text
stringlengths 1.05k
2.98M
|
|---|
Fashion model walks the runway during the Maaji Swimwear fashion show at the Mercedes Benz Fashion Week Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami is an annual fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) held in Miami, Florida (/wiki/Miami,_Florida) , United States (/wiki/United_States) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week) Miami, not to be confused with Miami Fashion Week (/wiki/Miami_Fashion_Week) , is held every year during the Summer at the Raleigh Hotel at 1775 Collins Avenue in South Beach (/wiki/South_Beach) , Miami Beach (/wiki/Miami_Beach) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami works together with New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) , and is the country's largest, and most important fashion week for swimwear. IMG (/wiki/IMG_(company)) whom first brought its runway event to South Beach in 2004, had an ongoing partnership with Mercedes-Benz. [1] (#cite_note-1) However, due to changes in ownership, as IMG was acquired by William Morris Endeavor (/wiki/William_Morris_Endeavor) and Silver Lake Partners (/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners) in a $2.2 billion deal, [2] (#cite_note-2) the agency lost Mercedes-Benz as a title sponsor. [3] (#cite_note-3) The show was cancelled for 2015 but will resume in 2016 after re-branding the popular event. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Mercedes Benz Fashion Week Swim 2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151217020805/http://www.jamessantiagophotography.com/mercedes-benz-fashion-week-swim/) . Fashion Photography . Archived from the original (http://www.jamessantiagophotography.com/mercedes-benz-fashion-week-swim/) on 2015-12-17 . Retrieved 2015-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "UPDATE: WME Brass Welcome IMG Staffers As Acquisition Deal Closes" (http://www.deadline.com/2013/12/wme-silver-lake-acquire-img-worldwide/) . Deadline . 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 2015-12-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Klein, Alyssa Vingan (May 11, 2015). "Miami's Fashion Week Swim Is Going on Hiatus" (http://fashionista.com/2015/05/img-swim-week-miami-postponed) . Fashionista . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20090216212412/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/miami/) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami&action=edit) . v t e This article related to Miami (/wiki/Miami) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐66546ff478‐vjwqp Cached time: 20240714204241 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.240 seconds Real time usage: 0.558 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 356/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20430/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 96/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28041/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.159/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3158636/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 349.711 1 -total 63.47% 221.968 1 Template:Reflist 55.85% 195.311 2 Template:Cite_web 30.22% 105.690 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 29.48% 103.078 1 Template:Navbox 5.10% 17.818 1 Template:Fashion-stub 4.65% 16.272 2 Template:Asbox 3.93% 13.734 1 Template:Portal-inline 1.71% 5.977 1 Template:Cite_news 1.11% 3.889 1 Template:Miami-stub Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23653268-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714204241 and revision id 1218303036. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami&oldid=1218303036 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami&oldid=1218303036) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Annual events in Florida (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Florida) Events in Miami (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Miami) Fashion weeks in the United States (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks_in_the_United_States) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Miami stubs (/wiki/Category:Miami_stubs) Hidden category: All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Biomechanical art (also called Biomech) is a surrealistic (/wiki/Surrealistic) style of art that combines elements of machines with organics. [1] (#cite_note-1) Rendered with distinct realism (/wiki/Realism_(arts)) , biomechanical art expresses an internal fantasy (/wiki/Fantasy) world, most typically represented with human or animal anatomy where bones and joints are replaced with metal pistons and gears, but infused with muscles and tendons. Biomechanical art was popularized in 1979 when Swiss artist H.R. Giger (/wiki/H.R._Giger) designed the alien creatures in the 1979 feature film Alien (/wiki/Alien_(film)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Biomechanical tattoo art [ edit ] After the popularity of Ridley Scott (/wiki/Ridley_Scott) 's 1979 movie Alien (/wiki/Alien_(film)) , tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo) artists began tattooing images taken directly from the movie, and from artist H.R. Giger (/wiki/H.R._Giger) 's Necronomicon series. As the biomechanical tattoo art style became increasingly popular, tattoo artists such as Guy Aitchison (/wiki/Guy_Aitchison) and Aaron Cain (/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Cain&action=edit&redlink=1) began designing their own original, biomechanical art, creating one of the most popular contemporary tattoo art movements. [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) LED tattoo (/wiki/LED_tattoo) Notes [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Biomechanical Tattoos, Designs, Pictures, and Ideas" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065035/http://tattoos-and-art.com/biomechanical-tattoos/) . tattoos-and-art.com. Archived from the original (http://tattoos-and-art.com/biomechanical-tattoos/) on 2008-12-01. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Levy 2008 (#Lev01) : 54 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Biomechanical Tattoos" (http://www.biomechanicaltattoogallery.com/) . biomechanicaltattoogallery.com. References [ edit ] Levy, Janey (2008). Tattoos in Modern Society . The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4042-1829-1 . External links [ edit ] H.R. Giger Official website (http://www.hrgiger.com/) Guy Aitchison Biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141032/http://www.yellowman.com/p/GUYBIO/Guy+Aitchison.html) Aaron Cain Biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141208/http://www.yellowman.com/p/CAIBIO/Aaron+Cain.html) David H. Frantz Official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20130609214428/http://loopedpassage.com/) TLC Tattoo Wars: Biomechanical Art featuring Guy Aitchison (https://web.archive.org/web/20090723132726/http://tlc.discovery.com/videos/tattoo-wars-shorts-biomechanical-art.html) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.canary‐55cf9b4858‐qcln8 Cached time: 20240622225817 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.127 seconds Real time usage: 0.326 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 231/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5121/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 88/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11531/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.081/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2707022/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 304.866 1 -total 66.02% 201.277 1 Template:Portal 32.18% 98.117 1 Template:Reflist 27.07% 82.539 2 Template:Cite_web 1.73% 5.267 1 Template:Cite_book 0.61% 1.875 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23694367-0!canonical and timestamp 20240622225817 and revision id 1111762028. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomechanical_art&oldid=1111762028 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomechanical_art&oldid=1111762028) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Visual arts genres (/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_genres)
|
Online sock retailer Blacksocks logo Blacksocks is a European sock subscription (/wiki/Subscription) service and online retailer. [1] (#cite_note-1) For an annual subscription price, customers receive three pairs of socks three times a year. The socks come in a limited variety of sizes and styles, with options such as calf socks, knee socks and silk cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) socks. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The socks are manufactured near Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The company has also expanded into a line of underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and t-shirts (/wiki/T-shirts) , as well as offering athletic and ski socks. Blacksocks has 60,000 active customers, primarily in France (/wiki/France) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) and Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland) , and, as of March 2009, the company maintains a growing presence in the United States (/wiki/United_States) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1999 by Marcel Roth (/wiki/Marcel_Roth) and Samy Liechti as a general partnership (/wiki/General_partnership) . According to Liechti, he was inspired to form a sock subscription service after wearing mismatched socks to a traditional Japanese tea ceremony (/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony) for business clients. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2001, the company changed its name to Blacksocks SA, a corporation (/wiki/Corporation) based out of Zurich (/wiki/Zurich) . Roth left the company in 2005. By 2009, Blacksocks had delivered over one million pairs of socks to Europe. [8] (#cite_note-8) North American launch [ edit ] Blacksocks expanded its coverage when it launched in North America on March 19, 2009. [9] (#cite_note-9) The company's subscription offers three pairs of identical socks every four months for an annual "sockscription" of $89. [10] (#cite_note-10) Lori Rosen, founder of New York-based public relations firm The Rosen Group, serves as managing partner for U.S. operations. The Rosen Group also oversees the company’s public relations (/wiki/Public_relations) efforts. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Rosen was selected for the position after she approached Liechti about marketing the concept in North America after she learned of the service during a European business trip. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Milestone [ edit ] In September 2008, Blacksocks celebrated its one millionth pair of calf socks sold. [13] (#cite_note-13) Technology [ edit ] In September 2012, Blacksocks released its Smarter Socks, the first socks to use radio-frequency identification (/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification) technology to facilitate sorting and to ensure that each sock is correctly matched to its pair after washing. Smarter Socks are implanted with RFID chips that communicate with the Sock Sorter, which allows iPhones (/wiki/IPhones) to be RFID-compliant. [14] (#cite_note-14) In addition, Blacksocks released an iPhone mobile application, which, when used in conjunction with the Sock Sorter, beeps once a single sock is brought next to its pair. The app also contains a scanner that determines the extent of color fading for any brand of sock, and provides data about the socks such as wash count, date of order, paired status, sock ID number, and whether the sock is left- or right-footed. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In April 2017, Blacksocks launched an order button for customers to order socks and other items directly from their closets. [17] (#cite_note-17) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The World's First Sock Subscription | Order Online | BLACKSOCKS" (https://www.blacksocks.com/en/) . www.blacksocks.com . Retrieved 2021-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Review: Blacksocks.com Is as Simple as It Sounds" (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,520948,00.html) . Fox News. 2011-11-30 . Retrieved 2012-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Review: Blacksocks.com is as simple as it sounds" (http://www.technologyreview.com/wire/22683/) . Technology Review . Retrieved 2012-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Made in Italy: the Origins of Our Socks | BLACKSOCKS" (https://www.blacksocks.com/en/originofoursocksen) . www.blacksocks.com . Retrieved 2021-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Entertainment News, Celebrity Interviews and Pop Culture - ABC News" (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=7635681) . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2012-04-01 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sock club for men makes U.S. debut" (https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20090320/SMALLBIZ/903209975/sock-club-for-men-makes-u-s-debut) . Crain's New York Business . 2009-03-20 . Retrieved 2021-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) BusinessWeek article, "BW Online | July 24, 2002 | A Web Outfit with Socks Appeal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090510054511/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2002/tc20020724_9718.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2002/tc20020724_9718.htm) on 2009-05-10 . Retrieved 2009-07-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Merrill, Scott (2009-05-15). "Blacksocks.com: An infinite supply of black socks" (http://social.techcrunch.com/2009/05/15/blacksockscom-an-infinite-supply-of-black-socks/) . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2020-03-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Fowler, Geoffrey (2009-03-19). "Socks Don't Match? How About a Subscription?" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-1460) . Wall Street Journal . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved 2021-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Review: Blacksocks.com is as simple as it sounds" (https://www.technologyreview.com/s/413554/review-blacksockscom-is-as-simple-as-it-sounds/) . MIT Technology Review . 2009-05-21. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160310084734/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/413554/review-blacksockscom-is-as-simple-as-it-sounds/) from the original on 2016-03-10 . Retrieved 2020-03-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) The Rosen Group, www.rosengrouppr.com ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Sock subscription service reaches US - Direct Marketing News" (http://www.dmnews.com/Sock-subscription-service-reaches-US/article/129291/) . Dmnews.com . Retrieved 2012-04-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "History and Milestones since 1999 | BLACKSOCKS" (https://www.blacksocks.com/en/since1999) . www.blacksocks.com . Retrieved 2021-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Thanks to RFID, You'll Never Lose a Sock Again" (https://gizmodo.com/5946000/thanks-to-rfid-youll-never-lose-a-sock-again?tag=socks) . Gizmodo. 2012-09-24. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Classic Calf Socks: Smarter Socks with Plus+ | BLACKSOCKS" (https://www.blacksocks.com/en/socks/calfsocksblack-plus) . www.blacksocks.com . Retrieved 2021-04-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Radio-Tagged Socks for the Obsessive" (http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/25/radio-tagged-socks-for-the-obsessive/?pagewanted=print) . The New York Times . 2012-09-25. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Blacksocks wandelt in den Fussstapfen von Amazon" (http://www.handelszeitung.ch/unternehmen/blacksocks-wandelt-den-fussstapfen-von-amazon-1377240) . Handelszeitung (in Swiss High German). 2017-05-04. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1422-8971 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1422-8971) . Retrieved 2017-10-31 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://blacksocks.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐j7fc6 Cached time: 20240708224019 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.274 seconds Real time usage: 0.425 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 897/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25757/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 449/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58834/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.180/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5077704/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 397.661 1 -total 47.63% 189.423 1 Template:Reflist 39.40% 156.661 1 Template:Short_description 36.10% 143.570 11 Template:Cite_web 23.17% 92.124 4 Template:Main_other 22.52% 89.567 1 Template:SDcat 12.92% 51.374 2 Template:Pagetype 7.44% 29.591 1 Template:Portal 5.26% 20.909 5 Template:Cite_news 3.38% 13.429 1 Template:Official_website Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23804533-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708224019 and revision id 1188979670. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blacksocks&oldid=1188979670 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blacksocks&oldid=1188979670) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) Hosiery brands (/wiki/Category:Hosiery_brands) Online clothing retailers (/wiki/Category:Online_clothing_retailers) Clothing retailers of Switzerland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Switzerland) Hidden categories: CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Swiss_High_German-language_sources_(de-ch)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
|
Fashion brand of the Loblaw Companies This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Fresh&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Joe Fresh Product type Apparel, footwear, accessories, beauty and cosmetics Owner Loblaw Companies (/wiki/Loblaw_Companies) Country Toronto, Canada Introduced 2006 ; 18 years ago ( 2006 ) Markets Canada United States UAE South Korea Philippines Saudi Arabia Jordan Lebanon Egypt Morocco Algeria Macedonia Montenegro Croatia Bosnia Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Georgia Belarus Armenia Serbia Spain Tagline Fresh style. Fresh price. Website www (https://www.joefresh.com) .joefresh (https://www.joefresh.com) .com (https://www.joefresh.com) Joe Fresh is a Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) brand and retail chain created by designer Joe Mimran (/wiki/Joe_Mimran) for Canadian food distributor Loblaw Companies Limited (/wiki/Loblaw_Companies) . It was formed in 2006. The label includes adult and children's wear, shoes, handbags, jewelry, beauty products, and bath items. Joe Fresh entered the United States market, with permanent and pop-up (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) stores, in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) and the surrounding region, with an international flagship store located at 510 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/510_Fifth_Avenue) . In 2012, the brand also appeared in approximately 680 JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) stores throughout the United States. The JCPenney agreement was dismantled in 2015, with the companies making the decision not to renew their existing distribution agreement, which expired on January 30, 2016. [1] (#cite_note-1) The Fifth Avenue store closed in 2015. History [ edit ] Inside a Joe Fresh store. Concept [ edit ] In 2004, Loblaw approached Joe Mimran (/wiki/Joe_Mimran) , co-founder of the Club Monaco (/wiki/Club_Monaco) retail chain and the name behind the Alfred Sung (/wiki/Alfred_Sung) brand, to collaborate on a new fashion line. Mimran, who had previously worked with Loblaw on its President's Choice (/wiki/President%27s_Choice) Home Collection, was tasked with creating a clothing line for adults, a market segment the company had not explored before. "We had no idea what the consumer would want from a food store; we had no idea whether the prices would resonate, whether they wanted casual dress versus something dressier. Everything that was done at that time, we did it really without very much research. We just said let's build a line, let's design the stores, the marketing, the [rounded dollar] price points. We went with bright colors and tasty colors because it was a food store, and all of these things were all done intuitively, and it worked. [2] (#cite_note-freshstrategy-2) " Mimran emphasized the importance of maintaining the integrity of product design while offering an reasonable price point. Additionally, practical considerations played a role, as the clothing line needed to withstand the wear and tear of shopping carts and the flow of supermarket traffic. [3] (#cite_note-betterbydesign-3) Launch [ edit ] In March 2006, the fashion brand, named Joe Fresh Style, debuted at 40 Real Canadian Superstore (/wiki/Real_Canadian_Superstore) and Atlantic Superstore (/wiki/Atlantic_Superstore) locations. [4] (#cite_note-launchnewsrelease-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) News reports described the launch as "a big gamble" [6] (#cite_note-noaveragejoe-6) for both the food retailer and designer. The branding represented for the first time Mimran's name appearing on one of his labels. "Now, Mr. Mimran is finally being thrust into the public spotlight, becoming a brand in his own right." The use of "Joe", according to Mimran, was a deliberate decision that gave the private label "instant credibility." [7] (#cite_note-7) Meanwhile, "Fresh" not only drew an association with the supermarkets where the clothes would be sold but also the line's simple design. [6] (#cite_note-noaveragejoe-6) One retail analyst expressed the view that consumers would be more likely to buy based on the line's style and in-store retail convenience rather than price point. [ citation needed ] Sales [ edit ] Seven months after the brand's launch, Loblaw reported that sales had exceeded the company's own projections: "Every one of our sales objectives that we have set, we have surpassed," noted Louise Drouin, senior vice president of general merchandise. [ citation needed ] Mimran also expressed his personal satisfaction with the brand's acceptance among consumers. "I've been involved with many projects over the years, and I can tell you the response to this has been overwhelming." But retail consultant, Dalan Bronson of the J.C. Williams Group (/w/index.php?title=J.C._Williams_Group&action=edit&redlink=1) , was more cautious, contending that the jury was still out on the brand's long-term prospects, given the fickle nature of the fashion trade. [8] (#cite_note-meetjoefresh-8) Product line [ edit ] In 2007, Loblaw began expanding the line to include sleepwear, lingerie, and children's wear, "and quickly became the top seller of kid's clothing in the country." [9] (#cite_note-followstoughpath-9) Swimwear and sunglasses were added in 2008, and in 2009 Joe Fresh Beauty debuted with an array of reasonably priced cosmetics at $8 or less. By then, the brand had become the second-biggest-selling clothing label in the country, according to market research. [10] (#cite_note-joesfreshtake-10) A Maclean's (/wiki/Maclean%27s) magazine article noted Joe's appeal amongst a wide range of consumers: Since its inception, Joe Fresh has been a smash hit with suburban soccer moms. But experts have been a little surprised by how many young urbanites, regulars at Holt Renfrew and other high-priced boutiques, are willing to snap up $29 cable-knit sweaters and $49 skirts without the slightest hint of shame. Many, in fact, openly boast to friends about their great finds. [10] (#cite_note-joesfreshtake-10) Within its first year and a half, Joe Fresh had chalked up $400 million in retail sales. [11] (#cite_note-freshapproach-11) Expansion [ edit ] In 2010, Joe Fresh moved beyond the supermarket aisle with the opening of its first stand-alone store, located in downtown Vancouver. Months later, Loblaw announced its intent to open 20 dedicated outlets across Canada, 6 to be completed by year's end. Although media reports speculated that the brand would remain strictly a Canadian phenomenon, in 2011, Loblaw announced its most ambitious plans yet for Joe Fresh – four retail outlets slated for metropolitan New York City with "an international flagship store" on Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) . Mimran declared it the right move at the right time. "We felt it was time to make the first step into the international market with a store in the American fashion capital, and one of the most exciting cities in the world, New York." [12] (#cite_note-12) But in confirming the brand's entry into the American market, Loblaw president Allan Leighton pointed out that it was "very much a pilot project." [9] (#cite_note-followstoughpath-9) One retail analyst, Kaileen Millard-Ruff of market researcher Synovate Canada (/w/index.php?title=Synovate_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) , referred to the opportunities and pitfalls faced by Canadian retailers who head south of the border in hopes of staking a claim: "Joe Fresh definitely has an opportunity there, and the U.S. is looking for more cheap chic," she said. "And the designs don't look cheap, they look more sophisticated. It all comes down to whether Loblaw will put in the cash to do it properly, because in New York you have to look like a big thing to be a big thing... that's everything on execution from the space, to product, to fixtures, to lighting. Fifth Avenue is not the cheapest real estate around." [9] (#cite_note-followstoughpath-9) But while Loblaw management was cautious in tone regarding Joe's entry into the American market, Mimran spoke ambitiously, envisioning as many as 800 stores across the U.S. in five years, with the possibility of taking the label beyond North America, into Europe and Asia. He noted that Joe Fresh already competes successfully with international brands at home in Canada. "Today, if you have a proposition that resonates, it can work across cultures and borders." [13] (#cite_note-globalexpansion-13) Mimran also expressed the view that considering the enormous sales volume of the brand in Canada, to not attempt an entry into the United States market and beyond would be a matter of "short-changing ourselves." [2] (#cite_note-freshstrategy-2) New York [ edit ] In July 2011, New Yorkers were given a sneak preview of Joe Fresh fashion with the opening of a 600-square-foot pop-up (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) summer store, replete with a wall display of brightly colored flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) , at the Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) resort of East Hampton Village (/wiki/East_Hampton_(village),_New_York) . [14] (#cite_note-joefreshtestsUSmarket-14) New York City's first glimpse of Joe followed in the fall with the October opening of a temporary "holiday store" on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) . [15] (#cite_note-cutthroatUSmarket-15) But it was with the unveiling of stores at Bridgewater (/wiki/Bridgewater,_New_Jersey) and Garden City (/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York) , that Joe began ringing in sales at its first permanent U.S. outlets. New York City's first permanent Joe Fresh store, located in Manhattan's Flatiron District (/wiki/Flatiron_District) , opened in November 2011. Mimran, present for the grand opening of a new Joe Fresh boutique at 110 Fifth Avenue, acknowledged the crowded nature of the New York's low-price high fashion market, but contended there's always a place for a new player with integrity: The fashion industry allows newcomers. This is not an exclusionary industry. I think if you get beat it's not because of the competition, it's because you are not good enough. Women do love to shop around, and they like to have a handful of brands that they like to frequent. It's not about one single brand. This is not the computer business, it's the fashion game. There isn't one department store, there isn't one specialty store. And what we've shown, especially in Canada, is we can play with international competition. So why can't we do it here? [16] (#cite_note-joemimranofjoefreshgambles-16) Joe's new international flagship headquarters, located on Fifth Avenue and 43rd Street, opened in the spring of 2012. The New York ad campaign featured the slogan, "Irresistible fashion for Everyone. Affordable fashion for Anyone." [17] (#cite_note-joefreshnewyorktwitter-17) In July 2012, it was announced that Joe Fresh and JCPenney (/wiki/JCPenney) were teaming up to open close to 700 Joe stores in the retailer's outlets throughout the United States. Mimran described the move as "akin to a roll-out but done very quickly" and noted that it would give Joe Fresh national exposure. [18] (#cite_note-18) March 2013 saw the launch of 681 Joe Fresh stores throughout JCPenney locations. [19] (#cite_note-worldmastercardfashionweek-19) The brand also became available online, featured on the JCPenney website. Issues [ edit ] Main article: 2013 Savar building collapse (/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse) On 24 April 2013, an eight-story commercial building called Rana Plaza collapsed in Savar (/wiki/Savar) , a sub-district (/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh) near Dhaka (/wiki/Dhaka) , the capital of Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) . At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured. [20] (#cite_note-20) The building housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, a bank, [21] (#cite_note-guardian-21) and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group (/wiki/Benetton_Group) , Joe Fresh, [22] (#cite_note-forbes-22) The Children's Place (/wiki/The_Children%27s_Place) , Primark (/wiki/Primark) , Monsoon (/wiki/Monsoon_Accessorize#Monsoon) , and Dressbarn (/wiki/Dressbarn) . [23] (#cite_note-telegraph-23) [24] (#cite_note-usatoday-24) The parent company of Joe Fresh, Loblaws, offered compensation to the victims of three months' pay, totalling about $150 plus undisclosed long-term compensation. [25] (#cite_note-urlForbes-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) It has established a $3 million trust to compensate victims of the accident. Joe Fresh continues to manufacture its garments in Bangladesh, with one source stating that as of 2014 it has doubled production in the country. In 2014, Loblaws finally hired an employee to oversee its Bangladeshi operations and monitor working conditions. [27] (#cite_note-27) In 2015, a class action lawsuit asking for $1.85 billion in damages was filed against Loblaws alleging Loblaws was aware of the poor safety standards of Rana Plaza. [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Canada portal (/wiki/Portal:Canada) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of Canadian clothing store chains (/wiki/List_of_Canadian_clothing_store_chains) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Chapin, Adele (2015-05-07). "JCPenney Does Away With Joe Fresh" (https://www.racked.com/2015/5/7/8564725/joe-fresh-jcpenney-discontinued) . Racked . Retrieved 2023-09-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b "C Suite: Joe Mimran's Fresh Strategy" (http://business.financialpost.com/2011/06/21/c-suite-joseph-mimrans-fresh-strategy/) . National Post (/wiki/National_Post) . June 21, 2011 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-betterbydesign_3-0) "Better by Design: Loblaw's Joe Fresh" (http://strategyonline.ca/2007/10/01/srbetterjoe-20071001/) . Strategy . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-launchnewsrelease_4-0) Press release (March 2006). "Loblaw Companies Limited news release". ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Loblaw launches new fashion line" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/loblaw-launches-new-fashion-line-1.617973) . CBC News . Mar 13, 2006 . Retrieved Sep 6, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Loblaw's Apparel Guru No Average Joe". The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . March 13, 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Morassutti, William (October 28, 2008). "Talking to: Joseph Mimran" (http://www.toromagazine.com/legacy/90c8e9b9-2dab-eb34-d130-23066938fa4f/index.html) . Toro (/wiki/Toro_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-meetjoefresh_8-0) Leung, Calvin (June 19, 2006). "Meet Joe Fresh" (https://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/12908--meet-joe-fresh) . Canadian Business (/wiki/Canadian_Business) . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Shaw, Hollie (February 23, 2011). "Joe Fresh Follows Tough Path into Cutthroat NYC Market". Financial Post Business (/w/index.php?title=Financial_Post_Business&action=edit&redlink=1) . ^ Jump up to: a b Intini, John (January 25, 2010). "Joe's Fresh Take – How Loblaws Became the New King of Canadian Fashion" (https://www.macleans.ca/2010/01/25/joes-fresh-take/) . Maclean's (/wiki/Maclean%27s) . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-freshapproach_11-0) Flavelle, Dana. "Loblaw's Fresh Approach". Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Joe Fresh Brand Takes a Bite Out of the Big Apple" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111107215956/http://www.joefresh.com/en/press/detail/?article=the-joe-fresh-brand-takes-a-bite-out-of-the) . Loblaw Companies Limited (news release February 23, 2011). Archived from the original (http://www.joefresh.com/en/press/detail/?article=the-joe-fresh-brand-takes-a-bite-out-of-the) on November 7, 2011 . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-globalexpansion_13-0) Marina, Strauss (February 23, 2011). "Joe Fresh's Global Expansion Plan" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/joe-freshs-global-expansion-plan-first-he-takes-manhattan/article1917129/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Toronto . Retrieved October 21, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-joefreshtestsUSmarket_14-0) Maier, Kate. "Joe Fresh Tests U.S. Market with a Cheap and Preppy East Hampton Pop-Up" (http://www.thefeast.com/newyork/shopping/FEAST-SHOP-NY-Joe-Fresh-Tests-NYC-Waters-With-Cheap-and-Preppy-Pop-Up-in-East-Hampton-125811928.html) . The Feast . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-cutthroatUSmarket_15-0) Marina, Strauss (October 10, 2011). "Loblaw's Joe Fresh Enters Cutthroat U.S. Market" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/loblaws-joe-fresh-enters-cutthroat-us-market/article2196753/) . The Globe and Mail (/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail) . Toronto . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-joemimranofjoefreshgambles_16-0) Blay, Zandile (November 9, 2011). "Joe Mimran of Joe Fresh Gambles on NYC" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zandile-blay/joe-mimran-of-joe-fresh-t_b_1079149.html) . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-joefreshnewyorktwitter_17-0) "Joe Fresh New York" (https://twitter.com/joefreshny) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Retrieved October 31, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Strauss, Marina (July 25, 2012). "Loblaw's Joe Fresh hooks up with J.C. Penney" (https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/loblaws-joe-fresh-hooks-up-with-jc-penney/article4439978/) . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved October 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-worldmastercardfashionweek_19-0) "Joe Fresh launches at J.C. Penney" (http://worldmastercardfashionweek.com/joe-fresh-launches-at-j-c-penney/) . World Mastercard Fashion Week . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Ahmed, Saeed; Lakhani, Leone (14 June 2013), "Bangladesh building collapse: An end to recovery efforts, a promise of a new start" (http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/14/world/asia/bangladesh-building-collapse-aftermath/) , CNN , retrieved 16 December 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-guardian_21-0) Zain Al-Mahmood, Syed (24 April 2013). "Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 76 garment workers" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/24/bangladesh-building-collapse-kills-garment-workers) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . London . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbes_22-0) 'Extreme Pricing' At What Cost? Retailer Joe Fresh Sends Reps To Bangladesh As Death Toll Rises - Forbes (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/04/30/extreme-pricing-at-what-cost-retailer-joe-fresh-sends-reps-to-bangladesh-as-death-toll-rises/) ^ (#cite_ref-telegraph_23-0) Nelson, Dean (24 April 2013). "Bangladesh building collapse kills at least 82 in Dhaka" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bangladesh/10014778/Bangladesh-building-collapse-kills-at-least-82-in-Dhaka.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . London . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-usatoday_24-0) Alam, Julhas (24 April 2013). "At least 87 dead in Bangladesh building collapse" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/04/24/bangladesh-building-collapse/2108727/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-urlForbes_25-0) O'Connor, Clare. " (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/04/30/extreme-pricing-at-what-cost-retailer-joe-fresh-sends-reps-to-bangladesh-as-death-toll-rises/) 'Extreme Pricing' At What Cost? Retailer Joe Fresh Sends Reps To Bangladesh As Death Toll Rises - Forbes" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2013/04/30/extreme-pricing-at-what-cost-retailer-joe-fresh-sends-reps-to-bangladesh-as-death-toll-rises/) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Shaw, Hollie (2013-10-24). "Loblaw renews commitment to compensate Bangladesh factory collapse victims | Financial Post" (http://business.financialpost.com/2013/10/24/loblaw-renews-commitment-to-compensate-bangladesh-factory-collapse-victims/) . Financial Post . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Joe Fresh continuing garment business in Bangladesh in year after tragedy | CBC News" (http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/joe-fresh-continuing-garment-business-in-bangladesh-in-year-after-tragedy-1.2606120) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Loblaws Facing Class-Action Lawsuit over Bangladesh Factory Collapse" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/04/30/proposed-class-action-tar_n_7182964.html) . 2015-04-30. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐hv85g Cached time: 20240713183637 Cache expiry: 1574605 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.568 seconds Real time usage: 0.860 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2214/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 59194/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2647/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 104124/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.367/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6961484/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 779.684 1 -total 38.35% 299.012 1 Template:Reflist 26.92% 209.881 1 Template:Short_description 20.22% 157.614 8 Template:Cite_web 16.26% 126.791 6 Template:Main_other 15.84% 123.506 1 Template:SDcat 10.89% 84.922 15 Template:Cite_news 9.83% 76.663 1 Template:Infobox_brand 9.32% 72.702 1 Template:Infobox 9.08% 70.807 1 Template:Advert Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23977561-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713183637 and revision id 1223598560. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Fresh&oldid=1223598560 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Fresh&oldid=1223598560) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2004 establishments in Canada (/wiki/Category:2004_establishments_in_Canada) Products introduced in 2006 (/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_2006) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) Clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) Clothing retailers of Canada (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Canada) Clothing companies established in 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) Loblaw Companies (/wiki/Category:Loblaw_Companies) Privately held companies of Canada (/wiki/Category:Privately_held_companies_of_Canada) Shops in New York City (/wiki/Category:Shops_in_New_York_City) Retail companies established in 2004 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_2004) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from March 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_March_2015) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023)
|
This article uses bare URLs (/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs) , which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot (/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot) . Please consider converting them to full citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_styles) to ensure the article remains verifiable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates (/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index/Sources_of_articles#Examples) and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Dice_Kayek&defaults=y) ( documentation (/wiki/Wikipedia:ReFill) ) and Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Dice_Kayek) ( documentation (/wiki/User:Citation_bot) ) . ( August 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Dice Kayek is a Paris-based high fashion brand founded by the Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_people) sisters Ece and Ayşe Ege in 1992. Ece Ege (/wiki/Ece_Ege) is the creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of the brand and Ayşe Ege (/w/index.php?title=Ay%C5%9Fe_Ege&action=edit&redlink=1) is the manager (/wiki/General_manager) of the company. Background [ edit ] In 1992, Esmod Paris graduate Ece Ege created a collection of 15 white poplin (/wiki/Poplin) shirts that attracted the attention of a number of key people in the fashion industry. The following year, together with sister Ayşe Ege, they continued to expand the white shirt collection [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) with new designs. In 1993, Dice Kayek presented for the first time a complete women’s ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) collection in Paris, to critical acclaim. In an October 1993 article, Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Wear_Daily) commented: "Their gauzy poet blouses and coats with bows have found a quick following here among the fashion romantics, especially considering that this was their first runway show." In 1994, Dice Kayek became a member of the English: French Federation of Fashion and of Ready-to-Wear of Couturiers and Fashion Designers , and in 1996, with the support of the fashion group Mitsui & Co. (/wiki/Mitsui_%26_Co.) (Tokyo), the sisters also launched Dice Kayek Pink Label in Japan. In 2002, Dice Kayek was invited by the Korean government to present their Autumn/Winter 2002-03 collection at the Seoul Fashion Week . That same year, Ece Ege also became the Artistic Director of the Japanese fashion house Hanae Mori (/wiki/Hanae_Mori) . The following year, she received the ‘Femme en Or’ fashion award. In 2004, Dice Kayek joined forces with the Ayaydın- Miroglio Group (/wiki/Miroglio_Group) to create the Turkish contemporary ready-to-wear brand Machka, and Ece Ege was named creative and artistic director (/wiki/Artistic_director) of the brand. In 2010, the France-Euro-Mediterranean Association presented Ece Ege with the ‘Female Achievement Award’ for Dice Kayek’s noteworthy contribution to fostering creative and cultural links between the French, European and Turkish cultures.f Around the same time, as part of an exhibition to celebrate the year of Turkey in France at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) , [3] (#cite_note-3) Dice Kayek showed their Istanbul Contrast collection, which focused on significant symbols of Istanbul’s diverse cultural history. [4] (#cite_note-4) The collection was lauded by top international fashion critics. Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) 's Elisa Pervinca Bellini, [5] (#cite_note-5) noted: "In the embroideries and details, in the silhouettes and lines of the two sisters’ collection there is a strong focus on the lights, the symbols and the allure of old Constantinople." Istanbul Contrast later became a traveling exhibition, and was shown at the Istanbul Modern Museum (Turkey, 2010) and the Amsterdam Museum (/wiki/Amsterdam_Museum) (Netherlands, 2011). 2011 was also the year Dice Kayek opened two pop-up retail (/wiki/Pop-up_retail) shop, one at Les Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Les_Galeries_Lafayette) (Paris) and one at Fenwick (/wiki/Fenwick_(department_store)) (London). In 2013, to coincide with the Salone del Mobile 2013 in Milan, the Turkish design firm Demirden Design invited six designers, among them Matthew Lehanneur, Arik Levy (/wiki/Arik_Levy) and Dice Kayek, to create a work out of Turkish marble, to be unveiled in an exhibition titled ‘Bathing in Light’. For the project, Ece and Ayşe Ege created an exceptional installation called Nebula , [6] (#cite_note-6) which integrated the marble into the idea of a minimalist, light-filled Turkish bath. More recently, Dice Kayek has been shortlisted for the third edition of the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) ’s Jameel Prize . [7] (#cite_note-7) Three Couture pieces from their Istanbul Contrast collection will be on display at the museum from December 11, 2013 to April 21, 2014. Dice Kayek, the winner of the third Jameel Prize , had been announced on December 10, 2013 during the launch of the exhibition at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) . The three Dice Kayek pieces, along with the works of all the other finalists, will be exhibited until April 21, 2014; the show will then travel to other museums around the world. For video coverage of the Jameel Prize, visit: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/exhibition-jameel-prize/jameel-prize-3/ (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/exhibition-jameel-prize/jameel-prize-3/) See also [ edit ] company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Turkey portal (/wiki/Portal:Turkey) Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Journal du textile 16/11/92 ^ (#cite_ref-2) http://www.bleublancturc.com/TurcsconnusFR/Ece_Ege.htm (http://www.bleublancturc.com/TurcsconnusFR/Ece_Ege.htm) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Dice Kayek Istanbul Contrast aux Arts décoratifs - Clôture de la saison de la Turquie en France https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MB4jnZsGvLM (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MB4jnZsGvLM) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) France 2 Une créatrice Turque célèbre Istanbul Par Corinne Jeammet, http://culture.france2.fr/mode/actu/une-creatrice-turque-celebre-istanbul--62209511.html (http://culture.france2.fr/mode/actu/une-creatrice-turque-celebre-istanbul--62209511.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131112114823/http://culture.france2.fr/mode/actu/une-creatrice-turque-celebre-istanbul--62209511.html) 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Dice Kayek in Amsterdam - Vogue.it" (http://www.vogue.it/en/magazine/daily-news/2012/04/istanbul-contrast) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stiletto.fr, http://www.stiletto.fr/interview-perchee/ece-et-ayse-ege-un-talon-sculpte-plutot-qu-un-talon-aiguille (http://www.stiletto.fr/interview-perchee/ece-et-ayse-ege-un-talon-sculpte-plutot-qu-un-talon-aiguille) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wallpaper* (/wiki/Wallpaper*) , http://www.wallpaper.com/art/the-va-reveals-its-2013-shortlist-for-the-jameel-prize-3-london/6408 (http://www.wallpaper.com/art/the-va-reveals-its-2013-shortlist-for-the-jameel-prize-3-london/6408) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dice_Kayek) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Dice Kayek" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dice+Kayek%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dice+Kayek%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dice+Kayek%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dice+Kayek%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dice+Kayek%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dice+Kayek%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) External links [ edit ] FashionWindows. "Dice Kayek Fall 2007: Blending Textures" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090404064756/http://www.fashionwindows.com/runway_shows/dice_kayek/f071.asp) . Archived from the original (http://www.fashionwindows.com/runway_shows/dice_kayek/f071.asp) on 4 April 2009 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . WearetheTurks. "ECE EGE, fashion designer, founder of prêt-à-porter line DICE KAYEK" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110725202557/http://www.wearetheturks.org/?p=271#more-271) . Archived from the original (http://www.wearetheturks.org/?p=271#more-271) on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . France24: Ece Ege, between East and West (https://web.archive.org/web/20120404065119/http://www.france24.com/en/20080213-people-ece-ege-fashion-stylist-turkish-istanbul) FASHION INSIDER |url= http://www.thefashioninsider.com/2015/07/15/dice-kayek-haute-couture-fall-winter-201516/ (http://www.thefashioninsider.com/2015/07/15/dice-kayek-haute-couture-fall-winter-201516/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐l7tf7 Cached time: 20240710205622 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.343 seconds Real time usage: 0.617 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 398/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23312/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 284/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15483/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.263/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16674319/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 567.653 1 -total 46.56% 264.298 1 Template:Lang-en 21.14% 119.994 3 Template:Cite_web 16.28% 92.426 2 Template:Ambox 15.76% 89.472 1 Template:Cleanup_bare_URLs 6.96% 39.535 1 Template:Portal 3.58% 20.329 1 Template:More_citations_needed 2.72% 15.412 2 Template:Lang 2.57% 14.571 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 1.66% 9.415 1 Template:Webarchive Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24021164-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710205622 and revision id 1201181794. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dice_Kayek&oldid=1201181794 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dice_Kayek&oldid=1201181794) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies of France (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_France) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles needing cleanup from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_August_2022) Articles with bare URLs for citations from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_August_2022) All articles with bare URLs for citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2022) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text) Articles needing additional references from November 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2013) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
|
Italian necktie company E. Marinella Company type Privately held company Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 1914 ; 110 years ago ( 1914 ) Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Founder Eugenio Marinella Headquarters Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Italy Area served Worldwide Products necktie (/wiki/Necktie) , accessories Website www.emarinella.com (http://www.emarinella.com/) E. Marinella is an Italian necktie (/wiki/Necktie) company founded by Eugenio Marinella in 1914 in Naples (/wiki/Naples) [1] (#cite_note-1) in a small shop of just 20 square meters. The brand has standalone stores in Naples, Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) and Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) . The brand is also sold In New York (/wiki/New_York_City) at Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) department store (/wiki/Department_store) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Each tie is handmade and unique. Today, the company is run by Eugenio's grandson, Maurizio Marinella, and his son, Alessandro Marinella. History [ edit ] In 1914 Eugenio Marinella decided to open a shop in Piazza Vittoria on Riviera di Chiaia (/wiki/Riviera_di_Chiaia) , in Naples. Gradually, the boutique becomes a point of reference for elegance. In the 1980s the name Marinella began to land outside the Italian borders thanks to the President of the Republic Francesco Cossiga (/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga) who took the habit of bringing a box containing five Marinella ties as a gift to the heads of state on his official visits. [3] (#cite_note-:r22-3) Eugenio and then Luigi Marinella personally went to England to choose the fabrics for their ties and shirts. The whole boutique in Naples was made by Eugenio Marinella with English materials, including the door jambs. [4] (#cite_note-:r822-4) E. Marinella ties were part of the ITEMS: Is Fashion Modern? exhibit at MoMA (/wiki/MoMA) in New York from October 1, 2017–January 28, 2018. [5] (#cite_note-5) Clients [ edit ] Politicians such as Barack Obama, John F. Kennedy, Bill Clinton (/wiki/Bill_Clinton) , Nicolas Sarkozy (/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy) , Boris Yeltsin (/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin) , Silvio Berlusconi (/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi) , Jacques Chirac (/wiki/Jacques_Chirac) and Hosni Mubarak (/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak) have worn Marinella ties, [6] (#cite_note-6) as have King Juan Carlos (/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos) , King Charles (/wiki/Charles_III) , Gianni Agnelli (/wiki/Gianni_Agnelli) , Prince Albert of Monaco (/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Monaco) , [7] (#cite_note-7) and Aristotle Onassis (/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis) . Products [ edit ] In addition to ties, E. Marinella also sells bags, watches, cologne, accessories and cufflinks for men. Their line of women's products include bags, scarves, perfumes and accessories. [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Neapolitan tailoring (/wiki/Neapolitan_tailoring) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) marinellanapoli.it Family (http://www.marinellanapoli.it/en/family.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171112082713/http://www.marinellanapoli.it/en/family.php) 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-2) stores (https://www.emarinella.com/stores-emarinella/) emarinella.com ^ (#cite_ref-:r22_3-0) fashionaut.it (January 14, 2020). "Cravatte Marinella: storia di uno dei marchi storici Made in Naples" (https://www.fashionaut.it/fashion/cravatte-marinella/) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-:r822_4-0) ilgiornale.it (November 5, 2016). "Tutto cominciò 102 anni fa...Questa di Marinella è la storia vera" (https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/tutto-cominci-102-anni-fa-questa-marinella-storia-vera-1327411.html) (in Italian). ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Items Is Fashion Modern?" (https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/1638) . MoMA. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Paracchini, Gian Luigi. Una cravatta per Mubarak E Marinella riapre il negozio (http://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/cronaca/2009/20-luglio-2009/cravatta-mubarake-marinella-riapre-negozio--1601586553069.shtml) Corriere del Mezzogiorno (/wiki/Corriere_del_Mezzogiorno) . 20 July 2009. Retrieved on 24 August 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Customers (http://www.marinellanapoli.it/en/customers.php) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171024071310/http://www.marinellanapoli.it/en/customers.php) 2017-10-24 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) marinellanapoli.it Accessed 20 April 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-8) "E. MARINELLA - Napoli - Official site" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171113160756/http://www.marinellanapoli.it/en/man-accessories.php) . www.marinellanapoli.it . Archived from the original (http://www.marinellanapoli.it/en/man-accessories.php) on 2017-11-13 . Retrieved 2016-02-29 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.emarinella.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐678f449f78‐dwpnk Cached time: 20240711194307 Cache expiry: 1743414 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.279 seconds Real time usage: 0.376 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1615/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16598/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1305/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20884/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.172/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4703595/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 350.083 1 -total 37.69% 131.961 1 Template:Reflist 29.01% 101.575 4 Template:Cite_web 26.58% 93.063 1 Template:Infobox_company 23.88% 83.589 1 Template:Infobox 19.02% 66.569 1 Template:Short_description 10.91% 38.210 2 Template:Pagetype 10.29% 36.019 1 Template:Portal_bar 5.23% 18.302 8 Template:Main_other 4.37% 15.302 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24089202-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711194307 and revision id 1233949352. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Marinella&oldid=1233949352 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._Marinella&oldid=1233949352) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Naples (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Naples) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1914 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1914) Italian companies established in 1914 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1914) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Neapolitan tailoring (/wiki/Category:Neapolitan_tailoring) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
