah Dreier Jan. 22, 2019, 5 a.m. EST * Facebook * Twitter * Email * * ![\\"\\"](\\" ### Series: Trapped In Gangland How the MS-13 Crackdown Shattered Immigrant Lives This story was co-published with New York magazine. Henry was twice forced to join the brutal gang MS-13, first in El Salvador and then on Long Island. Twice, he tried to escape its violence. He became an informant, helping law enforcement arrest other MS-13 members. But his FBI gang task force handler broke a promise to help him, and immigration authorities revealed his identity, as we reported last year. This month, Henry was deported to El Salvador, despite warnings that MS-13 members there would hunt him down and kill him. He’s now gone into hiding. In an unusually emotional decision, a copy of which was recently obtained by ProPublica, an immigration judge, Thomas Mulligan, wrote that he was “very sympathetic” to Henry and found the 19-year-old’s testimony “truthful.” Nevertheless, Mulligan ruled that he had no choice but to deport him under U.S. and international law, because Henry had admitted to participating, albeit under duress, in two MS-13 murders when he was 12 years old, and because his chances of being tortured in El Salvador were less than 50 percent. Henry “had a very difficult childhood and was roped into a gang life from a very young age,” Mulligan wrote in his Nov. 27 decision. Yet the court “does not have the discretionary authority to take such humanitarian factors into its consideration.” His deportation illustrates how hard it has become for immigrants fleeing MS-13 to find asylum in the U.S., even if they have shown a commitment to helping law enforcement. A new Trump administration directive that immigrants targeted by gangs should not be granted special status has increased the odds against them. Run by the U.S. Department of Justice, immigration courts are required to follow its guidance. ### Get Our Top Investigations Subscribe to the Big Story newsletter. Email address This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Issued in June 2018, while Henry was in detention, this guidance “flavors the whole ruling” in his case, said Lenni Benson, who teaches immigration law at the New York Law School and reviewed Mulligan’s decision. She said the judge could have granted Henry asylum if he believed there were mitigating factors in the murders. The U.S. has allowed child soldiers who committed serious crimes under duress to stay in the country, she said. “In U.S. law, for a child to have culpability as an adult, you generally have to be over the age of 14,” she said. “What’s important is that the judge says, ‘I do believe you.’” Henry, whose last name is being withheld for his safety, was raised by his grandmother in El Salvador after his parents moved to the U.S. when he was a small child. He was recruited into MS-13, which enlisted him on the condition that he kill a rival gang member. Henry held a gun while an older MS-13 member put his hand over Henry’s and pulled the trigger. Soon after, he helped kill a man with a machete, on the instructions of a gang leader who threatened to kill him if he didn’t obey. “He was pressured into killing two individuals when he was only twelve years old and was forced to witness many other forms of violence and cruelty that would be extremely traumatizing for any human being,” Mulligan wrote. Henry vowed to break with the gang and came to live with his mother on Long Island when he was 15. But there were MS-13 members on Long Island, too. They recognized Henry and reminded him that gang membership is binding until death. Fearing for his life, he rejoined. In desperation, Henry wrote a letter to his English teacher, describing his gang history, his constant fear and his yearning for a fresh start. A school- based police officer introduced him to Angel Rivera, a Suffolk County homicide detective assigned to the FBI’s Long Island Gang Task Force. Believing authorities would help him start a new life, Henry provided information about other MS-13 members. ### Text Messages Between Henry and an FBI Gang Task Force Detective Henry gave information about MS-13 members to the detective, who didn\'t live up to a commitment to help him, a judge found. Despite Henry’s cooperation, police turned his file over to Immigration and Customs Enforcement. ICE detained him, identified him in a document as an informant and jailed him alongside those he informed on. The Department of Homeland Security’s Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties is conducting an ongoing investigation into ICE’s treatment of Henry. Mulligan criticized Rivera for “mistakenly” assuring Henry that he would help him. “This was poor police work and misled” Henry, he wrote. At the hearing, Rivera said Henry had indeed been trying to leave the gang, but the information he gave was not very useful. Rivera did not respond to requests for comment. Asylum hearings often take less than an hour, but Henry’s lasted for six sessions over seven months. The school police officer, George Politis, testified that if MS-13 found out what Henry had done, “I do believe he would be killed.” Henry’s English teacher and a school administrator testified that he had sought their help. ICE portrayed Henry as a danger to the community who was only pretending to cooperate with law enforcement. Under questioning by an ICE lawyer, Henry testified at length about a dozen murders he witnessed in El Salvador, including one person being fed alive into a wood chipper. He described watching the gang torture a member-turned-informant by pulling out his fingernails. “He started screaming for us to kill him, because the pain was too much,” Henry said in a whisper in the courtroom. Mulligan was unconvinced by ICE’s arguments. He found Henry “generally credible” and his desire to leave the gang “believable.” However, he said that under U.S. law, a person who has committed a serious crime cannot receive asylum, and so Henry was disqualified by the two murders in El Salvador. Henry had also asked to stay in this country under the 1987 United Nations Convention Against Torture. The treaty, which the U.S. has signed, bans deporting people who are “more likely than not” to be tortured if they returned home. Mulligan said Henry’s fears of being tortured in El Salvador by MS-13 or police death squads were understandable. Still, he said, the Salvadoran government is making progress against gangs and extrajudicial killings, and so Henry did not prove the probability of torture. After the judge ruled against him, Henry had to decide whether to accept deportation. Immigration law experts said that an appeal might well have succeeded. “It’s unusual to see that level of sympathy expressed while also denying everything. I would be very optimistic about that appeal,” said Heather Axford, supervising staff attorney at Central American Legal Assistance. Axford said she has gotten several similar cases reversed in federal courts. ### Read More ![\\"\\"](\\" #### A Betrayal The teenager told police all about his gang, MS-13. In return, he was slated for deportation and marked for death. Henry’s family encouraged him to stay and fight, because they worried that his return to El Salvador would endanger not only him but his relatives, since MS-13 has been known to target families who shelter snitches. But an appeal would have taken years, and Henry felt his life was at risk in his New Jersey detention center. He said gang members detained there were becoming increasingly adamant that they knew he was an informant, and a friend on Long Island and relatives in El Salvador received threats. Henry’s health was also deteriorating. In the gang, his nickname had been “Triste,” Spanish for “sad.” In recent months, the jail guards gave him a new nickname, “Skinny.” Two of his asylum hearings were postponed because he was ill. Henry took up yoga to try to deal with his mounting anxiety and worked a night shift in the jail kitchen because he was afraid to sleep in the dark with gang members around him. In the end, Henry accepted the ruling and on Jan. 10, he was deported. His lawyer, Bryan Johnson, arranged for a team to meet him at the airport in El Salvador and get him to Europe. “Henry ended up a refugee of both El Salvador and the United States,” Johnson said. Out of concern for Henry’s safety, ProPublica held this story until he left El Salvador. Drawing on tens of thousands of dollars donated by readers to a fund created by Johnson, Henry is now setting up a new life in a European city, where he is seeking asylum. He plans to work during the day and to finish high school. He said he was grateful to readers for allowing him to create a makeshift witness protection system for himself. “I have broken with the gang forever now, that’s one good thing to have come of all this,” he said. “I hope I helped people see how hard it is to make that kind of change. You never know what’s going to happen, but the important part is to try.” ### Triste The teenager told police all about his gang, MS-13. In return, he was slated for deportation and marked for death. Nadia Sussman/ProPublica ## Get the latest news from ProPublica every afternoon. Email address This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. ![\\"Portrait](\\" Hannah Dreier Hannah Dreier is a national reporter at The Washington Post. She previously worked at ProPublica, where she won the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for a year-long series on immigrants, gangs and mishandled law enforcement investigations. Before that, she was based in Venezuela for the Associated Press. * @hannahdreier ## Follow ProPublica * Twitter * Facebook * YouTube * RSS ## Stay Informed Get our investigations delivered to your inbox with the Big Story newsletter. Email address This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. ## Most Read 1. ### We Reported on Nike’s Extensive Use of Private Jets. The Company Just Made It Harder to Track Them. 2. ### Top Execs Exit Trump Media Amid Allegations of CEO’s Mismanagement and Retaliation 3. ### Inside the State Department’s Weapons Pipeline to Israel 4. ### Heritage Foundation Staffers Flood Federal Agencies With Thousands of Information Requests 5. ### Abortion Bans Have Delayed Emergency Medical Care. 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We're pretty much at the 50 percent mark on deportations of MS13 gang members | 3,331 | The American Presidency Project About Search ![\\"ucsb](\\" Toggle navigation * Documents * Guidebook * Category Attributes * Statistics * Media Archive * Presidents * Analyses * GIVE ## Documents * Archive Guidebook * Categories * Attributes ## Categories * Presidential (241688) * Eulogies (65) * Executive Orders (10341) * Fireside Chats (27) * Interviews (1029) * Letters (4756) * Miscellaneous Written (110) * News Conferences (2512) * Spoken Addresses and Remarks (34750) * Farewell Addresses (11) * Inaugural Addresses (62) * Memoranda (3503) * Messages (12557) * Proclamations (9404) * Saturday Weekly Addresses (1639) * State Dinners (262) * State of the Union Addresses (100) * State of the Union Written Messages (140) * Statements (14407) * Vetoes (1228) * Citations (12925) * Written Presidential Orders (45439) * Remarks by Administration Officials (167) * Elections and Transitions (49496) * Campaign Documents (23504) * Convention Speeches (128) * Debates (191) * Party Platforms (105) * Transition Documents (569) * Congressional (29) ![\\"Photo](\\" j-trump_3.jpg?itok=2L6PIfL5\\") ### Donald J. Trump 45th President of the United States: 2017 ‐ 2021 # Remarks at a \"Make America Great Again\" Rally in Houston, Texas October 22, 2018 THE PRESIDENT: Do we have a great country or what? [applause] Great country. Hello, Houston. I\'m thrilled to be back. Well, you treated me very well during a certain election two years ago. With all my friends from the Lone Star State, a special, special place, thank you very much for being here. This is some record crowd. [applause] And they just told me we broke the record, but we could really break it if we could get all the people that are outside in here. We\'d break it by three times. [applause] But it\'s true what they say: Everything in Texas is just bigger. Right? It\'s bigger. [applause] In just 15 days, the people of Texas are going to re-elect a man who has become a really good friend of mine. You know, we had our little difficulties, right? But actually, if you remember, the beginning, it was a love-fest. And they kept saying, the fake news back here, they kept saying. . . [booing] Remember they kept saying, well, when is it going to break up? And it\'s day, don\'t worry, it\'ll break up. We actually had a rally in Washington, D.C., together. And nobody could believe it. They said, what\'s going on? What are you doing? But we had the rally together. And then we said, you know, it\'s time. That\'s what has to happen. And it got nasty. And then it ended. And I\'ll tell you what, nobody has helped me more with your tax cuts, with your regulation, with all of the things that we\'re doing, including military and our vets, then Senator Ted Cruz. Nobody. [applause] He defended your jobs. He defended your borders. And we are defending that border, by the way, in case you haven\'t noticed. We are defending that border. [applause] He defends your families. He defends your faith. And we are defending together, with a lot of other great Republicans, your freedom. [applause] Now, early voting is now underway. So get out there and vote. It is underway as we speak. If you\'d like to leave now, go ahead. Anybody want to leave, go vote, come back. Get behind about 50,000 people outside. Who we love. And we put big screens out for them. Let\'s wave to them. Wave![applause] But I will say, you got a better location. Your location\'s better. And Ted is leading the Congress in Congress for more tax cuts. In fact, I just left Kevin Brady. By the way, how good is Kevin Brady? [applause] He\'s here. We\'re going to be putting in a 10 percent tax cut for middle- income families. It\'s going to be put in next week, 10 percent tax cut. Kevin Brady is working on it. We\'ve been working on it for a few months, a 10 percent brand-new—and that is in addition to the big tax cuts that you\'ve already gotten. But this one is for middle income. This is—no business. Business is now good. They\'re coming back. The jobs are coming back. The plants and factories are coming back like never before. They\'re all coming back. This is for middle- income people, all middle-income people, a big tax, 10 percent. We\'ll be putting it in next week. [applause] Now, if the Democrats take over—I can\'t speak, I\'m sorry. Instead of a tax cut, you\'re going to have a big, beautiful tax raise. You don\'t want that. [booing] You know, explain that to me. They\'re for open borders, which means crime, and for massive tax cuts. They\'re against law enforcement, they\'re totally against ICE and law enforcement. They\'re against your military, and they\'re not good to your vets. How do you win on that platform? No, how do you win?[booing] So we\'re doing again—we\'ve done the biggest regulation cuts in the history of our country. And I\'m only here for almost two years, actually quite a bit less than two years, if you think about it. We have another three months. And we\'ve already done more tax cuts—and we have already done—biggest tax cut, but we\'ve done more regulation cuts than any other president in history, and that\'s four years, eight years, 12 years. [applause] And what we\'re doing—we want people to come into our country. We have a 3.7 percent unemployment. It\'s the lowest it\'s been in more than 50 years. But they have to come in legally, and they have to come in through merit. Through merit. [applause] CROWD: Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! THE PRESIDENT: That\'s happening. We need it. CROWD: Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! Build the wall! THE PRESIDENT: So we started the wall. They\'ve got $1.6 billion. We got another $1.6 billion. We have a third $1.6 billion. I want to do it fast. And, you know, what\'s happening right now, as a large group of people—they call it a caravan. [booing] Do you know how the caravan started? Does everybody know what this means? I think the Democrats had something to do with it. And now they\'re saying, I think we made a big mistake. Because people are seeing how bad it is, how pathetic it is, how bad our laws are, they made a big mistake. So as the caravan—and, look, that is an assault on our country. [applause] That\'s an assault. And in that caravan you have some very bad people. You have some very bad people. And we can\'t let that happen to our country. And it\'s not. And I was just talking to your great governor and senators and you were talking about your attorney general, who I\'m going to be introducing in a second. But I\'m talking to a lot of your people, and they\'re going to form a wall, a different kind of wall, until we get the other one built. We need a wall built fast. Fast. [applause] We have to protect our borders. We don\'t have borders, we don\'t have a country. We have to protect our borders. And Ted, you probably saw, did a beautiful job in staring down an angry left- wing mob in our recent Supreme Court battle victory. Whatever you want to call it. [applause] He was great. And thanks to Ted, and our other great Republicans, because we had no help from the other side, as you know, we now have a brand-new member of the United States Supreme Court, Justice Brett Kavanaugh. [applause] And also, this is such an honor, because, you know, you\'ve had many presidents. They never get to put a justice on the Supreme Court. They\'ve been there for a long time. Think of this. This is the story of our lives. I\'ve been there less than two years, and I have two of them, because we also have. . . [applause] . . . a fantastic new justice in Neil Gorsuch. We had him just approved. He was just confirmed. And we have a record number of circuit court judges for the time that we\'ve been in office. [applause] And that we fully expect to go to the all-time record. And percentagewise, it\'s right up there, and we\'ve only been here a short—OK, ready? Here\'s the question. Percentagewise, who has more justices, federal judges appointed, percentwise than any other president? Who is it? No, more. Who—who appointed the highest percentage of judges? No, no, no, it wasn\'t Hillary Clinton. No, she didn\'t make it, remember? She didn\'t make it. No, you know who it is? You\'ll never guess. It\'s called George Washington. And we\'re after George Washington. So a very big thing. No, George Washington, why? Because he just started. He did 100 percent. Nobody\'s ever going to break that record. Nobody\'s ever going to break the record of George Washington. [applause] Good, old George. He never told a lie. That\'s what they say. George Washington, right? He never told a lie. But he did 100 percent of the judges. We\'ll never beat that record. But we\'re getting close. What the radical Democrats did to Justice Kavanaugh and his beautiful family. . . [booing] . . . is a national disgrace. They were on a ruthless mission to obstruct, resist, delay, demolish, and destroy, which is all they know how to do. The fact is, they\'re lousy politicians, they have horrible policy, but they stick together. That\'s one good thing, they stick together. The only thing they have. They always stick together. Other than that, doesn\'t work out. Other than that, they\'re not doing too well. If you want the fake news media to finally investigate. . . [booing] By the way, by the way. . . CROWD: CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! CNN sucks! THE PRESIDENT: Don\'t worry. I don\'t like them either, OK? But look at this. Look. Just look. So here we are, we\'re doing a rally for Ted, and it\'s great, we have a lot of people. Look how many made it. This is like—it\'s like—this is the Academy Awards, which actually has gone down the tubes. I think we do much better. Look how many. [applause] Look how many. Look at them. [applause] Do you recognize many of those happy faces back there? I know every one of them. I know every one of them. And 15 percent of them are great. [laughter] Every one. I know every one. But if you the fake news to finally investigate Hillary Clinton, we\'ll just have. . . [applause] Man. CROWD: Lock her up! Lock her up! Lock her up! Lock her up! Lock her up! Lock her up! Lock her up! THE PRESIDENT: I didn\'t do it. I didn\'t do it. I didn\'t do it. So if you want them to investigate, we\'ll just have to nominate Hillary Clinton to the United States Supreme Court. How do you like that? [booing] Right? Let\'s see how she does. If Judge Kavanaugh had to go through what he went through—and there is—he\'s a fine man—can you imagine Hillary up there? That would take three to four years of questions. [laughter] At stake in this election is whether we continue the extraordinary prosperity that we\'ve all achieved or whether we let the radical Democrat mob take a giant wrecking ball and destroy our country and our economy. [booing] The unemployment rate just fell to the lowest level in more than 50 years. Five-oh. [applause] Here\'s one that\'s hard to beat, because the number of Americans working at this moment—think of it—at this—working, working, working—the number of Americans working has just reached the highest in the history of our country. All-time high. [applause] We have eliminated a record number of job-killing regulations. That\'s one of the reasons our companies are all coming back. Republicans passed the biggest tax cut and reform in history with massive tax cuts for the middle class. And now we\'re adding 10 percent to those numbers. [applause] We\'ve saved your family farms, ranches, and small businesses from the estate tax, also known as the death tax. [applause] So most of you love your children. Some of you don\'t. [laughter] But the ones who don\'t, don\'t listen to me, because this won\'t matter, because you\'re not going to leave it anyway. And if you don\'t love your children, and if your children didn\'t treat you good, don\'t leave them anything. [laughter] Give it to charity or somebody else. But for those of you that really would like your small businesses, your farms, your ranches left to your children instead of now having your children go out when you kick the bucket, a sad day, and about two or three days later, they\'re happy as hell. No, forget it. [laughter] Instead of have them—instead on having them go out and borrow a tremendous amount of money to pay the estate tax, they don\'t have to borrow anything. There\'s no tax. There\'s no tax. [applause] So you\'ll be able to—to me, that\'s a very important thing. Nobody even talks about it. That was in our—that was in our tax cuts. So a lot of small business, a lot of farms, ranches, and there will be no tax. So that\'s great for your children. Only if you love them. Only if you love them. Anybody in here does not love their child? Anybody? CROWD MEMBER: Yeah! THE PRESIDENT: A couple of you. Two people. That\'s not bad. My administration also ended the horrible war on American energy, something you people know a lot about. [applause] He withdrew the United States from the very unfair, one-sided Paris climate accord, which was putting us out of business. [applause] On day one, I approved the Keystone and the Dakota Access pipeline, 48,000 jobs, day one. Day one. [applause] Think of that, day one. They spent years and years trying to get these pipelines built. And by the way, we\'re speeding up the approval process by a factor of 10 for your pipelines that you desperately need in Texas to get the oil to its destination. [applause] We\'re speeding it up. I\'ve heard so much. With Texas leading the way, think of this one, the United States is now—this happened over the last very short period of time—the largest producer of crude oil and natural gas anywhere in the world. Thank you. [applause] That\'s pretty good. That\'s big stuff. We\'re the number-one energy producer in the world. Who would think that? And we\'re going to get those pipelines approved very rapidly. I called the heads of agencies. I say, get them approved. And, you know what, if there\'s a problem, we let them know about the problem immediately. We don\'t take them 20 years down the road and then say we can\'t approve it. We let them know immediately. There won\'t be a problem. For the first time in more than 60 years, America is a net exporter of natural gas. [applause] And here\'s good news for Texas. Good news for Texas. Because just today, Germany\'s Chancellor Angela Merkel has announced that her country will now purchase massive amounts of LNG, which is great news for your state. [applause] And I told all of the European nations, it\'s not fair. We have all these horrible trade imbalances. They take such advantage. They\'re not taking advantage anymore, folks. Under Republican leadership, America is winning again, America is respected again, because we are putting America first. [applause] We\'re putting America first. It hasn\'t happened in a lot of decades. We\'re putting them first. We\'re taking care of ourselves for a change, folks. [applause] Thank you. I like that guy, but not that much. Not that much. But radical Democrats want to turn back the clock (inaudible) rule of corrupt power-hungry globalists. You know what a globalist is, right? You know what a globalist is?[booing] A globalist is a person that wants the globe to do well, frankly, not caring about our country so much. And you know what? We can\'t have that. You know, they have a word. It sort of became old-fashioned. It\'s called a nationalist. And I say, really, we\'re not supposed to use that word. You know what I am? I\'m a nationalist, OK? I\'m a nationalist. [applause] Nationalist. Nothing—use that word. Use that word. CROWD: USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! THE PRESIDENT: They reported yesterday that Donald Trump is very unpopular with foreign nations (ph). He\'s one of the most unpopular presidents in the history of polling. And I said—no, I said, of course I\'m unpopular with foreign nations, because we\'re not letting them rip us off anymore, folks, OK?[applause] They meant it to be bad. When the fake news—they meant it to be bad. Donald Trump, very unpopular with other nations. And you know what I had? It was 70 percent against and 30 percent for. I said, who is the 30 percent? Why would they ever want to vote for him? Because, honestly, we\'re treating everybody good. We\'re helping people. We\'re protecting people. But, you know, when we protect with our military, the greatest in the world, and now it\'s a lot better than it\'s ever been because of what we\'re doing. . . [applause] We have to be reimbursed for that protection. We have to be reimbursed. We\'re protecting the wealthiest nations in the world. And we\'re subsidizing them. And then they beat us on trade. They take advantage of us. So those days are over. You\'re seeing it, it\'s happening fast. Happening fast. [applause] The most unpopular president. Think of that. Most unpopular president. But I\'m one of the most popular presidents in this country, and that\'s good. That\'s just good. [applause] In our country. A couple of polls came out today that were very good. And they didn\'t want to put them on. They didn\'t want to announce them. And they paid for the polls. We have a new poll out. Let me see. Oh, let\'s get to another subject. Fake news. [booing] The Democrats want to replace freedom with socialism. [booing] They want to replace Texas values with Nancy Pelosi values. [booing] And they want to replace the rule of law with the rule of the mob. That\'s what is happening. [booing] And the Democrats would rather destroy American communities than defend America\'s borders. Not going to let it happen. Got to vote for Ted Cruz. [applause] Democrats—the Democrats are a big risk to the American family, and our country cannot afford to take those kind of risks. We can\'t. This will be the election of the caravan, Kavanaugh, law and order, tax cuts, and common sense. That\'s what it is, common sense. [applause] Ted\'s opponent in this race is a stone-cold phony named Robert Francis O\'Rourke, sometimes referred to as Beto. [booing] And he pretends to be a moderate, but he\'s actually a radical open-borders left-winger. That\'s what he is. [booing] And I know Texas well. Don\'t forget, they tried to convince you on Election Night that Texas is in play. I kept hearing—I\'d go to a thing, and I\'d have—remember the lines I\'d have for the speeches? Would have lines like it is tonight. I hate to tell you, I think the lines are bigger tonight than they were two years—you know why? Because I produced. I produced. [applause] Because I produced. No, the lines are bigger tonight. And it\'s easier. You know, two years ago, two-and-a-half years ago, I\'d have to get up and say, we will give you tax cuts, we will cut regulations. But it was all words. Now I\'ve produced, so this is easy. This is easy. [applause] In fact, some of those guys—and they don\'t question it—will say that I produced more than I promised, which is true. Which is true, actually. But O\'Rourke voted against your tax cuts and he went against Texas oil workers with the job-killing regulations and taxes that were really, really hurting those jobs and those companies. O\'Rourke supports a socialist takeover of health care. You\'re going to triple your taxes and it won\'t be enough. And it will be lousy health care. [booing] You\'ll end up waiting for five weeks to see a doctor. And I heard Ted say just before I went on, but to me this is a beauty, because I don\'t know of anybody that\'s earned this rating. He got an F from the NRA, one of the few. You know—you know what an F means? An F means he wants to take away your guns, OK? That\'s what it means. I never even heard of an F. I never heard. Louie, did you ever hear of an F? I never heard. Do we love Louie? Do we love Louie? Look at him. Louie Gohmert. I don\'t know what Louie\'s rating is, but I would assume it\'s about, what, an A-plus, right? A-plus-plus. Louie. I love people that are gutsy—they have guts. He has guts. It\'s up there. They defend you. And they defend your Second Amendment. And if Ted doesn\'t win, your Second Amendment is going to be in trouble. Big trouble. Remember that. O\'Rourke voted against the border wall, oh, that\'s a good thing to—he voted against Kate\'s law. And he voted for Obama amnesty, amnesty, Obama amnesty. [booing] O\'Rourke even voted to shield MS-13 gang members from deportation. He doesn\'t want to deport them. He says they\'re people. They\'re people. They carve you up with a knife, but they\'re people. O\'Rourke voted in favor of sanctuary cities that result in the death of countless Americans. Today\'s Democrat Party would rather protect criminal aliens than American citizens, which is why the Democrats must be voted out of office. We need more Republican votes. [applause] A vote for a Democrat this November is a vote to surrender Congress to Nancy Pelosi, crying Chuck Schumer, the great Maxine Waters, that\'s a beauty. Maxine Waters. [booing] Did you get that one? You get that? Maxine. She\'s going to be in charge of your finances. Maxine. [booing] Good old Maxine. Low IQ individual. [laughter] Low IQ. How about this one? Senator Dianne Feinstein. [booing] The mayor who did one of the worst jobs of any mayor, other than the guy running for governor in Florida. He was a horrible mayor, too. Cory Booker. He destroyed what he did. He was so bad running Newark. [booing] And a sad thing happened last week. Because Elizabeth Warren was exposed as being a total fraud. And I can no longer call her Pocahontas, because she has no Indian blood! I can\'t call her. . . [applause] I can\'t call her Pocahontas. She doesn\'t qualify. She has—I\'ve been saying for a long time. I\'ve been saying it for a year-and-a-half, I said I have more Indian blood than she has, and I have none. I have none. But I have more than she has. But I can\'t use the name Pocahontas anymore. But if you don\'t mind, I will anyway. Is that OK? We got to keep her down. [applause] But in this election, the people of Texas are going to make a giant and beautiful stand. [applause] You\'re going to elect a Republican House. And even they\'re having a little problem. They\'re getting a little nervous, right? Remember, about a month ago, right, they were talking about this blue wave. Oh. [booing] You don\'t hear about the blue wave. You\'re not hearing so much. The blue wave is being dissipated a little bit. I don\'t hear them talking—are you guys still talking about the blue wave? [booing] The blue wave, that\'s coming, right? Blue wave. You don\'t hear about it too much. Let me tell you, you got to get out and vote. Because you know what happens? The party that has the presidency—I don\'t know why. I guess you get a little sedate, I guess you get a little something. Who knows? You lose something. I don\'t know. But I think two times since the Great Depression, it was a positive. But nobody ever had the condition of having produced the greatest economy in the history of our country, right?[applause] Nobody. So I don\'t understand, why would we lose the House? But historically—so history is against us, but the facts are all with us. So I think we\'re going to do well. You have to get out and vote. Early voting, remember. But I think we\'re going to do great with the House and we\'re going to do fantastic with the Senate so that we can keep making America great again. [applause] And, you know, we\'re going to be changing. I love that—I hate to—OK, let me ask your advice, right? Texas, you\'re smart, you\'re tough. So we have make America great again. I think it has to be the greatest slogan in the history of politics, right?[applause] Make America great again. What did she have? Some stupid slogan like stay together. [laughter] Remember—and then when I knocked it—or wasn\'t it like stay with me? And then I got up, and I said, see, that\'s all she can talk about is herself. So they paid a million dollars for that slogan and she changed it the next morning because it was a disaster. Stay with me. They didn\'t do that. They decided not to. So here\'s what happened. Make America great again. But now we\'re running—we\'re doing good. We\'ve come so—you know, we\'ve created $11.7 trillion. And, remember, we\'re hitting China hard. We\'re hitting everybody hard. We\'re doing these trade deals. So we\'re doing this. When they all kick in, you\'ll see numbers like you wouldn\'t believe. But we\'ve created $11.7 trillion. Other countries, China, you\'ve never seen this before with China. Remember, it was always China\'s doing so great, China, China, everything\'s China. I said, what about us? Well, we\'re down. We\'re not down anymore, folks! We\'re way up. Way up. [applause] We\'re way up. Way up. CROWD: USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! USA! THE PRESIDENT: And, by the way, I want China to do well, but they went down 32 percent over the last six months and we went way up. And since our election, we\'ve gone up almost 50 percent. Think of it, $11.7 trillion we created. China has lost about $20 trillion. We want them to be happy, we want them to do well, but they have to treat us fairly. They haven\'t treated us fairly. And they will. They have a wonderful, great leader, President Xi, and they will. The choice in November could not be more clear. Democrats produce mobs. Republicans produce jobs. Right?[applause] CROWD: Trump! Trump! Trump! Trump! Trump! Trump! THE PRESIDENT: Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, everybody. It\'s a great state. These are great people. And did we ever help you—hey, did, honestly, you know we were here a lot. Did we help you with that lousy hurricane that you suffered through? That sucker was brutal. [applause] That was brutal. I never saw anything like it. It kept coming in. It was taunting us. Have you ever been taunted? It was taunting. It would come in and you\'d say, oh, great, now it\'s—then it goes out, it reloads, it comes in. Then it dumps. Then it goes out. Then it comes—three times. And I\'m paying for that. I\'m saying, is this thing ever going to stop? Will it just go away? That was a brutal—that was a brutal hurricane. And you know who was fantastic? The United States Coast Guard. [applause] You know, because that was a very big deal, and there was a lot of water. And I don\'t know who in this room did it, but these guys with the little boats, they think they have this great boat, OK? Where do these people come from? They want to go out and they want to go into the hurricane to show their wife how great they are? And then they get out and they say, oh, my god, I\'m dead. And I asked one of the Coast Guard guys, I said, so let me ask you a question. When they go out—by the way, the Coast Guard, hard to believe, they saved in Texas more than any other place. Florida had a bad one, but it wasn\'t the same kind. In Texas, the United States Coast Guard saved 16,000 lives. Think of what that is. Think of what that is. [applause] And I said to a couple of the top guys—these are great people. I said, let me ask you a question. When these boats, what happens? He said, well, they want to go out, they want to sort of play at the edge. But there was no edge to this big monster. And it gobbled them up. And these guys are going through it. I said, how big is a thing like that? You have great equipment, you have the greatest boats. They said, sir, we have the best boats in the world, but we hit that thing wrong, we don\'t have a chance. These are great boats. He said, we go down just like everybody else. And they would ride the crest. They call it ride the crest. They\'d back up. They\'d let it go by. They\'d come in. They\'d save a lot of people. They\'d go back out. Then it came back out. The Coast Guard, their brand has appreciated more than any brand in this country, the United States Coast Guard. We have to say it. They did a great job. [applause] And next time, all you guys and gals, when there\'s a hurricane, do me a favor. Don\'t take your boat out. Just get out of town for a little while. That was a brutal period of time. But you did incredibly. And you really—FEMA was great. Law enforcement was great. First responders were great. The military. But the Coast Guard represented the military. Incredible. So we were honored to be joined this evening by many great Republican leaders. Here tonight is a man who is incredible. He is a man with tremendous spirit. He asked me for more money than any human being has ever asked for. I got to tell you—first, his name happens to be Governor Greg Abbott. Where is he? Where is he? Where is he?[applause] Where is Greg? Where is he? He\'s the greatest guy. Where is he? I think he\'s—there are a lot of people in this room. But, you know, Greg, I just took pictures with him backstage. I think—do we like him more than Trump? Yes, right? No, yes, I do. I like him more than Trump. But he called me up. And we have just given billions and billions of dollars to the state of Texas. And he goes, Mr. President, could I ask you one small question? \"What?\" He said, sir, we\'d like to build a dam, and it\'s not very much money, but it would really help us for the next hurricane. It would keep the waters out of Houston. You know where he\'s talking about right? And he said it was just a small favor, but if I could, I\'d like to ask you for that money. I said, Greg, how much is it? This—how many—$35 billion, $40 billion? I said, Greg, how much is it? Sir, it\'s only $10 billion. I said, wait a minute. Say it again. It\'s only—listen to this—it\'s only $10 billion with a B. I said, Greg, that\'s the most expensive dam I\'ve ever heard of. But I\'ll tell you, he loves Texas. He\'s here some place. He loves Texas. He loves Texas. [applause] He loves the people of Texas. And he\'s a great man. And he did a fantastic job under a lot of pressure. That hurricane was pressure. And you got all A\'s and A-pluses. Everybody did, the responders, FEMA, the governor, and the lieutenant governor, Dan Patrick. Dan?[applause] Finally, I see them. They\'re over here. It\'s hard, when you have 22,000 people in a room, it\'s hard to fire one person. It\'s hard to find one person even when he\'s tall. And another tall guy, who is an incredible senator, he represents you so well. He\'s always fighting for you. And he was the one that asked Dianne Feinstein, did you leak? Remember? And she went, oh. So he was the one. He said, looks over to her, remember? During the hearings? Those horrible hearings, where they were so nasty and horrible, to a great gentleman who\'s going to go down as one of our greatest Supreme Court justices ever? He goes out and he goes—he\'s on the committee. And he goes, did you leak? And she went, oh, what, no, no, no, I don\'t—wait a minute, let me check. Did we leak? No, you—no, we didn\'t leak. Oh. No. That was the worst body language. She was so guilty of leaking. She leaked. John Cornyn was great. He was great during the hearings. [applause] Stand up, John. You know, it was a surprise. You surprised her, right? She didn\'t know what the hell happened, John. You surprised her with that beautiful Texas accent. Thank you, John. Great job. Always a great job, not just there. Always a great job. And you have an attorney general who doesn\'t stop. He\'s tough, he\'s smart, he collects more money for this state. He loves the state. Ken Paxton, thank you, Ken. Great job. Doing a great job, Ken. [applause] We\'re working closely with your state leaders in the recovery effort following the devastation of Harvey. We continue to work. It doesn\'t go so quickly, although in this case went very fast. And we\'re never going to rest until that hurricane is totally out of our sight, our vision, everything\'s fixed, and it\'s very close to being finalized. But we\'ll never rest until every last brick, every piece of asphalt and concrete, everything is perfecto. Right? [applause] And if we did rest, Ted Cruz and John Cornyn and Ken Paxton and Dan—I love Dan, what a great guy, thank you—they will not let me rest, will you? They\'ll never let me rest. We stand ready to help Texas respond to the storms that are continuing to cause flooding throughout the region. And we\'re doing things to alleviate some of those storms. I don\'t know that we\'re going to do the one that the governor asked for, but that could be. That could. I said, would you name it the \"Trump Dam,\" please? Name it the \"Trump Dam.\" [applause] It\'s beautiful, it\'s big and expensive. I want—no, I\'m only kidding. I did not ask him that. Tomorrow would be headline, Trump demands name on the dam. I also want to recognize your outstanding Republican Congressman, including Chairman Kevin Brady, what a guy. Where is he? [applause] What a guy. You talk about help with taxes. And so, Kevin, we\'re putting in next week the 10 percent reduction in middle-income taxes, right, next week? OK. [applause] He promised in front of 22,000 people. I don\'t need that. He promised to me. That\'s good. Thank you, Kevin. What a great job. Great man. Congressman Bill Flores, thank you, Bill. Great job. Congressman John Conner. Get out and vote for Bill and John. [applause] A friend of mine, you don\'t have to vote for him, actually, because he\'s so far ahead—I\'m sure he loves me saying this—you don\'t have to vote for him. Just—all these other—got to vote for them. Can\'t take—but you don\'t have to vote for this guy. He is leading by, like, 60 points. He\'s leading by—but, you know what, do me a favor. Because I don\'t want to have a depressed man on my shoulders. Go out and vote for him anyway, because he is outstanding. He\'s a winner. He\'s a champion. He\'s a warrior. Louie Gohmert. [applause] Louie. Hey, Louie, should they bother voting or is it just over? You want them to vote, right, Louie? I think we\'ll have—go out and vote for Louie. [applause] Another congressman who\'s been so helpful, Ted Poe. Ted, thank you, Poe. [applause] Congressman Pete Olson. Thank you, Pete. Great job. [applause] Congressman Randy Weber. Thank you. Great job, Randy. Thank you, Randy. You got great people in this state, by the way. These are great people. Congressman Brian Babin. [applause] Congressman John Culberson, who\'s a great guy. [applause] He\'s a great guy. Get out and vote for John. He\'s got a lot of money being poured against him. Get out and vote for John. Get out and vote for Pete Sessions. Pete Sessions is a fantastic congressman. They\'re pouring money in that race. He\'s still leading, and John\'s leading, but get out. Louie, don\'t worry. John, Pete, you have to. Jodey Arrington, Jodey? [applause] Jodey has done a great job. And Congressman Michael Cloud, thank you, Michael. Thank you, Michael. Great job, Michael. Great job. [applause] These are great people. Great patriots, people that love Texas. If you don\'t want to be saying the words Speaker Nancy Pelosi. . . [booing] . . . that\'s not good—for the next two years, then you need to go out and vote for these tremendous Republican lawmakers. They are tremendous. Thank you, fellas. Thank you. Thank you, fellas. Thank you, Louie. Thank you, Louie. [applause] This election is about protecting the sacred values we all share and the values that Texas Republicans are fighting for each and every day. We believe in the right to free speech, the right to religious liberty, and we believe in the right to keep and bear arms. [applause] We believe in law and order, and we cherish the incredible men and women of law enforcement. [applause] We believe that judges should always interpret the Constitution as written. We believe that schools should teach our children to be proud of their country and to respect our great American flag. [applause] We kneel in prayer and we proudly stand for our national anthem and our American flag. [applause] We know that faith and family, not government and bureaucracy, are the true center of American life. So true. And above all else, we know this. In America, we don\'t worship government. We worship God. [applause] These are the values that unite people all across the great state of Texas. In this election, you can send a message to the radical Democrats, don\'t mess with Texas. [applause] Vote for Ted Cruz and vote Republican. A future under Democratic mob rule would be a total catastrophe. Democrats in Congress have already signed up for a socialist takeover of health care that would eliminate the private insurance of more than 15 million Texans. The Democrat plan would destroy Medicare and terminate Medicare Advantage for 1.4 million Texas seniors who depend on it. Republicans want to protect Medicare for our great seniors who have earned it and who have paid for it for a long time. [applause] And Republicans will always protect Americans with pre-existing conditions. We protect you. Pre-existing conditions. Right?[applause] The Democrat plan to destroy American health care includes free health care and education to illegal aliens paid for by you, thank you very much, the American taxpayer. [booing] And they absolutely demand—and that\'s happening—they want to demand to vote. They want to be able to vote. They want to be able to vote. Oh, don\'t worry about it. They want to be able to vote. The illegals—and by the way, I hate to tell you, you go to California, you go—they vote anyway. They vote anyway. And they\'re not supposed to. And every time I say it, the fake news says, oh, they said—they got so many people voting legally in this country, it\'s a disgrace, OK? It\'s a disgrace. Voter ID, folks. Voter ID. Voter ID. [applause] You got to put your voter ID—you do it on everything. The only thing you don\'t have to do it for is when you vote. Not going to be that way. Voter ID. Republicans believe we should protect public benefits for truly needy Americans, not for illegal aliens. [applause] As we speak, the Democrat Party is openly encouraging millions of illegal aliens to break our laws, violate our borders, and overwhelm our nation. That\'s what\'s happening. The Democrats have launched an assault on the sovereignty of our country, the security of our nation, and the safety of every single American. The crisis on our border right now as we speak is the sole result of Democrat laws and activists, Democrat judges that prevent us from returning illegal aliens from Central America and all over the world. It\'s called catch and release. [booing] You know what catch and release is, right? You got these great people from Border Patrol. These are great people, ICE, Border Patrol. These are incredible people. Tough job. They catch them and then they release them. And they say you have to come back for a court case. They just put their foot over immediately. They touch our land. You have to come back in two years for a court case. Well, number one, they never come back. Three percent. And I don\'t believe the three. We release them into our country, because that\'s what the Democrats want. And then a lot of bad things happen when that happens. The Democrats don\'t care what their extremist immigration agenda will do to your neighborhoods, to your hospitals, or to your schools. They don\'t care that the mass illegal immigration will totally bankrupt our country, because all the Democrats care about is regaining power, no matter how they have to go about doing it. All the witch hunts, no matter what they do, they just want to gain power. But we\'re not going to let them gain power. [booing] And that\'s why the Democrats all support catch and release. That\'s why they support visa lottery. You know what visa lottery? Countries put name in a batch and you pick them. You pick them. You keep picking them. And then then you got nothing but problems, because you think those countries are putting their finest? I don\'t think so. It\'s a great way to dispose of their problems. Visa lottery. And then you have chain migration. A guy comes in, as an example, West Side Highway in Manhattan. That\'s where I am. Beautiful park, beautiful highway. This animal is driving a car down and he decides he\'s going to make a right, right into the park where everyone is working out, exercising, running, bicycling. And he knocks everything down, including kills eight people. And badly wounds—you ever notice they never talk about the people that are wounded, where they lose their arms, and their legs, and their lives can never be the same? They never talk. They say eight people died. They don\'t talk about the 12 people that lost something so important. These are people that are in a park where they go to exercise so they can be in perfect shape. And they go home months later without their legs, without their arms. Because this animal going at a very fast speed just decided he\'s going to make a right into the park and run people over. So he has 22 people that came in, because he\'s here. So he\'s here. It\'s called chain, a chain, nice name, chain migration. He\'s here. His mother comes with him, his father then comes, his uncle, his aunt, his brother, his nephew, his sister, 22 people. No jobs. Just 22 people. [booing] No more chain migration. No more chain migration. [applause] That\'s why the Democrats want to give illegal aliens free welfare and the right to vote. That\'s why Democrats want to abolish ICE. The casualties of the Democrats\' open border crusade—and you\'re going to see it over the next two weeks—I\'m stuck with it. I want to change it. But we have a tiny, tiny majority. I need the votes. We don\'t have enough votes. As an example, with the Senate, we need 60 votes. But we have 51. We have a tiny majority. We need 60 votes. So they don\'t allow us to do it. They\'re killing and hurting innocent Americans. Democrat immigration policies allow poisonous drugs and MS-13 to pour into our country. And Democrat sanctuary cities release violent criminals from jail and straight into your neighborhoods. Republicans believe our country should be a sanctuary for law-abiding Americans, not for criminal aliens. [applause] Common sense. Common sense. The Republican Party will always stand proudly with the heroes of ICE. These are tough people, by the way. They\'re great Americans, but you don\'t want their job. They go into the—they call them nests, MS-13, killers. They don\'t like using guns because it\'s too quick. They like cutting people up, slicing them, killing them, like they did to two beautiful, lovely young girls going back home from school, killing them, slicing them. They didn\'t want the guns. These are evil people. Yeah, yeah, that\'s right. Yeah, that\'s right. He said it. These are—that\'s right. They\'re animals. They\'re animals. [applause] So, you know, when I see—in Long Island, I grew up in—near Long Island, and I know every town out there. These are great towns. They have been great towns. For some reason, a lot of the MS-13 went out to Long Island. And I\'ve been hearing from friends of mine. And we send ICE in. We put ICE in there and it\'s like you liberate—it\'s like a war. You liberate the town. And those people are clapping and screaming. And these guys in ICE, they walk right into those nests, and they\'re tougher and smarter than MS-13. And MS-13 respects them, because none of you guys want that job. I don\'t want that job. Maybe Louie Gohmert will take it. I don\'t know. But I don\'t want that job. I don\'t want that job. But, no, seriously, these are heroes. And they go in and they take them and they throw them into the paddy wagon, then get them the hell out of our country. We\'ve removed thousands, thousands of them. They came in through the wonderful Obama administration. We removed thousands and thousands of these people. And the towns are liberated. And you see the people, they\'re clapping from their window. I\'m telling you, it\'s like a war. It\'s like a war zone. These are great towns, great places, but ICE—we have to cherish ICE and Border Patrol and law enforcement. And, yeah, and we\'re getting the wall finished, because it\'s a very important element of what we need. [applause] Even the Democrats are seeing it. I got a call today, I said, you know, we really do need the wall. When he sees those people pouring up, you\'ve got to have a wall. If you want to secure our borders, support our law enforcement, and stop catch-and-release and all of the other things I just spoke about, go out and vote Republican. Do it now or do it on November 6th. If you want America to endure as a sovereign, independent nation, go out and vote Republican. And if you want high-paying jobs, rising wages, and a booming economy, then go out and vote Republican. [applause] In less than two years\' time, we have created over 4.2 million new jobs and lifted over 4 million Americans off of food stamps. They said that was impossible. [applause] We\'ve added 600,000 new manufacturing jobs. Remember the previous administration? I won\'t be specific, but let\'s say the head of the previous administration—does anybody know who I\'m talking about? Remember he said, you can\'t have manufacturing jobs in this country. You\'d need a magic wand, remember the famous—well, I guess we found the magic wand. [applause] The best jobs there are. The best jobs there are. And manufacturing confidence just today hit an all-time high in the history of our country. [applause] Economic growth last quarter reached 4.2 percent. Remember, 4.1 percent, then elevated to 4.2 percent. They said that wouldn\'t happen for years. And we have another great one coming up. And we have an interest rate climate. We don\'t have a climate where you had zero interest rates. Give me zero interest rates for a little while, you want to see numbers. But we\'re being conservative. Hispanic American median household income—Hispanic Americans—think of it—median income reached an all-time high. Hispanic American poverty has reached an all-time low. And Hispanic American homeownership recently hit its highest rate in much more than a decade. [applause] African American, Hispanic American, Asian American unemployment has reached the lowest level ever recorded in our country\'s history. [applause] And women\'s unemployment just fell to 3.6 percent, the lowest rate in 65 years. [applause] Earlier this month, I announced that we are replacing the horrible NAFTA deal with an incredible brand-new US-Mexico-Canada agreement, the USMCA. [applause] And that\'s a great deal. Our farmers are happy. Our manufacturers are happy. You\'re not going to have companies leaving for other countries. Very important part of the deal. I said, I don\'t want our companies moving to other countries, firing all their people, making the product, and then putting it in with no tax and selling it back to our people. Not going to happen. That deal totally takes care of it. Not going to happen. No more. No more. [applause] We lost 35 percent of our automobile business in a short period of time. NAFTA was a disaster. That\'s why I refuse—they wanted to call it NAFTA II. I said, I don\'t want the name NAFTA. It\'s so shaded with what we did. It\'s a great deal. Bob Lighthizer, so many people worked so hard on that. We\'ve taken the toughest ever action to crack down on China\'s abusive trade practices. We\'ve also made a deal with South Korea, the new trade deal, it\'s a great deal for our farmers, our manufacturers, everybody. We\'ve taken bold action to reduce the price of prescription drugs. Americans should not be forced to subsidize lower drug prices in foreign countries while paying the highest drug prices ever in the history of this world. [applause] We\'ve gone through the process. It\'s a statutory process. I\'m very soon finished with it. Drug prices will soon be plunging. Watch. [applause] Secretary Azar, great job. To help critically ill patients get life-saving treatments, we just passed right to try. Do you know what that is? That\'s a person who\'s very sick, they\'re terminally ill, they want hope. They want to be able and get something. We have the greatest—the greatest medical people in the world by far. We have the greatest things—they\'re looking. They\'re under research. And what happened is people would be told they\'re terminally ill. They have a big problem. And if we had a drug or we had treatment that gave great hope, that looked promising, we couldn\'t even come close to letting them use it. And for 44 years, they\'ve been trying to get this done, where if somebody is really sick, terminally ill, and we have something in the pipeline that looks really good. We got to let them use it, and that\'s called right to try, because I know people, they traveled all over the world looking for—looking for hope. They were looking for hope. And now they sign a simple document and they go out and they get it. And by the way, this we signed three months ago. We have had tremendous results already. And, you know, one of the other things, John, because John was very much involved and Ted, one of the things it really is, it\'s the ultimate test if you think about it. It\'s the ultimate test. But it was very hard to get approved. We got it approved. It\'s done, right to try. I hope nobody has to use it. I hope nobody has to use it, OK? Stay away. But you know what, if you\'re really sick and they have something in the pipeline, that\'s good. You never had a chance. Now you get it, very routinely. [applause] And we obtained $6 billion to fight the opioid epidemic, which is a big problem. And with Ted, I\'ll tell you, he was incredible. With Ted\'s help, we repealed the core of Obamacare, the individual mandate penalty that everybody hated. And it\'s gone. Everybody hated it. [applause] And we passed veteran\'s choice, giving our veterans the right to see a private doctor, instead of waiting on line for one month, two months, three months, four months. And having a simple illness corrected, you\'d have people that stand in line so long they would have a simple problem, and by the time they got to see a doctor, they were terminally ill. Terminally ill. So now they have to wait on line. These are our great people. If our veterans have to wait online, they go out and they see a private doctor. We pay the bill. And we get them fixed up. [applause] And we also passed for the veterans the V.A. accountability law to ensure that anyone who mistreats our veterans will be accountable. In other words, Jim, get out of here. You\'re fired. Get out. You couldn\'t fire these people. You couldn\'t get them out. They could be sadists. They could be thieves. They could do whatever they wanted to do. You couldn\'t fire them. And for our military, we secured $700 billion and $716 billion to fully rebuild the United States military. And we are getting other countries to pay up and pay their fair share for our military protection, including NATO, where I asked to recover billions and billions of dollars. In just two years, I\'ve asked NATO, you\'ve got to pay up. We\'re protecting—you got to pay. They weren\'t paying. Close to $100 billion a year, we got it. That they pay. We don\'t pay. They pay. We\'re protecting them. We\'re protecting them. And that\'s great, but they got to pay. At my direction, the Pentagon is now working to create the sixth branch of the American armed forces, the Space Force. So important. So important. I\'m telling you, right, John? Cornyn will get that through. See the way people love it. It\'s so important. It\'s where it\'s at. It\'s really where it\'s at. To keep America safe from terrorism, we have put in place the travel ban. Remember that? Recently upheld by the United States Supreme Court. Remember that? You\'ll never get it approved, Mr. President. Let\'s give it a shot. We just had it approved by the United States Supreme Court. [applause] I withdrew the United States from the horrible, one-sided Iran nuclear deal. And we have recognized the capital of Israel and opened the American embassy in Jerusalem. [applause] Together, we have made extraordinary progress, but we are just getting started. If you vote to elect a Republican House and a Republican Senate, we will continue to cut your taxes, cut your regulations, raise your incomes, help your jobs, take care of your medical problems. We will protect Medicare and Social Security. The Democrats will never be able to do it. We will defend the Second Amendment, and we will continue to confirm great judges who will abide by our laws and our Constitution. [applause] We will fully secure our border. We will pass \"Kate\'s Law.