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Context: The State Railways Administration of Uruguay (AFE) operates three commuter rail lines, namely the Empalme Olmos, San Jose and Florida. These lines operate to major suburban areas of Canelones, San José and Florida. Within the Montevideo city limits, local trains stop at Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Columbus (line to San Jose and Florida), Peñarol and Manga (line Empalme Olmos) stations. The historic 19th century General Artigas Central Station located in the neighbourhood of Aguada, six blocks from the central business district, was abandoned 1 March 2003 and remains closed. A new station, 500 metres (1,600 ft) north of the old one and part of the Tower of Communications modern complex, has taken over the rail traffic. Question: What does the AFE stand for? Answer: The State Railways Administration of Uruguay Question: What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located? Answer: Aguada Question: When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned? Answer: 1 March 2003

Context: The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine." McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph Bédier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible. Question: When was the term copy-text introduced? Answer: 1904 Question: What was the initial definition of copy-text? Answer: the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine Question: Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method Answer: choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. Question: When was Ronald B. McKerrow born? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What year did Thomas Nashe introduce the term copy-text? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Thomas Nash is a bibliographer who published whose works? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Nashe was aware of limitations of which method? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Ronald B. McKerror was a french critic who did like which method? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abilify ($6.3 billion,) Nexium ($6 billion) and Humira ($5.4 billion). The best-selling drug ever, Lipitor, averaged $13 billion annually and netted $141 billion total over its lifetime before Pfizer's patent expired in November 2011. Question: How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013? Answer: $75.6 billion Question: What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013? Answer: Humira Question: What was the bestselling drug in history? Answer: Lipitor Question: How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired? Answer: $141 billion Question: In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire? Answer: 2011 Question: How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2011? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2011? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What was the bestselling drug in 2011? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How much money did Lipitor make after the patent expired? Answer: Unanswerable Question: In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the University include the Watson Library, Spencer Research Library, and Anschutz Library, which commemorates the businessman Philip Anschutz, an alumnus of the University. Question: What part of KU serves students learning about government? Answer: the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics Question: What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU? Answer: KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM Question: What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU? Answer: the Spencer Museum of Art Question: Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas? Answer: Anschutz Library Question: Whom is the Anschutz Library named for? Answer: Philip Anschutz Question: What part of KU serves students not learning about government? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What are two radio stations that broadcast outside of KU? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is the name of a crude art institution on the campus of KU? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Which library is dedicated to a current student of the University of Kansas? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Whom isn't the Anschutz Library named for? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest. In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers. Question: What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas? Answer: Human interference Question: What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries? Answer: forests of deciduous trees Question: What has changed since the second half of the 20th century? Answer: The vegetation Question: The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what? Answer: the underlying tundra

Context: The remote location of the islands makes transport to the outside world difficult. Lacking an airport, the islands can be reached only by sea. Fishing boats from South Africa service the islands eight or nine times a year. The RMS Saint Helena used to connect the main island to St Helena and South Africa once each year during its January voyage, but has done so only twice in the last few years, in 2006 and 2011. The wider territory has access to air travel with Ascension island served by RAF Ascension Island and a new airport, financed by the United Kingdom government, under construction on St Helena and due for completion in 2016. There is however no direct, regular service to Tristan da Cunha itself from either location. The harbour at Edinburgh of the Seven Seas is called Calshot Harbour, named after the place in Hampshire where the islanders temporarily stayed during the volcanic eruption. Question: What makes travelling to the outside world easy? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Lacking a sea, how can the islands be reached? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How many times a year do airplanes service the area? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where did the United Kingdom government stay during the volcanic eruption? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who financed the new airport in Calshot Harbour? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernführer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested. Question: How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction? Answer: publicly funded emergency relief programs Question: What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia? Answer: Erich Koch Plan Question: What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933? Answer: that unemployment had been banished entirely Question: On what date did R. Walther Darre become the Reich Peasant Leader? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What religion was Erich Koch? Answer: Unanswerable Question: On what date were Koch's "Land" representative arrested? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What position did Hitler have? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How much unemployment was there throughout the Reich? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The city is also in the process of implementing a 5-year and 20 year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35% bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city. Other environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling, curbside composting bins (in addition to trash, yard-waste, and recycle bins), farmers' markets, community gardens, garden-share, an urban forest initiative, a hazardous materials home-collection service, green business certification, and a municipal bus system which is currently being revamped to integrate with the soon-to-open Expo Line. Question: What year does the city plan on having a bicycle infrastructure? Answer: 2030 Question: The city's bus system is being over hauled to work with what other program? Answer: Expo Line Question: The city has two bike Action Plans of how many years? Answer: 5-year and 20 Question: What percentages does the city Bike transportation mode's target? Answer: 14 to 35% Question: What type of business certification do they plan on expanding? Answer: green Question: In what year will the Expo Line be opened? Answer: Unanswerable Question: In what year is the urban forest initiative expected to meet its goal? Answer: Unanswerable Question: For how long has Santa Monica had curbside recycling? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What percentage of yard-waste is recycled? Answer: Unanswerable Question: In what percentage range is trash put into recycle bins? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region. Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century. Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland. Question: What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE? Answer: Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism Question: What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE? Answer: Yuezhi tribes Question: When was Islam brought to the region? Answer: in the early eighth century Question: What empire brought Islam practices with them? Answer: Hephthalite Empire, Question: Who brought Islam to the region in the early fourth century? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Central Africa continued its role as what? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Central Asia linked Canada, the steppes to the north and whom? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who ruled the region until the 3rd century CE? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Which religions were banned in the region? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively Question: Which country had the most severe case? Answer: Soviet Union Question: This separate service was known as what in the Soviet Union? Answer: Voyska PVO Question: What two systems did Voyska PVO have? Answer: fighter aircraft and ground-based systems Question: What year did the PVO Strany become independent? Answer: 1954 Question: What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces? Answer: PVO SV

Context: Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older. Question: Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence? Answer: increase Question: How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15? Answer: 53% Question: At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place? Answer: 17.0 Question: At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place? Answer: 17.3 Question: Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years? Answer: increases