|
Wrapped and draped pants of Southeast Asia Sompot Chong Kben , early 20th century, Bunka Gakuen Costume Museum Sompot Chong Kben , Centre national de la soie des Artisans d'Angkor Sompot Chong Kben ( Khmer (/wiki/Khmer_language) : សំពត់ចងក្បិន , sâmpót châng kbĕn [sɑmput (/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer) cɑːŋ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer) kɓən] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) is a Cambodian (/wiki/Khmer_traditional_clothing) unisex (/wiki/Unisex) , lower body, wraparound cloth. It was adopted in the neighbouring countries of Laos (/wiki/Laos) , and Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) , [2] (#cite_note-chongkben-2) where it is known respectfully as pha hang ( ຜ້າຫາງ [pʰȁː (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) hǎːŋ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao) ) and chong kraben ( โจงกระเบน [tɕōːŋ (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) krābēːn] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai) ). It was the preferred choice of clothing for women of upper and middle classes for daily wear. Unlike the typical sompot (/wiki/Sompot) , it is more of a pant (/wiki/Trousers) than a skirt (/wiki/Skirt) . The chong kraben is described by art historian Eksuda Singhalampong as "...a garment that resembles loose breeches. The wearer wraps a rectangular piece of cloth around his [or her] waist, the edge of cloth is then passed between the legs and tucked in at the wearer's lower back. Many 19th-century European accounts often called them knee breeches (/wiki/Breeches) , riding breeches or knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) ." [3] (#cite_note-SoN-2019-3) : Note 10 Etymology [ edit ] Sompot Chong Kben ( សំពត់ចងក្បិន ) [4] (#cite_note-4) is a combination of three Khmer (/wiki/Khmer_language) words; សំពត់ /sɑmpʊət/ sampot (/wiki/Sompot) [5] (#cite_note-5) (a long, rectangular cloth worn around the lower body), ចង /cɑɑŋ/ chang [6] (#cite_note-6) (to wrap around), and ក្បិន /kbən/ kben [7] (#cite_note-7) (refers to the lower body cloth wrapped around the waist and then pulled back between the legs and tucked in at the back). In short, this type of cloth is known as kben or chong kben , literally means "to wrap or to wear the kben in Khmer language. Whereas chong kraben ( โจงกระเบน ) is used among Thai people and derived from these Khmer words. History [ edit ] This article's factual accuracy is disputed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute) . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Sompot_Chong_Kben#Disputed) . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery) without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The history of sompot chong kben dates back to ancient Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia) , where deities were often portrayed wearing such styles. References to most Khmer elders told a legend related to this garment. It said that a long time ago, the Khmer people (/wiki/Khmer_people) worn sompot chong kben, following the Indian (/wiki/India) tradition. In those times, India provided many religions, but the most important one was Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) , as the Khmer king at that time built the temples such as Angkor Wat (/wiki/Angkor_Wat) , also dedicated to Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) . In the era of the Khmer empire (/wiki/Khmer_empire) , most of the people were likely to read and see the Reamker (/wiki/Reamker) at the Angkor Wat (/wiki/Angkor_Wat) carving on the first floor as well. The origin of sompot chong kben is known as Indian. Also prayed and blessed to was a deva known as Hanuman (/wiki/Hanuman) , the guard of Prince Rama (/wiki/Rama) in India's famous mythology, Ramayana (/wiki/Ramayana) , as well as the Khmer adaptation, Reamker . To show its power, Indians preferred to wear the sompot chong kben as their costume and today, it is still worn for special occasions in the mainland Southeast Asian countries of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. [8] (#cite_note-8) In Ramayana mythology, Hanuman is a symbol of bravery, cleverness, and power, so the people, when wearing the sompot chong kben, always drop a tail at the back like Hanuman's monkey tail. This practice lead a lot of people to believe that all Indians were guards of Hanuman. The influence of sompot chong kben, known as Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) in India (/wiki/India) , were strongly incorporated into Khmer culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia) from the ancient times to today. Apparently, this fabric is also known to be worn by Tamil people (/wiki/Tamil_people) in south India (/wiki/South_India) , as well as Khmer people (/wiki/Khmer_people) , till today. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) In fact, sompot chong kben is the tradition of southern India (/wiki/Southern_India) , and was imported to early Cambodian (/wiki/Cambodia) Kingdom, Funan (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan) by King Kaundinya I . [11] (#cite_note-11) In the middle of the 13th and 14th centuries, Thai people (/wiki/Thai_people) (from Sukhothai Kingdom (/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom) , known as Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) today) and Lao people (/wiki/Lao_people) (from Lan Xang (/wiki/Lan_Xang) , known as Lao today) had adopted the wearing of sompot chong kben from Khmer. [12] (#cite_note-12) They considered it superior for enjoying the special occasions, and useful for royalty or monarchy in their local royal palace, the Thai people (/wiki/Thai_people) and Lao people (/wiki/Lao_people) had used sompot chong kben in a similar way. [13] (#cite_note-13) [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) Images [ edit ] Photograph of Prince Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) (Rama V) and his two younger brother wearing chong kraben in 1851 Photograph of a 19th century Siamese boatman, photographed by John Thomson (/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)) Photograph of Queen Saovabha Phongsri (/wiki/Saovabha_Phongsri) , principal consort to King Chulalongkorn (/wiki/Chulalongkorn) 6th century Khmer depiction of Balarama (/wiki/Balarama) wearing Sompot Chong Kben from Phnom Da temple, Angkor Borei (/wiki/Angkor_Borei_and_Phnom_Da) , Takeo (/wiki/Tak%C3%A9o_Province) , Cambodia. Now exhibits in National Museum of Cambodia (/wiki/National_Museum_of_Cambodia) . Khmer woman wearing Sompot Chong Kben A Khmer traditional dancer in Sompot Chong Kben Khmer royal ladies wearing Sompot Chong Kben and Sbai (/wiki/Sabai) in the mid-1800s. Mannequins wearing Sompot Chong Kben at the Royal Palace of Cambodia (/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Cambodia) See also [ edit ] Khmer Traditional Dress (/wiki/Khmer_Traditional_Dress) Culture of Cambodia (/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia) Culture of Thailand (/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "SEAlang Dictionary" (http://www.sealang.net/khmer/search.pl?dict=khmer&hasFocus=orth&approx=&orth=%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93&phone=&def=&anon=on&matchEntry=any&matchLength=word&matchPosition=any&source=&ety=&pos=&usage=&subject=&useTags=1) . www.sealang.net . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-chongkben_2-0) "Everything You Need to Know About Traditional Thai Dresses" (https://thailandinsider.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-traditional-thai-dresses/) . Amazing Thailand . Men and women alike wear Chong Kben, a lower-body silk wrap-around garment adopted from Cambodia. ^ (#cite_ref-SoN-2019_3-0) Singhalampong, Eksuda (March 2019). "Picturing Femininity: Portraits of the Early Modern Siamese Women" (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/721045/pdf) . Southeast of Now: Directions in Contemporary and Modern Art in Asia . 3 (1): 49–75. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1353/sen.2019.0003 (https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsen.2019.0003) . Retrieved 18 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "SEAlang Dictionary" (http://www.sealang.net/khmer/search.pl?dict=khmer&hasFocus=orth&approx=&orth=%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93&phone=&def=&anon=on&matchEntry=any&matchLength=word&matchPosition=any&source=&ety=&pos=&usage=&subject=&useTags=1) . www.sealang.net . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "SEAlang Dictionary" (http://www.sealang.net/khmer/search.pl?dict=khmer&hasFocus=orth&approx=&orth=%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B&phone=&def=&anon=on&matchEntry=any&matchLength=word&matchPosition=any&source=&ety=&pos=&usage=&subject=&useTags=1) . www.sealang.net . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "SEAlang Dictionary" (http://www.sealang.net/khmer/search.pl?dict=khmer&hasFocus=orth&approx=&orth=%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%84&phone=&def=&anon=on&matchEntry=any&matchLength=word&matchPosition=any&source=&ety=&pos=&usage=&subject=&useTags=1) . www.sealang.net . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "SEAlang Dictionary" (http://www.sealang.net/khmer/search.pl?dict=khmer&hasFocus=orth&approx=&orth=%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93&phone=&def=&anon=on&matchEntry=any&matchLength=word&matchPosition=any&source=&ety=&pos=&usage=&subject=&useTags=1) . www.sealang.net . Retrieved 2023-10-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) * Sereysothera (http://sereysotheara.wordpress.com/2009/08/08/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93-%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101103020917/http://sereysotheara.wordpress.com/2009/08/08/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93-%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6/) November 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-9) "តើខ្មែរប្រើប្រាស់សម្លៀកបំពាក់ពីពេលណា?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090818200636/http://www.veticar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1216&Itemid=1132) . Archived from the original (http://veticar.com/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1216%26Itemid%3D1132) on 2009-08-18 . Retrieved 2009-09-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nadeem, Zuha (2019-10-01). "Traditional Thai Clothing-16 Beautiful Outfits From Thailand" (https://www.outfittrends.com/traditional-thai-clothing-16-beautiful-outfits-from-thailand/) . Outfit Trends - Ideas How to Wear & What to Wear . Retrieved 2020-03-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Sompot Chong Kben" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120226234254/http://www.ilovekhmer.org/blog/2009/08/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8/) . Archived from the original (http://www.ilovekhmer.org/blog/2009/08/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B8/) on 2012-02-26 . Retrieved 2009-09-04 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Highlights, Asia. "Thai Traditional Dress" (https://www.asiahighlights.com/thailand/traditional-dress.htm) . Asia Highlights . Retrieved 2020-03-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "ខ្មែរស្លៀកសំពត់ចងក្បិនពីពេលណាមក ?" (http://neary-khmer.blogspot.com/2009/07/cen-tamil.html) . v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Society (/wiki/Portal:Society) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6jmhs Cached time: 20240719204551 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.544 seconds Real time usage: 0.724 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1991/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 163158/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1410/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89612/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.287/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15002024/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 547.578 1 -total 24.22% 132.610 1 Template:Reflist 21.83% 119.552 10 Template:Navbox 18.34% 100.443 11 Template:Cite_web 16.89% 92.495 1 Template:Clothing 15.64% 85.630 1 Template:Lang-km 10.29% 56.363 1 Template:Short_description 5.77% 31.608 2 Template:Pagetype 5.69% 31.159 1 Template:Disputed 5.24% 28.703 2 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24197209-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204551 and revision id 1234677024. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sompot_Chong_Kben&oldid=1234677024 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sompot_Chong_Kben&oldid=1234677024) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cambodian clothing (/wiki/Category:Cambodian_clothing) Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) Thai clothing (/wiki/Category:Thai_clothing) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Khmer-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Khmer-language_text) Pages with Khmer IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Khmer_IPA) Articles containing Lao-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lao-language_text) Pages with Lao IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Lao_IPA) Articles containing Thai-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thai-language_text) Pages with Thai IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Thai_IPA) Accuracy disputes from June 2018 (/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_June_2018) All accuracy disputes (/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes) Articles with peacock terms from June 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_peacock_terms_from_June_2018) All articles with peacock terms (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_peacock_terms)
|
American television personality Kim Zolciak-Biermann Zolciak in 2009 Born Kimberleigh Marie Zolciak ( 1978-05-19 ) May 19, 1978 (age 46) Pensacola, Florida (/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida) , U.S. Other names Kim Zolciak-Biermann Occupation Television personality Years active 2008–present Television The Real Housewives of Atlanta (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta) Don't Be Tardy... (/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Tardy...) Spouses Daniel Toce ( m. 2001; div. 2003) Kroy Biermann (/wiki/Kroy_Biermann) ( m. 2011; sep. 2023) Children 6 Website kimzolciak (http://kimzolciak.com) .com (http://kimzolciak.com) Kimberleigh Marie " Kim " Zolciak (born May 19, 1978) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) is an American television personality and singer. She is best known as an original cast member of the Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)) reality television series The Real Housewives of Atlanta (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta) , starring in 5 and recurring in 1 of the 15 seasons since its 2008 premiere. Her spin-off series Don't Be Tardy (/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Tardy) (originally Don't Be Tardy for the Wedding ) aired 8 seasons from 2012–2020. In 2015, Zolciak was one of the contestants on season 21 (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(American_season_21)) of the dancing competition series Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)) , she withdrew from the competition on September 15, 2015, finishing in 11th place. Early life [ edit ] Kim Zolciak was born in Pensacola, Florida (/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida) , to a military family, and grew up in Windsor Locks, Connecticut (/wiki/Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut) . [3] (#cite_note-ct-3) Her parents are Joseph and Karen, and she has a brother named Michael. [4] (#cite_note-4) She is of Polish and Italian descent and was raised Roman Catholic (/wiki/Roman_Catholic) . [5] (#cite_note-religion-5) At age 17, [3] (#cite_note-ct-3) Zolciak had an affair with a Windsor Locks police sergeant who had interviewed her as a material witness in a criminal investigation, initially resulting in the officer's firing. [6] (#cite_note-hartford1997-6) The termination was later changed to a 45-day suspension without pay. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) She attended East Catholic High School (/wiki/East_Catholic_High_School) in Manchester, Connecticut (/wiki/Manchester,_Connecticut) , leaving after her freshman year. She studied nursing at the University of Connecticut (/wiki/University_of_Connecticut) . [3] (#cite_note-ct-3) At 21, she moved to Atlanta, Georgia (/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia) , where her parents had moved, and eventually settled in the suburb of Johns Creek (/wiki/Johns_Creek,_Georgia) . [3] (#cite_note-ct-3) Career [ edit ] Entertainment [ edit ] Zolciak-Biermann first appeared on the reality television series The Real Housewives of Atlanta (/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Atlanta) , airing on Bravo (/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)) , on October 7, 2008, when she was 29. Between seasons four and five, Zolciak and her then fiancé were the subject of a spinoff show, Don't Be Tardy for the Wedding (/wiki/Don%27t_Be_Tardy_for_the_Wedding) , chronicling Zolciak's wedding preparations. Zolciak left Real Housewives in the middle of the fifth season, with her final episode airing December 9, 2012. [9] (#cite_note-9) Don't Be Tardy for the Wedding , later renamed to Don't Be Tardy... , is in its eighth season as of 2020. Zolciak-Biermann returned to Real Housewives for its tenth season in a recurring capacity. Zolciak-Biermann was scheduled to star in a new reality show on Bravo with fellow The Real Housewives cast member, NeNe Leakes (/wiki/NeNe_Leakes) , called NeNe and Kim: The Road to Riches . [10] (#cite_note-10) However, the network later decided not to move forward with the show. [11] (#cite_note-11) Zolciak-Biermann competed on the 21st season (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._season_21)) of the dancing competition show Dancing with the Stars (/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_(U.S._TV_series)) . She was paired with professional dancer Tony Dovolani (/wiki/Tony_Dovolani) . [12] (#cite_note-12) She withdrew in September 2015, three weeks into the competition, because of a transient ischemic attack (/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack) , which prevented her from air travel. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Musical career [ edit ] In 2008, Zolciak began work on a country music (/wiki/Country_music) album. She released a debut single, the dance track " Tardy for the Party (/wiki/Tardy_for_the_Party) ", in 2009, followed by a remix (/wiki/Remix) EP (/wiki/Extended_play) the following year. On March 12, 2013, Zolciak's Real Housewives of Atlanta castmate Kandi Burruss (/wiki/Kandi_Burruss) and her collaborating songwriter/producer Rodney "Don Vito" Richard (/wiki/Don_Vito_(producer)) filed suit against Zolciak for profits earned from "Tardy for the Party". In the documents filed, Burruss' attorney, RHOA castmate Phaedra Parks (/wiki/Phaedra_Parks) , alleges her clients wrote the song for Zolciak and that Zolciak released and sold the single "without [the] plaintiffs' authorization, license or consent." Burruss was also seeking a temporary restraining order to prevent future sales of the song and the "destruction of all copies of the infringing single and any other product of defendant's that infringe plaintiffs' copyrights", punitive damages, attorney's fees, and a jury trial. [15] (#cite_note-15) Business [ edit ] In May 2016, Zolciak-Biermann launched a line of skin-care products called Kashmere Kollection . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Zolciak has also released a fragrance called Kashmere . [18] (#cite_note-18) Personal life [ edit ] Zolciak has a daughter from a previous relationship, Brielle Karenna (born 1997). [19] (#cite_note-relationshipsbook-19) She married Daniel Toce in 2001 and that same year, they had a daughter named Ariana Lenee. [19] (#cite_note-relationshipsbook-19) The couple divorced in 2003. Zolciak has publicly stated that she is bisexual (/wiki/Bisexuality) and that she and DJ (/wiki/DJ) Tracy Young (/wiki/Tracy_Young) were in a romantic relationship. [20] (#cite_note-20) In May 2010, Zolciak met Atlanta Falcons (/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons) football (/wiki/American_football) player Kroy Biermann (/wiki/Kroy_Biermann) at the charity event Dancing with Atlanta Stars . Their meeting was later shown on season three of The Real Housewives of Atlanta . The couple wed at their Roswell, Georgia (/wiki/Roswell,_Georgia) , home [21] (#cite_note-21) on November 11, 2011. [22] (#cite_note-people-wedding-22) They have four children together: Kroy Jagger "KJ" (born 2011), [23] (#cite_note-lax-23) Kash Kade (born 2012), [24] (#cite_note-24) and twins Kaia Rose and Kane Ren (born 2013). [25] (#cite_note-25) In March 2013, Biermann filed to adopt Zolciak's daughters. [26] (#cite_note-26) In July 2013, the adoption became final and the girls subsequently changed their last names to become Brielle Biermann and Ariana Biermann. [27] (#cite_note-27) In May 2023, Biermann filed for divorce from Zolciak after eleven years of marriage, citing their date of separation as April 30. However, in July 2023, it was confirmed that Zolciak and Biermann had withdrawn their divorce filing. [28] (#cite_note-28) In August 2023, Kroy Biermann refiled for divorce from Zolciak. Discography [ edit ] Singles [ edit ] Year Single 2009 " Tardy for the Party (/wiki/Tardy_for_the_Party) " 2010 " Google Me (/wiki/Google_Me_(Kim_Zolciak_song)) " 2012 "Love Me First" 2018 "Wig (Wish I Gave a S**t)" References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kim Zolciak [@Kimzolciak] (May 19, 2012). "Happy Birthday, My beautiful birthday twin!!" (https://x.com/Kimzolciak/status/203847681318203393) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150903044316/https://twitter.com/Kimzolciak/status/203847681318203393) from the original on September 3, 2015 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Willard, Chris (November 25, 2008). "Real Housewives: Kim Talks NeNe, Big Papa and Hair Extensions" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20422996,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132420/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20422996%2C00.html) from the original on June 26, 2015 . Retrieved December 22, 2013 . I'm sorry they feel that [I am older], but the reality is I am 30—and you can take it or leave it. ^ a b c d Catlin, Roger (October 5, 2010). "Kim Zolciak, the Connecticut Years" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022637/http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2010/10/kim-zolciak-the-connecticut-ye-1.html) . Hartford Courant (/wiki/Hartford_Courant) . Connecticut. Archived from the original (http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2010/10/kim-zolciak-the-connecticut-ye-1.html) on March 4, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Kim Zolciak-Biermann Has a Brother?" (http://www.bravotv.com/dont-be-tardy/season-4/episode-5/videos/kim-zolciak-biermann-has-a-brother) . September 20, 2015 . Retrieved April 24, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-religion_5-0) Mosthof, Mariella (October 12, 2010). "Kim Zolciak Dishes All the H'Wife Drama" (http://www.wetpaint.com/2010-10-12-kim-dishes-all-the-hwife-drama/) . Wetpaint.com (/wiki/Wetpaint.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151112045129/http://www.wetpaint.com/kim-dishes-all-the-hwife-drama-632404/) from the original on November 12, 2015 . Retrieved June 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-hartford1997_6-0) Marks, Paul (June 24, 1981). "Windsor Locks Officer Tells Of Secretly Taping Superiors" (http://articles.courant.com/1997-06-24/news/9706240495_1_police-commission-conversations-taped) . Hartford Courant . Connecticut. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041200/http://articles.courant.com/1997-06-24/news/9706240495_1_police-commission-conversations-taped) from the original on December 3, 2015 . Retrieved July 14, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Marks, Paul (September 3, 1997). "Windsor Locks Police Sergeant Gets Job Back" (http://articles.courant.com/1997-09-03/news/9709030528_1_police-commission-internal-investigation-settlement) . Hartford Courant . Connecticut. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151024091342/http://articles.courant.com/1997-09-03/news/9709030528_1_police-commission-internal-investigation-settlement) from the original on October 24, 2015 . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Marks, Paul (August 12, 1999). "Police Sergeant Agrees To Retire" (http://articles.courant.com/1999-08-12/news/9908120402_1_police-commission-sergeant-police-department-two-years) . Hartford Courant . Connecticut. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161218033307/http://articles.courant.com/1999-08-12/news/9908120402_1_police-commission-sergeant-police-department-two-years) from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved November 17, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Corneau, Allison (December 3, 2012). "Real Housewives of Atlanta's Kim Zolciak-Biermann: I Stopped Speaking to My Costars" (http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/real-housewives-of-atlantas-kim-zolciak-i-stopped-speaking-to-my-costars-2012312) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121206065700/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/real-housewives-of-atlantas-kim-zolciak-i-stopped-speaking-to-my-costars-2012312) from the original on December 6, 2012 . Retrieved December 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Gerard, Jeremy (March 30, 2015). "Bravo Media Slates 10 New Series, Including 'Recipe For Deception' – Upfronts" (https://deadline.com/2015/03/bravo-upfront-ten-new-series-1201401084/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) (Press release). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150717211703/http://deadline.com/2015/03/bravo-upfront-ten-new-series-1201401084/) from the original on July 17, 2015 . Retrieved March 30, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Rayford Rubenstein, Janine (July 14, 2014). "NeNe Leakes and Kim Zolciak-Biermann's Bravo Reality Show Isn't Happening" (http://www.people.com/article/nene-leakes-kim-zolciak-bravo-show-not-happening) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Time Inc. (/wiki/Time_Inc.) Retrieved November 16, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Dancing with the Stars Season 21 Cast Announcement" (http://abc.go.com/shows/dancing-with-the-stars/cast-announcement) (Press release). ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) . September 2, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151016133959/http://abc.go.com/shows/dancing-with-the-stars/cast-announcement) from the original on October 16, 2015 . Retrieved September 2, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (http://www.buddytv.com/articles/dancing-with-the-stars/dancing-with-the-stars-recap-t-57594.aspx) 'Dancing with the Stars' Recap: TV Night in the Ballroom" (http://www.buddytv.com/articles/dancing-with-the-stars/dancing-with-the-stars-recap-t-57594.aspx) . BuddyTV.com. September 28, 2015 . Retrieved September 30, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Corinthios, Aurelie; Dugan, Christina (September 29, 2015). "Tony Dovolani Reacts to Wendy Williams' Questioning Kim Zolciak-Biermann's Mini Stroke: 'It Was Definitely Not Fake' (http://www.people.com/article/tony-dovolani-defends-kim-zolciak-stroke-against-wendy-williams-comments) " (http://www.people.com/article/tony-dovolani-defends-kim-zolciak-stroke-against-wendy-williams-comments) . People . Time Inc . Retrieved November 25, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Johnson, Zach (March 14, 2013). "Celebrity News: Kandi Burruss Sues Kim Zolciak for 'Tardy for the Party' Profits" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kandi-burruss-sues-kim-zolciak-for-tardy-for-the-party-profits-2013143) . Us Weekly . Retrieved June 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Rosenfeld, Laura (May 9, 2016). "Kim Zolciak-Biermann Made a Major Announcement at Her Early Birthday Party" (http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/kim-zolciak-biermann-birthday-party-launches-skincare-line-kashmere) . Bravo . The Daily Dish . Retrieved September 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Kashmere Products" (https://www.kashmerekollections.com/collections/products) . Kashmere Kollections . Retrieved September 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Falco, Tom (September 18, 2016). "10 random things you didn't know about Real Housewife Kim Zolciak" (https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-falco/10-random-things-you-didn_b_11846134.html) . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 19, 2016 . ^ a b Ho, Rodney (December 16, 2010). "Kim Zolciak Planning a Relationships Book" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130928025754/http://blogs.ajc.com/radio-tv-talk/2010/12/16/kim-zolciak-planning-a-relationships-book/?cp=2) . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.ajc.com/radio-tv-talk/2010/12/16/kim-zolciak-planning-a-relationships-book/?cp=2) on September 28, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-20) "The Real Housewives of Atlanta's Kim Zolciak: yes, I'm bisexual" (http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/the-real-housewives-of-atlanta-s-kim-zolciak-yes-i-m-bisexual-30106) . Life & Style Weekly (/wiki/Life_%26_Style_(magazine)) . March 24, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150722183008/http://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/the-real-housewives-of-atlanta-s-kim-zolciak-yes-i-m-bisexual-30106) from the original on July 22, 2015 . Retrieved June 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Benzie, Mike (May 3, 2011). "Atlanta's 'Real Housewife' Kim Zolciak-Biermann to move into Roswell mansion" (https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/atlanta/atlanta-real-housewife-kim-zolciak-move-roswell-mansion-202745092.html) . Yahoo!. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111211205436/http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/atlanta/atlanta-real-housewife-kim-zolciak-move-roswell-mansion-202745092.html) from the original on December 11, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-people-wedding_22-0) Hammel, Sara (November 11, 2011). "Kim Zolciak, Kroy Biermann Wed on 11/11/11" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20544879,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140331230228/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20544879%2C00.html) from the original on March 31, 2014 . Retrieved June 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-lax_23-0) Christianson, Emily (June 1, 2011). "Kim Zolciak, Kroy Biermann welcome baby boy" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/06/kim-zolciak-kroy-biermann-welcome-baby-boy.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://archive.today/20130127195604/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/06/kim-zolciak-kroy-biermann-welcome-baby-boy.html) from the original on January 27, 2013 . Retrieved June 4, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Harper, Jen (August 16, 2012). "Kim Zolciak gives birth to baby boy Kash Kade" (http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2012/08/kim-zolciak-gives-birth-to-baby-boy-kash-kade.html) . Zap2it.com (/wiki/Zap2it.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131012032213/http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2012/08/kim-zolciak-gives-birth-to-baby-boy-kash-kade.html) from the original on October 12, 2013 . Retrieved August 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Eggenberger, Nicole (November 25, 2013). "Kim Zolciak Welcomes Twins, Baby Girl Kaia and Baby Boy Kane, With Husband Kroy Biermann" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/kim-zolciak-welcomes-twins-with-husband-kroy-biermann-20132511) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Retrieved November 25, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Kim Zolciak's Husband Kroy Biermann -- I Wanna Adopt Kim's Girls!" (https://www.tmz.com/2013/03/24/kim-zolciak-kroy-biermann-adopt-kids-georgia/) . TMZ.com (/wiki/TMZ.com) . March 24, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150923095659/http://www.tmz.com/2013/03/24/kim-zolciak-kroy-biermann-adopt-kids-georgia/) from the original on September 23, 2015 . Retrieved November 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Johnson, Zach (July 24, 2013). "Kroy Biermann Adopts Kim Zolciak's Two Daughters, Brielle and Ariana" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/kroy-biermann-adopts-kim-zolciaks-two-daughters-brielle-and-ariana-2013247) . Us Weekly. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150911100458/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/kroy-biermann-adopts-kim-zolciaks-two-daughters-brielle-and-ariana-2013247) from the original on September 11, 2015 . Retrieved November 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "RHOA's Sheree: Kim Zolciak is 'Not Doing Well' Amid Kroy Divorce" (https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/rhoas-sheree-kim-zolciak-is-not-doing-well-amid-kroy-divorce/) . June 12, 2023. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Zolciak (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kim_Zolciak) . Official website (http://kimzolciak.com) Kim Zolciak-Biermann (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3058260/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists MusicBrainz (https://musicbrainz.org/artist/758984ec-57b5-4fcb-8949-dcc867f8b47d) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Georgia_(U.S._state) (/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)) United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jnv7k Cached time: 20240720164053 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.677 seconds Real time usage: 0.899 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4122/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 77810/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8832/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 118248/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.444/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9710086/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 838.414 1 -total 30.73% 257.634 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.64% 256.893 1 Template:Reflist 12.53% 105.043 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 11.72% 98.226 1 Template:Authority_control 11.19% 93.808 1 Template:Cite_tweet 9.36% 78.468 1 Template:Plainlist 9.29% 77.882 2 Template:Marriage 8.26% 69.221 1 Template:Short_description 6.54% 54.793 4 Template:Br_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24217539-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164053 and revision id 1233490861. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Zolciak&oldid=1233490861 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Zolciak&oldid=1233490861) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1978 births (/wiki/Category:1978_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American dance musicians (/wiki/Category:American_dance_musicians) American women pop singers (/wiki/Category:American_women_pop_singers) American people of Italian descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Italian_descent) American people of Polish descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Polish_descent) American socialites (/wiki/Category:American_socialites) American LGBT musicians (/wiki/Category:American_LGBT_musicians) LGBT people from Florida (/wiki/Category:LGBT_people_from_Florida) Singers from Connecticut (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Connecticut) Singers from Georgia (U.S. state) (/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Georgia_(U.S._state)) People from Windsor Locks, Connecticut (/wiki/Category:People_from_Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut) People from Roswell, Georgia (/wiki/Category:People_from_Roswell,_Georgia) People from Johns Creek, Georgia (/wiki/Category:People_from_Johns_Creek,_Georgia) University of Connecticut alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_Connecticut_alumni) 21st-century American singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_singers) 21st-century American women singers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_singers) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2018) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers)
|
Annual fashion event in Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta Fashion Week Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Annually Location(s) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) primarily at Pondok Indah Mall 3 (/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall) Country Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) Inaugurated 2008 Most recent 23–29 October 2023 Previous event 24–30 October 2022 Organized by Femina Group (2008 - 2018), GCM Group (2019 - present) Website www (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) .jakartafashionweek (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) .co (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) .id (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) Jakarta Fashion Week or JFW is a fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_week) held annually in Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . JFW is dubbed as the largest fashion event in Southeast Asia. [1] (#cite_note-1) JFW is organized as a collaboration platform between major stakeholders (/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)) of the fashion and creative industry with the industry actors and community by GCM Group (formerly part of Femina Group). The event aims to provide directions to the Indonesian fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) as well as a vehicle to demonstrate its wealth in talents and creativity, [2] (#cite_note-2) and ultimately transform Jakarta as a major fashion hub in the region and the world. All the shows are invites-only, targeted to celebrities, socialites (/wiki/Socialite) , buyers, local and foreign media and all who love fashion, that can ultimately enjoy the presentation from their favorite international and especially Indonesian designers, such as Anne Avantie (/wiki/Anne_Avantie) , Rinaldy Yunardi, and Dian Pelangi. Origins [ edit ] Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2005 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia_Lingkungan) and Miss World Indonesia 2006 (/wiki/Miss_World_2006) , Lindi Cistia Prabha (/w/index.php?title=Lindi_Cistia_Prabha&action=edit&redlink=1) walks in Jakarta fashion Week 2008. As a media group, Femina Group had been back and forth to all major fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) throughout the world. As the world's most populous Muslim (/wiki/Muslim) majority country, Indonesia has a high demand for clothing that adheres to religious rules emphasizing modesty for women. One of the main goals of JFW is to transform the country's fashion industry to become one of the global leaders in fashion, especially the modest fashion industry that is worth nearly $100 billion. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2008, JFW was initiated for the first time by Femina Group, with the support from the DKI Jakarta Tourism Office, Indonesian Fashion Designers Association (APPMI), and the Indonesian Fashion Designers Association (IPMI). [4] (#cite_note-4) Rebranding [ edit ] When Femina Group reorganized the group into Femina Group and GCM Group in late 2018, JFW became part of GCM Group entirely, along with Dewi Magazine , pesona.co.id, Primarasa, and Cita Cinta. JFW announced a new logo, eliminating the coin-shaped silhouette and the signature red "f" on January 30, 2019, initially on Instagram. The caption was simply: "We have been using the iconic coin-shaped logo since 2010. It's time to #StartFresh." [5] (#cite_note-5) Locations [ edit ] Since its first implementation in 2008 to 2011, JFW was held at Pacific Place Jakarta (/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2012, JFW was held at Plaza Senayan (/wiki/Plaza_Senayan) before finally being held at Senayan City (/wiki/Senayan_City) throughout 2013–2019. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2020, JFW 2021 came with a new concept as an adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic. The entire series of Jakarta Fashion Week 2021 events on 26–29 November 2020 was broadcast on www.jfw.tv and several digital platforms so that fashion enthusiasts from all over the world could watch the fashion shows, talk shows, and various JFW content. [8] (#cite_note-8) After the pandemic spread declined, JFW 2022 was held offline on 24–30 October 2022, in Pondok Indah Mall 3 (/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall) . [9] (#cite_note-9) After that, PIM 3 becomes the new venue of JFW on the next editions. Lomba Perancang Mode [ edit ] Miss Universe Indonesia 1995 (/wiki/Miss_Universe_1995) and Puteri Indonesia 1995 (/wiki/Puteri_Indonesia) , Susanty Priscilla Adresina Manuhutu (/wiki/Susanty_Manuhutu) walks at The Jakarta Fashion Week 2008. Since its inception in 1978, Fashion Designer Competition or Lomba Perancang Mode (LPM) has orbited several of Indonesia's top designers, [10] (#cite_note-10) such as Itang Yunasz, Samuel Wattimena, Chossy Latu, Edward Hutabarat, Carmanita, Ferry Soenarto, Denny Wirawan, Musa Widiatmodjo, Stephanus Hamy, Widhi Budimulia, Tex Saverio (/wiki/Tex_Saverio) , Jeffrey Tan, Natalia Kiantoro, Andreas Odang, Cynthia Tan, and Billy Tjong. Had a hiatus due to the monetary crisis from 1997 to 2002, this annual event was reopened in 2003 and is now held every two years. With this change in implementation time, it is expected that the number of participants will become more numerous, and provide longer opportunities for prospective designers to think, so as to be able to provide their best work. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2008, Pia Alisjahbana, the same figure that initiated the Lomba Perancang Mode, coined the Lomba Perancang Aksesori that ever since then is also held biannually - alternating with the LPM competition. Rinaldy Yunardi, the godfather of Indonesian avant-garde accessory designers is a frequent judge-mentor in this competition. Some notable alumni of this competition are Amanda Mitsuri and Yonatan Digo Permadi. The rapid growth of men's lifestyle business was the focus in 2010s, providing a gap for the shining of new creative talents to reach for the fresh but not so new market. Embracing the new niche, Menswear Fashion Design Competition (LPM Menswear) was introduced in 2017 and is held annually ever since. Indonesia Fashion Forward [ edit ] Indonesia Fashion Forward (IFF) is an intensive and curative program for capacity development with a vision to polish Indonesian designers’ skills so that they're able to enter the regional and international market by giving guidance alongside training that involves business strategy and branding. [12] (#cite_note-12) Not just being an educational platform that equips designers with theory and simulations, IFF cooperates with strategic partners from the government to international so that the program can have continuity to practice on the ground. This program was initiated in 2012 by JFW and British Council (/wiki/British_Council) , with support from BEKRAF in its early years, and now has guided more than 40 designers about the ins and outs of the fashion business so that they have the right capitals to become a global player. Its main education partner is the Center for Fashion Enterprise London, and it has several platform exchange program with various fashion week through its organizers or local creative authorities, such as Tokyo Fashion Week, Seoul Fashion KODE, Virgin Australia Melbourne Fashion Festival, Style Bangkok, and India Fashion Week (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) . The program stopped its curation in 2017 due to the lack of financial support from the national stakeholders, while British Council has never ceased its support for the program. Selection Year Designers 2012 Albert Yanuar, Barli Asmara, Bretzel (Imelda Kartini), Cotton Ink (Carline Darjanto and Ria Sarwono), Dian Pelangi, Jeffry Tan, Major Minor (Ari Seputra, Sari Seputra), Yosafat Dwi Kurniawan 2013 Milcah (Faustine dan Eda Arthaputri), N.F.R.T. (Prita Widyaputri and Theresia Alit Widyasari), TOTON (Toton Januar), Monday to Sunday (Dita Addlecoat dan Mellyun Xing), 8Eri (Eridani), NurZahra, La Spina (Lianna Gunawan), Friederich Herman, Jenahara (Jenahara Nasution), Vinora (Vinora Ng), Tex Saverio (/wiki/Tex_Saverio) , Batik Chic (Novita Yunus) 2014 Monstore (Nicholas Yudha, Michael Krisyanto, and Agatha Carolina), TODJO ( Sapto Djojokartiko (/w/index.php?title=Sapto_Djojokartiko&action=edit&redlink=1) ), Peggy Hartanto (/wiki/Peggy_Hartanto) , Patrick Owen, Rosalyn Citta, Billy Tjong, fBudi (Felicia Budi), Tertia (Tertia Enda), ETU (Restu Anggraini), Andhita Siswandi, Norma Moi (Norma Hauri), JII (Gloria Agatha) 2015 LEKAT (Amanda Indah Lestari), D’leia (Lea Maria), Anthony Bachtiar, I.K.Y.K. (Anandia Putri), Ria Miranda, ShopAtVelvet / ByVelvet (Yessi Kusumo and Randy W. Sastra), alex(a)lexa / SOE Jakarta (Monique and Sandy Soeriaatmadja), Sean & Sheila (Sean Loh and Sheila Agatha), Lotuz (Michelle E. Surjaputra), Ellyhan / Valentino Mutiara (Lia Ellyhan) 2016 B-Y-O (Tommy Ambiyo Tedji), Day and Night / YELLE (Yelly and Konny Lumentu), Rani Hatta, BATEEQ (Michelle Tjokrosaputro), Paulina Katarina (Surya Paulina and Ratna Katarina) 2017 ATS The Label (Regina Rafika), PVRA (Kara Nugroho and Putri Katianda), Reves Studio (Karina Widjaja and Karina Priscilla), Kami Idea (Istafiana Candarini, Nadya Karina and Afina Candarini), Vivian Lee, Danjyo Hiyoji (Dana Maulana and Liza Masitha), Mazuki To further accommodate the growth of IFF, Fashionlink was initiated in 2012. On its first two days, usually held on the third day of JFW, professional buyers/retailers who have reserved their attendance can do a private viewing of the exclusive collections of selected designers in a special area. For ordinary visitors who want to shop, Fashionlink Hub & Market , the current name of Fashionlink Showroom and Market before its renaming in 2020, will be accessible throughout the remaining days. Fashionlink subsequently had its own permanent retail space: Fashionlink x #BLCKVNUE (since 2016) in Senayan City and Fashionhub (since 2018) in Gandaria City (/wiki/Gandaria_City) . It also has a special edition market, part of JFW's Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) festivity: Ramadhan Fashion Festiva l, that is held annually during the fasting month, known as Fashionlink Ramadhan Market. [13] (#cite_note-13) JFW Model Search [ edit ] Jakarta Fashion Week Model Search, or abbreviated as JFW Model Search , is held annually to look for the best talent in the modeling world as well as being the main audition event for all models that will walk on the Jakarta Fashion Week runway since the first JFW in 2008. [14] (#cite_note-14) This audition was exclusively held in Jakarta, until its expansion in 2017 that brought JFW Model Search to several other major cities in Indonesia, namely Bali, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Medan, and Bandung. Also in 2017, JFW began searching for a figure called Face of Indonesia , the model ambassador for JFW. Wita Juwita became the first model to get this title. [15] (#cite_note-15) In 2018, Face of JFW changed its name to Icons of JFW and chose not only one female model, but also one male model. In that year, Agnes Natasya Tjie and Adam Rosyidi were elected as Icons of JFW. With the high public interest in this model selection event, JFW presented The Search for JFW Icons in 2019, a web series that aired exclusively on the YouTube channel of Jakarta Fashion Week. The first pair of models chosen through this web series were Devona Cools and Axel Jan Thierry. [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2020, two models who were selected as JFW Icons were Rizal Rama and Maria Karina. [17] (#cite_note-17) List of Jakarta Fashion Weeks [ edit ] Year Title Dates Location Numbers of Designers Notable Designers 2008 Jakarta Fashion Week 2008 20-24 August 2008 Pacific Place Jakarta (/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta) 47 designers Akira Isogawa (/wiki/Akira_Isogawa) (supported by Austrade (/wiki/Austrade) ) [18] (#cite_note-18) 2009 Jakarta Fashion Week 2009/2010 (presented by Bank BRI) 14–20 November 2009 Pacific Place Jakarta 108 designers Priyo Oktaviano, Sebastian Gunawan (/wiki/Sebastian_Gunawan) , Tarun Tahiliani (/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani) , and Malini Ramani. [19] (#cite_note-19) 2010 Jakarta Fashion Week 2010/2011 6–12 November 2010 Pacific Place Jakarta 159 designers Anne Avantie (/wiki/Anne_Avantie) , Ari Seputra, Edward Hutabarat, Lenny Agustin, Ghea Panggabean, Priyo Oktaviano, Oscar Lawalata (/wiki/Oscar_Lawalata) , Laura Miles [20] (#cite_note-20) 2011 Jakarta Fashion Week 2012 12-18 November 2011 Pacific Place Jakarta (unknown) Robby Tumewu, Andrea Risjad, Bin House, Tex Saverio, Biyan Wanaatmadja, Ashley Isham, Bernard Chandran, Tube Gallery, Sebastian Gunawan, Auguste Soesastro, Sally Koeswanto, Sapto Djojokartiko [21] (#cite_note-21) 2012 Jakarta Fashion Week 2013 3-9 November 2012 Plaza Senayan (/wiki/Plaza_Senayan) 180 designers Sebastian Gunawan, Lie Sang Bong, Ivan Gunawan, Anne Avantie, Hengky Kawilarang, Didiet Maulana, Iwet Ramadhan, Luna Maya, Bin House, Lenny Agustin [22] (#cite_note-22) 2013 Jakarta Fashion Week 2014 19-25 October 2013 Plaza Senayan 240 designers Oscar Lawalata, Populo Batik, Priyo Oktaviano, Tex Saverio, Toton, Eridani, Vinora Ng, Carmanita, Ferry Sunarto, Andreas Odang, Hian Tjen, Lenny Agustin, Billy Tjong, Patrick Owen, Soko Wiyanto [23] (#cite_note-23) 2014 Jakarta Fashion Week 2015 24–30 October 2014 Plaza Senayan 165 designers Auguste Susastro, Nur Zahra, Priyo Oktaviano, Sapto Djojokartiko, Vinora Ng, Ria Miranda, Ardistia New York, Barli Asmara, Deden Siswanto, Mel Ahyar, Priyo Oktaviano, Sapto Djojokartiko, Major Minor [24] (#cite_note-24) 2015 Jakarta Fashion Week 2016 24–30 October 2015 Plaza Senayan (unknown) Rinaldy A. Yunardi, Anne Avantie, Lulu Lutfi Labibi, Peggy Hartanto, Didi Budiardjo, Felicia Budi, Haryono Setiadi, Hanni Hananto, Chossy Latu, Stella Rissa, Peggy Hartanto, Albert Yanuar, Sapto Djojokartiko [25] (#cite_note-25) 2016 Jakarta Fashion Week 2017 22–28 October 2016 Plaza Senayan 250 designers Anne Avantie, Didi Budiardjo, Major Minor, Saptodjojokartiko, Toton, Vinora Ng, Itang Yunasz, Musa Widyatmodjo, Felicia Budi, Ali Charisma, Chitra Subiyakto, Mel Ahyar, Hannie Hananto, Jeffry Tan, Jenahara, Norma Hauri [26] (#cite_note-26) 2017 Jakarta Fashion Week 2018 21-27 October 2017 Plaza Senayan (unknown) Barli Asmara, Auguste Soesastro, Deden Siswanto, Lulu Lutfi Labibi, Jenahara, Rani Hatta [27] (#cite_note-27) 2018 Jakarta Fashion Week 2019 20-26 October 2018 Senayan City (unknown) Anne Avantie, Peggy Hartanto, Barli Asmara, Dian Pelangi, Rani Hatta, Hannie Hananto, Toton, Felicia Budi, Eri Dani, Ria Miranda, Restu Anggraini, Norma Hauri [28] (#cite_note-28) 2019 Jakarta Fashion Week 2020 22-29 October 2019 Senayan City 270 designers Auguste Soesastro, Mel Ahyar, Toton, Peggy Hartanto, Jeffry Tan, Adrian Gan, Eri Dani, Major Minor, Rani Hatta, Barli Asmara, Restu Anggraini [29] (#cite_note-29) 2020 Jakarta Fashion Week 2021 26-29 November 2020 Senayan City (unknown) Lulu Lutfi Labibi, Rinaldy A Yunardi, Toton, Yosafat Dwi Kurniawan, Albert Yanuar, Chitra Subiyakto, Restu Anggraini [30] (#cite_note-30) See also [ edit ] Jakarta portal (/wiki/Portal:Jakarta) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Indonesia Fashion Week (/wiki/Indonesia_Fashion_Week) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Going with the times: Fashion graduates shine at JFW 2020" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/10/29/going-with-the-times-fashion-graduates-shine-at-jfw-2020.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 30 October 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) First Jakarta Fashion Week combines modern, traditional cultures (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/24/first-jakarta-fashion-week-combines-modern-traditional-cultures.html) The Jakarta Post August 24, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Indonesian designers defy stereotypes of Muslim fashion" (https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-fashion/indonesian-designers-defy-stereotypes-of-muslim-fashion-idUKBRE99N04F20131024) . Reuters . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "First Jakarta Fashion Week combines modern, traditional cultures" (https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/24/first-jakarta-fashion-week-combines-modern-traditional-cultures.html) . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 2 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Jakarta Fashion Week on Instagram: "We have been using the iconic coin shaped logo since 2010. It's time to #StartFresh. #WeAreJFW #JakartaFashionWeek" (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/jfwofficial/1968071118445047038) " (https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/jfwofficial/1968071118445047038) . Instagram . Archived from the original (https://www.instagram.com/p/BtP_kFDn2z-/) on 25 December 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Gemerlap Jakarta Fashion Week 2008" (https://gaya.tempo.co/read/131715/gemerlap-jakarta-fashion-week-2008) . Tempo . 21 August 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Jakarta Fashion Week Celebrates 10th Anniversary With 'Bhinneka dan Berkarya' (https://jakartaglobe.id/features/jakarta-fashion-week-celebrates-10th-anniversary-bhinneka-dan-berkarya/) " (https://jakartaglobe.id/features/jakarta-fashion-week-celebrates-10th-anniversary-bhinneka-dan-berkarya/) . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Jakarta Fashion Week 2021 digelar daring libatkan 60 perancang busana" (https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1848456/jakarta-fashion-week-2021-digelar-daring-libatkan-60-perancang-busana/) . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Asiah, Nur (9 September 2022). "Pondok Indah Mall III Jadi Venue Baru Jakarta Fashion Week 2023" (https://www.womensobsession.com/detail/1525/pondok-indah-mall-iii-jadi-venue-baru-jakarta-fashion-week-2023) . Women's Obssesion (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 4 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Stella Rissa: Sizzling With Individuality" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120814115116/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/fashion/stella-rissa-sizzling-with-individuality/303840) . Archived from the original (https://thejakartaglobe.com/fashion/stella-rissa-sizzling-with-individuality/303840) on 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Lomba Perancang Mode - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Press Release for JFW 2020 Opening (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/img/pdf/47824a8112daf1012ca9ec8282a12437.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Fashionlink - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "JFW Model Search - Jakarta Fashion Week" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/) . www.jakartafashionweek.co.id . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Lebih Dekat dengan Sosok Model Wita Juwita The Face of Jakarta..." (https://www.grid.id/read/04169037/lebih-dekat-dengan-sosok-model-wita-juwita-the-face-of-jakarta-fashion-week-2018-dalam-stylo-expert) www.grid.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) The Search for JFW 2020 Icons (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDExlkxtT2k&list=PLE0j9_eVYL0vzCK8CQIs5erxq53CTD4d6) web series on YouTube ^ (#cite_ref-17) "FINAL - The Search for JFW 2021 Icons" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1DJrcDVlNY&list=PLE0j9_eVYL0tosLcEtP8ImCbSdfyFDvKU&index=15/) . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/b1DJrcDVlNY) from the original on 21 December 2021 . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Home" (https://www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com/) . pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Indonesia Collaborates with India on Fashion (http://en.vivanews.com/news/read/89781-indonesia_collaborates_with_india_on_fashion) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090915190340/http://en.vivanews.com/news/read/89781-indonesia_collaborates_with_india_on_fashion) 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) VivaNews September 11, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-20) "159 Desainer Di JFW 2010/2011" (https://www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com) . www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com (4 November 2011). "Jakarta Fashion Week 2011 Siap Digelar!" (https://www.pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com/) . pusatgrosirkaosdistro.com (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Media, Kompas Cyber (4 November 2012). "Jakarta Fashion Week 2013 Resmi Dibuka" (https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2012/11/04/08500764/jakarta.fashion.week.2013.resmi.dibuka) . shopee.co.id (in Indonesian) . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2014" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2014/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2015" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2015/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2016" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2016/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2017" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2017/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2018" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2018/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2019" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2019/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2020" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2020/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Website Jakarta Fashion Week 2021" (https://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id/jfw-2021/) . Retrieved 21 September 2021 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jakarta Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jakarta_Fashion_Week) . Official website (http://www.jakartafashionweek.co.id) Kompas-tv The Jakarta Fashion Week 2008 Channel (https://web.archive.org/web/20090908224115/http://www.kompas-tv.com/content/view/4615/223/) Pacific Place Jakarta Official Site (http://www.pacificplace.co.id/) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jwztc Cached time: 20240721190206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.468 seconds Real time usage: 0.932 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2016/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 58739/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1880/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 105787/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.297/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6368704/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 557.897 1 -total 37.10% 206.993 1 Template:Reflist 22.15% 123.554 14 Template:Cite_news 16.85% 94.014 1 Template:Short_description 16.45% 91.789 1 Template:Big_4_Fashion_Weeks 15.68% 87.490 1 Template:Navbox 11.33% 63.189 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 10.95% 61.076 2 Template:Pagetype 10.59% 59.108 1 Template:Infobox 8.50% 47.416 12 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24414097-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721190206 and revision id 1212183392. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Fashion_Week&oldid=1212183392 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Fashion_Week&oldid=1212183392) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Indonesia) Annual events in Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Indonesia) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) 2008 establishments in Indonesia (/wiki/Category:2008_establishments_in_Indonesia) Recurring events established in 2008 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2008) Hidden categories: CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