\" We will stop sanctuary cities. We will stop visa lottery. We will end chain migration. And we will keep the criminal drug dealers, predators, and terrorists the hell out of our country. [applause] We will lift millions of our citizens from welfare to work, from dependence to independence, and from poverty to prosperity. [applause] For years you watched as your leaders apologized for America. They apologized. Now you have a president who is standing up for America, and we are standing up for the great state of Texas. [applause] But to continue this incredible momentum, to protect your state and your country, you need to elect a Republican House and a Republican Senate. And you need to vote for Ted Cruz. He\'s a terrific, great senator. [applause] Loyal citizens like you helped to build this country, and together we are taking back our country, returning power to you, the American people. That\'s what happened. [applause] That was the greatest movement in the history of our country, what\'s happened. Look at this as an example. A president would come to Texas and if they had 300 or 400 people in a conference room in a hotel, it would be considered a success. We had over 100,000 people want to come here today. Over a hundred. [applause] The greatest movement in the history of our country. And it\'s your movement much more that it\'s my movement. I\'m just laying it out. I\'m telling it like it is. From Houston to Austin, from Dallas to El Paso, from the Red River to the Rio Grande, this state was settled by some of the toughest men and strongest women ever to walk the face of the Earth. [applause] This is the state where William Travis, James Bowie, and Davy Crockett made their last stand at the Alamo. [applause] This is the state where a small band of patriots at the Battle of Gonzales, armed with a single cannon, stared down a foreign army and declared, \"Come and take it.\"[applause] Come and take it, they said. Come and take it. Come on up. Come on up and take it. Come on. Oh, what happened? You didn\'t want to take it? And Texas is the state where generations of farmers and ranchers and oil workers and pioneers built a life and a home with their own two hands. They didn\'t have a lot of money, they didn\'t have a lot of luxury, but they all had one thing in common: They loved their families, they loved their country, and they loved their God. [applause] These courageous Texas patriots did not shed their blood, sweat, and tears so that we could sit at home while others try to erase their legacy, tear down our history, and destroy our proud American heritage. For the sake of our freedom and for the sake of our children, we are going to work, we are going to fight, and we are going to win, win, and win, and going to keep on winning. [applause] We will not bend. We will not break. We will never give in. We will never give up. And we will never back down. We will never surrender. And we will always fight on to victory. [applause] Because we are American, and our hearts bleed red, white, and blue. [applause] We are one people, one family, and one glorious nation under God. And together we will make America wealthy again, we will make America strong again, we will make America safe again, and we will make America great again. Thank you, Texas. Thank you. NOTE: President Trump spoke at the Toyota Center, Houston, Texas. He was introduced by Texas Senator Ted Cruz. This transcript was prepared for the American Presidency Project by Carla Cernat. Donald J. Trump, Remarks at a \"Make America Great Again\" Rally in Houston, Texas Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. 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General increase in covert light up to 38 | 3,332 | I am Andrew Bustamante, a former covert CIA intelligence officer and founder of the Everyday Espionage training platform. Ask me anything. : r/IAmA Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/IAmA A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to IAmA r/IAmA r/IAmA I Am A, where the mundane becomes fascinating and the outrageous suddenly seems normal. * * * 23M Members 1.2K Online • 6 yr. ago imAndrewBustamante ADMIN MOD # I am Andrew Bustamante, a former covert CIA intelligence officer and founder of the Everyday Espionage training platform. Ask me anything. Specialized Profession I share the truth about espionage. After serving in the US Air Force and the Central Intelligence Agency, I have seen the value and impact of well organized, well executed intelligence operations. The same techniques that shape international events can also serve everyday people in their daily lives. I have witnessed the benefits in my own life and the lives of my fellow Agency officers. Now my mission is to share that knowledge with all people. Some will listen, some will not. But the future has always been shaped by those who learn. I have been verified privately by the IAMA moderators. FAREWELL: I am humbled by the dialogue and disappointed that I couldn\'t keep up with the questions. I did my best, but you all outpaced me consistently to the end and beyond! Well done, all - reach out anytime and we\'ll keep the information flowing together. UPDATE: Due to overwhelming demand, we are continuing the discussion on a dedicated subreddit! See you at r/EverydayEspionage! Read more Archived post. 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Photos show former President Donald Trump golfing after being shot | 3,333 | Accessibility links ** Keyboard shortcuts for audio player * Open Navigation Menu * ![\\"NPR](\\" * Newsletters * NPR Shop Close Navigation Menu * Home * News Expand/collapse submenu for News * National * World * Politics * Business * Health * Science * Climate * Race * Culture Expand/collapse submenu for Culture * Books * Movies * Television * Pop Culture * Food * Art & Design * Performing Arts * Life Kit * Gaming * Music Expand/collapse submenu for Music * Music Features * Tiny Desk * Live Sessions * Hip-Hop 50 * All Songs Considered * Podcasts & Shows Expand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows Daily * ![\\"\\"](\\" Morning Edition * ![\\"\\"](\\" Weekend Edition Saturday * ![\\"\\"](\\" Weekend Edition Sunday * ![\\"\\"](\\" All Things Considered * ![\\"\\"](\\" Fresh Air * ![\\"\\"](\\" Up First Featured * ![\\"\\"](\\" The NPR Politics Podcast * ![\\"\\"](\\" Throughline * ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump\'s Trials * ![\\"\\"](\\" Wild Card with Rachel Martin * More Podcasts & Shows * Search * Newsletters * NPR Shop * ![\\"NPR](\\" ![\\"NPR](\\" * Music Features * Tiny Desk * Live Sessions * Hip-Hop 50 * All Songs Considered * About NPR * Diversity * Support * Careers * Press * Ethics Everything to know about apparent assassination attempt on Trump The suspect \"didn’t even get close to getting a round off,\" and never had a line of sight on Trump, authorities said. Ryan Wesley Routh is facing federal gun- related charges in the incident. ### National # Here\'s everything we know about the apparent assassination attempt on Trump Updated September 16, 20243:36 PM ET Originally published September 16, 20241:33 PM ET By Bill Chappell , Rachel Treisman , Jonathan Franklin ![\\"This](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F8f%2F1e%2F14f7ba2940b7a2ccdec3feea2a59%2Fap24260650115589.jpg\\"/) Law enforcement officials work outside the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach, Fla., on Sept. 16, the day after the apparent assassination attempt on former President Donald Trump, the Republican presidential nominee. Lynne Sladky/AP **hide caption** **toggle caption** Lynne Sladky/AP Former President Donald Trump was targeted in what “appears to be an attempted assassination” on Sunday afternoon, the FBI says. A suspect — Ryan Wesley Routh — is in custody after being identified as a man seen with a rifle at Trump’s golf club in West Palm Beach, Fla. The incident began around 1:30 p.m. ET on the Trump International golf course where the former president was playing; it ended miles away after Routh’s vehicle was spotted on Interstate 95. It occurred two months after Trump was wounded in an assassination attempt in Butler, Pa. Sponsor Message ![\\"A](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fe5%2F07%2Ff006a5d147ca9d0b3ffa953114ed%2Fgettyimages-2171765918.jpg\\") ### National ### What we know about the suspect in the Trump apparent assassination attempt Here’s a rundown of the facts that are known so far: ### The ongoing investigation Palm Beach County, Fla., Sheriff Ric Bradshaw said Monday that the security plan for Trump worked as it should have. “What we did yesterday proves that the system can work because the suspect didn’t even get close to getting a round off and we apprehended him and brought him to justice,” Bradshaw said. U.S. Secret Service acting Director Ronald Rowe said the suspect never even had “line of sight” on Trump. It\'s unclear how long the suspect was in Florida but it does appear he acted alone, said FBI Special Agent in Charge Jeffrey B. Veltri. Bradshaw told reporters that Trump called him Sunday to thank him for everything authorities did. ### The suspect now faces federal gun charges ![\\"Police](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb0%2Fcb%2Ff45e05454bcc90006642c9273035%2Fap24260709082337.jpg\\"/) Police patrol on a bridge beside the Mar-a-Lago estate of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump, as a supporter flies flags to express support for Trump one day after an apparent assassination attempt, in Palm Beach, Fla., Monday, Sept. 16, 2024. Rebecca Blackwell/AP **hide caption** **toggle caption** Rebecca Blackwell/AP Routh appeared in a federal courtroom in West Palm Beach on Monday, where he was charged with two gun-related offenses: possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, and possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial number. Routh, who was represented by a federal public defender, told federal Judge Ryon McCabe that he has no savings to pay for his defense. Wearing a blue prison jumpsuit and shackles, he also said he has a 25-year-old son. Sponsor Message Agreeing with prosecutors’ request, the judge ordered Routh to remain in custody until a formal arraignment on Sep. 30. Routh\'s cellphone provider offered data suggesting that he had been near the golf course for nearly 12 hours, from 1:59 a.m. to 1:31 p.m., according to court documents. ### A Secret Service agent spotted a gun ![\\"Law](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F47%2Fef%2F5d82a22d45f0a66be1023ab9dd3b%2Fgettyimages-2172255185.jpg\\"/) Law enforcement personnel investigate the area around Trump International Golf Club after an apparent assassination attempt of former President Donald Trump on Sunday. Joe Raedle/Getty Images **hide caption** **toggle caption** Joe Raedle/Getty Images As Trump moved through the golf course on Sunday, so did a “bubble” of security that the Secret Service extends around him. An agent who was ahead of Trump on the course “was able to spot this rifle barrel sticking out of the fence and immediately engage that individual, at which time the individual took off,” Sheriff Bradshaw said. The weapon was spotted in an area of the golf course where three holes — 5, 6 and 7 — turn a corner close to an intersection where two large roads meet: S. Congress Ave. and Summit Blvd. From his vantage point, the suspect could view two holes on the course, Bradshaw said. ### Agents fired at the suspect U.S. Secret Service personnel fired four to six rounds as they shot at the suspect from a long distance, said FBI Special Agent in Charge Rafael Barros. The suspect fled in a car and headed toward I-95, less than 2 miles to the east. “In the bushes where this guy was, is an AK-47-style rifle with a scope, two backpacks which were hung on the fence that had ceramic tile in them and a GoPro” camera, Bradshaw said, noting that the suspect was seemingly intent on filming what took place. ![\\"Republican](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdd%2F1f%2Fe24c2a764a8c8927ad563ee31d48%2Fap24258767849701.jpg\\"/) ### Politics ### Trump was targeted in apparent \'attempted assassination,\' the FBI says The weapon was identified as an SKS-style rifle — its design slightly predates the AK-47 — according to the criminal complaint against Routh. Both guns use the same 7.62 x 39 mm rounds, and the SKS was notably used by Viet Cong snipers in the Vietnam War, according to the Violence Policy Center. The center adds that an SKS-style gun was used in two high-profile attacks in the past decade: one at a baseball field where members of Congress played in 2017; and another at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado in 2015. The June 2017 attack on a Congressional baseball game practice in Alexandria, Va., left five wounded, including then-House Majority Whip Steve Scalise and two Capitol Police officers. Sponsor Message At the time of Sunday\'s encounter, Trump was one or two holes away — “probably between [300] and 500 yards” from the suspect’s location, Bradshaw said. “But with a rifle and a scope like that, that\'s not a long distance,” he added. Photos from the scene depict what looks to be an improvised sniper’s nest, with backpacks hung next to each other on the fence with a space in between them. The placement of ceramic tiles suggests the suspect likely intended them to provide armor against any incoming gunfire. ### A witness took a picture of the suspect’s license plate ![\\"Ryan](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9d%2Fcd%2F980d00784abcb54c193b1c1c7ca4%2Fgettyimages-2171592164.jpg\\"/) Ryan Wesley Routh, seen here in a screengrab from a rally held in central Kyiv in April of 2022, was identified as the suspect in what federal officials say was an apparent assassination attempt against former President Donald Trump in Florida. AFPTV/AFP via Getty Images **hide caption** **toggle caption** AFPTV/AFP via Getty Images Police converged on the golf course after the Secret Service reported shots fired. Bradshaw says law enforcement then got a big break: “Fortunately, we were able to locate a witness that came to us and said, ‘Hey, I saw the guy running out of the bushes. He jumped into a black Nissan and I took a picture of the vehicle and the tag’ — which was great.” A license-plate reader system reported that the vehicle was on I-95, driving north toward nearby Martin County. The sheriff’s office in that county then pulled the Nissan SUV over around 2:14 p.m. and arrested Routh after the witness identified him as the suspect from the golf course, according to court records. Routh, 58, allegedly said that he knew why he was being pulled over. The license plate on Routh\'s Nissan belonged to another vehicle — a white Ford pickup whose tag was reported stolen — according to the criminal complaint. ### Routh is a former Trump supporter Routh spent much of his adulthood in North Carolina before moving to Hawaii in 2018. He owns a business that builds portable storage units and tiny homes on Oahu. His digital footprint depicts Routh as a disillusioned former Trump supporter who backs Ukraine in its war against Russia. Sponsor Message Routh has an extended criminal history, including a conviction on a felony charge of possessing a weapon of mass destruction in 2002. Public records list him as the defendant in multiple court cases, on matters from bad checks to tax delinquencies. Between 2001 and 2010, he was also charged with numerous misdemeanors. FBI Agent Veltri said the suspect was the subject of a 2019 tip to the FBI, which accused him of being a felon in possession of a firearm. Veltri says they investigated, but the tip fell apart. North Carolina voting records show Routh voted in the recent Democratic primary election there, but he is listed as unaffiliated with any party. He has written in a self-published 2023 book about voting for Trump in 2016 and regretting it. Federal Election Commission records show Routh donated to the Democratic fundraising platform ActBlue nearly 20 times, in amounts ranging from $1 to $25, between September 2019 and March 2020. ### Trump, Harris and Biden respond “There were gunshots in my vicinity, but before rumors start spiraling out of control, I wanted you to hear this first: I AM SAFE AND WELL!” Trump said in a statement sent out by his campaign on Sunday afternoon. He pledged not to slow down his campaigning, and he later thanked the Secret Service and local law enforcement for their actions. Trump’s opponent in the 2024 presidential race, Vice President Harris, condemned political violence, saying on Sunday that she was “deeply disturbed\" by the incident. “I am thankful that former President Trump is safe,” Harris said. “I commend the U.S. Secret Service and law enforcement partners for their vigilance.” In an event on Monday, President Biden also condemned political violence and “the attempted assassination against our former president,” saying the ballot box, not a gun, is how America resolves differences. NPR deputy national editor Russell Lewis contributed to this report. * Donald Trump * assassination attempt * Facebook * Flipboard * Email ###### Read & Listen * Home * News * Culture * Music * Podcasts & Shows ###### Connect * Newsletters * Facebook * Instagram * Press * Public Editor * Corrections * Contact & Help ###### About NPR * Overview * Diversity * NPR Network * Accessibility * Ethics * Finances ###### Get Involved * Support Public Radio * Sponsor NPR * NPR Careers * NPR Shop * NPR Events * NPR Extra * Terms of Use * Privacy * Your Privacy Choices * Text Only Sponsor Message Become an NPR sponsor By clicking “Accept All Cookies” or continuing, you agree to the use of cookies, similar tracking and storage technologies, and information about your device to enhance your viewing, listening and user experience, personalize content, personalize messages from NPR’s sponsors, provide social media features, and analyze NPR’s traffic. 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Steelers vs Cowboys Mideast wars Christopher Ciccone dies at 63 AP Top 25 poll Jeremy Swayman Politics # Trump was the subject of an apparent assassination attempt at his Florida golf club, the FBI says ## Trump was the subject of an apparent assassination attempt at his Florida golf club, the FBI says 1 of 15 | A man suspected in an apparent assassination attempt targeting former President Donald Trump was charged with federal gun crimes. Read More 2 of 15 | The FBI says it’s investigating “what appears to be an attempted assassination” of Donald Trump at his golf club in West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press reporter Bill Barrow says that Trump and the Secret Service are saying the former president is safe. Read More 3 of 15 | Palm Beach County Sheriff Ric Bradshaw says U.S. Secret Service agents fired at a man pointing an AK-style rifle with a scope into the club as Trump was on the course. Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\" 4 of 15 | Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump arrives at Harry Reid International Airport to board a plane after a campaign trip, Saturday, Sept.14, 2024, in Las Vegas. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 5 of 15 | Ryan Wesley Routh takes part in a rally in central Kyiv, Ukraine, Saturday, April 30, 2022. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 6 of 15 | In this imaged released by the Martin County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office, law enforcement officers arrest Ryan Routh, the man suspected in the apparent assassination attempt of Donald Trump, Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (Martin County Sheriff’s Office via AP) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 7 of 15 | In this image taken from police body camera video and released by the Martin County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office, law enforcement officers arrest Ryan Routh, the man suspected in the apparent assassination attempt of Donald Trump, Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (Martin County Sheriff’s Office via AP) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 8 of 15 | Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump waves as he boards a plane at Harry Reid International Airport after a campaign trip, Saturday, Sept.14, 2024, in Las Vegas. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 9 of 15 | Photos that show an AK-47 rifle, a backpack and a Go-Pro camera on a fence outside Trump International Golf Club taken after an apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump, are displayed during a news conference at the Palm Beach County Main Library, Sunday. Sept. 15, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Stephany Matat) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 10 of 15 | Police officers direct traffic near Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump in West Palm Beach, Fla., Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Terry Renna) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 11 of 15 | Law enforcement officials work outside of the Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 12 of 15 | Department of Homeland Security officers patrol outside the Paul G. Rogers Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, where a man suspected in an apparent assassination attempt targeting former President Donald Trump, was charged with federal gun crimes, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 13 of 15 | Department of Homeland Security officers patrol outside the Paul G. Rogers Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, where a man suspected in an apparent assassination attempt targeting former President Donald Trump, was charged with federal gun crimes, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 14 of 15 | Police patrol on a bridge beside the Mar-a-Lago estate of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump, as a supporter flies flags to express support for Trump one day after an apparent assassination attempt, in Palm Beach, Fla., Monday, Sept. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell) Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") 15 of 15 | An officer with the Palm Beach County Sheriffs works outside of Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky) Read More Trump was the subject of an apparent assassination attempt at his Florida golf club, the FBI says Read More 1 of 15 A man suspected in an apparent assassination attempt targeting former President Donald Trump was charged with federal gun crimes. Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More Read More 2 of 15 The FBI says it’s investigating “what appears to be an attempted assassination” of Donald Trump at his golf club in West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press reporter Bill Barrow says that Trump and the Secret Service are saying the former president is safe. Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More Read More 3 of 15 Palm Beach County Sheriff Ric Bradshaw says U.S. Secret Service agents fired at a man pointing an AK-style rifle with a scope into the club as Trump was on the course. Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 4 of 15 Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump arrives at Harry Reid International Airport to board a plane after a campaign trip, Saturday, Sept.14, 2024, in Las Vegas. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 5 of 15 Ryan Wesley Routh takes part in a rally in central Kyiv, Ukraine, Saturday, April 30, 2022. (AP Photo/Efrem Lukatsky) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 6 of 15 In this imaged released by the Martin County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office, law enforcement officers arrest Ryan Routh, the man suspected in the apparent assassination attempt of Donald Trump, Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (Martin County Sheriff’s Office via AP) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 7 of 15 In this image taken from police body camera video and released by the Martin County, Fla., Sheriff’s Office, law enforcement officers arrest Ryan Routh, the man suspected in the apparent assassination attempt of Donald Trump, Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (Martin County Sheriff’s Office via AP) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 8 of 15 Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump waves as he boards a plane at Harry Reid International Airport after a campaign trip, Saturday, Sept.14, 2024, in Las Vegas. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 9 of 15 Photos that show an AK-47 rifle, a backpack and a Go-Pro camera on a fence outside Trump International Golf Club taken after an apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump, are displayed during a news conference at the Palm Beach County Main Library, Sunday. Sept. 15, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Stephany Matat) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 10 of 15 Police officers direct traffic near Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump in West Palm Beach, Fla., Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Terry Renna) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 11 of 15 Law enforcement officials work outside of the Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 12 of 15 Department of Homeland Security officers patrol outside the Paul G. Rogers Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, where a man suspected in an apparent assassination attempt targeting former President Donald Trump, was charged with federal gun crimes, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 13 of 15 Department of Homeland Security officers patrol outside the Paul G. Rogers Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse, where a man suspected in an apparent assassination attempt targeting former President Donald Trump, was charged with federal gun crimes, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Wilfredo Lee) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 14 of 15 Police patrol on a bridge beside the Mar-a-Lago estate of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump, as a supporter flies flags to express support for Trump one day after an apparent assassination attempt, in Palm Beach, Fla., Monday, Sept. 16, 2024. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More ![\\"Image\\"](\\"\\") Read More 15 of 15 An officer with the Palm Beach County Sheriffs works outside of Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee and former President Donald Trump, Monday, Sept. 16, 2024, in West Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Lynne Sladky) Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print Read More By ALANNA DURKIN RICHER, COLLEEN LONG, ERIC TUCKER, ZEKE MILLER and STEPHANY MATAT Updated [hour]:[minute] [AMPM] [timezone], [monthFull] [day], [year] Updated 1:50 AM GMT+5:30, September 17, 2024 Share Share * Copy Link copied * Email * Facebook * X * Reddit * LinkedIn * Pinterest * Flipboard * Print The suspect in the apparent assassination attempt targeting Trump camped outside the golf course for nearly 12 hours before a Secret Service agent thwarted him, documents show. Follow the latest here. WEST PALM BEACH, Fla. (AP) — Donald Trump was the target of what the FBI said “appears to be an attempted assassination” at his golf club in West Palm Beach, Florida, on Sunday, just nine weeks after the Republican presidential nominee survived another attempt on his life. The former president said he was safe and well, and authorities held a man in custody. U.S. Secret Service agents stationed a few holes up from where Trump was playing noticed the muzzle of an AK-style rifle sticking through the shrubbery that lines the course, roughly 400 yards away. An agent fired and the gunman dropped the rifle and fled in an SUV, leaving the firearm behind along with two backpacks, a scope used for aiming and a GoPro camera, Palm Beach County Sheriff Ric Bradshaw said. The man was later stopped by law enforcement in a neighboring county. 0:00 / 1:26 # Trump was the subject of an apparent assassination attempt at his Florida golf club, the FBI says AP AUDIO: AP Correspondent Julie Walker reports Trump was the subject of an apparent assassination attempt at his Florida golf club, the FBI says. It was the latest jarring moment in a campaign year marked by unprecedented upheaval. On July 13, Trump was shot during a rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, and a bullet grazed his ear. Eight days later, Democratic President Joe Biden withdrew from the race, giving way for Vice President Kamala Harris to become the party’s nominee. And it spawned new questions about Secret Service protective operations after the agency’s admitted failures in preventing the assassination attempt this summer. More election coverage ![\\"Image\\"](\\" Michael Madigan once controlled much of Illinois politics. Now the ex-House speaker heads to trial ![\\"Image\\"](\\" Elon Musk makes his first appearance at a Trump rally and casts the election in dire terms ![\\"Image\\"](\\" A look at Trump’s return to Pennsylvania in photos The man who was detained had a calm, flat demeanor and showed little emotion when he was stopped, according Martin County Sheriff William Snyder. “He never asked, ‘What is this about?’ Obviously, law enforcement with long rifles, blue lights, a lot going on. He never questioned it,” Snyder said. ![\\"Image\\"](\\" Police officers direct traffic near Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump in West Palm Beach, Fla., Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Terry Renna) ![\\"Image\\"](\\" Police crime scene vehicles are seen at Trump International Golf Club after police closed off the area following the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump in West Palm Beach, Fla., Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Terry Renna) In an email to supporters, Trump said: “There were gunshots in my vicinity, but before rumors start spiraling out of control, I wanted you to hear this first: I AM SAFE AND WELL!” He wrote: “Nothing will slow me down. I will NEVER SURRENDER!” He returned to Mar-a-Lago, his private club in Palm Beach where he lives, according to a person familiar with Trump’s movements who was not authorized to discuss them publicly and spoke on condition of anonymity. It was not immediately clear how the development would affect his schedule or campaign dynamics. Trump was set to speak from Florida about cryptocurrency live on Monday night on the social media site X and had stops planned Tuesday and Wednesday in Michigan and on New York’s Long Island. An email to Trump campaign staffers obtained by AP said, “We ask that you remain vigilant in your daily comings and goings.” “As we enter the last 50 days of President Trump’s campaign, we must remember that we will only be able save America from those who seek to destroy it by working together as one team.” Biden and Harris were briefed on the matter and each issued a statement condemning political violence. Harris’ added that she was “deeply disturbed” by the day’s events and that “we all must do our part to ensure that this incident does not lead to more violence.” ![\\"Image\\"](\\" Security agents talk at the entrance to former President Donald Trump’s Mar-a- Lago estate, March 31, 2023, in Palm Beach, Fla. (AP Photo/Rebecca Blackwell, File) Read More Biden said he had directed his team to ensure the Secret Service “has every resource, capability and protective measure necessary to ensure the former President’s continued safety.” In the aftermath, Trump checked in with allies, including running mate Ohio Sen. JD Vance, South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham and several Fox News hosts. House Speaker Mike Johnson said he spent several hours with Trump and called him “unstoppable.” What to know about the 2024 Election * Today’s news: Follow live updates from the campaign trail from the AP. * Ground Game: Sign up for AP’s weekly politics newsletter to get it in your inbox every Monday. * AP’s Role: The Associated Press is the most trusted source of information on election night, with a history of accuracy dating to 1848. Learn more. Fox News host Sean Hannity recounted on air his conversation with the former president’s golf partner, Steve Witkoff. They had been on the fifth hole and about to go up to putt when they heard a “pop pop, pop pop.” Within seconds, he said Witkoff recounted, Secret Service agents “pounced” on Trump and “covered him” to protect him. Trump had returned to Florida this weekend from a West Coast swing that included a Friday night rally in Las Vegas and a Utah fundraiser. His campaign had not announced any public plans for Trump on Sunday. He often spends the morning playing golf. Trump has had a stepped-up security footprint since the assassination attempt in July. When he is at Trump Tower in New York, parked dump trucks have formed a wall outside the building. At outdoor rallies, he now speaks from behind bulletproof glass. The Florida golf course was partially shut down for Trump as he played, but there are several areas around the perimeter of the property where golfers are visible from the fence line. Secret Service agents and officers in golf carts and on ATVs generally secure the area several holes ahead and behind Trump. Agents also usually bring an armored vehicle onto the course to shelter Trump quickly should a threat arise. The Palm Beach County sheriff said the entire golf course would have been lined with law enforcement if Trump were the president, but because he is not, “security is limited to the areas that the Secret Service deems possible.” “I would imagine that the next time he comes to the golf course, there will probably be a little more people around the perimeter,” Bradshaw said. “But the Secret Service did exactly what they should have done.” Late Sunday, Trump posted a message on social media thanking the Secret Service and law enforcement for keeping him safe, calling them “brave and dedicated Patriots,” adding that it was “certainly an interesting day!” He was to be briefed in person Monday by acting Secret Service director Ronald Rowe about the investigation into the assassination attempt, according to a person familiar with the plan for the briefing who was not authorized to speak publicly. Former presidents and their spouses have Secret Service protection for life, but the security around former presidents varies according to threat levels and exposure, with the toughest measures typically being taken in the immediate aftermath of their leaving office. Trump’s protective detail has been higher than some other former presidents because of his high visibility and his campaign to seek the White House again. ![\\"Image\\"](\\" A police officer directs traffic near Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump in West Palm Beach, Fla., Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Terry Renna) ![\\"Image\\"](\\" A police officer directs traffic near Trump International Golf Club after the apparent assassination attempt of Republican presidential nominee former President Donald Trump in West Palm Beach, Fla., Sunday, Sept. 15, 2024. (AP Photo/Terry Renna) The man in custody was Ryan Routh, three law enforcement officials told the AP. The officials who identified the suspect spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the ongoing investigation. Records show Routh, 58, lived in North Carolina for most of his life before moving to Hawaii in 2018. In 2020, he made a social media post backing Trump’s reelection, but in more recent years his posts have expressed support for Biden and Harris. Routh tried to recruit Afghan soldiers fleeing the Taliban to fight in Ukraine, and spent several months in the country, according to an interview with The New York Times last year. The FBI was leading the investigation and working to determine any motive. Attorney General Merrick Garland was receiving regular updates. Agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives were helping investigate. “The FBI has responded to West Palm Beach Florida and is investigating what appears to be an attempted assassination of former President Trump,” the bureau said. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, a Republican, said the state would do its own investigation, posting on X that, “The people deserve the truth about the would be assassin and how he was able to get within 500 yards of the former president and current GOP nominee.” News reporters were not with Trump on Sunday. Bucking tradition, Trump’s campaign has not arranged to have a protective pool of reporters travel with him, as is standard for major party nominees and for the president. Harris does not have a protective pool at all times, but does allow reporters to travel with her for public events. Snyder, the Martin County sheriff, said the suspect was apprehended within minutes of the FBI, Secret Service and Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office putting out a “very urgent BOLO” — or “be on the lookout” alert. Snyder said his deputies “immediately flooded” northbound I-95 and “we pinched in on the car, got it safely stopped and got the driver in custody.” ## ___ Richer, Long, Tucker and Miller reported from Washington. Associated Press writers Lindsay Whitehurst and Michael Biesecker in Washington, Michael Balsamo, Jill Colvin, Michelle L. Price and Michael R. Sisak in New York, and Meg Kinnard in Houston contributed to this report. 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Photos show former President Donald Trump golfing after being shot | 3,333 | Accessibility links ** Keyboard shortcuts for audio player * Open Navigation Menu * ![\\"NPR](\\" * Newsletters * NPR Shop Close Navigation Menu * Home * News Expand/collapse submenu for News * National * World * Politics * Business * Health * Science * Climate * Race * Culture Expand/collapse submenu for Culture * Books * Movies * Television * Pop Culture * Food * Art & Design * Performing Arts * Life Kit * Gaming * Music Expand/collapse submenu for Music * Music Features * Tiny Desk * Live Sessions * Hip-Hop 50 * All Songs Considered * Podcasts & Shows Expand/collapse submenu for Podcasts & Shows Daily * ![\\"\\"](\\" Morning Edition * ![\\"\\"](\\" Weekend Edition Saturday * ![\\"\\"](\\" Weekend Edition Sunday * ![\\"\\"](\\" All Things Considered * ![\\"\\"](\\" Fresh Air * ![\\"\\"](\\" Up First Featured * ![\\"\\"](\\" The NPR Politics Podcast * ![\\"\\"](\\" Throughline * ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump\'s Trials * ![\\"\\"](\\" Wild Card with Rachel Martin * More Podcasts & Shows * Search * Newsletters * NPR Shop * ![\\"NPR](\\" ![\\"NPR](\\" * Music Features * Tiny Desk * Live Sessions * Hip-Hop 50 * All Songs Considered * About NPR * Diversity * Support * Careers * Press * Ethics Who is Ryan Wesley Routh, the suspect in the Trump golf course incident? Ryan Wesley Routh\'s digital footprint paints a picture of a disillusioned former Trump supporter who took up an impassioned defense of Ukraine. Here\'s what else we know about the 58-year-old suspect. ### National # Who is Ryan Routh? What to know about the suspect in the Trump golf course incident Updated September 17, 202410:28 AM ET Originally published September 16, 202411:52 AM ET By Rachel Treisman ![\\"A](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fe5%2F07%2Ff006a5d147ca9d0b3ffa953114ed%2Fgettyimages-2171765918.jpg\\") This photograph taken on Independence Square in Kyiv in June 2022 shows Ryan Wesley Routh sticking up the national flags of the countries helping Ukraine. Sergei Supinsky/AFP via Getty Images **hide caption** **toggle caption** Sergei Supinsky/AFP via Getty Images The man arrested in connection with what the FBI is calling an apparent attempted assassination of former President Donald Trump has a lengthy criminal record and recent fixation on global politics, particularly Russia\'s war in Ukraine. The suspect, whom local officials identified as Ryan Wesley Routh, was taken into custody on Sunday afternoon on Interstate 95 near West Palm Beach, Fla., after what authorities say was possibly an attempt on Trump\'s life at his golf club — which would be the second attack in the last nine weeks. The Secret Service said an agent who was stationed one hole ahead of Trump on the Trump International Golf Club West Palm Beach spotted a rifle sticking out of a fence. The suspect holding the rifle was hiding in the shrubbery some 300 to 500 yards away from the Republican presidential nominee. Sponsor Message ![\\"Republican](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdd%2F1f%2Fe24c2a764a8c8927ad563ee31d48%2Fap24258767849701.jpg\\"/) ### Politics ### Trump was targeted in apparent \'attempted assassination,\' the FBI says The agent opened fire on Routh, but Routh took off in a black Nissan, which authorities located on the highway a short while later, thanks to an eyewitness tip. He left behind the loaded rifle with a scope as well as a digital camera, a backpack and a plastic bag of food, according to the unsealed criminal complaint. Routh did not fire his gun and did not have Trump in his \"line of sight,\" Secret Service acting director Ronald Rowe said on Monday. The complaint cites cell phone data that suggests Routh had been \"in the vicinity\" of the golf course for roughly 12 hours, from 1:59 a.m. ET to about 1:31 p.m. ET, when the agent noticed the rifle through the fence. Authorities say it\'s not clear how long Routh — a longtime North Carolina resident who most recently lived in Hawaii — had been in Florida. They believe he acted alone. Routh has been charged with possession of a firearm as a felon and possession of a firearm with an obliterated serial number. ![\\"Photos](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F3f%2F7e%2Ff308cfc34a0786d09f59dba8a13a%2Fgettyimages-2171582069.jpg\\"/) ### National ### Here\'s everything we know about the apparent assassination attempt on Trump In his first appearance in a West Palm Beach federal courtroom Monday morning, Routh — wearing a navy blue prison jumpsuit and shackles — appeared subdued and respectful and in good spirits. He could be seen laughing at times with his federal public defender. The judge told Routh he qualified for a federal public defender because \"you have little or no assets.\" Routh said he has zero funds and no savings, and he reported making an income of $3,000 a week but didn\'t specify the source. He said he owns two trucks in Hawaii and helps support his 25-year-old son. Sponsor Message Routh will remain in custody until his arraignment on Sept. 30. Public records, a self-published book and previous interviews have painted a picture of the 58-year-old as a supporter turned critic of Trump who was passionate about defending Ukraine in its war with Russia and even traveled there in the hopes of taking up the fight. Here\'s what we know about him so far. ### He has a criminal record dating back decades Routh spent most of his adulthood in North Carolina, before moving to Hawaii in recent years. His LinkedIn page says he pursued a mechanical engineering degree at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University from 1995 to 1998. But the university told NPR via email that Routh only \"attended two semesters nearly 30 years ago.\" \"He did not earn a degree from the university, and was last enrolled in December 1995,\" wrote director of media relations Jackie Torok. Routh was hailed as \"super citizen if not a super hero\" by the Greensboro News & Record in 1991 after he fought a suspected rapist and assisted in his arrest — which earned him an Academy Award-shaped \"Law Enforcement Oscar\" from the Greensboro chapter of the International Union of Police Association. But records from the North Carolina Department of Adult Correction show that Routh has a long history of getting in trouble with the law himself, including a 2002 conviction on a felony charge of possessing a weapon of mass destruction. A December 2002 story in the Greensboro News & Record recounts an incident in which Routh was pulled over during a traffic stop on a Sunday night. He \"put his hand on a firearm\" and drove to his roofing business, where he barricaded himself inside for three hours. The weapon-of-mass-destruction charge pertained to a \"fully automatic machine gun,\" the newspaper reported. Jeffrey Veltry, the special agent in charge of the FBI’s office in Miami, told reporters on Monday that Routh had been the subject of a 2019 tip to the FBI alleging he was a felon in possession of a firearm. He says the agency investigated that tip, but the person who allegedly made the complaint could not verify providing the initial information. Sponsor Message Routh was charged with several other misdemeanors and felonies between 2001 and 2010, including a hit-and-run offense, carrying a concealed weapon and possessing stolen goods. ### National Security ### How was a man with an AK-style rifle able to get within 500 yards of Trump on Sunday? Separately, North Carolina judicial records list Routh as the defendant in over half a dozen court cases between 1991 and 2016, including tax delinquencies and bad checks. Routh wrote on his LinkedIn page that he had \"passed along any meager remnants of myself in North Carolina and relocated to Oahu.\" He has lived and worked in Hawaii since 2018, according to the Honolulu Star-Advertiser, which cited public records. The paper cited \"law enforcement sources\" as saying that Honolulu police have records of four interactions with Routh: two in 2019 — including an incident where he and two others allegedly squatted on property — and another two in 2021, when Routh reported being assaulted by a resident whose home he was working on as a handyman. Routh describes himself as the owner of Camp Box Honolulu, a company that builds portable storage units and tiny homes. \"We cannot sit idle, as some of our friends and neighbors around us struggle, when we ourselves are smart enough to create our own solutions to our own problems,\" the company\'s website reads. \"Using common sense and American ingenuity and the resources that we have, together we can create our own happy places.\" ![\\"Ryan](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9d%2Fcd%2F980d00784abcb54c193b1c1c7ca4%2Fgettyimages-2171592164.jpg\\"/) Ryan Wesley Routh, seen here in a screengrab from a rally held in central Kyiv in April of 2022, was identified as the suspect in what federal officials say was an apparent assassination attempt against former President Donald Trump in Florida. AFPTV/AFP via Getty Images **hide caption** **toggle caption** AFPTV/AFP via Getty Images ### He once supported Trump but recently donated to Democrats North Carolina voting records list Routh as unaffiliated with any party, though they also show that he voted in person in the Democratic primary election in March 2024. He is also listed as having voted in the general elections in 2008 and 2012, as well as municipal elections in 2009. Routh has a history of donating to political causes, as Federal Election Commission records show. He donated to the Democratic fundraising platform ActBlue nearly 20 times — in amounts ranging from $1 to $25 — between September 2019 and March 2020. ![\\"Former](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F32%2Ff1%2F08879d324147a1343b01722c983b%2Fgettyimages-2161922021.jpg\\"/) ### Politics ### Trump shooter saw rally as \'target of opportunity,\' FBI says In a 2023 self-published book, Routh referenced his former support for Trump, writing that he must take part of the blame for electing Trump as president, \"but I am man enough to say that I misjudged and made a terrible mistake.\" In the book, he referred to the Jan. 6, 2021, Capitol insurrection as a \"catastrophe … perpetrated by Donald Trump and his undemocratic posse.\" Routh\'s 291-page book, Ukraine\'s Unwinnable War: The Fatal Flaw of Democracy, World Abandonment, and the Global Citizen—Taiwan, Afghanistan, North Korea, WWIII and the End of Humanity, covers a topic that seems to have consumed Routh in recent years. Sponsor Message ### Routh is an avid supporter of Ukraine\'s defense Routh has expressed strong support for Ukraine in the aftermath of Russia\'s full-fledged invasion in early 2022, and he was on a mission to get foreigners — himself included — to the front lines. His goal was to \"fight for freedom and human rights,\" he wrote in his book. Routh traveled to the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv that year but was told — given his age and lack of military experience — that he was \"not an ideal candidate,\" as he told Newsweek Romania in 2022. ![\\"U.S.](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F32%2Fd2%2F48bcfbce4ec7b70c9a7c0242ee4c%2Fap24255473745032.jpg\\"/) ### World ### Secretary of State Antony Blinken reiterates support for Ukraine in Kyiv visit \"So plan B was to come here to Kyiv and promote getting more people here,\" he said. Since then, he has used social media to encourage and attempt to recruit foreigners to fight in Ukraine, and he has spoken about those efforts in media interviews. Routh told The New York Times in March 2023 that he was seeking recruits among Afghan soldiers who fled the Taliban, aiming to purchase passports through Pakistan (\"since it\'s such a corrupt country\") and move them — in some cases illegally — into Ukraine from Pakistan and Iran. The Times described Routh as a \"former construction worker from Greensboro, N.C. … who spent several months in Ukraine last year.