Context: Despite the initial negative press, several websites have given the system very good reviews mostly regarding its hardware. CNET United Kingdom praised the system saying, "the PS3 is a versatile and impressive piece of home-entertainment equipment that lives up to the hype [...] the PS3 is well worth its hefty price tag." CNET awarded it a score of 8.8 out of 10 and voted it as its number one "must-have" gadget, praising its robust graphical capabilities and stylish exterior design while criticizing its limited selection of available games. In addition, both Home Theater Magazine and Ultimate AV have given the system's Blu-ray playback very favorable reviews, stating that the quality of playback exceeds that of many current standalone Blu-ray Disc players. Question: What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten? Answer: 8.8 Question: What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3? Answer: Blu-ray playback Question: Have reviews praised the PS3's hardware of software more frequently? Answer: hardware Question: What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player? Answer: Ultimate AV Question: What website said the PlayStation 3 "lives up to the hype"? Answer: CNET United Kingdom Question: What score did CNET give the PS2 out of ten? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS4? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Have reviews praised the PS2's hardware of software more frequently? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What other reviewer disagreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What website said the PlayStation 4 "lives up to the hype"? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution) while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for "general intelligence." Question: What is Machine learning closely related to? Answer: compression Question: What type of compressor can be used for prediction? Answer: optimal Question: What has been used as a benchmark for "general intelligence"? Answer: data compression Question: What type of compressor can be used for general intelligence? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What can a benchmark compressor be used for? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What has a close connection to machine equivalence? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What can be used for optimal justification? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How is an arithmetic compressor used for prediction? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of July 2012, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Agua Caliente Solar Project (USA, 247 MW), Charanka Solar Park (India, 214 MW), Golmud Solar Park (China, 200 MW), Perovo Solar Park (Russia 100 MW), Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97 MW), Brandenburg-Briest Solarpark (Germany 91 MW), Solarpark Finow Tower (Germany 84.7 MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2 MW), Eggebek Solar Park (Germany 83.6 MW), Senftenberg Solarpark (Germany 82 MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7 MW), Okhotnykovo Solar Park (Russia, 80 MW), Lopburi Solar Farm (Thailand 73.16 MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 72 MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 71.8 MW). Question: Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built? Answer: Europe Question: Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located? Answer: USA Question: Where is Charanka Solar Park? Answer: India Question: Where have the minority of photovoltaic power stations been built? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project not going to be located? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where is Charanka Solar Field? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where is Okhotnykovo State Park? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The Appalachian Mountains (i/ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻn/ or /ˌæpəˈlætʃᵻn/,[note 1] French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to any road running east-west. Question: What are the Appalachian mountains called in French? Answer: les Appalaches Question: What are the Appalachian mountains? Answer: a system of mountains in eastern North America Question: When did the Appalachian mountains form? Answer: roughly 480 million years ago Question: In what era did the mountains form? Answer: Ordovician Period Question: What are often called les Appalaches? Answer: Unanswerable Question: When were the Rocky Mountains formed? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What language does the name of the Alps come from? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What do the Alps form a barrier between? Answer: Unanswerable Question: During what period were the Appalachians named? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals. Question: What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to? Answer: confined to a gloomy world Question: What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters? Answer: Ereshkigal Question: Where were dead Sumerians buried? Answer: outside the city walls in graveyards Question: Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by? Answer: her servants Question: What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals? Answer: oboe-like

Context: American Idol is an American singing competition series created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment, and is distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, with the winner being determined by the viewers in America. Winners chosen by viewers through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting were Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, and Nick Fradiani. Question: Who is the creator of American Idol? Answer: Simon Fuller Question: What company produces American idol? Answer: 19 Entertainment Question: What year did American Idol begin airing? Answer: 2002 Question: What British show is American Idols format based on? Answer: Pop Idol Question: What television network does American Idol air on? Answer: Fox Question: What company produces American Idol? Answer: 19 Entertainment Question: What British series is American Idols format based on? Answer: Pop Idol Question: Who created American Idol? Answer: Simon Fuller Question: Who produced American Idol? Answer: 19 Entertainment Question: When did American Idol first air on TV? Answer: June 11, 2002 Question: What British show was American Idol based on? Answer: Pop Idol

Context: The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. Question: What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes? Answer: extreme and stressful climatic conditions Question: Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties? Answer: medicinal Question: Where are Urtica dioica found? Answer: the Alps

Context: In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings. Question: In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism? Answer: 1827 Question: Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor? Answer: rotor Question: What did Jedlik call his earliest devices? Answer: electromagnetic self-rotors Question: What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation? Answer: commutator Question: What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for? Answer: permanent magnets Question: In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with non-electromagnetism? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a non-DC motor? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What didn't Jedlik call his earliest devices? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What discovery solved the problem of non-continuous rotation? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What did Jedlik's improved device make the need for? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices. Question: What is started when a USB is first connected to a host? Answer: enumeration process Question: What does the enumeration process start by doing? Answer: sending a reset signal to the USB device Question: What id the data rate determined during? Answer: the reset signaling Question: When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address? Answer: After reset Question: What happens whenever a USB host is restarted? Answer: the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.

Context: Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana, a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki, Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the Church of Tuvalu. In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was well established with preachers on each island. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans, who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu. Question: When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu? Answer: 1861 Question: What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae? Answer: Elekana Question: What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu? Answer: Rev. A. W. Murray Question: Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu? Answer: Samoans

Context: The club's original crest was a quartered diamond-shaped crest topped by the Crown of Aragon and the bat of King James, and surrounded by two branches, one of a laurel tree and the other a palm. In 1910 the club held a competition among its members to design a new crest. The winner was Carles Comamala, who at the time played for the club. Comamala's suggestion became the crest that the club wears today, with some minor variations. The crest consists of the St George Cross in the upper-left corner with the Catalan flag beside it, and the team colours at the bottom. Question: What royal symbol appears on the club's crest? Answer: Crown of Aragon Question: Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest? Answer: laurel Question: When was a competition held to produce a team crest? Answer: 1910 Question: Who was the winner of the crest competition? Answer: Carles Comamala Question: What flag is on the team crest? Answer: Catalan