Indian actress (b.1985) Esha Gupta Gupta in 2018 Born ( 1985-11-28 ) 28 November 1985 (age 38) New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) , India Occupations Actress model Beauty pageant (/wiki/Beauty_pageant) titleholder Title Femina Miss India International 2007 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) Years active 2012–present Major competition(s) Femina Miss India 2007 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) Miss International 2007 (/wiki/Miss_International_2007) Website www (https://www.eshaguptaofficial.com/) .eshaguptaofficial (https://www.eshaguptaofficial.com/) .com (https://www.eshaguptaofficial.com/) Esha Gupta ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˈ iː ʃ ə ˈ ɡ ʊ p t ə / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; born 28 November 1985) [1] (#cite_note-dob1-1) [2] (#cite_note-dob2-2) is an Indian actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder. She works in Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) films. She was crowned Femina Miss India International 2007 (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) and represented India at Miss International 2007 (/wiki/Miss_International_2007) . She made her acting debut with the crime thriller Jannat 2 (/wiki/Jannat_2) (2012) receiving a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) nomination. [3] (#cite_note-3) Gupta entered the Femina Miss India (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) contest in 2007, where she placed third and won the Miss India International title, and later represented India at Miss International (/wiki/Miss_International_2007) pageant. [4] (#cite_note-4) Post her debut, Gupta has received praises for her portrayal in the political drama Chakravyuh (/wiki/Chakravyuh_(2012_film)) (2012) but her performance in the comedy film Humshakals (/wiki/Humshakals) (2014) met with negative reviews. Her highest-grossing releases came with the horror thriller Raaz 3D (/wiki/Raaz_3D) (2013), the crime drama Rustom (/wiki/Rustom_(film)) (2016) and the action-adventure Baadshaho (/wiki/Baadshaho) (2017). Early life and work [ edit ] Esha Gupta was born on 28 November 1985 in New Delhi (/wiki/New_Delhi) . [1] (#cite_note-dob1-1) [5] (#cite_note-5) Her father is a retired Air Force (/wiki/Indian_Air_Force) Officer and her mother is a homemaker. [6] (#cite_note-6) She has a sister named Neha. She spent most of her childhood in Dehradun (/wiki/Dehradun) , Hyderabad (/wiki/Hyderabad) and Delhi. [7] (#cite_note-7) Gupta has completed her graduation in Mass Communication from School of Communication, Manipal University (/wiki/Manipal_Academy_of_Higher_Education) , Manipal (/wiki/Manipal) . [8] (#cite_note-:0-8) Gupta participated in Femina Miss India (/wiki/Femina_Miss_India) in 2007, where she won Miss Photogenic [9] (#cite_note-missi-9) and came 3rd to go on to compete in Miss India International. [10] (#cite_note-missi2-10) She featured in the Kingfisher Calendar (/wiki/Kingfisher_Calendar) in 2010. [11] (#cite_note-11) Later she pursued a career in Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Career [ edit ] Debut and early work (2012–2017) [ edit ] Gupta at an event in 2014 Gupta made her Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) debut with Mahesh Bhatt (/wiki/Mahesh_Bhatt) 's Jannat 2 (/wiki/Jannat_2) in 2012 opposite Emraan Hashmi (/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi) in the lead role. [13] (#cite_note-13) For her debut performance, Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) said, "Debutante Esha Gupta enchants you with her captivating charm. She appears a tad unrefined at places, nonetheless she handles her part assertively." [14] (#cite_note-14) Martin D'Souza (/wiki/Martin_D%27Souza) of Glam Sham wrote, "As for the debutante, Esha Gupta, I guess she may have to enroll herself into an acting school." [15] (#cite_note-15) Gaurav Malani stated, "Esha Gupta, who looks a mix between Lara Dutta (/wiki/Lara_Dutta) and Isha Koppikar (/wiki/Isha_Koppikar) , is merely there for the glam quotient." [16] (#cite_note-16) The film was a success at the box office, earning ₹ 430 million (US$5.2 million) domestically and thus brought in more recognition for Gupta. Later, Gupta signed Vikram Bhatt (/wiki/Vikram_Bhatt) 's Raaz 3D (/wiki/Raaz_3D) alongside her Jannat 2 co-star, Emraan Hashmi and Bipasha Basu (/wiki/Bipasha_Basu) , Gupta received mixed reviews from critics for her acting prowess, film critic Komal Nahta (/wiki/Komal_Nahta) noted, "Esha Gupta is stiff as Sanjana but does much better towards the end (when she almost goes berserk)". [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) India Today (/wiki/India_Today) wrote, "Both Bipasha and Esha get liberal scope to show off booty. A Bhatt film where the heroines don't get to flaunt it is unimaginable, after all, Bipasha looks hot in her starring role but Esha reveals a few raw edges". [19] (#cite_note-19) Raaz 3D (/wiki/Raaz_3:_The_Third_Dimension) performed well at box office within first three days of its release with collections in the vicinity of 360 million. [20] (#cite_note-20) Her third film of the year, Chakravyuh (/wiki/Chakravyuh_(2012_film)) , was invited to premiere at London Film Festival (/wiki/London_Film_Festival) . [21] (#cite_note-21) Sukanya Verma (/wiki/Sukanya_Verma) noted, "Esha's character makes zero contribution to whatever scenes she has." [22] (#cite_note-22) Gupta appeared in a cameo in Gori Tere Pyaar Mein (/wiki/Gori_Tere_Pyaar_Mein) . [23] (#cite_note-23) In 2014, she was seen in Sajid Khan (/wiki/Sajid_Khan) 's Humshakals (/wiki/Humshakals) alongside Saif Ali Khan (/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan) , Riteish Deshmukh (/wiki/Riteish_Deshmukh) , Bipasha Basu and Tamannaah (/wiki/Tamannaah) . Box Office India (/wiki/Box_Office_India) declared it a "disaster". [24] (#cite_note-24) [25] (#cite_note-25) Gupta played a high society woman in the 2016 film Rustom (/wiki/Rustom_(film)) . It became a box office success grossing over ₹210 crore (US$26 million) worldwide. [26] (#cite_note-26) Mumbai Mirror (/wiki/Mumbai_Mirror) stated, "Gupta steals the show (unintentionally) with her OTT makeup and her misplaced expressions." [27] (#cite_note-27) Gupta had three releases in 2017. She played the main antagonist in action film Commando 2 , which was a moderate box-office success. [28] (#cite_note-28) She then appeared in Baadshaho (/wiki/Baadshaho) opposite Hashmi, in their third film together. [29] (#cite_note-29) She then made her Telugu and Tamil debut with the bilingual film Veedevadu (/wiki/Veedevadu) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Further career and expansion (2018–present) [ edit ] Gupta at the sets of High Fever… Dance Ka Naya Tevar in 2018 Gupta played an officer' wife in J.P. Dutta (/wiki/J.P._Dutta) 's Paltan (/wiki/Paltan_(film)) in 2018 opposite Arjun Rampal. [31] (#cite_note-31) Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) termed her "blissfully blank". [32] (#cite_note-32) She also made her television debut as a judge with & TV (/wiki/%26_TV) 's High Fever — Dance Ka Naya Tevar in 2018. In 2019, she had a cameo in comedy film Total Dhamaal (/wiki/Total_Dhamaal) . The film grossed ₹200 crore (US$28 million) worldwide in twelve days of release, and was one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of 2019 (/wiki/List_of_Bollywood_films_of_2019) . [33] (#cite_note-33) The same year, she played DCP (/wiki/Deputy_commissioner) in One Day: Justice Delivered (/wiki/One_Day:_Justice_Delivered) alongside Anupam Kher (/wiki/Anupam_Kher) . [ citation needed ] Shubhra Gupta (/wiki/Shubhra_Gupta) of Indian Express (/wiki/Indian_Express) noted, " Esha Gupta's portrayal as a tough crime branch officer took away the 'credibility of the film' whatever it had." [34] (#cite_note-34) Gupta expanded to web shows in 2020. She made her web debut with RejctX (/wiki/RejctX) ' s second season. [35] (#cite_note-35) She then appeared in Nakaab in 2021. In 2022, she played Bobby Deol (/wiki/Bobby_Deol) 's image-maker in the third season of Indian Hindi (/wiki/Hindi) -language crime drama (/wiki/Crime_drama) web series Aashram (/wiki/Aashram) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) wrote, "Esha Gupta looks good as Sonia but the show under-utilises her." [36] (#cite_note-36) Gupta will next appear in Ameesha Patel (/wiki/Ameesha_Patel) 's much delayed Desi Magic (/wiki/Desi_Magic) . She also has Hera Pheri 3 (/wiki/Hera_Pheri_(film_series)) and File No. 323 in the pipeline. [37] (#cite_note-EGBF-37) Activism [ edit ] Esha is seen participating in environmental initiatives [38] (#cite_note-38) including “Beach Cleanup Drives”, [39] (#cite_note-39) “Walk for saving the Mangroves”, [40] (#cite_note-40) protecting the forests. [41] (#cite_note-41) She is also associated with Surman Sansthan towards girl child upliftment and education. [42] (#cite_note-42) She also supports Sealegacy [43] (#cite_note-43) [ non-primary source needed ] to raise awareness towards saving Shark species from extinction. Personal life and public image [ edit ] Gupta in 2017 Gupta is dating Spain (/wiki/Spain) -based Manuel Campos Guallar. [44] (#cite_note-44) She is a vegan (/wiki/Veganism) . Gupta said at the time that "being vegetarian saved the lives of animals and she thought it was a healthy way for both humans and the planet to embrace vegetarianism." [45] (#cite_note-45) Gupta ranked 5th in 2017, 21st in 2018 [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) and 32nd in 2019 in Times' 50 Most Desirable Women (/wiki/Times_of_India) list. [48] (#cite_note-48) Gupta is an endorser of brands such as Hazoorilal Legacy and gaming brand Khelraja. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Filmography [ edit ] Films [ edit ] Key † Denotes productions that have not yet been released All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted. Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2012 Jannat 2 (/wiki/Jannat_2) Dr. Jhanvi Singh Tomar Debut film [51] (#cite_note-51) Raaz 3D (/wiki/Raaz_3D) Sanjana Krishna [52] (#cite_note-52) Chakravyuh (/wiki/Chakravyuh_(2012_film)) Rhea Menon [53] (#cite_note-53) 2013 Gori Tere Pyaar Mein (/wiki/Gori_Tere_Pyaar_Mein) Nisha Cameo appearance [54] (#cite_note-54) 2014 Humshakals (/wiki/Humshakals) Dr. Shivani Gupta [55] (#cite_note-55) 2015 Baby (/wiki/Baby_(2015_Hindi_film)) Herself Special appearance in the song "Beparwah" [56] (#cite_note-56) 2016 Rustom (/wiki/Rustom_(film)) Priti Makhija [57] (#cite_note-57) Tutak Tutak Tutiya (/wiki/Tutak_Tutak_Tutiya) Herself Special appearance in the song "Rail Gaddi" [58] (#cite_note-58) 2017 Commando 2 (/wiki/Commando_2) Maria / Vicky Chaddha [59] (#cite_note-59) Baadshaho (/wiki/Baadshaho) Sanjana [60] (#cite_note-60) Veedevadu (/wiki/Veedevadu) Shruti Telugu (/wiki/Telugu_language) film [61] (#cite_note-indianexpress.com-61) Yaar Ivan (/wiki/Yaar_Ivan) Tamil (/wiki/Tamil_language) film [61] (#cite_note-indianexpress.com-61) 2018 Paltan (/wiki/Paltan_(film)) Lt. Col. Raj Singh's wife Special Appearance 2019 Vinaya Vidheya Rama (/wiki/Vinaya_Vidheya_Rama) Sharanya Telugu film; Special Appearance in the Song "Ek Baar Ek Baar" Total Dhamaal (/wiki/Total_Dhamaal) Prachi Malrotkar Cameo appearance One Day: Justice Delivered (/wiki/One_Day:_Justice_Delivered) DCP (/wiki/Deputy_Commissioner_of_Police) Laxmi Rathi 2024 Murder 4 (/wiki/Murder_4) † Sanjana Bhagawat Filming [ citation needed ] Desi Magic (/wiki/Desi_Magic) † TBA Post production Hera Pheri 3 (/wiki/Hera_Pheri_(film_series)) † TBA Delayed [62] (#cite_note-62) Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2012 NAT GEO Super Cars (/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel_(India)#Shows) Host [63] (#cite_note-63) C.I.D (/wiki/C.I.D._(Indian_TV_series)) Herself Episode: "Bhootiya Haveli" 2018 High Fever — Dance Ka Naya Tevar Judge [64] (#cite_note-64) Web series [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2020 REJCTX Officer Renee Ray Season 2 2021 Nakaab (/wiki/Nakaab) Officer Aditi Amre 2022 Aashram (/wiki/Aashram) Sonia Season 3 [65] (#cite_note-65) Music videos [ edit ] Year Title Singer(s) Ref. 2015 Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon (/wiki/Main_Rahoon_Ya_Na_Rahoon) Armaan Malik (/wiki/Armaan_Malik) [67] (#cite_note-67) 2019 Get Dirty Ishika Bakshi, Gourov Das Gupta [68] (#cite_note-68) 2021 Booha Shree Brar [69] (#cite_note-69) Awards and nominations [ edit ] Year Awards Category Work Result Ref. 2012 ETC Bollywood Business Awards (/wiki/ETC_Bollywood_Business) Most Profitable Debut (Female) Raaz 3 (/wiki/Raaz_3) Nominated [70] (#cite_note-70) 2013 Filmfare Awards (/wiki/Filmfare_Awards) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Jannat 2 (/wiki/Jannat_2) Nominated Zee Cine Award (/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award) Best Female Debut (/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut) Nominated Stardust Award (/wiki/Stardust_Award) Superstar of Tomorrow – Female (/wiki/Stardust_Award_for_Superstar_of_Tomorrow_%E2%80%93_Female) Jannat 2 (/wiki/Jannat_2) & Raaz 3 (/wiki/Raaz_3) Nominated Stardust Award (/wiki/Stardust_Award) Best Actress (/wiki/Stardust_Award_for_Best_Actress) Chakravyuh (/wiki/Chakravyuh_(2012_film)) Nominated 2014 Screen Awards (/wiki/Screen_Awards) Best Actress (Popular Choice) (/wiki/Screen_Award_for_Best_Actress_(Popular_Choice)) Humshakals (/wiki/Humshakals) Nominated 2017 BIG Star Entertainment Awards (/wiki/BIG_Star_Entertainment_Awards) Most Entertaining Actor in a Thriller Film – Female Rustom (/wiki/Rustom_(film)) Nominated [71] (#cite_note-71) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Birthday Special: Esha Gupta's Knockout Looks!" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-esha-guptas-knockout-looks/20141128.htm) . Rediff (/wiki/Rediff) . 28 November 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160803170450/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-esha-guptas-knockout-looks/20141128.htm) from the original on 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-dob2_2-0) "Esha Gupta's birthday wish: To do a 'masala 'film" (http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-esha-gupta-s-birthday-wish-to-do-a-masala-film-1770865) . Daily News and Analysis (/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis) . 28 November 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160814000647/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-esha-gupta-s-birthday-wish-to-do-a-masala-film-1770865) from the original on 14 August 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Planet glamour Act II" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131215120420/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/planet-glamour-act-ii/987462/0) . The Financial Express . 13 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.financialexpress.com/news/planet-glamour-act-ii/987462/0) on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Esha Gupta's complete beauty evolution" (https://www.vogue.in/content/esha-gupta-complete-beauty-evolution%3famp) . Vogue . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Birthday special: Things you may not know about Esha Gupta" (http://www.mid-day.com/photos/birthday-special-things-you-may-not-know-about-esha-gupta/4218) . Mid Day . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135228/http://www.mid-day.com/photos/birthday-special-things-you-may-not-know-about-esha-gupta/4218) from the original on 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Celeb Fitness Mantras: Esha Gupta" (http://idiva.com/news-health/celeb-fitness-mantras-esha-gupta/12861) . iDiva. 22 May 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121014063216/http://idiva.com/news-health/celeb-fitness-mantras-esha-gupta/12861) from the original on 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Esha and Neha Gupta at the launch of Omega's 'Ladymatic' watch at Taj Palace, Delhi on November 23, 2011" (http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/Omega-Ladymatic-launch/articleshow/10882814.cms) . The Times of India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130219074710/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/delhi/Omega-Ladymatic-launch/articleshow/10882814.cms) from the original on 19 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_8-0) "Acting over education - Lesser known facts about Esha Gupta" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-esha-gupta/Acting-over-education/photostory/60361028.cms) . The Times of India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201012020949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/lesser-known-facts-about-esha-gupta/Acting-over-education/photostory/60361028.cms) from the original on 12 October 2020 . Retrieved 18 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-missi_9-0) "Miss India Winners 2007 – Miss India – Title Holders – Femina Miss India – Indiatimes" (http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/titleholder/articleshow/6260972.cms) . The Times of India . 16 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121201055338/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/titleholder/articleshow/6260972.cms) from the original on 1 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-missi2_10-0) "Esha Gupta - Femina Miss India 2007 Contestants" (http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/photoshow/6251553.cms?curpg=4) . The Times of India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130516032443/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/photoshow/6251553.cms?curpg=4) from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) ninjas. "Sexy Kingfisher Calendar Girls | guylife.com | Page 4" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120526132142/http://guylife.com/slideshow-babes/sexy-kingfisher-calendar-girls/8795/4) . guylife.com. Archived from the original (http://guylife.com/slideshow-babes/sexy-kingfisher-calendar-girls/8795/4) on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Bollywood wasn't Esha Gupta's first choice" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-wasn-t-esha-gupta-s-first-choice/story-iMVBTECfWq22p0apVmeEQI.html) . Hindustan Times . 15 January 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180427044735/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-wasn-t-esha-gupta-s-first-choice/story-iMVBTECfWq22p0apVmeEQI.html) from the original on 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "/ Emraan is USP of Jannat 2: Esha Gupta" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120815073535/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/300018/emraan-is-usp-of-jannat-2-esha-gupta) . Indiavision.com. 25 April 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/300018/emraan-is-usp-of-jannat-2-esha-gupta) on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Jannat 2 (2012) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120716035905/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547835) . Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) . Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/547835) on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Jannat 2 movie review" (http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/jannat-2-movie-review-051205.asp) . glamsham.com. 4 May 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120805032840/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/jannat-2-movie-review-051205.asp) from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Gaurav Malani (4 May 2012). "Jannat 2: Movie Review" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121025063733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-04/news-interviews/31572233_1_sonu-dilli-emraan-hashmi-love-story) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-04/news-interviews/31572233_1_sonu-dilli-emraan-hashmi-love-story) on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Raaz 3 Movie Review | Emraan Hashmi, Bipasha Basu, Esha Gupta" (http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/raaz-3-review/) . Koimoi.com. 27 October 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131421/http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/raaz-3-review/) from the original on 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Critics report: Raaz 3 gets mixed reviews" (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-report-Raaz-3-gets-mixed-reviews/Article1-925966.aspx) . Hindustan Times . 7 September 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042513/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-report-Raaz-3-gets-mixed-reviews/Article1-925966.aspx) from the original on 5 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Movie review: Raaz 3 : Reviews, News" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-raaz-3/1/216481.html) . India Today . 7 September 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121102140529/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-raaz-3/1/216481.html) from the original on 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Hungama, Bollywood (7 September 2012). "Raaz 3 Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raaz-3-2/box-office/) . Bollywood Hungama (/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama) . Retrieved 29 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Prakash Jha's Chakravyuh invited to premiere at London Film Fest" (https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/prakash-jhas-chakravyuh-invited-to-premiere-at-london-film-fest-606355) . ndtv.com. 27 July 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Review: Chakravyuh is just your average action flick" (http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-chakravyuh-is-just-your-average-action-flick/20121024.htm) . Rediff . 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) 'Gori Tere Pyaar Mein' review: The film struggles to hold your attention:IBNLive Videos (https://web.archive.org/web/20131122182441/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gori-tere-pyaar-mein-review-the-film-struggles-to-hold-your-attention/435681-47-84.html) . CNN-IBN. Retrieved 14 August 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Lalwani, Vickey (3 June 2013). "Sajid Khan replaces Jacqueline with Esha" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130609131751/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news-interviews/39713919_1_jacqueline-fernandez-sajid-khan-sajid-and-jacqueline) . The Times of India . Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-03/news-interviews/39713919_1_jacqueline-fernandez-sajid-khan-sajid-and-jacqueline) on 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Geety Sahgal (7 July 2014). "Humshakals box office collections: Despite criticism, Sajid Khan has the last laugh" (http://www.financialexpress.com/news/humshakals-box-office-collections-despite-criticism-sajid-khan-has-the-last-laugh/1267008/1) . The Financial Express . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Rustom box office day 7 collection: Akshay Kumar film to cross Rs 100 crore this weekend" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rustom-box-office-collection-day-7-akshay-kumar-happy-bhaag-jayegi-2984678/) . The Indian Express . 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Rustom Reviews by Critics" (https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/rustom-reviews-critics/) . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Commando' sequel to go on floors on Wednesday in Mumbai" (http://m.mid-day.com/articles/commando-sequel-to-go-on-floors-today-in-mumbai/16961193) . Mid-Day (/wiki/Mid-Day) . 17 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Ajay Devgn announces the release date of 'Baadshaho' with a philosophical message" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ajay-Devgn-announces-the-release-date-of-Baadshaho-with-a-philosophical-message/articleshow/55871887.cms) . The Times of India . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Veedevadu review: Makes you ask 'why' instead of 'who' (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/sep/23/veedevadu-review-makes-you-ask-why-instead-of-who-1657847.html) " (https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/sep/23/veedevadu-review-makes-you-ask-why-instead-of-who-1657847.html) . The New Indian Express . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220129023359/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2017/sep/23/veedevadu-review-makes-you-ask-why-instead-of-who-1657847.html) from the original on 29 January 2022 . Retrieved 29 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "JP Dutta's Paltan first poster out, film to release on September 7" (https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jp-dutta-s-paltan-first-poster-out-film-to-release-on-september-7/story-8f1N7x1ktHGrJ2Ca6Cf2kL.html&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwi41o_Z7ebZAhVHsI8KHddPDm4QFjAAegQICBAB&usg=AOvVaw37ZXNuT4Dp-sv-RDgFhcy5) . Hindustan Times . 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Bollywood (7 September 2018). "Paltan movie review: Hindi-Chini why-why?" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/paltan-review-a-lifeless-war-film/story-i2VlP9kbvpp0ue1PBSyCBK_amp.html) . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) " (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/total-dhamaal-box-office-collection-day-12-the-ajay-devgn-starrer-comedy-flick-holds-well-on-its-second-tuesday/articleshow/68283980.cms) 'Total Dhamaal' box office collection Day 12: The Ajay Devgn starrer comedy flick holds well on its second Tuesday" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/total-dhamaal-box-office-collection-day-12-the-ajay-devgn-starrer-comedy-flick-holds-well-on-its-second-tuesday/articleshow/68283980.cms) . The Times of India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331110615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/total-dhamaal-box-office-collection-day-12-the-ajay-devgn-starrer-comedy-flick-holds-well-on-its-second-tuesday/articleshow/68283980.cms) from the original on 31 March 2019 . Retrieved 23 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Gupta, Shubhra (6 July 2019). "One Day Justice Delivered movie review: Case dismissed" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/one-day-justice-delivered-movie-review-rating-5816181/) . The Indian Express (/wiki/The_Indian_Express) . Retrieved 6 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Goldie Behl: Web medium has a cinema narrative but timeline is similar to TV" (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/goldie-behl-director-rejctx-zee5-original-digital-medium-5930861/) . The Indian Express . Retrieved 23 August 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Aashram season 3 review: Bobby Deol is the saving grace in this over-the-top 90s film disguised as a web series" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/aashram-season-3-review-bobby-deol-is-the-saving-grace-in-this-over-the-top-90s-film-disguised-as-a-web-series-101654198778391-amp.html) . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 20 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-EGBF_37-0) "Esha Gupta to play the lead in Suniel Shetty and Anurag Kashyap's File No 323" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/esha-gupta-to-play-the-lead-in-anurag-kashyaps-file-no-323-exclusive/articleshow/95555621.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 17 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Protecting nature isn't about a nation: Esha Gupta" (https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/protecting-nature-isn-t-about-a-nation-esha-gupta#read-more) . thequint.com. 3 September 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-39) "100 weeks of Dadar beach cleanup: Esha Gupta participates in cleanliness drive" (https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/100-weeks-of-dadar-beach-cleanup-esha-gupta-participates-in-cleanliness-drive20190722014124/) . aninews.in. ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Walk For Mangroves: A Bhamla Foundation Initiative Was Graced By Aditya Thackeray, Esha Gupta, Zorawar Kalra And Malhar Kalambe" (https://www.mumbailive.com/en/environment/walk-for-mangroves-a-bhamla-foundation-initiative-was-graced-by-aditya-thackeray-esha-gupta-zorawar-kalra-and-malhar-kalambe-37673) . mumbailive.com. 16 July 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Mumbai Celebs Join Citizens To Protest Order To Cut Trees In Aarey For Metro" (https://www.bloombergquint.com/economy-finance/bollywood-celebs-protest-order-to-cut-trees-in-aarey-for-metro) . bloombergquint.com. September 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Esha Gupta visits surman institute and spends time with kids" (https://www.bollywoodtadka.in/entertainment/news/esha-gupta-visits-surman-institute-and-spends-time-with-kids-1467555) . bollywoodtadka.in. 3 October 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-43) "twitter.com" (https://twitter.com/Sea_Legacy/status/1588924739250262020) . X (formerly Twitter) . Retrieved 29 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Esha Gupta Opens Up On BF Manuel Campos Guallar: We Knew It Was Long Distance" (https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/esha-gupta-opens-up-on-bf-manuel-campos-guallar-we-knew-it-was-long-distance-news-189379) . Outlook India . 31 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Eight vegans in Bollywood you can take inspiration from!" (https://archive.today/20230123223024/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/lifestyle/eight-vegans-in-bollywood-you-can-take-inspiration-from) . nationalheraldindia.com. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Here are the other winners of The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2017" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/here-are-the-other-winners-of-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2017/articleshow/64097758.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Meet India's 50 most desirable divas of 2018" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/69468095.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 29 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "MEET THE TIMES 50 MOST DESIRABLE WOMEN 2019" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/meet-indias-most-desirable-divas/articleshow/77805527.cms) . The Times of India . Retrieved 25 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Esha Gupta to be an ambassador of jewellery brand" (https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/bollywood-esha-gupta-jewellary-brand-ambassador-337305) . India TV News . 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Online gaming platform Khelraja unveils Esha Gupta as its brand ambassador" (https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-online-gaming-platform-khelraja-unveils-esha-gupta-as-its-brand-ambassador-2913169/lite/) . The Financial Express . Retrieved 12 September 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Jannat 2 Cast & Crew" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120501081141/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547835) . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547835) on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Raaz 3 Cast & Crew" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160530081335/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546056) . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546056) on 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Chakravyuh Cast & Crew" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/) . Bollywood Hungama . 13 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201012020958/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chakravyuh-2/) from the original on 12 October 2020 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Gori Tere Pyaar Mein! Cast & Crew" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/) . Bollywood Hungama . 13 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160616185159/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/584414/Gori%20Tere%20Pyaar%20Mein!) from the original on 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Humshakals Cast & Crew" (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/) . Bollywood Hungama . 13 August 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160616185441/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/600582/Humshakals) from the original on 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Baby Cast & Crew" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160616185156/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506895) . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506895) on 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Esha Gupta and Ileana D'Cruz in Akshay Kumar starrer Rustom" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160616183452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/17343966/Esha-Gupta-and-Ileana-DCruz-in-Akshay-Kumar-starrer-Rustom) . Bollywood Hungama . 9 February 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/17343966/Esha-Gupta-and-Ileana-DCruz-in-Akshay-Kumar-starrer-Rustom) on 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Pasupulate, Karthik (11 May 2015). "Esha Gupta to debut in Tollywood in Sachiin Joshi's next" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Esha-Gupta-to-debut-in-Tollywood-in-Sachiin-Joshis-next/articleshow/47330323.cms) . The Times of India . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161227101159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Esha-Gupta-to-debut-in-Tollywood-in-Sachiin-Joshis-next/articleshow/47330323.cms) from the original on 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "Doing 'Commando 2', not playing negative: Esha Gupta" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/doing-commando-2-not-playing-negative-esha-gupta/) . The Indian Express . Indo-Asian News Service. 17 May 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160602183409/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/doing-commando-2-not-playing-negative-esha-gupta/) from the original on 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Ileana D'Cruz, Esha Gupta roped in for Milan Luthria's Baadshaho" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160808175816/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/20202308/Ileana-DCruz-Esha-Gupta-roped-in-for-Milan-Luthrias-Baadshaho) . Bollywood Hungama . 22 June 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/20202308/Ileana-DCruz-Esha-Gupta-roped-in-for-Milan-Luthrias-Baadshaho) on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Esha Gupta to undergo workshop for Telugu debut" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/esha-gupta-to-undergo-workshop-for-telugu-debut/) . 20 May 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170214180658/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/esha-gupta-to-undergo-workshop-for-telugu-debut/) from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Esha Gupta hopes to learn comedy from Abhishek Bachchan, John Abraham" (http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/esha-gupta-hopes-to-learn-comedy-from-abhishek-bachcan-john-abraham/) . The Indian Express . Press Trust of India. 2 December 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160321184357/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/esha-gupta-hopes-to-learn-comedy-from-abhishek-bachcan-john-abraham/) from the original on 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Esha Gupta to host Supercars on National Geographic Channel (http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1557984/Esha-Gupta-to-host-Supercars-on-National-Geographic-Channel) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120907070517/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1557984/Esha-Gupta-to-host-Supercars-on-National-Geographic-Channel) 7 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , 4 September 2012 ^ (#cite_ref-64) Esha Gupta turns judge for dance reality show (https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/esha-gupta-turns-judge-dance-reality-show/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180618223018/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/esha-gupta-turns-judge-dance-reality-show/) 18 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , 15 May 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-65) "PeepingMoon Exclusive: Esha Gupta to play Bobby Deol's image-maker in Prakash Jha's Aashram season 2!" (https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/58178/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Esha-Gupta-to-play-Bobby-Deols-image-maker-in-Prakash-Jhas-Aashram-season-.html) . 11 January 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-66) "Happy Birthday Amaal Mallik: 5 Songs of the Music Composer One Can't Miss" (https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/happy-birthday-amaal-mallik-5-songs-of-the-music-composer-one-cant-miss-3852827.html) . News18 . 16 June 2021 . Retrieved 10 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "Emraan Hashmi-Esha Gupta team up for 'Main Rahoon Ya Na Rahoon' (https://web.archive.org/web/20160608102159/http://www.sify.com/movies/emraan-hashmi-esha-gupta-team-up-for-main-rahoon-ya-na-rahoon-imagegallery-bollywood-pl1qCNhbbfagj.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160608102159/http://www.sify.com/movies/emraan-hashmi-esha-gupta-team-up-for-main-rahoon-ya-na-rahoon-imagegallery-bollywood-pl1qCNhbbfagj.html) . Sify . Press Trust of India. Archived from the original (http://www.sify.com/movies/emraan-hashmi-esha-gupta-team-up-for-main-rahoon-ya-na-rahoon-imagegallery-bollywood-pl1qCNhbbfagj.html) on 8 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "Esha Gupta to Get Dirty" (https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/esha-gupta-to-get-dirty/710270.html) . The Trimbune . 8 January 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190719131912/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/esha-gupta-to-get-dirty/710270.html) from the original on 19 July 2019 . Retrieved 19 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) "Esha Gupta leaves everyone mesmerized in song 'Booha' with Shree Brar and Mankirat Aulakh" (https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/esha-gupta-leaves-everyone-mesmerized-in-song-booha-with-shree-brar-and-mankirat-aulakh) . PTC Punjabi . 5 April 2021 . Retrieved 10 July 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) Bollywood Business Awards 2012 . ETC Bollywood Business (/wiki/ETC_Bollywood_Business) . 7 January 2013. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/DRWFUBFVTxQ) from the original on 20 December 2021 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Event occurs at 28:01 ^ (#cite_ref-71) "Big ZEE Entertainment Awards: Nominations list" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190626215355/https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/) . 22 July 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.bizasialive.com/big-zee-entertainment-awards-nominations-list/) on 26 June 2019 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . External links [ edit ] Esha Gupta (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3373271/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) EshaGuptaOfficial.com (http://EshaGuptaOfficial.com) v t e Miss International 2007 (/wiki/Miss_International_2007) national titleholders Danielle Byrnes (/wiki/Danielle_Byrnes) Sophie Vouzelaud (/wiki/Sophie_Vouzelaud) Svetlana Tsys (/wiki/Svetlana_Tsys) Grace Wong (/wiki/Grace_Wong) Esha Gupta Rahma Landy Sjahruddin (/wiki/Rahma_Landy_Sjahruddin) Priscila Perales (/wiki/Priscila_Perales) Alexandra Mazur (/wiki/Alexandra_Mazur) Aruni Rajapaksha (/wiki/Aruni_Rajapaksha) Vanessa Peretti (/wiki/Vanessa_Peretti) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Bollywood (/wiki/Portal:Bollywood) Films (/wiki/Portal:Films) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Esha Gupta at Wikipedia's sister projects : Media (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esha_Gupta) from Commons Data (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5397761) from Wikidata NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐tkj8r Cached time: 20240719050448 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.973 seconds Real time usage: 1.209 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 7284/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 163644/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8027/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 270051/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.622/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8874126/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1075.049 1 -total 38.52% 414.077 1 Template:Reflist 27.21% 292.543 56 Template:Cite_web 17.99% 193.401 1 Template:Infobox_pageant_titleholder 9.98% 107.311 1 Template:Miss_International_2007_delegates 9.20% 98.910 1 Template:Subject_bar 9.12% 97.999 1 Template:Navbox 6.47% 69.594 1 Template:Short_description 4.62% 49.721 10 Template:Flagicon 3.88% 41.694 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24558010-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719050448 and revision id 1232246944. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esha_Gupta&oldid=1232246944 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esha_Gupta&oldid=1232246944) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1985 births (/wiki/Category:1985_births) 21st-century Indian actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Indian_actresses) Actresses from New Delhi (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_New_Delhi) Female models from Delhi (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Delhi) Indian film actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_film_actresses) Indian television actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_television_actresses) Indian web series actresses (/wiki/Category:Indian_web_series_actresses) Actresses in Hindi cinema (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Hindi_cinema) Actresses in Telugu cinema (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Telugu_cinema) Actresses in Tamil cinema (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Tamil_cinema) Actresses in Hindi television (/wiki/Category:Actresses_in_Hindi_television) Indian beauty pageant winners (/wiki/Category:Indian_beauty_pageant_winners) Miss International 2007 delegates (/wiki/Category:Miss_International_2007_delegates) Manipal Academy of Higher Education alumni (/wiki/Category:Manipal_Academy_of_Higher_Education_alumni) Actresses from Delhi (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Delhi) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) EngvarB from May 2014 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2014) Use dmy dates from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023) All pages needing factual verification (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_February_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023) Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata)
|
Overview of fashion in the Italian Republic Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Italy) on the Culture of Italy (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) History (/wiki/History_of_Italy) Citizenship (/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship) Currency and coinage (/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy) Economy (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy) Fashion (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Flags (/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags) Genetic (/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy) Historic states (/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy) LGBT (/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy) Military (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy) Music (/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy) Name (/wiki/Name_of_Italy) Postage (/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy) Railway (/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy) People (/wiki/Italians) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Italy) Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) Arbëresh (/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language) Algherese (/wiki/Algherese_dialect) Slavomolisano (/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect) Aostan French (/wiki/Aostan_French) Friulian (/wiki/Friulian_language) Gallo-Italic of Sicily (/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily) Italian Germanic (/wiki/Germans_in_Italy) Griko (/wiki/Griko_dialect) Ladin (/wiki/Ladin_language) Occitan (/wiki/Occitan_language) Romani (/wiki/Romani_language) Sardinian (/wiki/Sardinian_language) Slovene (/wiki/Slovene_language) Wenzhounese (/wiki/Wenzhounese) Traditions (/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy) Mythology (/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy) and folklore (/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy) Folk dance (/wiki/Italian_folk_dance) Folk music (/wiki/Italian_folk_music) Cuisine (/wiki/Italian_cuisine) Abruzzese (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo) Apulian (/wiki/Apulian_cuisine) Arbëreshë (/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine) Corsican (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica) Ligurian (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria) Lombard (/wiki/Lombard_cuisine) Mantuan (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Mantua) Lucanian (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata) Neapolitan (/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine) Piedmontese (/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine) Roman (/wiki/Roman_cuisine) Sardinian (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia) Sicilian (/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine) Venetian (/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto) Festivals (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy) Tricolour Day (/wiki/Tricolour_Day) (7 January) National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe (/wiki/National_Memorial_Day_of_the_Exiles_and_Foibe) (10 February) Anniversary of the Unification of Italy (/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy) (17 March) Liberation Day (/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)) (25 April) Republic Day (/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica) (2 June) National Unity and Armed Forces Day (/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day) (4 November) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Italy) Roman Catholicism (/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Italy) Eastern Orthodoxy (/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy) Oriental Orthodoxy (/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Italy) Protestantism (/wiki/Protestantism_in_Italy) Islam (/wiki/Islam_in_Italy) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy) Baháʼí Faith (/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Italy) Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy) Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism_in_Italy) Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy) Irreligiosity (/wiki/Irreligion_in_Italy) Art (/wiki/Italian_art) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy) Sculpture (/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy) Literature (/wiki/Italian_literature) Comics (/wiki/Italian_comics) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Italy) and performing arts Theatre (/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy) Media (/wiki/Media_of_Italy) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Italy) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy) Books (/wiki/Books_in_Italy) Internet (/wiki/Internet_in_Italy) Magazines (/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Italy) Newspapers (/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Italy) Radio (/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy) Sport (/wiki/Sport_in_Italy) Association football (/wiki/Football_in_Italy) Athletics (/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball_in_Italy) Rugby union (/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis_in_Italy) Monuments (/wiki/Monuments_of_Italy) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy) More Symbols (/wiki/Symbols_of_Italy) Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Italy) Coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Italy) National anthem (/wiki/National_anthem_of_Italy) National day (/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica) National monument (/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument) National personification (/wiki/Italia_turrita) Organisations Italian Cultural Institute (/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Cultura) Dante Alighieri Society (/wiki/Dante_Alighieri_Society) Libraries (/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy) Museums (/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) v t e Italy (/wiki/Italy) is one of the leading countries in fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) , alongside France (/wiki/French_fashion) and the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . Fashion has always been an important part of the country's cultural life (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) and society, and Italians are well known for their attention to dress; la bella figura , or good appearance, retains its traditional importance. Italian fashion became prominent during the 11th to 16th centuries, when artistic development in Italy was at its peak. Cities such as Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Palermo (/wiki/Palermo) , Venice (/wiki/Venice) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Florence (/wiki/Florence) and Vicenza (/wiki/Vicenza) started to produce luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_good) , hats (/wiki/Hat) , cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) , jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) and rich fabrics (/wiki/Fabric) . From the 17th century to the early 20th, Italian fashion lost its importance and lustre and Europe's main trendsetter became France, with the great popularity of French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) ; this is due to the luxury dresses which were designed for the courtiers of Louis XIV (/wiki/Louis_XIV) . [1] (#cite_note-1) However, since the 1951–53 fashion soirées held by Giovanni Battista Giorgini (/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Giorgini) in Florence, [2] (#cite_note-2) the " Italian school " started to compete with the French haute couture , and labels such as Prada (/wiki/Prada) and Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) began to contend with Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) and Dior (/wiki/Dior) . In 2009, according to the Global Language Monitor (/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy's centre of design (/wiki/Design) , was ranked the top fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) of the world, and Rome (/wiki/Rome) was ranked fourth, [3] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-3) and, although both cities fell in subsequent rankings, in 2011, Florence entered as the 31st world fashion capital. Milan is generally considered to be one of the "big four" global fashion capitals (/wiki/Fashion_capital) , along with New York, Paris, and London; occasionally, the "big five" also includes Rome. [4] (#cite_note-4) Italian fashion is linked to the most generalized concept of " Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) ", a merchandise brand expressing excellence of creativity and craftsmanship. Italian luxury goods are renowned for the quality of the textiles and the elegance and refinement of their construction. Many French, British and American high-top luxury brands (such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior_SE) , Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) and the main line of Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) ) also rely on Italian craft factories, located in highly specialized areas in the metropolitan area of Naples (/wiki/Naples) and in the centre-north of Italy ( Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , Marche (/wiki/Marche) , Veneto (/wiki/Veneto) and Piedmont (/wiki/Piedmont) ), to produce parts of their apparel and accessories. The nonprofit association that co-ordinates and promotes the development of Italian fashion is the National Chamber of Italian Fashion (/wiki/National_Chamber_of_Italian_Fashion) (Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana), now led by Carlo Capasa (/wiki/Carlo_Capasa) . It was set up in 1958 in Rome, is now settled in Milan and represents all the