\" That same month, he complained to Semafor about the Ukrainian government\'s lack of support, saying it was being overly rigid about admitting foreign soldiers, especially from Afghanistan, over concerns that they might be Russian spies. \"I have had partners meeting with [Ukraine\'s Ministry of Defense] every week and still have not been able to get them to agree to issue one single visa,\" said Routh, who was identified by Semafor as the head of the International Volunteer Center in Ukraine — \"a private organization which helps foreigners seeking to assist the war effort connect with military units and aid groups.\" ![\\"The](\\" ### Consider This from NPR ### The Foreign Fighters Who\'ve Gone To Ukraine A representative from Ukraine\'s foreign legion told CNN that Routh had reached out to it several times online but \"was never part of the legion and didn\'t cooperate with us in any way.\" \"The best way to describe his messages is — delusional ideas,\" said Oleksandr Shaguri, an officer of the Foreigners Coordination Department of the Land Forces Command. \"He was offering us large numbers of recruits from different countries, but it was obvious to us his offers were not realistic. We didn\'t even answer — there was nothing to answer to.\" Sponsor Message Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy condemned the apparent assassination attempt against Trump in an X post on Monday, saying, \"political violence has no place anywhere in the world.\" When asked about the incident on Monday, Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov said it shows that \"playing with fire\" has consequences — an apparent reference to U.S. support for Ukraine. ### Routh\'s family has defended him One of Routh\'s sons, Adam, told Reuters immediately after the incident that it was not something he believed his father would do. ![\\"U.S.](\\" brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F8b%2Fd0%2F4ae9ca5c427da2eb702d68eab8dd%2Fgettyimages-2162151557.jpg\\"/) ### National Security ### Secret Service says full federal resources weren\'t given to Trump \'in some instances\' Another, Oran, told CNN that it\'s not like his father \"to do anything crazy, much less violent.\" \"I don\'t have any comment beyond a character profile of him as a loving and caring father, and honest, hardworking man,\" Oran Routh said in a statement. * assassination attempt * golf * Russia-Ukraine war * Donald Trump * Facebook * Flipboard * Email ###### Read & Listen * Home * News * Culture * Music * Podcasts & Shows ###### Connect * Newsletters * Facebook * Instagram * Press * Public Editor * Corrections * Contact & Help ###### About NPR * Overview * Diversity * NPR Network * Accessibility * Ethics * Finances ###### Get Involved * Support Public Radio * Sponsor NPR * NPR Careers * NPR Shop * NPR Events * NPR Extra * Terms of Use * Privacy * Your Privacy Choices * Text Only Sponsor Message Become an NPR sponsor By clicking “Accept All Cookies” or continuing, you agree to the use of cookies, similar tracking and storage technologies, and information about your device to enhance your viewing, listening and user experience, personalize content, personalize messages from NPR’s sponsors, provide social media features, and analyze NPR’s traffic. 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Video Ad Feedback See images of person detained in what FBI calls assassination attempt on Trump 03:46 \- Source: CNN Latest Videos 19 videos ![\\"judge](\\" peters.jpg?c=16x9&q=w_250,c_fill\\") Video Ad Feedback ‘You are a charlatan’: Judge blasts former Colorado county clerk Tina Peters at sentencing 04:32 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"still_21014385_25085_still.jpg\\"](\\" Video Ad Feedback Dad walks 17 miles through hurricane devastation to daughter\'s wedding 03:22 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"title](\\" Video Ad Feedback Why an ex-prosecutor says the Menendez brothers have a chance at a new sentence 03:53 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"image.jpg\\"](\\" Video Ad Feedback See images of person detained in what FBI calls assassination attempt on Trump 03:46 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"still_21018663_345995.667_still.jpg\\"](\\" Video Ad Feedback Polls show where Harris and Trump stand in swing states weeks before the election 03:06 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"harris](\\" trump-split.jpg?q=x_0,y_0,h_619,w_1100,c_fill/w_250\\") Video Ad Feedback Hear what Harris said about Trump during appearance on popular podcast 02:58 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"109814_China\\'s](\\" s-new-c919-aircraft-clean1.jpg?c=16x9&q=w_250,c_fill\\") Video Ad Feedback Boeing and Airbus make almost all of the world\'s airplanes. 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He responded on Fox News 01:14 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"judge](\\" peters.jpg?c=16x9&q=w_250,c_fill\\") Video Ad Feedback ‘You are a charlatan’: Judge blasts former Colorado county clerk Tina Peters at sentencing 04:32 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"still_21014385_25085_still.jpg\\"](\\" Video Ad Feedback Dad walks 17 miles through hurricane devastation to daughter\'s wedding 03:22 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"title](\\" Video Ad Feedback Why an ex-prosecutor says the Menendez brothers have a chance at a new sentence 03:53 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"image.jpg\\"](\\" Video Ad Feedback See images of person detained in what FBI calls assassination attempt on Trump 03:46 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"still_21018663_345995.667_still.jpg\\"](\\" Video Ad Feedback Polls show where Harris and Trump stand in swing states weeks before the election 03:06 Now playing \- Source: CNN ![\\"harris](\\" trump-split.jpg?q=x_0,y_0,h_619,w_1100,c_fill/w_250\\") Video Ad Feedback Hear what Harris said about Trump during appearance on popular podcast 02:58 Now playing \- Source: CNN See More Videos West Palm Beach, Florida CNN — The FBI is investigating what it said is an apparent assassination attempt on Donald Trump at his Florida golf club Sunday, the second time in two months there’s been an apparent attempt on the former president’s life. Trump is safe and was not harmed in the incident, his campaign said. Palm Beach County Sheriff Ric Bradshaw said during a Sunday news conference that his office was informed at 1:30 p.m. ET of shots fired by the Secret Service, when agents fired at a man who had a rifle in the bushes along the perimeter of the Trump International Golf Club. Trump had been playing golf at the time, moving between holes five and six, a source briefed on the matter told CNN. Ad Feedback Ad Feedback ![\\"WEST](\\" WEST PALM BEACH, FLORIDA - SEPTEMBER 15: Palm Beach County Sheriff Ric Bradshaw holds a photograph of the rifle and other items found near where a suspect was discovered during a press conference regarding an apparent assassination attempt of former President Donald Trump on September 15, 2024 in West Palm Beach, Florida. The FBI and U.S. Secret Service, along with the Palm Beach County Sheriff\'s office, are investigating the incident, which the FBI said \"appears to be an attempted assassination of former President Trump\' while he was golfing at Trump International Golf Club. (Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images) Joe Raedle/Getty Images Related article Man detained in apparent assassination attempt on Trump criticized former president on social media A Secret Service agent spotted a rifle barrel with a scope sticking out of the fence of the golf course and “immediately engaged” with the person, Bradshaw said. The agent who spotted the rifle, Bradshaw said, is part of a team that stays a hole or two ahead of Trump on the course. The person was 300 to 500 yards away from Trump, an official said. The person fled the scene in a car and was spotted by a witness, which ultimately helped law enforcement officials locate the vehicle driving north on I-95 in Martin County, one county to the north of Palm Beach. “We are able to catch a witness that came to us and said, ‘Hey, I saw the guy running out of the bushes, he jumped into a black Nissan and I took a picture of the vehicle and the tag,’ which was great,” Bradshaw said. Authorities alerted the Martin County Sheriff’s Office, which detained the person. The witness was able to then identify the man. David Aronberg, State Attorney for Palm Beach County, Florida, said the suspect said nothing as he was detained. “He knew enough to stay silent,” he told CNN’s Anderson Cooper on Sunday evening. “He did not apparently speak to officers, he was calm. So, it looked like a person who has done this before, not necessarily this crime, but someone who has had repeated interactions with law enforcement.” The person in custody in connection with the apparent attempted assassination is Ryan Wesley Routh, according to three law enforcement sources. The self- employed affordable housing builder in Hawaii went on social media to weigh in on politics and current events, at times criticizing the former president, and expressed strong support for Ukraine. Routh traveled to Ukraine following Russia’s full-scale invasion of its neighbor more than two years ago, according to video and images geolocated by CNN to Kyiv’s Independence Square. Video shows Routh attended a rally at the square in support of Ukrainian troops on May 1, 2022 and visited the same location about six weeks later, where a photo shows him standing beside a Ukraine flag emblazoned with an appeal for international volunteers to support the war effort. The FBI’s investigation has gone global as officials work to flesh out his background, a law enforcement source told CNN. Some of Routh’s suspected online activity also involved the use of platforms headquartered outside the United States, the source said, which will involve working with international partners to identify everything the FBI possibly can about the detained individual. Officials said an AK-47-style rifle with a scope; two backpacks that were hung on the fence and had ceramic tile in them; and a GoPro camera were recovered at the scene. The holes Trump was playing when the incident occurred are on the eastern edge of the golf course. Trump had no public events on his schedule for Sunday, and his golf game was a last-minute addition to his itinerary, two sources familiar with the matter said. Video Ad Feedback Sheriff: Secret Service agent spotted rifle barrel through fence and engaged with now-detained person 02:10 \- Source: WPEC The apparent assassination attempt at Trump’s golf course in Florida comes two months after an assassination attempt against the former president at a Butler, Pennsylvania, rally that sparked scrutiny of the US Secret Service. “Former President Donald Trump is safe and unharmed following a possible attempted assassination shortly before 2 p.m. Sunday at Trump International Golf Club at West Palm Beach. US Secret Service personnel opened fire on a gunman located near the property line,” Rafael Barros, the Secret Service special agent in charge of the Miami field office, said in a statement. Ronald Rowe, acting director of the US Secret Service, is traveling to Florida in the wake of the incident, a law enforcement source familiar with the matter told CNN. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis said Sunday that his state would conduct its own investigation of the apparent thwarted assassination attempt. And the congressional task force that’s investigating the first attempted assassination of the former president is requesting a briefing with the Secret Service following Sunday’s incident. ## ‘No place for political violence’ Trump’s campaign said in a statement earlier in the day that the former president “is safe following gunshots in his vicinity.” Trump — who had been golfing with donor Steve Witkoff, according to a source familiar with the matter — soon assured supporters that he was safe, too. “There were gunshots in my vicinity, but before rumors start spiraling out of control, I wanted you to hear this first: I AM SAFE AND WELL!” Trump wrote in a fundraising email that afternoon. President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris have been briefed on the security incident involving Trump and they are both “relieved to know that he is safe,” according to the White House. “As I have said many times, there is no place for political violence or for any violence ever in our country, and I have directed my team to continue to ensure that Secret Service has every resource, capability and protective measure necessary to ensure the former President’s continued safety,” Biden said in a statement Sunday evening. Harris echoed Biden’s support for the Secret Service having “every resource, capability, and protective measure necessary to carry out its critical mission” in her own statement released by the White House Sunday night. “I am deeply disturbed by the possible assassination attempt of former President Trump today,” she said. “As we gather the facts, I will be clear: I condemn political violence. We all must do our part to ensure that this incident does not lead to more violence.” Biden and Harris, both of whom are in Washington, DC, with no public events Sunday, will be kept updated by their team. Attorney General Merrick Garland has also been briefed, according to Department of Justice spokesperson Dena Iverson. Trump’s running mate, Ohio Sen. JD Vance, wrote on X later Sunday that the former president is in “good spirits.” “I’m glad President Trump is safe. I spoke to him before the news was public and he was, amazingly, in good spirits,” Vance said. “He is one of the strongest people I’ve ever known,” South Carolina Sen. Lindsey Graham posted. “He’s in good spirits and he is more resolved than ever to save our country,” the Trump ally wrote. CORRECTION: This story has been updated to reflect that Ric Bradshaw is the Palm Beach County sheriff and to include additional developments. CNN’s Michelle Shen, Jack Forrest, Holmes Lybrand and Sam Fossum and Isaac Yeee contributed to this report. ## Up next ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump returns to Butler for rally at site of assassination attempt Oct 5, 2024 8 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" election-new-mexico.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Domestic extremists with ‘election-related grievances’ could turn to violence in final weeks of election, FBI and DHS warn Oct 4, 2024 3 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" READ: Special counsel filing with new evidence in 2020 election subversion case against Trump Oct 3, 2024 1 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" Special counsel Jack Smith provides fullest picture yet of his 2020 election case against Trump in new filing Oct 3, 2024 15 minute read ![\\"\\"](\\" election-trump.JPG?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Fact check: 12 election lies Trump is using to set the stage to dispute a potential 2024 defeat Sep 30, 2024 17 minute read ## Most read ‘Here we go again’: Milton becomes a hurricane and is expected to strengthen as Floridians reel from Helene Ignore social media. Here’s what Harris’ unrealized capital gains tax proposal means for you Fact check: Six days of Trump lies about the Hurricane Helene response Harris weighs more breaks with Biden as he keeps injecting himself into the campaign ‘The power of water.’ How Helene devastated western North Carolina and left communities in ruins A New York man served 22 years for two murders he didn’t commit. He says prison saved his life Andrew Garfield recalls awkward moment when he and Florence Pugh didn’t hear ‘cut’ while filming love scene Harris’ border visit and economy speech capture attention as warning signs emerge for campaign Maya Rudolph as Kamala Harris can’t handle VP candidates ‘vibing’ during spoof debate on ‘SNL’ Less than 10 days after Helene made landfall, Florida braces for another hurricane, potentially a Category 3 ## More from CNN ![\\"\\"](\\" Trump returns to Butler for rally at site of assassination attempt Oct 5, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" election-new-mexico.jpg?c=16x9&q=h_144,w_256,c_fill\\") Domestic extremists with ‘election-related grievances’ could turn to violence ... Oct 4, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" READ: Special counsel filing with new evidence in 2020 election subversion case ... Oct 3, 2024 Ad Feedback ## News & buzz ![\\"\\"](\\" ‘Here we go again’: Milton becomes a hurricane and is expected to strengthen as ... Oct 7, 2024 ![\\"\\"](\\" Ignore social media. 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Photos show former President Donald Trump golfing after being shot | 3,333 | Skip to site indexSearch & Section NavigationSection Navigation SEARCH Politics Log in Monday, October 7, 2024 Today’s Paper Trump Assassination Attempt * The Latest * What We Know * The Suspect * Challenges of Protecting a Golf Course * Political Violence in America Advertisement SKIP ADVERTISEMENT You have a preview view of this article while we are checking your access. When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load. # Trump Safe After What F.B.I. Describes as an Assassination Attempt The Federal Bureau of Investigation said it was investigating what appeared to be a second assassination attempt on former President Donald J. Trump. * Share full article ![\\"A](\\" live-shooting-new/15election-live-shooting-new- articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale\\") Sheriff Ric Bradshaw of Palm Beach County held a photo showing items belonging to a suspected gunman at a golf course where former President Donald J. Trump was playing Sunday.Credit...Saul Martinez for The New York Times ![\\"Patricia](\\" patricia-mazzei/author-patricia-mazzei- thumbLarge.png\\")![\\"Jonathan](\\" center/author-jonathan-swan/author-jonathan-swan- thumbLarge-v2.png\\")![\\"Maggie](\\" maggie-haberman/author-maggie-haberman- thumbLarge-v2.png\\")![\\"Adam](\\" adam-goldman/author-adam-goldman- thumbLarge.png\\")![\\"Glenn](\\" center/author-glenn-thrush/author-glenn-thrush-thumbLarge-v3.png\\") By Patricia MazzeiJonathan SwanMaggie HabermanAdam Goldman and Glenn Thrush Patricia Mazzei reported from Miami. * Published Sept. 15, 2024Updated Sept. 17, 2024 Leer en español Follow live coverage of the apparent assassination attempt on Donald Trump. Former President Donald J. Trump was playing golf on Sunday afternoon in Florida when a Secret Service agent spotted a man with a rifle standing by a chain-link fence on the perimeter of the course, law enforcement officials said. The agents opened fire, and the man fled in a black Nissan but was eventually taken into custody, the officials said. While Mr. Trump was safe and unharmed, the Federal Bureau of Investigation said it was investigating the episode as an apparent attempted assassination, the second one against the former president in just over two months. Mr. Trump was wounded in a previous attempt during a July 13 rally in Butler, Pa. The suspected gunman was identified as Ryan Wesley Routh, 58, of Hawaii, according to a law enforcement official who was granted anonymity to describe an open investigation. The episode unfolded around 1:30 p.m. on Sunday as Mr. Trump was golfing at the Trump International Golf Course West Palm Beach, Sheriff Ric Bradshaw of Palm Beach County said at a news briefing. A Secret Service agent standing a hole or two away from Mr. Trump saw the armed man hiding in the shrubbery by a fence at the perimeter of the course, according to Sheriff Bradshaw. The Secret Service fired at the man, said Rafael Barros, the special agent in charge of the Secret Service’s Miami field office, though it was not immediately clear if the suspect had fired any shots. Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times. Thank you for your patience while we verify access. Already a subscriber? Log in. Want all of The Times? Subscribe. Advertisement SKIP ADVERTISEMENT ## Site Index ## Site Information Navigation * © 2024 The New York Times Company * NYTCo * Contact Us * Accessibility * Work with us * Advertise * T Brand Studio * Your Ad Choices * Privacy Policy * Terms of Service * Terms of Sale * Site Map * Canada * International * Help * Subscriptions |
We took Wisconsin from the Bottom 10 for business to the Top 10 | 3,334 | ![\\"College](\\" east-1.amazonaws.com/original/3X/b/6/b6a0809b569415b7d5c89bac16cc9a6dde973af4.svg\\"/) * Community * All Forums * Applying to College * College Search & Selection * Chance Me / Match Me * Paying for College * Parents Forum * Colleges & Lists * All Colleges * Colleges by State * Colleges by GPA * Colleges by ACT * Colleges by SAT * List Builder * Colleges & Rankings * My Favorites * Resources * Article Library * FREE Essay Review * Campus Tours * Admission Results * 2023-2024 Decisions Calendar * Paying for College * Paying For College Guide * Scholarships Search * Student Loans * Financial Aid * No Essay Scholarships Sign Up Log In * * # UW Madison….is it really that hard? Colleges and Universities A-ZUniversity of Wisconsin You have selected **0** posts. select all cancel selecting 4.1k views 6 users ![\\"\\"](\\" 4 ![\\"\\"](\\" 2 ![\\"\\"](\\" 2 ![\\"\\"](\\" cdn.com/collegeconfidential/user_avatar/talk.collegeconfidential.com/prezbucky/48/2353_2.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" Feb 2018 1 / 12 Feb 2018 Apr 2021 ![\\"\\"](\\" Hobo2Student Feb 2018 So I have been reading all these comments talking about how difficult the classes are at UW Madison. But is it really that bad? I am coming from Iowa State University. I find it difficult to believe that Madison would be significantly harder than other Big 10 and Big 12 schools. Im sure its tougher than Iowa State, but I can’t imagine the academic rigor to be too much tougher since both schools are in the same category relatively speaking. Meaning that both schools are thought to be on the same level basically. But if Madison is really gonna be tons harder than ISU please someone let me know. Cuz ISU ain’t exactly easy. 4.1k views 6 users ![\\"\\"](\\" 4 ![\\"\\"](\\" 2 ![\\"\\"](\\" 2 ![\\"\\"](\\" cdn.com/collegeconfidential/user_avatar/talk.collegeconfidential.com/prezbucky/48/2353_2.png\\") ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\" rogerman1 Feb 2018 It’s on a curve and uw are all “a” students essentially. The student body grades and tests are well above Iowa let alone isu. But if u got in you belong. But yes whatever your grades were they’ will be tougher to get at uw. ![\\"\\"](\\" rogerman1 Feb 2018 And not sure anyone in academia would mention uw and isu in the same breath but again if u got in work hard and do it. Congrats. ![\\"\\"](\\" Midwestmomofboys Feb 2018 There aren’t many “gut” majors at UW, though you can find the easier class here and there, especially to fill out your gen eds. You can search the current course offerings online, and if you search for “grade reports” you can find the historical grade distribution for every class every semester. You will find that, overall, the average freshman gpa is something like a 3.1 and maybe rises to about a 3.3 by senior year (I can’t recall exactly). You can also see the average grades within each College, such as Business, Engineering etc. Bottom line, UW is known as a “work hard, play hard” school – and those that neglect the “work hard” part often wind up transferring out to a regional campus. ![\\"\\"](\\" Hobo2Student Feb 2018 Yeah ![\\"\\"](\\" Hobo2Student Feb 2018 Yeah that doesnt seem to be true. From the stats I have looked at, Madison students score higher than ISU, but not by a large margain. For context, I am coming from the Greenlee School at ISU which is a top 10 school for Communications and Public Relations. I can’t imagine Madisons Communications department to be all that much harder. ![\\"\\"](\\" Midwestmomofboys Feb 2018 Middle 50% ACT at ISU is 22-28. At UW it is 27-31. That is a different peer group. ![\\"\\"](\\" anon94785555 Feb 2018 So, you have been accepted as a transfer student at UW. This means UW knows you can handle the work. Perhaps you have been able to do well at Iowa State without working too hard. There must be academic reasons you want a UW degree. You will earn your degree and know you got a great education. Not all athletic conference schools are created equally. Yes, UW has a higher stats student body for your peer group. Yes, you may need to work harder but you are also likely to have more material presented to you and get more out of your classes than at some other schools. Be prepared to not only take part in the social (“play”) aspects of the school but to study hard first. It is nice to be in an atmosphere that, despite being a school with a party reputation, students expect to work at least as hard. Do expect things to be different. You may find some courses easier and others harder. Your previous work may prepare you for some but not others. There will be an adjustment. You have reasons to transfer, keep those in mind if/when things may get to you. ![\\"\\"](\\" cdn.com/collegeconfidential/user_avatar/talk.collegeconfidential.com/prezbucky/48/2353_2.png\\") prezbucky Feb 2018 Most survey courses I took were pretty hard for me, and I was a good student – not a superstar, but a 30 ACT (no studying) and 3.75ish hs student. I finished UW with about a 3.0 – partly due to my social habits, but also due to the difficulty of the avademics. I was a Journakosm major. Among survey courses, I recall one in particular: my Botany class’s exams were mostly multiple choice, but instead of A-D the options were more like A-J. My Criminology, History and Sociology/Demography exams were all essay-based – written in what we called “blue books”. UW has quite a larger academic rep than Iowa State – ranked in the teens, 20s and 30s in most global reputation rankings, ahead of all other flagships except Berkeley, Michigan and UCLA, and about even with other top flags like Washington, Illinois and maybe Georgia Tech and, depending on the ranking, UVA and UNC. Texas and UCSD are among large publics that do well in such rankings too. The huge research budget/output, nobels, and high-quality faculty spur the global academic rep. The undergrad level is not quite as highly ranked, but the academic quality and rep are still pretty strong, something you’re about to own the satisfaction of discovering. ![\\"\\"](\\" Hobo2Student Feb 2018 ISU consistently ranks among the top 30 as well. Though its never broken the top 10. My particular school, Greenlee, however, is consistently top 15 for Journalism and Mass Communication. And the reason I wanna come to Madison is cuz I am from Wisconsin and want to finish my education there. ![\\"\\"](\\" uwalummom Feb 2018 @Hobo2Student My son from Wisconsin is a freshman at ISU. He seems to enjoy it. He has met some great kids and loves the campus. I don’t think he intends to try to transfer, not that he has mentioned anyway. Keep those ACT ranges for ISU and the UW posted above with a grain of salt. ISU has no say in who they admit. As I’m sure you remember, there is an admission formula set by the regents that every public univ in Iowa has to follow. Couple things for you to consider…are you guaranteed admission to the UW school of journalism and mass comm? How likely are you to finish in 4 years at the UW - and does that matter to you? UW Madison has the bigger name and bigger reputation. That doesn’t have to take anything away from ISU though. 3 years later ![\\"\\"](\\" cdn.com/collegeconfidential/user_avatar/talk.collegeconfidential.com/system/24/31452_2.png\\") Closed on Apr 18, 2021 Reply ### Suggested Threads Topic list, column headers with buttons are sortable. Thread | Replies | Views | Activity ---|---|---|--- UWMadison chem 103 - anything to review before taking the class? University of Wisconsin | 5 | 251 | Jul 1 UWMadison does attending SOAR early help with choosing the classes that fit my schedule? University of Wisconsin | 2 | 441 | May 11 Off campus options University of Wisconsin | 6 | 342 | Aug 29 How open-minded is UWMadison? University of Wisconsin | 39 | 1.6k | Apr 15 Engineering receives large gift University of Wisconsin | 0 | 53 | 25d ### Want to read more? 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We took Wisconsin from the Bottom 10 for business to the Top 10 | 3,334 | Turn on more accessible mode Turn off more accessible mode wisconsin.gov Agency Directory Online Services ![\\"Department](\\" # State of Wisconsin # Department Of Revenue Search MENU * ONLINE SERVICES * BUSINESSES * INDIVIDUALS * TAX PROFESSIONALS * GOVERNMENTS * UNCLAIMED PROPERTY # Business Tax Online Registration Content_Area1 1. How long will it take to get my permit/certificate if I use the department\'s Business Tax Online Registration? 2. How will I be notified of my permit/certificate number? 3. How do I pay my application fee? 4. How do I locate the proper NAICS Code? 5. What county do I choose if I am from out-of-state? 6. How will I know the department has received my completed application? 7. What do I do if I am unable to complete my application? 8. Why am I required to enter my social security number and/or federal employer identification number? 9. Can I register to file and pay my taxes online at the same time? 10. What if I previously held a permit/certificate and would like to reactivate that account? 11. What if I don\'t have a Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN)? * * * 1. **How long will it take to get my permit/certificate if I use the department\'sBusiness Tax Online Registration?** You will receive a registration packet, including the permit/certificate, within 7 to 10 business days via U.S. mail. In most cases, you will receive an email containing your new account number(s) within 1-2 business days. 2. **How will I be notified of my permit/certificate number?** Permits/certificates will arrive in 7 to 10 business days via U.S. mail. Using Business Tax Online Registration, you will receive an email containing your new account number(s) typically within 1-2 business days. 3. **How do I pay my application fee?** You can pay the fee electronically at the time of registration through bank direct debit or by credit card. If you use the \'Bill Me\' option, you will receive a Notice of Amount Due for the fee with your registration packet within 7 to 10 days after the registration process. Payment options will be listed on the bill. 4. **How do I locate the proper \'NAICS Code\'?** If you do not know your NAICS code, click on the NAICS Code hyperlink to open a search window. Enter a key word that describes your primary business and click \'Search\'. You will be presented with one or more codes. Click on the code that best describes your primary business activity to fill the NAICS code field. If you know your NAICS code, enter it in the \'NAICS Code\' field and press enter. You will be presented with a brief description of the code you entered. If the description matches your primary business activity, go on to the next step of the registration process. 5. **What county do I choose if I am from out-of-state?** At the bottom of the list of counties is a choice titled, \'Not In Wisconsin\'. 6. **How will I know the department has received my completed application?** Once you successfully complete and submit your application, you will receive a confirmation message and number indicating we received your application. This is **NOT** your tax account number. It is only used for purposes of tracking your registration if you have questions. 7. **What do I do if I am unable to complete my application?** If you are unable to complete the application for any reason, click the \'Save\' button in the bottom left corner of the page. An email address is required to save the application. You will be given instructions on how to finish the application later. Print a copy of the instructions for your records. You may also contact the Department of Revenue at (608) 266-2776 for assistance. 8. **Why am I required to enter my social security number and/or federal employer identification number?** The department requires this information to ensure proper identification and avoid duplicate registrations. 9. **Can I register to file and pay my taxes online at the same time?** During the registration process, you will be asked for contact information in case the department needs further information to complete your application. If you answer \'Yes\' to the question, \'Are you the person who will use My Tax Account for this business and review access requested to others?\', you will be asked to complete the My Tax Account registration, the department\'s online application for filing and paying business taxes. 10. **What if I previously held a permit/certificate and would like to reactivate that account?** If you previously held a permit/certificate and would like to reactivate that permit/certificate, you cannot use the Business Tax Online Registration system. You can use My Tax Account to submit a request to reactivate your account or send a written request by email or mail. 11. **What if I don\'t have a Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN)?** The department\'s Business Tax Online Registration system requires a FEIN for most entities that are applying for a permit/certificate. To apply for a FEIN, contact the IRS at (800) 829-1040 or irs.gov. For additional information see our Business Tax Registration Common Questions. ## Applicable Laws and Rules This document provides statements or interpretations of ch. 71, Wis. Stats., and ch. Tax 14, Wis. Adm. Code, enacted as of October 11, 2023. Laws enacted and in effect after this date, new administrative rules, and court decisions may change the interpretations in this document. Guidance issued prior to this date, that is contrary to the information in this document is superseded by this document, according to sec. 73.16(2)(a), Wis. Stats. ### Contact Us MS 3-80 Wisconsin Department of Revenue Tax Operations Bureau PO Box 8902 Madison, WI 53708-8902 **Phone:** (608) 266-2776 **Fax:** (608) 327-0232 **Email:** [email protected] The department welcomes your input on our guidance. Submit comments on this guidance document. 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We took Wisconsin from the Bottom 10 for business to the Top 10 | 3,334 | ![\\"Universities](\\" Theme/images/uw-word-mark-white.svg\\"/) ![\\"Chat\\"](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/comment-flip-horizontal.svg\\"/) Chat ![\\"Call](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/phone.svg\\"/) Call 608-800-6762 ![\\"Request](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/circle-info.svg\\"/) Request Info ![\\"Search](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/search.svg\\"/) Search Search for: ![\\"Search](\\" content/themes/UWEX-Theme/images/fontawesome/search.svg\\"/) Search ![\\"Wisconsin](\\" hor.svg\\"/) * About Us Back * About Us * Accreditation * Diversity Statement * Our Campus Partners * Degrees & Programs * Admissions & Aid Back * How to Apply * Important Dates * Tuition & Financial Aid * Transferring Credits * Contact an Enrollment Adviser * Online Learning Back * About Online Learning * Online Learning Formats * Capstone Projects * Success Coaching * Technology Requirements * Stories & News ![\\"Home\\"](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/house.svg\\"/) Home / Stories & News / Triple Bottom Line ![\\"degree-program\\"](\\" Theme/images/icon-degree-program.svg\\"/) # Triple Bottom Line UW Online Collaboratives ● December 9, 2022 ![\\"Sustainable](\\" content/uploads/2022/12/SMGT-Blog-TBL-Featured-IMG-AS_186521656.jpg\\") * ![\\"Facebook\\"](\\" * ![\\"Twitter\\"](\\" * ![\\"Linkedin\\"](\\" * ![\\"Email](\\" ## What is the Triple Bottom Line? Historically, businesses operated in service solely to their financial bottom line. In 1994, author and entrepreneur, John Elkington, introduced the concept of the triple bottom line (TBL) with hopes of transforming the financial accounting-focused business system to a comprehensive approach that measures impact and success. As a result of the triple bottom line theory and application, some businesses began to recognize the connection among environmental health, social well-being, and an organization’s financial success and resilience. To get an accurate perspective of their operations, beyond what is reflected in their profit and loss statements, organizations must fully account for all costs associated with doing business. > “The triple bottom line wasn’t designed to be just an accounting tool. It > was supposed to provoke deeper thinking about capitalism and its future.” > —John Elkington in his Harvard Business Review article Fast facts about the triple bottom line: * It is a transformation framework to help businesses and organizations move toward a regenerative and more sustainable future. * TBL offers tools that help an organization measure, benchmark, set goals, and eventually evolve toward more sustainable systems and models. * It illustrates that if an organization is only focused on profit, while ignoring people and the planet, it cannot account for the full cost of doing business and thus will not succeed long term. Triple bottom line theory expands conventional business success metrics to include an organization’s contributions to social well-being, environmental health, and a just economy. These bottom line categories are often referred to as the three “P’s”: **people, planet, and prosperity**. While there are three categories that make up the triple bottom line, it is important to remember they are not siloed. Through a systems theory lens, the three “P’s” are all interconnected. Given that the foundation of sustainability is systems thinking, a single initiative that falls under people, planet or prosperity will also create an impact in the others. “The SMGT 230 Triple Bottom Line Accounting for Managers course provides the necessary tools to understand accounting in any company along with its sustainability measures and outcomes.” —Ann, Sustainable Management bachelor’s student SMGT 230 Triple Bottom Line Accounting for Managers is a course in the Bachelor of Science in Sustainable Management and the undergraduate Certificate in Sustainable Enterprise. ## People ![\\"Triple](\\" Bottom-Line-v2-300x282.png\\")The triple bottom line, often referred to as the three “P’s”: people, planet, and prosperity. People considers all stakeholders (versus solely shareholders) including employees, communities within which an organization operates, individuals throughout the supply chain, future generations, and customers—just to name a few. The connection with corporate social responsibility (CSR) is central to this segment of the triple bottom line. CSR is defined as a responsibility among organizations to meet the needs of their stakeholders and a responsibility among stakeholders to hold organizations accountable for their actions. A few initiatives that an organization may consider as part of its CSR goals include: advancing human rights; ending poverty and hunger; diversity, equity and inclusion; gender equity; ensuring a healthy and safe work environment; and community engagement and volunteerism. Not only are CSR initiatives beneficial for stakeholders, but an organization integrating CSR into their business strategy is also good for business. As part of the commitment to advance CSR initiatives, it’s common to see businesses sharing best practices with other businesses and organizations. ## Planet **Planet** considers the relationship between an organization or business and the natural environment and its ecological systems. Public opinion, consumer purchasing power, the speed and transparency of information sharing via social media, and even industry-led activism (for example, Patagonia 1 percent for the Planet) has made it easier for stakeholders to hold organizations accountable for their actions. This is seen in stakeholders rewarding an organization’s positive impacts and reprimanding the negative. When that sentiment gains public attention, chances are high that it will impact who consumers buy from and who they ultimately support. Stakeholders are increasingly aware of not only the consequences business activity can have on the environment, community, and economy, but also of the importance of global issues, such as climate change and social justice. In fact, a 2020 Climate Change in the American Mind survey shows that “Nearly six in 10 (roughly 58 percent) of Americans are now either ‘Alarmed’ or ‘Concerned’ about global warming. From 2014 to 2019, the proportion of ‘Alarmed’ nearly tripled.” Over the past several decades, businesses have increasingly adopted practices that help minimize environmental impact. More recently, large organizations like AT&T, DELL, EASTON, Hewlett Packard, Kohler Co., Levi Strauss & Co., and Target, to name a few, have taken a step further down the sustainability path by creating a net-positive or regenerative impact on the environment and society. ![\\"Get](\\" Theme/images/icon-program-guide.png\\"/) ## Get Program Guide Get Guide Learn more about our 100% online degree and certificate programs. First Name(Required) Last Name(Required) Email(Required) Phone(Required) Program of Interest(Required) * Please select the program you are most interested in...Agile Project Management - CertificateApplied Bioinformatics - Graduate CertificateApplied Biotechnology - Master\'s DegreeApplied Computing - Bachelor\'s CompletionAssociate of Arts and Sciences - Semester-basedAssociate of Arts and Sciences - Competency-basedBiodiversity and Conservation Science - Graduate CertificateBiodiversity Conservation and Management - Master\'s DegreeBSN@Home - Bachelor\'s CompletionBusiness Administration - Bachelor\'s CompletionBusiness Analytics - CertificateClimate Leadership - Graduate CertificateConservation Data Management and Analysis - Graduate CertificateConservation Leadership, Policy, and Management - Graduate CertificateCybersecurity - Master\'s DegreeData Science - Master\'s DegreeData Science - Graduate CertificateDiagnostic Imaging - Bachelor\'s CompletionDigital Marketing Analytics - Graduate CertificateDigital Marketing Management - Graduate CertificateEmerging Technologies in Fintech - Graduate CertificateEnterprise Infrastructure - Graduate CertificateEnvironmental Sustainability - Undergraduate CertificateEnvironmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) - Graduate CertificateFoundations of Biodiversity Conservation and Management - Graduate CertificateFoundations of Health and Wellness - Graduate CertificateHealth and Wellness Management - Master\'s DegreeHealth Care Informatics - CertificateHealth Information Management & Technology - Bachelor\'s CompletionHealth Information Management and Technology - CertificateHealth Sciences - Bachelor\'s CompletionHealthcare Administration - Master\'s DegreeImproving Health with Data and Policy - Graduate CertificateInformation Science & Technology - Bachelor\'s CompletionInformation Technology Management - Master\'s DegreeInterprofessional Leadership in Healthcare - MicrocredentialIT Leadership - Graduate CertificateIT Operations - Graduate CertificateLeadership in Health and Wellness - Graduate CertificateLeading Fintech Transformation - Graduate CertificateNursing (RN to BSN) - Bachelor\'s CompletionSenior Living and Services Leadership - Graduate CertificateSubstance Use Disorders Counselor - CertificateSustainability and Well-being - Graduate CertificateSustainable Enterprise - Undergraduate CertificateSustainable Management - Master\'s DegreeSustainable Management - Bachelor\'s Completion Current Education Level(Required) * Select a Current Education LevelSome High School or lessHigh School Diploma/GEDSome CollegeAssociate Degree - Arts and SciencesAssociate Degree - TechnicalBachelor\'s DegreeGraduate Degree Previous Education(Required) * Select your previous educationI have an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)I am currently enrolled in an ADN programI do not have an ADN Are you interested in pursuing the degree or taking one or two courses?(Required) Degree Courses Can we text you?(Required) Yes No By selecting yes, I agree to receive updates about online degrees, events, and application deadlines from the Universities of Wisconsin. Msg frequency varies depending on the activity of your record. Message and data rates may apply. Text HELP for help. You can opt out by responding STOP at any time. View our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy for more details. Phone This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Wisconsin Online Collaboratives will not share your personal information. Privacy Policy Δ ## Prosperity **Prosperity** considers the economic indicators over which an organization or business has influence—for example, paying livable wages, ethical sourcing, and workplace health and safety. Triple bottom line theory is systemic in nature through its view of _people, planet, and prosperity_. With this connectivity in mind, the United Nations (UN) created Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that “ensure all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that economic, social, and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.” Many of the UN SDGs aim to improve a wide range of areas related to environment, people, and economic opportunities. One of the many prosperity-focused goals aims to provide decent work (safe working conditions, living wages, compassionate leadership) and economic growth for those in specific communities. Examples from the UN’s SDGs of how businesses can help support the prosperity of their stakeholders include: * By 2025, take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery, and human trafficking. Additionally, prohibit and eliminate all forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers. * By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. Some companies, like Kohler Co., have taken a systemic approach to integrating prosperity into its business: > “As a global company, we understand that how we do business impacts the > communities in which we live and work… We believe that in order to grow our > business responsibly, we must have programs in place that positively impact > the environment and society at scale.” —Laura Kohler, Senior Vice President, > Human Resources, Stewardship & Sustainability. “I have gained enormously in improving my horizon of vision to identify that until and unless there is any societal improvement, economic and environmental improvements cannot go too far. To have real improvement of the humankind, all three components of the TBL must be satisfied.” —Molla, Sustainable Management master’s student SMGT 720 Applied Research and the Triple Bottom Line is a course in the Master of Science in Sustainable Management. ## The Definition of “Business Success” is Evolving The saying “business as usual” now holds a new meaning. It is no longer sufficient in the eyes of consumers, employees, and other stakeholders to only meet compliance standards. Understanding and operating through a triple bottom line framework offers opportunities for optimization, innovation, and improvement across sectors and industries. Engaging a business model that considers the three “P’s” of _people, planet, and prosperity_ will ultimately lead to increased resilience and cost savings, decreased organizational risk (i.e. supply chain and public relations), a decrease in unforeseen costs, and overall success for all stakeholders involved. > “To protect the planet, we must show others that impossible can be business > as usual.” —Lisa Jackson, Vice President, Environment, Policy and Social > Initiatives at Apple Certified B Corporations bring the triple bottom line, as John Elkington designed it, to life. B Corporations are a relatively new type of business, legally required to consider impacts on all stakeholders including employees, customers, suppliers, community, and the environment. Their mission is to become a community of leaders who drive a global movement of people using business as a force for good. While new business models continue to evolve, there is still much work for sustainability professionals within every organization, no matter the sector, industry, or role. Through triple bottom line theory, sustainability changemakers have the opportunity to strategically engage colleagues and leadership. As a result, we can make measurable, sustainability-focused progress in virtually everything we do. ## Find Your Future in Sustainable Management Interested in becoming a sustainability changemaker? In the University of Wisconsin bachelor’s, master’s, and certificate programs in sustainability you’ll learn about the triple bottom line in a flexible, online format that is an ideal choice for students balancing work and personal responsibilities, and offers easy access to academic advising and student support services. For more information, contact a helpful enrollment adviser at 1-877-895-3276 or [email protected]. * ![\\"Facebook\\"](\\" * ![\\"Twitter\\"](\\" * ![\\"Linkedin\\"](\\" * ![\\"Email](\\" * Filed Under: Degree Program Tags: accounting, business, finance, people, planet, prosperity, sustainability, TBL, theory, triple bottom line Programs: Sustainable Management ## Let\'s Get Started Together ![\\"Apply\\"](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/circle-arrow-right.svg\\"/) Apply ![\\"Schedule](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/calendar-days.svg\\"/) Schedule an Advising Call ![\\"Request](\\" Theme/images/fontawesome/circle-info.svg\\"/) Request Info First Name(Required) Last Name(Required) Email(Required) Phone(Required) Program of Interest(Required) * Please select the program you are most interested in...Agile Project Management - CertificateApplied Bioinformatics - Graduate CertificateApplied Biotechnology - Master\'s DegreeApplied Computing - Bachelor\'s CompletionAssociate of Arts and Sciences - Semester-basedAssociate of Arts and Sciences - Competency-basedBiodiversity and Conservation Science - Graduate CertificateBiodiversity Conservation and Management - Master\'s DegreeBSN@Home - Bachelor\'s CompletionBusiness Administration - Bachelor\'s CompletionBusiness Analytics - CertificateClimate Leadership - Graduate CertificateConservation Data Management and Analysis - Graduate CertificateConservation Leadership, Policy, and Management - Graduate CertificateCybersecurity - Master\'s DegreeData Science - Master\'s DegreeData Science - Graduate CertificateDiagnostic Imaging - Bachelor\'s CompletionDigital Marketing Analytics - Graduate CertificateDigital Marketing Management - Graduate CertificateEmerging Technologies in Fintech - Graduate CertificateEnterprise Infrastructure - Graduate CertificateEnvironmental Sustainability - Undergraduate CertificateEnvironmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) - Graduate CertificateFoundations of Biodiversity Conservation and Management - Graduate CertificateFoundations of Health and Wellness - Graduate CertificateHealth and Wellness Management - Master\'s DegreeHealth Care Informatics - CertificateHealth Information Management & Technology - Bachelor\'s CompletionHealth Information Management and Technology - CertificateHealth Sciences - Bachelor\'s CompletionHealthcare Administration - Master\'s DegreeImproving Health with Data and Policy - Graduate CertificateInformation Science & Technology - Bachelor\'s CompletionInformation Technology Management - Master\'s DegreeInterprofessional Leadership in Healthcare - MicrocredentialIT Leadership - Graduate CertificateIT Operations - Graduate CertificateLeadership in Health and Wellness - Graduate CertificateLeading Fintech Transformation - Graduate CertificateNursing (RN to BSN) - Bachelor\'s CompletionSenior Living and Services Leadership - Graduate CertificateSubstance Use Disorders Counselor - CertificateSustainability and Well-being - Graduate CertificateSustainable Enterprise - Undergraduate CertificateSustainable Management - Master\'s DegreeSustainable Management - Bachelor\'s Completion Current Education Level(Required) * Select a Current Education LevelSome High School or lessHigh School Diploma/GEDSome CollegeAssociate Degree - Arts and SciencesAssociate Degree - TechnicalBachelor\'s DegreeGraduate Degree Previous Education(Required) * Select your previous educationI have an Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)I am currently enrolled in an ADN programI do not have an ADN Are you interested in pursuing the degree or taking one or two courses?(Required) Degree Courses Can we text you?(Required) Yes No By selecting yes, I agree to receive updates about online degrees, events, and application deadlines from the Universities of Wisconsin. 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We took Wisconsin from the Bottom 10 for business to the Top 10 | 3,334 | ## Just added to your cart Qty: View cart () Continue shopping Submit Close search ![\\"Venture](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/Venture_Wisconsin_Logo_Bottom_Half_2022_300x300.png?v=1685480183\\") * Home * Catalog Search Cart 0 items * Home * Catalog Previous slide * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/OFSquarePics7_d9baa57d-e73b-4392-ae46-9343fbf2ec91_110x110@2x.png?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721476\\"/) * ![\\"Load](\\"//venturewisconsin.com/cdn/shop/files/[email protected]?v=1718721440\\"/) Next slide # 2024 Old Fashioned Passport Regular price $34.95 Sale price $34.95 Regular price Sale Sold out Unit price /per Default Title Quantity Error Quantity must be 1 or more Add to cart More payment options This item is a recurring or deferred purchase. By continuing, I agree to the cancellation policy and authorize you to charge my payment method at the prices, frequency and dates listed on this page until my order is fulfilled or I cancel, if permitted. Adding product to your cart All orders that include this product or a package with this product will ship between December 5th and December 11th. Year 2 of the Venture Wisconsin Old Fashioned Passport is here, and we\'ve locked in 126 establishments this year across Wisconsin to grab a buy one old fashioned, get one old fashioned free for up to $750 in value. The best way to explore supper clubs, distilleries, cocktail lounges, and other great local businesses around the state. A perfect gift for old fashioned lovers and those people who already have everything. Preorder the 2024 Old Fashioned Passport and save. ~10% off now through Cyber Monday. ## How It Works 1\. Bring the passport to a participating establishment. 2\. Order two or more old fashioneds. 3\. Before paying present the passport. 4\. Get one drink deducted from your bill. 5\. Hand the passport over to be stamped. 6\. Tip based on your original total and enjoy! #### The Official Deal Buy one old fashioned, get one old fashioned of equal or lesser value free. This is the deal unless otherwise stated on the listing. One BOGO old fashioned per participating location. Some exclusions apply, these are stated on individual listings. All deals expire December 31, 2024. #### Map of Participating Locations Check out the map of participating locations to get an idea of the 126 places you can explore: With the help of our friends, the Wisconsin Supper Club Chasers, we\'ve tripled the number of supper clubs this year bringing the total to ~40 Supper Clubs. We\'re also happy to have added 8 New Distilleries around the state and improving the quality of our participating establishments greatly. Adding Establishments Throughout the Year We\'re launching an app soon and will be trying to add more establishments to visit for our customers throughout the year. Details of the app launch will be posted to our Facebook page as well as emailed to customers who purchase the passport. #### Get it by Christmas? Yes. Orders before December 11th will arrive before Christmas, as long as supplies last. Last year we sold out of our first print around December 9th. This year, if we sell out of our first print, we won\'t be able to get more in time for Christmas. Orders are delivered in a first-come-first-serve basis and we want to get as many customers their order by Christmas as possible. #### Partner Old Fashioned Mix We partnered with a historic old fashioned mix this year, Shifty\'s. We chose to partner with Shifty\'s because of their epic history and superior quality. * Only four simple ingredients (Water, sugar, bitters, citric acid) * No artificial flavors or preservatives. * Very generous proportion of bitters. * Amazing story/history. Shifty was a bartender for over 60 years in Stevens Point at only two establishments. The second half of his career (which landed him in the bartender hall of fame) was a Sky Club in Plover, the supper club that invented the salad bar. Purchase a bottle here. #### Shipping Note Orders will ship within two business days and then be delivered in 1-8 business days, so expect orders to take 3 to 10 business days to arrive. #### Return & Refund Policy We have a 100% satisfaction guarantee. Let us know within 90 days and we will refund your order in full if you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase. You don\'t even have to return your product. Note: The person asking for the refund must be the person who ordered the product. ## List of Participating Establishments ### Northeast Wisconsin (35) Fox Cities 313 Dodge (Kaukauna) Salt Dining (Kaukauna) Ambassador (Downtown Appleton) Cleo\'s Brown Beam Tavern (Downtown Appleton) Mark\'s East Side (Appleton) Wilder\'s Bistro (Appleton) Michiels Bar & Grill (Menasha) Tight Barrel Distillery/Bare Bones Brewery (Menasha) Gobblers Knob Supper Club (Stockbridge) Romy\'s Nitingale (Black Creek) Hotel Seymour (Seymour) Greater Green Bay Amphora (Downtown Green Bay) Crown & Common (Green Bay) Club Chalet Supper Club (Green Bay) Paradise North Distillery (Green Bay) St. Brendan\'s Inn (Downtown Green Bay) Stubborn Brothers Brewery (Shawano) Long Drive Supper Club (Hobart) Denmark Distilling (Denmark) Door County Cherry Lanes Arcade Bar (Sturgeon Bay) Door County Fire Company (Sturgeon Bay) Nitingale Supper Club (Sturgeon Bay) Lake Michigan North Shore The Wildflower Supper Club (Kewaunee) Cool City Brewing Co. (Manitowoc) Bar 43 (Sheboygan) Fond du Lac Area Ledgerock Distillery (Fond du Lac) The Sweet & Salty Pig (Fond du Lac) The Tipsy Pig North Fond du Lac) The Wisco: An Old Fashioned Supper Club (Lomira) Oshkosh Chester V\'s Gabe\'s Wisconsin Kitchen & Tavern Sturgeon Spirits Craft Distillery The Hangar The Roxy Bare Bones Brewery - Oshkosh ### Southeast Wisconsin (25) Milwaukee Blackbird Bar (Bay View) Boone & Crockett (Milwaukee) Central Standard Crafthouse & Kitchen & Craft Distillery (Milwaukee) Clementine\'s Tavern (Bay View) Drink Wisconsinbly Pub (Deer District, Milwaukee) Great Lakes Distillery & Tasting Room (Milwaukee) Red Maple MKE SafeHouse (Milwaukee) North of Milwaukee The Antidote (West Bend) Aspen Sky (Slinger) Butler Inn of Pewaukee Fork & Tap (Port Washington) Shipyard Bar (Port Washington) The Stillery (Richfield & Grafton) Racine Marci\'s on Main Pepi\'s West of Milwaukee Double B\'s BBQ Restaurant Sandra\'s on the Park Chances Rustic Roots Waterford Stillhouse Lake Geneva Lake City Social Niche Cafe & Wine Bar The 46 Tavern ### Central Wisconsin (32) Madison Aftershock Classic Arcade Cofe CODA Madison\'s on King Mariner\'s Inn Old Sugar Distillery Toby\'s Supper Club Sun Prairie/Cottage Grove Black Bear Inn Doundrin\'s Distilling Full Mile Beer Company & Kitchen Janesville/Milton Buckhorn Supper Club Fredrick\'s Supper Club Whiskey Ranch x2 West of Madison Benvenuto\'s Italian Grill (Middleton Only) Grumpy Troll (Mt. Horeb) Hooterville Inn (Blue Mounds) Ope Haus (Barneveld) Wollersheim Distillery (Prairie du Sac) Wisconsin Dells Area Driftless Glen Distillery Ravina Bay Bar & Grill Zeman\'s Old Highway House South of Stevens Point Clearwater Harbor (Waupaca) Crystal’s Wood Lake Supper Club (Westfield) Hoozels Bar (Wisconsin Rapids & Nekoosa) Sky Club Supper Club (Plover) Two Lakes Supper Club (Almond) Woodbine Inn Supper Club (Necedah) Wausau & Marshfield Area Libby McNeill\'s Food & Drink (Marshfield) The Buck-A-Neer (Stratford) The Garage (Wausau) Timekeeper Distillery (Wausau) ### North Woods (17) Asana Suka (Land O Lakes) Backwaters Bar & Grill (Rhinelander) Birchwood Bar & Lodge (Rhinelander Burnt Bridge Tavern (Conover) Charlie\'s Lake Metonga Resort (Crandon) Derek\'s Town and Country (Gleason) Eagle Waters Resort & Supper Club (Eagle River) Gateway Lodge (Land O Lakes) Heart II Bar & Grill (Woodruff) Jameson\'s 1930 Inn (Crandon) Sage Fine Dining Silver Birch Supper Club (Tomahawk) Tavern On Central (Florence) The Black Oak Inn (Land O Lakes) The Twilight Supper Club and Sandman Lounge (Land O Lakes) Whitetail Inn (St. Germain) Winding Trail Grill & Bar (Tomahawk) ### Western Wisconsin (17) Superior Anchor Bar & Grill Eddie\'s World Famous Ribs Greater Eau Claire & Hudson Area 45th Parallel Distillery (New Richmond) Fire Away Roadhouse & Rest Camp (Cameron) Infinity Beverages Winery & Distillery (Eau Claire) Jake\'s Supper Club (Menomonie) Max\'s on the Lake (New Auburn) La Crosse & Nearby North Christos Taverna (La Crosse) Beedle\'s Bar & Restaurant (Galesville) NorthEnd Pub & Grill (Cochrane) Prairie Du Chien & Southwest Wisconsin Kickapoo Creekside (Reedstown) Tangled Hickory Wine Bar & Cocktail Lounge (Viroqua) Backwater Bar & Grill (Prairie du Chien) Jone\'s Black Angus (Prairie du Chien) The Drake Piano Bar (Prairie du Chien) Louiseburg Junction Supper Club (Cuba City) Speakeasy Fifty50 (Platteville) * Share Share on Facebook Quick links * Search Newsletter Subscribe Payment methods * Apple Pay * Diners Club * Discover * Meta Pay * Google Pay * Mastercard * PayPal * Shop Pay * Venmo * Visa * Facebook * Instagram * YouTube Payment methods * Apple Pay * Diners Club * Discover * Meta Pay * Google Pay * Mastercard * PayPal * Shop Pay * Venmo * Visa © 2024, Venture Wisconsin Powered by Shopify Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device * Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. * Press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection. * Opens in a new window. * Opens external website. * Opens external website in a new window. |