Context: In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts. Question: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia? Answer: 1935 Question: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935? Answer: New York Times Question: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change? Answer: Professor Ehsan Yarshater Question: Which name is officially used politically? Answer: Iran

Context: Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular. Question: Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin? Answer: 1950 Question: What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway? Answer: Raxaul Question: When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin? Answer: 1956

Context: After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning. Question: When was the lull in neoclassical architecture? Answer: roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s Question: What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism? Answer: New Urbanism Question: Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way? Answer: ironic Question: What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously? Answer: Thomas Gordon Smith Question: What type of architecture flourished from post-World War I until the big 1980s? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What two types of architecture saw a rebirth due to neoclassicism? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What did Thomas Gordon Smith treat as ironic? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What university was purely dedicated to classical architecture? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Why does modernism shape urban planning? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', "to cut"), etc. Question: What is the Latin term for insect? Answer: insectum Question: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular? Answer: Pliny the Elder Question: How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided? Answer: three Question: Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies? Answer: Aristotle Question: In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English? Answer: 1601 Question: Insect means to have a notched or divided what? Answer: body Question: Insects are cut into how many sections? Answer: three sections Question: Who gave this class of life the name "insect"? Answer: Aristotle Question: In what year did the word "insect" appear in a document? Answer: 1601 Question: Who introduced the Latin version of the word "insect"? Answer: Pliny the Elder

Context: Despite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term "Pyrrhic victory"). In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum. While Beneventum was indecisive, Pyrrhus realised his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns. Seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy. Question: Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army? Answer: Pyrrhus Question: What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus? Answer: negotiate Question: What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from? Answer: Pyrrhus Question: What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy? Answer: Seeing little hope for further gains Question: In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place? Answer: 275 BC

Context: In April 2016, Northwestern announced that it signed on to the Chicago Star Partnership, a City Colleges initiative. Through this partnership, Northwestern is one of 15 Illinois public and private universities that will "provide scholarships to students who graduate from Chicago Public Schools, get their associate degree from one of the city's community colleges, and then get admitted to a bachelor's degree program." The partnership was influenced by Mayor Rahm Emanuel, who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school district. The University of Chicago, Northeastern Illinois University, the School of the Art Institute, DePaul University and Loyola University are also part of the Star Scholars partnership. Question: What City College initiative did Northwestern announce signing on with in 2016? Answer: the Chicago Star Partnership Question: Who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school districts? Answer: Mayor Rahm Emanuel Question: Through the Chicago Star Partnership, what is provided to students from Chicago public schools that meet further educational criteria? Answer: scholarships Question: Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership? Answer: Rahm Emanuel Question: What City College initiative did Southwestern announce signing on with in 2016? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who encouraged local universities to decrease opportunities for students in the public school districts? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Through the Chicago Star Partnership, what is provided to students from Chicago private schools that meet further educational criteria? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Which mayor influenced the Illinois Star Partnership? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society). Question: What concept is sexual orientation argued as? Answer: a concept that evolved in the industrialized West Question: What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation? Answer: the universality of its application in other societies or cultures Question: What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as? Answer: as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period

Context: Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include, in the capital city, Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep. CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies. Question: What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City? Answer: Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep Question: What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River? Answer: Theatre Tulsa Question: Where is the American Theatre Company based? Answer: Tulsa Question: What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma? Answer: American Theatre Company Question: Where is Heller Theatre? Answer: Tulsa

Context: Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines. Question: When did the North American natives begin farming? Answer: approximately 4,000 years ago Question: What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas? Answer: common Question: What did technology make feasible when it came to trees? Answer: small-scale felling Question: How did Archaic Indians use fire? Answer: a controlled manner Question: What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic? Answer: effects of natural fires

Context: The city is home to New Haven Promise, a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements. Students must be enrolled in a public high school (charters included) for four years, be a resident of the city during that time, carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average, have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city. The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities. There are more than 60 cities in the country that have a Promise-type program for their students. Question: What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria? Answer: New Haven Promise Question: What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship? Answer: 3.0 Question: How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship? Answer: 40 hours Question: What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship? Answer: 90-percent Question: In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated? Answer: 2010 Question: What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale? Answer: New Haven Promise Question: In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply? Answer: 40 hours of service to the city. Question: When did the scholar project begin? Answer: 2010 Question: Currently how many students total have been approve by the program? Answer: more than 500 Scholars

Context: As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71 Question: Who demanded drastic reforms after the war? Answer: the newspapers Question: The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year? Answer: 1857 Question: What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures? Answer: Charge of the Light Brigade

Context: Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. Question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s? Answer: Murad II Question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II? Answer: 10 November 1444 Question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what? Answer: Hungary Question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444? Answer: Battle of Varna Question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448? Answer: Second Battle of Kosovo

Context: The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. Question: What was the first institute of technology in the world? Answer: the Berg-Schola Question: What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics? Answer: World War II Question: What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology? Answer: Collegium Carolinum Question: In what year was the École Polytechnique founded? Answer: 1794

Context: Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets, which contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process, with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation. Two independent multiphase winding sets (i.e., dual armature) are the maximum provided in a single package without topology duplication. Doubly-fed electric motors are machines with an effective constant torque speed range that is twice synchronous speed for a given frequency of excitation. This is twice the constant torque speed range as singly-fed electric machines, which have only one active winding set. Question: What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets? Answer: Doubly fed electric motors Question: What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have? Answer: contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process Question: What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for? Answer: variable speed operation Question: Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed? Answer: twice the constant torque speed range Question: What type of motor has three independent multiphase winding sets? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What advantage don't independent multiphase winding sets have? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is one of the dependent multiphase winding sets configured for? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Doubly fed motors have what disadvantage under single fed? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: George Gipp was the school's legendary football player during 1916–20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity. It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and "win one for the Gipper." The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus. The current head coach is Brian Kelly, hired from the University of Cincinnati on December 11, 2009. Kelly's record in midway through his sixth season at Notre Dame is 52–21. In 2012, Kelly's Fighting Irish squad went undefeated and played in the BCS National Championship Game. Kelly succeeded Charlie Weis, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons. Although Weis led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games, his overall record was 35–27, mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history. The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007. Question: What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920? Answer: George Gipp Question: Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to "win one for the Gipper?" Answer: the Army team Question: Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie "Knute Rockne?" Answer: Pat O'Brien Question: Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's "Knute Rockne?" Answer: Gipp Question: How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium? Answer: 80,795

Context: Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Question: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty? Answer: Urban Question: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s? Answer: Ulf Hannerz Question: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? Answer: notoriously agoraphobic Question: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology? Answer: two Question: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what? Answer: social issues Question: What is the study of modern cities? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who was often quated in the 1960's? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is a new steryotpe of anthropologists? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Question: A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification? Answer: light produced by the fixture.