highest cultural values of Italian fashion. This association has pursued a policy of organisational support aimed at the knowledge, promotion and development of fashion through high-profile events in Italy and abroad. The talent of young, creative fashion is also promoted in Italy, as in the annual ITS (International Talent Support Awards) young fashion designer competition in Trieste (/wiki/Trieste) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Italian fashion houses, designers and luxury brands [ edit ] Examples of major Italian fashion houses focused on both menswear and womenswear, but also accessories: [6] (#cite_note-6) Agnona Armani (/wiki/Armani) (founded and directed by Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) ) Balestra (/wiki/Renato_Balestra) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) (designed by Belgian-French Matthieu Blazy (/wiki/Matthieu_Blazy) ) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli_(company)) (created by Fausto Puglisi) Costume National (/wiki/Costume_National) Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) (directed by Glenn Martens) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Dsquared2 (/wiki/Dsquared2) (created by Canadian duo Dean and Dan Caten (/wiki/Dean_and_Dan_Caten) ) Etro (/wiki/Etro) (directed by Marco De Vincenzo) Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) (previously directed by Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) for women's clothes and ready to wear and now by Kim Jones (/wiki/Kim_Jones_(designer)) and by Silvia Venturini Fendi for accessories and men's lines) Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_Italia_S.p.A.) (designed by Maximilian Davis (/wiki/Maximilian_Davis) ) Gianfranco Ferré (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) Fiorucci (/wiki/Fiorucci) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) (formerly directed by Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) and by Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) , now by Sabato De Sarno (/wiki/Sabato_de_Sarno) ) Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) (directed by James Long) Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) (founded by eponymous German designer but headquartered in Italy, designed by Luke and Lucy Meier) John Richmond (/wiki/John_Richmond_(fashion_designer)) Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) (created by Camille Miceli) Marni (/wiki/Marni_(fashion_house)) (founded by Consuelo Castiglioni (/wiki/Consuelo_Castiglioni) and now directed by Francesco Risso) Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) (sister label of Prada (/wiki/Prada) founded by Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) in 1992) Moncler (/wiki/Moncler) Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) Prada (/wiki/Prada) ( Raf Simons (/wiki/Raf_Simons) joined Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) as co-creative director) Ermanno Scervino (/wiki/Ermanno_Scervino) Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) (designed by Matteo Tamburini) Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) (founded by Valentino Garavani (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)) , formerly directed by Pierpaolo Piccioli (/wiki/Pierpaolo_Piccioli) ) Versace (/wiki/Versace) (founded by Gianni Versace (/wiki/Gianni_Versace) and now directed by Donatella Versace (/wiki/Donatella_Versace) ) Examples of major fashion brands which are specialized mainly at womenswear (and also accessories for women) are Laura Biagiotti (/wiki/Laura_Biagiotti) , Blumarine (/wiki/Blufin) (founded by Anna Molinari (/wiki/Anna_Molinari) ), Capucci (/wiki/Capucci) , Alberta Ferretti (/wiki/Alberta_Ferretti) , Gattinoni (/wiki/Gattinoni) , Genny (/wiki/Genny) (designed by Sara Cavazza Facchini), Giamba (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) (created by designer Giambattista Valli), Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) (founded by Mariuccia Mandelli and now art directored by Zhu Chongyun), La Perla (/wiki/La_Perla_(clothing)) , Luisa Spagnoli (/wiki/Luisa_Spagnoli) , Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) (created by Ian Griffiths), Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) (founded and directed by Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) ), Philosophy (directed by Lorenzo Serafini (/wiki/Lorenzo_Serafini) ), Mila Schon (/wiki/Mila_Schon) and Twin-set Milano whilst the most important luxury houses which focus only on menswear and accessories for men are Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(fashion)) , Canali (/wiki/Canali) , Corneliani (/wiki/Corneliani) , Lardini (/wiki/Lardini) , Stefano Ricci (/wiki/Stefano_Ricci) , Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) (directed by Alessandro Sartori (/wiki/Alessandro_Sartori) ) and Pal Zileri (/wiki/Pal_Zileri) . Luxury sportswear and streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) have become general fashion trends, mixing high and low, formal and active style in one look and also in this segment Italy, apart from big luxury brands focused on ready to wear (or couture) developing their own streetstyle lines or items such as Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) and Prada (/wiki/Prada) or top brands with a strong sporty heritage like Bikkembergs (/wiki/Bikkembergs) , has got a few high end companies focused on this style like GCDS (/wiki/GCDS) , OFF White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) founded by American Virgil Abloh (/wiki/Virgil_Abloh) but based in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Stone island (/wiki/Stone_Island) . In sportswear some of the most prominent houses are Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) , Fila (/wiki/Fila_(company)) , and Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) . A few Italian designers head (or have headed) some important fashion brands outside Italy. Riccardo Tisci (/wiki/Riccardo_Tisci) had been working for French luxury house Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) for twelve years until 2017 and in 2018 was named British Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) 's creative director until 2022, Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) after co-heading at Valentino together with Pier Paolo Piccioli now is the first female creative director ever at Dior (/wiki/Dior) , French fashion brand Rochas (/wiki/Rochas) had been directed by Alessandro Dell'Acqua (/wiki/Alessandro_Dell%27Acqua) for a few years and now by Alessandro Vigilante, Marco Colagrossi heads Ungaro (/wiki/Emanuel_Ungaro) after a few years under the directorship of Fausto Puglisi, Nicola Formichetti (/wiki/Nicola_Formichetti) was artistic director at Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) , Nino Cerruti (/wiki/Nino_Cerruti) founded his own Paris-based fashion house, Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) 's main ready to wear and high fashion lines are set in Paris and Stefano Pilati (/wiki/Stefano_Pilati) was for almost eight years Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) 's head designer. Among the newest labels or younger designers, the most prominent are Golden Goose Deluxe Brand (/wiki/Golden_Goose_Deluxe_Brand) , Stella Jean (/wiki/Stella_Jean) , Del Core, Calcaterra and The Attico (/wiki/The_Attico) . Other luxury labels which are mainly focused on the production of leather goods such as accessories, especially belts or shoes (but not only), are Anderson's, Aquazzura, Baldinini (/wiki/Baldinini) , Ballin, Bontoni (/wiki/Bontoni) , Casadei, Rene Caovilla (/wiki/Rene_Caovilla) , Bruno Magli (/wiki/Bruno_Magli) , Paciotti (/wiki/Cesare_Paciotti) , Pollini (/wiki/Pollini) , Gianvito Rossi, Sergio Rossi (/wiki/Sergio_Rossi) , Giuseppe Zanotti (/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanotti) , while fashion brands or labels which produce primarily bags, totes, suitcases are Braccialini (/wiki/Braccialini) , Furla (/wiki/Furla) , Mandarina Duck (/wiki/Mandarina_Duck) , Piquadro (/wiki/Piquadro) , Valextra (/wiki/Valextra) . Italy also is home to many fashion magazines, such as Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) , Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Other Italian accessory and jewelry brands, such as Luxottica (/wiki/Luxottica) (owner, amongst several luxury eyewear brands, of Ray-Ban (/wiki/Ray-Ban) and Persol (/wiki/Persol) ), Safilo (/wiki/Safilo) , Buccellati (/wiki/Buccellati) , Damiani (/wiki/Damiani) , Vhernier, Pomellato (/wiki/Pomellato) , Dodo, Morellato (/wiki/Morellato_Group) , Officine Panerai (/wiki/Officine_Panerai) and Bvlgari (/wiki/Bulgari) . Clothes by Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) , founder of the Armani (/wiki/Armani) company Prada (/wiki/Prada) shop in Milan Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) and Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Store on the Las Vegas Strip (/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip) Modern history [ edit ] Main article: History of Italian fashion (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) The Italian Catherine de' Medici, as Queen of France. Her fashions were the main trendsetters of courts at the time. Fashion in Italy started to become the most fashionable in Europe since the 11th century, and powerful cities of the time, such as Venice (/wiki/Venice) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Vicenza (/wiki/Vicenza) and Rome (/wiki/Rome) began to produce robes (/wiki/Robe) , jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) , textiles (/wiki/Textile) , shoes (/wiki/Shoe) , fabrics (/wiki/Fabric) , ornaments (/wiki/Decorative_arts) and elaborate dresses (/wiki/Dress) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Italian fashion reached its peak during the Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) . As Italy is widely recognized as the cradle and birthplace of the Renaissance, [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) art, music, education, finance and philosophy flourished, and along with it, Italian fashion designs became very popular especially those worn by the Medicis (/wiki/Medici) in Florence. [11] (#cite_note-11) The fashions of Queen Catherine de' Medici (/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici) of France were considered amongst the most fashionable in Europe. After a decline in the 17th to mid-20th century, Italy returned to being a leading nation in fashion, and Florence was Italy's fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) in the 50s and 60s from the very first high fashion parade at the Sala Bianca of the Pitti Palace (/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) in 1952 with names such as Emilio Schuberth (/wiki/Emilio_Schuberth) , Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) , Vincenzo Ferdinandi (/wiki/Vincenzo_Ferdinandi) , Roberto Capucci (/wiki/Roberto_Capucci) , Sorelle Fontana (/wiki/Sorelle_Fontana) , Germana Marucelli (/wiki/Germana_Marucelli) , Mila Schön (/wiki/Mila_Sch%C3%B6n) , Fausto Sarli (/wiki/Fausto_Sarli) , whilst Milan (/wiki/Milan) led the way in the 70s and 80s, with then-new labels and designers such as Walter Albini (/wiki/Walter_Albini) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Enrico Coveri (/wiki/Enrico_Coveri) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Gianfranco Ferré (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) , Romeo Gigli (/wiki/Romeo_Gigli) , Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Luciano Soprani (/wiki/Luciano_Soprani) , Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) and Versace (/wiki/Versace) and opening up and setting up their first boutiques and emporia. Until the 1970s, Italian fashion was mainly designed for the rich and famous, more or less like the French " Haute Couture ". Yet, in the 1970s and 80s, Italian fashion started to concentrate on ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) clothes, such as coats (/wiki/Coat_(clothing)) , jackets (/wiki/Jacket) , trousers (/wiki/Trousers) , shirts (/wiki/Shirt) , jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , jumpers (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) and miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) . Milan (/wiki/Milan) became more affordable and stylish for shoppers, and Florence was deposed of its position as the Italian fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) and replaced by Rome, which grew in importance as a high fashion pole in the country thanks to the creations of Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_Garavani) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Roberto Capucci (/wiki/Roberto_Capucci) , Renato Balestra (/wiki/Renato_Balestra) and Gattinoni (/wiki/Fernanda_Gattinoni) . Today, Milan (/wiki/Milan) and Rome (/wiki/Rome) are Italy's fashion capitals, and major international centres for fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) , competing with other cities such as Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , London (/wiki/London) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) and New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . [3] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-3) Also, other cities such as Venice (/wiki/Venice) , Florence, Naples (/wiki/Naples) , Vicenza (/wiki/Vicenza) , Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) , Genoa (/wiki/Genoa) and Turin (/wiki/Turin) are important centres. The country's main shopping districts (/wiki/Shopping_district) are the Via Montenapoleone fashion district (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone_fashion_district) and the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele) ( Milan (/wiki/Milan) ), Via dei Condotti (/wiki/Via_dei_Condotti) ( Rome (/wiki/Rome) ), and Via de' Tornabuoni (/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni) (Florence). Cities [ edit ] Italian fashion is dominated by Milan, Rome, and to a lesser extent, Florence, with the former two being included in the top 30 fashion capitals of the world. [14] (#cite_note-14) Nonetheless, there are numerous other cities which play an important role in Italian fashion. Milan [ edit ] Main article: Fashion in Milan (/wiki/Fashion_in_Milan) Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone) during the Christmas period Elegant luxury shops, during the Christmas period, along Via Pietro Verri nearby Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone) In 2014, Milan (/wiki/Milan) was regarded as the world fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) (based upon frequency of mention in global media outlets), even surpassing New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) and London (/wiki/London) . In 2011, Milan was ranked #4, behind London, New York, and Paris. [15] (#cite_note-languagemonitor.com-15) Many of the major Italian fashion brands, such as Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Marni (/wiki/Marni) , Iceberg, Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) , Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) , Dirk Bikkembergs (/wiki/Dirk_Bikkembergs) , Etro (/wiki/Etro) , and Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) are currently headquartered in the city. International fashion labels also operate shops in Milan, including an Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) flagship store. Milan also hosts a fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) twice a year, just like other international centres such as Paris, London and New York. Milan's main upscale fashion district is the " quadrilatero della moda (/wiki/Quadrilatero_della_moda) " (literally, "fashion quadrilateral"), where the city's most prestigious shopping streets ( Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone) , Via della Spiga (/wiki/Via_della_Spiga) , Via Sant'Andrea (/wiki/Via_Sant%27Andrea) , Via Manzoni (/wiki/Via_Manzoni) and Corso Venezia (/wiki/Corso_Venezia) ) are held. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II (/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II) , the Piazza del Duomo (/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Milan) , Via Dante (/wiki/Via_Dante) and Corso Buenos Aires (/wiki/Corso_Buenos_Aires) are other important shopping streets and squares. Florence [ edit ] See also: Fashion designers of Florence (/wiki/Fashion_designers_of_Florence) Luxury boutiques along Florence (/wiki/Florence) 's prestigious Via de' Tornabuoni Florence (/wiki/Florence) is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern (post World War Two) fashion industry in Italy. The Florentine "soirées" of the early 1950s organized by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several now-famous Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention. [16] (#cite_note-16) Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_Italia_S.p.A.) since 1928. Gianfranco Lotti (/wiki/Gianfranco_Lotti) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) , Ermanno Scervino (/wiki/Ermanno_Scervino) , Stefano Ricci, Patrizia Pepe, Enrico Coveri (/wiki/Enrico_Coveri) and Emilio Pucci (/wiki/Emilio_Pucci) were also founded and most of them are still headquartered in Florence. Other major players in the fashion industry such as Prada (/wiki/Prada) and Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts. Florence's main upscale shopping (/wiki/Luxury_goods) street is Via de' Tornabuoni (/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni) , where major luxury fashion houses and jewelry labels, such as Armani (/wiki/Armani) and Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) , have their elegant boutiques. Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores. [17] (#cite_note-17) Rome [ edit ] See also: Shopping areas and markets in Rome (/wiki/Shopping_areas_and_markets_in_Rome) The Palazzo di Malta, surrounded by Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) boutiques in Via Condotti (/wiki/Via_Condotti) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) 's main upscale shopping street Rome (/wiki/Rome) is widely recognized as a world fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) . Although not as important as Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Rome is the world's 4th most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 Global Language Monitor (/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor) after Milan (/wiki/Milan) , New York and Paris, and beating London. [18] (#cite_note-18) Major Italian luxury fashion houses and jewelry chains, such as Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_SpA) , Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Laura Biagiotti (/wiki/Laura_Biagiotti) , Gattinoni (/wiki/Gattinoni) and Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(fashion)) , just to name a few, are headquartered in or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Armani (/wiki/Armani) and Versace (/wiki/Versace) have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale Via dei Condotti (/wiki/Via_dei_Condotti) . Rome Fashion Week (/w/index.php?title=Rome_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) is an important global showcase. Other cities [ edit ] Although Milan, Rome and Florence are commonly regarded as the leading cities in Italian fashion, other cities, such as Venice (/wiki/Venice) , Vicenza (/wiki/Vicenza) , Prato (/wiki/Prato) , Turin (/wiki/Turin) , Naples (/wiki/Naples) and Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) , are also important centres for Italian clothing design and industry. Venice, for instance, is the home of Italian fashion house Roberta di Camerino (/wiki/Roberta_di_Camerino) , which was founded in 1945. The brand is famous for its handbags, and is most notably associated with the creation of the it bag (/wiki/It_bag) , a form of handbag which is recognisable due to its status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Brands such as Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) and United Colors of Benetton (/wiki/United_Colors_of_Benetton) , despite being major Italian brands, are not headquartered in Milan, Rome or Florence, yet, the former has its headquarters in Reggio Emilia (/wiki/Reggio_Emilia) , [20] (#cite_note-20) and the latter in Ponzano Veneto (/wiki/Ponzano_Veneto) . Italian holding OTB (/wiki/OTB_Group) held by Renzo Rosso (/wiki/Renzo_Rosso) , owner of different ready-to-wear brands such as Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) and also fashion houses like Marni (/wiki/Marni) , Dutch label Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) and Belgian Maison Margiela (/wiki/Maison_Margiela) , is headquartered in the countryside near Vicenza in the region of Veneto (/wiki/Veneto) . Italian companies Cesare Paciotti (/wiki/Cesare_Paciotti) and also Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) , owned by businessman Diego Della Valle (/wiki/Diego_Della_Valle) (which produces luxury shoes, other leather goods and also clothes under the labels of Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) itself, Roger Vivier (/wiki/Roger_Vivier) , Hogan, Fay and haute couture brand Schiaparelli (/wiki/Maison_Schiaparelli) ), Santoni (/wiki/Santoni_(brand)) , Bontoni (/wiki/Bontoni) are headquartered in the region of Marche (/wiki/Marche) , a very important manufacturing district for shoes and leather components in the Adriatic coast. Fashion houses Fabiana Filippi (/w/index.php?title=Fabiana_Filippi&action=edit&redlink=1) and Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli_(company)) 's home is the region of Umbria (/wiki/Umbria) and luxury brands Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) and Harmont & Blaine (/wiki/Harmont_%26_Blaine) were founded in Naples (/wiki/Naples) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) which is also another prominent area of the country for the manufacturing of apparel and accessories (especially shoes and leather goods in general around the district of Solofra (/wiki/Solofra) ). Fashion shows and fairs [ edit ] Main article: Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Milan Fashion Week The Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) takes place twice a year after the London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) and before the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . It is scheduled as the third of the four most important and global international ready-to-wear fashion weeks of the calendar during the so-called fashion month. Dates are determined by the Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana. Some of the locations where fashion shows are held are Milan's Palazzo Reale (/wiki/Palazzo_Reale) , Palazzo Serbelloni (/wiki/Palazzo_Serbelloni) , Padiglione Visconti, Spazio delle Cavallerizze at Leonardo Da Vinci museum and many others. [24] (#cite_note-24) Another prominent platform for men's collections and new projects in fashion industry is Pitti Immagine (/wiki/Pitti_Immagine) in Florence at the Fortezza da Basso (/wiki/Fortezza_da_Basso) , held twice a year. [25] (#cite_note-25) References [ edit ] Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Nicole Kipar's late 17th century Clothing History - Baroque Costumes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091201041219/http://www.kipar.org/baroque-costumes/costumes_male.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.kipar.org/baroque-costumes/costumes_male.html) on 2009-12-01 . Retrieved 2010-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The birth of italian fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111016202714/http://www.gbgiorgini.it/italianfashion.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.gbgiorgini.it/italianfashion.htm) on 2011-10-16 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Global Language Monitor » Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion) . Archived from the original (http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion) on 2009-11-01 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) You searched for fashion capital – The Global Language Monitor (http://www.languagemonitor.com/?s=fashion+capital) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Get to Know the Young Winners of the 2020 International Talent Support Awards - Vogue 28.10.2020. (https://www.vogue.com/article/internationa-talent-support-award-2020-winners) ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Italian Fashion: Designers and Brands - Made-In-Italy.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120714012735/http://www.made-in-italy.com/fashion/fashion_houses/index.htm) . www.made-in-italy.com . 5 January 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.made-in-italy.com/fashion/fashion_houses/index.htm) on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Italian Fashion, Beauty and Style Magazines" (http://www.made-in-italy.com/fashion/publications/index.htm) . Made-In-Italy.com. 7 January 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "ITALIAN FASHION >> Italian Fashion Tips | ITALIAN FASHION Guide!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110816014239/http://fashion-design-schoo-l.blogspot.com/2009/04/italian-fashion.html) . Archived from the original (http://fashion-design-schoo-l.blogspot.com/2009/04/italian-fashion.html) on 2011-08-16 . Retrieved 2011-10-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "WebMuseum: The Italian Renaissance (1420-1600)" (http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/tl/it-ren/) . www.ibiblio.org . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "HISTORY OF THE RENAISSANCE" (http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac88) . www.historyworld.net . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Italian Renaissance Fashion" (http://www.renaissance-spell.com/Renaissance-Fashion.html) . www.renaissance-spell.com. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Epoca n.95/1952" (http://www.petitesondes.net/Epoca/Estratti/1952-095-estratto.pdf) (PDF) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Fallaci – Mame Fashion Dictionary (https://fashion.mam-e.it/fallaci/) ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120514003715/http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/new-york-regains-fashion-capital-crown-from-milan/) . Archived from the original (http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion-capitals/new-york-regains-fashion-capital-crown-from-milan/) on 2012-05-14 . Retrieved 2014-09-26 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) ) ^ (#cite_ref-languagemonitor.com_15-0) "The Global Language Monitor » Fashion" (http://www.languagemonitor.com/category/fashion-capitals/) . Languagemonitor.com. 2011-08-20 . Retrieved 2011-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "the birth of italian fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111016202714/http://www.gbgiorgini.it/italianfashion.htm) . Gbgiorgini.it. Archived from the original (http://www.gbgiorgini.it/italianfashion.htm) on 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Travel Guide to Florence" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170908184516/http://www.cntraveller.com/guides/europe/italy/florence/where-to-shop) . 11 November 2009. Archived from the original (https://www.cntraveller.com/guides/europe/italy/florence/where-to-shop) on 8 September 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "The Global Language Monitor » Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion) . Languagemonitor.com. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original (http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion) on 2009-11-01 . Retrieved 2009-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Patner, Josh (2006-02-26). "From Bags to Riches" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/style/tmagazine/t_w_p166_talk_patner_.html?_r=1) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-20) http://www.hoovers.com/company/Max_Mara_Fashion_Group_Srl/hksyhi-1.html (http://www.hoovers.com/company/Max_Mara_Fashion_Group_Srl/hksyhi-1.html) [ bare URL ] ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Benetton Group - Corporate Website" (http://www.benettongroup.com/en/whoweare/headquarters.htm) . www.benettongroup.com . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Limited, Mario Corporation. "Italian Fashion Wholesale clothing - apparel supplier in Italy" (http://www.mariocorp.com) . www.mariocorp.com . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Italian brands distribution supply wholesale designer fashion luxury clothes - Italian Fashion buying house" (http://www.italianbrandsdistribution.com) . www.italianbrandsdistribution.com . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Milano Fashion Week: La Settimana della Moda che fa Tendenza!" (https://www.lesacoutlet.it/blog/milano-fashion-week/) (in Italian). 23 August 2018 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) List of Exhibitors (http://www.pittimmagine.com/en/corporate/fairs/uomo/exhibitors.html?a=0&p=&g=) accessed January 13, 2015 Further reading [ edit ] Martin, R. (1997). Gianni Versace (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/73539/rec/177) . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780870998423 . Dagmar Reichardt (/wiki/Dagmar_Reichardt) , Moda Made in Italy. Il linguaggio della moda e del costume italiano , edited and with a preface by Dagmar Reichardt and Carmela D'Angelo (Ed.), presenting an interview with Dacia Maraini (/wiki/Dacia_Maraini) , Firenze, Franco Cesati Editore, (Civiltà italiana. Terza serie, no. 10), 2016, ( ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-8876675768 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876675768) ), 230 pp. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion of Italy (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_of_Italy) . Made-In-Italy.com Official Website (https://www.made-in-italy.com/italian-fashion/designers-and-brands/) 25 Best Italian Fashion Brands (https://italybest.com/25-best-italian-fashion-brands/) - Italy Best Official Website v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Italy (/wiki/Italy) articles (/wiki/Outline_of_Italy) History (/wiki/History_of_Italy) Overview Timeline of Italian history (/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history) By topic Citizenship (/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship) Currency and coinage (/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy) Economy (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy) Fashion (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Flags (/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags) Genetic (/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy) Historic states (/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy) Judaism (/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy) LGBT (/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy) Military (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy) Music (/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy) Name (/wiki/Name_of_Italy) Postage (/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy) Railways (/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy) Prehistory Prehistory (/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy) Neolithic (/wiki/Neolithic_Italy) Villanovan (/wiki/Villanovan_culture) Terramare (/wiki/Terramare_culture) Rinaldone (/wiki/Rinaldone_culture) Apennine (/wiki/Apennine_culture) Nuragic (/wiki/Nuragic_civilization) Golasecca (/wiki/Golasecca_culture) Canegrate (/wiki/Canegrate_culture) Latial (/wiki/Latial_culture) Ancient Ancient peoples (/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy) Italic peoples (/wiki/Italic_peoples) Latins (/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)) Osci (/wiki/Osci) Picentes (/wiki/Picentes) Samnites (/wiki/Samnites) Umbri (/wiki/Umbri) Veneti (/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti) Etruscans (/wiki/Etruscan_civilization) Celts (/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul) Magna Graecia (/wiki/Magna_Graecia) Ligures (/wiki/Ligures) Messapians (/wiki/Messapians) Ancient Rome (/wiki/Ancient_Rome) Kingdom (/wiki/Roman_Kingdom) Republic (/wiki/Roman_Republic) Roman conquest (/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy) Roman Italy (/wiki/Roman_Italy) Empire (/wiki/Roman_Empire) Western Empire (/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire) Middle Ages Middle Ages (/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages) Italy under Odoacer (/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy) Ostrogoths (/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom) Byzantium (/wiki/Byzantine_Italy) Lombards (/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards) Papal States (/wiki/Papal_States) the Holy Roman Empire (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)) the Sardinian Judicates (/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms) Arabs (/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy) Normans (/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy) Guelphs and Ghibellines (/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines) Lombard League (/wiki/Lombard_League) Kingdom of Sicily (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily) War of the Sicilian Vespers (/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers) Kingdom of Naples (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples) Early modern Italian city-states (/wiki/Italian_city-states) Florence (/wiki/Republic_of_Florence) Siena (/wiki/Republic_of_Siena) Milan (/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan) Maritime republics (/wiki/Maritime_republics) Venice (/wiki/Republic_of_Venice) Genoa (/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa) Pisa (/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa) Amalfi (/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi) Kingdom of Sardinia (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)) Grand Duchy of Tuscany (/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany) Duchy of Savoy (/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy) Renaissance (/wiki/Italian_Renaissance) Italian Wars (/wiki/Italian_Wars) Early Modern period (/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy) Napoleonic Italy (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)) Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies) Late modern Unification (/wiki/Unification_of_Italy) First War of Independence (/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence) Second War of Independence (/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence) Niçard exodus (/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus) Expedition of the Thousand (/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand) Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy) Third War of Independence (/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence) Capture of Rome (/wiki/Capture_of_Rome) Monarchy and the World Wars (/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)) Kingdom of Italy (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy) Colonial Empire (/wiki/Italian_Empire) World War I (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I) Fourth War of Independence (/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I) Fascist Italy (/wiki/Fascist_Italy) World War II (/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II) Resistance (/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement) and Social Republic (/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic) Civil War (/wiki/Italian_Civil_War) Contemporary Republic (/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic) Institutional referendum (/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum) Istrian–Dalmatian exodus (/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus) Economic Boom (/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle) Years of Lead (/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)) Maxi Trial (/wiki/Maxi_Trial) Mani pulite (/wiki/Mani_pulite) Coronavirus pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_Italy) Italian geographical region (/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)) Peninsula (/wiki/Italian_Peninsula) Climate (/wiki/Climate_of_Italy) Climate change (/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy) Geology (/wiki/Geology_of_Italy) Fauna (/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy) Flora (/wiki/Flora_of_Italy) Mountains (/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy) Prealps (/wiki/Alpine_foothills) Alps (/wiki/Alps) Apennines (/wiki/Apennine_Mountains) Volcanism (/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy) Volcanoes (/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy) Beaches (/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy) Canals (/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy) Caves (/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy) Earthquakes (/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy) Islands (/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy) Lakes (/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy) Marine protected areas (/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy) National parks (/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy) Regional parks (/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy) Rivers (/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy) Valleys (/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_Italy) Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy) Elections (/wiki/Elections_in_Italy) Foreign relations (/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy) Government (/wiki/Government_of_Italy) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy) LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy) Judiciary (/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy) Law (/wiki/Law_of_Italy) Law enforcement (/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy) Military (/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces) Nationality (/wiki/Italian_nationality_law) Parliament (/wiki/Italian_Parliament) Political parties (/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy) President (/wiki/President_of_Italy) ( List (/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy) ) Prime Minister (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy) ( List (/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy) ) Council of Ministers (/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)) Regions (/wiki/Regions_of_Italy) Provinces (/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy) Metropolitan cities (/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy) Cities (/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy) Comune (/wiki/Comune) Municipalities (/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy) Security and intelligence (/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) Italian regions by GDP (/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy) Automotive industry (/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy) Banking (/wiki/Banking_in_Italy) Banks (/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy) Central Bank (/wiki/Bank_of_Italy) Brands (/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands) Companies (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy) Energy (/wiki/Energy_in_Italy) Exports (/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy) Science and technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy) Southern question (/wiki/Southern_question) Stock exchange (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) Taxation (/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy) Telecommunications (/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy) Trade unions (/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_Italy) air (/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy) rail (/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy) road (/wiki/Roads_in_Italy) Welfare (/wiki/Italian_welfare_state) Wine (/wiki/Italian_wine) Society (/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy) Aristocracy (/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy) Censorship (/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy) Corruption (/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy) Crime (/wiki/Crime_in_Italy) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy) Education (/wiki/Education_in_Italy) Emigration and diaspora (/wiki/Italian_diaspora) Gambling (/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy) Health (/wiki/Health_in_Italy) Healthcare (/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy) Immigration (/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy) Inventions and discoveries (/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries) Italians (/wiki/Italians) People (/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Italy) Italian (/wiki/Italian_language) Regional (/wiki/Regional_Italian) Life expectancy (/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy) Orders, decorations, and medals (/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy) Poverty (/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy) Prostitution (/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy) Public administration (/wiki/Italian_public_administration) Racism (/wiki/Racism_in_Italy) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Italy) Social class (/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy) Terrorism (/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy) Water supply and sanitation (/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy) Women (/wiki/Women_in_Italy) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Italy) Duecento (/wiki/Duecento) Trecento (/wiki/Trecento) Quattrocento (/wiki/Quattrocento) Cinquecento (/wiki/Cinquecento) Seicento (/wiki/Seicento) Settecento (/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)) Ottocento (/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art) Anthem (/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy) Art (/wiki/Italian_art) Castles (/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy) Cathedrals (/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy) Coat of arm (/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy) Cuisine (/wiki/Italian_cuisine) Design (/wiki/Italian_design) Fashion Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Italy) Folklore (/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy) Gardens (/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy) Internet (/wiki/Internet_in_Italy) Italophilia (/wiki/Italophilia) Libraries (/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy) Literature (/wiki/Italian_literature) Media (/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy) Museums (/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Italy) Mythology (/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy) National symbols (/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy) Palaces (/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy) Philosophy (/wiki/Italian_philosophy) Public holidays (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy) Sport (/wiki/Sport_in_Italy) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Italy) Theatre (/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy) Traditions (/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy) World Heritage Sites (/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Category (/wiki/Category:Italy) v t e Economy of Italy (/wiki/Economy_of_Italy) Companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Italy) History Currency and coinage (/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy) Economic history (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy) Regions by GDP (/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Industry and business (/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Italy) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy) Companies (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy) Exports (/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Aircraft (/wiki/Leonardo_(company)) Automotive (/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy) Defence (/wiki/Leonardo_(company)) Beer (/wiki/Beer_in_Italy) Biotechnology (/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_Italy) Coffee (/wiki/Coffee_in_Italy) Mining (/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1) Steel industry (/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy) Telecommunications (/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Italy) ( Digital (/wiki/Television_in_Italy) ) Film (/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy) Fashion Luxury Real Estate (/wiki/Real_estate_in_Italy) Robotics (/wiki/Robotics_in_Italy) Video gaming (/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Italy) Wine (/wiki/Wine_of_Italy) Research (/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Italy) CINECA (/wiki/CINECA) ELETTRA (/wiki/ELETTRA) ENEA (/wiki/ENEA_(Italy)) Italian Space Agency (/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency) Erzelli Hi-Tech Park (/wiki/Erzelli_Hi-Tech_Park) Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Tecnologia) (IIT) Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale (/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_per_l%27Intelligenza_Artificiale) (I3A) Milano Innovation District (Mind) (/wiki/Milan_Innovation_District) Energy (/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Italy) Renewable (/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy) Wind (/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy) Solar (/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy) Geothermal (/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy) Oil Oil refineries (/wiki/List_of_oil_refineries#Italy) Trade and Infrastructure (/wiki/Category:Infrastructure) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_Italy) Communications (/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy) Trading partners (/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Italy) Taxation (/wiki/Category:Taxation_in_Italy) Tax system (/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy) Trade unions (/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy) Finance (/wiki/Category:Finance_in_Italy) and banking (/wiki/Category:Banking_in_Italy) Banking (/wiki/Banking_in_Italy) Central Bank (/wiki/Bank_of_Italy) Stock Exchange (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) Development International rankings (/wiki/International_rankings_of_Italy) Science and technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy) Events 2006 Winter Olympics (/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics) 2026 Winter Olympics (/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics) Bologna Motor Show (/wiki/Bologna_Motor_Show) Turin Auto Show (/wiki/Turin_Auto_Show) Venice Biennale (/wiki/Venice_Biennale) Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este (/wiki/Concorso_d%27Eleganza_Villa_d%27Este) EICMA (/wiki/EICMA) Expo 2015 (/wiki/Expo_2015) Euroflora (/wiki/Euroflora) Fieracavalli (/wiki/Fieracavalli) Genoa International Boat Show (/wiki/Genoa_International_Boat_Show) Venice Boat Show (/w/index.php?title=Venice_Boat_Show&action=edit&redlink=1) Lucca Comics & Games (/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games) Terra Madre Salone del Gusto (/wiki/Terra_Madre_Salone_del_Gusto) Milan Furniture Fair (/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair) Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Palio di Siena (/wiki/Palio_di_Siena) Riviera International Film Festival (/wiki/Riviera_International_Film_Festival) Rome Film Festival (/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival) Venice Film Festival (/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival) Vinitaly (/wiki/Vinitaly) See also Italian Sounding (/wiki/Italian_Sounding) Southern question (/wiki/Southern_question) See also: Category (/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Italy) Economy of Europe (/wiki/Economy_of_Europe) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐czd2v Cached time: 20240720170309 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.756 seconds Real time usage: 1.020 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3634/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 191432/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10773/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 34/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 129939/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.460/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6982297/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 794.020 1 -total 41.21% 327.180 1 Template:Culture_of_Italy 40.97% 325.306 1 Template:Culture_of_region 40.68% 323.040 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 24.21% 192.233 1 Template:Reflist 22.36% 177.569 4 Template:Excerpt 16.83% 133.663 19 Template:Cite_web 8.26% 65.576 1 Template:Short_description 7.48% 59.363 5 Template:Navbox 5.22% 41.482 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24702502-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170309 and revision id 1232556369. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_fashion&oldid=1232556369 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_fashion&oldid=1232556369) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian fashion (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title) All articles with bare URLs for citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations) Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_bare_URLs_for_citations_from_March_2022) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with excerpts (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
|
Argentinian fashion designer This article includes a list of general references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help to improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Giorgio di Sant' Angelo" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Giorgio+di+Sant%27+Angelo%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Giorgio di Sant'Angelo Born Jorge Alberto Imperatrice ( 1933-05-05 ) 5 May 1933 Rosario (/wiki/Rosario) , Argentina Died 29 August 1989 (1989-08-29) (aged 56) New York. New York Nationality American / Argentinian Education Institute of Industrial Design, Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Spain Sorbonne (/wiki/University_of_Paris) University, Paris, France Awards Coty (/wiki/Coty_Award) American Fashion Critics award, 1968, 1970 Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) Award, 1988 Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (Jorge Alberto Imperatrice) , commonly known as Giorgio Sant'Angelo, (1933–1989) was an Italian (/wiki/Italy) /Argentinian fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) based in the United States. He was known for creating ethnic-inspired looks early in his career, for which he won the prestigious American Coty Fashion Critic's award (/wiki/Coty_Fashion_Award) in 1968 and in 1970. Using fabrics like tie-dyed (/wiki/Tie-dye) chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) , leather (/wiki/Leather) and cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , he created romantic clothing that reflected the hippie culture (/wiki/Hippie_culture) of the era. But his innovative use of knitwear (/wiki/Knitwear) , which he continuously developed throughout his career, was often his signature and was an influence on other designers. Early years [ edit ] Sant'Angelo was born as Jorge Alberto Imperatrice in Rosario, Argentina, to a middle class family. Son of Domingo Antonio Imperatrice and Leila Ratti, he had a younger brother, Hector Daniel Imperatrice (born 10/4/1945). Later in life, he said he was born a nobleman (/wiki/Nobleman) in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy, the son of a Florentine count. He received a degree in architecture (/wiki/Architecture) at the University of Florence (/wiki/University_of_Florence) , then studied industrial design (/wiki/Industrial_design) and ceramics (/wiki/Ceramic) . He also studied with Picasso (/wiki/Pablo_Picasso) for six months, as the result of winning an international ceramics competition, sponsored by the French government. Picasso encouraged his student to "trust his own restless creativity and to keep on trying new artistic ventures," and Sant'Angelo created an animated film cartoon and submitted it to Walt Disney (/wiki/Walt_Disney) . Impressed by the film's inventiveness, Disney brought him to Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) and gave him an apprenticeship (/wiki/Apprenticeship) . But unable to speak English well, Sant'Angelo was lost in the vastness of Los Angeles and quit after 15 days. [1] (#cite_note-1) New York [ edit ] Sant'Angelo moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) after his experience at Disney. He first worked as textile artist (/wiki/Textile_arts) , and later worked in interior design (/wiki/Interior_design) . For fun, he started making Lucite (/wiki/Lucite) and plastic (/wiki/Plastic) jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) . Catherine Murray di Montezemolo (/wiki/Catherine_Murray_di_Montezemolo) first noticed the jewelry, then later Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) , who started featuring it in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine. This set his career into motion. Ms. Vreeland recognized the talent that Sant'Angelo showed, and hired him as a freelance stylist. It was out of this collaboration that some of the most iconic fashion photographs of the 1960s were taken. Shots like the model Verushka (/wiki/Verushka) wrapped in fur in the desert, or psychedelic (/wiki/Psychedelia) flower makeup around one of Twiggy's (/wiki/Twiggy) eyes. Seventh Avenue [ edit ] Sant'Angelo with friend, guitarist Michael Laucke (/wiki/Michael_Laucke) who often provided the music for Sant'Angelo's New York fashion shows Sant'Angelo opened his own ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) business in 1966. He experimented with knits, and developed new fabrications with textile mills (/wiki/Textile_mill) like DuPont (/wiki/DuPont) . He also collaborated with textile converters like Crantex (/w/index.php?title=Crantex&action=edit&redlink=1) , to create his own prints, and leather makers like Calderon, for his accessories. He cited various native and ethnic cultures as the inspiration for his collections, like the American Indian (/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas) or the Bohemian Gypsy (/wiki/Romani_people) . But his most important contribution to modern women's clothing at the time was his liberating construction techniques and his use of stretch fabrics (/wiki/Stretch_fabric) . He rejected the traditional shift with the zipper-up-the-back, and instead, designed clothing that wrapped, tied, hung or clung to the body. He didn't simply design clothes, he ornamented the body and made fantasy wearable. He made couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) pieces for celebrities and entertainers as well. Eventually, he started to license his name and expand into cheaper, more affordable clothing. The first line was called Sant'Angelo 4U2, which were less expensive versions of his fantasy pieces. Then there was the 'Marjer Parts' line, which was also more affordable, but more trend-influenced. Later, he dropped the 'di' from his last name and licensed out his name as Giorgio Sant'Angelo. Unfortunately, much of that clothing did not have his own hand involved, and instead, was overly commercial and did not possess his innovative signature. In 1976, Sant'Angelo befriended guitarist Michael Laucke (/wiki/Michael_Laucke) , whom he met through jewelry designer, philanthropist and former fashion model Elsa Peretti (/wiki/Elsa_Peretti) , and Sant'Angelo frequently hired Laucke to play at the launching of his new lines in New York, setting "the pace for a more subdued Sant'Angelo". [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Comeback [ edit ] In the mid-1980s, Sant'Angelo added the "di" back to his last name and continued to design his high end signature line (/w/index.php?title=Signature_line&action=edit&redlink=1) . Made almost entirely out of stretch knits, critics hailed it, confirming the return of his influence. The versatile, wrap stretch pieces of clothing, in unique materials, colors and patterns, proved an antidote to the overly tailored styles of the time. Unfortunately, di Sant'Angelo died of lung cancer in 1989, [4] (#cite_note-4) so his comeback was short-lived. But his legend continues in the minds of modern-day fashionistas, with designers like John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) and Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) citing him as an influence. He was given a plaque on the 7th Avenue walk of fame along with his contemporaries such as Halston (/wiki/Halston) and Stephen Burrows. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Fantasy Fashions", Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) , U.S. 7 March 1969. Retrieved 27 April 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Galloway, Myron (19 May 1990). "From Montreal's Waverly Street to a castle in Spain". The Suburban (/wiki/The_Suburban) . During those years [the early 1970s] he was also taken up by New York's jet set. Through Peretti, he became friendly with … Andy Warhol, and designers Giorgio di Santangelo, Halston and Calvin Klein, and was frequently hired to play at the launching of their new lines. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "SA spring collections: Fresh and wearable". Women's Wear Daily . 5 November 1976. The classical guitar played at Giorgio Sant'Angelo's collection set the pace for a more subdued Sant'Angelo--less hysterical but still idea-filled. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Fashion Designer Georgio Sant'Angelo Dies at 56" (https://apnews.com/article/67f4c4bcfcfa67f0bdeed201048f2fff) . AP NEWS . Retrieved 21 June 2023 . Life magazine, article on Giorgio di Sant'Angelo titled 'Fantasy Fashions', 7 March 1969 New York Fashion, The Evolution of American Style, by Caroline Reynolds Milbank, book published by Harry N. Abrams, 1989 The Fashion Makers, by Bernadine Morris & Barbara Walz, book published by Random House, 1978 External links [ edit ] Arts portal (/wiki/Portal:Arts) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1933–1989 Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f116/1933-1989-giorgio-di-sant-angelo-41848.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110103192525/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f116/1933-1989-giorgio-di-sant-angelo-41848.html) 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/309815550) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWQVVT67vFBpWDD669Xd) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97845606) Artists ULAN (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500335105) v t e American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) 20th century sportswear designers Adri (/wiki/Adrienne_Steckling-Coen) Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐k8hw8 Cached time: 20240713001406 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.507 seconds Real time usage: 0.777 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2434/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44461/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2146/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30990/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.330/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6238095/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 716.638 1 -total 27.29% 195.601 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 16.74% 119.944 1 Template:Short_description 15.67% 112.322 1 Template:Reflist 12.89% 92.404 2 Template:Cite_news 12.76% 91.449 1 Template:Authority_control 11.56% 82.841 18 Template:Main_other 9.66% 69.239 2 Template:Ambox 8.98% 64.365 1 Template:SDcat 8.05% 57.711 1 Template:More_footnotes_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24718784-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713001406 and revision id 1225216345. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo&oldid=1225216345 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo&oldid=1225216345) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1933 births (/wiki/Category:1933_births) 1989 deaths (/wiki/Category:1989_deaths) Deaths from lung cancer in New York (state) (/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_lung_cancer_in_New_York_(state)) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2016) Use American English from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2016) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_December_2012) All articles lacking in-text citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations) Articles needing additional references from December 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2012) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with ULAN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ULAN_identifiers)