Between the years 2013 and 2017 19 people died and 593 were seriously injured in road accidents due to drunkenness and carelessness between 31 December and the morning of 1 January | 3,335 | The requested URL was rejected. Please consult with your administrator.Your support ID is: 3199934990133668945[Go Back] |
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Says Sherrod Brown votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren | 3,336 | The Poynter Institute Menu Donate State Editions * California * Florida * Iowa * Michigan * New Hampshire * New York * North Carolina * Pennsylvania * Texas * West Virginia * Wisconsin Issues * All Issues * Online hoaxes * Coronavirus * Health Care * Immigration * Extremism * Taxes * Marijuana * Environment * Crime * Guns * Foreign Policy * LGBTQ+ People * Joe Biden * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump * Mitch McConnell * Hakeem Jeffries * Ron DeSantis Media * PunditFact * Tucker Carlson * Sean Hannity * Rachel Maddow * Bloggers * PolitiFact Videos Campaigns * 2024 Elections Truth-o-Meter * True * Mostly True * Half True * Mostly False * False * Pants on Fire Promises * Biden Promise Tracker * Trump-O-Meter * Obameter * Latest Promises About Us * Our Process * Our Staff * En Español * Who pays for PolitiFact? * Advertise with Us * Suggest a Fact-check * Corrections and Updates * Newsletters Donate #### Follow us The Facts Newsletter Sign up English Español ### Stand up for the facts! Our only agenda is to publish the truth so you can be an informed participant in democracy. We need your help. More Info ### I would like to contribute One Time Monthly Yearly Join Now ![](\\" renacci_2/2eee30f7ca81fc3cb770c1ada2dabc38.jpg\\") ![](\\" renacci_2/ecdf5727d1ab84460d23940f6f3b25fb.jpg\\") Jim Renacci stated on July 10, 2018 in a press conference: Says Sherrod Brown \"votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer, almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" mostly-true/4ac7c61540eff5211f6a04d98a6bc93a.jpg.\\") ![\\"mostly- true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") * Ohio * Congress * Voting Record * Jim Renacci ![\\"Sen.](\\" Sen. Sherrod Brown, D-Ohio, left, accompanied by Sen. Charles Schumer, D-- N.Y., gestures during a news conference on Capitol Hill in Washington, March 3, 2010. (AP) ![\\"Amy](\\" By Amy Sherman July 31, 2018 # Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown votes with Elizabeth Warren, Chuck Schumer, Renacci says Ohio Republican U.S. Rep. Jim Renacci says his Democratic opponent Sen. Sherrod Brown votes in step with Democratic leadership and liberals. Renacci held a July 10 press conference in Cincinnati to call for term limits. \"People start voting not for their state anymore but they start voting for their leadership,\" Renacci said. \"And we have seen that with our Sen. Sherrod Brown who votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer, almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren.\" Renacci was referring to the voting records of Schumer, who is the Democratic Senate leader and represents New York, as well as Warren, who represents Massachusetts and is a potential 2020 presidential contender to challenge President Donald Trump. We found that Renacci is largely correct on the numbers but we will add some context. In recent years, the average senator voted with his or her party about 90 percent of the time when a majority of Democrats took a position different from a majority of Republicans, said Steven S. Smith, Washington University political science professor. \"In this context, a serious look at a senator’s record requires more digging. On what issues did the senator introduce legislation, offer amendments, address in public statements, or pursue on committee or in conference?\" Brown’s voting record Renacci’s campaign pointed to vote data compiled by Congressional Quarterly, which showed that Brown voted with Schumer 96 percent of the time between 2007 and 2018. For the comparison with Warren, who joined the Senate in 2013, the Renacci campaign pulled CQ data showing Brown voted the same as Warren about 94 percent of the time. We used ProPublica’s public database which provides head-to-head comparisons, and found similar results. So the numbers aren’t in dispute. We have fact-checked several previous claims that Democrats voted with former President Barack Obama or their party the vast majority of the time and generally rated them Mostly True if the numbers were on target. Most Democrats and Republicans largely vote with their respective party, but using only the statistic doesn’t tell the full story about a senator’s record. The straight-up vote comparisons here between three Democratic senators don’t tell the full story about Brown’s voting record, either. Brown’s campaign spokesman Preston Maddock pointed to some key votes on which Brown opposed Warren. For example, in 2014, Brown voted to adopt the conference report on the farm bill and was tapped by leadership to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate. Warren was among Senate Democrats who opposed any cuts to food stamps and voted against the legislation. #### Featured Fact-check ![](\\" ![](\\" Bernie Moreno stated on August 20, 2024 in a campaign ad U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown voted to “give illegals taxpayer funded stimulus checks, health care, even Social Security.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" false/33efdb6633e5e2fdc2d4e2f63383a1e0.jpg.\\") ![\\"false\\"](\\" false.jpg\\") By Seth A. Richardson • September 4, 2024 In 2015, Brown voted to adopt the conference report to reauthorize federal transportation programs and renew the charter of the Export-Import bank. Under the bill, Brown said Ohio was set to receive an increase in money for highway and transit projects. Warren opposed the legislation because she said it rolled back rules that protect consumers and our financial system. In 2016, Brown voted for the 21st Century Cures Act, which authorized $1 bill to states to combat the opioid crisis. Warren said the bill was \"hijacked\" by the pharmaceutical industry and opposed it. Brown also voted for some of Trump’s nominees in 2017 whom Warren opposed, including Ben Carson to head up Housing and Urban Development and Wilbur Ross for commerce secretary. Brown supported U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer\'s confirmation, while Schumer opposed him. While Brown has criticized Trump on several fronts, Maddock pointed to some examples on which the Democratic senator has been in agreement with the president. For example, Brown supported the Interdict Act to make it easier for customs officials to block fentanyl from getting into the U.S. The law passed the Senate by unanimous consent. Trump signed the House version into law, while Brown was a cosponsor of the Senate version. U.S. Sen. Rob Portman, Ohio’s Republican senator, also backed the bill, and both Portman and Brown attended a signing ceremony for the new law at the White House. Brown and Trump also share some views on trade. Brown has said Trump’s order on raising imported steel will help stabilize steel jobs in Ohio. Experts say members often vote along party lines Experts told us that it’s no surprise that senators from the same party often vote the same. \"Democrats tend to vote with fellow Democrats, just as Republicans tend to vote with their party. The existence of parties and winner-take-all congressional primaries incentivizes party-line voting,\" University of Akron political science professor David Cohen said. The vote comparison among Democrats omits that the Senate reaches bipartisan consensus on some issues, for example, the recent unanimous vote in the Senate to express opposition to allowing the Russians to interrogate American diplomats, said University of Miami political science professor Gregory Koger. \"There may be a lot of issues on which Brown disagrees with Schumer and/or Warren that do not come to the Senate floor, so their roll call voting record may overstate their actual policy agreement,\" Koger said. Using the ProPublica database of votes, we found that Renacci voted the same as House Majority Leader Paul Ryan about 89 percent of the time. Our ruling Renacci said Brown \"votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer, almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren.\" The numbers are largely correct and not in dispute. But it’s not unusual for members of the same party to vote together, and it doesn’t tell the full story about their voting record. We rate this claim Mostly True. #### Read About Our Process The Principles of the Truth-O-Meter ### Our Sources YouTube, U.S. Rep. Jim Renacci press conference, July 10, 2018 ProPublica, Head-to-Head compare voting records, Accessed July 20, 2018 U.S. Senate, H.R. 2642 (Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013), Feb. 4, 2014 U.S. Senate, H.R. 22 (DRIVE Act), Dec. 3, 2015 Congress.gov, H.R.34 - 21st Century Cures Act, Dec. 13, 2016 became law Congress.gov, H.R.2142 - INTERDICT Act, Jan. 10, 2018 became law Congress.gov, S.708 - INTERDICT Act, March 23, 2017 White House, \"Remarks by President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence and Bipartisan Members of Congress at Signing of H.R. 2142, INTERDICT Act,\" Jan. 10, 2018 Cleveland Plain Dealer, \"Who\'s the most bipartisan Ohioan in Congress? See how your member scored,\" April 25, 2018 Washington Post, \"Take it from two freshmen: Bipartisanship in Congress is possible,\" Nov. 17, 2011 The Hill, \"Senate passes farm bill 68-32,\" Feb. 5, 2014 Boston Globe, \"Warren opposes plan to speed new drugs; declares the bill was \'hijacked\' by pharmaceutical industry,\" Nov. 29, 2016 Agri-Pulse, \"Senate names farm bill conferees,\" Aug. 1, 2013 Sen. Elizabeth Warren press release, \"Senator Warren\'s Statement on the Fixing America\'s Surface Transportation Act,\" Dec. 3, 2015 STAT News, \"Elizabeth Warren rips 21st Century Cures bill and vows to fight it,\" Dec. 28, 2016 New York Times, \"How Each Senator Voted on Trump’s Cabinet and Administration Nominees,\" May 11, 2017 WKSU, \"Ohio Democratic Sen. Brown Supports Trump\'s Steel Tariffs,\" March 11, 2018 PolitiFact, \"Ohio Republican wrongly says Sherrod Brown likes communism,\" March 27, 2018 Interview, Leslie Shedd, U.S. Rep. Jim Renacci campaign spokeswoman, July 20, 2018 Interview, Preston Maddock, U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown campaign spokesman, July 20, 2018 Interview, David B. Cohen, University of Akron political science professor, July 23, 2018 Interview, Gregory Koger, University of Miami political science professor, July 20, 2018 Interview, Steven S. Smith, Washington University in St. Louis political science professor, July 20, 2018 ## Browse the Truth-O-Meter ### More by Amy Sherman ![](\\" ![](\\" JD Vance stated on August 25, 2024 in an interview on NBC\'s \"Meet the Press\": A zero-tolerance policy during the Trump administration \"led to less family separation than under Kamala Harris\' border policies.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Amy Sherman • September 4, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on August 26, 2024 in an interview with a podcaster: Vice President Kamala Harris “is a communist. … She is really a Marxist.” ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • September 4, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Rick Scott stated on August 28, 2024 in a post on X: “This month alone, more than 16,000 non-citizens have been removed from the voter rolls in 3 states.” ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Samantha Putterman • August 29, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on August 23, 2024 in a speech in Las Vegas: “Kamala cast the tiebreaking vote to hire 87,000 new IRS agents to go after your tip income.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Amy Sherman • August 28, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Tim Walz stated on August 14, 2024 in a speech in California: Former President Donald Trump “cut overtime benefits for millions of workers.” ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • August 20, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Pete Buttigieg stated on August 11, 2024 in an interview on CNN State of the Union: Gov. Tim Walz delivered paid family leave in Minnesota but “Republicans are blocking” a Biden-Harris proposal. ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" mostly-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • August 16, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on August 8, 2024 in a press conference: Says his Jan. 6, 2021, speech on the White House Ellipse drew the “same number of people,” as the 1963 March on Washington where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Louis Jacobson • August 9, 2024 ![](\\" Instagram_logo_2016.svg/322c808c00e73c217d17772ddd5a0eb5.jpg\\") ![](\\" Instagram_logo_2016.svg/8b142c91ebe468a84a192e6df2b7b994.jpg\\") Instagram posts stated on August 2, 2024 in a video: In Pompano Beach, Florida, Somali immigrants illegally in the U.S. were in line to get driver’s licenses and “all you need to vote is a driver\'s license.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Kwasi Gyamfi Asiedu • August 7, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on July 27, 2024 in a rally in St. Cloud, Minnesota: During the 2020 Minnesota riots after George Floyd’s murder, Gov. Tim Walz didn’t call in the National Guard, “so, I sent in the National Guard to save Minneapolis.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Amy Sherman • August 7, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on August 3, 2024 in a rally in Atlanta: Kamala Harris “supports mandatory gun confiscation.” ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • August 7, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on July 24, 2024 in a rally in Charlotte, North Carolina: Kamala Harris “wants to defund the police.” ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • July 30, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Donald Trump stated on July 24, 2024 in a rally in Charlotte, North Carolina: Kamala Harris “supported abolishing ICE.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Amy Sherman • July 29, 2024 ![](\\" Instagram_logo_2016.svg/322c808c00e73c217d17772ddd5a0eb5.jpg\\") ![](\\" Instagram_logo_2016.svg/8b142c91ebe468a84a192e6df2b7b994.jpg\\") Instagram posts stated on July 22, 2024 in an Instagram post: There are nine states “where Biden’s name can’t be removed and no one can be added. That’s over 130 electoral votes in the toilet.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Ranjan Jindal • July 23, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Kamala Harris stated on July 17, 2024 in a campaign video: \"Unlike Mike Pence, (JD) Vance said he would have carried out Trump\'s plan to overturn the 2020 election.\" ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" mostly-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • July 18, 2024 ![](\\" ![](\\" Kari Lake stated on July 16, 2024 in in a speech at RNC in Milwaukee: “Just last week, Ruben Gallego voted to let the millions of people who poured into our country illegally cast a ballot in this upcoming election.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Amy Sherman • July 17, 2024 ### Ohio Sen. Sherrod Brown votes with Elizabeth Warren, Chuck Schumer, Renacci says * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 12, 2024 in an Instagram post: A video shows a body that Israel embedded with a bomb exploding during a Palestinian funeral procession. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Sofia Ahmed • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 11, 2024 in a post: “ESPN has fired Shannon Sharpe.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Gideon Hess • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 12, 2024 in an Instagram post: Former President Donald Trump admitted during the Sept. 10 presidential debate that he “blew up the Nord Stream pipeline.” ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Loreben Tuquero • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 10, 2024 in a Facebook post: Patron, Don Julio and Pink Whitney tequila recalled because they contained fecal matter. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Jeff Cercone • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Elissa Slotkin stated on September 11, 2024 in a TV ad: Mike Rogers supported “laws that could eliminate IVF and birth control.” ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Caleb McCullough • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Instagram posts stated on September 11, 2024 in an Instagram post: \"Debate moderators made the false claim to Donald Trump that there is nowhere in the United States where abortion is legal up until birth.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Jeff Cercone • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 12, 2024 in a Facebook post: ABC News fired presidential debate moderators David Muir and Linsey Davis. ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Sofia Ahmed • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Yes on 4 stated on September 10, 2024 in a TV ad: Florida’s six-week abortion law has “no real exceptions. Not for her health. Not even for rape.” ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Samantha Putterman • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Facebook posts stated on September 11, 2024 in una publicación en Facebook: Imagen muestra carnet del Partido Comunista de la vicepresidenta Kamala Harris. ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Maria Briceño • September 13, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Sam Brown stated on August 28, 2024 in a campaign appearance: Proposed Nevada constitutional amendment to protect abortion rights would put “essentially no limit on access to abortion.” ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Caleb McCullough • September 13, 2024 Load more ### Support independent fact-checking. Become a member! In a world of wild talk and fake news, help us stand up for the facts. 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Says Sherrod Brown votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren | 3,336 | The Poynter Institute Menu Donate State Editions * California * Florida * Iowa * Michigan * New Hampshire * New York * North Carolina * Pennsylvania * Texas * West Virginia * Wisconsin Issues * All Issues * Online hoaxes * Coronavirus * Health Care * Immigration * Extremism * Taxes * Marijuana * Environment * Crime * Guns * Foreign Policy * LGBTQ+ People * Joe Biden * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump * Mitch McConnell * Hakeem Jeffries * Ron DeSantis Media * PunditFact * Tucker Carlson * Sean Hannity * Rachel Maddow * Bloggers * PolitiFact Videos Campaigns * 2024 Elections Truth-o-Meter * True * Mostly True * Half True * Mostly False * False * Pants on Fire Promises * Biden Promise Tracker * Trump-O-Meter * Obameter * Latest Promises About Us * Our Process * Our Staff * En Español * Who pays for PolitiFact? * Advertise with Us * Suggest a Fact-check * Corrections and Updates * Newsletters Donate #### Follow us The Facts Newsletter Sign up English Español ### Stand up for the facts! Our only agenda is to publish the truth so you can be an informed participant in democracy. We need your help. More Info ### I would like to contribute One Time Monthly Yearly Join Now ### Latest Fact-checksSherrod Brown * ![](\\" ![](\\" Bernie Moreno stated on August 20, 2024 in a campaign ad: U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown voted to “give illegals taxpayer funded stimulus checks, health care, even Social Security.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Seth A. Richardson • September 4, 2024 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim Renacci stated on July 10, 2018 in a press conference: Says Sherrod Brown \"votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer, almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren.\" ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" mostly-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • July 31, 2018 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Ohio Republican Party stated on June 12, 2018 in a tweet: Says Sherrod Brown in 1978 \"voted for stricter removal standards (for voter registration) and then enforced them as Secretary of State.\" ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • June 29, 2018 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Mike Gibbons stated on February 20, 2018 in an interview: \"A lot\" of Sen. Sherrod Brown’s policies \"reflect that interest in Marxism\" and a fondness for communism. ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Amy Sherman • March 27, 2018 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Sherrod Brown stated on February 4, 2013 in a news release: \"Three in four low-income workers don’t have any paid sick days available.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" By Tom Feran • February 11, 2013 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on October 2, 2012 in a campaign commercial: Sherrod Brown \"voted six times to raise his own pay.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Tom Feran • October 29, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Crossroads GPS stated on October 9, 2012 in a television ad: \"Sherrod Brown supported President Obama\'s $453 billion tax increase.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Tom Feran • October 18, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on October 2, 2012 in a campaign commercial: Sherrod Brown \"failed to pay his own taxes three separate times.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" By Tom Feran • October 17, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on September 13, 2012 in a campaign commercial: \"We need a Senator who shows up to work. Sherrod Brown missed over 350 official votes.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Sabrina Eaton • October 10, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on September 4, 2012 in a campaign email: Says Sherrod Brown’s campaign attacked Josh Mandel’s military service ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • September 17, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on May 23, 2012 in a television ad: Sherrod Brown \"sent billions of our tax dollars to foreign countries.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Tom Feran • August 13, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Ohio Republican Party stated on July 10, 2012 in an emailed statement: \"Sherrod Brown and his special interest allies in Washington are plotting to spend over $13 million\" to defeat Josh Mandel. ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Joe Guillen • July 19, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on July 9, 2012 in a fundraising email: Sherrod Brown’s approval rating \"has plummeted to 38 percent among Ohio voters\" in a poll by a Democratic pollster. ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" mostly-true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • July 13, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" National Republican Senatorial Committee stated on April 4, 2012 in a news release: Sen. Sherrod Brown’s vote helped pass \"Barack Obama’s job-killing health care law, which slapped small businesses throughout Ohio with a $500 billion tax increase.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • April 12, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on March 29, 2012 in a news release: Sherrod Brown opposed blocking a new EPA emissions rule, \"despite acknowledging that the EPA\'s cap-and-trade regulations are ‘burdensome’ and could harm economic growth in Ohio.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • April 5, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on March 1, 2012 in a news release: \"Make no mistake -- Sherrod Brown is one of the main D.C. politicians responsible for Ohio jobs moving to China.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • March 20, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Ohio Republican Party stated on January 22, 2012 in an interview with The Plain Dealer: Sherrod Brown \"has voted with Barack Obama 95 percent of the time.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" By Stephen Koff • January 25, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on December 2, 2011 in a newspaper column: Sen. Sherrod Brown \"has chosen to side with Washington bureaucrats and fringe extremists in the attacks on our natural resources.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • December 7, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" U.S. Chamber of Commerce stated on November 16, 2011 in a television commercial: Says Sen. Sherrod Brown \"voted to block American energy production and increase energy taxes.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Sabrina Eaton • December 6, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on November 14, 2011 in a radio interview: Says that Sen. Sherrod Brown is \"out there egging on a lot of these protesters who are spitting on policemen and going to the bathroom on policemen’s cars at these protests on Wall Street and other places.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Henry J. Gomez • November 18, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on September 28, 2011 in a news release: Says U.S. Sen Sherrod Brown \"promised that the first stimulus bill would fund the Brent Spence Bridge.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • September 30, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on September 1, 2011 in a television interview: \"The majority last quarter of Sherrod Brown\'s campaign contributions came from outside of the state of Ohio.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Stephen Koff • September 15, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" National Republican Senatorial Committee stated on August 23, 2011 in a news release: Sherrod Brown \"has stood side by side\" with President Barack Obama, presiding \"over the most rapid increase in the debt over the last 2.5 years\" and hurtling toward \" the worst jobs record in the modern era.\" ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • September 8, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Josh Mandel stated on June 24, 2011 in a radio interview: \"Sherrod Brown was just voted two years in a row the most liberal senator in the United States of America\" and is more liberal than Sen. Bernie Sanders. ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • July 18, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim DeMint stated on June 27, 2011 in a news release: Says U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown is responsible for \"over $14 trillion in debt.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Mark Naymik • July 11, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" National Republican Senatorial Committee stated on June 9, 2011 in a news release: Says that Sherrod Brown \"voted to cut Medicare by over $500 billion in order to fund government-run health care.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Tom Feran • June 23, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" National Republican Senatorial Committee stated on February 17, 2011 in a news release: Since Sherrod Brown and the Democrats \"rammed\" the economic stimulus bill through, \"Ohio\'s unemployment rate has risen to 9.6 percent, above the national average.\" ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • February 22, 2011 * ![](\\" ![](\\" National Republican Senatorial Committee stated on November 30, 2010 in a news release: Says Sen. Sherrod Brown voted to keep \"an extreme, job-killing Internal Revenue Service paperwork mandate.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Stephen Koff • December 2, 2010 #### Offices District of Columbia 1800 I Street NW Washington, DC 20006 Florida 801 3rd St. S St. Petersburg, FL 33701 727-821-9494 #### People * Joe Biden * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump * Mitch McConnell * Hakeem Jeffries * Ron DeSantis #### State Editions * California * Florida * Iowa * Michigan * New Hampshire * New York * North Carolina * Pennsylvania * Texas * West Virginia * Wisconsin #### About Us * Our Process * Our Staff * En Español * Who pays for PolitiFact? * Advertise with Us * Corrections and Updates * Newsletters #### RSS Feeds * Recent Articles and Fact-checks * Recent Fact-checks Suggest a Fact-check #### Follow us The Facts Newsletter Sign up Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Copyright ©All Rights Reserved Poynter Institute 2020, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization ![\\"\\"](\\" * * * ✕ |
Says Sherrod Brown votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren | 3,336 | The Poynter Institute Menu Donate State Editions * California * Florida * Iowa * Michigan * New Hampshire * New York * North Carolina * Pennsylvania * Texas * West Virginia * Wisconsin Issues * All Issues * Online hoaxes * Coronavirus * Health Care * Immigration * Extremism * Taxes * Marijuana * Environment * Crime * Guns * Foreign Policy * LGBTQ+ People * Joe Biden * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump * Mitch McConnell * Hakeem Jeffries * Ron DeSantis Media * PunditFact * Tucker Carlson * Sean Hannity * Rachel Maddow * Bloggers * PolitiFact Videos Campaigns * 2024 Elections Truth-o-Meter * True * Mostly True * Half True * Mostly False * False * Pants on Fire Promises * Biden Promise Tracker * Trump-O-Meter * Obameter * Latest Promises About Us * Our Process * Our Staff * En Español * Who pays for PolitiFact? * Advertise with Us * Suggest a Fact-check * Corrections and Updates * Newsletters Donate #### Follow us The Facts Newsletter Sign up English Español ### Stand up for the facts! Our only agenda is to publish the truth so you can be an informed participant in democracy. We need your help. More Info ### I would like to contribute One Time Monthly Yearly Join Now ![](\\" renacci_2/826d0bb4983e1dbedd6b18b6bc593a2d.jpg\\") ![](\\" renacci_2/826d0bb4983e1dbedd6b18b6bc593a2d.jpg\\") # Jim Renacci Jim Renacci, a Republican, is running against U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown, a Democrat, in 2018. Renacci is the representative from Ohio\'s 16th Congressional District. He is a businessman and also the former mayor of Wadsworth. He was first elected to Congress in 2010. Jim Renacci\'s Website ## Scorecard #### True 0% 5% 1 Checks #### Mostly True 16% 16% 3 Checks #### Half True 0% 27% 5 Checks #### Mostly False 0% 27% 5 Checks #### False 0% 16% 3 Checks #### Pants on Fire 0% 5% 1 Checks For more details, see the Principles of PolitiFact ### Latest Fact-checks of Jim Renacci * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim Renacci stated on July 10, 2018 in a press conference: Says Sherrod Brown \"votes 97 percent with Chuck Schumer, almost 95 plus percent with Elizabeth Warren.\" ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" mostly-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • July 31, 2018 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim Renacci stated on April 25, 2018 in a radio interview: \"President Trump is still supported by almost 85 percent of the Republican Party in the state of Ohio, and that\'s from recent polling, and still has a 58 percent approval rating in Ohio.\" ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"mostly-true\\"](\\" mostly-true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • May 4, 2018 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim Renacci stated on January 24, 2018 in an interview on Fox Business Network: In 2005 or 2006 U.S. Sen. Chuck Schumer \"voted for the wall.\" ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Amy Sherman • February 13, 2018 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim Renacci stated on February 15, 2013 in a commentary: \"Raising taxes on investment income has actually lowered the revenue received from the tax, while cutting capital gains tax rates has increased revenue.\" ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Tom Feran • March 14, 2013 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Jim Renacci stated on December 21, 2012 in a newspaper column: Obamacare includes \"a $63 charge every American will begin paying (in 2013) as a way to cover some of the increased costs associated with providing health insurance to those with pre-existing conditions.\" ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"barely-true\\"](\\" barely-true.jpg\\") By Sabrina Eaton • January 10, 2013 Load more ### Latest Fact-checks About Jim Renacci * ![](\\" ![](\\" Betty Sutton stated on October 10, 2012 in a debate: Says Jim Renacci has \"consistently voted\" for loopholes that \"encourage outsourcing of our jobs.\" ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"half-true\\"](\\" true.jpg\\") By Henry J. Gomez • November 2, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee stated on October 24, 2012 in a television ad: Says Jim Renacci \"opposed increasing combat bonuses for our troops.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Tom Feran • October 24, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Betty Sutton stated on October 17, 2012 in a campaign commercial: \"Jim Renacci tried to avoid paying taxes on nearly $14 million that he made.\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" ![\\"true\\"](\\" By Sabrina Eaton • October 22, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee stated on July 2, 2012 in a news release: \"Foreign Chinese prostitution money is allegedly behind the groups funding Congressman Jim Renacci’s Republican majority.\" ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" th.jpg\\") ![\\"pants-fire\\"](\\" pants-fire.jpg\\") By Sabrina Eaton • July 12, 2012 * ![](\\" ![](\\" Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee stated on June 1, 2012 in a news release: \"Congressman Renacci is under FBI investigation.\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" ![\\"false\\"](\\" By Sabrina Eaton • June 21, 2012 Load more ## Inside PolitiFact Fact-checking journalism is the heart of PolitiFact. 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Have you thought So much water around But this water was of no use to extinguish the fire The money that we go after has burned to ashes | 3,337 | ..Is it ok to extinguish a charcoal grill with water? Also, can the leftover charcoal be reused with fresh charcoal? All related (41) Sort Recommended ![\\"Profile](\\"//qsf.fs.quoracdn.net/-4-ans_frontend_assets.images.poe.multibot_app_icon_small.png-26-19d3ce9935f40287.png\\") Assistant Bot · Aug 18 Extinguishing a charcoal grill with water is generally not recommended. Pouring water on hot charcoal can create steam and potentially cause hot ash to splatter, which could lead to burns or injuries. Instead, it\'s safer to let the charcoal cool down completely in the grill before disposing of it. As for reusing leftover charcoal, it is possible to mix used charcoal with fresh charcoal, but there are a few considerations: 1. Condition of Used Charcoal: If the leftover charcoal pieces are still mostly intact and not completely ash, they can be reused. However, if they are mostly ash, it\'s best to di Continue Reading Extinguishing a charcoal grill with water is generally not recommended. Pouring water on hot charcoal can create steam and potentially cause hot ash to splatter, which could lead to burns or injuries. Instead, it\'s safer to let the charcoal cool down completely in the grill before disposing of it. As for reusing leftover charcoal, it is possible to mix used charcoal with fresh charcoal, but there are a few considerations: 1. Condition of Used Charcoal: If the leftover charcoal pieces are still mostly intact and not completely ash, they can be reused. However, if they are mostly ash, it\'s best to dispose of them. 2. Effect on Flavor: Used charcoal may impart some flavor from previous grilling, which could be desirable or undesirable depending on what you\'re cooking. 3. Lighting: When reusing charcoal, you may need to add some lighter fluid or a chimney starter to ensure it ignites properly, as the used charcoal may not catch fire as easily as fresh charcoal. In summary, it\'s safer to cool charcoal naturally rather than using water, and you can reuse leftover charcoal if it\'s still in good condition. Upvote · ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-137167932-50-sqqupobbnwalcndkiogagtyqgoqegync.jpeg\\") Tom Hinkle Former Software Developer (1976–2016) · Author has 10.9K answers and 9.6M answer views · 5y From How to Extinguish a Charcoal Grill > However dramatic it may look, never pour water directly over hot coals, even > if they appear to be out. Coals can burn at 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and > dousing them with water can crack the grill. Also, the water can convert > immediately to steam, spreading a puff of ash over everything and > potentially causing burns. This sounds like good advise to me. An a similar matter, this site also mentions using a metal trash container. This is IMPORTANT!!! Once I had closed the vents on my grill which put out the fire. That grill sat at least a full day, maybe 2 days, Continue Reading From How to Extinguish a Charcoal Grill > However dramatic it may look, never pour water directly over hot coals, even > if they appear to be out. Coals can burn at 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and > dousing them with water can crack the grill. Also, the water can convert > immediately to steam, spreading a puff of ash over everything and > potentially causing burns. This sounds like good advise to me. An a similar matter, this site also mentions using a metal trash container. This is IMPORTANT!!! Once I had closed the vents on my grill which put out the fire. That grill sat at least a full day, maybe 2 days, before I emptied the ashes into a trash can. That fire was OUT!! No heat, no glowing embers, stone cold. Except a few hours later, that trash can was burning like a major inferno. Lucky I had a fire extinguisher, but I have plastic from the melted trash can infused into the cinder block fence. I bought a small galvanized steel trash can and I empty ashes into it, and other than aluminum foil, not much else goes into that can. Be safe with those ashes and leftover charcoal. Upvote · 96 91 91 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-1542977084-50-zytqvsgluatrapazrazldcqlzrpaiiyw.jpeg\\") Keith Patterson MS in Industrial Education & Biology, Bradley University (Graduated 1970) · Author has 66 answers and 30.2K answer views · 2y Many have correctly answered the question in the negative. You may put hot coals into a lidded metal container. Because of the small volume of oxygen in a small container, the coals will extinguish quickly, and they can then can be reused just like fresh briquettes. Typically, they extinguish and cool quickly enough, that I can close up the grill and put the cover on after we’re done eating. Upvote · 94 91 Related questions More answers below Can I pour water on my charcoal grill? Can charcoal be salvaged after getting wet? What is the safest way to light a charcoal grill? What can you do with leftover charcoal? What do you need to grill on a charcoal grill? ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-56573885-50-allmctcruzqhnbzorfkdfxooesznizwz.jpeg\\") Ted Herrlich MS in Computer Information Systems, University of Phoenix (Graduated 2004) · Author has 12.5K answers and 7.5M answer views · 1y I never extinguish mine, I close the vents and let it extinguish itself. Often there is some leftover charcoal that hadn’t burned completely. I put it in my chimney starter as the base for the next fire. It’s usually not more than a handful, but I figure it will start burning a little quicker than a fresh briquette. I have no evidence supporting it, it’s just something I do. It hasn’t hurt anything. Upvote · Related questions Can I pour water on my charcoal grill? Can charcoal be salvaged after getting wet? What is the safest way to light a charcoal grill? What can you do with leftover charcoal? What do you need to grill on a charcoal grill? Can you get sick from charcoal grilling? How long do you let charcoal burn before cooking? How do you put out the charcoal briquettes when you are finished cooking over them? What is the proper way to extinguish a hot charcoal grill that is no longer on fire? How long does charcoal burn for after the 20 minutes of getting it started? Can I reuse charcoal for my barbecue? How long should charcoal burn before grilling? Why should you not spray charcoal grill flare-ups with water? Is it possible to put out a charcoal grill without water? Can you reuse old charcoal briquettes? Related questions Can I pour water on my charcoal grill? Can charcoal be salvaged after getting wet? 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Have you thought So much water around But this water was of no use to extinguish the fire The money that we go after has burned to ashes | 3,337 | I got a solo stove (no affiliation) and it was worth every penny. Dang near smokeless. : r/camping Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/camping A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to camping r/camping r/camping A subreddit for campers concerned more about the act of camping and less concerned about hiking long distances or light gear. Primarily for tent/hammock camping. No RV camping here. * * * 4.7M Members 97 Online • 3 yr. ago veganinsight ADMIN MOD # I got a solo stove (no affiliation) and it was worth every penny. Dang near smokeless. Gear Review * ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"r/camping](\\" * ![\\"\\"](\\" ![\\"r/camping](\\" get_Chargeblast • Promoted Reduce your chargeback rate to 0% and prevent your Stripe account from being shut down. Sign Up chargeblast.com ![\\"Clickable](\\" preview.redd.it/Ds0RS2BIHKdidRnCg0nb97mMVeey1BsSzD6n4583aVo.png?format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=7eba0de056bb5916422712fca0fe10516a07ba98\\") Collapse video player Add a Comment Sort by: Best Open comment sort options * Best * Top * New * Controversial * Old * Q&A motosandguns • 3y ago • So I’ve heard a couple of main complaints. First, it doesn’t radiate heat the way a normal fire would. You pretty much have to stand on top of it to get warm. So feet and anything else further away stay cold. Second, because of all the extra airflow you burn through your wood supply way faster than you normally would. Agree or disagree? Reply reply ![\\"u/Smarter_not_harder](\\" Smarter_not_harder • 3y ago • I bought one for our lake house (in Alabama) so I can share personal experience with using it. Your first and second points are accurate and valid. We see those attributes as positive, however. We were able to use ours this summer to roast marshmallows with my 4 year old in an Alabama summer. Putting out less heat was helpful because, again, Alabama summer. The efficient burning was also very helpful because it allowed the fire to get going very quickly and also burn out very quickly. We were able to have it roaring for about 30-45 minutes (my daughter\'s attention span for smores, apparently), and then were able to allow it to extinguish itself when we were finished by burning everything in it. If we want a winter campfire that puts out more heat we just won\'t use the Solo Stove to do it. Reply reply 10 more replies 10 more replies More replies [deleted] • 3y ago • Agree on both. Don’t own one but my friend uses his constantly. Definitely doesn’t provide the warmth of a fire, and it’s SO EFFICIENT. Chews through your wood in record time. Reply reply 36 more replies 36 more replies More replies [deleted] • 3y ago • Comment deleted by user Reply reply 3 more replies 3 more replies 51 more replies 51 more replies More replies TheDavidKyle • 3y ago • How’s the heat underneath? The adverts show it sitting directly on a wooden or tex deck with no bricks or concrete, do you think that’s possible? Reply reply veganinsight • 3y ago • It gets VERY hot so I’d suggest the stand ring if it’s on any surface other than dirt. The stand raises it up several inches so it doesn’t scorch whatever is underneath it. Reply reply 4 more replies 4 more replies More replies 5 more replies 5 more replies More replies OSS_HX_QD_556 • 3y ago • I wanted one for the longest time and then my grandpa won one brand new with the stand and he only wanted $50 for it. Obviously, I was glad to take him up on the offer and he was glad to get $50 for something that he wasn’t going to use and didn’t pay anything for. I can definitely say that I’d be willing to pay full price for a replacement if mine is ever stolen or anything like that. It’s very nice. Wherever you’re resting in the picture looks quite tranquil! Reply reply veganinsight • 3y ago • Alabama Hills near Lone Pine, CA. It’s a glorious spot. Reply reply 4 more replies 4 more replies More replies More replies a_convenient_name • 3y ago • Love ours, but our feet get so cold. Reply reply leadnuts94 • 3y ago • We still use a laundry drum when we camp in the desert. Keeps our feet nice and warm. Reply reply 2 more replies 2 more replies More replies 4 more replies 4 more replies More replies Top 1% Rank by size Public Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community # More posts you may like Related Camping Outdoors Outdoors and Nature forward back * r/camping r/camping A subreddit for campers concerned more about the act of camping and less concerned about hiking long distances or light gear. Primarily for tent/hammock camping. No RV camping here. 4.7M Members 97 Online ### I’m kind of bummed out 1.3K upvotes · 275 comments * r/valheim r/valheim Valheim is a brutal exploration and survival game for solo play or 2-10 (Co-op PvE) players, set in a procedurally-generated purgatory inspired by viking culture. 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Have you thought So much water around But this water was of no use to extinguish the fire The money that we go after has burned to ashes | 3,337 | [Discussion] What poem gives you the chills? : r/Poetry Open menu Open navigation Go to Reddit Home r/Poetry A chip A close button Get app Get the Reddit app Log In Log in to Reddit Expand user menu Open settings menu * Log In / Sign Up * Advertise on Reddit * Shop Collectible Avatars ### Get the Reddit app Scan this QR code to download the app now Or check it out in the app stores Go to Poetry r/Poetry r/Poetry A place for sharing published poetry. For sharing orignal content, please visit r/OCPoetry * * * 2M Members 16 Online • 6 yr. ago Miamasa ADMIN MOD # [Discussion] What poem gives you the chills? Discussion The kind that looks at life in a startling different way.. Something that blows your mind with new insight. A simple line that churns some strange emotion in you. Or a topic that greatly relates to you. Personally, it\'s the ending of Self Portrait at 28 by David Berman. I honestly haven\'t read much poetry - only a few contemporary prose pieces - but line right at the ending touched me when I first read it. I walked out to the hill behind our house which looks positively Alaskan today and it would be easier to explain this if I had a picture to show you but I was with our young dog and he was running through the tall grass like running through the tall grass is all of life together until a bird calls or he finds a beer can and that thing fills all the space in his head. You see, his mind can only hold one thought at a time and when he finally hears me call his name he looks up and cocks his head and for a single moment my voice is everything: Self-portrait at 28. Read more Add a Comment Sort by: Best Open comment sort options * Best * Top * New * Controversial * Old * Q&A ![\\"u/thiside](\\" thiside • 6y ago • There\'s this a piece by Bukowski called No Help For That \"there is a place in the heart that will never be filled a space and even during the best moments and the greatest times we will know it we will know it more than ever there is a place in the heart that will never be filled and we will wait and wait in that space. \" It clung to me like a name, I dont know to me it sketches the distance between all things Reply reply 11 more replies 11 more replies More replies ![\\"u/Darko33](\\" Darko33 • 6y ago • When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face among a crowd of stars -W.B. Yeats, 1893 Reply reply ![\\"u/DrunkenHuntsman](\\" DrunkenHuntsman • 6y ago • Yeet Reply reply 13 more replies 13 more replies More replies FuntCungus • 6y ago • Bluebird by Charles Bukowski there\'s a bluebird in my heart thatwants to get outbut I\'m too tough for him,I say, stay in there, I\'m not goingto let anybody seeyou.there\'s a bluebird in my heart thatwants to get outbut I pour whiskey on him and inhalecigarette smokeand the whores and the bartendersand the grocery clerksnever know thathe\'sin there. there\'s a bluebird in my heart thatwants to get outbut I\'m too tough for him,I say,stay down, do you want to messme up?you want to screw up theworks?you want to blow my book sales inEurope?there\'s a bluebird in my heart thatwants to get outbut I\'m too clever, I only let him outat night sometimeswhen everybody\'s asleep.I say, I know that you\'re there,so don\'t besad.then I put him back,but he\'s singing a littlein there, I haven\'t quite let himdieand we sleep together likethatwith oursecret pactand it\'s nice enough tomake a manweep, but I don\'tweep, doyou? Reply reply 5 more replies 5 more replies More replies ![\\"u/audhepcat](\\" audhepcat • 6y ago • Edited 6y ago • Separation by W. S. Merwin Your absence has gone through me Like thread through a needle. Everything I do is stitched with its color. Reply reply 6 more replies 6 more replies More replies come_dartagnan • 6y ago • Guilty by Jack Gilbert. Guilty The man certainly looked guilty.Ugly, ragged, and not clean. Not to mentiontheir finding him there in the woodswith her body. Neighbors told how he wasalways playing with dead squirrels,mangled dogs, even snakes. He saidthose were the only things that wouldallow him to get close. Look at me,the old man said with uncomplainingsimplicity, I\'m already one of the deadamong the dead. It\'s hard to watch thingshumiliated the way death does it.Possums smeared on the road, birds with antseating out their eyes. Even dying ratswant privacy for their disgrace.It\'s true I washed the dirt from her faceand the blood off the body. Combed her hair.I slept beside her, at her feet for two days,the way my dog used to. I got the dresson the best I could. She looked so neglected.Like garbage thrown in the weeds.Like nobody cared because he had done thatto her. I kept thinking about how longshe is going to be alone now. I knewthe police would take pictures and put themin the papers naked and open so peopleeating breakfast could look at her. I wantedto give her spirit enough time to get ready. Reply reply 10 more replies 10 more replies More replies rahul38888 • 6y ago • I walked a mile with Pleasure; She chatted all the way; But left me none the wiser For all she had to say. I walked a mile with Sorrow; And ne’er a word said she; But, oh! The things I learned from her, When Sorrow walked with me. By Robert Browning Hamilton Reply reply 8 more replies 8 more replies More replies ![\\"u/mistahARK](\\" mistahARK • 6y ago • Edited 6y ago • Dark Sonnet by Neil Gaiman ``` I don’t think that I’ve been in love as such, although I liked a few folk pretty well. Love must be vaster than my smiles or touch, for brave men died and empires rose and fell For love: girls follow boys to foreign lands and men have followed women into hell. In plays and poems someone understands there’s something makes us more than blood and bone And more than biological demands... For me, love’s like the wind, unseen, unknown. I see the trees are bending where it’s been, I know that it leaves wreckage where it’s blown I really don’t know what \"I love you\" means. I think it means, \"Don’t leave me here alone.\" ``` Reply reply 7 more replies 7 more replies More replies ![\\"u/nbomb220](\\" nbomb220 • 6y ago • To Be Alive by Gregory Orr To be alive: not just the carcass But the spark. That\'s crudely put, but… If we\'re not supposed to dance, Why all this music? Reply reply 2 more replies 2 more replies More replies WiseMagpie • 6y ago • Funeral Blues by W.H. Auden Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone, Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone, Silence the pianos and with muffled drum Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come. Let aeroplanes circle moaning overhead Scribbling on the sky the message \'He is Dead\'. Put crepe bows round the white necks of the public doves, Let the traffic policemen wear black cotton gloves. He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; I thought that love would last forever: I was wrong. The stars are not wanted now; put out every one, Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun, Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood; For nothing now can ever come to any good. Reply reply 4 more replies 4 more replies More replies Top 1% Rank by size Public Anyone can view, post, and comment to this community ## Top Posts * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of June 14, 2018 * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of June 2018 * Reddit reReddit: Top posts of 2018 * * * TOPICS * Internet Culture (Viral) * Amazing * Animals & Pets * Cringe & Facepalm * Funny * Interesting * Memes * Oddly Satisfying * Reddit Meta * Wholesome & Heartwarming * Games * Action Games * Adventure Games * Esports * Gaming Consoles & Gear * Gaming News & Discussion * Mobile Games * Other Games * Role-Playing Games * Simulation Games * Sports & Racing Games * Strategy Games * Tabletop Games * Q&As * Q&As * Stories & Confessions * Technology * 3D Printing * Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning * Computers & Hardware * Consumer Electronics * DIY Electronics * Programming * Software & Apps * Streaming Services * Tech News & Discussion * Virtual & Augmented Reality * Pop Culture * Celebrities * Creators & Influencers * Generations & Nostalgia * Podcasts * Streamers * Tarot & Astrology * Movies & TV * Action Movies & Series * Animated Movies & Series * Comedy Movies & Series * Crime, Mystery, & Thriller Movies & Series * Documentary Movies & Series * Drama Movies & Series * Fantasy Movies & Series * Horror Movies & Series * Movie News & Discussion * Reality TV * Romance Movies & Series * Sci-Fi Movies & Series * Superhero Movies & Series * TV News & Discussion * RESOURCES * About Reddit * Advertise * Help * Blog * Careers * Press * Communities * Best of Reddit * Topics * Content Policy * Privacy Policy * User Agreement Reddit, Inc. © 2024. 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People must know how the media and state governments are misleading the people by blaming only the central government on the taxation of petrol and diesel in India The union government levies 20 on petrol 21 on diesel 34 on state petrol and 25 on diesel Tamil Nadu ranks second in state taxation on petrol and diesel mainly in India | 3,339 | # Access Denied You don\'t have permission to access \" on this server. Reference #18.f46c3f17.1728276111.319ad6e3 |