Context: In the mid-fifteenth century, the religion of Sikhism was born. During the Mughal empire, many Hindus increasingly adopted Sikhism. These became a formidable military force against the Mughals and later against the Afghan Empire. After fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani in the later eighteenth century, the Sikhs took control of Punjab and managed to establish the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which lasted from 1799 to 1849. The capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore, and the empire also extended into Afghanistan and Kashmir. Bhangi Misl was the fist Sikh band to conquer Lahore and other towns of Punjab. Syed Ahmad Barelvi a Muslim, waged jihad and attempted to create an Islamic state with strict enforcement of Islamic law. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organising popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, travelling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at Akora Khattak, but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of Balakot in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and Shah Ismail Shaheed with volunteer Muslims were defeated by the professional Sikh Army. Question: When did Sikhism begin? Answer: mid-fifteenth century Question: In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs? Answer: Mughal empire Question: When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak? Answer: December 1826 Question: When did Ahmad fight at Balakot? Answer: 1831 Question: Who won at Balakot? Answer: the professional Sikh Army Question: When did the Mughal empire begin? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who led the Sikhs in the late eighteenth century? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How long did the Afghan Empire last? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What Muslim conquered Punjab? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How many years did the fight between Muslim and Sikh troops last? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians. Question: Cossacks came from what backgrounds? Answer: Tatars and other Turks Question: Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what? Answer: Ossetians Question: What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have? Answer: Orthodox Christians Question: What primary religion do Turks follow? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What were many early Tatars? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What did the Ossetians speak? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What ethnic backgrounds came from Cossacks? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Providing 25% of Namibia's revenue, mining is the single most important contributor to the economy. Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in Africa and the world's fourth largest producer of uranium. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. While Namibia is known predominantly for its gem diamond and uranium deposits, a number of other minerals are extracted industrially such as lead, tungsten, gold, tin, fluorspar, manganese, marble, copper and zinc. There are offshore gas deposits in the Atlantic Ocean that are planned to be extracted in the future. According to "The Diamond Investigation", a book about the global diamond market, from 1978, De Beers, the largest diamond company, bought most of the Namibian diamonds, and would continue to do so, because "whatever government eventually comes to power they will need this revenue to survive". Question: How much revenue does mining provide Namibia? Answer: 25% Question: Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium? Answer: fourth Question: Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015? Answer: uranium Question: What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of? Answer: gem-quality diamonds Question: What is the second most important contributor to Namibia's economy? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who is the world's biggest exporter of uranium? Answer: Unanswerable Question: In what year does Namibia plan to start drilling for oil and gas offshore? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who is the world's biggest exporter of diamonds? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What country is Africa's biggest exporter of non-fuel minerals? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, the Concordat of 1801 was signed on 15 July 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. It solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and brought back most of its civil status. The hostility of devout Catholics against the state had now largely been resolved. It did not restore the vast church lands and endowments that had been seized during the revolution and sold off. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles. Question: What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics? Answer: the Concordat of 1801 Question: Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801? Answer: Pope Pius VII Question: The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France? Answer: the Roman Catholic Church Question: What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed? Answer: 15 July 1801 Question: What were the Organic Articles a part of? Answer: the Concordat

Context: Cladistics is another method of classification. A clade is a taxonomic group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor. Every creature produced by sexual reproduction has two immediate lineages, one maternal and one paternal. Whereas Carl Linnaeus established a taxonomy of living organisms based on anatomical similarities and differences, cladistics seeks to establish a taxonomy—the phylogenetic tree—based on genetic similarities and differences and tracing the process of acquisition of multiple characteristics by single organisms. Some researchers have tried to clarify the idea of race by equating it to the biological idea of the clade. Often mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths. These single-locus sources of DNA do not recombine and are inherited from a single parent. Individuals from the various continental groups tend to be more similar to one another than to people from other continents, and tracing either mitochondrial DNA or non-recombinant Y-chromosome DNA explains how people in one place may be largely derived from people in some remote location. Question: What is cladistics a method of? Answer: classification Question: What is a clade a taxonomic group of? Answer: organisms Question: How many common ancestors does a clade have? Answer: single Question: What is another term for a phylogenetic tree? Answer: taxonomy Question: Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths? Answer: Y

Context: Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength. Question: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession? Answer: professional athletes Question: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? Answer: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers Question: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? Answer: when it is dry and cold Question: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma? Answer: Inhaled beta2-agonists Question: What does exercise trigger in people who use inhaled beta2 agonists? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What percentage of people use inhaled beta2 agonists? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What group has the highest rate of inhaled beta2 agonist use? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What percentage of cyclists used inhaled beta 2 agonists? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What profession is asthma most common in? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast Asia, it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2002 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008–11 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it is aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2007 and then again in 2013, from 2008 to 2012 on Fox8, from season 13 onwards it airs on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. In the United Kingdom, episodes are aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. As of season 12, the episodes air on 5*. It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3. Question: What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? Answer: La3 Question: How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? Answer: one Question: What television network in Asia shows American Idol? Answer: STAR World Question: On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? Answer: Thursday and Friday Question: Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia? Answer: STAR World Question: Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy? Answer: La3