|
Miroglio Founded 1947 Founder Giuseppe Miroglio Headquarters Italy Products Clothes Miroglio is an Italian firm specialising in the manufacture and distribution for sale of ready-to-wear clothing. Incorporated in Alba, Piedmont (/wiki/Alba,_Piedmont) , Cuneo (/wiki/Cuneo) , Italy, the Group has 30 business operations in 41 countries and 1,100 branded stores (of which 800 in Italy and 300 in Turkey and the Middle East). History [ edit ] The firm was established in Alba in 1947 by Giuseppe Miroglio, son of Carlo and Angela Miroglio, both of whom ran a drapery business at the turn of the 19th century. The move from trade to industry dates back to when Giuseppe Miroglio decided to venture into the production of silk fabrics and the installation of looms (/wiki/Loom) . Vestebene (now Miroglio Fashion ) was established in 1955. This division is dedicated to mass-production of fashionable women's clothes. In 1958, the Miroglio Group broadened its sphere of activity by opening a modern dyeing, special cloth finishing and textile-printing plant, thereby completing the fabric-to-garment production chain. Vestebene started moving some of its production away from Italy in the 1970s, initially to Greece and then to other countries, from Tunisia to Egypt, throughout the Mediterranean (/wiki/Mediterranean) . At the same time its fabric division diversified into the thread, yarn, and transfer paper industries. Over the course of the next two decades, the group opened new manufacturing operations in Southern Italy, particularly in the Apulia (/wiki/Apulia) region. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 1973, the Fondazione Opera Elena Miroglio (now the Fondazione Elena e Gabriella Miroglio) was established. This has a focus on raising awareness of cultural, welfare, and social issues. Emphasis is placed on activities oriented towards Group employees (healthcare and economic support) and towards their children (nurseries, holiday camps, scholarships) and, not least, towards the group's pensioners, providing them with pleasure trips and other recreations. [2] (#cite_note-2) The Elena Mirò (/wiki/Elena_Mir%C3%B2) brand was launched in 1985. (From 2005 to 2020, the brand has been targeted at the more generous sizing womenswear sector. [3] (#cite_note-3) ) By the mid-1980s, the Group was forging a strategic alliance with leading stylists such as Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) and Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) . Eventually other brands were born, such as Caractère and Diana Gallesi , as well as Motivi in 1993. [4] (#cite_note-bibliografia-4) Another milestone along the route to internationalisation was the Group's entry into the Bulgarian market, accomplished in 2001 through acquisition of a legendary production site at Sliven (/wiki/Sliven) . [5] (#cite_note-5) In October 2002, the president of the Italian Republic (/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic) conferred on Carlo Miroglio, chairman of the Miroglio Group, the Cavaliere di Gran Croce (/wiki/Cavaliere_di_Gran_Croce) (Knight Grand Cross), an insignia bestowed on those who, in the course of their life and professional career, have been singularly meritorious with long and conspicuous service in social, commercial and industrial activities. [6] (#cite_note-6) Gaining shape in 2003 were rumours of imminent withdrawal by Miroglio from its spinning manufacturing facilities in Southern Italy, starting with the production site at Castellaneta (/wiki/Castellaneta) earmarked for shut down in the Spring 2004. In December 2004, Miroglio formed a joint venture with the Chinese company Elegant Prosper which specializes in mid/upper bracket womenswear. [7] (#cite_note-7) By the end of 2006, the Miroglio group managed one thousand stores. [8] (#cite_note-8) In June 2008, the Miroglio group acquired a stake in the Turkish group Ayaydin which specialized in womenswear fashion. [9] (#cite_note-9) The group's production site at Ginosa (/wiki/Ginosa) in Apulia shut down in 2008 and sparked parliamentary questions and debate. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) In December 2019, Alberto Racca became the CEO of Miroglio. In March 2024, Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) entered Miroglio Group as an independent brand based in Milan. [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) Activities [ edit ] Miroglio Group operates throughout the entire fashion and retail supply chain. It creates and distributes 10 fashion brands, including Trussardi, Elena Mirò, Motivi , Oltre , Fiorella Rubino , Diana Gallesi and Luisa Viola . Three brands are managed through a partnership with the Turkish Ipekyol Group: Ipekyol , Machka and Twist . Miroglio's company Sublitex is world leader in water-free transfer printing on paper and technical film for the textile, fashion and architectural markets. Bibliography [ edit ] Carugati Decio G.; Marsano Beba Vestebene Miroglio. Cinquant'anni di storia attraverso la moda 2005, 101 p., ill., rilegato Mondadori Electa (collana Industria e design) Notes [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) "L'avventura di Miroglio in Puglia: storia di un fallimento di successo" (http://www.laterza.org/news.asp?IDN=1726) . www.laterza.org (in Italian). 30 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) La Fondazione Miroglio (http://www.vidapertini.it/progetti/miroglio/territorio.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722065713/http://www.vidapertini.it/progetti/miroglio/territorio.htm) 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Articolo del Corriere della Sera (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/settembre/15/rivincita_delle_ragazze_morbide_passerella_co_8_050915011.shtml) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080647/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2005/settembre/15/rivincita_delle_ragazze_morbide_passerella_co_8_050915011.shtml) 2012-05-31 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-bibliografia_4-0) Carugati-Marsano in bibliografia ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Miroglio fa il bis in Bulgaria" (https://www.bulgaria-italia.com/bg/news/news/00358.asp) . Bulgaria-Italia . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Comunicazione del Quirinale (http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/comunicato.asp?id=21149) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Miroglia in Cina (http://www.stile.it/news/miroglio-in-cina/1040332) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722053652/http://www.stile.it/news/miroglio-in-cina/1040332) 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Stile.it ^ (#cite_ref-8) Comunicato sul sito ufficiale (http://services.vestebene.com/press/comunicati_int.asp?id_com=110&start=0&element=5) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-9) Comunicazione sul sito ufficiale (http://services.vestebene.com/press/comunicati_int.asp?id_com=124) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Interrogazione sulla chiusura dello stabilimento Miroglio di Ginosa (Taranto)" (https://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/frame.jsp?tipodoc=Resaula&leg=16&id=00412477&part=doc_dc-allegatoa_aa-sezionetit_iei-oggetto_iscdsmdgt300243&parse=no) . www.senato.it . 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Legislatura 16ª - Aula - Resoconto stenografico della seduta n. 194 del 23/04/2009" (https://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/frame.jsp?tipodoc=Resaula&leg=16&id=00412477&part=doc_dc-ressten_rs-gentit_300243cdsmdgt-intervento_romanisottosegretario&offset=109547&length=6271&parse=no&liv=77) . www.senato.it . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_12-0) "Miroglio group buys Trussardi from QuattroR - Fashion & Luxury - Ansa.it" (https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/fashion_luxury/2024/03/12/miroglio-group-buys-trussardi-from-quattror_971fbd0d-ad41-46b2-bf3f-7366edd47ba4.html) . Agenzia ANSA (in Italian). 12 March 2024 . Retrieved 24 April 2024 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.mirogliogroup.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐9db5fddfb‐jjq2c Cached time: 20240715141030 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.273 seconds Real time usage: 0.370 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1744/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20956/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2264/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25458/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.167/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5722976/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 339.300 1 -total 45.83% 155.497 1 Template:Reflist 31.89% 108.204 1 Template:Infobox_company 28.78% 97.655 1 Template:Infobox 28.31% 96.072 5 Template:Cite_web 10.27% 34.857 1 Template:Portal 10.18% 34.535 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 8.80% 29.854 2 Template:Dead_link 8.01% 27.166 2 Template:Fix 6.94% 23.553 4 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24747003-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715141030 and revision id 1226460226. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miroglio&oldid=1226460226 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miroglio&oldid=1226460226) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian brands (/wiki/Category:Italian_brands) Clothing companies established in 1947 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1947) Italian companies established in 1947 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1947) Textile companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Textile_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Companies based in Piedmont (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Piedmont) Alba, Piedmont (/wiki/Category:Alba,_Piedmont) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from February 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2018) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Use dmy dates from September 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2016)
|
Starlin Castro (/wiki/Starlin_Castro) warming up in the on-deck circle (/wiki/On-deck_circle) with a baseball doughnut in July 2020. Hunter Pence (/wiki/Hunter_Pence) using a "Hitting Jack-It" weight, a doughnut which allows a player to take batting practice while using it. A baseball doughnut is a weighted ring that fits over the end of a baseball bat (/wiki/Baseball_bat) , used for warming up during a baseball (/wiki/Baseball) game. A doughnut is thought to help increase bat speed. Doughnuts can weigh as little as 4 oz. and as much as 28 oz. Players feel baseball doughnuts increase bat velocity because after warming up with a baseball doughnut then decreasing the weight after taking the doughnut off, the swing feels faster. [1] (#cite_note-livestrong1-1) The heavier load of the weighted bat stimulates the neural system (/wiki/Neural_system) and increases muscle activation during lighter bat swings. Researchers have found that muscle contractions (/wiki/Muscle_contraction) are stronger after reaching near maximal loads. One research study also found that additional weight added to the bat may strengthen the muscles (/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle) of the forearms and wrists. [2] (#cite_note-2) Baseball doughnuts are based on the theory of complex training (/wiki/Complex_training) , which alternates the use of heavier and lighter weights to increase explosive power. By increasing the number of motor units (/wiki/Motor_unit) recruited, this training increases muscle (/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle) performance. History [ edit ] Howard (right) demonstrating the doughnut in the offices of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) in 1968 The doughnut was created by former New York Yankees (/wiki/New_York_Yankees) catcher Elston Howard (/wiki/Elston_Howard) . Howard, in 1955, was the first African-American player on the Yankees' roster. He played catcher and the outfield during his time with the Yankees. The first team to invest in Howard's product was the St. Louis Cardinals (/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals) . This essentially got players out of the habit of swinging multiple bats to warm up. [1] (#cite_note-livestrong1-1) While Howard is credited with inventing the doughnut, he did not make the amount of money he had hoped due to other companies making their own versions of the batting doughnut. Howard and his supporters did not have the funds to take the companies to court. [1] (#cite_note-livestrong1-1) During a game a doughnut usually is in the on-deck circle (/wiki/On_deck_(baseball)) . The player in the on-deck circle normally swings a bat and stretches to prepare for their at-bat. The different doughnuts weigh varying amounts. The doughnut is discarded in the on-deck circle when the player moves into the batter's box. [1] (#cite_note-livestrong1-1) The weight was later dubbed the " doughnut " and the " iron doughnut ". [3] (#cite_note-Dickson-3) Efficacy [ edit ] In 2011 The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) reported a study from the University of Hawaii (/wiki/University_of_Hawaii) that showed using a bat doughnut actually decreased a batter's speed at the plate (/wiki/Batter%27s_box) after warming up with a baseball doughnut. [4] (#cite_note-4) Researchers claim the use of a baseball doughnut can change the muscles recruited and therefore creates inefficient hitting mechanics. A study conducted by California State University, Fullerton (/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton) found that recreational baseball players warming up with a light and normal weight bat produced faster bat velocity (/wiki/Velocity) compared to weighted bat warm-ups. [5] (#cite_note-5) Most research studies have found that the weighted bat doughnut has a positive mental effect yet negative physical effect. The " kinesthetic (/wiki/Kinesthetic) illusion" created by the bat doughnut makes players believe they are swinging the standard bat post warm-up with the bat doughnut when the subsequent swings are in fact, slower. [6] (#cite_note-amsciepub1-6) This effect influences batters hitting mechanics and timing of swing. The length of time between warming up with a baseball doughnut and swinging at a pitch (/wiki/Baseball_pitch) also seems to have an effect. Researchers in Japan found that post warm-up with a weighted bat doughnut, the first swing had the slowest bat velocity. [6] (#cite_note-amsciepub1-6) This may affect a player's decision of which pitch to swing at while at bat. Although baseball doughnuts are widely used among Major League Baseball (/wiki/Major_League_Baseball) players as well as high school and college players, the beneficial or detrimental short-term effects are inconclusive in research. However, long-term use of batting doughnuts increases upper body strength (/w/index.php?title=Upper_body_strength&action=edit&redlink=1) therefore increasing bat velocity. [7] (#cite_note-7) For safety reasons, some leagues have begun to prohibit the use of baseball doughnuts. In 2012 Little League revised their Senior League rules to prohibit the use of "traditional batting donuts". [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Baseball portal (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Baseball clothing and equipment (/wiki/Baseball_clothing_and_equipment) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d What Is The Ring They Put On Baseball Bats? (http://www.livestrong.com/article/417415-what-is-the-ring-they-put-on-baseball-bats/#ixzz1plUQWPJb) . Livestrong.Com. Retrieved June 25, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Reyes, G Francis; Dolny, Dennis (2009). "Acute Effects of Various Weighted Bat Warm-Up Protocols on Bat Velocity" (https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e3181b3dd32) . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 23 (7): 2114–2118. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3dd32 (https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e3181b3dd32) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19855339 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19855339) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 13611243 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13611243) . ^ (#cite_ref-Dickson_3-0) Dickson, Paul (February 15, 1999). The New Dickson Baseball Dictionary . Harvest Books. p. 165 (https://archive.org/details/newdicksonbaseba00dick/page/165) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-15-600580-7 . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Maller, Ben. "The Bat Doughnut May Actually Slow Bat Speed" (http://www.thepostgame.com/blog/dish/201108/mlb-tradition-hurts-hitters-bat-speed) . The Post Game . Retrieved August 3, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Montoya, Brian S.; Brown, Lee E.; Coburn, Jared W.; Zinder, Steven M. (2009). "Effect of Warm-up with Different Weighted Bats on Normal Baseball Bat Velocity" (https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e3181a3929e) . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 23 (5): 1566–1569. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a3929e (https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0b013e3181a3929e) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19593220 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593220) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 35607047 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35607047) . ^ Jump up to: a b Otsuji, Tamiki; Abe, Masafumi; Kinoshita, Hiroshi (2002). "After-Effects of Using a Weighted Bat on Subsequent Swing Velocity and Batters' Perceptions of Swing Velocity and Heaviness". Perceptual and Motor Skills . 94 (1): 119–126. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2466/pms.2002.94.1.119 (https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.2002.94.1.119) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 11883550 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11883550) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 25117394 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25117394) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) DeRenne, Coop; Buxton, Barton P.; Hetzler, Ronald K.; Ho, Kwok W. (1995). "Effects of Weighted Bat Implement Training on Bat Swing... : The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research" (http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/abstract/1995/11000/effects_of_weighted_bat_implement_training_on_bat.9.aspx) . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 9 (4): 247–250. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Little League International Announces Bat Rules Changes for 2012 Season" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111105205304/http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/Sep-Dec/LLAnnouncesBatRuleChangesfor2012Season.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/Sep-Dec/LLAnnouncesBatRuleChangesfor2012Season.htm) on November 5, 2011 . Retrieved 2013-03-24 . Little League International Announces Bat Rules Changes for 2012 Season v t e Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) and softball (/wiki/Softball) concepts Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_baseball) · Glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_terms) Rules Rules of baseball (/wiki/Baseball_rules) Ejections (/wiki/Ejection_(baseball)) Ground rules (/wiki/Ground_rules) Infield fly rule (/wiki/Infield_fly_rule) In flight (/wiki/In_flight) Interference (/wiki/Interference_(baseball)) Pitch clock (/wiki/Pitch_clock) Protested game (/wiki/Protested_game) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Suspended game (/wiki/Suspended_game) Unwritten rules (/wiki/Unwritten_rules_of_baseball) Cheating (/wiki/Cheating_in_baseball) Comparison of baseball and softball (/wiki/Comparison_of_baseball_and_softball) fastpitch softball (/wiki/Fastpitch_softball) 16-inch softball (/wiki/16-inch_softball) Ballpark (/wiki/Ballpark) / field (/wiki/Baseball_field) Backstop (/wiki/Backstop_(baseball)) Baseball diamond (/wiki/Baseball_field) Batter's box (/wiki/Batter%27s_box) Batter's eye (/wiki/Batter%27s_eye) Bullpen (/wiki/Bullpen) Dugout (/wiki/Dugout_(baseball)) Foul pole (/wiki/Foul_pole) Foul territory (/wiki/Foul_ball) Infield (/wiki/Infield) On-deck circle (/wiki/On-deck) Outfield (/wiki/Outfield) Warning track (/wiki/Warning_track) Equipment (/wiki/Baseball_clothing_and_equipment) Ball (/wiki/Baseball_(ball)) Bat (/wiki/Baseball_bat) Batting cage (/wiki/Batting_cage) Batting glove (/wiki/Batting_glove) Batting helmet (/wiki/Batting_helmet) Cap (/wiki/Baseball_cap) Doughnut Glove (defense) (/wiki/Baseball_glove) Pitching machine (/wiki/Pitching_machine) Protective cup (/wiki/Jockstrap#Protective_cup) Shin guard (/wiki/Shin_guard) Stirrups (/wiki/Baseball_stirrups) Uniform (/wiki/Baseball_uniform) Uniform number (/wiki/Uniform_number_(Major_League_Baseball)) Game process Batting order (/wiki/Batting_order_(baseball)) Innings (/wiki/Inning) extra innings (/wiki/Extra_innings) Out (/wiki/Out_(baseball)) Positions (/wiki/Baseball_positions) Run (/wiki/Run_(baseball)) Pace of play (/wiki/Pace_of_play) Batting (/wiki/Batting_(baseball)) At bat (/wiki/At_bat) Baltimore chop (/wiki/Baltimore_chop) Bat flip (/wiki/Bat_flip) Batted ball (/wiki/Batted_ball) Batting count (/wiki/Count_(baseball)) Batting out of order (/wiki/Batting_out_of_turn) Bunt (/wiki/Bunt_(baseball)) sacrifice bunt (/wiki/Sacrifice_bunt) slap bunt (/wiki/Slap_bunt) squeeze play (/wiki/Squeeze_play_(baseball)) Charging the mound (/wiki/Charging_the_mound) Checked swing (/wiki/Checked_swing) Cleanup hitter (/wiki/Cleanup_hitter) Designated hitter (/wiki/Designated_hitter) Double (/wiki/Double_(baseball)) Double switch (/wiki/Double_switch_(baseball)) Foul ball (/wiki/Foul_ball) Foul tip (/wiki/Foul_tip) Golden sombrero (/wiki/Golden_sombrero) Ground rule double (/wiki/Ground_rule_double) Hat trick (/wiki/Hat-trick#Baseball) Hit (/wiki/Hit_(baseball)) Hit and run (/wiki/Hit_and_run_(baseball)) Hit by pitch (/wiki/Hit_by_pitch) Hitting for the cycle (/wiki/Hitting_for_the_cycle) Home run (/wiki/Home_run) Grand slam (/wiki/Grand_slam_(baseball)) Inside-the-park (/wiki/Inside-the-park_home_run) Walk-off (/wiki/Walk-off_home_run) Moonshot (/wiki/Moonshot_(baseball)) Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_home_run) Infield hit (/wiki/Infield_hit) Leadoff hitter (/wiki/Leadoff_hitter) Lefty-righty switch (/wiki/Lefty-righty_switch) Line drive (/wiki/Line_drive) Mendoza Line (/wiki/Mendoza_Line) On-deck (/wiki/On-deck) Plate appearance (/wiki/Plate_appearance) Platoon system (/wiki/Platoon_system) Pull hitter (/wiki/Pull_hitter) Sacrifice fly (/wiki/Sacrifice_fly) Single (/wiki/Single_(baseball)) Strikeout (/wiki/Strikeout) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Sweet spot (/wiki/Sweet_spot_(sports)) Switch hitter (/wiki/Switch_hitter) Triple (/wiki/Triple_(baseball)) Walk (/wiki/Base_on_balls) Pitching (/wiki/Pitch_(baseball)) (softball) (/wiki/Pitch_(softball)) Balk (/wiki/Balk) Beanball (/wiki/Beanball) Breaking ball (/wiki/Breaking_ball) Brushback pitch (/wiki/Brushback_pitch) Changeup (/wiki/Changeup) Vulcan changeup (/wiki/Vulcan_changeup) Curveball (/wiki/Curveball) Eephus (/wiki/Eephus_pitch) Emery ball (/wiki/Emery_ball) Fastball (/wiki/Fastball) two-seam (/wiki/Two-seam_fastball) four-seam (/wiki/Four-seam_fastball) cutter (/wiki/Cut_fastball) sinker (/wiki/Sinker_(pitch)) split-finger (/wiki/Split-finger_fastball) Full count (/wiki/Full_count) Immaculate inning (/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_pitchers_who_have_thrown_an_immaculate_inning) Inside pitching (/wiki/Inside_pitching) Intentional balk (/wiki/Intentional_balk) Intentional walk (/wiki/Intentional_base_on_balls) Knuckleball (/wiki/Knuckleball) Maddux (/wiki/Maddux_(statistic)) No-hitter (/wiki/No-hitter) Perfect game (/wiki/Perfect_game_(baseball)) Pickoff (/wiki/Pickoff) Pitch count (/wiki/Pitch_count) Pitching position (/wiki/Pitching_position) Pitchout (/wiki/Pitchout) Quick pitch (/wiki/Quick_pitch) Screwball (/wiki/Screwball) Shutout (/wiki/Shutout_(baseball)) Slider (/wiki/Slider_(pitch)) Spitball (/wiki/Spitball) Strikeout (/wiki/Strikeout) Strike zone (/wiki/Strike_zone) Striking out the side (/wiki/Striking_out_the_side) Time of pitch (/wiki/Time_of_pitch) Wild pitch (/wiki/Wild_pitch) Base running (/wiki/Base_running) Balk (/wiki/Balk) Bases loaded (/wiki/Bases_loaded) Caught stealing (/wiki/Caught_stealing) Hit and run (/wiki/Hit_and_run_(baseball)) Lead off (/wiki/Lead_off) Left on base (/wiki/Left_on_base) Obstruction (/wiki/Obstruction_(baseball)) Rundown (/wiki/Rundown) Safe (/wiki/Safe_(baseball)) Scoring position (/wiki/Scoring_position) Slide (/wiki/Slide_(baseball)) Small ball (/wiki/Small_ball_(baseball)) Squeeze play (/wiki/Squeeze_play_(baseball)) Stolen base (/wiki/Stolen_base) Tag up (/wiki/Tag_up) Tie goes to the runner (/wiki/Tie_goes_to_the_runner) Fielding (positioning) (/wiki/Baseball_positioning) Appeal play (/wiki/Appeal_play) Assist (/wiki/Assist_(baseball)) Blocking the plate (/wiki/Blocking_the_plate) Catch (/wiki/Catch_(baseball)) Caught stealing (/wiki/Caught_stealing) Covering a base (/wiki/Covering_a_base) Defensive indifference (/wiki/Defensive_indifference) Double play (/wiki/Double_play) Error (/wiki/Error_(baseball)) Fielder's choice (/wiki/Fielder%27s_choice) Fifth infielder (/wiki/Fifth_infielder) Force play (/wiki/Force_play) Fourth out (/wiki/Fourth_out) Hidden ball trick (/wiki/Hidden_ball_trick) In-between hop (/wiki/In-between_hop) Infield fly rule (/wiki/Infield_fly_rule) Infield shift (/wiki/Infield_shift) Interference (/wiki/Interference_(baseball)) Neighborhood play (/wiki/Neighborhood_play) Passed ball (/wiki/Passed_ball) Pickoff (/wiki/Pickoff) Putout (/wiki/Putout) Rundown (/wiki/Rundown) Tag out (/wiki/Tag_out) Triple play (/wiki/Triple_play) unassisted (/wiki/Unassisted_triple_play) Uncaught third strike (/wiki/Uncaught_third_strike) Wall climb (/wiki/Wall_climb) Wheel play (/wiki/Wheel_play) Related Baseball card (/wiki/Baseball_card) Baseball statistics (/wiki/Baseball_statistics) Bench jockey (/wiki/Bench_jockey) Bench-clearing brawl (/wiki/Bench-clearing_brawl) Dead ball (/wiki/Dead_ball#Baseball) Doubleheader (/wiki/Doubleheader_(baseball)) Jargon (/wiki/Glossary_of_baseball_terms) Injured list (/wiki/Injured_list) List of baseball films (/wiki/List_of_baseball_films) Pepper (/wiki/Pepper_(baseball)) Scorekeeping (/wiki/Baseball_scorekeeping) Series (/wiki/Series_(baseball)) Seventh-inning stretch (/wiki/Seventh-inning_stretch) Shagging (/wiki/Shagging_(baseball)) Sign stealing (/wiki/Sign_stealing) Slump (/wiki/Slump_(sports)) Streak losing (/wiki/Losing_streak#Baseball) winning (/wiki/Winning_streak#Baseball) Variations of baseball (/wiki/Variations_of_baseball) Category (/wiki/Category:Baseball) Portal (/wiki/Portal:Baseball) WikiProject (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Baseball) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐tlldw Cached time: 20240716040931 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.326 seconds Real time usage: 0.405 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 774/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48371/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 979/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43426/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.178/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4308056/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 327.009 1 -total 47.03% 153.785 1 Template:Reflist 34.38% 112.440 4 Template:Cite_journal 27.83% 91.000 1 Template:Baseball 27.24% 89.072 1 Template:Navbox 12.36% 40.431 1 Template:Flatlist 9.01% 29.467 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 8.72% 28.511 1 Template:Portal 5.65% 18.463 1 Template:Multiple_image 3.87% 12.668 2 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24860325-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716040931 and revision id 1201856593. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_doughnut&oldid=1201856593 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baseball_doughnut&oldid=1201856593) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Baseball equipment (/wiki/Category:Baseball_equipment) Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from June 2012 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2012) Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images)
|
Needle lace developed in Kenmare, Ireland This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kenmare_lace) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kenmare lace" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kenmare+lace%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kenmare+lace%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kenmare+lace%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kenmare+lace%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kenmare+lace%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kenmare+lace%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Kenmare lace A tabernacle (/wiki/Tabernacle) veil of Kenmare Lace (1911) Type Lace (/wiki/Lace) Production method Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Production process Handicraft (/wiki/Handicraft) Place of origin Kenmare (/wiki/Kenmare) , Ireland Introduced 19th century Kenmare lace is a handmade needlepoint lace (/wiki/Lace) originally made in Kenmare (/wiki/Kenmare) , Ireland. In the 19th century, sisters of the Poor Clare (/wiki/Poor_Clare) convent, under the leadership of Mary O'Hagan (/wiki/Mary_O%27Hagan) introduced needlepoint lace to the women and girls of the locality. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) It was a response to the poverty that followed the Great Famine (/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The initiative was of immeasurable help to the people of the area in those difficult years. [ citation needed ] Its subsequent success was due partly to the indigenous skills of the local girls, who were employed to make it and partly to the foresight and guidance of the nuns and also to the early recognition and support it got from influential people of the time. [ citation needed ] A major factor in the success of Kenmare Lace was the introduction of its own designs. [4] (#cite_note-4) Through the co-operation of the Kensington school of Design in London and the Crawford School of Art (/wiki/Crawford_Municipal_School_of_Art) in Cork (/wiki/Cork_(city)) a school of design was established in Kenmare. From this school came designs that won acclaim in exhibitions around the world. [5] (#cite_note-5) Kenmare Lace graced royal functions and liturgical occasions. It gained wide recognition and acclaim for its original designs and beautiful workmanship. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Poor Clare nuns who designed the lace (1889) Eventually, economic factors brought about its decline and apparent demise until it was revived in 1989 by a local Co-Op in Kenmare. This came about when a local development association was formed and one of its members Nora Finnegan approached the nuns to ask them to again teach the lace to the locals. The nuns declined but offered instead to teach Nora who could instead teach the classes and so this tradition and its award-winning designs have not been lost and today they form the basis of the revival of the local skills. [8] (#cite_note-8) Kenmare Lace designs and pieces can still be seen in the Kenmare Heritage Centre and in the Kenmare Lace and Design Centre Upstairs. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) C. S. Hall (1878) Guide to Killarney ^ (#cite_ref-2) Needlecraft Practical Journal (C1900) Irish Needlepoint and reticilla Lace ^ (#cite_ref-3) Gerard J. Lyne (2001) the Lansdowne Estate in Kerry under W.S.Trench 1849-72 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Kenmare literary and Historical Society (1982) Kenmare Journal ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fr. O'Connell, Kenmare Development association (1991) Kenmare Lace eBrochure ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ryan, Vera (2016). "Made in Cork: The Arts and Crafts movement from the 1880s to the 1920s" (https://crawfordartgallery.ie/wp-content/uploads/Made-in-Cork-1.pdf) (PDF) . Crawford Art Gallery : 12–13. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Earnshaw, Pat (1990). Youghal lace : the craft and the cream . Guildford: Gorse. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-9513891-2-2 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 21082109 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21082109) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Fr. O'Connell (1991) Kenmare Development Association. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kenmare lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kenmare_lace) . Kenmare lace Website (http://kenmarelace.ie) The History of Kenmare Lace (https://web.archive.org/web/20080509140443/http://www.kenmare.com/history/lace.html) Kenmare Lace (http://www.kenmare.eu/kenmarelace/index.html) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐wdcd7 Cached time: 20240721104951 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.387 seconds Real time usage: 0.805 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1497/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 52638/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2632/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22632/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.246/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5633799/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 465.314 1 -total 23.45% 109.120 3 Template:Navbox 23.00% 107.029 1 Template:Lace_types 21.40% 99.595 1 Template:Reflist 16.95% 78.881 1 Template:Cite_journal 14.78% 68.772 1 Template:Short_description 13.29% 61.831 1 Template:Refimprove 12.46% 57.994 1 Template:Ambox 8.34% 38.819 2 Template:Pagetype 8.31% 38.653 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:24975892-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721104951 and revision id 1223602798. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenmare_lace&oldid=1223602798 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenmare_lace&oldid=1223602798) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Kenmare (/wiki/Category:Kenmare) Needle lace (/wiki/Category:Needle_lace) Textile arts of Ireland (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Ireland) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021) Use Hiberno-English from May 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_Hiberno-English_from_May_2021) All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Hiberno-English) Articles needing additional references from June 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2011) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2011) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
Irish textile art form Sample of Irish Lace in Carrickmacross lace style Irish lace has always been an important part of the Irish needlework tradition. Both needlepoint (/wiki/Needlepoint) and bobbin laces (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) were made in Ireland before the middle of the eighteenth century, but never, apparently, on a commercial scale. It was promoted by Irish aristocrats such as Lady Arabella Denny (/wiki/Arabella_Denny) , the famous philanthropist, who used social and political connections to support the new industry and promote the sale of Irish lace abroad. Lady Denny, working in connection with the Dublin Society (/wiki/Dublin_Society) , introduced lace-making into the Dublin workhouses, especially among the children there. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is thought that it was an early form of Crochet, imitating the appearance of Venetian Gros Point (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) lace. History [ edit ] The skill of lacemaking soon spread beyond Dublin (/wiki/Dublin) to the poorest parts of the country; it proved a popular means for young women to help support their families. Lace-making required little equipment beyond bobbins and fine cotton or linen thread, and a great deal of patience, so was suitable for remote parts of the country that had little industry and few employment options. [2] (#cite_note-2) The lace, worn by the wealthiest women across Europe, was made by some of the poorest women in Ireland. Lace (/wiki/Lace) was a luxury commodity, used to decorate elaborate wedding dresses, christening robes, and church vestments; it played a vital part in saving many families from starvation and destitution. Irish lace reflects the social and political changes that took place between 1700 and the present. Several lacemaking schools were established throughout Ireland, with some regions acquiring reputations for high-quality products. Different parts of the country produced distinctive types of lace, and discerning customers would soon learn to ask for Carrickmacross lace (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) (County Monaghan) or Kenmare lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) (County Kerry), and Youghal lace (/wiki/Youghal_lace) (County Cork) among others, depending upon their favoured style. Limerick lace (/wiki/Limerick_lace) (also known as Tambour lace (/wiki/Tambour_lace) , because of its manner of manufacture) became well known from the 1830s onwards. Also, see 'Headford Lace Project' for details of Headford (Galway) bobbin lace from around 1765 to 1900. When times were hard, women had to find ways of supporting their families. This was particularly true during and after the Great Famine of the 1840s (/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)) . [3] (#cite_note-3) During that time period, many Catholic nuns in Ireland were familiar with how to make Venetian lace (/wiki/Venetian_lace) . Because most Irish women could do needlework, the nuns realized their lace-making skills presented an opportunity to help save people from the famine. They created schools to teach many girls and women how to produce the fine crochet that has come to be known as "Irish lace." [4] (#cite_note-4) Irish crochet and tatting travelled particularly well as the equipment needed was simple, a ball of cotton and a shuttle for tatting and a simple crochet hook and cotton for Irish crochet lace. [5] (#cite_note-5) Kenmare lace [ edit ] Main article: Kenmare lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Kenmare lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) is a needlepoint Irish lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) based on the detached buttonhole stitch. (It is sometimes called needle-lace to distinguish it from canvas needlepoint (/wiki/Needlepoint) .) Linen thread was used by nuns to make needlepoint lace. Suitable linen thread is no longer available, so today cotton thread is used. Kenmare needlepoint lace [6] (#cite_note-6) begins with two pieces of cloth. Over this is layered a pattern and a matt contact. Thread is laid over the top in the outline of the design and secured with a fine detached buttonhole stitch in a process called "couching". The pattern is filled in by working in from the outline. The tension makes the pattern. How tightly the stitches are pulled determines whether the pattern's stitches are open or tight. When the work is finished, the thread holding down the outline is cut, thus releasing the lace from the cloth backing. Carrickmacross lace [ edit ] Main article: Carrickmacross lace (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross) lace was introduced into Ireland in about 1820 by Mrs Grey Porter of Donaghmoyne, who taught it to local women so that they could earn some extra money. The scheme was initially of limited success, and it was only after the 1846 famine, when a lace school was set up by the managers of the Bath and Shirley estates at Carrickmacross as a means of helping their starving tenants, that the lace became known and found sales. [7] (#cite_note-7) Youghal lace [ edit ] Main article: Youghal lace (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Youghal lace (/wiki/Youghal_lace) was a top-quality commercial product that ended with the First World War. Lace Making was taught in Youghal in 1845 by the Presentation Sisters (/wiki/Presentation_Sisters) . Mother Mary Ann Smith reverse-engineered some Italian lace to understand how it was made. She then taught the technique to local women and thus the school of lace began. [8] (#cite_note-8) Limerick lace [ edit ] Main article: Limerick lace (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Limerick lace (/wiki/Limerick_lace) (also known as Tambour lace (/wiki/Tambour_lace) , because of its manner of manufacture) became well known from the 1830s onwards. following the establishment of a lace-making factory in the city by an English businessman, Charles Walker, a native of Oxfordshire. In 1829, he brought over 24 girls to teach lacemaking in Limerick, drawn to the area by the availability of cheap, skilled female labour, and his business thrived: within a few short years his lace factories employed almost 2,000 women and girls. [9] (#cite_note-9) Irish Crochet lace [ edit ] Main article: Irish crochet lace (/wiki/Irish_crochet_lace) Irish crochet lace (/wiki/Irish_crochet_lace) was developed in mid-nineteenth century Ireland as a method of imitating expensive Venetian point laces. [10] (#cite_note-10) It was initially taught in convents throughout the country and used as part of Famine Relief Schemes. Charity groups sought to revive the economy by teaching crochet lace technique at no charge to anyone willing to learn. [11] (#cite_note-11) This type of lace is characterized by separately crocheted motifs, which were later assembled into a mesh background. Places to see Irish lace [ edit ] Decorative Arts and History Museum, Dublin [12] (#cite_note-12) Sheelin Lace Museum, Co. Fermanagh [13] (#cite_note-13) Mountmellick Museum, Co Laois [14] (#cite_note-14) Carrickmacross Lace Gallery, Co Monaghan [15] (#cite_note-15) Kenmare Lace Museum, Co. Kerry [16] (#cite_note-16) Limerick Museum (/wiki/Limerick_City_Museum) , Co Limerick [17] (#cite_note-17) Clones, Co Monaghan. Canal Stores. Cassandra Hand Center, the former lacemaking school. Clones Lace Museum, The Ulster Canal Stores, Clones, Co Monaghan. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Sonnelitter, Karen (2016). Charity Movements in Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Philanthropy and Improvement . Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. p. 163. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781783270682 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hooper, Glenn. Irish Lace . Design and Crafts Council Ireland. Archived from the original (http://www.heritagecouncil.ie/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Museums_and_Archive/Lace_Final_for_Web.pdf/) on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2015 – via The Heritage Council of Ireland. ^ (#cite_ref-3) o’Cléirigh, Nellie (2003). Hardship and high Living . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "An Irish Lace Review: A Beautiful Memory from a Challenging Time!" (https://www.irish-expressions.com/irish-lace-review.html) . Irish Expressions . Retrieved 27 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ballantyne, Barbra (2007). Early History of Irish Crochet Lace . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kenmare Literary and Historical Society; (1982) Kenmare Journal ^ (#cite_ref-7) Levey, Santina M. (/wiki/Santina_M._Levey) (1983). Lace: a history . London (/wiki/London) : Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 090128615X . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 10437512 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10437512) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Collier, Ann (1986). The art of lacemaking . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0715388460 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 16832174 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16832174) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Potter, Matthew (2014). Amazing Lace: A History of the Limerick Lace Industry . Limerick City and County Council. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780905700229 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Dillmont, Thérèse (1986) [First published 1900]. Masterpieces of Irish Crochet Lace: Techniques, Patterns, Instructions . New York: Dover Publications. p. 3. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0486250792 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Treanor, Máire (2010). Clones Lace: The Story and Patterns of an Irish Crochet . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Decorative Arts and History Museum, Dublin" (https://www.museum.ie/Decorative-Arts-History) . Retrieved May 18, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Home" (http://sheelinlace.com/) . Sheelin Lace . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Craft Museum" (http://www.mountmellickdevelopment.com/museum.htm) . www.mountmellickdevelopment.com . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Carrickmacross Lace" (https://www.carrickmacrosslace.ie/) . www.carrickmacrosslace.ie . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Kenmare Lace | An Irish Needlepoint Lace" (http://www.kenmarelace.ie/) . www.kenmarelace.ie . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Limerick City and County Museum" (http://museum.limerick.ie/) . museum.limerick.ie . Retrieved 2018-05-18 . External links [ edit ] Media related to Irish lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Irish_lace) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐n5sjj Cached time: 20240719050327 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.446 seconds Real time usage: 0.665 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1148/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51395/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 490/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 65086/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.292/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5253844/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 582.234 1 -total 23.93% 139.303 1 Template:Short_description 23.76% 138.357 9 Template:Cite_book 21.50% 125.201 1 Template:Lace_types 21.39% 124.530 3 Template:Navbox 13.79% 80.270 2 Template:Main_other 13.67% 79.571 1 Template:Commons_category-inline 13.52% 78.738 2 Template:Sister-inline 13.43% 78.180 1 Template:SDcat 8.05% 46.885 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25091416-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719050327 and revision id 1227760622. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_lace&oldid=1227760622 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_lace&oldid=1227760622) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Crocheted lace (/wiki/Category:Crocheted_lace) Textile arts of Ireland (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Ireland) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
This article possibly contains original research (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research) . Please improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LED_tattoo&action=edit) by verifying (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) the claims made and adding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A light-emitting diode tattoo is a type of body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) similar to a tattoo (/wiki/Tattoo) , but specifically involves implantation of technologically based materials versus traditional ink (/wiki/Ink) injection into the layers of the skin. [1] (#cite_note-1) LED tattoos are accomplished by a combination of silicon (/wiki/Silicon) -silk technology and a miniature lighting device known as a light-emitting diode (/wiki/Light-emitting_diode) . While there is potential for many applications in the medical, commercial and personal domains, the technology is still in the development stage. Technological limitations [ edit ] Current medical devices are limited by their isolation from the body and their placement on rigid silicon. [2] (#cite_note-2) Current devices also contain gold (/wiki/Gold) and titanium (/wiki/Titanium) which are required for electrical connections. Both gold and titanium are bio-compatible which means that they will not be rejected by the body as a foreign substance. However, biocompatibility (/wiki/Biocompatibility) is not as preferable as biodegradable (/wiki/Biodegradable) because the latter does not leave behind any unnecessary materials; so researchers are working on biodegradable contacts to eliminate all remnants but the silicon. The current form of the LED tattoo has been implanted on mice without harm. [3] (#cite_note-3) Research on silicon-silk technology has been conducted at the University of Pennsylvania's (/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania) Engineering Department. The Royal Philips Electronics (/wiki/Royal_Philips_Electronics) of the Netherlands showed commercial interest in the research of silicon silk technology, specifically LED tattoos as a means to extend the digital experience, or interactivity with the digital product. [4] (#cite_note-4) Development [ edit ] Future LED tattoos may use silicon chips that are around the length of a small grain of rice which has the dimensions of about 1 millimeters and just 250 nanometers (/wiki/Nanometers) thick. [5] (#cite_note-5) The chips are placed on thin films of silk (/wiki/Silk) , which cause the electronics to conform to biological tissue (/wiki/Tissue_(biology)) . This process is aided when saline (/wiki/Saline_(medicine)) solution is added, helping the silicon mold to the shape of the skin. Silk dissolves away over time, which can occur immediately after the operation or over the course of several years, [6] (#cite_note-6) leaving the thin silicon circuits in place. While silicon has not been proven to be biocompatible (/wiki/Biocompatibility) all studies show it to be safe [7] (#cite_note-7) and it has been used in many other medical implant operations including implantation of silicon chips in mice. One potential medical application would be silk-silicon LEDs to create photonic tattoos which would assist in blood-sugar readings. [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Biomechanical art (/wiki/Biomechanical_art) OLED (/wiki/OLED) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Murad, Ahmed (2009-12-19). "Microtrends: LED tattoos" (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/microtrends-led-tattoos-qg87s2l0tgt) . The Times . London. p. 9. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 320328597 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/320328597) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Quick, Darren (2009-11-12). "Implantable Silicon-Silk electronics could mean LED tattoos" (https://newatlas.com/implantable-electronics/13334/) . New Atlas . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Zuras, Matthew (2009-11-21). "Philip's Interactive LED Tattoos Could Be the Future of Body Art" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120311005942/http://www.switched.com/2009/11/21/moveable-interactive-led-tattoos-may-be-the-next-wave-for-phili/) . Switched . Archived from the original (http://www.switched.com/2009/11/21/moveable-interactive-led-tattoos-may-be-the-next-wave-for-phili/) on 2012-03-11. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Orca, Surfdaddy (2009-11-17). "Tattoo You: Silicon LEDs can act as photonic tattoos that can show blood-sugar readings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100213154501/http://hplusmagazine.com/articles/enhanced/tattoo-you) . h+ Magazine . Archived from the original (http://hplusmagazine.com/articles/enhanced/tattoo-you) on 2010-02-13. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Sorrel, Charlie (2009-11-20). "The Illustrated Man: How LED Tattoos Could Make Your Skin a Screen" (https://www.wired.com/2009/11/the-illustrated-man-how-led-tattoos-could-change-the-face-of-humanity/) . Wired . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1059-1028 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028) . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Omenetto, Fiorenzo (March 2011). "Silk, the ancient material of the future" (https://www.ted.com/talks/fiorenzo_omenetto_silk_the_ancient_material_of_the_future?language=en) . TED . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bourzac, Katherine (2009-11-03). "Implantable Silicon-Silk Electronics" (https://www.technologyreview.com/2009/11/03/208434/implantable-silicon-silk-electronics/) . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Estes, Adam Clark (2014-01-06). "The Freaky, Bioelectric Future of Tattoos" (https://gizmodo.com/the-freaky-bioelectric-future-of-tattoos-1494169250) . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2023-12-01 . v t e Tattoos (/wiki/Tattoo) and tattooing Topics Body art (/wiki/Body_art) Body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) Conventions (/wiki/Tattoo_convention) Flash (/wiki/Flash_(tattoo)) Health effects (/wiki/Health_effects_of_tattoos) History (/wiki/History_of_tattooing) Religious perspectives (/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_tattooing) Removal (/wiki/Tattoo_removal) Types LED Medical (/wiki/Medical_tattoo) Permanent makeup (/wiki/Permanent_makeup) Temporary (/wiki/Temporary_tattoo) Process and technique Artist (/wiki/Tattoo_artist) Cover-up (/wiki/Cover-up_tattoo) Ink (/wiki/Tattoo_ink) UV (/wiki/UV_tattoo) Machine (/wiki/Tattoo_machine) Microblading (/wiki/Microblading) Process of tattooing (/wiki/Process_of_tattooing) Traditions and practices Austronesian (/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Tattooing) Atayal ( Ptasan (/wiki/Atayal_people#Facial_tattoos) ) Bornean (/wiki/Bornean_traditional_tattooing) Filipino ( Batok (/wiki/Batok) ) Māori ( Tā moko (/wiki/T%C4%81_moko) ) Marquesan (/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands#Tatu) Mentawai (/wiki/Mentawai_people#Culture_and_lifestyle) Rapa Nui (/wiki/Rapa_Nui_tattooing) Samoan ( Malu (/wiki/Malu) , Peʻa (/wiki/Pe%CA%BBa) ) European Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Sicanje (/wiki/Sicanje) code: hrv promoted to code: hr ) Mainland Asian Burmese ( Htoe kwin (/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar) code: mya promoted to code: my ) Chinese (/wiki/Tattooing_in_China) Khmer/Laos/Thai ( Yantra (/wiki/Yantra_tattooing) ) South Korean (/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea) Japanese Ainu ( Anchi-piri (/wiki/Anchi-piri) ) Yamato ( Irezumi (/wiki/Irezumi) , Horimono (/wiki/Horimono) ) Ryukyuan ( Hajichi (/wiki/Hajichi) ) Middle Eastern Kurdish/Yazidi ( Deq (/wiki/Deq_(tattoo)) ) Native American (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Americas) Inuit ( Kakiniit (/wiki/Kakiniit) code: iku promoted to code: iu , Tavlugun (/wiki/Tavlugun) code: ipk promoted to code: ik ) Osage (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Osage_Nation) Haudenosaunee (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Haudenosaunee_Confederation) North African (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#North_Africa) Ancient Egyptian/Nubian (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Egypt_and_Nubia) Berber (/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco#Tattooing) Coptic (/wiki/History_of_tattooing#Copts) Other contexts Animal (/wiki/Animal_tattoo) Branding (/w/index.php?title=Branding_tattoo&action=edit&redlink=1) (sex trafficking) Criminal (/wiki/Criminal_tattoo) Nazi concentration camps (/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_Nazi_concentration_camps) Prison (/wiki/Prison_tattooing) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_tattoos) Tattooed lady (/wiki/Tattooed_lady) Styles and designs Black-and-gray (/wiki/Black-and-gray) Blackout (/wiki/Blackout_tattoo) Chinese calligraphy (/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy_tattoos) Five dots (/wiki/Five_dots_tattoo) Nautical star (/wiki/Nautical_star) New school (/wiki/New_school_(tattoo)) Old school (/wiki/American_traditional) Soundwave (/wiki/Soundwave_tattoos) Teardrop (/wiki/Teardrop_tattoo) Trash polka (/wiki/Trash_polka) Bodily location Body suit (/wiki/Body_suit_(tattoo)) Cornea (/wiki/Corneal_tattooing) Face (/wiki/Face_tattoo) Genital (/wiki/Genital_tattooing) Knuckle (/wiki/Knuckle_tattoo) Lower-back (/wiki/Lower-back_tattoo) Scalp (/wiki/Hair_tattoo) Sclera (/wiki/Scleral_tattooing) Sleeve (/wiki/Sleeve_tattoo) Legal status in... European countries (/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries) the United States (/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐fvqdg Cached time: 20240712175343 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.364 seconds Real time usage: 0.452 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 867/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 57212/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 96/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43587/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.274/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18352004/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 406.298 1 -total 74.37% 302.177 2 Template:Navbox 46.80% 190.150 1 Template:Tattoo 31.91% 129.649 1 Template:Reflist 27.29% 110.877 15 Template:Lang 21.64% 87.925 3 Template:Cite_news 16.00% 65.001 1 Template:Original_research 12.79% 51.984 1 Template:Ambox 7.99% 32.448 1 Template:ProQuest 7.63% 30.983 1 Template:Catalog_lookup_link Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25250687-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175343 and revision id 1194965615. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LED_tattoo&oldid=1194965615 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LED_tattoo&oldid=1194965615) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Body modification (/wiki/Category:Body_modification) Light-emitting diodes (/wiki/Category:Light-emitting_diodes) Tattoos by type (/wiki/Category:Tattoos_by_type) Hidden categories: Articles that may contain original research from December 2009 (/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_December_2009) All articles that may contain original research (/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research)