People must know how the media and state governments are misleading the people by blaming only the central government on the taxation of petrol and diesel in India The union government levies 20 on petrol 21 on diesel 34 on state petrol and 25 on diesel Tamil Nadu ranks second in state taxation on petrol and diesel mainly in India | 3,339 | Our systems are now restored following recent technical disruption, and we’re working hard to catch up on publishing. We apologise for the inconvenience caused. Find out more: us/news-and-blogs/cambridge-university-press-publishing-update-following- technical-disruptionAccessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 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Click to return to homepage. * Browse * Services * Open research Institution Login Search Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-5mhkq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-07T08:06:35.768Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false * Home * >Journals * >Comparative Studies in Society and History * >Volume 66 Issue 3 * >Towards an Energetics of Class: Comparing Energy Protests... * English * Français ![\\"\\"](\\" studies-in-society-and-history.jpg\\"/) Comparative Studies in Society and History ## Article contents * Abstract * Beyond “Fuel Riots”: Energy History and Class Analysis * Forging the Diesel-Highway-Food Nexus in the American Heartland * Trucker Protests * Forging the Tubewell-Electricity-Food Nexus in the Indian Heartland * Peasant power and electricity protests * The Peoples’ Fossil Fuel Lobbies * References # Towards an Energetics of Class: Comparing Energy Protests in India and the United States Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 April 2024 Elizabeth Chatterjee ![\\"Open](\\"\\"/) [Opens in a new window] ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/)Show author details Elizabeth Chatterjee* Affiliation: Department of History, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA * Email: [email protected] * Article * Figures * Metrics Article contents * Abstract * Beyond “Fuel Riots”: Energy History and Class Analysis * Forging the Diesel-Highway-Food Nexus in the American Heartland * Trucker Protests * Forging the Tubewell-Electricity-Food Nexus in the Indian Heartland * Peasant power and electricity protests * The Peoples’ Fossil Fuel Lobbies * References ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/save-pdf-icon.080470e.svg\\"/) Save PDF ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg\\"/)Save PDF (1 mb) ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/pdf-download- icon.c7fb40c.svg\\"/)View PDF [Opens in a new window] ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page- component/img/dropbox-icon.3d57046.svg\\"/) Save to Dropbox ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/google-drive-icon.a50193b.svg\\"/) Save to Google Drive ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) Save to Kindle ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg\\"/) ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg\\"/) Share ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg\\"/) ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg\\"/) Cite ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg\\"/)Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window] ## Abstract From Iran and Mozambique to France’s Gilets jaunes, consumer energy protests are ubiquitous today. Little historical scholarship has so far explored such “fuel riots,” the problematic moniker bestowed by contemporary policy scholars. This article argues for disaggregating the homogenous crowd of so- called rioters, instead analyzing why particular socioeconomic groups persistently take to the streets. To do this, it sketches an energy-centered approach to class with both structural and subjective axes. This analytic is applied to a comparative history of two of the best-documented energy protests of the last half-century. During the 1970s, independent truckers blocked American highways to protest the high price of motor fuel. A decade later, half a million North Indian farmers mobilized to demand cheaper and more reliable electricity. Half a world apart, the two movements shared key characteristics. They were the expression of specific class fractions whose material interests were conditioned by heavy dependence on state-mediated energy supplies. Awkwardly located between big capital and wage labor, both truckers and farmers owned stakes in the carbon-intensive means of production that left them exposed to volatility in energy quality and pricing. Both mobilized in reaction to perceived breaches of state-centered moral economies of energy which threatened this dependence, leveraging their power to interrupt supplies within the circulatory systems of fossil fuel society. Even as both movements failed in their own terms, their political resistance helped to lock in place consumer subsidies for cheap carbon-intensive energy. Such energy protests deserve a central role in our environmental histories of fossil fuel society. ## Keywords fuel riotsenergyenvironmental historyprotestssocial movementsinfrastructurelogisticstransportationagricultureclimate change Type Big Rig: Metaphysics and Petro-Politics Information Comparative Studies in Society and History , Volume 66 , Issue 3 , July 2024 , pp. 528 - 556 DOI: [Opens in a new window] Creative Commons ![\\"Creative](\\"/core/page-component/img/license-cc- icon.e3a74ed.svg\\"/)![\\"Creative](\\"/core/page-component/img/license-by- icon.33e212c.svg\\"/)![\\"Creative](\\"/core/page-component/img/license-nc- icon.78b50f1.svg\\"/)![\\"Creative](\\"/core/page-component/img/license-nd- icon.d1d9d24.svg\\"/) This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence ( which permits non- commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use and/or adaptation of the article. Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History In October 1988 a vast procession wound its way across northern India’s fields towards New Delhi. Packed with white-clad men, a dusty stream of bullock carts, trucks, tractors, and motorcycles approached the stately colonial buildings that marked the heart of power. As many as half a million farmers set up camp on the boulevards that lined the capital’s Boat Club, in earshot of the Indian parliament. Barricades were uprooted to fuel their cooking fires, the manicured lawns covered in dung. The city’s media was incredulous: the movement’s leader, the mercurial Mahendra Singh Tikait, was a man so entrenched in the sugarcane farms of western Uttar Pradesh that they could barely decipher his idiolectic Hindi. Hundreds of young urbanites came to goggle at these “‘authentic’ peasants” smoking hookahs and bursting into rousing folk songs. “We can wait here forever,” said Tikait, “maybe we will grow some sugarcane.” The protesters’ own time sightseeing merely confirmed their belief that rural areas were not getting their fair share of development. Chief among the list of demands they put forward, and the single issue that had made Tikait “the new messiah of the farmers,” was the call for cheaper electricity.Footnote 1 The Indian state reacted with force. Police cut off food and water supplies, lobbed teargas canisters, and fired shots in the air. Confirming the gulf between India’s metropolitan rulers and the upstart agriculturalists, they even tried to drown out the protesters with “a cacophony of raucous Rock music [sic].” Delhi’s lieutenant governor dismissed accusations of brutality: “There is nothing wrong if the farmers heard a bit of Bruce Springsteen.”Footnote 2 It was an apt soundtrack. Springsteen, the great balladeer of American petroculture, had shot to fame with his odes to the internal combustion engine in the wake of the United States’ own major energy protests. Son of a sometime truck driver, he had found among the truckers of New Jersey’s shoreline bars some of his earliest audiences. In the United States, it was their ilk who led protests against high energy prices. In 1973–1974 and again in 1979, independent truckers blockaded highways across the country. Peaches rotted in the fields and beef vanished from supermarket shelves. Disrupting the world’s richest country via their control of the kind of huge machines that epitomized Western capitalism, the self-employed big-rig drivers were half a world away both literally and figuratively from the small farms of northwest India. Yet similarities between the two movements illuminate crucial aspects of carbon- intensive energy systems and the powerful constituencies that lock them in place. On the streets as in Springsteen’s songs, American truckers and Indian farmers met in the crisis-wracked interstices of the fossil fuel economy. The carbon-intensive energy technologies that powered their livelihoods played a vital role in the formation of distinctive socioecological interests and identities. Both groups mobilized in reaction to breaches of state-centered moral economies of energy provision, leveraging their power to interrupt supplies within the circulatory systems of fossil fuel society. India and the United States are seldom compared explicitly—not least because of the strong streaks of exceptionalism that characterize the historiography of both countries—and the two protests at first glance look wildly different.Footnote 3 Big rigs were emblematic of the capital intensity of the American economy. Often drawn from rural landscapes transformed by large agribusiness, their drivers funneled products across long distances to private distributors. Though its economic growth had begun to accelerate, India in the late 1980s remained dramatically poorer. In western Uttar Pradesh, a comparatively prosperous region of the country’s Hindi-speaking heartland, farming remained dominated by owner-cultivators whom contemporaries still labeled “peasants.” Crops were bought and sold on state-regulated markets and overwhelmingly cooked using the traditional fuels of firewood and dung. On one hand was the world’s most energy-intensive society, a hypercapitalist and corporate-dominated “red meat republic.” On the other was the plant-based economy, both heavily state-managed and simultaneously underregulated, of a developing country in which malnutrition remained endemic and electric lights a rural rarity.Footnote 4 These wide divergences make the similarities between the two energy protests all the more striking. This article aims to analyze an easily overlooked set of actors within energy politics and environmental history, looking beyond the familiar cast of energy producers—like coalminers, oilmen, and nuclear engineers—to large intermediate groups with an almost equally significant relationship to energy. Sketching an energy-centered approach to class analysis with both structural and subjective axes, I suggest that the trucker and farmer protests were the expression of specific class fractions whose material interests were conditioned by heavy dependence on state-mediated energy supplies. Both groups owned significant stakes in the carbon-intensive means of production that left them exposed to volatility in energy quality and pricing. American truckers relied on their expensive truck-trailers and the diesel engines that hauled them along the country’s state-sponsored network of highways, guzzling hydrocarbons left deliberately undertaxed (Figure 1). Indian farmers increasingly depended on electric tubewells, bored deep beneath their valuable small landholdings and using state-subsidized (and increasingly coal-fired) electricity to pump up groundwater for irrigation. These technological complexes structurally located both American truckers and Indian farmers in distinctive nodes of the energy economy: small, self-exploiting capitalists central to economic production and circulation, but simultaneously consumers especially vulnerable to the rising prices of energy inputs. The pocketbook politics of these productive consumers animated recurrent protests over energy prices and reliable access. When these class fractions’ expectations of fair access to energy were challenged, they leveraged their positions at these critical intermediary nodes of fossil fuel society to demand lower energy prices. Both sets of protesters appealed to demotic conceptions of economic justice to demand protective state intervention on energy. Both deployed similar strategies of blockading and supply interruption to make their case, often targeting infrastructures of circulation like the highways. Both drew for their cohesion on cultural ideas of rural authenticity and masculine toughness (Figure 2), though this unity was undercut by the individualistic character of the truck and the tubewell. Even as both movements ultimately fragmented, such high- profile resistance would help to lock in place consumer subsidies for carbon- intensive energy by increasing the perceived political risks of major price hikes. Understanding the dynamics of such energy-dependent class fractions has become increasingly urgent in a world contemplating catastrophic damage from climate change. As states consider rolling back heavy subsidies for fossil fuel consumption, these cases are an omen of the politics of the near future. ![](\\"\\") Figure 1. Truckers on strike, early 1974. © Milwaukee Journal—USA TODAY NETWORK. ![](\\"\\") Figure 2. Tikait and supporters at the Boat Club protest, New Delhi, 28 October 1988. © Sondeep Shankar/Getty Images. ## Beyond “Fuel Riots”: Energy History and Class Analysis Energy protests have played a momentous role in recent history. The Prague Spring of 1968 was preceded by protests against power cuts in university dormitories, students taking to the streets with the chant Chceme světlo, “We want light!”Footnote 5 In apartheid South Africa, a sharp increase in electricity rates triggered a rent boycott in the township of Soweto from 1985 to 1989, a bottom-up strategy of collective resistance that became “one of the most important and effective tools of the liberation struggle.”Footnote 6 In 1998 a similarly abrupt reduction of fuel subsidies precipitated the end of Suharto’s three-decade-long dictatorship in Indonesia. Over the past decade, energy protests have destabilized regimes in countries as different as Armenia, Chile, Ecuador, Haiti, Iran, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Mozambique, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. Nor has the global North been spared: in 2018 the Gilets jaunes movement blocked fuel tax rises in France, while in recent months truckers have protested high fuel prices in Spain and Italy. While many historians have documented unrest around energy production, such as militancy among miners or local resistance to power plants, such consumer protests over energy access, pricing, and quality have attracted little study despite their prevalence.Footnote 7 Within development studies, the problematic term of art for such protests is the “fuel riot.” The few systematic studies that exist are predominantly quantitative and especially focus on the period since 2008, when global oil prices spiked to unprecedented highs. One macro-level strand of such research draws critical attention to the relationship between popular energy politics and national energy pricing regimes. Its understanding of energy protests themselves, though, is a flattened and ahistorical one: “fuel riots” are cast as discrete and impulsive outbursts generated by international price shocks or the removal of energy subsidies.Footnote 8 As E. P. Thompson warned half a century ago, such a “spasmodic view of popular history” as mechanical flailing against scarcity obliterates local “complexities of motive, behaviour, and function”—obliterates, that is, any real sense of human agency.Footnote 9 Following Thompson’s analysis of eighteenth-century English food riots, a more ethnographic current of research instead understands energy protests as popular responses to breaches of the implicit social contract between citizens and the state, a pursuit of dignity as much as redistribution. In these street-level analyses, high fuel prices often appear as one component of a broader subsistence crisis after 2007–2008, especially as agricultural fossil fuel dependence and land grabs for biofuels translated high energy prices into food insecurity.Footnote 10 Such scholarship convincingly highlights the subjective interpretations that underlie popular mobilizations. Yet collapsing them into the more familiar category of food riots risks obscuring the specificities and ecological stakes of energy protests. This article seeks to integrate the strengths of both these macroeconomic and subjectivist strands, while suggesting that an alternative approach might fruitfully focus on the intermediate level where macro-level structures and individual agents interact.Footnote 11 It begins by jettisoning the prejudicial frame of the “fuel riot”: we should not presume that such mobilizations were disorganized or disorderly, but recognize their potentially deep historical roots and strategic and self-activating character. Its second step is to disaggregate the homogenous crowd of protesters. If we read against the grain the large-n studies conducted by policy analysts, certain constituencies recur on the streets. Especially prominent are transportation workers (not just truckers, but also taxi, bus, and autorickshaw drivers and other privately employed transport personnel) and farmers (as well as their close analogues, fisherfolk).Footnote 12 In place of the generic crowd, the analysis here seeks to examine more systematically the relationships between energy systems and the kinds of class fractions most likely to protest rising energy prices or declines in quality of supply. Where most existing research relies on patchy coverage by national news media, looking back at unusually well-documented historical cases permits a much more detailed examination of mobilizational dynamics over time. To systematize such an examination, this article sketches an energy-centered approach to class—an analytic centered on the ways in which control over energy flows constitutes the base of socioeconomic power. This relationship is ultimately grounded in the material basis of the economy: in the age of fossil fuels, the dominant mode of production is highly energy-intensive, from the factory to the fossil fuel-dependent farm. One approach to the energetics of class would proceed deductively, working at the abstract and generalized level of the overall mode of production. As Marx famously declaimed: “The hand-mill gives you society with the feudal lord; the steam-mill society with the industrial capitalist,” incessantly propelled toward further mechanization to undercut the power of working-class revolt.Footnote 13 Here, though, I propose an energetic approach to class not as a totalizing theory, but a practical tool for the empirical analysis of historical actors and conjunctures at a more modest scale. As Marx recognized elsewhere, more granular analyses demonstrate that the relationships between energy and class formation have been much messier and more contingent than his aphorism suggested.Footnote 14 The energetics of class here begins inductively from the material analysis of concrete energy technologies and their applications. This more structural or “objective” axis of the analytic takes inspiration from political theorist Timothy Mitchell’s call to take seriously the material and structural specificities of energy systems. Mitchell argues that the materiality of British coal—its concentration in difficult-to-monitor underground coalmines and narrow transportation channels—created a potent potential for workers to interrupt energy supplies. The threat of interruption democratized political and economic power, he claims, though it was later deliberately undercut by the rise of oil.Footnote 15 The cases here similarly begin with the material characteristics of societal energy technologies, but look beyond the dominant fuel source to significant downstream applications. They suggest that the development of new productive techniques did not merely bifurcate societies into the two primary classes of canonical Marxism, the bourgeoisie that owns and controls the (carbon-intensive) means of production and a dispossessed proletariat.Footnote 16 The increasing technological and occupational complexity of carbon-intensive twentieth-century economies instead generated class differentiation. Just as refineries process crude oil into individual fractionated products like propane, kerosene, and diesel, each separated by their different boiling points, so too have modern energy-intensive techniques of production encouraged the development of secondary class fractions differentiated by their distinctive relationship to particular energy technologies and the political subjectivities that boil up alongside them. Specifically, I suggest that the material characteristics of the big rig and the Green Revolution farm helped to generate sociologically and politically “awkward” class fractions.Footnote 17 Both America’s owner-operators in the 1970s and India’s owner-cultivators in the 1980s occupied a complex position between capital and wage labor. On the one hand, they owned a valuable—and energy-intensive—but small-scale stake in the means of production: the tractor-trailer and tubewell-fed land, respectively. Competing to maximize their returns from these atomistic technologies may well have played a role in reinforcing cultures of entrepreneurial individualism.Footnote 18 The interests of such proprietors accordingly differed from those of the ideal- typical landless and propertyless proletariat.Footnote 19 On the other hand, their productive activity relied on self-exploitation, often through working very long hours or drawing on unpaid family labor. These small capitalists also found themselves especially vulnerable as consumers, thanks to their self-employed status and the centrality of external energy inputs to their livelihoods. Further complicating this awkward class location, both American truckers and Indian farmers were obliquely creatures of the state. The emergence of the energy-intensive technological complexes with which they labored was not the inevitable result of superior economic efficiency, but of social relations. Both the diesel-highway complex and electrified tubewell irrigation had been promoted by twentieth-century states with mandates to assure at least the rudimentary welfare of their populations. India and the United States are the world’s two most populous democracies. Both are “consumers’ republics” in which democratic citizenship and political economy had become ideologically and practically defined in terms of mass consumption, albeit in opposing fashions.Footnote 20 The American consumers’ republic was a maximalist one. Citizens came to expect not just sufficiency but choice, epitomized by the extraordinary quantities of produce and other goods distributed via that most American institution, the suburban supermarket.Footnote 21 In the shadow of colonial famines, the postcolonial Indian state’s legitimacy instead became bound up with its attempt to guarantee minimal subsistence for all. This shaped a paternalistic consumers’ republic based on meeting citizens’ basic needs, with both food procurement and retail intermediated by state agencies.Footnote 22 By the 1970s, as we shall see, the state in each country had promoted the development of very different but energy-intensive economic systems to meet these demands. Structural location within the (energy) economy matters, but it does not determine class consciousness or the character of political mobilization in any strict sense.Footnote 23 In parallel with its structural dimension, the energetic approach to class here also seeks to capture the lived experiences and subjectivities of real people in all their complexity. It is only when we decipher the awkward political subjectivities generated from these awkward and state-mediated political ecologies that we can start to see how protests coalesced. For Thompson and many others after him, the conceptual link between material scarcity and food riots lay in the concept of the moral economy, the subjective sense that paternalistic customs had been violated by the commodification of basic subsistence goods. Modern energy protests may not have been able to appeal to Thompsonian precapitalist entitlements, but in the cases below we see a similar folk political economy at work.Footnote 24 Demotic diagnoses of economic injustice provided the subjective glue that held together otherwise inchoate class fractions at least temporarily, translating their “objective” material interests into collective political formations. While Thompson’s food rioters targeted the proto-capitalist figures of the individual speculator and hoarder, the targets of criticism for the energy protesters were somewhat different. The vast infrastructural investments required to extract, process, and distribute modern fuels had installed powerful, faceless public or state-regulated private corporations at the center of energy systems. In this context, it was not the labor-capital relationship that became the most salient axis of struggle, but the perceived unresponsiveness and corruption of the state. Once we recognize that shared structural precarity and folk political economy lent these energetic class fractions some coherence, the forms that their protests took appear in a new light. Superficially, the trucker and farmer protests resembled older food riots in their collective takeovers of public space in the attempt “to ‘set the price’ of provisions at the popular level.”Footnote 25 Beneath the surface, though, their mobilization around shared occupations—often through sustained organizations with more than a passing resemblance to trade unions—made them more akin to the labor strike. Scattered (and for the truckers, literally mobile) as their workplaces were, these protests necessarily looked different from the familiar pickets around centralized energy production sites like the coalmine. Both sets of protesters adopted the tools of the blockade, disrupting infrastructures of circulation like the highways and interrupting the flow of key commodities. As observed by scholars examining the upsurge of blockades today, this modality of protest indexed the shifting balance of power between big capital and other class fractions in the context of the decline (the United States) or relative absence (India) of an organized working class.Footnote 26 The truckers were better positioned to exert such infrastructural leverage, though Tikait’s farmers compensated by tapping into India’s more established and sophisticated repertoire of performative crowd actions to claim political attention.Footnote 27 It is a reminder, should one be needed, that the purportedly “new” politics of the twenty-first century has a significant prehistory. ## Forging the Diesel-Highway-Food Nexus in the American Heartland The structural context out of which the 1970s trucker protests would eventually develop arrived on—newly rubberized and pneumatic—wheels. Between 1915 and 1930, the number of trucks on American roads leaped from 158,000 to 3.5 million. By then trucking had become America’s largest wholesale producing industry, bigger than gasoline, rubber, or meatpacking. The truck’s potential for decentralization was recognized almost immediately: “One is struck by the fact that the truck is exhibiting a good deal of independence,” wrote an industry journal in 1930. “Its place in the economic scheme does not seem to be entirely that of a passive agent subject to human planning and direction. People begin using it, for one reason or another, and soon find it is taking them somewhere—possibly somewhere of which they had no notion in the first instance.”Footnote 28 Around cities, trucks accelerated the suburbanization of American living just as profoundly as the automobile.Footnote 29 In the countryside, they reshaped the geography of cultivation. Farmers had been among the first to realize the truck’s utility for hauling produce to market. As a long crisis of agrarian oversupply hit in the 1920s, many farm boys made the leap into full-time trucking. Enticed by ready credit, would-be entrepreneurs opted to buy their own vehicles.Footnote 30 Often they hauled perishable produce on a piecework basis. It was riskily time-sensitive if sometimes lucrative work. Missouri- based trucker Clarence “Junior” Clark, born on a cattle farm in the Ozarks, remembered restocking ice at the truck stops that sprang up along major roads as he hauled chicken carcasses west and gathered the bounty of California—strawberries, lettuce, citrus—to take back east.Footnote 31 These deep rural roots would last: Mike Parkhurst, self-appointed spokesman for independent truckers during the 1970s, described his constituency as “tired ex-farmers.”Footnote 32 A second ingredient was essential, though, to secure the truck’s dominance. In 1919 a young army officer from the Kansas cow town of Abilene traveled with a truck convoy from Washington, D.C. to San Francisco. The legendary trip took sixty-two days, showing Dwight Eisenhower firsthand the dire state of American roads. In its most significant domestic act, in 1956 his administration would create the Interstate Highway System. By 1973 the United States boasted more miles of superhighways than the rest of the world combined, unleashing a trucking boom. Just as important was the anomalous way that highways were financed. The United States was a latecomer to gasoline taxes, and at first its steadily rising rates looked little different to those in Germany, Britain, or New Zealand. But from the late 1920s onwards, they diverged. In Western Europe, the fiscal crises generated by the Great Depression and dollar-denominated oil imports drove up gasoline taxes. By contrast, though the Depression prompted the first federal gasoline levy in 1932, the United States was shielded by its status as the world’s largest oil producer. Automotive interests and the domestic oil industry found a ready audience among policymakers for minimizing tax rises. By the early 1950s, real German and British gasoline taxes were five or six times the average U.S. rate. In the world’s most motorized society, it would prove a remarkably sticky tradeoff.Footnote 33 As resilient was the unusual American earmarking of motor fuel taxes exclusively for highway spending. In 1926 Britain’s Chancellor Winston Churchill declared such earmarking “an outrage upon the sovereignty of Parliament and upon common sense,” diverting gasoline revenues into the general treasury.Footnote 34 In the United States, trucking firms and their allies proved much more successful in lobbying for permanent protections against diversion. Forty-six states eventually enshrined the exclusive linkage between motor-fuel tax revenues and highways via statute or constitutional amendment. With Eisenhower’s transcontinental highways, this linkage was consolidated federally. Trucking companies joined forces with car makers, home builders, and the oil, asphalt, rubber, cement, and construction industries to form a mighty lobby group that rivaled the defense industry.Footnote 35 This lobby secured a legal requirement that federal taxes on gasoline, diesel, and tires must be dedicated to a Highway Trust Fund. While total road expenditure in Britain was lower in real terms in 1949 than it had been in 1911, American earmarking created a self-replicating system: new highways begat new traffic and longer trips that guzzled more gas, generating more revenues that in turn funded more roads.Footnote 36 Earmarking provided the foundation of a powerful myth that the “user pays,” linking fuel taxes and highways through a social contract between motorists and the state. While making fuel revenue expenditure so sacrosanct it stood outside ordinary politics, it nonetheless made automotive interests unusually sensitive to fluctuations in taxation. For all infrastructure’s much-theorized invisibility, the motor-fuel rate is the most visible price in American life, flashing in foot-high numbers at every gas station. A half-century on, one trucker could still quote the state and federal tax rates on diesel from the 1960s.Footnote 37 While the damage done by ever-heavier trucks intensified, fuel taxes to pay for highway maintenance began to fall in real terms. Automobility was also invisibly cross-subsidized by the general taxpayer via the costs of highway patrols, snow removal, and air pollution. The “freeway” could not have been more misleadingly named, even as this compact established truckers’ politicized relationship with the price of fuel. By then, the technology of the truck had advanced. Inventor Rudolf Diesel had submitted a patent for an improved internal combustion engine in 1892, convinced that the new “independent machine” would bring a decentralized industrial future outside the cities.Footnote 38 Commercial uptake proved slow. After World War II, though, when Bruce Springsteen’s father drove trucks at the Battle of the Bulge, diesel came to power the more efficient engines of a mushrooming freight fleet. By the 2000s diesel engines would power 91 percent of American heavy trucks.Footnote 39 The ever-larger trailers they hauled also transformed. The mechanically refrigerated trailer or “reefer” replaced ice with air-conditioning units. Trucks now shipped “swinging meat”—halves of frozen beef, hazardously pitching from the trailer roof—from the West directly to coastal wholesalers, helping to create a newly dispersed geography of livestock production that displaced the old Chicago meatpackers.Footnote 40 Pioneered by self-made trucking magnate Malcom McLean, standardized shipping containers further accelerated this movement.Footnote 41 Containers of bananas and coffee arrived at the coasts to be picked up by trucks unloading the state-subsidized foodstuffs flowing out of the American heartland—some of it perhaps the wheat that traveled as food aid to India. The truckers themselves operated amid an odd mix of heavy regulation and zones of deliberate non-intervention. Chaotic competition had brought regulation to most of the road freight sector in 1935. Much of the “authorized” industry passed under the cartelistic dominance of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, by 1940 the country’s largest union. Yet agricultural lobbying ensured that farm and food commodities still in their “natural” state would be largely exempted from oversight, and so from unionization. It was in the agro- food industry, then, that independent truckers especially proliferated.Footnote 42 By the late 1960s, these “gypsy” drivers were joined by dissident owner-operators in regulated sectors who raged against the Teamsters. Beginning in 1967 at U.S. Steel in Gary, Indiana, the militant Fraternal Association of Steel Haulers (FASH) emerged from a wildcat strike against the Teamsters’ collective bargaining agreement. It was out of the very different settings of the grain belt and the Rust Belt that the independent truckers’ movement would arise. For all their self-image as quintessentially blue-collar, these owner- operators occupied an awkward class position. Self-employed, either leasing themselves out by the load or on fixed-term contracts to larger companies, and with expensive investments in their vehicles, they existed “in a limbo between labor and management.” “He is a hustler by nature,” explained one profile, “but still a proud member of the middle class, politically conservative, living in a suburb or small town.”Footnote 43 For all their libertarianism, in practice the independent trucker was “enmeshed in webs of dependency,” from mechanics to the warehousers who sucked up so much of his (unpaid) time waiting for loading and unloading.Footnote 44 He might bring in $100,000 a year but with debts to match: the mortgage on a truck rivaled that on a house, and then there were maintenance and fuel bills. On top was government paperwork, police fines, weighing stations—all the reasons truckers came to despise the state and the local sheriff alike: “You have a feeling of running a blockade in the twenties with a load of booze,” a FASH organizer told Studs Terkel. “Everybody’s preying on the trucker to shake him down.”Footnote 45 Above all, the essential foundation of the diesel-truck-highway technological complex was a generation-long trend of low energy prices invisibly guaranteed by the state. So long as fuel remained cheap, the truckers could overlook the fact that they were in fact “hydrocarbon creatures dependent on oil companies and the federal government.”Footnote 46 This dependency would lurch sharply into focus. With eerie timing, in June 1973 a little-known horror writer published a pulpy short story called “Trucks.” At Stephen King’s truck stop, the big rigs come to life and murderously turn on their drivers. “The stench of petroleum sank into me,” says the narrator, hands blistered from pumping fuel for his new masters, “the same stink that the dinosaurs must have died smelling as they went down into the tar pits.”Footnote 47 ![](\\"\\") Figure 3. The energy crisis facing independent truckers. Overdrive: The Voice of the American Trucker, January 1974. By permission of Overdrive magazine, OverdriveOnline.com. ## Trucker Protests As stagflation set in across the economy, the truckers found themselves caught in the middle of a tug of war between producers and consumers. No one ought to have appreciated the tension more than President Richard Nixon, who had grown up working at his family’s gas station-grocery, driving a truck to Los Angeles vegetable markets in the small hours. But Nixon owed the farmers: they had helped to put him back in the White House in 1972. At the same time, food prices became a flashpoint as the price of the Thanksgiving turkey shot up from 39 cents a pound in 1972 to 90 cents in 1973. Housewives resorted to beef boycotts, one woman even downing a spoonful of dogfood to demonstrate that pets were living better than their humans.Footnote 48 The Nixon administration’s response lurched between deregulation, pouring cash into the coffers of agribusiness, and gimmicky attempts to freeze meat prices for urban shoppers. The policy was a disaster. Farm prices—exempted, like food trucking, from the overall regime of regulation—kept rising. But processors, wholesalers, and retailers could not pass through the costs.Footnote 49 The burden fell on intermediaries like the independent truckers, caught in the crunch between mighty agribusiness interests and a newly empowered consumer movement. It seemed that the old principles of hard work, small-town values, and faith in markets were unraveling. Little wonder that one perceptive “psycho- biography” of Nixon was subtitled The Crisis of the Self-Made Man. Footnote 50 Activists urged independent truckers to take action. The former produce hauler Mike Parkhurst deployed his magazine Overdrive to peddle libertarian commentary across the nation’s truck stops, sweetened with racy photos of girls mounting big rigs. In its pages, he documented events in Chile, where forty-five thousand independent truckers shut down the country that August (with a little help from the CIA), paving the way for the military coup against Salvador Allende. “‘Country Roads’ is a pretty song,” he chided. “But it appears that only Chilean truckers have the actual guts to blockade the roads of their country.”Footnote 51 The inflationary spiral was supercharged as the age of energy abundance came to a rude end. Domestic oil production was plateauing, and for the first time Middle Eastern imports contributed a significant share of supply. By the summer of 1973, truckers were already reporting that truck stops were limiting the amount of diesel they could buy. The Arab oil boycott struck that October. A gallon of diesel averaged an already painful 31 cents in May 1973, and more than 50 cents five months later. Hardest hit were the independents (Figure 3). Jim Johnston, later a leader of the independent truckers’ lobby, recalled pulling into a gas station and looking down at the price as the attendant started pumping: “Get that thing outta my truck!” Just as bad was the precious time wasted; he queued for hours, but the allotted ration would only get him to the next truck stop a hundred miles down the road.Footnote 52 A further blow was the imposition of the despised “double nickel,” a 55 mile-per-hour speed limit to save fuel. Increasingly Johnston heard complaints about oil prices and rationing at truck stops and on the two-way citizens’ band (CB) radio that was becoming ubiquitous on the roads. The Oregonian trucker Bob Schmid spoke for many when he blamed “a combination of the oil companies themselves and the federal government”; another newsletter called the fuel crisis “a conspiracy that makes Watergate look like peanuts.”Footnote 53 So the truckers began to mobilize. A FASH activist likened them to the rebellious students of the 1960s, with two big differences: “truckers believe that the establishment should not be overthrown as it would only be replaced by another rule that might be harder to handle”—and the students’ tactics were “far too mild-mannered.”Footnote 54 It signaled the tension between radical methods and less-than-radical market refashioning at which the movement aimed. The protests were marked from the start by a paradox, as proudly individualistic independents struggled to unite. They started as “an uncoordinated lunge,” Rolling Stone wrote, “an inspired and guttural moan from the bottom of the pile.”Footnote 55 Here and there, a trucker stopped work. The turning point arrived around 3 December, when a trucker from outside Kansas City, CB handle “River Rat,” ran out of diesel on Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania. Thus began an impromptu blockade joined by hundreds of frustrated truckers. Swiftly relayed around the country via landline and CB radio, over the next few days protests spread. The battle-hardened steel haulers of FASH were some of the most committed protesters, forcing the closure of steel mills across the Rust Belt. More importantly, the effect was swiftly felt in the bellies of consumers; perhaps ten million chickens alone failed to reach the shelves: “We got supermarkets begging both coasts,” bragged trucker graffiti.Footnote 56 “The Great White Fathers back in Washington don’t give a damn about truck drivers,” said one Iowan trucker. “They’re so worried about shutting the cities down, the only way we will do anything for ourselves is if we shut down the country.”Footnote 57 Fuel was the prime concern. “The only sign that will really end the strike,” declared one newsletter, “is the one on top of the gas pump.”Footnote 58 Overdrive’s Parkhurst pounced on the blockades to call for a nationwide shutdown, distributing thirty thousand posters across thirty states outlining the movement’s three goals: no fuel rationing for trucks, raising the diesel- truck speed limit, and forcing refineries to increase capacity and disclose reserves.Footnote 59 The FASH steel haulers called for state controls over the oil industry.Footnote 60 In late January 1974, independent truckers across the East Coast and Midwest parked their rigs to block key intersections and picket oil terminals, repurposing vehicles as a tool of infrastructural occupation. The Great White Fathers were finally forced to listen: a Truckers Unity Committee traveled to Washington to negotiate. There was just one problem: the hydra-headed mobilization of the independents produced no single leader. “They’re all following you,” someone tells “Rubber Duck,” a largely shirtless Kris Kristofferson, in the 1978 trucking movie Convoy; “No, they ain’t,” he answers, “I’m just in front of ’em.” New organizations mushroomed, all claiming to speak for the industry. Overdrive magazine mockingly listed the absurd total membership these competing “parking lot generals” boasted: 21,772,374.Footnote 61 “The organization is so loose, that it’s a lot different than dealing with a recognized union,” Nixon’s (post-Saturday Night Massacre) attorney general complained; “They are just striking against a change in their way of life.”Footnote 62 Others kept driving, hoping to make extra money while there was less competition: “the owner-operator was his own worst enemy.”Footnote 63 Cohesion was accordingly fragile, mass stoppages enforced with violence rather than a robust sense of solidarity. In a single week in February 1974, there were 228 highway shootings across twenty-nine states; one Cleveland firm even hired the Hell’s Angels motorcycle gang to protect their gasoline tankers. The state’s lower echelons became particular targets of ludic violence. The anti- authoritarian slang of CB radio centered on a basic theme of “the good guys v. the cops,” or “Smokey,” and the Philadelphia Inquirer would report during the surge of protests during the second oil shock in 1979 that for many irate truckers “the police had become synonymous with the oil companies.”Footnote 64 With rival leaders proliferating, the truckers secured little from embattled administrations either in 1974 or 1979. Cash-strapped and disillusioned by the chaos, many headed back to work. The last gasp of the great truckers’ protests arrived in 1983, after the Reagan administration took advantage of low oil prices to increase the diesel tax by five cents a gallon and impose higher fees on large trucks. The truckers once again stopped work but proved more fractious than ever. Thousands of trucks were vandalized, and 638 shootings were recorded, even as produce continued to make it to city markets. After eleven days, the strike collapsed. Fuel prices might be a boundary object that united diverse protesters, but leaderless rebellion had its limits. The truckers’ protests nonetheless arrived at an important inflection point. With criticism of automobile culture mounting from both environmentalists and anti-sprawl activists, the Nixon administration had reluctantly overseen “busting the Trust,” diverting the Highway Trust Fund for investments in public transportation funded by motor fuel taxes.Footnote 65 But the protests helped to ensure that the backlash proved short-lived. Mass transportation options never flourished. While government administrators and advisors publicly touted drastic hikes to motor fuel taxes, President Gerald Ford (whose wife Betty campaigned over the CB radio under the handle “First Mama”) heeded the pleas of those like Republican congressman Tim Lee Carter of Kentucky: “Please, for godsake, don’t mention any more tax on gasoline! This adversely affects every congressional candidate in the United States.