Context: The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once. It was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund. Question: What is the Alaska Permanent Fund? Answer: constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues Question: In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established? Answer: 1976 Question: Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established? Answer: to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil Question: Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund? Answer: Governor Keith Miller Question: Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale? Answer: fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once Question: What is the Alaska Temporary Fund? Answer: Unanswerable Question: In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund ended? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Why was the Alaska Permament Fund unestablished? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who originally hated the Alaska Permanent Fund? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund after the Prudhoe Bay sale? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: On August 6, 2010, the CBC issued a press release stating that due to financial reasons, the CBC and Radio-Canada would only transition 27 transmitters total, one in each market where there was an originating station (i.e. a CBC or Radio-Canada television station located in that market). Further, the CBC stated in the release, that only 15 of the transmitters would be in place by August 31, 2011 due to lack of available funds, and that the remainder would not be on the air until as late as August 31, 2012. Additionally, the CBC stated in the release that it was asking the CRTC for permission to continue broadcasting in analogue until the identified transmitters for transition were up and running. At the time of the press release, only eight of the corporation's transmitters (four CBC and four Radio Canada) were broadcasting in digital. Question: How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011? Answer: 15 Question: For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades? Answer: financial reasons Question: How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total? Answer: 27 Question: The CBC issued a statement to sell off its assets on what day? Answer: Unanswerable Question: The CRTC agreed to help the CBC install how many transmitters by August 31, 2011? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How many stations did the CBC have broadcasting in analog in 2012? Answer: Unanswerable Question: The CRTC assisted the CBC with the transition due to what reason? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth (see Plato's Phaedo and Apology, as well as others). Aristotle was considered to give a more important position to sense perception than Plato, and commentators in the Middle Ages summarized one of his positions as "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" (Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses"). Question: What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on? Answer: his theory of potentiality and actuality Question: How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind? Answer: an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth Question: Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato? Answer: Aristotle Question: Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato? Answer: Plato Question: What does "nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu" mean? Answer: Latin for "nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses" Question: Which commentator summarized a position in latin? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What did Aristotle write? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Why is Plato considered an empiricist? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What position by Plato was summarized by Middle Ages commentators? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where did Aristotle say the human mind existed? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Galicia is quite mountainous, a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico (Serra do Eixe, Serra da Lastra, Serra do Courel), also known as Macizo Galaico-Leonés, located in the eastern parts, bordering with Castile and León. Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral (northern Lugo), the Serra dos Ancares (on the border with León and Asturias), O Courel (on the border with León), O Eixe (the border between Ourense and Zamora), Serra de Queixa (in the center of Ourense province), O Faro (the border between Lugo and Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (border of Lugo and A Coruña), Montemaior (A Coruña), Montes do Testeiro, Serra do Suído, and Faro de Avión (between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to the south, A Peneda, O Xurés and O Larouco, all on the border of Ourense and Portugal. Question: What is Galicia's main mountain range? Answer: Macizo Galaico Question: Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country? Answer: Portugal

Context: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed] Question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement? Answer: English Separatist movement Question: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what? Answer: minimal Question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what? Answer: original Protestant denominations Question: Modern Christian churches trace their history to what movement? Answer: Unanswerable Question: The view of what origins has little historical support? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who was never willing to give up their theological roots? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who was convinced there was no biblical "truth"? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The town experienced major expansion during the Victorian era. The Southampton Docks company had been formed in 1835. In October 1838 the foundation stone of the docks was laid and the first dock opened in 1842. The structural and economic development of docks continued for the next few decades. The railway link to London was fully opened in May 1840. Southampton subsequently became known as The Gateway to the Empire. Question: In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly? Answer: Victorian era Question: What year was the Southampton Docks company created? Answer: 1835 Question: In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks? Answer: October Question: What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully? Answer: 1840 Question: What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London? Answer: The Gateway to the Empire

Context: Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth. The lag phase has high biosynthesis rates, as proteins necessary for rapid growth are produced. The second phase of growth is the log phase, also known as the logarithmic or exponential phase. The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k), and the time it takes the cells to double is known as the generation time (g). During log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted and starts limiting growth. The third phase of growth is the stationary phase and is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells reduce their metabolic activity and consume non-essential cellular proteins. The stationary phase is a transition from rapid growth to a stress response state and there is increased expression of genes involved in DNA repair, antioxidant metabolism and nutrient transport. The final phase is the death phase where the bacteria run out of nutrients and die. Question: How many phase are in the growth of bacteria? Answer: four phases Question: What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation? Answer: lag phase Question: What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for? Answer: rapid exponential growth Question: What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria? Answer: stationary phase Question: The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth? Answer: nutrients

Context: The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5–10% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show. Question: Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? Answer: NBC Question: Which television network originally aired All in the Family? Answer: CBS Question: In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time? Answer: 2010 Question: What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine? Answer: 2010 Winter Olympics Question: How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol? Answer: 30.1 million Question: At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row? Answer: six

Context: Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer. Question: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful? Answer: real-time telemedicine Question: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? Answer: Rural Question: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? Answer: Ohio Question: How far away was the hospital from this rural area? Answer: 70 miles Question: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save? Answer: $10,000 per transfer Question: What areas make contacting nurses more streamlined? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How much did it cost to contact a doctor in rural Ohio? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where did a medical center use transmission of medical images to cut costs? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How far away was the doctor from the rural area in Ohio? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What allows medical centers to discuss cases across large distances? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arcé was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals. Question: Who was the first person elected under the new constitution? Answer: Simón Elías Gonzalez Question: Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected? Answer: Sonora Question: In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua? Answer: 1829 Question: For whom was the revolution named? Answer: Bustamante Question: Stringed laws were issued against what group? Answer: secret societies

Context: Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Some video formats, such as DV, compress each frame independently using intraframe compression. Making 'cuts' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one doesn't want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as "I frames" in MPEG-2) aren't allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby. Question: What copies data from one frame to another? Answer: interframe compression Question: What is a type of video format? Answer: DV Question: What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video? Answer: Making 'cuts' Question: What copies data from a frame to a video? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is a type of intraframe? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is almost as easy as editing frames? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What compress each DV independently? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What are certain compressions not allowed to do in most interframe systems? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1] Question: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions? Answer: Romila Thapar Question: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories? Answer: social-economic Question: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history? Answer: strong continuity Question: What type of conquests were gradual in nature? Answer: Muslim conquests Question: What part of India was never completely conquered? Answer: south