|
Boutiques along the Via Gesù, in the middle of the district The Quadrilatero della moda ( Italian pronunciation: [kwadriˈlaːtero (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) della (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ˈmɔːda] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian) ; literally "fashion square"), or Via Montenapoleone fashion district , is a shopping district (/wiki/Shopping_district) in the centre of the Italian city of Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Shops there include both Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) and international brands. The sides of the square, located to the south of the arches of Porta Nuova (/wiki/Porta_Nuova_(Medieval)) , are formed by Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone) (SW), Via Manzoni (/wiki/Via_Manzoni) (NW), Via della Spiga (/wiki/Via_della_Spiga) (NE), and Corso Venezia (/wiki/Corso_Venezia) (SE). Streets inside this area include Via Borgospesso (/wiki/Via_Borgospesso,_Milan) , Via Santo Spirito (/wiki/Via_Santo_Spirito,_Milan) , Via Gesù, Via Sant'Andrea (/wiki/Via_Sant%27Andrea) , Via Bagutta, and Via Baggutino. The zone extends in practice also to the north-west of Via Manzoni with Via Pisoni (/wiki/Via_Pisoni,_Milan) , and to the south and west of Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone) with Corso Giacomo Matteotti (/wiki/Corso_Giacomo_Matteotti) (this last meets Corso Venezia (/wiki/Corso_Venezia) at Piazza San Babila (/wiki/Piazza_San_Babila) ), Piazza Meda (/wiki/Piazza_Meda,_Milan) , Via San Pietro all'Orto (/wiki/Via_San_Pietro_all%27Orto,_Milan) , and Via Verri (/wiki/Via_Verri,_Milan) . Streets and squares [ edit ] Corso Giacomo Matteotti [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Corso Venezia [ edit ] Main article: Corso Venezia (/wiki/Corso_Venezia) Piazza Meda [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Piazza San Babila [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Bagatt Boggi (/w/index.php?title=Boggi_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1) Guess (/wiki/Guess_(clothing)) Gusella Nadine North Sails Sisley (/wiki/Sisley) Valextra (/wiki/Valextra) Via Bigli [ edit ] Scappino (/wiki/Scappino_(Fashion_House)) Via Borgospesso [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Altomani & Sons Andrea Pfister Antichità Silbernagl Cyrus Company daDriade Galleria Silva Giuliano Fujwara Laura Biagiotti (/wiki/Laura_Biagiotti) Pinco Pallino Tween DdM Versace Homme (/wiki/Versace) Via della Spiga [ edit ] Main article: Via della Spiga (/wiki/Via_della_Spiga) Via Manzoni [ edit ] Main article: Via Manzoni (/wiki/Via_Manzoni) Via Montenapoleone [ edit ] Main article: Via Montenapoleone (/wiki/Via_Montenapoleone) Gianfranco Lotti (/wiki/Gianfranco_Lotti) Via Pisoni [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Armani Casa (/wiki/Armani) Armani Privè (/wiki/Armani) Poltrona Frau (/wiki/Poltrona_Frau) Via San Pietro all'Orto [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Jimmy Choo (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo) Bagutta Via Sant'Andrea [ edit ] Main article: Via Sant'Andrea (/wiki/Via_Sant%27Andrea) Restelli Guanti Via Santo Spirito [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Borbonese Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) Via Verri [ edit ] Fashion shops include: Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) Baldinini Berluti (/wiki/Berluti) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) Canali (/wiki/Canali) DSquared² (/wiki/DSquared%C2%B2) Etro (/wiki/Etro) Profumi Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) Jil Sander (/wiki/Jil_Sander) John Richmond (/wiki/John_Richmond_(fashion_designer)) Nautica (/wiki/Nautica_(clothing_company)) Oxford Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) See also [ edit ] Architecture portal (/wiki/Portal:Architecture) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of upscale shopping districts (/wiki/List_of_upscale_shopping_districts) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Quadrilatero della Moda - Informazioni generali" (http://www.turismo.milano.it/wps/portal/tur/it/scoprilacitta/itinerari/quadrilatero_della_moda) . turismo.milano.it (in Italian). WikiMiniAtlas 45°28′12″N 9°11′43″E / 45.469898°N 9.195342°E / 45.469898; 9.195342 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐dfb86547b‐gw2hz Cached time: 20240710160619 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.276 seconds Real time usage: 0.383 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 372/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7027/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 119/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 8242/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.206/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12464557/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 337.699 1 -total 41.58% 140.415 1 Template:IPA-it 41.14% 138.919 1 Template:IPA 29.50% 99.617 1 Template:Reflist 25.07% 84.651 1 Template:Cite_web 13.05% 44.061 1 Template:Coord 8.58% 28.980 5 Template:Main 6.74% 22.758 1 Template:Portal 0.48% 1.625 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25523754-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710160619 and revision id 1211879438. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrilatero_della_moda&oldid=1211879438 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrilatero_della_moda&oldid=1211879438) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shopping districts and streets in Italy (/wiki/Category:Shopping_districts_and_streets_in_Italy) Districts of Milan (/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Milan) Garment districts (/wiki/Category:Garment_districts) Tourist attractions in Milan (/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Milan) Italian fashion (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion) Jewellery districts (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_districts) Culture in Milan (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Milan) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Pages with Italian IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA) Coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)
|
Lacemaking tradition and intagible cultural heritage of Cyprus Lefkara lace Lefkara lace or Lefkaritiko Type Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Material Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Production method Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Production process Handicraft (/wiki/Handicraft) Place of origin Pano Lefkara (/wiki/Pano_Lefkara) , Cyprus Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) Country Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) Reference 00255 (https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00255) Region Europe and North America (/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/ENA) Inscription history Inscription 2009 (4th session) List (/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity) Representative Lefkaritika or Lefkara Lace is a handmade lace from Pano Lefkara (/wiki/Pano_Lefkara) Cyprus. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) Notable characteristics are the hemstitch, satin stitch fillings, needlepoint edgings, white, brown, ecru colours and geometric intricate patterns. [2] (#cite_note-2) in 2009, this traditional craft of lace-making was inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage) . [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) History [ edit ] Asproploumi, the type that preceded Lefkaritika "Dantela Venis" ("Venice Lace") - "punto cyprioto" Lefkaritika is the characteric type of embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) art in Cyprus (/wiki/Cyprus) , dating back to at least the fourteenth century. [1] (#cite_note-auto-1) It falls under the category of white embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) art of Cyprus. It is the evolution of an older type, called " asproploumia (/w/index.php?title=Asproploumia&action=edit&redlink=1) ". The main stitches of "asproploumia" survived in the newest type of Lefkaritika. New stitches and motifs are added depending on the skill and creativity of the embroideress. Lefkaritika soon reached a higher level of quality, because of the competition between women, since they were considered to be a center piece of a dowry. Each girl had to have an extended collection ready for exhibition on her wedding day. This way a lot of the traditional elements were passed from mother to daughter. Many women practiced embroidery as a profession as well. Women embroideresses in Pano Lefkara (/wiki/Pano_Lefkara) , called "ploumarisses" organised their production from home. Men from Lefkara, called "kentitarides", were merchants and they traveled across Europe and Scandinavia. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) According to tradition, in 15th century Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) visited Cyprus and took a Lefkara Lace back to Italy with him, which today decorates Duomo Cathedral in Milan (/wiki/Milan_Cathedral) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Centers of production [ edit ] The greatest centers of production used to be Pano Lefkara (/wiki/Pano_Lefkara) and Kato Lefkara (/wiki/Kato_Lefkara) villages. Today these embroideries are manufactured all over Cyprus, especially in villages, Kato Drys (/wiki/Kato_Drys) , Vavla (/wiki/Vavla) , Vavatsinia (/wiki/Vavatsinia) , Ora (/wiki/Ora,_Cyprus) , Choirokoitia (/wiki/Choirokoitia_(village)) , Skarinou (/wiki/Skarinou) , Dali (/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus) and Athienou (/wiki/Athienou) . Materials and technique [ edit ] The first Lefkara Lace was made from the local white cotton fabric produced in Cyprus. A combination of stitches and cuts is used. The large embroideries called "tagiades" are added to "dantela venis" ("Venice Lace"), "pittota", "gyroulota", "liminota" patterns. Their name comes from the Italian " Punto Tagliato (/wiki/Cutwork) ", a kind of a cut design popular in Italy during the 16th century, According to the Cyprus Handicraft Service the different motifs for Lefkara Lace add to more than 650. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) The most characteristic pattern in Lefkara Lace is "potamoi" ("rivers"). They made from triangular zig-zags, called "kamares" ("arcs"). References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO" (https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/lefkara-laces-or-lefkaritika-00255) . ich.unesco.org . Retrieved 2018-07-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Lefkara Laces or Lefkaritika" (http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-320) . Retrieved March 2, 2020 – via www.unesco.org. ^ Jump up to: a b Ktori, Maria (2016). "Lefkara Lace: Educational Approaches to ICH in Cyprus" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318019553_Lefkara_Lace_Educational_Approaches_to_ICH_in_Cyprus) . International Journal of Intangible Heritage . Retrieved 16 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Cyprus Government Cyprus Handicraft Service" (http://www.mcit.gov.cy/mcit/chs/chs.nsf/All/C97801B3E2223A9DC2257379001F5EB9?OpenDocument) . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . [1] (#cite_note-5) v t e UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible (/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) Cultural Heritage of Humanity (/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) /Europe and N. America Albanian iso-polyphony (/wiki/Iso-Polyphony) Ashiqs of Azerbaijan (/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan) Ashik (/wiki/Ashik) Aubusson tapestry (/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry) Azerbaijani carpet (/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet) weaving (/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving) Azerbaijani tar (/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)) Baltic song and dance celebrations Bećarac (/wiki/Be%C4%87arac) Busójárás (/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s) Călușari (/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari) Cante Alentejano (/wiki/Cante_Alentejano) Cantu a tenore (/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore) Carnival of Binche (/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche) Castell (/wiki/Castell) Chovgan (/wiki/Chovgan) Christmas Tsars (/wiki/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars) Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia (/wiki/Council_of_Wise_Men_of_the_plain_of_Murcia) and Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia (/wiki/Water_Tribunal_of_the_plain_of_Valencia) Copper craftsmanship of Lahij (/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft) Croatian lacemaking (/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia) Daina (/wiki/Daina_(Lithuania)) Dancing procession of Echternach (/wiki/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach) Daredevils of Sassoun (/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun) Doina (/wiki/Doina) Duduk (/wiki/Duduk) Fado (/wiki/Fado) Falconry (/wiki/Falconry) Falles of the Pyrenees La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival (/wiki/La_Mare_de_D%C3%A9u_de_la_Salut_Festival) Festivity of Saint Blaise (/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise) Flamenco (/wiki/Flamenco) French timber framing scribing Fujara (/wiki/Fujara) Georgian vocal polyphony (/wiki/Georgian_vocal_polyphony) Horezu ceramics (/wiki/Horezu_ceramics) Houtem Jaarmarkt (/wiki/Houtem_Jaarmarkt) Istrian scale (/wiki/Istrian_scale) Jem (/wiki/Jem_(Alevism)) Karagöz and Hacivat (/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Keşkek (/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek) Khachkar (/wiki/Khachkar) Kihnu culture (/wiki/Kihnu_culture) Kırkpınar (/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar) Klapa (/wiki/Klapa) Lithuanian cross crafting (/wiki/Lithuanian_cross_crafting) Kvevri wine (/wiki/Kvevri) La Patum (/wiki/Patum_de_Berga) Lefkaritika Licitar (/wiki/Licitar) Ljelje (/wiki/Ljelje) / Kraljice (/wiki/Kraljice) Makishi Festival (/wiki/Makishi_Festival) Moldovan Christmas Carols Maloya (/wiki/Maloya) Manas (/wiki/Epic_of_Manas) Meddah (/wiki/Meddah) Mediterranean diet (/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine) Mesir Macunu (/wiki/Mesir_macunu) Mugham (/wiki/Mugham) Mystery Play of Elche (/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_Elche) Nestinarstvo (/wiki/Nestinarstvo) Nijemo Kolo (/wiki/Nijemo_Kolo) Nowruz (/wiki/Nowruz) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan) Turkish Ojkanje (/wiki/Ojkanje) Olonkho (/wiki/Olonkho) Opera dei Pupi (/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi) Petrykivka decorative painting (/wiki/Petrykivka_painting) Procession of the Holy Blood (/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood) Sama (/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)) Sauna culture in Finland (/wiki/Finnish_sauna) Semeiskie culture (/wiki/Semeiskie) Seto leelo (/wiki/Seto_leelo) Silbo Gomero (/wiki/Silbo_Gomero) Sinjska alka (/wiki/Sinjska_alka) Slovácko Verbuňk (/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k) Turkish Sohbet (/wiki/Traditional_Sohbet_meetings) The Song of the Sibyl (/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl) Suiti Cultural Space (/wiki/Suiti) Sutartinės (/wiki/Sutartin%C4%97s) Táncház (/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z) Turkish coffee (/wiki/Turkish_coffee) Violins craftsmanship of Cremona (/wiki/Traditional_violin_craftsmanship_in_Cremona) Wajãpi culture (/wiki/Wayampi) Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje (/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje) Za križen (/wiki/Za_kri%C5%BEen) Zvončari (/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari) v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Ktori, Maria (2017). "Lefkara Lace: Educational Approaches to ICH in Cyprus" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318019553_Lefkara_Lace_Educational_Approaches_to_ICH_in_Cyprus) . International Journal of Intangible Heritage . 12 : 77–92. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐fgrgp Cached time: 20240719060357 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.375 seconds Real time usage: 0.650 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1016/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55119/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 920/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36682/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.239/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4824986/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 573.334 1 -total 28.77% 164.962 1 Template:Short_description 24.97% 143.141 4 Template:Navbox 21.55% 123.540 3 Template:Cite_web 18.60% 106.615 1 Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/ENA 13.98% 80.147 3 Template:Main_other 13.60% 77.946 1 Template:SDcat 12.16% 69.709 2 Template:Pagetype 9.62% 55.161 1 Template:Infobox_textile 9.10% 52.146 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25650707-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719060357 and revision id 1204741891. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lefkara_lace&oldid=1204741891 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lefkara_lace&oldid=1204741891) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lace (/wiki/Category:Lace) Textile arts of Cyprus (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Cyprus) Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (/wiki/Category:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
|
Indonesian and Malaysian traditional clothing Baju Kurung A Kedahan Malay (/wiki/Kedahan_Malay) lady wearing a traditional Baju Kurung Type Traditional Blouse-dress Place of origin Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) Baju Kurung ( Jawi (/wiki/Jawi_script) : باجو كوروڠ ) is a traditional attire of Malays (/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)) and traditionally worn by women in Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) , [1] (#cite_note-1) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) and southern Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . This type of traditional attire is the national dress (/wiki/National_dress) of Brunei (/wiki/Brunei) and Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysia) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) In Indonesia, this dress is also worn as a regional attire, commonly observed on the island of Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) , particularly by the ethnic Malay (/wiki/Malay_Indonesians) and Minangkabau (/wiki/Minangkabau_people) women. Etymology [ edit ] A Baju Kurung is a loose-fitting full-length dress, consisting of a blouse and a skirt. It is loosely translated as "enclosed dress". [4] (#cite_note-DBP-Kurung-4) Although Baju Kurung is the generic term of the attire for both males and females, in modern Malaysia, the female dress is referred to as Baju Kurung while the male dress is referred to as Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) . The terms Baju Kurung for male is however, retained in Singapore. History [ edit ] A group of women dressed in indigenous clothing Baju Kurung and songket (/wiki/Songket) from Batipuh near Padang Panjang (/wiki/Padang_Panjang) highlands of West Sumatra (/wiki/West_Sumatra) (Indonesia), circa 1895. According to the Chinese script (/wiki/Chinese_script) , the Malay community, both men and women in the 13th century only wore a covering of the lower body. During its development, Malay women wear a sarong with a " kemben (/wiki/Kemben) " pattern, that is, wrapping the sarong (/wiki/Sarong) around the chest. Pants also began to be worn in the "Aceh Scissors" style, namely pants that were just below the knee. But then trade brought with it foreign cultural influences. Goods from China (/wiki/China) , India (/wiki/India) , and the Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) also arrived. Apart from trade, this also exposes the Malay community to the way the foreigner dresses. Malays also adopted Islam (/wiki/Islam) as their religion, and this affected the way they dressed because in this new religion there was an obligation to cover up the awrat (/wiki/Awrat) of both women and men. In Malaysia, baju kurung is one of the oldest Malay clothing styles. The person who popularized it was Tun Hassan Temenggong, son of Bendahara Seri Maharaja Tun Mutahir (/wiki/Tun_Mutahir_of_Malacca) , in the 15th century Malacca Sultanate (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca) . Malacca was enjoying its golden era during this period until the Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511. It was one of the strongest sultanate in Malay Archipelago (/wiki/Malay_Archipelago) and was a center of entrepot trade, with traders from China, India, and the Middle East. [5] (#cite_note-5) According to the Malay annals (/wiki/Malay_annals) , Sultan Mansur Shah (/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca) , the sixth Malaccan ruler, banned Malay women from wearing only a sarong (/wiki/Sarong) from the bust downwards. With the guides from Tun Hassan Temenggong, the traditional Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) and Baju Kurung were born, adopting different elements from China, India, and the Middle East. The style of clothing then remained largely unchanged over the next three and a half centuries. Another version of Baju Kurung emerged in its successor state, Johor-Riau sultanate (/wiki/Johor_Sultanate) . The earlier Baju Kurung was longer and looser. This new style of Baju Kurung is known as Baju Kurung Teluk Belanga, named after the capital of the sultanate during that time, Telok Blangah (/wiki/Telok_Blangah) in modern-day Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) . It was popularised by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor (/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor) in the late 19th century [6] (#cite_note-Syida-6) and continue to "not only survived but prospered" in modern Malaysia, pointing to its popularity during the Islamisation of Malaysia in the 1970s and 1980s. [7] (#cite_note-Fuller-7) Attire components [ edit ] Malay women wearing Baju Kurung in Malacca, Malaya (/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya) , circa 1950. Ladies from Sumatra (/wiki/Sumatra) , clad in their traditional attire, known as Baju Kurung made from Songket (/wiki/Songket) . The dress is commonly associated with women of Malay extraction. Baju The Baju (blouse) has long sleeves and extends to between the hips and knees. [8] (#cite_note-8) It is usually made from traditional Malay textiles from Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesia) provinces ( Jambi (/wiki/Jambi) , South Sumatra (/wiki/South_Sumatra) , West Sumatra (/wiki/West_Sumatra) , North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) , Riau (/wiki/Riau) , and Riau Archipelago (/wiki/Riau_Archipelago) ) and Malaysian states ( Pahang (/wiki/Pahang) , Terengganu (/wiki/Terengganu) or Kelantan (/wiki/Kelantan) ), [9] (#cite_note-9) [7] (#cite_note-Fuller-7) or sometimes even from imported silk from China, Taiwan, Turkey, the UAE or India. Sarong Baju Kurung is usually paired with a sarong (/wiki/Sarong) (skirt), and the sarong itself is worn with ikatan ombak mengalun , which is a wavy-style fold. These folds can be seen on the left or right side of the sarong. Traditionalists prefer sarong fabric from peninsular Malaysia's eastern states of Pahang, Terengganu, and Kelantan, where the culture of batik and other hand-designed fabrics such as songket (/wiki/Songket) and tenun (/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja) are still strong. Kain Dagang Kain Dagang , also known as samping (/wiki/Samping) is a type of sarong (/wiki/Sarong) cloths used as a veil when outdoor. This cloth is used to protect oneself from the scorching sun. When indoor, Kain Dagang will be tied at the waist or hung on the arm. Scarf The scarf is usually slung over the shoulder. If one's wearing a Kain Dagang , instead of wearing a long scarf, they usually opt for a traditional veil such as Keringkam (/wiki/Kerikam#Tudung_Keringkam) . The Keringkam is a kind of short embroidered scarf. In the more conservative states in northern Malaysia, a woman will often wear a Baju Kurung with a headscarf (/wiki/Headscarf) ( tudung ). [10] (#cite_note-10) Varieties [ edit ] A Portuguese illustration of Malay traditional clothing (Baju Kurung), 1540. There are five versions of Baju Kurungs that are the most popular. All five of these variations were developed in the Malay peninsula and were gazetted as Malaysia's intangible cultural heritage in 2015. [11] (#cite_note-11) Baju Kurung Teluk Belanga [ edit ] Baju Kurung Teluk Belanga or Baju Kurung Johor was first introduced during the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar (/wiki/Abu_Bakar_of_Johor) to commemorate the move of Johor's capital from Teluk Belanga (/wiki/Teluk_Belanga) to Tanjung Puteri (/wiki/Johor_Bahru) in 1866 (now known as Johor Bahru). Sultan Abu Bakar ordered that the woman's dress be down to below the knee with its neckline smooth and not baggy. Teluk Belanga style has no collar and the neckline is stitched in various forms of embroidery known as mata lalat , tulang belut or insang pari . During the reign of Sultan Ibrahim (/wiki/Ibrahim_of_Johor) , the dress was changed at the suggestion of the Jaafar bin Haji Muhammad (/wiki/Jaafar_Muhammad) , the first Menteri Besar of Johor (/wiki/Menteri_Besar_of_Johor) , where a pocket was added onto the Baju Kurung. Today, Teluk Belanga style is synonymous with standard traditional Baju Kurung. Baju Kurung Cekak Musang [ edit ] Baju Kurung Cekak Musang is almost identical to Baju Kurung Teluk Belanga except on the neck. It was originally from Teluk Belanga. Cekak Musang style has a standing collar with holes for five buttons including two buttons for the collar. The collar is only one finger wide. This style of Baju Kurung is believed to have received influence from India and China. Baju Kurung Kedah [ edit ] Baju Kurung Kedah is believed to have been influenced by Thailand, as the style resembles a short blouse worn in southern Thailand. It is made short to the level of the hips and is usually worn with batik (/wiki/Batik) cloth without much decoration. Kedah style is considered to be a loose dress and popular daily wear in the northern states of Malaysia. Kedah style has a neck with Teluk Belanga style. Baju Kurung Pahang [ edit ] Baju Kurung Pahang or also known as Baju Kurung Riau-Pahang reveals the historical relationship between the two Malay states of Riau (/wiki/Riau) and Pahang (/wiki/Pahang) . This style was inspired by Tengku Ampuan Mariam, the daughter of Sultan Ahmad Al-Muazam Shah (/wiki/Ahmad_Mu%CA%BDazzam) . Tengku Ampuan Mariam was married to Sultan Badrul Alam Shah (/wiki/Sulaiman_Badrul_Alam_Shah_of_Terengganu) . Many collections of Pahang style were collected from Terengganu and Pahang. In contrast to the standard Baju Kurung, Pahang style has a Cekak Musang collar with seven or nine buttons. Baju Kurung Perak [ edit ] Baju Kurung Perak or Baju Puteri Perak (Princess of Perak's dress) is a unique dress due to the replacement of the sarong with the use of pants. This style was inspired by the Perak and Aceh royalties. Just like Malay men's Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) , pants are worn with samping (/wiki/Samping) of various styles. The Perak style has a collar with Cekak Musang style and resembles Acehnese (/wiki/Acehnese_people) women's clothing. Baju melayu for men [ edit ] Main article: Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) The Cekak Musang style also normally has three pockets – two at the bottom, and one at the upper left breast. The Teluk Belanga style normally has only two pockets both at the bottom. The Baju Melayu is a loosely fitting shirt with long sleeves, worn with long pants with a Kain Dagang which is wrapped around the middle of the body from the stomach to the knee and sometimes lower. This cloth is usually a three-quarter length or full sarong-style cloth made of kain songket (/wiki/Songket) , Tenun Pahang Diraja (/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja) , or other woven materials with traditional patterns. Cultural significance [ edit ] Baju Kurung is worn to attend weddings, religious ceremonies, and official functions. In Malaysia, generally, all the Malay women wear traditional dresses as formal attire including primary and secondary school students. The Baju Kurung is also worn by non-Malays females (including Malaysia's ethnic Chinese, Indian and native Bornean minorities). This can be partially due to the Baju Kurung being one of the approved styles of dress for female civil servants and one of the approved styles of uniform for female school students. However, its peak sales occur in the month of Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) on the Muslim calendar, mostly due to the upcoming "Hari Raya Aidilfitri" (Malay for Eid al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) ) after Ramadan ends which is celebrated by Muslims worldwide. [7] (#cite_note-Fuller-7) Modern usage and innovations [ edit ] In line with the changes in the cut and shape, to produce a more modern and creative design, Baju Kurung is also decorated with embroidery, filigree, beads, and sequins. The material to produce Baju Kurung also changed. Now, there is a wide selection of materials including satin, organza, chiffon, silk, batik, linen, and more. These changes are made to suit the current situation or the event to be attended in addition to trying to imitate the style of foreign cuts that may be intended to look more elegant. There are now various variations of Baju Kurung and it is known as Baju Kurung Moden. The modern Baju Kurung commonly uses lively colors and geometric patterns. [7] (#cite_note-Fuller-7) In line with the changing times, various fashion styles, and modern design Baju Kurung has been accepted by the community. The design of the Baju Kurung is now more contemporary but still retains its original features. Although Baju Kurung has evolved in line with the changing times and tastes of the wearer, the design is still the same. See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Malaysia portal (/wiki/Portal:Malaysia) Singapore portal (/wiki/Portal:Singapore) National costume of Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Malaysian cultural outfits (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Culture of Indonesia (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) Culture of Malaysia (/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Baju Kurung Basiba" (https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=1999) . Kemendikbud . Retrieved 17 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Royal and Palace Cutoms:Dresses For Ceremonies And Functions" (http://www.malaysianmonarchy.org.my/malaysianmonarchy/?q=en/dress) . Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pakaian Tradisi" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100404150912/http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm) . Kementerian Kebudayaan, Belia dan Sukan of Brunei. Archived from the original (http://www.kkbs.gov.bn/html/pakaian_tradisi.htm) on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-DBP-Kurung_4-0) "Carian Umum – Kurung" (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=kurung) . prpm.dbp.gov.my (in Malay) . Retrieved 14 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Enduring charm of the baju kurung" (https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/08/513680/enduring-charm-baju-kurung) . Retrieved 14 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Syida_6-0) Syida Lizta Amirul Ihsan (16 September 2009). "Trends: For all occasions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100515085307/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/articles/20090916093912/Article/index_html) . The New Straits Times (/wiki/The_New_Straits_Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/articles/20090916093912/Article/index_html) on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Fuller, Thomas (2 March 2000). "In Era of T-shirts, Kurung Survives : Malaysians' Garment of Choice" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511002741/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/02/news/02iht-rbaju.t.html?pagewanted=1) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/02/news/02iht-rbaju.t.html?pagewanted=1) on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Sandborg 1993 (#CITEREFSandborg1993) , pp. 195–196 ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Baju Kurung Basiba: Cerminan Jati Diri Perempuan Minangkabau" (https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbsumbar/baju-kurung-basiba-cerminan-jati-diri-perempuan-minangkabau/) . Kemendikbud . Retrieved 21 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Frisk 2009 (#CITEREFFrisk2009) , pp. 90–91 ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Senarai Seni Halus Warisan Kebangsaan 2015" (http://www.heritage.gov.my/index.php/seni-halus-warisan-kebangsaan-2015) . Retrieved 18 November 2020 . Cited texts [ edit ] Frisk, Sylvia (2009). Submitting to God: Women and Islam in Urban Malaysia . NIAS Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-8776940485 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Sandborg, Kirsten (1993). Broch-Due, Rudie and Bleie (ed.). Carved flesh/cast selves: gendered symbols and social practices . Berg Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0854968687 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Indonesian clothing (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Clothing identified with Indonesian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and still worn today Textiles and weaving Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Kain Bali (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Kain Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Kain kulit kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Lurik Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Dyeing Batik (/wiki/Batik) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Jumputan (/wiki/Tie-dye) Prada Clothing Angkin (/wiki/Sash) Baju Bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Baju kain rumput Baju Koko Baju Kurung Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Beskap Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Kain jarik Kain panjang Kain samping (/wiki/Samping) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kemeja Batik (/wiki/Batik) Koje Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Rok Rumbia Sarung (/wiki/Sarong) Selendang (/wiki/Sash) Surjan Uis Gara Headgear Beluko Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Caping (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Iket Jamang Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Kerudung (/wiki/Veil) Kopiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Konde or sanggul (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( hair extension (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) ) Makuta (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Peci (/wiki/Songkok) Siger Suntiang Tanjak (/wiki/Tanjak) (destar) Tengkuluk Tudung (/wiki/Tudong) Udeng Jewelry and ornaments Anting-anting (/wiki/Earring) Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gelang (/wiki/Bracelet) Giwang Gesper (/wiki/Belt_buckle) Kembang goyang (cunduk mentul) Kelat bahu (/wiki/Arm_ring) Kerongsang Pending Sabuk (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Subang Sumping Tusuk konde (/wiki/Hairpin) Upawita (/wiki/Upavita) Armour Baju Empurau (/wiki/Baju_Empurau) Baju Lamina (/wiki/Baju_Lamina) Baju Rantai (/wiki/Baju_Rantai) Baru Lema'a (/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a) Baru Öröba (/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba) Karambalangan (/wiki/Karambalangan) Kawaca (/wiki/Kawaca) Siping-siping (/wiki/Siping-siping) Footwear Bakiak (kelom) (/wiki/Clog) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Selop Sepatu v t e Malaysian clothing (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Textiles Batik (/wiki/Malaysian_batik) Blok (/wiki/Batik) Canting (/wiki/Canting) Ikat Celup (/wiki/Tie-dye) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Pua (/wiki/Pua_Kumbu) Loseng Limar Cindai (/wiki/Patola_sari) Kulit Kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tenun (/wiki/Tenun_Pahang_Diraja) Traditional Baju (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Badu Badu Sipak Baju Batik (/wiki/Malaysian_batik) Baju Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Baju Kurung Baju Lok Chuan (/wiki/Changshan) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Baju Muskat (/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Royal_attire,_Muskat) Baju Panjang (/wiki/Peranakans#culture) Baju Sikap Kain (/wiki/Textile) Kelubung/Kemban (/wiki/Kemben) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Telekong Kelambi Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Headgear Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) Ketapu (/wiki/Katapu) Kopiah (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)#Malaysia) Mahkota/Ketopong (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Pemeleh Selayah (/wiki/Kerikam#Tudung_Keringkam) Selendang (/wiki/Kerikam#Tudung_Keringkam) Semutar Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok/Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Terendak (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Belts and sashes Bengkung (/wiki/Corset) Rawai Tinggi (/wiki/Corset) Samping (/wiki/Samping) Sebai (/wiki/Sbai) Selempang (/wiki/Sash) Tali Pinggang (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Footwear Capal (/wiki/Sandal) Kasut (/wiki/Slipper) Kasut Getah (/wiki/Adidas_Kampung) Kasut Manik (/wiki/Peranakan_beaded_slippers) Kasut Tekat (/wiki/Embroidery) Selipar (/wiki/Flip-flops) Terompah (/wiki/Clog) Accessories Aigrette (/wiki/Aigrette) Butang (/wiki/Button) Canggai (/wiki/Artificial_nails) Caping Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gandik (/wiki/Tiara) Giring-giring (/wiki/Jingle_bell) Kamar Kancing (/wiki/Cufflink) Kancing Halkah Kantung (/wiki/Coin_purse) Kerongsang (/wiki/Brooch) Pending (/wiki/Regalia_of_Malaysia#Royal_buckle) Rantai/Gelang Agok/Dokoh (/wiki/Locket) Kalung (/wiki/Pendant) Pontoh (/wiki/Arm_ring) Rantai Kaki (/wiki/Anklet) Rantai Leher (/wiki/Necklace) Rantai Tangan (/wiki/Bracelet) Gelang (/wiki/Bangle) Sibar Layang/Teratai Subang (/wiki/Earring) Anting-anting Sunting (/wiki/Suntiang) Bunga Malai (/wiki/Phuang_malai) Cucuk Sanggul (/wiki/Hairpin) Sisir (/wiki/Barrette) Gajah Olen Gempa Sunting Sanggul Lintang Sarempak Garigai Sugu Tinggi NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐f6zf7 Cached time: 20240722071913 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.528 seconds Real time usage: 0.662 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1751/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 95323/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1383/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 66886/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.312/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7273060/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 525.291 1 -total 32.57% 171.094 1 Template:Reflist 21.73% 114.121 5 Template:Navbox 20.35% 106.883 7 Template:Cite_web 17.54% 92.133 1 Template:Folk_costume 15.48% 81.300 1 Template:Short_description 10.63% 55.846 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 10.23% 53.762 1 Template:Infobox 9.70% 50.975 2 Template:Pagetype 6.67% 35.053 2 Template:Harvnb Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25820106-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722071913 and revision id 1235982292. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baju_Kurung&oldid=1235982292 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baju_Kurung&oldid=1235982292) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Malay culture (/wiki/Category:Malay_culture) Culture of Malaysia (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Malaysia) Malay clothing (/wiki/Category:Malay_clothing) Indonesian clothing (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_clothing) Culture of Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Indonesia) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Hidden categories: CS1 Malay-language sources (ms) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Malay-language_sources_(ms)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) EngvarB from January 2015 (/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_January_2015) Use dmy dates from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022)
|
American apparel brand Tommy Hilfiger B.V. Formerly Tommy Hilfiger Corporation Tommy Hilfiger Inc. Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1985 ; 39 years ago ( 1985 ) Founder Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Headquarters Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , Netherlands Key people Martijn Hagman ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Apparel, accessories, fragrances and homewares Revenue US$4.65 billion (2022) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) PVH Corp. (/wiki/PVH_(company)) (2010–present) Website global.tommy.com (https://global.tommy.com/) Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-WWD_October_2013-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Tommy Hilfiger B.V. ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) h ɪ l ˈ f ɪ ɡ ər / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ; hil- FIG -ər ), formerly known as Tommy Hilfiger Corporation and Tommy Hilfiger Inc. , is an American clothing brand that manufactures apparel (/wiki/Apparel) and licensed products such as footwear (/wiki/Footwear) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , fragrances (/wiki/Aroma_compound) and home furnishings. [3] (#cite_note-thcorp_n1-3) The company was founded in 1985, [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) and the brand's merchandise is sold in department stores and over 2000 free-standing retail stores in 100 countries. [5] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_btommysocrespons-5) In 2006, private equity firm Apax Partners (/wiki/Apax_Partners) acquired the company for approximately $1.6 billion. [6] (#cite_note-thcorp_o2-6) In March 2010, PVH Corp. (/wiki/PVH_(company)) , then known as Phillips-Van Heusen, bought the company. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO in July 2014, while founder Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) remains the company's principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process. Global sales in retail through the brand were US$9.1 billion in 2022. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) History [ edit ] 20th century [ edit ] Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) at Tommy Hilfiger in 2009 Tommy Hilfiger designer glasses Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) ’s career in fashion began in 1968, when he cofounded a clothing and record store named People’s Place in upstate New York (/wiki/Upstate_New_York) . Using $150 [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) he had saved from working at a gas station as startup money, [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) he oversaw the expansion of the company into a chain [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) of ten stores. Despite meeting with initial success, [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) People's Place filed for bankruptcy in 1977. [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) In 1979, Hilfiger moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to pursue a career as a fashion designer, [11] (#cite_note-TCBIO6-11) working on several different labels including Jordache (/wiki/Jordache) Jeans. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) [12] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_gbusinessofashion-12) In the early 1980s, he met Mohan Murjani (/wiki/Mohan_Murjani) , an Indian textile magnate hoping to launch a line of men’s clothing. With Murjani’s backing [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) in 1985, Hilfiger debuted his first signature collection, [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) which featured modernized versions of button-down shirts (/wiki/Button-down_shirt) , chinos (/wiki/Chinos) , and other classic preppy (/wiki/Preppy) styles. The casual and youthful attitude of these first designs would remain a trait of the company's later collections. [3] (#cite_note-thcorp_n1-3) The new clothing line made its debut with a high-profile marketing campaign, which included a large billboard in Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) by advertiser George Lois (/wiki/George_Lois) . [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) The Tommy Hilfiger brand left Murjani International in 1989, with Silas Chou (/wiki/Silas_Chou) instead providing financial backing. [14] (#cite_note-14) That year, Lawrence Stroll (/wiki/Lawrence_Stroll) and Joel Horowitz, both former executives of Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) , were hired as executives of the newly formed company Tommy Hilfiger, Inc., which had an initial focus on casual male sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) . [15] (#cite_note-15) The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation went public (/wiki/Initial_public_offering) in 1992. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) After licensing Pepe Jeans USA (/wiki/Pepe_Jeans) in 1995, in 1996 Tommy Hilfiger Inc. began distributing women's clothing as well. [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) By the end of the next year, Hilfiger had opened his first store in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) , which was followed by a store in London in 1998. [16] (#cite_note-:0-16) The company launched its bed and bath line in 1998. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) Throughout the 1990s, the company's marketing division worked in tandem with the popular music (/wiki/Popular_music) industry, and as early as 1993 Hilfiger was an official sponsor for Pete Townshend (/wiki/Pete_Townshend) 's Psychoderelict (/wiki/Psychoderelict) tour. In the early 1990s a baggier, less tailored menswear look came into fashion, and Hilfiger gave his clothes a more relaxed fit. [17] (#cite_note-thcorp_t11-17) As roomier styles with oversized logos became popular with hip-hop artists in the mid-to-late 1990s, [18] (#cite_note-thcorp_u12-18) Hilfiger's style of clothing became both increasingly popular with the American " preppy (/wiki/Preppy) " scene and as hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) , [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) and when Snoop Dogg (/wiki/Snoop_Dogg) wore a Hilfiger sweatshirt (/wiki/Sweatshirt) during an appearance on Saturday Night Live (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live) in the 1990s; it sold out of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) stores the next day. Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market, and rappers like Puff Daddy (/wiki/Puff_Daddy) and Coolio (/wiki/Coolio) attended his runway shows. [19] (#cite_note-vibe282-19) The clothes were marketed in connection with the music industry, with collections often influenced by the fashion of music subcultures, [20] (#cite_note-TCBIO15-20) [21] (#cite_note-TCBIO16-21) and American R&B (/wiki/R%26B) singer Aaliyah (/wiki/Aaliyah) became the spokesperson for Tommy Hilfiger Corporation in 1997. [22] (#cite_note-aaliyahspokes-22) In 1997, the company sponsored Sheryl Crow (/wiki/Sheryl_Crow) 's If It Makes You Happy (/wiki/If_It_Makes_You_Happy) tour. [23] (#cite_note-TCBIO18-23) In 1999, it sponsored both Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) ' ...Baby One More Time Tour (/wiki/...Baby_One_More_Time_Tour) . [24] (#cite_note-tommyannounced-24) [25] (#cite_note-TCBIO17-25) and Lenny Kravitz (/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz) 's Freedom tour. [26] (#cite_note-26) 21st century [ edit ] Tommy Hilfiger storefront inside Fairview Mall (/wiki/Fairview_Mall) in Toronto (/wiki/Toronto) in 2014 In 2001, women's intimate apparel was introduced. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) After sales and net income faltered in 2001, [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) the company's sales in 2002 totaled $1.87 billion. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) Overall between 2000 and 2009, sales slipped from around $1.9 billion [27] (#cite_note-thcorp_v13-27) to $700 million. [18] (#cite_note-thcorp_u12-18) During the same time period, however, Hilfiger’s European sales steadily rose to $1.13 billion. In 2003, Hilfiger executive Fred Gehring and Hilfiger decided to further invest in the brand's growing overseas audience by re-focusing on the brand’s original style, “classic American cool,” and designing the clothes out of New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [27] (#cite_note-thcorp_v13-27) Gehring also adapted the business model to suit European retail culture, pursuing partnerships with European department stores and with smaller boutiques, signing 4,500 of them in 15 countries. [27] (#cite_note-thcorp_v13-27) Hilfiger also strove to retain the designer brand exclusivity of the Hilfiger label by signing a deal to distribute the best-selling Hilfiger lines at Macy's (/wiki/Macy%27s) only. [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) Hilfiger has endorsed products such as True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) is a fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) , which was released in 2004 with Beyoncé Knowles (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) as poster girl. [28] (#cite_note-truestarperfume-28) True Star would go on to win a FiFi Award (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) for Best New Commercial Fragrance. [29] (#cite_note-fifiawards2005-29) By 2004, the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation company had revenues of $1.8 approximately billion and 5,400 employees. [12] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_gbusinessofashion-12) In 2006, Tommy Hilfiger sold Tommy Hilfiger Inc. for $1.6 billion, [6] (#cite_note-thcorp_o2-6) or $16.80 a share, to Apax Partners (/wiki/Apax_Partners) , a private investment company. [30] (#cite_note-apaxfs-30) After the acquisition Gehring assumed control of the American headquarters of Tommy Hilfiger as well as Europe. Gehring and Hilfiger narrowed their focus in the United States to the profitable core sportswear line, and U.S. sales began to rise in 2010. [18] (#cite_note-thcorp_u12-18) In March 2010, Phillips-Van Heusen (/wiki/Phillips-Van_Heusen) (PVH Corp.) bought the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation for $3 billion, [31] (#cite_note-calvinklienovwner-31) [32] (#cite_note-NY_Times_News-32) in a deal that was nearly seven times what PVH had paid for Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) in 2003. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) Fred Gehring, who launched Hilfiger’s European division in 1996, assumed the role of Hilfiger's CEO. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) Daniel Grieder was appointed CEO of Tommy Hilfiger Group in July 2014. Former CEO Gehring was made executive chairman (/wiki/Executive_chairman) of Tommy Hilfiger Group [33] (#cite_note-thcorp_p3-33) and was appointed vice chairman (/wiki/Vice_chairman) of PVH. [33] (#cite_note-thcorp_p3-33) In January 2015, Tommy Hilfiger debuted a digital sales showroom at its New York City headquarters, which the publication WGSN (/wiki/WGSN_(trend_forecasting)) opined would "transform the traditional buying process." [34] (#cite_note-thcorp_z28-34) With plans to open showrooms in other cities, [35] (#cite_note-wwdpotential-35) Hilfiger described the showroom as "an innovation of the order process with cost saving potentials along the whole value chain." [36] (#cite_note-counterparts-36) In August 2015, Gehring stepped down as Tommy Hilfiger Group’s chairman, though he retained his role at PVH. [37] (#cite_note-thcorp_q4-37) Tommy Hilfiger remains the company’s principal designer, leading the design teams and overseeing the entire creative process. [3] (#cite_note-thcorp_n1-3) In 2020, PVH announced that as part of their animal welfare policy, the company does not use exotic skins and would be banning their use in Tommy Hilfiger collections when "our annual update of that policy is released." [38] (#cite_note-38) In 2021, Tommy Hilfiger released their first genderless collection in collaboration with Indya Moore (/wiki/Indya_Moore) . [39] (#cite_note-39) Product lines [ edit ] Tommy Hilfiger delivers its products worldwide under the Tommy Hilfiger and Hilfiger Denim brands, [40] (#cite_note-denimfari-40) and also has a breadth of collections including Hilfiger Collection, Tommy Hilfiger Tailored, men’s, women’s and kid’s sportswear, denim, accessories, and footwear. In addition, the brand is licensed for a range of products such as fragrances, eyewear, watches, and home furnishings. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Tommy Hilfiger – the main line of the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, like the company's other lines it is influenced by classic American fashion, or more specifically what the company dubs "preppy with a twist". It targets customers in the 25 to 40-year-old range. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Hilfiger Denim – more casual than the Tommy Hilfiger label, it targets both men and women in the 18 to 30-year-old range. Beyond jeans, the line also includes denim separates, footwear, bags, accessories, eyewear, and fragrances. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Hilfiger Collection – intended for women, the clothing line blends classic American influences with contemporary styles. The clothes are marketed towards women age 25 to 40. The designs periodically debut during New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) . [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Tommy Hilfiger Tailored – an American menswear line meant to the 25 to 40-year-old demographic. Styles vary from formal suits to casual wear, with a focus on what the Tommy Hilfiger Group website describes as "precision fit, premium fabrics, updated cuts, rich colors, and luxe details.” [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) Worker conditions [ edit ] In the late 1990s, Tommy Hilfiger and other large American textile companies such as Calvin Klein and Sears were defendants in a class-action lawsuit (/wiki/Economy_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands#Textile_industry) alleging that luxury clothes were being manufactured in sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) conditions in Saipan (/wiki/Saipan) . After a group settlement that admitted no liability, in March 2000, Tommy Hilfiger volunteered to allow independent oversight of their manufacturing on the island. [41] (#cite_note-globalexchange-41) In March 2012, [42] (#cite_note-factorie-42) ABC (/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company) aired a report that 29 workers had died in a factory fire in 2011 in Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) , with the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation included among the factory's clients. [43] (#cite_note-thecopglobalpost-43) PVH Corp. issued a press release in response, stating they would commit $1 million to a two-year program to help facilitate safety programs. [43] (#cite_note-thecopglobalpost-43) The company, however, announced they would not abandon their manufacturing in Bangladesh, with PVH CEO Emanuel Chirico stating that the brand was instead "trying for a global solution" and staying at the factories to affect change, as "you need to have a voice at the table to get changes made as you go forward." [44] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_hfashionista-44) Tommy Hilfiger later signed a Bangladeshi safety accord along with eighty other Western retailers, with the goal of protecting unionizers. [45] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_fsaipabengla-45) In 2014, PVH was consulting about investing in Ethiopia (/wiki/Ethiopia) in relation to Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein, with labor rights among the key talking points. [46] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_exploreind-46) In 2016, the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN) reported that textile workers in Bangalore (/wiki/Bangalore) were working in conditions akin to slavery. Clothing companies H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Inditex (/wiki/Inditex) , C&A (/wiki/C%26A) and PVH publicly committed to "improving the lives of workers in Bengaluru" after the report, while PVH also announced it would independently investigate and establish new guidelines for its suppliers. [47] (#cite_note-retirementnyt-47) Research accuses Hilfiger receiving and distributing products out of Chinese forced labour camps for Uyghur (/wiki/Uyghurs) people. The Zhejiang Sunrise Garment Group Co. plays a key role in production by running the business. [48] (#cite_note-48) Advertising [ edit ] In 1985, to help him launch his first collection, Hilfiger hired advertiser and graphic designer George Lois (/wiki/George_Lois) [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) to make a billboard for the center of Times Square (/wiki/Times_Square) in New York City. [4] (#cite_note-thbiotwo_fbiography.com-4) Instead of models, the ad featured the initials of three well-known fashion designers—"PE" ( Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) ), "RL" ( Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) ), "CK" ( Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) ), and announced that "TH" (Tommy Hilfiger) was the next great menswear designer. The billboard created a stir in the fashion press and succeeded in creating awareness of the Hilfiger name. [7] (#cite_note-thcorp_y23-7) In subsequent years Hilfiger and Lois collaborated again on other ads for the Hilfiger brand. One campaign, in 1990, compared Hilfiger's American style with other "iconic American" classics, such as the 1955 Ford Thunderbird (/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird) and the 1940 Harley-Davidson (/wiki/Harley-Davidson) bike. [17] (#cite_note-thcorp_t11-17) Hilfiger courted the new hip hop market in the 1990s, [19] (#cite_note-vibe282-19) and rappers like Puffy (/wiki/Sean_Combs) and Coolio (/wiki/Coolio) walked during its runways shows. [19] (#cite_note-vibe282-19) From 2002 to 2006, Tommy Hilfiger owned the naming rights to the Tommy Hilfiger at Jones Beach Theatre (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger_at_Jones_Beach_Theatre) amphitheater on Long Island (/wiki/Long_Island) , [49] (#cite_note-promocompany-49) one of the more popular music venues in the United States. [10] (#cite_note-thcorp_s8-10) Starting in 2010, in collaboration with New York advertising firm Laird & Partners, Tommy Hilfiger Corporation launched the advertising campaign "The Hilfigers". The campaign features a fictional family of Hilfigers wearing the brand's clothing in fun preppy venues. The first campaign, for fall 2010, was a photoset of a college football tailgate, followed by photoshoots at a tennis court, a rustic holiday party, a camping trip, an Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League) college, and the beaches of Malibu (/wiki/Malibu,_California) . The brand created the publicity tour "Prep World" in 2011, which featured specialty pop-up shops in Paris, New York, London, Stockholm, Los Angeles, Madrid, Milan, the German island Sylt (/wiki/Sylt) , and the Belgian (/wiki/Belgium) town of Knokke (/wiki/Knokke) . Hilfiger made personal appearances with author and preppy expert Lisa Birnbach (/wiki/Lisa_Birnbach) , as well as designing a special clothing collection to support the initiative. [50] (#cite_note-thcorp_z26-50) The brand's 30th anniversary was in 2015, and the company celebrated the occasion with a fashion tour. Among other events, in Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) in May 2015 the brand recreated their New York Fashion Week runway show internationally for the first time. [51] (#cite_note-thcorp_z29-51) The couple Olivia Palermo (/wiki/Olivia_Palermo) and Johannes Huebl were also brought in as guest editors for the summer 2015 women's and men's collections. [52] (#cite_note-52) For the fall of 2015, Rafael Nadal (/wiki/Rafael_Nadal) is the brand ambassador for Tommy Hilfiger underwear and Tommy Hilfiger Tailored collections. [8] (#cite_note-thcorp_x19-8) [53] (#cite_note-thcorp_z27-53) 2015 collections included wedding and American football themes. [54] (#cite_note-54) In February 2015, the football collection was displayed in an American football stadium for fall and winter. [55] (#cite_note-55) Zendaya (/wiki/Zendaya) was the global women's ambassador for the spring of 2019. She also designed a Tommy x Zendaya capsule collection. [56] (#cite_note-56) William Chan (/wiki/William_Chan) was the global brand spokesperson for menswear in 2021. [57] (#cite_note-57) In 2024, Léna Situations (/wiki/L%C3%A9na_Situations) became the new Tommy Hilfiger ambassador. [58] (#cite_note-58) The brand has been involved in Formula One (/wiki/Formula_One) , having sponsored Team Lotus (/wiki/Team_Lotus) , Scuderia Ferrari (/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari) and Mercedes (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One) . The brand also has been sponsoring multi-time Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton (/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton) . [59] (#cite_note-59) In 2024, the brand signed a partnership deal with F1 Academy (/wiki/F1_Academy) , an all-female Formula 4 (/wiki/Formula_4) -level racing series founded by Formula One aimed to focus on developing and preparing young female drivers to progress to higher levels of competition. The brand will also support Nerea Martí (/wiki/Nerea_Mart%C3%AD) for the 2024 F1 Academy season (/wiki/2024_F1_Academy_season) . [60] (#cite_note-60) Locations [ edit ] A Tommy Hilfiger storefront in Mannheim (/wiki/Mannheim) , Germany With a head office in Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam) , the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation has global flagship stores (/wiki/Flagship_store) in the following seven locations: [61] (#cite_note-corpolocations-61) [5] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_btommysocrespons-5) Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Fifth_Avenue) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) (opened September 2009) Champs-Élysées (/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) (opened November 2010) Brompton Road (/wiki/Brompton_Road) , London (/wiki/London) [9] (#cite_note-thcorp_r6-9) (opened August 2011) Omotesandō (/wiki/Omotesand%C5%8D) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) (opened April 2012) Regent Street (/wiki/Regent_Street) , London (/wiki/London) (opened November 2012) Robertson Boulevard (/wiki/Robertson_Boulevard) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) (opened February 2013) Schadowstraße (/wiki/Schadowstra%C3%9Fe) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) (opened August 2013) The company often operates hundreds of stores in the larger countries, and the subsidiary Tommy Hilfiger Japan Corp., for example, operates 170 stores with 1,000 employees as of 2014. [62] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_ejapan-62) In 2015, the brand launched its first store in Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . [63] (#cite_note-thecoptwo_gthailand-63) In November 2022, the company launched the first flagship store in Latin America in the city of Bogotá, being the 24th store in Colombia (/wiki/Colombia) . [64] (#cite_note-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) [66] (#cite_note-66) Store in the Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) neighborhood of Jiyūgaoka (/wiki/Jiy%C5%ABgaoka,_Meguro,_Tokyo) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) in 2008 Flagship store in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) in 2015 Store pictured in 2011 Store in Livigno (/wiki/Livigno) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) in 2012 Store in Mannheim (/wiki/Mannheim) in 2014 Branch in Leeds (/wiki/Leeds) showing current branding in 2017 Recognition [ edit ] The following is a selected list of awards and recognitions won by the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation: 1997: FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) – Men's Fragrance of the Year - Luxe (/wiki/FiFi_Awards#Men.27s_Fragrance_of_the_Year_-_Luxe) , for the fragrance "Tommy" 1998: Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) – Designer of the Year Award [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 1998: GQ Magazine (/wiki/GQ_Magazine) – Designer of the Year for 'Men of the Year' issue [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2000: FiFi Awards (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) – Best Marketing Innovation of the Year (/wiki/FiFi_Awards) , for Toiletries for Tommy's (American running series) 2002: GQ Germany (/wiki/GQ) – International Designer of the Year [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2002: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education) – Future of America Award, for philanthropic efforts for American youth [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2006: GQ Spain (/wiki/GQ) – Designer of the Year [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2008: Women’s Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Wear_Daily) – No. 1 Designer and No. 16 Brand in annual “100 List” [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) 2009: UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) – UNESCO Support Award, for philanthropic efforts [13] (#cite_note-TCBIO20-13) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-WWD_October_2013_1-0) "Tommy Hilfiger CEO Switch: Gehring Makes Way for Grieder" (http://www.wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/tommy-hilfiger-ceo-switch-gehring-makes-way-for-grieder-7254808?src=nl/newsAlert/20131029-4) . WWD. October 29, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "PVH Corp. Reports Strong 2022 Fourth Quarter Results Above Guidance; 2023 Outlook Reflects Strong EPS Growth" (https://pvh.com/news/press-releases/PVH-Corp-Reports-Strong-2022-Fourth-Quarter-Results-Above-Guidance-2023-Outlook-Reflects-Strong-EPS) . PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) . March 27, 2023 . Retrieved 2023-12-05 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Company Overview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150930192414/http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/overview/13) . Tommy.com. Archived from the original (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/overview/13) on September 30, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Tommy Hilfiger" (http://www.biography.com/people/tommy-hilfiger-594098#synopsis) . Biography.com (/wiki/Biography.com) . 2009 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Social Responsibility" (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/social-responsibility/12) . Tommy.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Tommy Hilfiger Corporation announces agreement to be acquired by Funds advised by Apax Partners for $16.80 per share or approximately $1.6 billion" (http://www.apax.com/news/apax-news/2005/december/tommy-hilfiger-corporation-announces-agreement-to-be-acquired-by-funds-advised-by-apax-partners-for-$1680-per-share-or-approximately-$16-billion/) . Apax Partners (/wiki/Apax_Partners) . December 23, 2005 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Wilson, Eric (May 2010). "Tommy Returns to America" (http://www.houmatoday.com/article/20100517/ARTICLES/100519501) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Tommy Hilfiger" (https://pvh.com/brands/tommy-hilfiger) . PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) . Retrieved December 4, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rosee, Sophie De (November 26, 2011). "Flashback: Tommy Hilfiger remembers his first shops" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032313/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8913801/Flashback-Tommy-Hilfiger-remembers-his-first-shops.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group) . Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8913801/Flashback-Tommy-Hilfiger-remembers-his-first-shops.html) on November 17, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Tommy Hilfiger Corporation" (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/1/Tommy-Hilfiger-Corporation.html) . Referenceforbusiness.com. 2002 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-TCBIO6_11-0) Tommy Hilfiger by Tommy Hilfiger, Assouline (/wiki/Assouline) (August 30, 2010), p. 6-10; ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2759403134 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2759403134) ^ Jump up to: a b "Tommy Hilfiger" (http://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/tommy-hilfiger) . Business of Fashion . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Tommy Hilfiger Biography" (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/about/biography/11) . Tommy.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Everything He Touches Turns to Tommy" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-09-tm-51777-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 1997-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-09-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Lockwood, Lisa (2010-09-10). "The Stroll and Chou Years" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/ready-to-wear/the-stroll-and-chou-years-3246161/) . WWD . Retrieved 2022-09-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b "TAKE A SPIN INSIDE TOMMY HILFIGER'S FASHION CUISINART" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-25-tm-37378-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . 1996-08-25 . Retrieved 2022-09-30 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tommy Hilfiger by Tommy Hilfiger, Assouline (/wiki/Assouline) (August 30, 2010); ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2759403134 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2759403134) ^ Jump up to: a b c "Classic American Cool". Success Magazine . Success.com. June 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c Wilbekin, p. 282. Wilbekin, Emil (1999). "Great Aspirations: Hip Hop and Fashion Dress for Excess and Success". The Vibe History of Hip Hop (1st ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-609-80503-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-TCBIO15_20-0) Tommy Hilfiger by Tommy Hilfiger, Assouline (/wiki/Assouline) 2010, p. 16 ^ (#cite_ref-TCBIO16_21-0) Neigher, Julie (August 6, 2010). "Tommy Hilfiger celebrates 25 years of style, five decades (plus) of life with coffee table tome" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2010/08/tommy-hilfiger-celebrates-25-years-of-style-5-decades-plus-of-life-with-coffee-table-tome.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-aaliyahspokes_22-0) Reid, Shaheem; Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric; vanHorn, Teri (August 27, 2001). "Hard-Working Aaliyah Packed Hit Albums, Movies into Short Life" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130602191730/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448431/aaliyahs-short-productive-life.jhtml) . MTV News (/wiki/MTV_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1448431/aaliyahs-short-productive-life.jhtml) on June 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 25, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-TCBIO18_23-0) Weiser, Stacie (September 23, 1997). "Concert will 'make you happy' (http://dailybeacon.webfactional.com/entertainment/1997/sep/23/concert-will-make-you-happy/) " (http://dailybeacon.webfactional.com/entertainment/1997/sep/23/concert-will-make-you-happy/) . The Daily Beacon (/wiki/The_Daily_Beacon) . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-tommyannounced_24-0) "Tommy Hilfiger Announces Sponsorship of Britney Spears Summer Concert Tour" (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1999_May_12/ai_54609972/) (Press release). Business Wire. May 12, 1999 . Retrieved July 17, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-TCBIO17_25-0) Galindo, Brian (February 25, 2014). "18 Epically '90s Tommy Hilfiger Moments" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/briangalindo/18-epically-90s-tommy-hilfiger-moments#) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Staff, W. W. D. (1999-08-04). "HILFIGER WILL SPONSOR ROCKER KRAVITZ'S TOUR" (https://wwd.com/feature/article-1086616-1809990/) . WWD . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "For U.S. Fashion Firms, a Global Makeover" (https://blogs.wsj.com/runway/2007/02/02/for-us-fashion-firms-a-global-makeover/) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . February 2, 2007 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-truestarperfume_28-0) Jessen, Monique; M. Silverman, Stephen (June 22, 2004). "Beyoncé Launches New True Star Fragrance" (http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,656036,00.html) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Time Inc (/wiki/Time_Inc.) . Retrieved April 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-fifiawards2005_29-0) FiFi Awards 2005 (http://www.fragrancefoundation.org.uk/fifi-awards/fifi-awards-2005.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120526105112/http://www.fragrancefoundation.org.uk/fifi-awards/fifi-awards-2005.htm) May 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-apaxfs_30-0) "Story: Tommy Hilfiger Corporation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150722115726/http://www.apax.com/en/news/story_tommy-hilfiger-corporation.html) . Apex Partners (press release). Archived from the original (http://www.apax.com/en/news/story_tommy-hilfiger-corporation.html) on July 22, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-calvinklienovwner_31-0) "Calvin Klein owner buys Tommy Hilfiger" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8568268.stm) . BBC News. March 15, 2010 . Retrieved July 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-NY_Times_News_32-0) Andrew Ross Sorkin; Michael J. de la Merced (March 15, 2010). "Phillips-Van Heusen Buys Hilfiger for $3 Billion" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/business/global/16deal.html) . New York Times . ^ Jump up to: a b Milligan, Lauren (October 30, 2013). "Tommy Hilfiger's CEO Switch" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/10/30/tommy-hilfiger-new-ceo-daniel-grieder-replaces-fred-gehring) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thcorp_z28_34-0) Hill, L (January 22, 2015). "Tommy Hilfiger launches revolutionary digital showroom" (http://www.wgsn.com/blogs/tommy-hilfiger-launches-revolutionary-digital-showroom/) . WGSN (/wiki/WGSN) (wgsn.com) . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-wwdpotential_35-0) Diderich, Joelle (January 21, 2015). "Hilfiger Takes Showroom Digital" (https://wwd.com/globe-news/direct-internet-catalogue/hilfiger-takes-showroom-digital-8126787/) . WWD . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-counterparts_36-0) "Innovation iES PÄRISEEE ES PÄRISEE KOVAA JONNET PÄRISEE ES ON HYVÄÄ T:KAISA LARSTE" (http://www.management-counterparts.com/#!Innovation-in-the-fashion-industry-Digital-showroom-by-Tommy-Hilfiger/cts5/ibjpce8b57) . Management Counterparts . Retrieved July 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thcorp_q4_37-0) "PVH Corp. Announces New Agreement with and Revised Role for Fred Gehring" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906011346/https://www.pvh.com/investor_relations_press_release_article.aspx?reqid=2073397) . PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) . July 31, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.pvh.com/investor_relations_press_release_article.aspx?reqid=2073397) on September 6, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Rosemary Feitelberg,"PVH Corp. Said to Agree to Stop Using Exotic Skins, After Appeals by PETA," WWD (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/pvh-corp-said-to-agree-to-stop-using-exotic-skins-after-appeals-by-peta-1234579009/) , 10 September 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-39) May, Naomi (2021-07-15). "Indya Moore collaborates with Tommy Hilfiger on genderless line" (https://www.stylist.co.uk/fashion/indya-moore-tommy-hilfiger-pose/544676) . Stylist . Retrieved 2021-08-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-denimfari_40-0) "Hilfiger Denim Fashion Fair (Hilfiger Denim Bread and Butter, Berlin Winter 2010/2011)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140910125326/http://twotimestwentyfeet.com/p/hilfiger_w2011) . 20x20FT. Archived from the original (http://twotimestwentyfeet.com/p/hilfiger_w2011) on September 10, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-globalexchange_41-0) "Eight more U.S. retailers settle sweatshop suit" (https://web.archive.org/web/20051013070702/http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/sweatshops/saipan/reuters032800.html) . Reuters (archived 2005). March 28, 2000. Archived from the original (http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/sweatshops/saipan/reuters032800.html) on October 13, 2005 . Retrieved October 11, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-factorie_42-0) "Works die facotires" (https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/workers-die-factories-tommy-hilfiger/story?id=15966305) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . 2012. ^ Jump up to: a b Grant, Kevin (March 21, 2012). "Tommy Hilfiger caves on factory labor conditions ahead of ABC report" (http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/rights/hilfiger-caves-factory-labor-conditions-ahead-abc-report) . Global Post (/wiki/Global_Post) . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_hfashionista_44-0) "Tommy Hilfiger Admits to Still Using Unsafe Factories, Commits $1 Million to Improving Safety Standards" (http://fashionista.com/2012/03/tommy-hilfiger-admits-to-still-using-unsafe-factories-commits-1-million-to-improving-safety-standards) . Fashionista.com. March 2012 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_fsaipabengla_45-0) "Bangladeshi Garment Workers Struggle to Form Unions" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323455104579012201357331012) . Wall Street Journal (/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal) . September 11, 2013 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_exploreind_46-0) "Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger owner to explore investment opportunities" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140505142118/http://thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/news-headlines/item/1954-calvin-klein-tommy-hilfiger-owner-to-explore-investment-opportunities) . Ethiopian Reporter (/wiki/Ethiopian_Reporter) . May 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/news-headlines/item/1954-calvin-klein-tommy-hilfiger-owner-to-explore-investment-opportunities) on May 5, 2014 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-retirementnyt_47-0) Chandran, Rina (January 29, 2016). "Global apparel brands pledge to improve conditions for Bengaluru workers" (https://www.reuters.com/article/india-garments-workers-idUSKCN0V710W) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Tailoring Responsibility: Tracing Apparel Supply Chains from d the Uyghur Region to Europe (PDF) . Uyghur Rights Monitor, the Helena Kennedy Centre for International Justice at Sheffield Hallam University, and the Uyghur Center for Democracy and Human Rights. December 2023. p. 20. {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: date and year ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year) ) ^ (#cite_ref-promocompany_49-0) "Universal, Nestles Ink Deal" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120204042650/http://promomagazine.com/deals/marketing_universal_nestl_ink_2/) . PromoMagazine.com . Archived from the original (http://promomagazine.com/deals/marketing_universal_nestl_ink_2/) on February 4, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-thcorp_z26_50-0) "Tommy Hilfiger's Preppy Pop-Up House Travels the World" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107120450/http://www.pvh.com/investor_relations_press_release_article.aspx?reqid=1617319) . PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) press release. April 14, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.pvh.com/investor_relations_press_release_article.aspx?reqid=1617319) on January 7, 2012 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thcorp_z29_51-0) Lockwood, Lisa (April 29, 2015). "Hilfiger to Visit Beijing for Store Opening and Big Fashion Show" (https://wwd.com/retail-news/designer-luxury/hilfiger-to-visit-beijing-for-store-opening-and-big-fashion-show-10119628/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Karmali, Sarah (2015-05-11). "Exclusive: Olivia Palermo for Tommy Hilfiger" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a34377/exclusive-olivia-palermo-for-tommy-hilfiger/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved 2023-12-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-thcorp_z27_53-0) "Dressed For Success, Nadal Looks To US Open" (http://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/tommy-hilfiger-nadal-brand-ambassador-2015-us-open) . ATP World Tour (/wiki/ATP_World_Tour) . August 25, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) "Tommy Hilfiger Spring 2015 Campaign: The Hilfigers Pose for Outdoors Wedding Pictures – The Fashionisto" (https://www.thefashionisto.com/tommy-hilfiger-spring-2015-campaign-hilfigers-pose-outdoors-wedding-pictures/) . thefashionisto.com . 2015-01-28 . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Lariat, Baylor (2015-02-18). "Tommy Hilfiger tackles his craft on football field for Fashion Week - The Baylor Lariat" (https://baylorlariat.com/2015/02/17/tommy-hilfiger-tackles-his-craft-on-football-field-for-fashion-week/) . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Tommy Hilfiger Taps Zendaya For Next Collaboration" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/zendaya-tommy-hilfiger-collaboration) . Vogue. 16 October 2018 . Retrieved 16 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) "Celebrities call for brand boycotts over Xinjiang Cotton issue" (https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/celebrities-call-brand-boycotts-over-034900733.html) . Yahoo News . 2021-03-26 . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "Léna Situations est la nouvelle ambassadrice Tommy Hilfiger" (https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lena-situations-est-la-nouvelle-ambassadrice-tommy-hilfiger,1640815.html) . Fashion Network . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Kelly, Dylan (2023-04-27). "How American Fashion Met Global Motorsports: The Story of Tommy Hilfiger and Formula 1" (https://hypebeast.com/2023/4/tommy-hilfiger-formula-1-brand-history-team-lotus-ferrari-mercedes-motorsports-fashion-interview) . Hypebeast (/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)) . Retrieved 2024-02-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Jogia, Saajan (2024-02-28). "F1 Academy Teams Up with Iconic Brand Linked to Lewis Hamilton and Michael Schumacher" (https://www.si.com/fannation/racing/f1briefings/news/f1-academy-teams-up-with-iconic-brand-linked-to-lewis-hamilton-and-michael-schumacher-sj4) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Retrieved 2024-02-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-corpolocations_61-0) "Tommy Hilfiger Locations" (http://global.tommy.com/int/en/careers/find-a-job/12) . Tommy.com . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_ejapan_62-0) "Preppy at work: A look at Tommy Hilfiger Japan's intelligent system" (http://blogs.microsoft.com/firehose/2014/03/03/preppy-at-work-a-look-at-tommy-hilfiger-japans-intelligent-system/) . Microsoft.com. March 3, 2014 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-thecoptwo_gthailand_63-0) "Tommy Hilfiger launches first store in Thailand" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/retail/tommy-hilfiger-launches-first-store-in-thailand/2015050416295) . Fashion United . May 4, 2015 . Retrieved November 3, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) SUD, DF; República, Por La República, Colombia / Foto: La. "Tommy Hilfiger apuesta por Colombia e invierte en la primera tienda insignia en Latinoamérica | DF SUD" (https://dfsud.com/colombia/tommy-hilfiger-apuesta-por-colombia-e-invierte-en-la-primera-tienda) . dfsud.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-05-31 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-65) Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (2022-10-24). "Tommy Hilfiger renueva tienda en Bogotá con el concepto de su sede en Nueva York" (https://www.eltiempo.com/vida/mujeres/tommy-hilfiger-reforma-su-tienda-en-bogota-712188) . El Tiempo (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-05-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) PE, FashionNetwork com. "Tommy Hilfiger inaugura su primera flagship store en Colombia" (https://pe.fashionnetwork.com/news/Tommy-hilfiger-inaugura-su-primera-flagship-store-en-colombia,1459629.html) . FashionNetwork.com (in Spanish) . Retrieved 2023-05-31 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tommy Hilfiger (company) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) . tommy.com (https://tommy.com/) usa.tommy.com (https://usa.tommy.com/) global.tommy.com (https://global.tommy.com/) pvh.com/brands/tommy-hilfiger (https://pvh.com/brands/tommy-hilfiger) v t e Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Companies Tommy Hilfiger Group (founder) Sweetface Fashion (/wiki/J.Lo_by_Jennifer_Lopez#Sweetface_Fashion) (co-owner) Related brands True Star (/wiki/True_Star_(perfume)) Shows The Cut (/wiki/The_Cut_(2005_TV_series)) (host) Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) (guest judge) Project Runway: All Stars (/wiki/Project_Runway:_All_Stars) (guest judge) Related topics 1960s fashion (/wiki/1960s_fashion) Category (/wiki/Category:Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) v t e PVH (/wiki/PVH_(company)) Current Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Olga (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) Tommy Hilfiger True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Warner's (/wiki/Warnaco_Group) Former Arrow (/wiki/The_Arrow_Collar_Man) G.H. Bass (/wiki/G.H._Bass) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Izod (/wiki/Izod) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) Van Heusen v t e Men's undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) Upper body Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) Henley shirt (/wiki/Henley_shirt) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) Lower body Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Swim trunks (/wiki/Swim_trunks) Thong (/wiki/Thong#Men's_thongs) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Willy warmer (/wiki/Willy_warmer) Full body Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) (long johns) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Hosiery Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Historical Breechcloth (/wiki/Breechcloth) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Garter (/wiki/Garter_(stockings)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Brands 2(X)IST (/wiki/2(X)IST) 2wink (/wiki/2wink) Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) aussieBum (/wiki/AussieBum) Björn Borg (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) Boden (/wiki/Boden_(clothing)) Bombas (/wiki/Bombas) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Bonobos (/wiki/Bonobos_(apparel)) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) BVD (/wiki/BVD) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Dsquared² (/wiki/Dsquared%C2%B2) Duluth Trading Company (/wiki/Duluth_Trading_Company) Emporio Armani (/wiki/Emporio_Armani) Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) Finisterre (/wiki/Finisterre_(retailer)) Fleur du Mal (/wiki/Fleur_du_Mal) Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) House of Holland (/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)) Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Ibex (/wiki/Ibex_Outdoor_Clothing) J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) Joe Boxer (/wiki/Joe_Boxer) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners) John Smedley's (/wiki/John_Smedley_(industrialist)) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) Kotn (/wiki/Kotn) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Munsingwear (/wiki/Munsingwear) Nasty Pig (/wiki/Nasty_Pig) Nike (/wiki/Nike_Inc) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) Orlebar Brown (/wiki/Orlebar_Brown) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) Paul Stuart (/wiki/Paul_Stuart) Pringle (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) River Island (/wiki/River_Island) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Rufskin (/wiki/Rufskin) Schiesser (/wiki/Schiesser) Smartwool (/wiki/Smartwool) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Stanfield's (/wiki/Stanfield%27s) Sunspel (/wiki/Sunspel) Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) Three Gun (/wiki/Three_Gun) Todd Snyder (/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Topman (/wiki/Topman) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) XTG (/wiki/XTG_Extreme_Game) v t e Lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Upper torso Types (/wiki/List_of_bra_designs) of bras (/wiki/Bra) History (/wiki/History_of_bras) Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Bralette (/wiki/Bralette) Nursing bra (/wiki/Nursing_bra) Sports bra (/wiki/Sports_bra) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Other garments Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Bustier (/wiki/Bustier) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Dudou (/wiki/Dudou) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Torsolette (/wiki/Torsolette) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Lower torso Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) French knickers (/wiki/French_knickers) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle_(undergarment)) Girl boxers (/wiki/Girl_boxers) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Period underwear (/wiki/Period_underwear) Tanga (/wiki/Thong) Tap pants (/wiki/Tap_pants) Thong (/wiki/Thong) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers) Full torso Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Foundation garment (/wiki/Foundation_garment) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Playsuit (/wiki/Playsuit_(lingerie)) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) Bodystocking (/wiki/Bodystocking) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Historical Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Boudoir cap (/wiki/Boudoir_cap) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Accessories Falsies (/wiki/Falsies) Lingerie tape (/wiki/Lingerie_tape) Brands List of lingerie brands (/wiki/List_of_lingerie_brands) Retail Bras N Things (/wiki/Bras_N_Things) Cosmo Lady (/wiki/Cosmo_Lady) Figleaves (/wiki/Figleaves) HerRoom (/wiki/HerRoom) Journelle (/wiki/Journelle) True & Co. (/wiki/True_%26_Co.) Related Corset controversy (/wiki/Corset_controversy) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Lingerie party (/wiki/Lingerie_party) UK Lingerie Awards (/wiki/UK_Lingerie_Awards) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/157446934) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003014800) Other MusicBrainz label (https://musicbrainz.org/label/54b94308-af88-4612-81e1-eb2d93d96e40) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c57c99494‐d82ck Cached time: 20240716040137 Cache expiry: 1367905 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.775 seconds Real time usage: 0.970 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5354/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 169798/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3992/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 294267/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.438/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7634868/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 813.764 1 -total 45.01% 366.282 1 Template:Reflist 16.79% 136.661 18 Template:Cite_web 13.96% 113.616 37 Template:Cite_news 12.58% 102.362 1 Template:Infobox_company 12.26% 99.741 5 Template:Navbox 11.53% 93.866 1 Template:Infobox 10.54% 85.743 1 Template:Tommy_Hilfiger 8.34% 67.861 1 Template:Short_description 5.17% 42.061 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25956336-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716040137 and revision id 1234012410. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)&oldid=1234012410 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)&oldid=1234012410) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Tommy Hilfiger (company) (/wiki/Category:Tommy_Hilfiger_(company)) Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Clothing retailers of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_States) Shoe companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_the_United_States) Underwear brands (/wiki/Category:Underwear_brands) Watch manufacturing companies of the United States (/wiki/Category:Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_the_United_States) American companies established in 1985 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1985) Clothing companies established in 1985 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1985) Retail companies established in 1985 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1985) Eyewear brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_brands_of_the_United_States) PVH (company) clothing brands (/wiki/Category:PVH_(company)_clothing_brands) 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2010 mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Category:2010_mergers_and_acquisitions) American corporate subsidiaries (/wiki/Category:American_corporate_subsidiaries) Textile industry of the Netherlands (/wiki/Category:Textile_industry_of_the_Netherlands) Apax Partners companies (/wiki/Category:Apax_Partners_companies) Hidden categories: Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 maint: date and year (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with MusicBrainz label identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_label_identifiers)
|
Fashion trend Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) 's costumes in her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour (/wiki/Blond_Ambition_World_Tour) is cited as an influence on turning corsets from underwear to stage attire. Wearing underwear as outerwear is a fashion trend (/wiki/Fashion_trend) popularized by celebrities, sports and media. It began as a practical and comfortable variation of clothing, such as the T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) and the sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) , but later evolved into provocative, controversial fashion statements. 21st century versions include the display of thongs (/wiki/Thong) and bras (/wiki/Brassiere) in women's clothing, and the display of underpants (/wiki/Underpants) under low-slung pants (/wiki/Low-slung_pants) in men. Wearing underwear as outerwear has historical antecedents in the display of undergarments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] It is unclear when underwear as outerwear began as a fashion trend. In the 1920s Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) unveiled womenswear made from jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) , a fabric that was usually used for undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) became popular outerwear after the Second World War (/wiki/Second_World_War) . [3] (#cite_note-Burton-3) Short-sleeve shirts were originally intended to be a comfortable alternative to Victorian undergarments but teenagers began to wear them as outerwear, due in part to James Dean (/wiki/James_Dean) and Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) 's characters frequently wearing them this way in the movies Rebel Without a Cause (/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause) and the A Streetcar Named Desire (/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)) respectively. [3] (#cite_note-Burton-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) , such as the bikini (/wiki/Bikini) , was used as underwear before the Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) , [5] (#cite_note-5) and slip dresses (/wiki/Slip_dress) were first widely worn in the 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) , made from layered chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) , polyester (/wiki/Polyester) satins (/wiki/Satin) and charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) , and often trimmed with lace. [6] (#cite_note-6) In entertainment, underwear-like outfits are often worn by wrestlers (/wiki/Wrestler) and circus performers (/wiki/Circus_performer) ; former DC Comics (/wiki/DC_Comics) editor Julius Schwartz (/wiki/Julius_Schwartz) said that this was the reason why superheroes like Superman (/wiki/Superman) wore briefs on top of their tights. [7] (#cite_note-7) Madonna (/wiki/Madonna) has been credited for making lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) a popular outfit for female music artists on stage (e.g. Beyonce (/wiki/Beyonce) , Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Britney Spears (/wiki/Britney_Spears) , Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) ) [8] (#cite_note-8) when Jean-Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean-Paul_Gaultier) designed corsets (/wiki/Corset) ("an emblematic symbol of fashion in the early 90s"), [9] (#cite_note-9) a cone bra (/wiki/Cone_bra) and girdle (/wiki/Girdles) for her Blonde Ambition Tour (/wiki/Blonde_Ambition_Tour) costumes. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) Coloured and decorative nipple pasties (/wiki/Pasties) have been worn by Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) , Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) and Doja Cat (/wiki/Doja_Cat) as part of fashion outfits. [12] (#cite_note-12) For men, sagging (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) is often said to have been started by rap and hip hop artists in the 1990s, [13] (#cite_note-13) as well as skateboarders. [14] (#cite_note-14) The sexual liberation (/wiki/Sexual_liberation) movement of 1968 began the re-appropriation of the corset as a symbol of rebellion and "sexual perversity" by young women associated with London’s punk (/wiki/Punk_subculture) and Goth (/wiki/Goth_subculture) subcultures. This re-appropriation allowed a symbol historically associated with female oppression, to become reconceived as a symbol of sexual empowerment in fashion. [15] (#cite_note-15) Outside of underwear fetishism (/wiki/Underwear_fetishism) , the corset made an appearance in evening gowns and wedding dresses. [16] (#cite_note-16) Sportswear [ edit ] The T-shirt would eventually become a part of sportswear fashion with designs from many fashion brands. [3] (#cite_note-Burton-3) Sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) were first invented in 1975, and women have been wearing them under other clothing since then, [17] (#cite_note-komar-17) but in 1999, Brandi Chastain (/wiki/Brandi_Chastain) scored the fifth kick in the penalty shootout (/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(football)) to give the United States the win over China (/wiki/China_women%27s_national_football_team) in the final game of the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final (/wiki/1999_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_Final) , and she spontaneously whipped off her jersey in celebration, exposing her sports bra. Her act is regarded by some as a historical event that boosted the wearing of sports bras on their own. [17] (#cite_note-komar-17) [18] (#cite_note-Distillations-18) From that point forward, sports bras have increasingly been worn as outerwear. [19] (#cite_note-krucoff-19) Cultural reception [ edit ] Office colleagues in Mexico City participating in 2015's No Pants Subway Ride (/wiki/No_Pants_Subway_Ride) . Society often portrays the public in underwear as surrealist and comedic: No Pants Day (/wiki/No_Pants_Day) is an annual event held in various Western countries, where people publicly wear only underwear and leave their legs exposed. No Pants Subway Ride (/wiki/No_Pants_Subway_Ride) is a similar event to promote public wearing of underwear on subway trains. Another such event is Undie Run (/wiki/Undie_Run) , where people run on the street wearing only their underwear. The popularity of low-rise pants (/wiki/Low-rise_pants) in the 21st century led to the unintentional trend of the " whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) " among young women who aspired to wear something "rump-flattering", [20] (#cite_note-20) whereas sagging among young men and teenage boys became extremely controversial to the point of American towns demanding that it should be banned for indecency. [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) However, the whale tail trend ended by the end of the 2000s and led to a rise in high-waisted (/wiki/High-waisted_jeans) clothing. [23] (#cite_note-23) Menswear never experienced a similar fashion turnaround, and men who wore high-waisted were ridiculed for wearing " Dad jeans (/wiki/Dad_jeans) ". [24] (#cite_note-24) Underwear companies took note on men's preference of wearing their trousers at the hips because low-rise pants sat lower than underwear and caused non-sagging men to expose their underpants waistband (/wiki/Waistband) , [25] (#cite_note-25) so they exploited it through designing waistbands with bright colors and larger logos. [26] (#cite_note-WWD-26) Calvin Klein Underwear (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(company)) chief creative designer Bob Mazzoli explained in 2009, "Instead of a functional component, the waistband is a marketing platform and a canvas for real design [...] Seeing somebody with jeans that fall just below the waist to the point where the underwear shows is part of our cultural vernacular [and] it's something we consider in the design process." 2(x)ist (/wiki/2(x)ist) 's creative director Jason Scarlatti added: "It’s bragging (/wiki/Bragging) rights for the customer. It says, ‘I paid good money for this.’" [26] (#cite_note-WWD-26) Jockey underwear, credited as one of the first underwear brands to print its logo on waistbands, unveiled an advertising campaign in 2013 that featured models holding up their shirts to show the Jockey waistband exposed above their jeans and shorts. [27] (#cite_note-27) See also [ edit ] Bikini in popular culture (/wiki/Bikini_in_popular_culture) Bra § Undergarment as outerwear (/wiki/Bra#Undergarment_as_outerwear) Bralessness (/wiki/Bralessness) Breastaurant (/wiki/Breastaurant) Camel toe (/wiki/Camel_toe) Fetish fashion (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Go Topless Day (/wiki/Go_Topless_Day) Indecent exposure (/wiki/Indecent_exposure) Leotard (/wiki/Leotard) Sagging (/wiki/Sagging_(fashion)) Sexual objectification (/wiki/Sexual_objectification) Social impact of thong underwear (/wiki/Social_impact_of_thong_underwear) Superman (/wiki/Superman) Swimsuit competition (/wiki/Swimsuit_competition) Upskirt (/wiki/Upskirt) Underwear fetishism (/wiki/Underwear_fetishism) Whale tail (/wiki/Whale_tail) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lisa Jardine (24 October 2008). "Underwear as outerwear" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7689554.stm) . BBC News . Retrieved 2010-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "From Marlon Brando to Kendall Jenner, 27 of the Best Classic White T-Shirts Ever" (https://www.vogue.com/article/best-classic-white-t-shirts-of-all-time) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 2015-05-20. Archived (https://archive.today/20200707155303/https://www.vogue.com/article/best-classic-white-t-shirts-of-all-time) from the original on 2020-07-07. ^ Jump up to: a b c monty (2018-09-05). "History of the T-Shirt | Men's T-Shirt Style Ideas | Burton" (https://archive.today/20200707153621/https://www.burton.co.uk/blog/history-of-the-t-shirt/) . Burton . Archived from the original (https://www.burton.co.uk/blog/history-of-the-t-shirt/) on 2020-07-07. ^ (#cite_ref-4) "A Streetcar Named Desire – AMC filmsite" (https://archive.today/20120802125457/http://www.filmsite.org/stre.html) . Filmsite.org. 1947-12-03. Archived from the original (http://www.filmsite.org/stre.html) on 2012-08-02 . Retrieved 2010-10-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Stephanie Pedersen (2004). Bra . David & Charles. p. 8. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7153-2067-X . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Amy T. Peterson & Ann T. Kellogg, ed. (2008). The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through American history 1900 to the present . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 229. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313358555 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Hiskey, Daven (26 December 2013). "Why Superheroes Wear their Underwear on the Outside" (http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/12/superheroes-wear-underwear-outside/) . Today I Found Out . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Alice Fisher (29 November 2009). "Underwear as outerwear" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2009/nov/29/lingerie-beyonce-lily-allen-rihanna) . The Observer . Retrieved 2010-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) San Martin, Macarena (2011). Fashion Details: 1,000 Ideas from Neckline to Waistline, Pockets to Pleats. page 6. Rockport Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5925-3716-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5925-3716-7) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Dana, Rebecca (June 15, 2010). "Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Madonna: Dueling Cone Bras" (https://archive.today/20200707204756/https://www.thedailybeast.com/lady-gaga-katy-perry-madonna-dueling-cone-bras) . The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) . Archived from the original (https://www.thedailybeast.com/lady-gaga-katy-perry-madonna-dueling-cone-bras) on 2020-07-07. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Steele, Valarie. “The Hard Body A Muscular Corset.” The Corset: A Cultural History. New Haven & London: Yale UP, 2001. 143-176. Print ^ (#cite_ref-12) Bramley, Ellie Violet (1 June 2022). "Breast in show! How nipple pasties went from underwear to outerwear" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2022/jun/01/breast-in-show-how-nipple-pasties-went-from-underwear-to-outerwear) . The Guardian . UK. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Koppel, Niko (August 30, 2007). "Are Your Jeans Sagging? Go Directly to Jail" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/fashion/30baggy.html) . New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . Retrieved January 29, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Teens' Sagging Jeans Not Just for 'Gangstas.'", Jennifer Skordas, Salt Lake Tribune. 15 October 1995 (p. B1). ^ (#cite_ref-15) Wilkins, Amy (June 2004). " "So Full of Myself as a Chick": Goth Women, Sexual Independence, and Gender Egalitarianism". Gender and Society . 18 (3): 328–49. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0891243204264421 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243204264421) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 4149405 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4149405) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 11244993 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11244993) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Crane, Diana. “Postmodernism and the Avant-Garde: Stylistic Change in Fashion Design.” Modernism/Modernity, 4, (1997), 123-140. ^ Jump up to: a b Komar, Marlen (7 August 2017). "The Surprising Feminist History Of The Sports Bra Will Make You Seriously Angry" (https://www.bustle.com/p/the-history-of-the-sports-bra-is-surprisingly-feminist-68920) . Bustle . Retrieved 22 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Distillations_18-0) Roberts, Jacob (2017). "Women's work" (https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/womens-work) . Distillations . 3 (1): 6–11 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-krucoff_19-0) Krucoff, Carol (9 August 1999). "Sports Bras Are a Bust for Some" (http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/09/health/he-63977) . Los Angeles Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090406170555/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/aug/09/health/he-63977) from the original on 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Celebrities Are Showing Off Butt Cleavage - ABC News" (https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125903&tqkw=&tqshow=GMA&page=1) . ABC News . 2002-07-25 . Retrieved 6 January 2006 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Siddique, Haroon (June 14, 2007). "US town bans saggy pants" (https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,,2103190,00.html) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved June 15, 2007 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Schneiderman, R.M. (May 17, 2010). "Ad Campaign Asks Queens Bus Riders to Pull Up Their Pants" (https://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2010/05/17/ad-campaign-asks-queens-bus-rider-to-pull-of-their-pants/) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Metropolis (blog) . Retrieved May 28, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Kczynski, Alex (2004-09-12). "Now You See It, Now You Don't" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/12/fashion/12THON.html) . New York Times . Retrieved 2008-10-30 . Certainly, American clothing designers are now embracing a more modest look, their focus shifting from low-slung jeans and exposed midriffs to high-waisted trousers and cardigans. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Obama: No apologies for 'dad jeans' (https://web.archive.org/web/20100302222804/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/1676604,w-obama-all-star-mom-jeans-072109.article) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20100302222804/http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/1676604,w-obama-all-star-mom-jeans-072109.article) . Chicago Sun Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times) . Associated Press. 2009-07-21. Archived from the original (http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/1676604,w-obama-all-star-mom-jeans-072109.article) on 2010-03-02 . Retrieved 2013-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Underwear shows more than you think: Underwear Matters - AskMen" (https://uk.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/top-5-reasons-underwear-matters_5.html) . AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) . Archived (https://archive.today/20200704234721/https://uk.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/top-5-reasons-underwear-matters_5.html) from the original on 2020-07-04. Men tend not to wear their trousers around their waists anymore, especially when it comes to jeans. Low-rise jeans are made to sit on your hips and this leaves the waistband of your underwear exposed. Your underwear is more visible than you think; the slight bend over or lift of your arms can show the world what you're rocking down there. ^ Jump up to: a b "Underwear Waistbands: A Peekaboo Fashion Trend - WWD" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/underwear-waistbands-make-a-fashion-trend-2098105/) . WWD . 2009-04-09. ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Are You Ready to Show You're Jockey?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131128084653/http://www.jockey.com.ph/blogs/news/9275267-are-you-ready-to-show-youre-jockey) . 2013-05-17. Archived from the original (https://www.jockey.com.ph/blogs/news/9275267-are-you-ready-to-show-youre-jockey) on 2013-11-28. Ever noticed guys with low-riding jeans deliberately showing their briefs' waistband? Not the peeking type? Well, Jockey is. And they've turned this into a campaign. Jockey, inventor of the men's Y-Front briefs and the first to use a branded waistband, launched their "Show You're Jockey" campaign last Wednesday, May 15 at the Society Lounge in Makati City. The worldwide campaign will feature men and women of different nationalities revealing their Jockey underwear. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Underwear as outerwear (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwear_as_outerwear) . Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Tove Hermanson (September 1, 2009). "Innerwear as Outerwear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090928072118/http://threadforthought.net/2009/09/01/innerwear-as-outerwear-pt-1/) . Thread for Thought blog. Archived from the original (http://threadforthought.net/2009/09/01/innerwear-as-outerwear-pt-1/) on 28 September 2009. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐sx6x6 Cached time: 20240720164731 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.347 seconds Real time usage: 0.448 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1720/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 46611/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 912/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 95694/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.207/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5049777/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 391.048 1 -total 57.95% 226.628 1 Template:Reflist 32.59% 127.424 11 Template:Cite_web 17.90% 70.006 1 Template:Short_description 11.14% 43.571 1 Template:Commons_category 10.73% 41.965 2 Template:Pagetype 10.58% 41.391 1 Template:Sister_project 10.16% 39.743 1 Template:Side_box 9.66% 37.791 9 Template:Cite_news 4.87% 19.057 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26075961-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164731 and revision id 1231103616. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underwear_as_outerwear&oldid=1231103616 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underwear_as_outerwear&oldid=1231103616) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1990s fashion (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