… I have travelled from one end of this district to the other and I found only one man who supported the 10¢/gallon tax on gasoline and he was a kook.”Footnote 66 The Reagan administration was forced to quietly roll back other truck-use fees designed to account for the damage the huge vehicles cause to roads; and even after the Reagan tax hike, federal motor-fuel taxes remained at only 9 cents per gallon—one-eighth the level typical in other rich countries.Footnote 67 George H. W. Bush’s defeat in 1992 after a modest fuel tax hike further sensitized politicians to the risk. Federal gasoline and diesel taxes have not been increased since 1993 and have fallen 40 percent in real terms. The costs of highway maintenance and patrolling, let alone air pollution or military intervention in foreign oil economies, have been cross-subsidized ever more heavily by general taxation. U.S. fuel taxes have stagnated at negligible levels more often seen in petrostates.Footnote 68 This undertaxation is an active political choice, and has shaped an equally skewed pattern of carbon emissions. Transportation is the largest contributor to American emissions (29 percent in 2021), more than either power generation or industry; a quarter of this is from medium and heavy trucks.Footnote 69 Motor fuel taxes are widely recognized as a crucial instrument for climate policy, yet American politicians have proved unwilling for a generation to take the short-term political risk of raising them. Independent truckers were not the sole nor even the most important part of the formidable lobbying coalition locking fossil fuels in place, of course. Nonetheless, there is evidence that their leverage continues to matter. When diesel prices rose sharply in the 2000s, legislators began slashing state fuel excise taxes to compensate, especially in states where the freight trucking industry was a significant employer.Footnote 70 The truckers’ protests had helped to make fuel tax rises the third rail of American politics. Ironically, though, the preservation of the energetic status quo did nothing to protect their broader livelihoods. When the Carter administration unleashed deregulation upon the trucking industry—as independent trucking critics of the Teamsters had long demanded—owner-operators were the losers.Footnote 71 Self- employment served as a wage depressant that served big business. By the 1990s, big rigs had become virtual “sweatshops on wheels.” Once among the best-paid of all blue-collar jobs, their drivers were the original precariously employed gig workers, still working brutally long hours but now for collapsing pay. Cheap drivers had been harnessed to the cheap fuel, cheap freight, and cheap food that underpinned American consumer society.Footnote 72 ## Forging the Tubewell-Electricity-Food Nexus in the Indian Heartland If American energy protests erupted out of a diesel-powered horizontal revolution in economic space, those in the Indian heartland arrived from an electrically powered vertical revolution. The Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU, Indian Farmers’ Union) was the most headline-grabbing among the wave of farmer assertions that shook India in the 1980s, several similarly undergirded by the politicization of electricity. Its roots lay deep in the fertile soils of northwest India. Tikait, leader of the great BKU energy protests of the 1980s, was born in the small town of Sisauli in Muzaffarnagar district of western United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh (UP). This was the upper portion of the region known as the Doab, the fertile plains between the two holy rivers of the Ganges and Yamuna. Like much of India, the Doab remained vulnerable to the caprice of the monsoon. As its inhabitants had realized for centuries, one solution lay not far beneath their feet. The Gangetic basin was a land of underground rain. Under the loamy soils lay a multilayered aquifer, an immense reservoir of Himalayan glacial runoff and monsoons past into which they sunk wells, water lifted by human effort or teams of bullocks. Electricity would enable the underground rains to be tapped with new efficiency. Beginning in the late 1920s, a state-sponsored experiment in rural electrification kickstarted an agrarian revolution. The colonial engineer Sir William Stampe oversaw the construction of a series of small, interconnected thermal and hydroelectric power plants along the region’s rivers. In turn, water and energy became bound up via a second technology: the motorized tubewell, which could pump up a continuous cascade of irrigation water from the aquifer. By the early 1940s the 1,700 state-owned tubewells powered by this 23,000-kilowatt “Ganges Grid” were irrigating 800,000 acres in the world’s largest organized groundwater irrigation program. Within two years, the word “hydel” had emerged as a portmanteau in Indian English, as the hydraulic and electric “were blended into one strong pull to drag the cultivator with the aid of electricity a little further from the economic abyss.”Footnote 73 The state, not spontaneous demand, was the driver of this rural electrification. “The general attitude was that irrigation, whether by tube- wells or canals, is a State concern,” reported Stampe, and so “the State should provide the money.”Footnote 74 Ganges Grid power was charged at generously subsidized rates for agricultural use. As cultivators drew ever more water, tubewells quickly became the primary load on the grid. Stampe recognized that the system was “open to abuse,” though he cheerfully anticipated that a successful procedure for payment by volume would be found.Footnote 75 The government’s former electrical advisor agreed that “everyone in the Indian service realized … that electricity did not get mixed up much with politics.”Footnote 76 Here both men would be proven disastrously wrong. After independence in 1947, the notion that the state owed agriculturalists cheap power would take on a life of its own. The failed monsoons of 1965 and 1966 opened a window of opportunity for rapid state-sponsored expansion of this tubewell-electricity-food nexus. Concentrated in dynamic agrarian areas like western UP, the package of agricultural reforms known as the Green Revolution prescribed the introduction of new high-yielding seeds that required vast inputs of fossil fuel-derived fertilizers, pesticides, and water. Alongside these state-subsidized inputs, food price policy was inverted to prioritize agriculture. In 1965 the state established floor prices for foodgrains and key cash crops that farmers were guaranteed to receive.Footnote 77 By protecting farmer incomes through input subsidies and minimum support prices for outputs, the state sought to incentivize greater domestic production and uptake of the new technologies. The Food Corporation of India purchased vast quantities of grains for national stockpiles, distributed via an expanded network of fair-price shops that delivered cheap staples to consumers. Through this combination of farmer supports and the public distribution system, northwestern India became even more crucial for the urban food economy. Rural producers’ bargaining strength correspondingly increased.Footnote 78 Though hybrid seeds dominate scholarly attention, the truly revolutionary aspect of the Green Revolution was the copious and controlled application of water—and therefore ever more heavily subsidized electricity. While groundwater mining preceded the Green Revolution, it received new impetus from the seeds’ needs. The new crop varieties favored quality of irrigation: water had to flow at the right time and in the right quantities to prepare the soil and assist plant growth across multiple harvests. Canals could provide only uncertain and often inconveniently located supplies. Stampe’s Ganges Grid brought similar problems: by 1969 powerful state-owned tubewells numbered over nine thousand in UP, each irrigating a substantial area, but their financial performance was dismal. A USAID-funded study suggested that higher capital costs—fifteen times that of private tubewells, 50 percent more per unit of water—drove pressure to run the pumps at the limits of their capacity, leading to frequent breakdowns. This irregularity was compounded by slow repairs and the absenteeism and bribe-greased favoritism of state tubewell operators.Footnote 79 A more flexible solution seemed to lie in pushing energized tubewells into the hands of private individuals. In 1969 the Rural Electrification Corporation was established to channel government loans toward farmers. Uttar Pradesh had energized a mere 5,713 irrigation pumpsets and tubewells in 1956 but boasted 260,738 two decades later. The cultivators of northwestern UP were finally liberated from the seasonal caprice of tropical rainfall. Yet anthropologist Akhil Gupta found farmers decrying their new dependence on the equally capricious state electricity board. As one told him, “Nobody feels for anyone else. It is all in the hands of the government.… Whenever it wishes, it sends electricity. Everything is in its hands, water, et cetera, for the farmer, is all in its hands.”Footnote 80 Powered by cheap electricity, the tubewell revolution reshaped social ecologies and rural-urban politics alike. Advocates claimed that the Green Revolution seeds were scale-neutral. In practice, the cost of installing tubewells—which required a minimum amount of land to be most useful—created a bias toward wealthier farmers.Footnote 81 Beyond these larger farms, rural electrification remained limited. Food, fossil fuels, and power became inextricably entangled within an elaborate and expensive web of state subsidies that systematically “leaked” to the politically connected. Agricultural producers became reliant on state-subsidized electricity and state procurement, while consumers came to expect cheap and stable prices for basic foodstuffs, underpinned by government fair-price shops. As the state helped to foster the tubewell-electricity-food nexus, it decentralized production to dispersed networks of wealthier farmers who retained strategic leverage through their critical role in meeting basic needs within the paternalistic consumers’ republic. As the energy and water demands of agriculture expanded, so did its political footprint. ## Peasant power and electricity protests The large Hindu Jat community into which Tikait was born was at the forefront of this agrarian resurgence. This was no rural proletariat: the Jats were becoming western UP’s archetypal middle-caste owner-cultivators. The imperial regime had grudgingly admired them as “hard thrifty men” with a brilliant eye for the best soils, a racialized stereotype of the muscular and industrious cultivator embraced by Jats themselves.Footnote 82 United by an egalitarian ethic of brotherhood, they were intensely proud of their productive smallholdings but hostile to upper-caste merchants and contemptuous of the demeaning condition of landlessness. As one ethnographer wrote, “Jat ‘democracy’ is not for the weak. Only the strong can be equal.”Footnote 83 Theirs was a distinctive political economy summarized by the great leader and organic intellectual of India’s post-independence farmers, Charan Singh, another Hindu Jat born just seventy miles east of Tikait’s village and thirty years his senior. The peasant-proprietor was “owner, labourer, capitalist and even the enterpreneur [sic] or manager all rolled into one,” he declared, thus occupying “a position of mixed interest that offers a stubborn challenge to both the economists’ inquiries and the legislators’ programmes.”Footnote 84 He saw in electricity—powering the dispersed technologies of the rural powerloom and the tubewell—the potential for both economic and political decentralization.Footnote 85 “The peasant is an incorrigible individualist,” Charan Singh concluded, “the only class which is equally democratic without mental reservations.”Footnote 86 The 1967 general election witnessed the first flexing of this agrarian muscle. Rural interests put an end to the Congress’s one-party dominance across many states, with the anti-Congress vote especially strong in areas atop the aquifers tapped by tubewells.Footnote 87 Out of the ferment, Charan Singh rose to become UP’s first non-Congress chief minister and eventually prime minister for a brief and ignominious stint in 1979. If Charan Singh’s electoral ambitions sputtered out, his imprint on agrarian politics was more lasting. In 1978 the BKU began as a small farmers’ organization in the northwestern Green Revolution stronghold of Haryana. A few months later Charan Singh, vying for the prime minister’s seat, called hundreds of thousands of farmers to occupy the lawns of New Delhi. As the glossy new magazine India Today reported, the rally signaled “the vaulting ambition of a whole lot of long-subdued middle castes, newly awakened to their potential power.”Footnote 88 Semi-literate and once interned at the Agra lunatic asylum, Tikait was an unlikely inheritor of Charan Singh’s mantle as the leader of western UP’s farmers. As a child, though, he had become the hereditary headman of the powerful Baliyan khap (territorial clan organization). His family was so poor that the khap held a collection to present him with 15 acres, sufficient to establish him as a moderately large farmer in the area, but a fraction of even small American family farms. Though other communities would join his movement, Jat caste solidarity would provide the backbone of the BKU. Charismatic and rangy, “about as tall as film actor Amitabh Bachchan,” Tikait mobilized traditional clan structures as first among equals.Footnote 89 He nonetheless remained the consummate ordinary farmer: media cartoons depicted him as bristly and gap-toothed, often with his trademark hookah in hand. By the time of the BKU’s rebirth under Tikait in the mid-1980s, this agrarian mobilization was shifting away from the revolutionary impulse that India Today had feared. The government’s role as price-setter and provider of subsidized electricity and fertilizer brought millions of farmers into a direct relationship with the state. They were now a commodity-producing peasantry in a double sense, both producing commodified foodstuffs and using commodities as inputs.Footnote 90 Land redistribution, the great issue driving older waves of peasant unrest, was replaced by a focus on corporatist negotiations over the prices the state would offer for produce and for critical inputs. Analyzing the BKU, one newspaper commentator cited James C. Scott’s classic The Moral Economy of the Peasant: “the penetration of a cash nexus and the invasion of modern technology has dramatically altered the peasantry’s socio-economic equilibrium,” though the movement was moral as much as material in arguing that the farmers “had a social right of subsistence.”Footnote 91 It was no accident, then, that the immediate trigger for the BKU’s rejuvenation arrived with a hike in UP’s electricity rates. Farmers paid a fixed monthly amount for electricity based on the horsepower of their tubewell motor, regardless of how much they pumped. The primary way that the state utility could regulate the price of electricity was to ration supply. Where once they got by with a single tubewell, a farmer told Akhil Gupta, the current now only flowed for six hours a day, so he and his three brothers had each sunk a new well.Footnote 92 In turn this worsened the pressure on local distribution infrastructure; utility staff responded by delaying repairs to burnt-out transformers to forcibly suppress demand. For the proud Jat cultivators, the erratic supply was proof of the fundamental untrustworthiness of the state and its plot to keep rural areas poor. “It is not a fight between village and city,” Tikait spat, “but with the corrupt, thieving parasites of the city, and these are the government, bureaucrats, and the middlemen.”Footnote 93 The state called the farmers “the backbone of the country,” the BKU argued, but its lavish promises were lies. In the context of deteriorating supply, a hike in UP’s electricity tariffs for agricultural pumpsets in August 1986—from Rs 22.50 per horsepower to Rs. 30.00—was nothing short of enraging, especially as a month earlier a strike by electricity board workers had earned them increased wages. “We are not beggars who ask for handouts from the government,” said Tikait, “we are fighting for what is rightfully ours.”Footnote 94 Farmers in the southern state of Tamil Nadu had successfully mobilized to protest similar rate hikes as early as 1972, and regional newspapers disseminated news of a parallel recent agitation in Gujarat.Footnote 95 The BKU similarly organized a rally at a power substation at Shamli, which Tikait later extended into a more prolonged encirclement—a gherao, in the rich vocabulary of Indian protest—of the local power station. Within days the protest had drawn in as many as eighty thousand farmers. Tikait’s BKU next borrowed the tactic of the rasta roko (road blockade) that Tamil farmers had used against Coimbatore city in 1972, threatening to block the flow of agricultural and dairy produce to urban markets; local activists could point to a mythical precursor when the cowherd god Krishna blocked delivery of butter and milk to the tyrannical King Kansa in the city of Mathura. In response the UP administration conceded several of the BKU’s demands, if only a short-lived rollback of the tariff hike. A year after the Shamli agitation, climate shocks struck much of the world. A blistering heat wave killed two thousand in Greece; freak rains left many South Africans homeless. In northern India, the monsoon failed. Crops lay brown and stunted. As hydroelectric dam reservoir levels fell, industrialists and city dwellers endured power cuts so that electricity could be diverted to irrigation wells. With power nonetheless flowing erratically, farmers sold off land to invest desperately in ever-deeper wells and more powerful and expensive pumps. They were all too aware that something was awry. Some blamed deforestation for the lack of rain. Others pointed at the falling water table: “Too many tube wells have been sunk.” All agreed that the government should intervene to stop farming from collapse.Footnote 96 Accordingly, the BKU’s list of demands was again headed by cheap and reliable energy supplies. They demanded electricity bill arrears be written off, a fixed power tariff to match the low rates in neighboring states, uninterrupted power for twelve hours a day, easier bill payment, timely transformer repairs, and the right to cut trees for fuelwood. Evading the state’s attempt to block his entry under national security laws, in early 1988 Tikait led some two hundred thousand agriculturalists to lay peaceful siege to the city of Meerut. It began as an impressively disciplined mass protest, gheraoing key government offices in line with the BKU’s professed commitment to Gandhian nonviolence. Gathering supporters from neighboring states, the farmers couched themselves as true patriots, repurposing the old slogan Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan (“Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer”). The BKU regulated traffic and set up stations to dispense food donated by surrounding villages, bonfires glowing in the cold evening air; sympathetic observers likened the sense of hospitality and familiarity to an old-fashioned baraat or marriage party, refuting the “colonial” stereotype of the unruly farmer.Footnote 97 It was, Tikait argued, an insurgency of the authentic rural people against interloping elites: “These people who read in English schools and sit in cities have not looked to us for the last 40 years and have no right to rule us. They have to listen to us now.”Footnote 98 As negotiations stalled, though, violence erupted. When BKU activists tried to impose a rasta roko and accompanying railway blockade (rail roko) upon the city, police opened fire. The bodies of dead farmers—most killed by the cold—were publicly displayed as martyrs. Students supporting the farmers burned down two powerhouses. After twenty-five long days, Tikait called off the protest having won few real concessions. Much of the Anglophone media dismissed the BKU as a movement of a primordial and nostalgic Jat elite. The sociologist Dipankar Gupta provided a perceptive alternative reading: under Tikait, the BKU lived up to its name as the Indian Farmers’ Union, taking up the specific and economistic demands characteristic of the trade union form.Footnote 99 It was avowedly apolitical—arajnaitik, the word with which its constitution signed off—and snubbed politicians, even keeping Charan Singh’s son at arm’s length. At the same time, the BKU vowed to cultivate discipline in its members, familiarize them with new farming technologies, and encourage entrepreneurialism.Footnote 100 Like the prominence of electricity, this was especially appealing to wealthier farmers with powerful tubewells, not to the landless laborer.Footnote 101 The state nevertheless remained central to this imaginary, and a powerful sense of injustice continued to burn. One farmer captured this paradoxical relationship: “We consider the government which supports us small people as if it were our mother and father.… But the officials in the middle eat it all.”Footnote 102 Yet they did not approach the state as supplicants. In parallel with its rallies, the BKU initiated a campaign of mass noncooperation. Tikait instructed supporters not to pay electricity bills or taxes, the farmers instead helping themselves to free power in the name of the drought.Footnote 103 Many activists deployed the tactic of jail bharo, courting arrest by trespassing on government property to clog the legal system. The lands around Tikait’s hometown of Sisauli were declared an autonomous “liberated area” in which no government servant could enter (a strategy known as gaonbandi, village closure). The BKU also encouraged farmers to fell the area’s rare remaining trees without permission, in “both a symbolic and an economic protest: defying the government and reclaiming land for agriculture and wood for fuel.”Footnote 104 The characteristic political strategies of the farmers’ movement—the rasta roko and rail roko—directly targeted transportation infrastructure to withhold produce from urban markets, while gaonbandi threatened to sever the link between countryside and city entirely.Footnote 105 By July 1989, 60 percent of agricultural electricity dues remained unpaid in the Meerut zone. Tikait’s followers refused to pay for more than four years, eventually securing limited remissions on past electricity bills. As the months went on, though, the campaign did not always honor the BKU’s on-paper commitment to nonviolence. “If Tikait says burn your crops, uproot railway tracks, stop traffic, we will do it,” said one activist. “It’s more honourable to be shot by the police than to seek alms from the Government.”Footnote 106 The farmers reserved particular ire for the tendency of electricity board officials to demand bribes. Tikait commanded his followers to “arrest” any official who attempted to cut power connections. BKU activists stole electrical transformers, damaged equipment, padlocked government offices, attacked the police, and held electricity utility employees hostage, tying them to trees and making them do push-ups. It was, anthropologists speculated, an expression of the sheer transgressive pleasure of violence, deliberately vandalizing symbols of state authority.Footnote 107 Increasingly, though, locals began to fear that the movement was descending into a “vulgar mobocracy.”Footnote 108 The march on Delhi in 1988, with which this piece opened, marked the movement’s high point. There Tikait again demanded that electricity bills in arrears be written off, and electricity delivered at a low and nationally uniform rate. Yet his abrupt and unilateral decision to end the dharna alienated many younger and more radical participants. A year later another mass march alongside other regional farmers’ movements ended in very public infighting, Tikait shoving his most prominent rival off the podium. While the BKU’s absence of a “class perspective” (vargiy drshtikon) had always excluded agricultural laborers, one of Tikait’s former supporters noted, by the 1990s its cohesion had irrevocably shattered along lines of caste and religion. He charged that the BKU’s informal, hydra-headed structure and Tikait’s own localism were its ultimate undoing, failing to convert the farmers’ spontaneous mobilization into a purposeful organization.Footnote 109 Yet it would be foolish to dismiss the BKU’s impact out of hand. Utility reforms and electricity tariff hikes became politically unthinkable in states where farmers remained politically powerful and electoral competition was intense. Well into the twenty-first century, UP’s politicians competed to promise low agricultural electricity tariffs and to facilitate electricity theft, levels of which rise and fall with electoral cycles.Footnote 110 Together theft, non-payment, and ever-lower power tariffs upended the state utility’s already precarious finances. The tubewell revolution had created the new farmers’ movements, and Tikait’s movement and its counterparts would in turn help to shape the country’s unusual carbon emissions profile. Electricity is the single largest contributor to India’s rapidly growing emissions, thanks not least to the dominance of coal-fired power plants. The country remains an outlier among large emitters in the share of this electricity that flows to agriculture, a share that peaked around one-third of all power consumed in the mid-1990s. Electricity tariffs remained a redoubt of agrarian influence even as the political settlement tilted away from the countryside. Yet, as fiscal austerity and pro-business policy moved into the ascendant in the capital, the terms of trade seemed to swing against the countryside once more. Today small Indian agriculture is in the midst of a generation-long crisis. Jat farmers push their sons to leave the farm and compete for salaried government employment—though, with such jobs scarce, many young men languish in perennial unemployment.Footnote 111 Even the sop of cheap electricity has been revealed as a curse: the anarchic pumping of more than twenty million privately owned electric tubewells transformed India into the world’s largest consumer of groundwater, sucking up a quarter of the world’s annual total. Agriculture today accounts for over 85 percent of Indian water consumption. The resulting crisis of freshwater depletion is perhaps the country’s most immediate ecological emergency. ## The Peoples’ Fossil Fuel Lobbies Under cover of darkness on 7 September 2000, a convoy of cars, trucks, and tractors threaded towards the dockside town of Ellesmere Port in northwest England. An alliance of livestock farmers and lorry owner-operators surrounded Shell’s Stanlow oil refinery to protest a 42 percent rise in the price of fuel in three years, half of the increase justified to prevent global warming. In the following days, blockades radiated across the country’s refineries. Panic buying spread even faster. The “People’s Fuel Lobby,” as the movement’s leaders dubbed it, was far from alone. The Stanlow blockade was inspired by similar action in France. Parallel protests shook much of Western Europe from Sweden to Greece, Ireland to the Czech Republic. Britain’s government announced that fuel duty rates would be frozen, effectively killing off the Fuel Price Accelerator policy in place since 1993. Rises would be repeatedly deferred for the next two decades, costing the exchequer £46.2 billion between 2012 and 2019 alone.Footnote 112 “You wouldn’t pick out truckers and farmers as having the most reason to be aggrieved,” observed critics, pointing to the low-tax “red diesel” on which British farm vehicles run and the state’s rising maintenance costs for roads carrying ever-heavier trucks.Footnote 113 But it was no coincidence that farmers and truckers joined forces. Rather than analyzing “fuel riots” as generic eruptions provoked by price shocks, this paper has piloted an energetic class analytic to understand why such constituencies are especially likely to join and sustain energy protests. The ecology of class is, first and foremost, a matter of the objective material relationships with energy that shape political economy. In contrast to the premodern forest commons, access to contemporary energy systems is structured by state regulation. In both these cases, the state encouraged the development of energy-intensive technological complexes. In the United States, the decentralized technology-energy nexus centered on state-subsidized highways and undertaxed diesel, via which tractor-trailers hauled goods that also required cheap energy to produce and process. In northwest India, the Green Revolution—popularly associated with hybrid seeds—was also an energy revolution. Energy, water, and food became tightly interconnected through a nexus centered on the electrified tubewell, which used state-subsidized power to pump groundwater for irrigation. American owner-operators and Indian owner- cultivators occupied an awkward position between big capital and wage labor, self-exploiting in order to sweat these individually owned assets. They were at once consumers ensnared in state-mediated energy commodity chains—unusually exposed price-takers when it came to motor fuel and electricity—and producer- intermediaries critical to feed and provision cities. Equally arresting were the similar subjective experiences informed by this structural location, which echoed across the eight thousand miles that separated them. Resenting their dependence on a far-off metropolitan government, both movements simultaneously protested state corruption and endorsed local productivism as the moral core of the economy, even as they demanded the state’s protective intervention in energy markets. Local officials, whether the figure of the villainous sheriff or the corrupt electricity board official, became especial targets of their ire. Tikait’s farmers, able to draw on long-established caste and clan ties, proved more disciplined than did the American truckers. But the folk political economy animating each movement did not generate the sophisticated revolutionary thought that E. P. Thompson detected amid the nascent English working class, instead shaping more nebulous and reactionary if no less significant political claims and antagonisms. Rejecting formal party-political commitments, both movements were fundamentally defensive and conservative, and not just in their similar juxtaposition of rural authenticity and rugged masculinity with the coddled city.Footnote 114 Neither group aimed at a material reorganization of society so much as the reproduction of the energetic and socioeconomic status quo. Drawing on their somewhat similar structural locations within the fossil economy, the truckers and farmers shared strategies of protest. Both deployed infrastructural blockades and supply interruption to disrupt the economic systems that the two very different consumers’ republics had come to expect, especially the availability of cheap food, though here the truckers enjoyed greater leverage given their centrality to society’s circulatory systems. Nonetheless, neither movement was capable of the sustained sabotage that had empowered British coalminers at the high noon of their influence—not least because the tubewell and tractor-trailer were atomistic in their ownership and spatial logics, dividing individuals even as shared interests brought them together. In the short term, neither succeeded in winning more than superficial concessions. Political leaders proved capable of standing up to the protesters, a fact that may hearten those seeking to overcome grassroots resistance to climate mitigation policy. The threat of recurrent protests nonetheless continued to haunt energy policymakers. In India, the state may have driven rural electrification, but it was through the fear of electoral dismissal that agricultural energy subsidies were entrenched. In the United States, raising federal fuel taxes became politically inconceivable. Dismissed by urban elites, neither movement could dictate policy—but they could place very real roadblocks in the way of energy reform. These protests and others like it help to obstruct removal of fossil fuel consumer subsidies that cost more than $1.1 trillion worldwide in 2022.Footnote 115 If the vast unpaid costs of ecological externalities are included too, no less an entity than the International Monetary Fund calculates the total cost of such underpricing at a staggering $7 trillion in 2022, 7.1 percent of global GDP.Footnote 116 In turn, artificially low prices incentivize overconsumption. Energy protests deserve a central role in our environmental histories of fossil fuel society. In the long list of obstacles that block our path to more sustainable energy systems, they represent a source of political resistance that we ignore at our peril. Yet we should not mistake these plebeian constituencies for the central forces who lock carbon-intensive energy systems in place. Ultimately, both movements found populist energy policies much easier to extract from the state than they did any meaningful protection for their livelihoods. With hindsight, both protest movements appear tinged with pathos. Many American big-rig drivers and Indian farmers today are profoundly embattled. Squeezed again between corporate capital and the seemingly insatiable demands of the consumer societies they serve, their increasing precarity has only intensified the ferocious and divisive competition to work harder and pump more. It is a logic much more powerful and self-devouring than any individual caught in its web. ## Acknowledgments This article began life as a special faculty lecture for the University of Chicago’s brilliant History undergraduates; I am grateful for their incisive questions, feedback, and encouragement to pursue what initially seemed an eccentric comparison. For wise advice at different stages, I thank Fredrik Albritton Jonsson, Venus Bivar, Christopher F. Jones, Stephen Macekura, Carl Wennerlind, Gabriel Winant, my summer research assistants Erin Hanyu Lynch and Navid Mazidabadifarahani, and CSSH’s perceptive anonymous reviewers. Thanks, too, to David Akin and editors Geneviève Zubrzycki and Paul Christopher Johnson at CSSH. ## References 1 1 Chandan Mitra, “The Tikait Phenomenon,” Times of India, 9 Nov. 1988; Indian Express, “Wages of Illegitimacy,” 27 Oct. 1988; Dibang, “Peasant Power,” Illustrated Weekly of India, 21 Feb. 1987. 2 2 Times of India, “Tikait Fails Again,” 2 Nov. 1988; Newstime, “Disgraceful,” 1 Nov. 1988. Springsteen had performed in Delhi a month earlier on an Amnesty International tour, which had ironically highlighted the Indian state’s authoritarian response to critics. 3 3 There exists a substantial body of scholarship on transnational connections between the two countries, but systematic comparison is rarer. There are significant exceptions. 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On anti-corporate and anti-government sentiment, see Jacobs, Meg, Panic at the Pump: The Energy Crisis and the Transformation of American Politics in the 1970s (New York: Hill and Wang, 2016)Google Scholar. 54 54 Sullivan, George, “Working for Survival,” in Lynd, Alice and Lynd, Staughton, eds., Rank and File: Personal Histories by Working-Class Organizers (Boston: Beacon Press, 1973), 201–21Google Scholar, here 214–15. 55 55 David Harris, “The Truckers Go to Washington,” Rolling Stone, 25 Apr. 1974. 56 56 Wildcat, “U.S. Out of Gas!” 57 57 Robert Lindsey, “The Angry Truck Driver: ‘We’ve Got to Show ’Em,’” New York Times, 5 Dec. 1973. 58 58 Wildcat, “Truckers Shut Down,” Feb. 1974, GI Press Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society. 59 59 Reprinted in Overdrive, Jan. 1974. 60 60 “FASH Asks for Oil Controls,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 14 Jan. 1974. 61 61 “List of Trucker’s Organizations,” Overdrive, Apr. 1974. The real number of owner-operators was around one hundred thousand. 62 62 William Saxbe, meeting with the “Frontgrounders,” 7 Feb. 1974, Attorneys General Addresses, Record Group 60, National Archives at College Park, MD, available via (ARC identifier 179030228). 63 63 George Sullivan, “Rank and File Rebellion in the International Brotherhood of Teamsters,” Liberation (May 1971). 64 64 Time, “The Bodacious New World of C.B.,” 10 May 1976; Kimmel, Chad M., “‘No Gas, My Ass!’ Marking the End of the Postwar Period in Levittown,” in Harris, Dianne, ed., Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010), 340–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here 351. 65 65 Lewis, Tom, Divided Highways: Building the Interstate Highways, Transforming American Life (New York: Viking, 1997), 211–33Google Scholar. 66 66 Mieczkowski, Yanek, Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 197, 218CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 67 67 Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 298. 68 68 In 2018 British road diesel was taxed at $3.39 a gallon; in Sweden, $2.29; in France, $1.99. In the United States, the federal diesel tax was less than 25 cents per gallon; adding state duties, the total tax averaged just 56 cents. OECD Taxing Energy Use 2018 database, 69 69 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions” (June 2023), facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions. 70 70 Decker, Christopher S. and Wohar, Mark E., “Determinants of State Diesel Fuel Excise Tax Rates: The Political Economy of Fuel Taxation in the United States,” Annals of Regional Science 41 (2007): 171–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 71 71 On the self-harming character of truckers’ libertarianism, see Hamilton, Trucking Country. 72 72 Belzer, Michael, Sweatshops on Wheels: Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Viscelli, Steve, Big Rig: Trucking and the Decline of the American Dream (Oakland: University of California Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 73 73 William Stampe, “Planning for Plenty,” address before the Institution of Engineers (India), 10 Nov. 1944, India Office Records L/E/8/3306, British Library, London. On Stampe, see Kapil Subramanian, “Revisiting the Green Revolution: Irrigation and Food Production in Twentieth-Century India” (PhD thesis, King’s College London, 2015); Acciavatti, Anthony, “Re-Imagining the Indian Underground: A Biography of the Tubewell,” in Rademacher, Anne and Sivaramakrishnan, K., eds., Places of Nature in Ecologies of Urbanism (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2018), 206–37Google Scholar. 74 74 Stampe, William, The Ganges Valley State Tube-Well Irrigation Scheme: A System of State Irrigation by Hydro-Electric Power from Underground Sources, 1934–35 to 1937–38 (Allahabad: Superintendent, Printing and Stationery, United Provinces, 1936), 5 Google Scholar. 75 75 Stampe, W. L., “The Ganges Hydro-Electric Scheme: Including a System of Village Electrification,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 79, 4105 (1931): 813–38Google Scholar, here 829–30. 76 76 John Willoughby Meares in ibid., 835. 77 77 For the sugarcane farmers of western UP, this was nothing new. Cane’s price had been regulated in UP since 1934 and nationwide since 1950–1951. 78 78 On this elaborate system of input subsidies and output price controls, see Varshney, Ashutosh, Democracy, Development, and the Countryside: Urban-Rural Struggles in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 79 79 Mellor, John and Moorti, T. V., “Dilemma of State Tube Wells,” Economic and Political Weekly 6, 13 (1971): A37–A44 Google Scholar. 80 80 Gupta, Akhil, Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 272 Google Scholar. 81 81 Byres, T. J., “The New Technology, Class Formation and Class Action in the Indian Countryside,” Journal of Peasant Studies 8, 4 (1981): 405–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 82 82 Gillan, R. W., Final Settlement Report of the Meerut District (Allahabad: North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press, 1901), 10 Google Scholar. 83 83 Madsen, Stig Toft, “Clan, Kinship, and Panchayat Justice among the Jats of Western Uttar Pradesh,” Anthropos 86, 4/6 (1991): 351–65Google Scholar, here 353. See also Gupta, Dipankar, Rivalry and Brotherhood: Politics in the Life of Farmers in Northern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar. 84 84 Singh, Charan, Abolition of Zamindari: Two Alternatives (Allahabad: Kitabistan, 1947), 152 Google Scholar. 85 85 Singh, Charan, Joint Farming X-Rayed: The Problem and Its Solution (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1959), 189–211 Google Scholar. 86 86 Singh, Charan, India’s Economic Policy: The Gandhian Blueprint (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing, 1978), 16 Google Scholar. 87 87 Dasgupta, Aditya, “Technological Change and Political Turnover: The Democratizing Effects of the Green Revolution in India,” American Political Science Review 112, 4 (2018): 918–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 88 88 Janardan Thakur, “The Kisan Rally,” India Today, 15 Jan. 1979. 89 89 Omkar Chaudhary, “Sarkar ke jhoothe aashvaasanon se hi andolan bhadka [Government’s False Assurances Inflamed Movement],” Dainik Jagran (Meerut edition), 27 Mar. 1987. 90 90 Lindberg, Staffan, “New Farmers’ Movements in India as Structural Response and Collective Identity Formation: The Cases of the Shetkari Sanghatana and the BKU,” Journal of Peasant Studies 21, 3–4 (1994): 95–125 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here 101. 91 91 Chandan Mitra, “Tikait as Mini-Mahatma,” Times of India, 9 Aug. 1989. 92 92 Gupta, Postcolonial Developments, 272. 93 93 Tikait, interview in Michael James R. Bentall, “‘Bharat Versus India’: Peasant Politics and Rural-Urban Relations in North-West India” (PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995), app. 1, 282. On this antipathy to the state, see Gupta, Rivalry and Brotherhood, 99–101. Blurring the state/society boundary, this discourse coexisted with the reality that rich Jat farmers often colluded with local officials for privileged access to state resources; Jeffrey, Craig, “Caste, Class, and Clientelism: A Political Economy of Everyday Corruption in Rural North India,” Economic Geography 78, 1 (2002): 21–41 Google Scholar. 94 94 Chaudhary, “Sarkar ke jhoothe aashvaasanon se hi andolan bhadka.” 95 95 Dainik Jagran (Meerut edition), “Kisanon ka andolan [Farmers’ Movement],” 24 Mar. 1987. 96 96 Gupta, Postcolonial Developments, 265–74. 97 97 Banwari, “Yah naitik anushaasan sirf kisanon men hain [Only farmers have this moral discipline],” Jansatta (Delhi edition), 4 Feb. 1988. Meerut’s student hostels opened bathrooms to farmers protesting outside the commissioner’s office; Banwari explained, “Our farmers cannot do without resting and bathing, unlike the people of Europe.” 98 98 Pankaj Pachauri, “Meerut Witnesses Unprecedented Farmers’ Protest,” India Today, 29 Feb. 1988. 99 99 Gupta, Rivalry and Brotherhood. 100 100 Bharatiya kisan yuniyan ka sanvidhan [BKU constitution], n.d. 101 101 D. N. Dhanagare, “An Apoliticist Populism,” Seminar, Dec. 1988. 102 102 Gupta, Akhil, “Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State,” American Ethnologist 22, 2 (1995): 375–402 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here 390. 103 103 Hindustan Times, “Retreat from Meerut,” 23 Feb. 1988. 104 104 Bentall, “‘Bharat Versus India,’” 239. 105 105 Gail Omvedt, “New Movements,” Seminar, Dec. 1988. 106 106 Ramindar Singh, “Mahendra Singh Tikait Withdraws Meerut Dharna,” India Today, 15 Mar. 1988. 107 107 Corbridge, Stuart et al., Seeing the State: Governance and Governmentality in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 242–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 108 108 Times of India, “Gung-Ho in Lucknow,” 19 July 1990; Bentall, “‘Bharat Versus India,’” 250–54. 109 109 Baliyan, Ashok, Kisan andolan men Chau: “Tikait” ki bhumika (Muzaffarnagar: Kusum Prakashan, 2003), 121–24Google Scholar. Tikait alienated some backward castes by jumping into the anti-reservation movement in 1990, then called for the farmers to vote for the BJP in the 1991 general election, dismaying Muslim farmers. 110 110 Balls, Jonathan, “Stalled Reform in the Face of Electoral Fears: Uttar Pradesh’s Electricity Distribution Sector,” in Dubash, Navroz, Kale, Sunila, and Bharvirkar, Ranjit, eds., Mapping Power: The Political Economy of Electricity in India’s States (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018), 274–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Min, Brian and Golden, Miriam, “Electoral Cycles in Electricity Losses in India,” Energy Policy 65 (2014): 619–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 111 111 Jeffrey, Craig, Timepass: Youth, Class, and the Politics of Waiting in India (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 112 112 Antony Seely, “Taxation of Road Fuels,” House of Commons Briefing Paper 824, 21 Oct. 2019. 113 113 Ross Clark, “Don’t Overtax Our Sympathy,” Spectator, 16 Sept. 2000; see Doherty, Brian et al., “Explaining the Fuel Protests,” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5, 1 (2003): 1–23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 114 114 The male dominance of both movements contrasts with the heavy female participation that characterized many food riots; Taylor, Lynne, “Food Riots Revisited,” Journal of Social History 30, 2 (1996): 483–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 115 115 International Energy Agency, Fossil Fuel Subsidies Database, 2023 edition. Subsidies ballooned in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. 116 116 Simon Black et al., “IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update,” IMF Working Paper 2023/169 (Aug. 2023). View in content ![\\"Figure](\\"\\"/) Figure 1. Truckers on strike, early 1974. © Milwaukee Journal—USA TODAY NETWORK. View in content ![\\"Figure](\\"\\"/) Figure 2. Tikait and supporters at the Boat Club protest, New Delhi, 28 October 1988. © Sondeep Shankar/Getty Images. View in content ![\\"Figure](\\"\\"/) Figure 3. The energy crisis facing independent truckers. Overdrive: The Voice of the American Trucker, January 1974. By permission of Overdrive magazine, OverdriveOnline.com. ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) You have Access ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) Open access # Cited by Loading... ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) Cited by * ![\\"Crossref](\\" 0 * ![\\"Google](\\" No CrossRef data available. 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The death from influenza of eight mostly vaccinated people over 65 in California's Santa Barbara County during the 20172018 flu season proves that you shouldn’t get the flu shot | 3,340 | Our systems are now restored following recent technical disruption, and we’re working hard to catch up on publishing. We apologise for the inconvenience caused. Find out more: us/news-and-blogs/cambridge-university-press-publishing-update-following- technical-disruptionAccessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. ![\\"Close](\\"/core/cambridge- core/public/images/icn_circle__btn_close_white.svg\\") ## Login Alert Cancel Log in × × (0) Products and Services Register Log In (0) Cart Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to homepage. Search Logo for Cambridge Core from Cambridge University Press. Click to return to homepage. * Browse * Services * Open research Institution Login Search Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-w7rtg Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-05T17:45:14.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false * Home * >Journals * >Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness * >Volume 14 Issue 3 * >Public Health Lessons Learned From Biases in Coronavirus... * English * Français ![\\"\\"](\\" and-public-health-preparedness.jpg\\"/) Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ## Article contents * Abstract * MAIN * DISCUSSION * CONCLUSIONS * Conflict of Interest Statement * References # Public Health Lessons Learned From Biases in Coronavirus Mortality Overestimation Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 August 2020 Ronald B. Brown ![\\"Open](\\"\\"/) [Opens in a new window] ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/)Show author details Ronald B. Brown* Affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada * Correspondence and reprint requests to Ronald B. Brown, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada (e-mail: [email protected]). * Article * Figures * Metrics Article contents * Abstract * MAIN * DISCUSSION * CONCLUSIONS * Conflict of Interest Statement * References ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/save-pdf-icon.080470e.svg\\"/) Save PDF ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/pdf-download-icon.c7fb40c.svg\\"/)Save PDF (0.33 mb) ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/pdf-download- icon.c7fb40c.svg\\"/)View PDF [Opens in a new window] ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page- component/img/dropbox-icon.3d57046.svg\\"/) Save to Dropbox ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/google-drive-icon.a50193b.svg\\"/) Save to Google Drive ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) Save to Kindle ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg\\"/) ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/share-icon.cbcfad8.svg\\"/) Share ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/close-icon.194b28a.svg\\"/) ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/cite-icon.44eaaa4.svg\\"/) Cite ![\\"\\"](\\"/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg\\"/)Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window] ## Abstract In testimony before US Congress on March 11, 2020, members of the House Oversight and Reform Committee were informed that estimated mortality for the novel coronavirus was 10-times higher than for seasonal influenza. Additional evidence, however, suggests the validity of this estimation could benefit from vetting for biases and miscalculations. The main objective of this article is to critically appraise the coronavirus mortality estimation presented to Congress. Informational texts from the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are compared with coronavirus mortality calculations in Congressional testimony. Results of this critical appraisal reveal information bias and selection bias in coronavirus mortality overestimation, most likely caused by misclassifying an influenza infection fatality rate as a case fatality rate. Public health lessons learned for future infectious disease pandemics include: safeguarding against research biases that may underestimate or overestimate an associated risk of disease and mortality; reassessing the ethics of fear-based public health campaigns; and providing full public disclosure of adverse effects from severe mitigation measures to contain viral transmission. ## Keywords case fatality ratecoronavirus mortality overestimationCOVID-19infection fatality ratesampling bias Type Concepts in Disaster Medicine Information Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , June 2020 , pp. 364 - 371 DOI: [Opens in a new window] Creative Commons ![\\"Creative](\\"/core/page-component/img/license-cc- icon.e3a74ed.svg\\"/)![\\"Creative](\\"/core/page-component/img/license-by- icon.33e212c.svg\\"/) This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ( which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2020 On September 23, 1998, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) permanently lost contact with the $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter. 1 A simple miscalculation, failure to convert English measurements to metric measurements, doomed the Mars space mission. Reference Isbell and Savage2 A later investigation found that backup quality assurance procedures were not in place at NASA to catch and correct this simple miscalculation. Fast forward 22 years to another crisis involving a US government agency: On March 11, 2020, the US Congress House Oversight and Reform Committee received information from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) concerning the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2), and coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19). Reference Fifer3 Based on the data available at the time, Congress was informed that the estimated mortality rate for the coronavirus was 10-times higher than for seasonal influenza, which helped launch a campaign of social distancing, organizational and business lockdowns, and shelter-in-place orders. Previous to the Congressional hearing, a less severe estimation of coronavirus mortality appeared in a February 28, 2020 editorial released by NIAID and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Published online in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM.org), the editorial stated: “…the overall clinical consequences of Covid-19 may ultimately be more akin to those of a severe seasonal influenza (which has a case fatality rate of approximately 0.1%).”Reference Fauci, Lane and Redfield4 Almost as a parenthetical afterthought, the NEJM editorial inaccurately stated that 0.1% is the approximate case fatality rate of seasonal influenza. By contrast, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 0.1% or lower is the approximate influenza infection fatality rate, 5 not the case fatality rate. To fully appreciate the significance of discrepancies in fatality rate usage by NIAID, the CDC, and the WHO, brief definitions of relevant epidemiological terms follow. Case fatality rates (CFRs), infection fatality rates (IFRs), and mortality rates are used by epidemiologists to describe deaths during and after an infectious disease outbreak. The CDC defined a mortality rate as the frequency of deaths within a time period relative to the size of a well-defined population. Reference Dicker, Coronado and Koo6 Patients may be classified as having an influenza-like illness (ILI) such as COVID-19 according to standard criteria in a case definition. 7 A CFR is defined as the proportion of deaths among confirmed cases of the disease. CFRs indicate the disease severity, while an IFR is defined as the proportion of deaths relative to the prevalence of infections within a population. Reference Bui, Sanger-Katz and Kliff8 IFRs are estimated following an outbreak, often based on representative samples of blood tests of the immune system in individuals exposed to a virus. Estimation of the IFR in COVID-19 is urgently needed to assess the scale of the coronavirus pandemic. Reference Mallapaty9 Because different types of fatality rates can vary widely, it is imperative to not confuse fatality rates with one another; else misleading calculations with significant consequences could result. As of late spring 2020, a search of the keyword term “infection fatality rate” on the CDC website returned no matching results or similar terms, nor was the epidemiological term located in the 511-page CDC publication, Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice. (The CDC eventually introduced the Infection Fatality Ratio (IFR) on July 10, 2020 “as a new parameter value for disease severity.” 10 ) This terminology omission, in conjunction with questionable use of fatality rate terminology in the NEJM editorial, raises red flags, warning of possible inaccuracies in the coronavirus mortality estimation presented to Congress. Similar to the need to vet for miscalculations that might have rescued NASA’s 1998 Mars mission, vetting the coronavirus mortality estimation for miscalculations and biases may benefit the validity of mortality conclusions. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present an ad hoc critical appraisal of the coronavirus mortality estimation presented to US Congress on March 11, 2020. ## MAIN Findings from a comparative analysis of selected video and texts are used in this article to critically appraise the validity of coronavirus mortality calculations presented in US Congressional testimony. Critical appraisal is a process that judges the validity of scientific research evidence. Reference Mhaskar, Emmanuel and Mishra11 Comparative analysis is a tool used in a grounded theory methodology to investigate an unexplored area through logical induction of coherent themes and explanations that are grounded in empirical evidence. Reference Chun Tie, Birks and Francis12 Text from the February 2020 NEJM.org editorial and video of Congressional testimony are compared with reliable informational texts from the WHO and CDC. Inconsistencies, inaccuracies, biases, utilization, and consequences of the coronavirus mortality estimation are discussed. In NIAID testimony before the House Oversight and Reform Committee Hearing on Coronavirus response, Day 1, Reference Fifer3 the Committee learned that mortality from seasonal influenza is 0.1%. Additionally, it was reported to Congress that the overall coronavirus mortality of approximately 2-3% had been reduced to 1% to take into account infected people who are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. The adjusted mortality rate from coronavirus of 1% was then compared with the 0.1% mortality rate from seasonal influenza, and the conclusion was reported to the House Committee that the coronavirus was 10-times more lethal than seasonal influenza. In a comparative analysis with WHO and CDC documents, the coronavirus mortality rate of 2-3% that was adjusted to 1% in Congressional testimony is consistent with the coronavirus CFR of 1.8-3.4% (median, 2.6%) reported by the CDC. 13 Furthermore, the WHO reported that the CFR of the H1N1 influenza virus (1918) is also 2-3%, 14 similar to the unadjusted 2-3% CFR of the coronavirus reported in Congressional testimony, with no meaningful difference in mortality. As previously mentioned, the WHO also reported that 0.1% is the IFR of seasonal influenza, 5 not the CFR of seasonal influenza as reported in the NEJM editorial. ## DISCUSSION Confusion between CFRs and IFRs may seem trivial, and it is easy to overlook at first, but this confusion may have ultimately led to an unintentional miscalculation in coronavirus mortality estimation. IFRs from samples across the population include undiagnosed, asymptomatic, and mild infections, and are often lower compared with CFRs, which are based exclusively on relatively smaller groups of moderately to severely ill diagnosed cases at the beginning of an outbreak. Due to host defense mechanisms and autoimmunity provided by innate and adaptive immune responses, Reference Aoshi, Koyama and Kobiyama15 asymptomatic infections are often prevalent in influenza. Reference Furuya- Kanamori, Cox and Milinovich16 With many asymptomatic infections already identified in COVID-19, Reference Gao, Xu and Sun17 it appears unlikely that the IFR in an ILI like COVID-19 would approximate the disease’s CFR. Presymptomatic infections can also lower the proportion of asymptomatic infections. For example, a CDC report found that asymptomatic individuals identified through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing developed symptoms a week later, and those individuals were re- classified as having been presymptomatic at the time of testing. Reference Kimball, Hatfield and Arons18 In Figure 1, 4 cases grouped in the dotted-line box are also included among 7 infections, illustrating that all cases are infections but not all infections are cases, a potential point of confusion in media reports of COVID-19. For example, a high number of coronavirus infections were discovered in US meat- packing plants in Iowa, Reference Leys19 but these infections were reported as cases in the media, Reference Maddow20 potentially causing a type of information bias known as misclassification. Reference Althubaiti21 Misclassification refers to “the erroneous classification of an individual, a value, or an attribute into a category other than that to which it should be assigned.” Reference Porta22 This type of information bias in epidemiological research can lead to underestimates or overestimates of associated disease and mortality risks. Reference Althubaiti21 ![](\\"\\") FIGURE 1 CFR and IFR. 1 fatality / 4 cases = 25% CFR. 1 fatality / 7 infections = 14.28% IFR. CFRs and IFRs represent different segments of a targeted population and contain widely different proportions of nonfatal infections; therefore, misapplying findings or generalizing inferences between these 2 groups can cause a type of selection bias known as sampling bias Reference Johnson, Beaton and Murphy23 or ascertainment bias. Reference Delgado-Rodriguez and Llorca24 In this type of bias, people do not represent segments of the population to whom findings apply. Furthermore, “…comparisons of the CFR of 1 disease with the IFR of another are mostly useless,” Reference Roth, Clausen and Mueller25 and sampling bias can lead to serious inaccuracies, as when Congress was informed that the coronavirus is 10-times more lethal than seasonal influenza. A comparison of coronavirus and seasonal influenza CFRs may have been intended during Congressional testimony, but due to misclassifying an IFR as a CFR, the comparison turned out to be between an adjusted coronavirus CFR of 1% and an influenza IFR of 0.1%. Had the adjusted coronavirus mortality rate not been lowered from 3% to 1%, fatality comparisons of the coronavirus to the IFR of seasonal influenza would have increased from 10-times higher to 20- to 30-times higher. By then, epidemiologists might have been alerted to the possibility of a miscalculation in such an alarming estimation. ### Quality Assurance Most people rely on trusted public health experts from organizations like the CDC to disseminate vital information on infectious diseases. Reference Fingerhut26 Unfortunately, even experts can make simple miscalculations that can lead to catastrophic results. In the example of NASA’s lost Mars Climate Orbiter, the NASA board investigating the failed mission recognized that mistakes happen on projects, “However, sufficient processes are usually in place on projects to catch these mistakes before they become critical to mission success.” Reference Isbell and Savage2 The NASA board also recognized the importance of quality assurance procedures to prevent future failures. Of relevance, in 2018, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) provided an exemplary definition of quality assurance (QA) in clinical and health sciences: “The objectives of QA procedures are to assure the accuracy and consistency of study data, from the original observations through the reporting of results and to ensure that study results are considered valid and credible within the scientific and clinical communities.” 27 Similar to NASA’s quality assurance problems in 1998, quality assurance procedures at US national public health organizations in 2020 may benefit from review and revision to prevent crucial mortality miscalculations of infectious diseases in the future. As a safeguard against misuse of fatality rates, and protection in the event of nonstandardized or inter-organizational discrepancies in terminology, every fatality rate should clearly define the denominator of the rate as the specific group to whom fatalities apply, either to the total population in mortality rates, confirmed cases of a disease in CFRs, or individuals exposed to a viral infection in IFRs. ### Mitigation Measures As the campaign to mitigate coronavirus transmission was implemented from March into May, 2020, expected coronavirus mortality totals in the United States appeared much lower than the overestimation reported in Congressional testimony on March 11. Compared with the most recent season of severe influenza A (H3N2) in 2017-2018, 28 with 80,000 US deaths reported by CDC officials, 29 US coronavirus mortality totals had just reached 80,000 on May 9, 2020. 30 By then, relative to the 2017-2018 influenza, it was clear that the coronavirus mortality total for the season would be nowhere near 800,000 deaths inferred from the 10-fold mortality overestimation reported to Congress. Even after adjusting for the effect of successful mitigation measures that may have slowed down the rate of coronavirus transmission, it seems unlikely that so many deaths were completely eliminated by a nonpharmaceutical intervention such as social distancing, which was only intended to contain infection transmission, not suppress infections and related fatalities. Reference Ferguson, Laydon and Nedjati Gilani31 Also in early May, 2020, a New York State survey of 1269 COVID-19 patients recently admitted to 113 hospitals found that most of the patients had been following shelter-in-place orders for 6 wk, which raised state officials’ suspicions about social distancing effectiveness. Reference Matthews, Villeneuve and Hill32 Still, polls showed the public credited social distancing and other mitigation measures for reducing predicted COVID-19 deaths, and for keeping people safe from the coronavirus. Reference Benzie33,Reference Chappell34 Surprisingly, disproportionate mortality increases in Italian and American health-care facilities during the height of the COVID-19 outbreak were not unique; similar health-care facility crises occurred during the 2016-2017 influenza season in Italy, Reference Rosano, Bella and Gesualdo35 and during the 2017-2018 influenza season in the United States. Reference Macmillan36 Yet, these earlier outbreaks did not appear to receive the same intensive media coverage as COVID-19. Although media reports of new coronavirus infections reinforced the public’s belief that the virus was continuing to spread, greater levels of testing may have increased detection of infections that were already prevalent throughout the population. In addition, the accuracy of coronavirus tests rushed into production during the pandemic were unknown. Reference Perrone37 RT-PCR testing has been in use since the detection of the A (H5N1) influenza virus in 2005, 38 but a serious limitation of RT-PCR testing is that nucleic acid detection is not capable of determining the difference between infective and noninfective viruses. Reference Joynt and Wu39 Moreover, the CDC modified criteria to record coronavirus mortality by including “probable” and “likely” deaths in the International Classification of Diseases code (ICD) for COVID-19. Reference Schwartz40 By June 21, new daily deaths from the coronavirus dropped to 267 in the United States, a 90% decrease from 2693 daily deaths reported on April 21. 30 However, confirmed cases in some areas increased as lockdowns lifted, Reference Cohen41 and total US infections had reached 1,254,055 by June 21. 30 Several reasons in addition to increased viral transmission could account for case increases. For example, ill people may no longer fear going to hospitals as society reopens, Reference White42 and coronavirus testing may also result in greater differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections from other common respiratory viral infections. Reference Singhal43 With more reported cases of COVID-19 in younger people following reopening, Reference Samore44 CFRs could actually decline due to lower associated mortality risk in this age group. Furthermore, country comparisons of coronavirus CFRs are often confounded by numerous factors, Reference James45 including health-care differences in case definitions, access to quality treatment and reliable testing, compliance with mitigation measures, and underlying health conditions; demographic differences in age, race, socioeconomic status, and population density; and geo-political differences including climate, seasonality, environmental pollution, social inequities and unrest, personal liberties, public health policies, reliability in reporting valid government statistics of disease, and lifestyle customs that affect physical and mental health, public sanitation, and personal hygiene. Ultimately, with a myriad of uncontrolled confounding factors, a serosurvey of representative samples of a population is a more reliable method to determine the true prevalence of coronavirus infections. Emerging confounding factors in the United States have also contributed to a rising mortality trend in ILIs such as COVID-19. For example, each year surviving members of the ageing Baby-Boomer cohort of 76 million people born between 1946 and 1964 enter the high-risk category for ILIs, increasing the burden placed on health-care systems. Reference Henderson, Maniam and Leavell46 Also, research shows that a warming trend in the Artic can lead to more extreme winter weather conditions, especially in the Eastern United States, Reference Cohen, Pfeiffer and Francis47 which may play a role in rising mortality rates from ILIs during the influenza season. As health authorities responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing lockdowns and other mitigation measures with minimal supporting evidence, scientists warned of “a fiasco in the making,” Reference Ioannidis48 Caution was also raised against violations of fundamental principles of science and logic, such as the mistaken assumption that correlation implies causation. Reference James45 For example, the public’s belief that mitigation measures were responsible for reducing coronavirus mortality may be a post hoc fallacy if lower mortality was actually due to the overestimation of coronavirus deaths. Furthermore, implementing the unconfirmed hypothesis that mitigation measures save lives in vulnerable populations, and rejecting the null hypothesis that assumes no life-saving effect exists, is a type I error in hypothesis testing. Reference Randolph49 The null hypothesis does not assume a priori knowledge. Therefore, before implementing mitigation measures that incur severe costs, the onus is on mitigation proponents to formally reject the null hypothesis by justifying claims of life-saving benefits. Additionally, education in principles of basic research methods is essential for consumers of public health research, and there is a need to increase instruction in the science and logic of research methods in general education curricula. Reference Aguado50 More research of nondrug mitigation interventions is also urgently needed to prevent COVID-19, especially in vulnerable populations. Reference Glasziou, Sanders and Hoffmann51 Scientists also warned of public health decisions made without reliable data of infection prevalence within the population. Reference James45,Reference Ioannidis48 Lacking valid input data due to insufficient testing for disease prevalence, statistical modeling methods often relied on speculative assumptions, producing fearful predictions of increased mortality, which have often proved unreliable. Reference Begley52 A systematic review found that most diagnostic and predictive models for COVID-19 lack rigor, have a high risk of selection bias, and are likely to have lower predictive performance in actual practice compared with optimistic reports published in the research literature. Reference Wynants, Van Calster and Bonten53 A revised version of a non–peer-reviewed study on COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California, found that infections were many times more prevalent than confirmed cases. Reference Bendavid, Mulaney and Sood54 As more serosurveys are conducted throughout the country, a nationally coordinated COVID-19 serosurvey of a representative sample of the population is urgently needed, Reference McClellan, Gottlieb and Mostashari55 which can determine if the national IFR is low enough to expedite an across- the-board end to restrictive mitigating measures. Plans for a national US serosurvey were announced in April 2020 by the National Institutes of Health, to be conducted by NIAID and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), with the assistance of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI). 56 Of relevance, nationwide mitigation measures, such as lockdowns, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders, were not implemented during the 2017-2018 influenza with 45 million US illnesses reported by the CDC. 57 Neither were mitigation measures implemented during the 2009 influenza, with reported estimates adjusted for underreported hospitalizations of approximately 60.8 million US cases, ranging between 43.3 million to 89.3 million cases. Reference Shrestha, Swerdlow and Borse58 ### Fear and Collateral Damage Psychological adverse effects, such as anxiety, anger, and posttraumatic stress, have been linked to restrictive public health mitigation measures due to isolation, frustration, financial loss, and fear of infection. Reference Brooks, Webster and Smith59,Reference Hoof60 A June 8, 2020, survey from the Association for Canadian Studies found that fear of contracting the coronavirus affected 51% of the Canadian population, compared with 56% of the US population. 61 Venturing out into public during the reopening phase of the lockdown was stressful to 50% of Canadians compared with 56% of Americans. A second wave of the virus was also expected by 76% of Canadians and 64% of Americans. Furthermore, the possibility exists that yet another novel virus could emerge, potentially reigniting a perpetual process of unfounded fear and unnecessary lockdowns if mortality estimations are not properly vetted. Fear, in contrast to moral civic duty and political orientation, was shown to be a more powerful predictor of compliance with mitigating behavior in response to a viral pandemic, but with decreasing well-being and poorer decision-making. Reference Harper, Satchell and Fido62 Studies have shown that fear impairs performance of cognitive tasks through debilitating anxiety and worry. Reference Zhuang, Wang and Tang63 Even if a threat ceases to exist, prolonged fearful avoidance of threats is maladaptive and restricts a return to normal social interaction and productivity. Reference Sangha, Diehl and Bergstrom64 For example, after the outbreak of SARS had ended in 2004, avoidance behavior continued to restrict people’s social interactions and prevented people from returning to work. Reference Usher, Bhullar and Jackson65 Exaggerated levels of fear were driven by sensationalist media coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Reference James45,Reference Oprysko66,Reference Budrick67 And yet, while the public was ordered to lockdown, overall costs and benefits to society from severe mitigation measures had not been assessed. Reference James45 Fear of infection also prevented people from seeking needed health-care services in hospitals during the pandemic. Reference McFarling68 The ethics of implementing fear-based public health campaigns needs to be reevaluated for the potential harm these strategies can cause. Reference Bayer and Fairchild69 Dissemination of vital health information to the public should use emotionally persuasive messaging without exploiting and encouraging overreactions based on fear. In addition, legal and ethical violations associated with mitigation of pandemic diseases were previously investigated by the Institute of Medicine in 2007. Reference Gostin and Berkman70 People should have the right to full disclosure of all information pertinent to adverse impacts of mitigation measures during a pandemic, including information on legal and constitutional human rights issues, Reference James45 and the public should be guaranteed a voice in a transparent process as authorities establish public health policy. Last, severe mitigating measures during the COVID-19 pandemic caused considerable global social and economic disruption. Reference Nicola, Alsafi and Sohrabi71 Enforced lockdowns increased domestic violence, closed businesses and schools, laid off workers, restricted travel, affected capital markets, threatened the security of low-income families, and saddled governments with massive debt. Between February and April 2020, US unemployment rose from 3.5%, the lowest in 50 years, to 14.7%. Reference Davidson72 A recession in the United States was also officially declared in June 2020 by the National Bureau of Economic Research, ending 128 months of historic economic expansion. Of relevance, economic downturns are associated with higher suicide rates compared with times of prosperity, and increased suicide risk may be associated with economic stress as a consequence of severe mitigation measures during a pandemic. Reference Reger, Stanley and Joiner73 Relapses and newly diagnosed cases of alcohol use disorder were also predicted to increase due to social isolation, and harmful drinking in China increased 2-fold following the COVID-19 outbreak. Reference Da, Im and Schiano74 As a global natural experiment, psychological outcomes from restrictive interventions in the COVID-19 pandemic require further investigations. Reference Patrick and Cormier75 Public health lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic contribute knowledge and insights that can be applied to prevent future public health crises. Reference Secchi, Ciaschi and Spence76 Figure 2 shows a flow chart that summarizes biases and potential effects of viral mortality overestimation observed in a pandemic. Failure to intervene at the source of the problem, at the upstream levels of information bias and sampling bias, can allow fear to rapidly escalate and may cause an overactive response that produces severely harmful collateral damage to society. ![](\\"\\") FIGURE 2 Biases and Potential Related Effects of Virus Mortality Overestimation. ## CONCLUSIONS Sampling bias in coronavirus mortality calculations led to a 10-fold increased mortality overestimation in March 11, 2020, US Congressional testimony. This bias most likely followed from information bias due to misclassifying a seasonal influenza IFR as a CFR, evident in a NEJM.org editorial. Evidence from the WHO confirmed that the approximate CFR of the coronavirus is generally no higher than that of seasonal influenza. By early May 2020, mortality levels from COVID-19 were considerably below predicted overestimations, a result that the public attributed to successful mitigating measures to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus. This article presented important public health lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Reliable safeguards are needed in epidemiological research to prevent seemingly minor miscalculations from developing into disasters. Sufficient organizational quality assurance procedures should be implemented in public health institutions to check, catch, and correct research biases and mistakes that underestimate or overestimate associated risks of disease and mortality. Particularly, the denominator of fatality rates should clearly define the group to whom fatalities apply. Public health campaigns based on fear can have harmful effects, and the ethics of such campaigns should be reevaluated. People need to have a greater voice in a transparent process that influences public health policy during an outbreak, and educational curricula should include basic research methods to teach people how to be better consumers of public health information. The public should also be fully informed of the adverse impacts on psychological well-being, human rights issues, social disruption, and economic costs associated with restrictive public health interventions during a pandemic. In closing, nations across the globe may fearfully anticipate future waves of the coronavirus pandemic, and look bleakly toward outbreaks of other novel viral infections with a return to severe mitigation measures. However, well- worn advice from a famous aphorism by the poet philosopher George Santayana should be borne in mind, which is relevant to public health lessons learned in this article: “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Reference Santayana77 ## Acknowledgments Thanks to the following people who assisted in reviewing the material for this article: Nicole Richards, Mark Oremus, and Robin Taylor Wilson. Also thank you to John C. A. Manley and Colby Mullis for helping to communicate the article findings to the public. ## Conflict of Interest Statement The author declares no conflict of interest. ## References #### REFERENCES 1 NASA. Mars Climate Orbiter. NASA Science Web site. Published July 25, 2019. Accessed May 11, 2020.Google Scholar 2 Isbell, D, Savage, D. Mars climate orbiter failure board releases report, numerous NASA actions underway in response. NASA Web site. Published November 10, 1999. Accessed May 8, 2020.Google Scholar 3 Fifer, J. 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Mineola NY: Dover Publications Incorporated; 1905.Google Scholar View in content ![\\"Figure](\\"\\"/) FIGURE 1 CFR and IFR. 1 fatality / 4 cases = 25% CFR. 1 fatality / 7 infections = 14.28% IFR. View in content ![\\"Figure](\\"\\"/) FIGURE 2 Biases and Potential Related Effects of Virus Mortality Overestimation. ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) You have Access ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) Open access 17 Cited by # Cited by Loading... ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) Cited by * ![\\"Crossref](\\" 17 * ![\\"Google](\\" Crossref Citations ![\\"Crossref](\\" ##### This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref. Biondi, Yuri 2021\. Accounting for Pandemic: Better Numbers for Management and Policy. Accounting, Economics, and Law: A Convivium, Vol. 11, Issue. 3, p. 277\. * CrossRef * Google Scholar Bagus, Philipp Peña-Ramos, José Antonio and Sánchez-Bayón, Antonio 2021\. COVID-19 and the Political Economy of Mass Hysteria. 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Former Vice President Joe Biden will wear a hidden earpiece during the first debate | 3,341 | ..Did Joe Biden wear an ear piece at the first presidential debate with President Trump? If so, why? All related (67) Sort Recommended ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-40650532-50-chzzfafublknojkcluennzmldlqycicy.jpeg\\") John Hertel Studied at Clear Creek High School · 4y This is obviously one of those questions whose only point is to get a false narrative out there with the text of the question, No answer is going to change the question askers mind. But just in case someone is still reading, I will point out that trying to listen to the things happening around you in a debate, and then also trying to incorporate things people are saying to you in an earpiece at the same time is actually very, very difficult. Exactly the kind of thing someone with dementia would be completely unable to do. It would work fine in a quiz show when you have natural pauses built in, Continue Reading This is obviously one of those questions whose only point is to get a false narrative out there with the text of the question, No answer is going to change the question askers mind. But just in case someone is still reading, I will point out that trying to listen to the things happening around you in a debate, and then also trying to incorporate things people are saying to you in an earpiece at the same time is actually very, very difficult. Exactly the kind of thing someone with dementia would be completely unable to do. It would work fine in a quiz show when you have natural pauses built in, but this was just a chaotic free for all, and Biden got in his zingers with reasonably natural sounding timing. You really need to just stick with the drugs accusation, its at least possible. Right now the right seems to be accusing him of both being on performance enhancing drugs and also cheating with an earpiece. Stick to one or the other, they really don\'t make a lot of sense together. The whole months long accusation that Joe couldn\'t speak an entire sentence really was poor planning, because it lowered the bar so low that all Joe had to do was survive the debate to look good. I never really understood the mental health attack. I mean when you live in a glass house… Upvote · 9937 9911 Related questions More answers below Why isn’t Fox News hosting the Biden/Trump debate? What did Joe Biden say to Donald Trump at the first presidential debate? Who won the first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden? Did Donald Trump say anything about Joe Biden before their first debate? Did Joe Biden actually ask Donald Trump to \"shut up\" at the first presidential debate? ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-365738983-50-rxaweeyyhysvfbvlkibskabwtwripqll.jpeg\\") Jon Hill Former Insurance Adjuster and Freelance Artist · Author has 7.3K answers and 3.8M answer views · 4y Originally Answered: Is Biden wearing an earpiece in the presidential debate? He doesn\'t seem to be talking as himself. · Is Biden wearing an earpiece in the presidential debate? Not that I can tell. He doesn\'t seem to be talking as himself. How is he “supposed” to sound? He sounds just like he does every time I have seen him talk. Which is a lot more than some media would admit to. Edit: Just found out why this question might have been asked. The Trump campaign apparently called for an independent third party to check both candidate’s ears for electronic transmitters. This followed accusations that the Biden campaign asked for breaks during the debate. According to the Biden campaign: > During a pre-debate call with Continue Reading Is Biden wearing an earpiece in the presidential debate? Not that I can tell. He doesn\'t seem to be talking as himself. How is he “supposed” to sound? He sounds just like he does every time I have seen him talk. Which is a lot more than some media would admit to. Edit: Just found out why this question might have been asked. The Trump campaign apparently called for an independent third party to check both candidate’s ears for electronic transmitters. This followed accusations that the Biden campaign asked for breaks during the debate. According to the Biden campaign: > During a pre-debate call with reporters on Tuesday, Biden spokesperson Kate > Bedingfield shot down the Trump campaign\'s claims. > > “Of course he’s not wearing an earpiece and we never asked for breaks,\" > Bedingfield told reporters. \"His staff seems concerned that he may not do > well tonight and they’re already laying the groundwork to lie about why.\" > > \"It is pathetic, it’s weak, once again the Trump campaign is lying,\" she > said. Trump campaign wants to examine Biden\'s ears for electronic device before debate: Fox News Let’s just wait and see how often Trumpists use this as an excuse for why Biden did as well as he did. Upvote · 9911 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-278014064-50-lbkvkkjfucqoxajbmndxelszidbqggni.jpeg\\") Chris O\'Leary Lifelong Political News Junkie · Upvoted by Stephanie V , Obama delegate, 2008 Democratic National Convention and Arran Kleyman , Centre-left in Europe; \"Marxist Bolshevik\" in the USAAuthor has 4.2K answers and 113M answer views · 4y Related Is Joe Biden afraid to debate President Trump? LMAO. Let me show you something. If there is someone you don’t want to face in a debate, It’s Elizabeth Warren. I don’t care what you think of her politics, the woman is a stone-cold killer who got into George Washington University at the age of 16 on a debate scholarship. This is her eviscerating the entire dais in Las Vegas, including Biden. And Warren did DAMAGE to a lot Continue Reading LMAO. Let me show you something. If there is someone you don’t want to face in a debate, It’s Elizabeth Warren. I don’t care what you think of her politics, the woman is a stone-cold killer who got into George Washington University at the age of 16 on a debate scholarship. This is her eviscerating the entire dais in Las Vegas, including Biden. And Warren did DAMAGE to a lot of her opponents. When Mike Bloomberg entered the race, he drummed up some immediate support. Warren DESTROYED him. What happened to Biden? He won the Democratic Primaries in a LANDSLIDE. By nearly twice t... Upvote · 2.7K2.7K 999252 9910 ![\\"Profile](\\" Daerio Smith Author has 1.5K answers and 696K answer views · 4y There were very clear moments in the debate where Trump is answering a question and you can see Biden practically jump when someone starts talking to him in his earpiece. You can literally see Biden mouthing the words the person is trying to feed him as Trump is talking before Biden delivers his response. Oh, and Biden refused both the drug test and the request to have a third party check him for an earpiece. Yes, all the available evidence points to Biden having an earpiece with a handler trying to feed him answers, presumably because he’s so far gone mentally he can’t do it himself any more. A Continue Reading There were very clear moments in the debate where Trump is answering a question and you can see Biden practically jump when someone starts talking to him in his earpiece. You can literally see Biden mouthing the words the person is trying to feed him as Trump is talking before Biden delivers his response. Oh, and Biden refused both the drug test and the request to have a third party check him for an earpiece. Yes, all the available evidence points to Biden having an earpiece with a handler trying to feed him answers, presumably because he’s so far gone mentally he can’t do it himself any more. A sad state to be in considering a short 4 years ago he was quite able to deliver these sorts of public addresses easily. Upvote · 9911 Related questions Why isn’t Fox News hosting the Biden/Trump debate? What did Joe Biden say to Donald Trump at the first presidential debate? Who won the first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden? Did Donald Trump say anything about Joe Biden before their first debate? Did Joe Biden actually ask Donald Trump to \"shut up\" at the first presidential debate? What does President Trump have to do in the first debate against Joe Biden? Why was Trump the real loser of the first debate with Joe Biden? Will President Biden wear an earpiece during the debate? Who won the first debate between Trump and Biden? How did Joe Biden do in the first presidential debate? What were the main topics discussed at the first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden? How much time did Trump and Biden each get during their first debate? Did Biden or Trump win the first debate between each other? Why? Did President Trump debate Joe Biden before Election Day? What must Joe Biden and Donald Trump do for success in the first debate? Related questions Why isn’t Fox News hosting the Biden/Trump debate? What did Joe Biden say to Donald Trump at the first presidential debate? Who won the first presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden? Did Donald Trump say anything about Joe Biden before their first debate? Did Joe Biden actually ask Donald Trump to \"shut up\" at the first presidential debate? What does President Trump have to do in the first debate against Joe Biden? Advertisement About · Careers · Privacy · Terms · Contact · Languages · Your Ad Choices · Press · © Quora, Inc. 2024 |
Former Vice President Joe Biden will wear a hidden earpiece during the first debate | 3,341 | * Latest * U.S. * World * Election * Politics * Entertainment * HealthWatch * MoneyWatch * Investigations * Crime * Space * Sports * Essentials * Brand Studio * Local News * Baltimore * Bay Area * Boston * Chicago * Colorado * Detroit * Los Angeles * Miami * Minnesota * New York * Philadelphia * Pittsburgh * Sacramento * Texas * Live * CBS News 24/7 * Baltimore * Bay Area * Boston * Chicago * Colorado * Detroit * Los Angeles * Miami * Minnesota * New York * Philadelphia * Pittsburgh * Sacramento * Texas * 48 Hours * 60 Minutes * Shows * 48 Hours * 60 Minutes * America Decides * CBS Evening News * CBS Mornings * CBS News Mornings * CBS Reports * CBS Saturday Morning * The Daily Report * The Dish * Eye on America * Face the Nation * Here Comes the Sun * Person to Person * Sunday Morning * The Takeout * The Uplift * Weekender * * CBS News Investigates * CBS Village * Podcasts * In Depth * Newsletters * Download Our App * CBS News Team * Executive Team * Brand Studio * Paramount Shop * Paramount+ * Join Our Talent Community * RSS Feeds * A Moment With... * Innovators & Disruptors * Economy 4.0 * VP Debate * U.S. * World * Election * Politics * HealthWatch * MoneyWatch * Entertainment * Crime * Sports * Essentials Watch CBS News Politics # Right-wing influencer spreads false claim Kamala Harris wore earpiece during debate By Joanne Stocker September 11, 2024 / 3:04 PM EDT / CBS News * * * Analysis of Trump and Harris\' debate Trump and Harris presidential debate fact-checks and analysis 09:01 False claims that Vice President Kamala Harris wore clip-on audio headphones disguised as pearl earrings circulated on social media following Tuesday night\'s presidential debate, promoted by prominent accounts on X and other platforms. Social media users, including conspiracy theorist and far-right activist Laura Loomer, claimed Harris\'s earrings were Nova H1 audio earphones, which are styled to look like pearl earrings. Loomer\'s post received more than 1.3 million views by Wednesday morning. However, the earphones do not look the same as Harris\'s earrings. A photograph from the original product review shows the Nova H1 earphones wrap around the earlobe, whereas Harris\'s earrings dangle and are for pierced earlobes. The earrings Harris wore appear to be a pair of Tiffany & Co. South Sea Pearl Earrings from the Hardwear collection. Harris has worn the gold earrings at previous events, including during an Aug. 6 rally in Pennsylvania and the White House Juneteenth concert this summer. ![\\"US-VOTE-POLITICS-DEBATE-HARRIS- TRUMP](\\" harris-debate-2170586302.jpg?v=0736ad3ef1e9ddfe1218648fe91d6c9b#\\") Vice President and Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris gestures as former U.S. President and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump speaks during a presidential debate at the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sept. 10, 2024. SAUL LOEB/AFP/Getty Earpieces are not permitted in presidential debates. In the ABC debate, candidates were not allowed to bring notes or props on stage. CBS News reached out to the Harris campaign about the claims. Google data showed searches for \"nova h1\" and \"nova earrings\" spiked on Wednesday morning. The earrings are billed on a Kickstarter campaign as \"the first clip-on earphones on the planet,\" and their creators say the technology is embedded in real pearls, placed on the earlobe to project sound into the ear canal with integrated high-end microphones. ## A history of earpiece claims The claim that Trump\'s opponent was wearing an earpiece has been repeated after several presidential debates. Social media users claimed, without evidence, that President Biden was wearing an earpiece when he debated Trump in the NBC presidential debate in June. In 2020, Trump\'s campaign ran Facebook ads accusing Mr. Biden of wearing an earpiece during the Sept. 2020 debate, and the claims were also widely shared on social media. The Biden campaign rejected the claims, and high quality images from the debate showed the alleged wires were likely creases in his clothing and a watch or rosary. In 2016, the conspiracy website True Pundit and others falsely claimed Hillary Clinton was wearing an earpiece to get \"stealth communications\" during an NBC News forum. Fact checkers found these claims to be false. The claims are not necessarily limited to right-wing conspiracies. In 2004, the internet was rife with rumors that a rectangular bulge between then- President George W. Bush\'s shoulder was a radio receiver to strategist Karl Rove. A campaign spokesperson told The New York Times later that it was \"most likely a rumpling of that portion of his suit jacket, or a wrinkle in the fabric.\" ### Election 2024 More ![\\"ftn-2.jpg](\\" Kelly says Americans need to be educated on election misinformation ![\\"vote-here- sign.jpg](\\" ffa7fe236ad1/thumbnail/140x90g1/be95757fa08c794c099fd4fc9383c9a0/vote-here- sign.jpg?v=0736ad3ef1e9ddfe1218648fe91d6c9b#\\") Election officials on threats to your right to vote ![\\"FRANCE-BANKING- POLITICS](\\" gettyimages-1233713985.jpg?v=0736ad3ef1e9ddfe1218648fe91d6c9b#\\") JPMorgan Chase denies Trump\'s claim that CEO Jamie Dimon endorsed him ![\\"Poll](\\" Intel bulletin warns of domestic extremists with \"election-related grievances\" ![\\"2024](\\" Bruce Springsteen endorses Harris, condemns Trump More In: * Presidential Debate * Kamala Harris * Donald Trump © 2024 CBS Interactive Inc. 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Former Vice President Joe Biden will wear a hidden earpiece during the first debate | 3,341 | ..Will President Biden wear an earpiece during the debate? All related (83) Sort Recommended ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-40650532-50-chzzfafublknojkcluennzmldlqycicy.jpeg\\") John Hertel Studied at Clear Creek High School · 4y Originally Answered: Did Joe Biden wear an ear piece at the first presidential debate with President Trump? If so, why? · This is obviously one of those questions whose only point is to get a false narrative out there with the text of the question, No answer is going to change the question askers mind. But just in case someone is still reading, I will point out that trying to listen to the things happening around you in a debate, and then also trying to incorporate things people are saying to you in an earpiece at the same time is actually very, very difficult. Exactly the kind of thing someone with dementia would be completely unable to do. It would work fine in a quiz show when you have natural pauses built in, Continue Reading This is obviously one of those questions whose only point is to get a false narrative out there with the text of the question, No answer is going to change the question askers mind. But just in case someone is still reading, I will point out that trying to listen to the things happening around you in a debate, and then also trying to incorporate things people are saying to you in an earpiece at the same time is actually very, very difficult. Exactly the kind of thing someone with dementia would be completely unable to do. It would work fine in a quiz show when you have natural pauses built in, but this was just a chaotic free for all, and Biden got in his zingers with reasonably natural sounding timing. You really need to just stick with the drugs accusation, its at least possible. Right now the right seems to be accusing him of both being on performance enhancing drugs and also cheating with an earpiece. Stick to one or the other, they really don\'t make a lot of sense together. The whole months long accusation that Joe couldn\'t speak an entire sentence really was poor planning, because it lowered the bar so low that all Joe had to do was survive the debate to look good. I never really understood the mental health attack. I mean when you live in a glass house… Upvote · 9937 9911 Related questions More answers below What do you think about the rumour that Joe Biden wear earpiece to ‘cheat’ at the first presidential debate? Does Joe Biden wear an earpiece during speeches? Is there any evidence to support the claim that Joe Biden will be wearing an earpiece during the CNN debate? Why isn’t Fox News hosting the Biden/Trump debate? Will Joe Biden be reading a teleprompter or using an earpiece during the debate with Donald Trump? ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-365738983-50-rxaweeyyhysvfbvlkibskabwtwripqll.jpeg\\") Jon Hill Former Insurance Adjuster and Freelance Artist · Author has 7.3K answers and 3.8M answer views · 4y Originally Answered: Is Biden wearing an earpiece in the presidential debate? He doesn\'t seem to be talking as himself. · Is Biden wearing an earpiece in the presidential debate? Not that I can tell. He doesn\'t seem to be talking as himself. How is he “supposed” to sound? He sounds just like he does every time I have seen him talk. Which is a lot more than some media would admit to. Edit: Just found out why this question might have been asked. The Trump campaign apparently called for an independent third party to check both candidate’s ears for electronic transmitters. This followed accusations that the Biden campaign asked for breaks during the debate. According to the Biden campaign: > During a pre-debate call with Continue Reading Is Biden wearing an earpiece in the presidential debate? Not that I can tell. He doesn\'t seem to be talking as himself. How is he “supposed” to sound? He sounds just like he does every time I have seen him talk. Which is a lot more than some media would admit to. Edit: Just found out why this question might have been asked. The Trump campaign apparently called for an independent third party to check both candidate’s ears for electronic transmitters. This followed accusations that the Biden campaign asked for breaks during the debate. According to the Biden campaign: > During a pre-debate call with reporters on Tuesday, Biden spokesperson Kate > Bedingfield shot down the Trump campaign\'s claims. > > “Of course he’s not wearing an earpiece and we never asked for breaks,\" > Bedingfield told reporters. \"His staff seems concerned that he may not do > well tonight and they’re already laying the groundwork to lie about why.\" > > \"It is pathetic, it’s weak, once again the Trump campaign is lying,\" she > said. Trump campaign wants to examine Biden\'s ears for electronic device before debate: Fox News Let’s just wait and see how often Trumpists use this as an excuse for why Biden did as well as he did. Upvote · 9911 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-2068442774-50-nkudeeayxaeghnuzksveazpehygggfeg.jpeg\\") Jim Doggett Former Marketing Exec and Then Chef, now retired · Author has 4.2K answers and 532.4K answer views · Jun 20 Against Trump? You gotta be kidding me. The man cannot stand being surrounded by anything but yes men that don\'t dare question the utterly absurd shit coming out of his mouth, and that was before what is coming out of his rapidly declining mental acuity pinhead that none can understand. So first off, he\'d be a fool to go head to head with Biden whose many decades of experience in Congress and the White House (going on 12 years) will make running circles around Trump child\'s play. Then add to fact Trump is going off the rails and if not babble or blanking out he’ll go off on some absurd tangent Continue Reading Against Trump? You gotta be kidding me. The man cannot stand being surrounded by anything but yes men that don\'t dare question the utterly absurd shit coming out of his mouth, and that was before what is coming out of his rapidly declining mental acuity pinhead that none can understand. So first off, he\'d be a fool to go head to head with Biden whose many decades of experience in Congress and the White House (going on 12 years) will make running circles around Trump child\'s play. Then add to fact Trump is going off the rails and if not babble or blanking out he’ll go off on some absurd tangent about sharks and jumping off a building or who the fuck knows. Trump\'s staff has to be working full time on how to back out gracefully and contain their candidate gone loopier by the day. And Trump has weaseled out of Republican friendly debates. A Rep/Dem level playing field is not going to happen since the narcissist cannot deal with contradictions, even if a disabled person that he has the audacity,, absence of judgement and utter morally reprehensible gall to ridicule. At a rally with adoring retards, Trump can barely get by with a scripted same-shit-different- day diatribe without getting nuts and leaving people wondering what the fuck. Head to head with Biden would be tempting political implosion on live prime time TV and in totality. He can\'t do it and I\'d bet paychecks it won\'t happen. Period. Hell; if anything, Biden’s staff are prepping him to go in with gloves on and not come across as a bully attacking a weak opponent. Be judicious, rational and presidential. Don\'t wipe the floor with Trump because it could backfire. Outperform on image and presidential composure that make the better man, President Biden by a million miles, come across as obvious since it doesn\'t take a crystal ball to know Trump will be borderline buffoon and get nutty as a truckload of peanuts. Biden wins in a walk. The Trump campaign won\'t dare risk it, if there\'s half a brain functioning between them. Upvote · 95 95 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-46123228-50-qaciwnalzlmdxojkkolsrjkktxmwykmk.jpeg\\") Pascal Morimacil Worker, Thinker, Writer · Author has 4.5K answers and 43.9M answer views · 4y Related Do you think Joe Biden wore a wire during the debate? ![](\\" qimg-961c4eedba258d6badbb483810c418ec-pjlq\\") Like yes, obviously there was a microphone recording the conversation, and transmitting it to the police. Also, to a lot of non-police people as well, I might add. Like 70 million people or something. It’s kind of essential to any debate these days, because the old method of gathering everyone in a crowd and then trying to shout really loudly was getting difficult to scale up. * * * Somehow, it’s more of a hybrid method in the end. It’s like grandpa yelling in the phone… No, look, they are far away, but you can speak normally, ok? No need to try and yell, its not helping! Continue Reading ![](\\" qimg-961c4eedba258d6badbb483810c418ec-pjlq\\") Like yes, obviously there was a microphone recording the conversation, and transmitting it to the police. Also, to a lot of non-police people as well, I might add. Like 70 million people or something. It’s kind of essential to any debate these days, because the old method of gathering everyone in a crowd and then trying to shout really loudly was getting difficult to scale up. * * * Somehow, it’s more of a hybrid method in the end. It’s like grandpa yelling in the phone… No, look, they are far away, but you can speak normally, ok? No need to try and yell, its not helping! Upvote · 2.4K2.4K 9983 95 Related questions What do you think about the rumour that Joe Biden wear earpiece to ‘cheat’ at the first presidential debate? Does Joe Biden wear an earpiece during speeches? Is there any evidence to support the claim that Joe Biden will be wearing an earpiece during the CNN debate? Why isn’t Fox News hosting the Biden/Trump debate? Will Joe Biden be reading a teleprompter or using an earpiece during the debate with Donald Trump? Will either candidate in the upcoming presidential debate be allowed to use an earpiece so they can be fed information on the questions? Will Joe Biden avoid debating the president? Did Joe Biden wear an ear piece at the first presidential debate with President Trump? If so, why? Why was Joe Biden clearly using an earpiece during the debate in violation of the debate\'s rules? Was Joe Biden wearing a wire, earpiece or taking drugs during the first presidential debate with Trump? Do we have any reason to believe that CNN isn\'t giving the Biden campaign debate questions in advance? Do you think it would be a problem if Joe Biden were to wear a hidden earpiece during the upcoming presidential debate? Why or why not? Will Biden still run after the last debate? Was Lester Holt wearing an earpiece during the debate? What was Trump\'s opinion of Biden during the debate? Related questions What do you think about the rumour that Joe Biden wear earpiece to ‘cheat’ at the first presidential debate? Does Joe Biden wear an earpiece during speeches? Is there any evidence to support the claim that Joe Biden will be wearing an earpiece during the CNN debate? Why isn’t Fox News hosting the Biden/Trump debate? Will Joe Biden be reading a teleprompter or using an earpiece during the debate with Donald Trump? Will either candidate in the upcoming presidential debate be allowed to use an earpiece so they can be fed information on the questions? Advertisement About · Careers · Privacy · Terms · Contact · Languages · Your Ad Choices · Press · © Quora, Inc. 2024 |