Context: The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well. Question: How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day? Answer: up to 2.1 million barrels Question: How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey? Answer: 85.4 trillion cubic feet Question: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types? Answer: wind and geothermal energy Question: Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production? Answer: hydroelectric Question: How much oil can't the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per week? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How much unrecoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which three environmentally friendly energy types? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Alaska's small rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium. Question: Where are the semi finals played? Answer: e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium Question: Is there a name for the specific venue? Answer: Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue Question: Where did the semi finals take place before then? Answer: semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England Question: What was the top most used venue? Answer: Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times) Question: Where was the cup held in 2005? Answer: In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium. Question: Where are the semi-finals never played? Answer: Unanswerable Question: In which decade was The Kennington Oval not used as a semi-final venue? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What were the three least used venues? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How many times was The Kennington Oval used for semi-finals between 1991 and 2000? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How were stadiums chosen from 1991 to 2000? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Up to February 28 in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value. Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into. When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful, when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of February 29 (Julian), to remember that February 29 is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is -4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is February 24. Question: How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar? Answer: subtract one day Question: What does one need to remember about the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar? Answer: February 29 is discounted Question: If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar? Answer: -4 Question: How many days you add to convert days from a calendar? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is discounted when converting from Gregorian to Julian? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What you add to move from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined German forces, under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men. The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal François-Achille Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions, 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannons, totaling 112,800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat. Question: On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte? Answer: 18 August Question: Which battle was considered the biggest in the war? Answer: The Battle of Gravelotte Question: Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? Answer: 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz Question: Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded? Answer: Count Helmuth von Moltke Question: Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine? Answer: Marshal François-Achille Bazaine

Context: Labour has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement. The party conference in 1931 passed a motion "That this conference adopts Party Colours, which should be uniform throughout the country, colours to be red and gold". Since the party's inception, the red flag has been Labour's official symbol; the flag has been associated with socialism and revolution ever since the 1789 French Revolution and the revolutions of 1848. The red rose, a symbol of social democracy, was adopted as the party symbol in 1986 as part of a rebranding exercise and is now incorporated into the party logo. Question: What party is associated with blue? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What color is associated with the Conservative party? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is the official conservative symbol? Answer: Unanswerable Question: When did the red flag stop being associated with socialism? Answer: Unanswerable Question: When was the blue rose adopted as a symbol? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot. He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity. In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis. Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant, viewed breast-feeding with disgust, and thought newborn babies were ugly. Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (b. 1841), Alice (b. 1843), Alfred (b. 1844), Helena (b. 1846), Louise (b. 1848), Arthur (b. 1850), Leopold (b. 1853) and Beatrice (b. 1857). Question: What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy? Answer: 1840 Question: Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage? Answer: Edward Oxford Question: How old was Edward Oxford? Answer: 18 Question: Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her? Answer: Prince Albert Question: How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss? Answer: twice Question: Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child? Answer: Edward Oxford Question: When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born? Answer: 21 November 1840 Question: Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth? Answer: eight Question: What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born? Answer: 1841 Question: What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt? Answer: first pregnancy Question: When was Victoria's first assassination attempt? Answer: 1840 Question: What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign? Answer: popularity soared Question: What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt? Answer: high treason Question: What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason? Answer: acquitted on the grounds of insanity Question: What year was Queen Victorias last pregnancy? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a car? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How old wasn't Edward Oxford? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to aid her? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and hit? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: In the China Digital Times an article reports a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer known online as “Book Blade” (书剑子), who stated: Question: What did the China Digital Times report? Answer: a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer Question: Who was the construction engineer known as? Answer: Book Blade Question: Where was an article reported about the scandal? Answer: China Digital Times Question: What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times? Answer: Book Blade

Context: The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages. Question: Where did smelting of iron begin? Answer: Anatolia Question: When did the smelting of iron first begin? Answer: around 1800 BC Question: When did iron making technology begin in Japan? Answer: around 700 AD Question: Pig iron is composed of iron and what else? Answer: carbon Question: What makes Pig iron different from regular iron? Answer: lower melting point Question: Where was bronze first smelted Answer: Unanswerable Question: What smelting process was developed in 800 A.D.? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What technology arrived in Europe in 1800 BC Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where did iron technology arrived in 700 BC? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What was being produced in China in 1200 A.D.? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations. Question: What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species? Answer: Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines Question: Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true? Answer: John Herschel Question: What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause? Answer: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations

Context: By the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001. The format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format. It was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents. Question: What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s? Answer: DVD Question: Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s? Answer: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Question: What was the BBC Domesday Project? Answer: a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England Question: Which country still exported players to North America until 2001? Answer: Japan

Context: Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue to spin, and while the spin continues, the surface will remain concave. The concave surface is apparently not the result of the interaction of the bucket and the water, since the surface is flat when the bucket first starts to spin, it becomes concave as the water starts to spin, and it remains concave as the bucket stops. Question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz? Answer: the bucket argument Question: According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface? Answer: flat Question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water? Answer: the water will become concave Question: If the buck stops, the water will do what? Answer: continue to spin Question: What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by? Answer: the interaction of the bucket and the water Question: Who makes the bucket argument in response to Clarke and Newton? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What becomes flat as the bucket spins? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What does the bucket interact with to create the water surface? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What becomes flat when the bucket stops spinning? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: In 1999, a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees, mostly women. But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks, a process that requires half as many employees. Operating costs exceeded revenue, and the plant's owners tried to partner with the government to prevent closure. But government officials personally interested in an economic stake in the plant refused to help. After the plant closed, it was taken over by the government, which had been the guarantor of a $2 million loan to the business.[citation needed] Question: In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed? Answer: 1999 Question: How many people worked at the tuna loining plant? Answer: 400 Question: In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down? Answer: 2005 Question: Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce? Answer: tuna steaks Question: What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for? Answer: $2 million

Context: Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941. Question: What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1? Answer: Oct. 1939 Question: Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor? Answer: Joe Simon Question: Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America? Answer: Jack Kirby Question: What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos? Answer: the Human Torch Question: In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced? Answer: Marvel Comics #1 Question: How many copies did the first printing of Marvel Comics #1 sell? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What year did Joe Simon join Timely? Answer: Unanswerable Question: When was Funnies, Inc. founded? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What was Bill Everett's job title? Answer: Unanswerable Question: When did Goodman disband Timely Comics, Inc? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. Question: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? Answer: C-value paradox Question: Which organism has the most genes? Answer: trichomoniasis Question: How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? Answer: 60,000 Question: Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? Answer: three times Question: What is the highest known number of species? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How many genes are in the human genome? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Tito also developed warm relations with Burma under U Nu, travelling to the country in 1955 and again in 1959, though he didn't receive the same treatment in 1959 from the new leader, Ne Win. Question: What country did U Nu lead? Answer: Burma Question: Who was the leader of Burma in 1955? Answer: U Nu Question: Who succeeded U Nu in Burma? Answer: Ne Win Question: Ne Win led what country? Answer: Burma Question: Who led Burma in 1959? Answer: Ne Win

Context: In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss. Question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory? Answer: 1991 Question: Where was optimality theory created? Answer: LSA summer institute Question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology? Answer: John McCarthy Question: Who were prominent critics of optimality theory? Answer: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss Question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop pronunciation? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where was dominant theory created? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought dominant theory to morphology? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who were prominent critics of dominant theory? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who are proponents of dominant phonology? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia, comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was disputed. Pepin II of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine, while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis the Pious died in 840, with the empire still in chaos. Question: Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813? Answer: Louis the Pious Question: How long did Louis the Pious reign? Answer: 26 years Question: When did the reign of Louis the Pious end? Answer: 840 Question: Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious? Answer: Lothair I Question: Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious? Answer: Louis the German

Context: Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain. Question: During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced? Answer: spring and summer Question: Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne? Answer: cold fronts Question: What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification? Answer: Cfb Question: Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns? Answer: changeable Question: What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns? Answer: Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean

Context: An exhibition game (also known as a friendly, a scrimmage, a demonstration, a preseason game, a warmup match, or a preparation match, depending at least in part on the sport) is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the player's or the team's rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are often used to help coaches and managers select players for the competitive matches of a league season or tournament. If the players usually play in different teams in other leagues, exhibition games offer an opportunity for the players to learn to work with each other. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team. Question: What is 'a friendly' another term for? Answer: exhibition game Question: What is 'a scrimmage' another term for? Answer: exhibition game Question: What is 'a demonstration' another term for? Answer: exhibition game Question: What is 'a preseason game' another term for? Answer: exhibition game Question: What is 'a warmup match' another term for? Answer: exhibition game Question: What is another name for a postseason game? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What type of game that the players rank or standing depend on? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who does this type of game help players choose? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What type of game is always between parts of the same team? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What do these types of games help coaches do an individual sports? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: As of June 2012[update], Pakistan's electricity problems were so severe that violent riots were taking place across Punjab. According to protesters, load shedding was depriving the cities of electricity 20–22 hours a day, causing businesses to go bust and making living extremely hard. Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District saw widespread rioting and violence on Sunday 17 June 2012, with the houses of several members of parliament being attacked as well as the offices of regional energy suppliers Fesco, Gepco and Mepco being ransacked or attacked. Question: What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012? Answer: electricity Question: How long were cities without electricity in June 2012? Answer: 20–22 hours a day Question: Where were there riots in June 2012? Answer: Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District Question: Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters? Answer: Fesco, Gepco and Mepco Question: When was Pakistan's electricity problem solved? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How long was the rioting on 17 June 2012? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What city houses the offices of Fesco? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Which energy supplier rioted? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who was responsible for the load shedding? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens." Question: In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied? Answer: 19th Question: Who painted the Night Cafe? Answer: Vincent van Gogh Question: In what year was The Night Cafe painted? Answer: 1888 Question: What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother? Answer: Theo Question: What occurred when red and green were put next to one another? Answer: red and green reinforced each other Question: What century saw red to only imitate nature? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who did Theo write to in 1888? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What did Theo write to Van Gogh about human passions in 1888? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who painted the Cafe Night? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729. Question: In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound? Answer: Virginia Question: What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America? Answer: 1663 Question: What did King Charles II's charter establish? Answer: North Carolina's borders Question: Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name? Answer: Charles I Question: What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina? Answer: 1665

Context: Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations. Question: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president? Answer: Korean Question: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever? Answer: pre-inaugural Question: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting? Answer: Russia Question: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address? Answer: foreign

Context: Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn. Question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live? Answer: New York State Question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what? Answer: American Orthodox Jews Question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State? Answer: New Jersey Question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located? Answer: Rockland County Question: Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What area have many American Orthodox Jews left? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth. Question: What is the Oireachtas? Answer: the parliament of the Irish Free State Question: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution? Answer: all direct mention of the monarch Question: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland? Answer: External Relations Act Question: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic? Answer: day of the abdication Question: Who abdicated? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What was the name of the first act? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who established the Oireachtas? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where was the Commonwealth headquartered? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Another advantage, at least to some consumers, was the lack of any sort of anti-piracy technology. It was claimed that Macrovision's Copyguard protection could not be applied to LaserDisc, due to the format's design. The vertical blanking interval, where the Macrovision signal would be implemented, was also used for the internal timing on LaserDisc players, so test discs with Macrovision would not play at all. There was never a push to redesign the format despite the obvious potential for piracy due to its relatively small market share. The industry simply decided to engineer it into the DVD specification. Question: What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented? Answer: internal timing Question: Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy? Answer: relatively small market share Question: What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy? Answer: Macrovision's Copyguard protection