Former Vice President Joe Biden will wear a hidden earpiece during the first debate | 3,341 | Hurricane-prone states The day in pictures Get the USA TODAY app Start the day smarter ☀️ U.S. Elections Sports Entertainment Life Money Tech Travel Opinion ONLY AT USA TODAY: Newsletters For Subscribers From the Archives Crossword eNewspaper Magazines Investigations Podcasts Video Humankind Just Curious Best-selling Booklist 24/7 Live Stream Legals OUR PORTFOLIO: 10Best USAT Wine Club Shopping Homefront Blueprint Southern Kitchen Best Auto Insurance Best Pet Insurance Best Travel Insurance Best Credit Cards Best CD Rates Best Personal Loans Home Internet FACT CHECK Joe Biden Add Topic # Fact check: Allegations that Joe Biden wore an earpiece at town hall, debate are false ![\\"Portrait](\\"/gcdn/presto/2020/07/14/USAT/4e5fcc4d-caae-4913-aaa0-df371b04059a-Link_Devon.jpeg?crop=2253,2253,x0,y276&width=48&height=48&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\") Devon Link USA TODAY ![\\"\\"](\\"/gcdn/presto/2020/09/23/USAT/394278ca-5bc8-404f-b03d-507506fd915c-AP20262614815656.jpg?crop=3873,2179,x1324,y667&width=660&height=371&format=pjpg&auto=webp\\"/) PlayPause Sound OnSound Off 0:00 1:16 AD SKIP ClosedCaptionOpen ShareEnter Full ScreenExit Full Screen ## Claim: Biden wore an earpiece during a CNN town hall and will do it again for presidential debates As America prepares to watch President Donald Trump and Vice President Joe Biden square off in the first debate of the election season, Biden’s critics are preparing their arguments to invalidate his possible success. “Joe’s flesh colored earpiece was spotted at his last townhall. Staffers can give him answers at the presidential debates,” claims a meme posted to Facebook Sept. 22. \"Why does Joe Biden not have an ear canal? Because he’s wearing a specialty designed earpiece so he can recite whatever is told to him,\" another Facebook user questioned on Sept 24. \"His cognitive function is impaired. He is UNFIT to serve as POTUS,\" the post concluded alongside a meme with an up-close image of the same photo and an ear\'s anatomy. Fact or fiction?:We\'re fact checking the news and sending it to your inbox. Sign up to get that here. USA TODAY reached out to both Facebook users for comment. There\'s no truth to the allegations, which surfaced a week ahead of the first debate and again that day. The Biden campaign also denied claims that they refused to consent to an inspection for an earpiece ahead of the debate. ## Biden did not wear an earpiece in CNN town hall video Biden’s wardrobe and the CNN logo in the background indicate the photo was taken while Biden was speaking at CNN’s Sept. 17 town hall. Videos of the town hall that CNN posted to YouTube show Biden\'s head and ear much clearer than the photo. He does not appear to be wearing an earpiece. The part of Biden\'s ear the meme purports to be an earpiece is much more likely light reflecting off his skin. His ear canal is not visible due to the angle at which the photo was taken. More:Fact check: Joe Biden did not botch the Pledge of Allegiance in speech The shadow of Biden\'s ear canal is visible at 3:07, 4:33 and 6:48 into one clip CNN posted to YouTube, proving he was not wearing a flesh colored earpiece. ## Biden campaign says he didn\'t wear an earpiece The Biden campaign\'s deputy campaign manager and communications director, Kate Bedingfield, responded to Trump\'s unfounded claims that Biden would not agree to earpiece inspection and breaks every 30 minutes during the debate. \"Of course he’s not wearing an earpiece and we never asked for breaks,\" Washington Post reporter Matt Viser quoted Bedingfield on Twitter Sept. 29. A tweet followed with a denial about ear inspections. “This is so ridiculous. This is absolutely ridiculous” Viser quoted Biden\'s Senior Advisor Symone D. Sanders in another tweet. When the campaign responded to USA TODAY\'s request for comment on the matter, Deputy National Press Secretary Matt Hill directed us to Viser\'s tweet. More:Fact check: The third and final presidential debate ## A long history of earpiece accusations This is not the first time a presidential candidate has been accused of cheating during a debate. On Oct. 7, 2008, blogger Ann Althouse accused Barack Obama of wearing an earpiece during a presidential debate. She later conceded that the photo might have depicted reflecting light rather than an earpiece, but still held that it could have been true. “Just because the thing I saw wasn\'t there doesn\'t mean there wasn\'t something there that I didn\'t see,” she wrote. In 2016, critics accused Hillary Clinton of wearing a flesh-colored earpiece during a debate. Snopes investigated the claim and rated it false. Also, this is not the first time Biden has been accused of trying to cheat while speaking publicly. After delivering a powerful Democratic National Convention acceptance speech in August, Biden was falsely accused of prerecording his speech. USA TODAY investigated that claim and found it to be false. More:Fact check: Claim that Biden called the Second Amendment \'obsolete\' is satire ## Our ruling: False We rate the claim that Biden wore an earpiece so his staff could feed him answers during a CNN town hall FALSE. Video from the town hall indicates he was not wearing an earpiece on Sept. 17. And on Sept. 29, the Biden campaign denied accusations he will do so during the presidential debate. ## Our fact-check sources: * USA TODAY, Sept. 29, \"How to watch the first presidential debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump\" * Joe Lucido\'s Sept. 22 Facebook Post * Laura Eisenhower\'s Sept. 24 Facebook Post * USA TODAY, Sept. 17, \"Biden: \'I’ve benefited\' from being white, offers stark contrast to Trump on race\" * YouTube, CNN, Sept. 17, \"Biden asked about police reform and violent protests at CNN town hall\" * YouTube, CNN, Sept. 17, \"See the moment Joe Biden got upset at CNN town hall\" * The Detroit News, Sept. 29, \"Trump, Biden campaigns spar over earpieces before debate\" * Matt Viser\'s Sept. 29 Tweet * Matt Viser\'s Sept. 29 Tweet * Althouse, Oct. 7, 2008, \"Live-blogging the big \'town hall\' debate.\" * Althouse, Oct. 7, 2008, \"[I doubt that] Obama wore an earpiece that was clearly visible on HDTV\" * Snopes, Sept. 27, 2016, \"Hillary Clinton Wore Secret Earpiece During First Presidential Debate?\" * USA TODAY, Aug. 25, \"Fact check: Joe Biden delivered his Democratic nomination acceptance speech live\" Thank you for supporting our journalism. You can subscribe to our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. Our fact check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections FactChat #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here, for more. 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Former Vice President Joe Biden will wear a hidden earpiece during the first debate | 3,341 | Facebook Twitter Tumblr CloseFactCheck.org® A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center ![\\"Become](\\" mini.png\\"/) ![\\"Follow](\\" twitter.png\\"/) ![\\"Get](\\" ![\\"Follow](\\" instagram-1.png\\"/) ![\\"Sign](\\" ![\\"Help](\\" FactCheck.org® * Home * Articles * Featured Posts * FactCheck Posts * SciCheck * En Español * 2024 elections * Players Guide 2024 * Debunking Viral Claims * Ask a Question * Ask FactCheck * Ask SciCheck * Donate * Topics * President Biden * Donald Trump * Kamala Harris * JD Vance * Tim Walz * health * Coronavirus * immigration * climate change * View All * About Us * Our Mission * Our Process * Our Funding * Our Staff * Undergraduate Fellows * Awards * Request a Correction * Contact Us * Search * More * Viral Claims * Subscribe * Instagram * Threads * YouTube * X (Twitter) * Facebook * TikTok * FactCheck On the Air * Mailbag Debunking Viral Claims # Baseless Online Claims Target Biden Ahead of First Debate By Angelo Fichera and Saranac Hale Spencer Posted on September 29, 2020 | Updated on October 1, 2020 * * * * * ##### Quick Take Unsubstantiated posts spreading on Facebook and Twitter claim former Vice President Joe Biden “got tonight’s debate questions in advance” and that he will be wearing an earpiece. There is no evidence for either assertion. ##### Full Story In the hours before the first presidential debate, baseless and unsubstantiated claims about former Vice President Joe Biden swirled on social media. The unfounded assertions included claims that Biden was given the questions ahead of time and that he will wear an electronic earpiece during the debate. ##### Baseless Assertion on Debate Questions On Twitter and Facebook on Sept. 29, a conservative radio host pushed a baseless story that Biden was given the questions for the first presidential debate in advance. “Word on the street is that @JoeBiden got tonight’s debate questions in advance – per @KXEL1540,” Todd Starnes wrote in a tweet shared more than 11,000 times. An article on his website spreading the claim was shared on Facebook nearly 3,000 times, according to CrowdTangle data. Its sole source was a recent interview conducted with Jerome Corsi, a known purveyor of conspiracy theories and a key figure in Roger Stone’s conviction stemming from the investigation into Russia’s interference in the 2016 election. Chris Wallace, a Fox News anchor, is moderating the first debate. A Fox News spokesperson rejected the claim, telling FactCheck.org that Wallace had not sent out any questions prior to the debate. “This is entirely false and any assertion otherwise is patently absurd,” the spokesperson said in a statement. In a Sept. 28 segment about Wallace’s preparation, Fox News’ Martha MacCallum said: “Wallace says his questions for Tuesday night’s high-stakes, primetime matchup will not be shared with either campaign or the debate commission ahead of time.” (3:27) The nonpartisan host of the debate, the Commission on Presidential Debates, publicly announced on Sept. 22 that Wallace had selected the topics for the debate. The topics include the records of President Donald Trump and Biden, the Supreme Court, COVID-19, the economy, election integrity and race and urban unrest. Two days later, on Sept. 24, Corsi made the unsubstantiated claim about Wallace giving Biden the questions in an interview with KXEL. “The information that I’ve just gotten — and I think, well, it’s always been accurate — is that Joe Biden has been given the questions from Fox’s Chris Wallace and he’s being prepared on the exact questions he’s going to be asked,” Corsi said in the interview. But Corsi — who also called Biden the “worst presidential candidate in my lifetime” during the interview — provided no evidence or sourcing to support his claim. We reached out to Corsi to ask what evidence he had to back up his allegation, but didn’t hear back. ##### Unfounded Earpiece Claim The Trump campaign added more fuel to the pre-debate frenzy online when it released a statement claiming that Biden had refused to comply with an inspection for electronic earpieces and had requested “multiple breaks.” By the end of the day, conservative Facebook pages were rife with baseless memes asserting that the former vice president would actually be wearing an earpiece. Biden’s deputy campaign manager, Kate Bedingfield, reportedly called the claim “absurd” on a call with journalists and said, “Of course, he is not wearing an earpiece, and we never asked for breaks.” The Commission on Presidential Debates didn’t immediately respond to our request for comment. But the New York Times outlined what it called “The Long History of ‘Hidden Earpiece’ Conspiracy Theories,” detailing the various partisan claims about surreptitious electronic communications used by presidential candidates since Rush Limbaugh accused Al Gore of using an earpiece during an appearance on NBC’s “Meet the Press” during the 2000 election. None of the earpiece claims noted in the New York Times story were ever proven to be true. The Trump campaign’s claim appears to have developed out of its request “to allow a third party to inspect the ears of each debater for electronic devices or transmitters,” according to an early report from Fox News published on the morning of the debate. Although Biden’s campaign has denied the rumor that the former vice president would wear an electronic listening device during the debate, the memes that claim otherwise have spread widely. There’s no evidence to support that claim, though. Update, Oct. 1, 2020: In Facebook ads that largely targeted voters in swing states, the Trump campaign promoted both the claim that Biden had requested breaks and the unfounded suggestion that Biden would wear an earpiece, according to Facebook’s political ad library. Editor’s note: FactCheck.org is one of several organizations working with Facebook to debunk misinformation shared on social media. Our previous stories can be found here. This fact check is available at IFCN’s 2020 US Elections FactChat #Chatbot on WhatsApp. Click here for more. ##### Sources Kroll, Andy. “Pro-Trump Conspiracy Peddler Jerome Corsi Apologizes to Seth Rich’s Family.” Rolling Stone. 4 Mar 2019. “Moderator Announces Topics for First Presidential Debate.” Commission on Presidential Debates. 22 Sep 2020. Stein, Jeff. “KXEL Live & Local.” News Talk 1540 KXEL. 24 Sep 2020. Donald J. Trump for President. Press release. “Trump Campaign Statement on Debate Rules.” 29 Sep 2020. Rivera, Madeleine (@madeleinerivera). “Biden Deputy Campaign Manager @KBeds responded to this during a debate preview call today: ‘It is completely absurd. Of course, he is not wearing an earpiece, and we never asked for breaks.’” Twitter. 29 Sep 2020. Roose, Kevin. “The Long History of ‘Hidden Earpiece’ Conspiracy Theories.” New York Times. 29 Sep 2020. * Categories * Debunking Viral Claims * Tags * 2020 Election * Location * National * Issue * Commission on Presidential Debates * presidential debates * People * Donald Trump * Joe Biden Previous StoryReviewing the Facts in Anti-Harris Ad on Accused Child Rapist Next StoryFactChecking the First Trump-Biden Debate Ask SciCheck Q: Are wind farms harmful to the environment? A: Like all energy sources, wind farms have some negative environmental impacts. But getting energy from wind farms results in dramatically lower greenhouse gas emissions than getting it from fossil fuels. Read the full question and answer View the Ask SciCheck archives Have a question? Ask us. 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Video of Christianity praying in Warangal Thousand Pillar Temple Mandapam | 3,342 | Please don\'t press \"Back or refresh button\" while loading Toggle navigation![\\"Telangana](\\"assets/img/telangana_final_new- logo.jpg\\") List Grid #### TOP ATTRACTIONS * Ananthagiri HIlls * Laknavaram * Ramoji Film City * Taramati Baradari * Nagarjuna Sagar #### MANAGE BOOKINGS * Hotel Booking Cancellation * Hotel Reschedule * Hotel Booking Duplicate Ticket * Package Booking Cancellation * Package Reschedule * Package Duplicate Ticket #### USEFUL LINKS * NIDHI * Saathi * Privacy Policy * Terms & Conditions * Cancellation & Refund Policy * Contact Info * Contactus #### CONTACT INFO * 3-5-891, Tourism House Himayatnagar, Hyderabad - 500 029, Telangana, India. * 1800-425-46464 * [email protected] * © 2021 All Rights Reserved. Telangana Tourism * * * * * ![\\"Telangana](\\"assets/img/brands/play-market.png\\")Download on Play Store Didn’t get answer for something? ![](\\" ![\\"Close](\\" ![\\"T-Aadab\\"](\\" ![\\"\\"](\\"\\"/) |
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Lightboxes Share Alamy images with your team and customers * Create a lightbox › All images * All images * Photographs * Vectors * Illustrations * Social * 360° images * Video * Live news * Search by image Search for imagesSearch for stock images, vectors and videos Search by image Search with an image file or link to find similar images AllCreativeEditorial All CreativeUltimateVitalUncutFoundation All EditorialArchive(greater than 20 years old) Filters Sort by Relevant * Relevant * Most recently uploaded * Newest date taken * Oldest date taken # Inside meenakshi temple in madurai Stock Photos and Images (228)See inside meenakshi temple in madurai stock video clips Quick filters: Black & white chevron_left Pageof 3 chevron_right background_grid_smallgrid_view # Inside meenakshi temple in madurai Stock Photos and Images Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- 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heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai, Sri Meenakshi Temple interior, worshippers at Ganesh elephant god shrine Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-temple-interior- worshippers-29021851.html?imageid=3F8D940A-6C27-42E7-8D52-38869D7F6FA2&p=65620&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBK61JK–India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai, Sri Meenakshi Temple interior, worshippers at Ganesh elephant god shrine heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Low-angle view of colorful gopura tower with Hindu deities inside Meenakshi Amman temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 gopura-tower-with-hindu-deities- inside-310555970.html?imageid=357480B1-4F5B-41A3-B5FF-8E1DCFCEB9CF&p=354968&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMS1718J–Low-angle view of colorful gopura tower with Hindu deities inside Meenakshi Amman temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person India Tamil Nadu Madurai Sri Meenakshi Temple vistors in the Ayriakkal Mandapa the thousand pillared hall Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-temple-vistors-in-the- ayriakkal-22555257.html?imageid=4FBDF586-D3CA-4BD8-B932-F15F0C11BAEE&p=65620&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMB8KDCW–India Tamil Nadu Madurai Sri Meenakshi Temple vistors in the Ayriakkal Mandapa the thousand pillared hall heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Hindu man with a holy cow at the Meenakshi Amman Sundareswarar temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 the-meenakshi-amman-sundareswarar- temple-23901902.html?imageid=B9F1348E-65F8-4D9A-8D4C-BBB89B78E2B8&p=28141&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBATR3A–Hindu man with a holy cow at the Meenakshi Amman Sundareswarar temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person India, Tamil Nadu, Madurai, Sri Meenakshi Temple interior, elephant blessing worshipper Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-temple-interior-elephant- 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Meenakshi Temple Golden Lotus Tank visitors in the surrounding arcade Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-temple-golden-lotus-tank- visitors-22554380.html?imageid=CAACE04A-B2C6-4F57-982F-94DDC7D8AFF0&p=30289&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMB8KC9G–India Tamil Nadu Madurai Sri Meenakshi Temple Golden Lotus Tank visitors in the surrounding arcade heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Tailors inside the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 amman-temple-in-madurai- india-139715025.html?imageid=8EA600E3-3E9C-450F-82F1-F3945CCD17EE&p=387015&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFJ38FX9–Tailors inside the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. 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Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAJ, TAMILNADU, INDIA - 08 JANUARY 2010: Indian pilgrims is praying the temple in the Maduraj town in India Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 india-08-january-2010-indian-pilgrims-is-praying- image154831867.html?imageid=90BB094B-F625-47CD- AEC5-2CE1AB45D987&p=297841&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFJYW5HF–MADURAJ, TAMILNADU, INDIA - 08 JANUARY 2010: Indian pilgrims is praying the temple in the Maduraj town in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person A colorful Elephant gives his blessing to a hindu woman inside Meenakshi temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 blessing-to-a-hindu-woman-inside-meenakshi-10171637.html?imageid=6722ABED- AC77-4D4C-AF13-0582DAC96378&p=29862&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMA17RBJ–A colorful Elephant gives his blessing to a hindu woman inside Meenakshi temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Ganesha murti inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 inside-meenakshi-temple-a-historic-hindu-temple-in-madurai-city-in-tamil-nadu- in-india- image244616477.html?imageid=F93709AE-88C6-4563-8974-6C2FEC8623CE&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFT5Y6PN–MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Ganesha murti inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- india-50146584.html?imageid=176E5267-1A15-475E-9501-5E0AF3D277F5&p=36552&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGADC–Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Stone Carving Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-south- india-18845816.html?imageid=3F827950-D0CB-4CB0-8288-E691D0B5E441&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMB2JE0T–Stone Carving Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- india-50146639.html?imageid=BBB7D272-23EF-407F-88B0-63E0667858CD&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGAFB–Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The Gopurams or tower and courtyard in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-temple-in-madurai- image5635403.html?imageid=7A882692-50DE-4043-843C-57530744957C&p=16392&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMA02WTC–The Gopurams or tower and courtyard in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Stucco work in Sri Meenakshi Temple Madurai Tamil Nadu India Stock Photo details/?v=1 temple-madurai-tamil-nadu- india-26290946.html?imageid=7A4C7BDA-B9E8-4FF7-8733-513FB081CDE6&p=327538&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBENJAA–Stucco work in Sri Meenakshi Temple Madurai Tamil Nadu India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu Stock Photo details/?v=1 temple-in-madurai-tamil- nadu-59631567.html?imageid=EA118FB5-BDFC-4740-A3A5-E4459454296C&p=184460&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFDD0CJR–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Row of ancient pillars inside the Shree Meenaskshi Temple in Madurai in Tamil Nadu India Stock Photo details/?v=1 the-shree-meenaskshi-temple-in- madurai-22132128.html?imageid=625825F0-2202-4693-9A54-2D342CAA0243&p=22807&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMB805N4–Row of ancient pillars inside the Shree Meenaskshi Temple in Madurai in Tamil Nadu India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Butterballs for sale as offerings to the gods, in Meenakshi-Sundareswar Temple of Madurai, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Asia Stock Photo details/?v=1 offerings-to-the-gods-in-meenakshi- sundareswar-51011880.html?imageid=AFF57F62-ED7D-4513-9B8A-3D5D82C9C69E&p=165017&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCXYP4T–Butterballs for sale as offerings to the gods, in Meenakshi- Sundareswar Temple of Madurai, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, Asia heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The ceiling inside the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, India. Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-amman-temple-in-madurai- india-126311002.html?imageid=DD850EE5-B25F-43DA-A388-96783A860F78&p=358687&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMH9DXY6–The ceiling inside the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Visitors in the temple hall with brightly painted pillars, mythical creatures, Meenakshi Amman Temple or Sri Meenakshi Stock Photo details/?v=1 painted-pillars-mythical- image60010836.html?imageid=9E494D3C-16EA-46D7-9994-33EBC085DCB1&p=69221&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMDDHMC4–Visitors in the temple hall with brightly painted pillars, mythical creatures, Meenakshi Amman Temple or Sri Meenakshi heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Female worshipers praying in front of a Ganesh shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 front-of-a-ganesh-shrine-meenakshi- temple-16950844.html?imageid=776AB5E3-890E-4D06-9823-9DCA7143D30E&p=19077&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAY0BHH–Female worshipers praying in front of a Ganesh shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person elephant and young bald boy in the sri meenakshi temple Stock Photo details/?v=1 the-sri-meenakshi- temple-31314453.html?imageid=76171DBE-D232-40BC-82A1-5F2AC8A747FC&p=60635&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBPXDW9–elephant and young bald boy in the sri meenakshi temple heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person 24 Apr 2009 Meenakshi Kalyanam(marriage of Meenakshi and Lord Shiva) Painted Ceiling Pattern Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-and-lord-shiva-painted-ceiling-pattern-inside-sri-meenakshi-hindu- temple-in-madurai-south-india- image330670211.html?imageid=91AD5D86-D6CE-4F03-A403-D0E5697F55B8&p=763011&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2A5Y96B–24 Apr 2009 Meenakshi Kalyanam(marriage of Meenakshi and Lord Shiva) Painted Ceiling Pattern Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365117986.html?imageid=9696E33A-0157-4700-8747-AA78B21AE75D&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60FM2–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Tailor inside the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 amman-temple-in-madurai- india-139715033.html?imageid=46BB942E-8E52-400D-B74D-0BC685237F1B&p=387015&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFJ38FXH–Tailor inside the Meenakshi Amman Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho Stock Photo details/?v=1 colorful-sari-prays-inside-meenakshi-temple-on-february-16-2012-meenakshi- temple-is-one-of-the-most-ho- image244697433.html?imageid=BBC9B271-0CAE-46D3-9FA1-02CBCB6B4093&p=281827&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFT62X21–MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAJ, TAMILNADU, INDIA - 08 JANUARY 2010: Indian pilgrims is smoking cigarettes ahead of the temple in the Maduraj town in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india-08-january-2010-indian-pilgrims-is-smoking- image154831758.html?imageid=569C458A-5577-4DB1-A783-CCA548ACD81A&p=297841&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFJYW5DJ–MADURAJ, TAMILNADU, INDIA - 08 JANUARY 2010: Indian pilgrims is smoking cigarettes ahead of the temple in the Maduraj town in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Female worshippers praying in front of a Ganesh shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 front-of-a-ganesh-shrine-meenakshi- temple-28103186.html?imageid=849A9EAB-8FA9-48D8-A48C-6641CA7D629C&p=76257&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBHM5W6–Female worshippers praying in front of a Ganesh shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Ganesha murti inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 inside-meenakshi-temple-a-historic-hindu-temple-in-madurai-city-in-tamil-nadu- in-india- image368929386.html?imageid=5B96AA29-6B04-4A16-AD17-CB062B3D5642&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2CC655E–MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Ganesha murti inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person India Tamil Nadu Madurai religion Shree Menakshi hindu Temple worshippers in collonaded passage Stock Photo details/?v=1 menakshi-hindu-temple-worshippers- image9727738.html?imageid=71C31F06-4AE6-450D-8979-E6CDA4ECF05E&p=65620&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAY83YB–India Tamil Nadu Madurai religion Shree Menakshi hindu Temple worshippers in collonaded passage heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Ceiing Painting Design Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 sri-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in- madurai-18845813.html?imageid=C0423AD9-A703-4F7F-A2A5-0A2CFFDF7B99&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMB2JE0N–Ceiing Painting Design Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- india-50146646.html?imageid=293F887B-1BCA-4D73-A0C5-6CC5C3E6C021&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGAFJ–Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundaraswarar Temple is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to the goddess Meenakshi, a form of Shakti, and her consort, Sundareshwarar, a form of Shiva. Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple was built by Pandayan Emperor Sadayavarman Kulasekaran 1190 The most popular fact about the temple is that it is home to a hall that has a thousand pillars, a sacred pool with a golden lotus where you can take a ritual bath, a wedding hall, small shrines, gardens, and elephant sheads. Stock Photo details/?v=1 a-historic-hindu-temple-located-on-the-southern-bank-of-the-vaigai-river-in- the-temple-city-of-madurai-tamil-nadu-india-it-is-dedicated-to-the-goddess- meenakshi-a-form-of-shakti-and-her-consort-sundareshwarar-a-form-of-shiva- madurai-meenakshi-sundareswarar-temple-was-built-by-pandayan-emperor- sadayavarman-kulasekaran-1190-the-most-popular-fact-about-the-temple-is-that- it-is-home-to-a-hall-that-has-a-thousand-pillars-a-sacred-pool-with-a-golden- lotus-where-you-can-take-a-ritual-bath-a-wedding-hall-small-shrines-gardens- and-elephant-sheads- image507438295.html?imageid=D03D72D4-10C4-47CC-860D-16777D6FADD6&p=1941127&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2MDFPM7–Arulmigu Meenakshi Sundaraswarar Temple is a historic Hindu temple located on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to the goddess Meenakshi, a form of Shakti, and her consort, Sundareshwarar, a form of Shiva. Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar temple was built by Pandayan Emperor Sadayavarman Kulasekaran 1190 The most popular fact about the temple is that it is home to a hall that has a thousand pillars, a sacred pool with a golden lotus where you can take a ritual bath, a wedding hall, small shrines, gardens, and elephant sheads. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- india-50146570.html?imageid=BDCB72D3-5904-43F4-840B-AAF68BDDBBDE&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGACX–Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu Stock Photo details/?v=1 temple-in-madurai-tamil- nadu-59631535.html?imageid=50C3CCBD-6DC7-4680-8829-53BE0A7FAF8F&p=184460&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFDD0CHK–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Traditional symbols of the Hindu religion - the bells. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Stock Photo details/?v=1 the-bells-inside-of-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india- image409810484.html?imageid=B05E9E41-21F0-4416-BACC-51CC16F6499D&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2EPMDCM–Traditional symbols of the Hindu religion - the bells. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Falling on ornate carvings of a pillar in a dark hall at the Hindu temple of Meenakshi Amman. Stock Photo details/?v=1 dark-hall-at-the-hindu-temple-of-meenakshi-amman- image432613384.html?imageid=A8E3FE7C-F6FB-45C2-8FE2-1953AF23E43B&p=829514&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2G3R6P0–Falling on ornate carvings of a pillar in a dark hall at the Hindu temple of Meenakshi Amman. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 sculpture-inside-of-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india- image414600136.html?imageid=DC5BB723-E9BD-47A8-9593-480322FAC44A&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EJKM–The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Woman with a child in a hall with brightly painted pillars, mythical creatures, Meenakshi Amman Temple or Sri Meenakshi Stock Photo details/?v=1 painted-pillars-mythical- image60010779.html?imageid=A1C1A99F-7C72-455E-BEB2-04A8A467A9CA&p=69221&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMDDHMA3–Woman with a child in a hall with brightly painted pillars, mythical creatures, Meenakshi Amman Temple or Sri Meenakshi heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Male worshiper praying in front of a Ganesh shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 of-a-ganesh-shrine-meenakshi- temple-16952212.html?imageid=E2892DC6-FD94-489A-ACE6-3A9C991F7C54&p=19077&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAY0FKH–Male worshiper praying in front of a Ganesh shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person A gopuram gate inside the grounds of the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Southern Tamil Nadu India Stock Photo details/?v=1 sri-meenakshi-temple-in-madurai- image1489233.html?imageid=7C1B99F1-2B82-4C33-9AA6-ABBD51EECEB4&p=3929&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAPB952–A gopuram gate inside the grounds of the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Southern Tamil Nadu India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person 24 Apr 2009 Meenakshi Kalyanam(marriage of Meenakshi and Lord Shiva) Painted Ceiling Pattern Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-and-lord-shiva-painted-ceiling-pattern-inside-sri-meenakshi-hindu- temple-in-madurai-south-india- image330670214.html?imageid=6B4DD31C-AE92-467A-8C48-24FC9EF8BFFF&p=763011&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2A5Y96E–24 Apr 2009 Meenakshi Kalyanam(marriage of Meenakshi and Lord Shiva) Painted Ceiling Pattern Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365117862.html?imageid=6F4130D1-B74F-4B70-A2A7-432163960D8B&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60FFJ–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Side Colonnade in the Muroothappa Sarvacar Mundapam, January-March 1858. Stock Photo details/?v=1 mundapam-january- march-1858-image469815878.html?imageid=9D3688E4-CC10-456C-8CA2-F24CDAFCA81E&p=1179669&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2J89XXE–Side Colonnade in the Muroothappa Sarvacar Mundapam, January-March 1858. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho Stock Photo details/?v=1 colorful-sari-prays-inside-meenakshi-temple-on-february-16-2012-meenakshi- temple-is-one-of-the-most-ho- image244697432.html?imageid=732E21DC-4695-41BD-A0B6-0E3F7B8EA8D1&p=281827&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFT62X20–MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Ganesha murti inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 inside-meenakshi-temple-a-historic-hindu-temple-in-madurai-city-in-tamil-nadu- in-india-image244611483.html?imageid=078233EA- FE04-41E5-B47B-C28084C43225&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFT5Y0CB–MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Ganesha murti inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 temple-in-madurai-south-india-17088092.html?imageid=078DFF37-79F6-4F75-B2CC- BC8443C90752&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAYF02N–Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- india-50146587.html?imageid=77940FC9-FF35-482E-BF7B-242FAA2EA080&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGADF–Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Falling on a stone carving of a figurine in a dark hall at the Hindu temple. Stock Photo details/?v=1 a-dark-hall-at-the-hindu-temple- image432613181.html?imageid=DDFBA7B7-E496-474D-BED5-DF23D20CCF0C&p=829514&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2G3R6EN–Falling on a stone carving of a figurine in a dark hall at the Hindu temple. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 sculpture-inside-of-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india- image414600216.html?imageid=A1FF9E7B-4849-46B6-8B57-B18454B3E16D&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EJPG–The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Hindu worshipers walking on a Kolam circle, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 kolam-circle-meenakshi-temple- madurai-16952343.html?imageid=909C002E-EC2C-4F7A-AD06-85206F211EEA&p=19077&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAY0G2G–Hindu worshipers walking on a Kolam circle, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Statue and gopuram architecture inside the grounds of the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Southern Tamil Nadu India Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 inside-the-grounds-of-the-sri-meenakshi- image1356538.html?imageid=65A32CAF-0C97-4D72-AFF4-DC20D88EEBD6&p=3929&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAMB2FB–Statue and gopuram architecture inside the grounds of the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Southern Tamil Nadu India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person 03 18 2013 Vintage Black and White Photo of Statue of woman playing veena in sri meenakshi temple of Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India Asia. Stock Photo details/?v=1 statue-of-woman-playing-veena-in-sri-meenakshi-temple-of-madurai-tamil-nadu- india-asia- image561547035.html?imageid=1893C68F-0BFE-4030-8DD6-7356A0B06A2C&p=763011&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2RHGJY7–03 18 2013 Vintage Black and White Photo of Statue of woman playing veena in sri meenakshi temple of Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India Asia. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365117975.html?imageid=62093564-A35B-4B4F-A19F-0440A93C52E8&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60FKK–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Entrance to the Thousand Pillared Mundapam in the Great Pagoda, January-March 1858. Stock Photo details/?v=1 in-the-great-pagoda-january- march-1858-image469815902.html?imageid=51A82BE8-B600-4EF1-B99E-05793D0BEBAF&p=1179669&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2J89XYA–Entrance to the Thousand Pillared Mundapam in the Great Pagoda, January-March 1858. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho Stock Photo details/?v=1 colorful-sari-prays-inside-meenakshi-temple-on-february-16-2012-meenakshi- temple-is-one-of-the-most-ho- image244697424.html?imageid=2E74093E-7236-4A0E-A7FE- ED403555D354&p=281827&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFT62X1M–MADURAI, INDIA - FEBRUARY 16: Indian woman in colorful sari prays inside Meenakshi Temple on February 16, 2012. Meenakshi Temple is one of the most ho heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: The thousand pillar hall inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 pillar-hall-inside-meenakshi-temple-a-historic-hindu-temple-in-madurai-city- in-tamil-nadu-in-india- image368929390.html?imageid=9DA39FA0-7D22-4283-8FF6-CBC88B453FC1&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2CC655J–MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: The thousand pillar hall inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Interior Hallway inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai- south-17088040.html?imageid=44D14210-06D0-41A6-A94D-153104750599&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAYEYXH–Interior Hallway inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-south- india-50146580.html?imageid=5A56828C-9357-4BB0-ACA8-D8B44FECF741&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGAD8–Inside Meenakshi Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 sculpture-inside-of-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india- image414600214.html?imageid=42D52371-5401-439B-8EBB-A09B40D56489&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EJPE–The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Brahmin blessing a baby, held in his mother’s arms, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 his-mothers-arms-meenakshi- temple-17000705.html?imageid=AFEDD51E-907C-4A4B-AC4F-7EF994FB4578&p=19077&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAY5M0J–Brahmin blessing a baby, held in his mother’s arms, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 sculpture-inside-of-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india- image414600749.html?imageid=90E40A4C-C667-429A-A5F8-5CB664244A1B&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EKDH–The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Statue and gopuram architecture inside the grounds of the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Southern Tamil Nadu India Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 inside-the-grounds-of-the-sri-meenakshi- image1356536.html?imageid=004DBCB0-ABAB-48E9-97C4-64C86AB0A9E5&p=3929&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAMB2F9–Statue and gopuram architecture inside the grounds of the Sri Meenakshi Temple in Madurai Southern Tamil Nadu India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365118095.html?imageid=5ED90D57-AAF8-40AE-9BD9-0977BBA764DF&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60FRY–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Small souvenir market inside the Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 market-inside-the-meenakshi-temple-a-historic-hindu-temple-in-madurai-city-in- tamil-nadu-in-india- image368929393.html?imageid=01703045-961A-4F6F-BE8F-BE97CFCC328B&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2CC655N–MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: Small souvenir market inside the Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Vendors Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 hindu-temple-in-madurai-south-india-17086088.html?imageid=DC3BF86F-C8E4-4DDE- BDCC-508680A3A5DB&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAYEP3N–Vendors Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Meenakshi Temple in Madurai south India Stock Photo details/?v=1 south- india-50146599.html?imageid=5DB57319-414F-4AF8-A1B7-B72A206A45A9&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGADY–Meenakshi Temple in Madurai south India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Female worshipers praying in front of a shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 front-of-a-shrine-meenakshi-temple- madurai-16951048.html?imageid=651D13F8-E482-4066-A308-7446673C71A5&p=19077&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAY0C6H–Female worshipers praying in front of a shrine, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Religious hall of thousands of columns Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india-religious-hall-of-thousands-of-columns- image414601193.html?imageid=545ED126-0596-48C5-A276-1D9F06BB6BAC&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EM1D–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Religious hall of thousands of columns heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365118269.html?imageid=F503B4D8-1FDC-4DB6-9FAF-F0521D05E7C3&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60G25–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: The thousand pillar hall inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India Stock Photo details/?v=1 pillar-hall-inside-meenakshi-temple-a-historic-hindu-temple-in-madurai-city- in-tamil-nadu-in-india- image358723565.html?imageid=AA07829F-2F9D-4BEB-A208-6D848C181843&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2BRH7FW–MADURAI, INDIA - MARCH 23, 2012: The thousand pillar hall inside Meenakshi Temple, a historic hindu temple in Madurai city in Tamil Nadu in India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Golden Flastaff Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai- south-17088094.html?imageid=E45CD48F-49F9-40AD-B4A1-12ED5F17BFF0&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAYF02R–Golden Flastaff Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Meenakshi Temple in Madurai south India Stock Photo details/?v=1 south- india-50146596.html?imageid=BF065118-6D32-4A64-A5F0-C538C83CBDD7&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGADT–Meenakshi Temple in Madurai south India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple at madurai in South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-in-south- india-33859671.html?imageid=D61BCBF1-4AB5-46E4-A221-6D6C553D72BD&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBY2C9Y–Inside the Meenakshi Temple at madurai in South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple at madurai in South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-in-south- india-33859309.html?imageid=93A02A6B-3C96-47E1-A6DF-2CC8C98AB245&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBY2BW1–Inside the Meenakshi Temple at madurai in South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Religious hall of thousands of columns Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india-religious-hall-of-thousands-of-columns- image414601195.html?imageid=08F941CA-17DE-4410-A51C-E5749EFE14FF&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EM1F–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Religious hall of thousands of columns heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365118275.html?imageid=F04FA60F-3C21-4164-913F-6DA7FB416CF2&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60G2B–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 sculpture-inside-of-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india- image414599966.html?imageid=701202F0-6B79-454E-931B-F6F0413C7EFE&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EJDJ–The traditional Hindu religion sculpture. Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 tamil-nadu-south-india- image179405048.html?imageid=D5A821B7-E9DD-4E60-9B62-B6F7C115897D&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFMBTGY4–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Hall Lined with Pilars Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 sri-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in- madurai-17085882.html?imageid=A1588DF5-88FF-4C88-87E6-63FA4D4CF9DA&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAYENEK–Hall Lined with Pilars Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple at madurai in South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 madurai-in-south- india-33859137.html?imageid=1D095F2D-947B-4C7E-A506-FEA689023BC1&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMBY2BJW–Inside the Meenakshi Temple at madurai in South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365118261.html?imageid=E02E07F0-6018-4DB2-969A-7BC856257066&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60G1W–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. It is a twin temple, one of which is dedicated to Meenakshi, and the other to L Stock Photo details/?v=1 tamil-nadu-south-india-it-is-a-twin-temple-one-of-which-is-dedicated-to- meenakshi-and-the-other-to-l- image414600057.html?imageid=A4963ED3-080B-4C45-82B5-DD5FA5315B72&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EJGW–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. It is a twin temple, one of which is dedicated to Meenakshi, and the other to L heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 temple-in-madurai-tamil-nadu-south- india-54948947.html?imageid=2290FE8C-4081-4F5F-8A4D-EC2FA904D3AB&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFD5B3XB–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Hall Lined with Pilars Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India Stock Photo details/?v=1 sri-meenakshi-hindu-temple-in- madurai-17085885.html?imageid=ED7AF237-4709-4947-B7B5-14FFDA1D4A01&p=51495&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMAYENEP–Hall Lined with Pilars Inside Sri Meenakshi Hindu Temple in Madurai South India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person The Blessing elephant in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India. For two rupees the elephant will bless you with his trunk. Stock Photo details/?v=1 meenakshi-temple-in-madurai-india- for-50146575.html?imageid=CE52FDE4-BFC1-4978-81A3-264B45262B91&p=35118&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RMCWGAD3–The Blessing elephant in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India. For two rupees the elephant will bless you with his trunk. heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India Stock Photo details/?v=1 india- image365118117.html?imageid=C2871759-9135-407E-8C67-358E1CD7A87C&p=5465&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RM2C60FTN–Inside the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai, India heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. It is a twin temple, one of which is dedicated to Meenakshi, and the other to L Stock Photo details/?v=1 tamil-nadu-south-india-it-is-a-twin-temple-one-of-which-is-dedicated-to- meenakshi-and-the-other-to-l- image414600135.html?imageid=883C2CA7-DECF-4203-9555-508BC2344BAF&p=1392870&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RF2F2EJKK–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. It is a twin temple, one of which is dedicated to Meenakshi, and the other to L heart_plus downloadshopping_cart person Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Religious hall of thousands of columns Stock Photo license-details/?v=1 madurai-tamil-nadu-south-india-religious-hall-of-thousands-of-columns- image179405047.html?imageid=4277C1B5-95B6-4CE9-ADEA-132787031B5B&p=176299&pn=1&searchId=5c8909ea571f43eb27f31860c69ad764&searchtype=0 RFMBTGY3–Inside of Meenakshi hindu temple in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. 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Video of Christianity praying in Warangal Thousand Pillar Temple Mandapam | 3,342 | ..If somebody taken a vow to visit Tirupati Balaji, but can\'t visit, then how can they rectify that mistake? All related (34) Sort Recommended ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-593625367-50-vlrxkvaxkobuibpthrtsjxfrkbmvkdpq.jpeg\\") Bhaskar Kalla Lives in Andhra Pradesh, India (1960–present) · Author has 522 answers and 528.5K answer views · 3y you. Can pray God and inform him about your in ability reasons and ask him to give you the strength to fulfill your woe to complte .If the reason is genuine he will guide you. Other\'s wise pray every. Day that you haven\'t fogotten. But your unablity is not permitting . if it is money try to send with so who are wisiting. God is not cruel or punishing for every mistake. He is more than a mother. Who will not punish us for our inevitable mistakes . THIS IS ONLY Last option but not the alternative Upvote · 9920 93 Sponsored by Amazon Web Services (AWS) Looking to build or host your own website? Try AWS for free. Whether you\'re looking to build, host, or create in the cloud, AWS offers free, hands-on experience. Sign Up 999130 Related questions More answers below Why sometimes you don’t get Tirupati Balaji Darshan? Even though we pray to go see him? What are the mistakes that can be made by a person who visits Tirupati Balaji? Why are all the problems solved when I visited Tirumala? I visited Tirumala after 14 years. When should I visit Tirumala again to not get any more problems? How many people come back without darshan in Tirupati Balaji? I am going to Tirupati Balaji and I have so many wishes to tell God. How can I say so many things in just a few seconds in front of him? ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-259452693-50-bkwumsgtkgwzsjapxpsbiqmqccolrvri.jpeg\\") Soumya Lakshmi Loves Tirumala · Author has 187 answers and 1.6M answer views · Updated 1y Related What are the mistakes that can be made by a person who visits Tirupati Balaji? Hare Krishna! Following points must be considered in Tirupati visit: 1. Visiting Tirupati is the grace of Padmavati Srinivasa alone. Nothing else. We should never think that we planned for the trip, etc. 2. Do not climb the hill with chappal. Pray to the hill & ask for forgiveness before climbing the hill because it is also the form of Narayana. 3. Try not to skip bath in Swamy pushkarini 4. We must have darshan of Varaha swamy before the darshan of Venkatesawara swamy 5. Do not wear chappal in mada veedhis. If possible, try to walk barefoot on the hill. If not, walk barefoot at least in mada veedhis 6. Avoid thoughts Continue Reading Hare Krishna! Following points must be considered in Tirupati visit: 1. Visiting Tirupati is the grace of Padmavati Srinivasa alone. Nothing else. We should never think that we planned for the trip, etc. 2. Do not climb the hill with chappal. Pray to the hill & ask for forgiveness before climbing the hill because it is also the form of Narayana. 3. Try not to skip bath in Swamy pushkarini 4. We must have darshan of Varaha swamy before the darshan of Venkatesawara swamy 5. Do not wear chappal in mada veedhis. If possible, try to walk barefoot on the hill. If not, walk barefoot at least in mada veedhis 6. Avoid thoughts and talking about unnecessary and material things. Fill your mind with devotion and thoughts about Srinivasa. Listen to kirtanas, do japa, etc 7. No one should wear flowers during the stay on the hill 8. Many are not aware about the temples and tirthas on the hill. Try to visit at least a few important places on the hill as well as in Tirupati & nearby temples. 9. Must-visit temples are Padmavati devi temple in Tiruchanoor and Govindaraja swamy temple in Tirupati. 10. The hill itself is the form of Vishnu. We should keep this in mind during our stay on the hil so that we don\'t do any wrong things there. Edit (Points added by Abhishek B sir in the comment): * Always pray to your family diety while leaving your home for Tirumala * Don\'t go to Tirumala for any reason except having Govinda\'s Darshan * Don\'t try to jump the queues or do bribery to have quicker Darshan * Don\'t forget to keep chanting Govinda Govinda… ![](\\" aac06b88dde4e2a86859a59107ecc05a\\") Om Namo Venkatesaya!!! Upvote · 999249 9914 91 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-69229658-50-oxhvmlruutuzahlicqsxlkfafwncebob.jpeg\\") Cheenepalli Ravi Shankara Studied at Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India · Author has 2.2K answers and 641.2K answer views · 2y yes. it happens in our lives. so, accept in your heart that you could not visit tirupati and beg for pardon. next time go and do your prayer. in case your vowed to give your hair to the lord, then do not go for a hair cut before you visit tirupati and have darshan of lord balaji. Upvote · 91 ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-1143317031-50-cjmkbxognvdzbarvevtrgufdyungnznd.jpeg\\") Rahul Pawde Deshmukh Chemist · 2y Related Do wishes come true at Tirupati? ![](\\" qimg-0a5dc822fb5b6ff919d644ebd8845c3f-lq\\") I am a Lord Vishnu lover, I don\'t follow or like any other deity none other than SHREE HARI. I always chants his name RAM , I never called him for my material life…… I\'m borned in a Vaishnava family which loves LORD PANDURANGA (Lord Krishna ). I was curious about Lord Venkateswara and I\'m confused about his origin… Who is he… is he is a Incarnation of lord Vishnu OR any kind of a form of Vishnu.etc I\'m a Pharmacist by profession I completed my D.Pharm & B.Pharm in the year 2017 and from 2018 I\'m trying to start my own Pharmacy store but every time the things was getting worsen… and I never calle Continue Reading ![](\\" qimg-0a5dc822fb5b6ff919d644ebd8845c3f-lq\\") I am a Lord Vishnu lover, I don\'t follow or like any other deity none other than SHREE HARI. I always chants his name RAM , I never called him for my material life…… I\'m borned in a Vaishnava family which loves LORD PANDURANGA (Lord Krishna ). I was curious about Lord Venkateswara and I\'m confused about his origin… Who is he… is he is a Incarnation of lord Vishnu OR any kind of a form of Vishnu.etc I\'m a Pharmacist by profession I completed my D.Pharm & B.Pharm in the year 2017 and from 2018 I\'m trying to start my own Pharmacy store but every time the things was getting worsen… and I never called or asked my Lord for the help… may be that was my EGO. After consistent failures I changed my mind and I accepted that my destination is not a Pharma Store but something else. One day my Mother said “ Rahul we should wish Tirupati Balaji about your Business\". I was excited for the Darshan of lord but I never wanted any material blessings from him. One day Before our journey at night I had a fever and abdominal pain and it seemed that I won\'t be able to go to Tirupati Darshan and I almost cried and started to sleep and closed my eyes and suddenly I see the IDOL with no garments or jwellery complete Black IDOL of Lord Venkateswara 😳and his Thunderous manly VOICE… “ DEAR CHILD, COME TO MEET MEE AND YOU WILL BE FREE FROM ANY KIND OF BARRIERS AND YOUR ALL WISHES WILL BE GRANTED\".😯 he said it in MARATHI..I was shocked and I couldn\'t believe that … I assumed that was my mind who did this and I realise that my fever has gone and my pain was stopped. I woke up and out of the bedroom and my family was talking about TIRUPATI BALAJI.😲. suddenly my mother said “Rahul check your marriage gifts.” which was given by guest.. I removed the wrapping paper and There was a Lighting Photo of LORD VENKATESWARA.😳 THEN I WILL REALISED THAT WAS NOT A DREAM OR ANY KIND OF ILLUSION OF MY MIND…My Lord Vishnu called me. After the Darshan the whole night the idol was appearing in front of my eyes.. when I returned i started my Pharma Store in City, I Started investing and trading in Stock market. CHANGED EVERYTHING , MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL LIFE. || OM NAMO NARAYANAYA || Upvote · 999130 97 Promoted by Zeroo ![\\"Profile](\\" thumb-2772369375-50-cjxtmukzzvvpvycnvmqrumiznjzyyzao.jpeg\\") Maxidilan Trader & Investor · Updated Sep 9 Which is the best Telegram channel for options trading in 2025? As an engineer, I struggled a lot when I first started trading. I faced many challenges and losses. But then I found a great Telegram channel for options trading, and everything changed. This channel gave me clear guidance and easy-to-follow strategies. With their help, I went from losing money to making consistent profits. If you’re new to trading and want to see real results, this channel could be just what you need. Join now : Zeroo A master was once a beginner... I like this channel because : 1. They provide trades in all segments. 2. Its a one stop solution for all the needs. 3. One of the Continue Reading As an engineer, I struggled a lot when I first started trading. I faced many challenges and losses. But then I found a great Telegram channel for options trading, and everything changed. This channel gave me clear guidance and easy-to-follow strategies. With their help, I went from losing money to making consistent profits. If you’re new to trading and want to see real results, this channel could be just what you need. Join now : Zeroo A master was once a beginner... I like this channel because : 1. They provide trades in all segments. 2. Its a one stop solution for all the needs. 3. One of the best accuracy of around 85%. 4. You get enough time to watch their trades. 5. All the trades with Entry and Exit updates. 6. Complete guidance on all the trades given. This is my trading screenshot with some great profits. ![](\\" qimg-a08118fbf87aca4ac9d8ced7f74d259a\\") Join here : Zeroo A master was once a beginner... Upvote · 1.8K1.8K 9995 Related questions Why sometimes you don’t get Tirupati Balaji Darshan? Even though we pray to go see him? What are the mistakes that can be made by a person who visits Tirupati Balaji? Why are all the problems solved when I visited Tirumala? I visited Tirumala after 14 years. When should I visit Tirumala again to not get any more problems? How many people come back without darshan in Tirupati Balaji? I am going to Tirupati Balaji and I have so many wishes to tell God. How can I say so many things in just a few seconds in front of him? Why do I never get a chance to visit Tirupati? Does it mean God doesn\'t want me to see him? What changes happened in your life after visiting Tirupathi Balaji? What are some things to do while visiting the Tirupati Balaji Temple? What is the cost of visiting Tirupati Balaji? How many people are allowed to accompany one senior citizen at Tirupati Balaji Darshan? How do I visit Tirupati Balaji? Is it necessary to go directly home after visiting Tirupati Balaji? How did you feel when you first visited the Tirupati temple? I have a 3 day holiday and I am planning to visit the Tirupati temple. Where else can I visit nearby to utilize the 3 days effectively? What happens if we don\'t fulfill the vow taken at Padmavati Temple Tirupati? Will something bad happen? Related questions Why sometimes you don’t get Tirupati Balaji Darshan? Even though we pray to go see him? What are the mistakes that can be made by a person who visits Tirupati Balaji? Why are all the problems solved when I visited Tirumala? I visited Tirumala after 14 years. When should I visit Tirumala again to not get any more problems? How many people come back without darshan in Tirupati Balaji? I am going to Tirupati Balaji and I have so many wishes to tell God. How can I say so many things in just a few seconds in front of him? Why do I never get a chance to visit Tirupati? Does it mean God doesn\'t want me to see him? Advertisement About · Careers · Privacy · Terms · Contact · Languages · Your Ad Choices · Press · © Quora, Inc. 2024 ![](\\" delivery.net/px.gif?ch=2\\")![](\\" delivery.net/px.gif?ch=1&e=0.42265871202025695\\")![](\\" delivery.net/px.gif?ch=2\\")![](\\" delivery.net/px.gif?ch=1&e=0.4766754254243539\\") |
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