Context: Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called "LPI" (liquid photoimageable solder mask). A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally developed where the unexposed areas are washed away. Dry film solder mask is similar to the dry film used to image the PWB for plating or etching. After being laminated to the PWB surface it is imaged and develop as LPI. Once common but no longer commonly used because of its low accuracy and resolution is to screen print epoxy ink. Solder resist also provides protection from the environment. Question: If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead? Answer: solder resist Question: What's another term used for "solder resist"? Answer: solder mask Question: What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry? Answer: liquid photoimageable solder mask Question: What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure? Answer: photo-sensitive Question: What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore? Answer: screen print epoxy ink Question: Areas that should be soldered may be covered with what? Answer: Unanswerable Question: A photo-sensitive coating is applied beneath the surface of what? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Wet film solder mask is similar to what? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Screen print epoxy ink is commonly used why? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What doesn't provide protection from the environment? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: Schwarzenegger became a naturalized U.S. citizen on September 17, 1983. Shortly before he gained his citizenship, he asked the Austrian authorities for the right to keep his Austrian citizenship, as Austria does not usually allow dual citizenship. His request was granted, and he retained his Austrian citizenship. In 2005, Peter Pilz, a member of the Austrian Parliament from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that Parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship due to his decision not to prevent the executions of Donald Beardslee and Stanley Williams, causing damage of reputation to Austria, where the death penalty has been abolished since 1968. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: "A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic." Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system. Question: What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty? Answer: 1968 Question: Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship? Answer: Peter Pilz

Context: Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections. Question: What was too small to keep Nasser in power? Answer: street following Question: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition? Answer: press Question: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez? Answer: singers Question: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches? Answer: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" Question: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president? Answer: 1955

Context: During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity". Question: Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011? Answer: Achim Steiner Question: Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually? Answer: 2004 through 2009 Question: Who is Achim Steiner? Answer: UN under-secretary general Question: Who was the US under-secretary in 2011? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who was the UN under-secretary in 2012? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity drop at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who is not the secretary general? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist". Question: What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence? Answer: closer ties with the Nordic countries Question: When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech? Answer: December 1999 Question: Who expressed a speech called "Estonia as a Nordic Country"? Answer: Toomas Hendrik Ilves Question: What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia? Answer: 2003

Context: In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa. Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed. Question: What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing? Answer: flowering plants Question: What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants? Answer: evolution in plants Question: How has technology improved the study of botany? Answer: greatly increased the level of detail Question: What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing? Answer: which families represent the earliest branches

Context: In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB was presented. Question: How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008? Answer: around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929) Question: How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal? Answer: almost 10 times the price Question: Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive? Answer: due to the cost of imported microchips Question: Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009? Answer: Shenzhen Question: What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009? Answer: a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB Question: In what year was the price of a BeiDou-1 ground terminal $250 USD? Answer: Unanswerable Question: The price of the port was a result of the cost of what? Answer: Unanswerable Question: The price of what was a result of imported macro chips? Answer: Unanswerable Question: The price of what was a result of the price of motherboards? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Where was there a terminal priced over CNY2,000RMB? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose. Question: What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England? Answer: Alfred the Great Question: What treatise was written by Pope Gregory? Answer: Pastoral Care Question: When did Alfred the Great's reign begin? Answer: 871 Question: In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England? Answer: 9th Question: What dialect did Alfred's government use? Answer: West Saxon Question: Who unified the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 900's? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who advocated making Latin the language of education? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What treatise did Pope Gregory I have translated into English? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What Anglo-Saxon king died in the 9th century? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain. Question: What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as? Answer: a human right Question: What should chronic pain be considered in its own right? Answer: a disease Question: What two countries is treating pain a specialty in? Answer: China and Australia Question: What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc? Answer: subspecialty Question: As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain? Answer: tens of millions Question: What does the International Association for Pain Study advocate for? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What does the International Association for Pain Study believe about chronic pain? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What does the International Association for Pain Study believe about pain medicine? Answer: Unanswerable Question: What did Human Rights Watch do in 2101? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London – specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work—most notably his play The Alchemist—was set in the city. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography. Question: What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London? Answer: William Shakespeare Question: What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist? Answer: Ben Jonson Question: What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665? Answer: Daniel Defoe Question: The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment? Answer: the Tabard inn Question: Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels? Answer: Sherlock Holmes

Context: Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013. The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members and is registered as a fund-raising Association. Membership is open to everyone, and grants access to a live audio stream. Question: Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM? Answer: Saint FM Community Radio Question: What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch? Answer: 10 March 2013 Question: What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community? Answer: everyone

Context: As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility. Question: What ultimately determined nobility? Answer: hereditary juridical status Question: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do? Answer: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. Question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility? Answer: no Question: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did? Answer: retained all their constitutional prerogatives

Context: The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5–6 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was "pure foppery". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: "I adore his chivalry". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been "led in triumph" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror—that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette—was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman. Question: Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections? Answer: Marie-Antoinette Question: Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette? Answer: Philip Francis Question: Who adored Burke's chivalry? Answer: Edward Gibbon Question: How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her? Answer: she burst into tears Question: What did Philip Francis call Marie-Antoinette? Answer: Unanswerable Question: When did Marie-Antoinette read Burke's writings? Answer: Unanswerable Question: How did Marie-Antoinette react to Edward Gibbon's praise? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who admired Francis's chivalry? Answer: Unanswerable Question: Who thought the October Days were a cowardly attack on the Jacobins? Answer: Unanswerable

Context: The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops. Question: What famous writers have lived in Tucson? Answer: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace Question: What is the Chax Press? Answer: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions Question: What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer? Answer: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops Question: What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with? Answer: University of Arizona

Context: The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Question: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia? Answer: 1854 Question: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia? Answer: Napoleon III Question: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine? Answer: Charles de La Valette Question: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party? Answer: clerical party Question: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette? Answer: ambassador to the Porte

Context: During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election, 2010, The Independent ran ads declaring that "Rupert Murdoch won't decide this election – you will." In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade "appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor" of the Independent, and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner. Several days later the Independent reported The Sun's failure to report its own YouGov poll result which said that "if people thought Mr Clegg's party had a significant chance of winning the election" the Liberal Democrats would win 49% of the vote, and with it a landslide majority. Question: Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent? Answer: James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade Question: Who was the editor of the Independent? Answer: Simon Kelner Question: What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election? Answer: its own YouGov poll result Question: Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election? Answer: Rupert Murdoch Question: What year was the United Kingdom general election? Answer: 2010