American fashion designer (1927–2022) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Albert_Nipon) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Albert Nipon" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Albert+Nipon%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Albert+Nipon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Albert+Nipon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Albert+Nipon%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Albert+Nipon%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Albert+Nipon%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( November 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Albert Nipon Born ( 1927-09-11 ) September 11, 1927 West Philadelphia (/wiki/West_Philadelphia) section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania) , U.S. Died November 20, 2022 (2022-11-20) (aged 95) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Occupation Fashion designer Label Albert Nipon Children Larry, Andy, Leon, Barbara Albert Nipon (September 11, 1927 – November 20, 2022) was an American fashion designer and ladies clothing manufacturer. Early life and education [ edit ] Nipon was born and raised in West Philadelphia (/wiki/West_Philadelphia) , a section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania) on September 11, 1927. [1] (#cite_note-1) Nipon graduated from West Philadelphia High School. [2] (#cite_note-2) This section needs expansion with: information on parentage and education. You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nipon&action=edit§ion=) . ( January 2012 ) Nipon, a graduate of Temple University (/wiki/Temple_University) , began his professional life as an accountant for DuPont. [3] (#cite_note-Jill_Gerston-3) [4] (#cite_note-Bonnie_Johnson-4) Nipon and his wife, Pearl, reportedly met when he threw her fully clothed into a swimming pool. [5] (#cite_note-5) They had three sons, Laurence, Leon, and Andrew, and a daughter, Barbara Joy, who is known as "B.J.". They lived in a condominium at the Residences at the Ritz-Carlton in Center City Philadelphia. The Nipons started their foray into fashion in 1954 as designers of maternity clothes (/wiki/Maternity_clothes) . Albert ran the business, while Pearl designed the clothing. They opened a small dress shop, which grew into a chain of stores called Ma Mere. [3] (#cite_note-Jill_Gerston-3) Career [ edit ] The Nipons turned their maternity clothes company into an internationally known producer of ultra-feminine women's clothing in 1972. The birth rate was declining, and they decided to focus on creating chic dress. They sold Ma Mere to Dekon Corporation. Albert Nipon gave all the credit for the line that bears his name to Pearl and her design aesthetic. She, however, says she merely edits the lines. "Pearl is a chic woman," he told the News and Courier (/wiki/News_and_Courier) in a 1973 interview. "She has a feel for what young career women would like their clothes to be. Smart, fluid, comfortable, in wonderful fit and the nice detailing that looks like the dress was made to order in Europe." [6] (#cite_note-6) The line's popularity caught the fashion world by surprise and quickly made Nipon's "Albert Nipon" brand of clothing famous. Sales of Albert Nipon dresses reached US$ (/wiki/United_States_dollar) 60 million in 1984, and Nipon counted among his celebrity clients Rosalynn Carter (/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter) , Mary Tyler Moore (/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore) , Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) , and Barbara Walters (/wiki/Barbara_Walters) . [7] (#cite_note-Time-7) Nipon's fall was as rapid as his rise; in 1984, he was indicted for tax evasion (/wiki/Tax_evasion) and bribery (/wiki/Bribery) in an investigation of the Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) , Internal Revenue Service (/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service) office and served time in a federal penitentiary (/wiki/Federal_penitentiary) . [7] (#cite_note-Time-7) He was housed at Eglin Air Force Base (/wiki/Eglin_Air_Force_Base) in Florida (/wiki/Florida) , a minimum security facility. [3] (#cite_note-Jill_Gerston-3) "When you are stripped of everything material and physical and emotional, I don't care what the surroundings are, I don't know how anyone can call that a country club," he said in a Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer) interview. "You have a job to do - I sorted clothes or cut grass - but it's just a job, a menial job. The challenge is to keep yourself busy, and I did that. "When the only thing you have is your mind, I understand now the tendency to become more spiritual," he said. "I was fortunate enough to be selected for a seminar at a rabbinical college. I learned a lot about Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) , history and the Bible (/wiki/The_Bible) ; I don't think I would have been able to do that otherwise." [3] (#cite_note-Jill_Gerston-3) During the 20 months he was incarcerated, his company reportedly lost $15 million in revenues. [4] (#cite_note-Bonnie_Johnson-4) However, the designer's career did not end with his conviction and incarceration (/wiki/Incarceration) . Sales initially rebounded with Nipon himself stating they could not ship clothing sufficiently fast to fill orders. [3] (#cite_note-Jill_Gerston-3) The company declared bankruptcy (/wiki/Bankruptcy) in 1988. [8] (#cite_note-8) It was sold in 1988 to the Leslie Fay Company, which allowed the Nipons to continue running the design business. [9] (#cite_note-9) Albert Nipon designs and fragrances (/wiki/Fragrance) continue to be available in dress shops and fashion boutiques around the world. [10] (#cite_note-10) Death [ edit ] Nipon died on November 20, 2022, at the age of 95. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) List of people from Philadelphia (/wiki/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lockwood, Lisa (21 November 2022). "Albert Nipon, Chairman of the Albert Nipon Design House, Dies at Age 95" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/albert-nipon-chairman-of-the-albert-nipon-design-house-dies-at-1235426225/) . WWD . Retrieved 22 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Philadelphia, three centuries of American art: Bicentennial exhibition, April 11-October 10, 1976 . Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1976. p. 643. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jill Gerston (12 May 1987). "Albert Nipon: Back In Business Out Of Prison, He Looks To The Future Of His Fashion Empire" (http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-12/news/26164716_1_albert-nipon-fashion-empire-bank-debt) . The Philadelphia Inquirer. ^ Jump up to: a b Bonnie Johnson (31 August 1987). "After 20 Months Behind Bars, a Chastened Albert Nipon Is Trying to Sew Up the Dress Market Again" (http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20097012,00.html) . People magazine . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Barbaralee Diamonstein (1985). Fashion: the inside story . Rizzoli. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Simple Shirtdresses Spell Success" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UY9JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IgwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=778%2C1099210) . The News and Courier . August 5, 1973. p. 3–E . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Staff (November 5, 1984). "Albert Nipon: Fashion Fraud, a Dress Designer's Tax Woes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080408141550/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954471,00.html#ixzz0fbcE2gnI) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Abstract; (subscription required) for full article. Retrieved January 15, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "COMPANY NEWS; Albert Nipon In Chapter 11" (https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/05/business/company-news-albert-nipon-in-chapter-11.html) . The New York Times . 5 January 1988 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Betty Goodwin (27 January 1989). "Fashion 89 : Albert Nipon : Pumping New Life Into Classic Image" (http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-27/news/vw-1666_1_albert-nipon) . The Los Angeles Times . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Staff (November 19, 1991). "Albert Nipon Branches Out – Albert Nipon Licensing Group Plans Retail Shops" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121103030349/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11570791.html) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) (via HighBeam Research (/wiki/HighBeam_Research) ). ^ (#cite_ref-11) Lockwood, Lisa (21 November 2022). "Albert Nipon, Chairman of the Albert Nipon Design House, Dies at Age 95" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/albert-nipon-chairman-of-the-albert-nipon-design-house-dies-at-1235426225/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 21 November 2022 . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Philadelphia (/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/2338151595766505470001) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/221704612) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5b8f7f4b65‐k6c6q Cached time: 20240623102528 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.462 seconds Real time usage: 0.619 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2281/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36621/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1477/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46685/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.326/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7100502/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 582.565 1 -total 24.87% 144.904 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 24.29% 141.484 1 Template:Reflist 16.43% 95.737 1 Template:Authority_control 15.05% 87.653 2 Template:Cite_news 14.51% 84.539 1 Template:Short_description 11.51% 67.039 1 Template:Sources 10.92% 63.604 2 Template:Ambox 9.04% 52.675 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.74% 50.923 16 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26206307-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623102528 and revision id 1183882701. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nipon&oldid=1183882701 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Nipon&oldid=1183882701) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1927 births (/wiki/Category:1927_births) 2022 deaths (/wiki/Category:2022_deaths) American fashion businesspeople (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_businesspeople) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) American people convicted of tax crimes (/wiki/Category:American_people_convicted_of_tax_crimes) Artists from Philadelphia (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Philadelphia) Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government (/wiki/Category:Prisoners_and_detainees_of_the_United_States_federal_government) American businesspeople convicted of crimes (/wiki/Category:American_businesspeople_convicted_of_crimes) Temple University alumni (/wiki/Category:Temple_University_alumni) Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content (/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2022) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles to be expanded from January 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2012) All articles to be expanded (/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded) Articles using small message boxes (/wiki/Category:Articles_using_small_message_boxes) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
|
Dresses at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London. A fashion museum is dedicated to or features a significant collection of accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) or clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . While there may be some overlap with Textile museums (/wiki/Textile_museum) , fashion museums focus on what trends in clothing and accessories reveal about the larger cultural, social, and economic values of different historical periods. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Although fashion is a broad term that applies to more than just clothing items, these provide tangible examples of trends changing over the years which explains why the term fashion museum is most commonly referring to those featuring clothes. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Notable examples include the Costume Museum of Canada (/wiki/Costume_Museum_of_Canada) , the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) , the Musée Galliera (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Galliera) in Paris, the Fashion and Textile Museum (/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum) , and the Fashion Museum of the Province of Antwerp MoMu (/wiki/MoMu) . National museums (/wiki/National_museum) with significant fashion collections include the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York contains a collection of more than 75,000 costumes and accessories. [2] (#cite_note-WeltersLillethun2011-2) Purpose of Fashion Museums [ edit ] Fashion museums and exhibits can serve a variety of purposes, depending on the type of exhibit. Many of the more historically-focused exhibits choose to use clothing as a way to enhance understanding of a certain time period and paint a more complete picture for visitors. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Both historical and contemporary fashion exhibits can show trends and styles of the time and what this means paired with other factors, as well as providing inspiration for fashion designers and other artists. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Museums and exhibits focusing on specific designers can also be used as a form of "slow marketing", garnering more publicity and recognition for a specific brand. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Perhaps most importantly, the current popularity of fashion and fashion exhibits can boost engagement with museums and draw in a higher number of visitors, ultimately benefiting the museum greatly. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Fashion museums and exhibits have become one of the main ways for the general public to engage with and understand both contemporary and historical fashion, making these types of exhibits beneficial for visitors and museums alike. [4] (#cite_note-4) Another less obvious benefit and purpose of a fashion museum and exhibits is their ability to solidify certain cities as fashion capitals (/wiki/Fashion_capital) of the world. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) A city like London or New York City that has many museums and exhibits dedicated to fashion will continue to be regarded as a fashion capital because of their large offering of fashion-related experiences. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) The publicity and excitement that follows a successful fashion exhibit can help maintain a city's reputation as a destination for fashion. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Fashion museums can also show how certain fashion cities change over time through the clothes they display. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Finally, another unique purpose of fashion and clothing displayed in museums is the way clothes show wear and imperfections caused by the person wearing the garment. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) These marks have a way of connecting visitors to a certain exhibit, or the time period being shown, for example, making it more personal and human. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) When fashion and clothes are displayed in a historical context, they are not just showing how people dressed at the time but also revealing clues and details of individual lives through their marks of wear. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Memories held within the clothes and personal details like this can be incredibly helpful for understanding history and making it more personal. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) History of Fashion Museums [ edit ] While clothes have been displayed since the end of the 18th century, the concept of fashion exhibits are new to the 20th century. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) There are some museums solely dedicated to fashion, but the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) and the Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) were some of the first mainstream museums to add extensive fashion exhibits and collections, proving the relatively newfound appreciation and realization of the importance of clothing in the context of museums. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In the 18th and 19th centuries, clothing would be seen in museum collections pertaining to anthropology and cultural history. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In more recent years of the 20th century, fashion has come to be appreciated as a fine art, so more and more museums have started to respond to the demand for fashion collections and exhibits. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) According to fashion historian Marie Riegels Melchior, the evolution of fashion museums can be divided into three periods: the First Period, Second Period, and Third Period. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Each period is distinguished by the way clothing was displayed and understood in museum exhibits and the evolution from period to period shows how peoples' understanding of and appreciation for clothing began to shift. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The First Period (1930s - 1960s) [ edit ] The First Period started around the time right before World War II. This is when clothing collections started to be incorporated to museums' main collections. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In some of the earliest examples of fashion and clothing being displayed in museums, it was almost always garments worn by historical figures or items that showed how people dressed in different social classes. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) There was no interest in current clothing or designers in the same way there is today. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The Second Period (1960s - 1990s) [ edit ] The Second Period began in the 1960s and 1970s, with a rise in fashion's popularity. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After World War II, many fashion capitals were changing and affected by the war, like London for example, and as a result, the use of fashion and clothing in museums began to change as well. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Fashion made its way into popular culture and became something that more people were interested in, which created more demand for museums to focus on Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) and current fashion, rather than just clothing in a historical context. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) This shift after World War II saw many collaborations between museums and fashion businesses, leading to a diversification of fashion exhibits. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) is a particularly notable name of this period, as she is known for curating many popular exhibits at the Metropolitan Museum of Art that focused on modern fashion and proved there was an audience for this. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The Third Period (1990s - Present) [ edit ] The Third Period started in the 1990s and extends to present day. It characterizes a time where visitors have become much more interested in contemporary fashion and designers and have come to expect this from museums. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) This new interest in fashion in museums has breathed new life into museums and drawn in more visitors. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Types of Fashion Exhibits [ edit ] Ethnographic Exhibitions [ edit ] These exhibits focus on the historical element of fashion, displaying clothing alongside other artifacts like accessories and jewelry. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) They can provide a wealth of information for historians, anthropologists, and researchers, but fashion designers will also often draw inspiration from such exhibits. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Chronological Fashion Exhibitions [ edit ] Chronological exhibits show clothing displayed in a timeline which allows viewers to see and understand how clothing trends may have developed over time. Oftentimes, the design of the physical space where the exhibit is displayed will create an orderly flow for visitors to follow. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Visual Arts Costume Exhibitions [ edit ] These museums or exhibits feature solely items and costumes used in the performance arts like ballet, opera, theater, or film. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Notable collections include the Victoria and Albert Museum with over 3,500 stage costumes and accessories, National Center of Stage Costume (/wiki/National_Center_of_Stage_Costume) , and the Bolshoi Theater Museum's collection with 200,000 pieces including costumes, sketches, and accessories. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Interdisciplinary Interactions - Thematic Exhibits [ edit ] Interdisciplinary exhibits attempt to demonstrate the strong relationship between designers and other forms of art or artists that inspire their work, and vice versa. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Oftentimes, clothing will be shown alongside pieces from other visual art disciplines so visitors can see the close connection. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Period Features [ edit ] These are exhibits that focus on a given time period, incorporating clothing as one aspect that shows elements of the time, usually alongside pieces like furniture, paintings, and sculptures, for example. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Conceptual Art [ edit ] These exhibits focus on a special type of fashion, sometimes known as wearable art or conceptual clothing. The clothing is often more avant-garde. Popular designers known for this type of fashion are Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) , Issey Miyake (/wiki/Issey_Miyake) , and Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Retrospective Exhibitions [ edit ] A retrospective exhibit will focus on one designer or fashion label and show clothing in chronological order over the course of designer's career or a fashion label's beginning to current days. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Occasionally, this type of exhibit will also be used to showcase a celebrity or public figure's wardrobe over the span of their career. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Designer Museums - Store Museum Exhibitions [ edit ] More recently, some designers have begun to open their own gallery spaces in combination with their stores. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Examples like Gucci and Saint Laurent showcase archival designs, sketches, and other materials with an adjoining store space. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Sustainable Fashion Exhibitions [ edit ] Also more popular in recent years, these exhibits attempt to highlight concerns about fast-fashion and the sometimes damaging nature of fashion and its trend cycle. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Notable Fashion Museums [ edit ] Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Fashion) Anna Wintour Costume Center (/wiki/Anna_Wintour_Costume_Center) Costume Museum of Canada (/wiki/Costume_Museum_of_Canada) Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) Palais Galliera (/wiki/Palais_Galliera) ModeMuseum Antwerpen (/wiki/ModeMuseum_Antwerpen) Fashion and Textile Museum (/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fashion museums (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion_museums) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af CANBAKAL ATAOĞLU, Nihan (2023). "Development of Fashion Museums and Fashion Exhibitions" (https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3377472) . Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications . 8 (2): 877–896 – via DergiPark. ^ (#cite_ref-WeltersLillethun2011_2-0) Linda Welters; Abby Lillethun (15 March 2011). The Fashion Reader: Second Edition . Berg. pp. 366–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-590-6 . Retrieved 2 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bide, Bethan (2021-06-01). "Fashion City or Museum of Fashion? Exploring the Mutually Beneficial Relationship between London's Fashion Industry and Fashion Exhibitions at the Victoria and Albert Museum" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2373566X.2021.1923405) . GeoHumanities . 7 (1): 217–234. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/2373566X.2021.1923405 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2373566X.2021.1923405) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2373-566X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2373-566X) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) McNeil, Peter (March 2008). " (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175174108X269559) "We're Not in the Fashion Business": Fashion in the Museum and the Academy" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175174108X269559) . Fashion Theory . 12 (1): 65–81. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174108X269559 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174108X269559) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bide, Bethan (2017-07-04). "Signs of Wear: Encountering Memory in the Worn Materiality of a Museum Fashion Collection" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1362704X.2017.1290204) . Fashion Theory . 21 (4): 449–476. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/1362704X.2017.1290204 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1362704X.2017.1290204) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐7rxgk Cached time: 20240720182533 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.353 seconds Real time usage: 0.504 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 906/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44393/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 398/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36296/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.215/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4000188/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 403.234 1 -total 36.76% 148.239 1 Template:Reflist 35.12% 141.611 1 Template:Commonscat 34.24% 138.067 1 Template:Sister_project 33.80% 136.300 1 Template:Side_box 29.14% 117.500 4 Template:Cite_journal 28.06% 113.153 1 Template:Fashion 28.06% 113.147 3 Template:Navbox 4.48% 18.046 1 Template:Portal-inline 1.52% 6.115 1 Template:Cite_book Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26568335-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182533 and revision id 1219584027. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_museum&oldid=1219584027 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_museum&oldid=1219584027) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion museums (/wiki/Category:Fashion_museums) Hidden category: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
|
American model and actress (born 1991) Emily Ratajkowski Ratajkowski in 2016 Born Emily O'Hara Ratajkowski ( 1991-06-07 ) June 7, 1991 (age 33) London, England Nationality American Occupations Model actress Years active 2004–present Spouse Sebastian Bear-McClard ( m. 2018; div. 2022) Children 1 Modeling information Height 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) [1] (#cite_note-DNA-1) Hair color Brown [1] (#cite_note-DNA-1) Eye color Brown [1] (#cite_note-DNA-1) Agency DNA Model Management (New York) VIVA Model Management (/wiki/VIVA_Model_Management) (Paris, London, Barcelona) [2] (#cite_note-2) Website www (https://www.emrata.com/) .emrata (https://www.emrata.com/) .com (https://www.emrata.com/) Emily O'Hara Ratajkowski [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) ( / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) ˌ r æ t ə ˈ k aʊ s k i / (/wiki/Help:IPA/English) , [4] (#cite_note-WTGGAllure-4) Polish: [ratajˈkɔfskʲi] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish) ; born June 7, 1991) [5] (#cite_note-fmd-5) is an American model and actress. Born in London to American parents and raised in Encinitas, California (/wiki/Encinitas,_California) , she signed to Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) at a young age. Her modeling debut was on the cover of the March 2012 issue of the erotic magazine treats! (/wiki/Treats!) , which led to her appearance in several music videos, including Robin Thicke (/wiki/Robin_Thicke) 's " Blurred Lines (/wiki/Blurred_Lines) ", which catapulted her to global fame. [6] (#cite_note-6) Ratajkowski's feature film debut was a supporting role as the mistress of Ben Affleck (/wiki/Ben_Affleck) 's character in the film Gone Girl (/wiki/Gone_Girl_(film)) (2014). She appeared in the 2014 and 2015 Sports Illustrated swimsuit issues (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) , and made her professional catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) modeling debut for Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) at New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) in 2015. She has also walked on the runways of Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) and Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) . For her international Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) covers and high fashion campaigns, Models.com ranks her as one of the new generation of supermodels. [7] (#cite_note-7) Ratajkowski is an advocate for women's health (/wiki/Women%27s_health) issues as a spokesperson for Planned Parenthood (/wiki/Planned_Parenthood) . As a self-identified feminist (/wiki/Feminism) , Ratajkowski has received both support and criticism for her views on sexual expression. Her essay collection, My Body , was published by Metropolitan Books (/wiki/Metropolitan_Books) in November 2021 and was on the New York Times Bestseller (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list) list. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Early life Emily O'Hara Ratajkowski was born June 7, 1991 [5] (#cite_note-fmd-5) in Westminster (/wiki/Westminster) , London, the only child of American school teachers Kathleen Anne Balgley and John David "J.D." Ratajkowski. [10] (#cite_note-sdjnews1-10) [11] (#cite_note-ERfSttmsa-11) [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) She was raised in Encinitas (/wiki/Encinitas,_California) near San Diego, California. She attended UCLA (/wiki/UCLA) for a year before dropping out to model full-time. [13] (#cite_note-13) Her father was raised Roman Catholic, whereas her mother is Jewish. [10] (#cite_note-sdjnews1-10) Ratajkowski has stated that she ethnically identifies herself as "Polish-Israeli", [4] (#cite_note-WTGGAllure-4) as her ancestors made aliyah (/wiki/Aliyah) to Israel from Eastern Europe. [14] (#cite_note-Balgleybook-14) [a] (#cite_note-15) She also has Irish ancestry. [15] (#cite_note-irefref1-16) She also spent her summers during her youth in Bantry (/wiki/Bantry) , Co.Cork (/wiki/County_Cork) where the family holidayed. [16] (#cite_note-17) Ratajkowski tried soccer, acting, and ballet before modeling. [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) She participated in a few local theater productions as a child and young teen. [17] (#cite_note-18) Exposure to the nude female figure in photography and art during her formative years, including the work of her father and the photography of Helmut Newton (/wiki/Helmut_Newton) and Herb Ritts (/wiki/Herb_Ritts) , prepared Ratajkowski for nude work. She has said, "We have this culture of men, especially, watching pornography, but then offended by a classic nude portrait or photograph, and I've never felt that way." [18] (#cite_note-OceanDrive-19) She was also influenced by third-wave feminism (/wiki/Third-wave_feminism) and works such as The Beauty Myth (/wiki/The_Beauty_Myth) and Promiscuities by Naomi Wolf (/wiki/Naomi_Wolf) . [19] (#cite_note-20) Career Early acting and music video performances The March 2012 Issue 3 treats! (/wiki/Treats!) cover featuring Ratajkowski is the image that led to her being cast in the video for " Blurred Lines (/wiki/Blurred_Lines) ". With encouragement from an acting coach, Ratajkowski met and signed with a talent agent who contacted Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) . [20] (#cite_note-PF2a-21) That same day, [21] (#cite_note-ERNA-22) she signed with Ford at age 14 and went on to do teen print catalog modeling for Kohl's (/wiki/Kohl%27s) and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) . [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) At 15, Ratajkowski began auditioning for Disney and iCarly roles, [21] (#cite_note-ERNA-22) but she was often typecast as a bully or cheerleader and bigger roles did not materialize. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) [22] (#cite_note-MERoGHDRiGG-23) She attended San Dieguito Academy, a high school in Encinitas, while modeling and acting in Los Angeles. [22] (#cite_note-MERoGHDRiGG-23) After two nondescript movie roles, she appeared as Gibby's girlfriend, Tasha, in two episodes of the third season of Nickelodeon (/wiki/Nickelodeon) 's iCarly (/wiki/ICarly) (2009–2010). [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) [23] (#cite_note-24) Her manager discouraged her from pursuing many acting engagements until she could be more selective. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) [22] (#cite_note-MERoGHDRiGG-23) Ratajkowski attended UCLA for one year in 2009, and dropped out, deciding to model full-time. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) She later said that she found the fine art education at the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture (/wiki/UCLA_School_of_the_Arts_and_Architecture) arbitrary and in conflict with her artistic concepts, and that she did not enjoy going to fraternities. [24] (#cite_note-25) After campaigns and editorials with photographer Tony Duran (/wiki/Tony_Duran_(photographer)) , [15] (#cite_note-irefref1-16) Ratajkowski began shooting more fashion editorials and posed for several early issues of the artistic erotica magazine treats! (/wiki/Treats!) , including the cover of its third issue, in March 2012. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) [25] (#cite_note-26) She credits that cover for bringing her the two unsolicited, high-profile, music video roles. [26] (#cite_note-esquire-27) [27] (#cite_note-28) Ratajkowski later filmed commercials for Nikon (/wiki/Nikon) and Carl's Jr. (/wiki/Carl%27s_Jr.) , [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) including multiple versions of a 2012 Carl's Jr. (/wiki/Carl%27s_Jr.) commercial with Sara Jean Underwood (/wiki/Sara_Jean_Underwood) . [28] (#cite_note-ERGSwSUiCJA-29) [29] (#cite_note-30) She also did nude and clothed art modeling (/wiki/Art_model) for magazines, [30] (#cite_note-ERTBoS-31) including a May 2012 shoot with Jonathan Leder, [31] (#cite_note-ERCBoIRWHPaV-32) [32] (#cite_note-ERsoanpb-33) as well as work for Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) ; [33] (#cite_note-34) a 2012 holiday video and a 2011 Valentine's video in which Ratajkowski appeared for the company are among the most popular videos on the company's YouTube channel. [34] (#cite_note-35) Ratajkowski worked with photographer Tony Kelly (/wiki/Tony_Kelly_(photographer)) for the March 2013 GQ Turkey cover. [35] (#cite_note-GTM2C-36) Ratajkowski appeared in Robin Thicke (/wiki/Robin_Thicke) , T.I. (/wiki/T.I.) , and Pharrell Williams (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) 's 2013 video, " Blurred Lines (/wiki/Blurred_Lines) ". [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) [36] (#cite_note-37) Previously, Ratajkowski had been cast in two other music videos: " Fast Car (/wiki/Fast_Car_(Taio_Cruz_song)) " by Taio Cruz (/wiki/Taio_Cruz) , [37] (#cite_note-38) which was released on November 5, 2012, [38] (#cite_note-39) and Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) 's " Love Somebody (/wiki/Love_Somebody_(Maroon_5_song)) ", [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) which was released two months after "Blurred Lines". [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) [26] (#cite_note-esquire-27) "Love Somebody", shot on January 16, [39] (#cite_note-40) and "Blurred Lines" were both produced in 2013. [3] (#cite_note-WIBLMER-3) [40] (#cite_note-41) The video for "Love Somebody" was released on May 21, 2013. [41] (#cite_note-42) Directed by Rich Lee (/wiki/Rich_Lee) , it shows bare-chested Adam Levine (/wiki/Adam_Levine) using inverse green screen (/wiki/Green_screen) technology to rub paint onto Ratajkowski with his hands. As they touch, they reveal each other. [42] (#cite_note-43) [43] (#cite_note-44) Thicke had seen Ratajkowski's treats! cover that The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) 's Bee Shapiro described as "an artfully composed black-and-white photograph of Ms. Ratajkowski sitting completely nude with her knees tucked to her chest" and convinced director Diane Martel (/wiki/Diane_Martel) to cast her in the "Blurred Lines" music video. Martel felt that "she looked smart and stunningly beautiful" in the photo. [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) Ratajkowski initially declined the role, fearing being classified as a music video model, [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) but Martel persuaded her. [30] (#cite_note-ERTBoS-31) The video was released on March 20, 2013. [44] (#cite_note-45) On March 28, Thicke posted an explicit version, [45] (#cite_note-HuffPost-46) [46] (#cite_note-BlurredLinesYouTube-47) with a topless Ratajkowski. [26] (#cite_note-esquire-27) "Blurred Lines" was controversial: its video was called sexist for its perceived degradation of women, [47] (#cite_note-BLDDMDMVACOM-48) and some felt its lyrics promoted rape. [48] (#cite_note-DailyBeast-49) [49] (#cite_note-50) Others disagreed, [50] (#cite_note-Slate-51) [51] (#cite_note-52) asserting that the lyrics supported female power and sexual freedom. [52] (#cite_note-53) Martel defended Ratajkowski's performance, saying: "it's very, very funny and subtly ridiculing." [47] (#cite_note-BLDDMDMVACOM-48) Ratajkowski did not think of the video as sexist [26] (#cite_note-esquire-27) and claimed that the producers, through the use of humor and sarcasm, "took something that on paper sounded really sexist and misogynistic and made it more interesting". [53] (#cite_note-54) [54] (#cite_note-complex-55) She said that the song "gave me an opportunity to say the things that I felt about feminism today and about women in general in pop culture." [18] (#cite_note-OceanDrive-19) Ratajkowski did not feel objectified and enjoyed performing in a sexual manner: [55] (#cite_note-NL-56) The attention given to the nudity in the video, she said, shows that America has not advanced as far as it should have, [18] (#cite_note-OceanDrive-19) and, she believes, society represses sexuality, which is bad for both sexes. [56] (#cite_note-ERfSttms-57) Ratajkowski's assessment of her involvement in "Blurred Lines" as an unequivocal and properly feminist moment were reconsidered in her 2021 memoir, My Body . A hitherto repressed exchange between Thicke and Ratajkowski was described, in which Thicke, borne of frustration and indignation at the attention Ratajkowski commanded on set at his expense, grasped Ratajkowski's breast without her consent, causing Emily to cower and the shoot to momentarily halt. Because Ratajkowski didn't retaliate and because Thicke wasn't held accountable in any way, Ratajkowski relives the event in her memoir in order to illustrate the complex idea that the shoot was a real claim to female power though perhaps only as a result of the male's behest: "[T]he women who gained their power from beauty were indebted to the men whose desire granted them their power in the first place ... With that one gesture, Robin Thicke reminded everyone on the set that we women weren't really in charge ... I was nothing more than the hired mannequin." [57] (#cite_note-58) "Blurred Lines", and Ratajkowski's associated video performance, was prominent beyond the sociopolitical (/wiki/Sociopolitical) controversies. The song became the number-one song of 2013 on music charts in many countries, including Canada, [58] (#cite_note-59) Ireland, [59] (#cite_note-60) the Netherlands, [60] (#cite_note-61) New Zealand, [61] (#cite_note-62) and the United Kingdom. [62] (#cite_note-63) Although second on the year-end US Billboard Hot 100 (/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100) chart, [63] (#cite_note-64) the song's twelve consecutive weeks at number one (/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2013) made it the longest-running number-one song of the decade until " Uptown Funk (/wiki/Uptown_Funk) " spent fourteen consecutive weeks at number one in 2015 (/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2015) . [64] (#cite_note-65) [65] (#cite_note-66) The song also remained in the news due to a copyright infringement (/wiki/Copyright_infringement) lawsuit and appeal. [66] (#cite_note-67) [67] (#cite_note-68) [68] (#cite_note-69) Breakthrough and rise to prominence The "Blurred Lines" video garnered Ratajkowski notoriety, [26] (#cite_note-esquire-27) especially as a sex symbol (/wiki/Sex_symbol) . [69] (#cite_note-2HSS-70) In October 2013, Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) magazine named Ratajkowski "Woman of the Year", over online fan vote finalist Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) . [70] (#cite_note-71) That December, Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) magazine listed her among its twenty hottest sex symbols. [69] (#cite_note-2HSS-70) In February 2014, Sports Illustrated magazine named Ratajkowski as one of twelve 50th anniversary swimsuit issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) rookies. [71] (#cite_note-72) In April, FHM (/wiki/FHM) ranked her the fourth sexiest woman in the world (/wiki/FHM%27s_100_Sexiest_Women_(UK)) . [72] (#cite_note-TO1SWITW2-73) Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) magazine included Ratajkowski at number 62 on its 2014 Hot 100 list. [73] (#cite_note-M2H1LIHACSIATT-74) [74] (#cite_note-75) AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) ranked her the third most desirable woman of 2014. [75] (#cite_note-3ER-76) Ratajkowski was on the July 2013 cover of CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) , which included erotic scenes with Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) and male models, photographed by Bruce Weber (/wiki/Bruce_Weber_(photographer)) . [12] (#cite_note-NYT-12) [26] (#cite_note-esquire-27) [76] (#cite_note-77) On June 24, she appeared topless in the July 2014 American GQ cover story, photographed by Michael Thompson (/wiki/Michael_Thompson_(photographer)) . [77] (#cite_note-78) [78] (#cite_note-GJ2C-79) A controversy ensued at retailer Lands' End (/wiki/Lands%27_End) , some of whose customers received the issue for free. Some customers objected to the racy images, forcing Lands' End CEO Edgar Huber to apologize. [79] (#cite_note-80) Ratajkowski photographed for Day 16 of LOVE (/wiki/LOVE_(magazine)) 's Advent (/wiki/Advent) 2014 Days after Gone Girl 's September 26, 2014, New York Film Festival (/wiki/New_York_Film_Festival) premiere, [80] (#cite_note-81) [81] (#cite_note-82) Ratajkowski became the cover model for the November 2014 issue of Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . [82] (#cite_note-Cosmopolitan-83) On October 30, 2014, she appeared with Taylor Kitsch (/wiki/Taylor_Kitsch) in the Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare (/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Advanced_Warfare) live-action trailer. [83] (#cite_note-84) [84] (#cite_note-85) Ratajkowski appeared on the February 2015 FHM cover, [85] (#cite_note-86) but she tweeted (/wiki/Twitter) that her picture was used without her consent. [86] (#cite_note-87) [87] (#cite_note-88) FHM responded that "we liked the pictures so much we stuck one on our front cover". [88] (#cite_note-89) Ratajkowski co-starred in the 2015 film Entourage (/wiki/Entourage_(film)) as a fictionalized version of herself, [30] (#cite_note-ERTBoS-31) [89] (#cite_note-BLEJE-90) playing the love interest of Adrian Grenier (/wiki/Adrian_Grenier) 's character, Vincent Chase (/wiki/Vincent_Chase) . [90] (#cite_note-91) Her performance received critical commentary ranging from "less than compelling", by The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) 's Sheri Linden, to "uncanny realism", by The Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer) 's Steven Rea (/wiki/Steven_Rea) . [91] (#cite_note-92) [92] (#cite_note-93) Grantland 's Morris described her role and performance with scathing sarcasm. [93] (#cite_note-94) She was also cast in the 2015 miniseries The Spoils Before Dying (/wiki/The_Spoils_Before_Dying) as Agent Day, appearing late in the series. [94] (#cite_note-95) [95] (#cite_note-96) [96] (#cite_note-97) Her performance was favorably reviewed by Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club (/wiki/The_A.V._Club) , [97] (#cite_note-98) while other critics commented that she was part of a solid supporting cast. [98] (#cite_note-99) [99] (#cite_note-100) Ratajkowski earned her first leading role, opposite Zac Efron (/wiki/Zac_Efron) , in We Are Your Friends (/wiki/We_Are_Your_Friends_(film)) , [100] (#cite_note-101) a musical drama released in August 2015, and was part of the film's promotional tour to Europe and North America. [101] (#cite_note-102) Starting with the August 11 London premiere, [102] (#cite_note-103) [103] (#cite_note-104) this tour marked her ascension as a style icon as she earned multiple best dressed citations from various sources. [104] (#cite_note-105) [105] (#cite_note-106) She played Stanford University (/wiki/Stanford_University) dropout Sophie, [106] (#cite_note-WAYFWICBIE-107) the love interest of Efron's character and girlfriend/personal assistant of Wes Bentley (/wiki/Wes_Bentley) 's character. [107] (#cite_note-WAYFRS-108) Her performance received mixed reviews. Alonso Duralde (/wiki/Alonso_Duralde) of TheWrap (/wiki/TheWrap) described the role as thin, as did Ty Burr (/wiki/Ty_Burr) of The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . [108] (#cite_note-WAYFjEwedm-109) [109] (#cite_note-110) Burr said that Ratajkowski's performance was "surpassingly dull", [108] (#cite_note-WAYFjEwedm-109) while Nell Minow (/wiki/Nell_Minow) of Beliefnet (/wiki/Beliefnet) stated that she "does more posing than acting". [110] (#cite_note-111) Jordan Hoffman (/wiki/Jordan_Hoffman) of the Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) described Ratajkowski's performance as "stunning and sweet". [111] (#cite_note-112) Robbie Collin (/wiki/Robbie_Collin) of The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) and Grantland 's Morris noted Ratajkowski's rhythmic dancing skills and sex appeal, as previously seen in "Blurred Lines". [112] (#cite_note-RoE-113) [113] (#cite_note-114) Around the time of the release of We Are Your Friends , Ratajkowski appeared on the covers of Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) France, [114] (#cite_note-115) British GQ (/wiki/British_GQ) , [115] (#cite_note-116) harper by Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper_by_Harper%27s_Bazaar) , [116] (#cite_note-117) InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) UK, [117] (#cite_note-118) and InStyle Australia, [118] (#cite_note-119) as well as a role as a 2015 MTV Video Music Awards (/wiki/2015_MTV_Video_Music_Awards) presenter. [119] (#cite_note-120) [120] (#cite_note-121) The British GQ cover story was photographed by Mario Testino (/wiki/Mario_Testino) , who produced a short film featuring Ratajkowski for the magazine's website. [55] (#cite_note-NL-56) [121] (#cite_note-122) Soon after, on September 17, 2015, she made her runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) debut for Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) at the spring/summer 2016 New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) finale. [122] (#cite_note-123) [123] (#cite_note-124) This appearance contributed to her number-one listing among Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) 's 12 Breakout Beauty Stars of 2015. [124] (#cite_note-125) For fall/winter 2016 fashions, Ratajkowski walked the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) runway for Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) on March 9, 2016. [125] (#cite_note-126) [126] (#cite_note-127) She has expressed the desire to break barriers for shorter and more curvaceous models, commenting: "You don't have to be 5'9" and an A-cup to be a successful model." [127] (#cite_note-BLMERWTBDBB-128) Ratajkowski in 2016 A Buick (/wiki/Buick) Super Bowl ad (/wiki/Super_Bowl_ad) for its Cascada (/wiki/Buick_Cascada) convertible during Super Bowl 50 (/wiki/Super_Bowl_50) on February 7, 2016, featured Ratajkowski and Odell Beckham Jr. (/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr.) [128] (#cite_note-129) [129] (#cite_note-130) The ad, in which she made a wedding bouquet (/wiki/Wedding_bouquet) catch reminiscent of Beckham's catch from 2014 (/wiki/Odell_Beckham_Jr.#2014) , [130] (#cite_note-131) [131] (#cite_note-132) received average ratings, according to USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) 's admeter. [132] (#cite_note-133) The ad was filmed with a stunt double (/wiki/Stunt_double) making the catch. [133] (#cite_note-134) Los Angeles-based jewelry designer Jacquie Aiche featured Ratajkowski in a spring 2016 campaign wearing almost nothing but body chains, rings, bracelets (/wiki/Bracelet) , pendants (/wiki/Pendant) , and chokers (/wiki/Choker) . [134] (#cite_note-135) [135] (#cite_note-136) [136] (#cite_note-137) In May, Ratajkowski appeared in the Russian-language (/wiki/Russian_language) music video "Inseparable" (sometimes translated as "Indivisible") with Russian entertainer Dima Bilan (/wiki/Dima_Bilan) as a photographer and Ratajkowski as his muse. [137] (#cite_note-138) [138] (#cite_note-139) [139] (#cite_note-140) Professional expansion After seeing her in the "Blurred Lines" video Ben Affleck (/wiki/Ben_Affleck) picked her to play the mistress of his character, in David Fincher (/wiki/David_Fincher) 's 2014 adaptation (/wiki/Gone_Girl_(film)) of Gillian Flynn (/wiki/Gillian_Flynn) 's novel Gone Girl (/wiki/Gone_Girl_(novel)) . [140] (#cite_note-141) San Diego Union-Tribune (/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune) described Ratajkowski's performance as "nuanced", [56] (#cite_note-ERfSttms-57) while Andrew O'Hehir of Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) and Wesley Morris (/wiki/Wesley_Morris) of Grantland (/wiki/Grantland) wrote that her small role as a "duplicitous and manipulative former student" was critical. [141] (#cite_note-142) [142] (#cite_note-143) Reflecting on the performance in 2016, Naomi Wolf described Ratajkowski's portrayal as sympathetic and compassionate. [21] (#cite_note-ERNA-22) In August 2015, Warner Bros. Pictures (/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures) released We Are Your Friends (/wiki/We_Are_Your_Friends_(film)) , in which Ratajkowski played Sophie. In their respective reviews of the film, critics Richard Roeper (/wiki/Richard_Roeper) and Wesley Morris (/wiki/Wesley_Morris) said that Ratajkowski, again playing the attractive object of affection, failed to demonstrate acting prowess. [112] (#cite_note-RoE-113) [143] (#cite_note-144) In February 2016, Ratajkowski was cast in the film In Darkness , alongside Natalie Dormer (/wiki/Natalie_Dormer) , Ed Skrein (/wiki/Ed_Skrein) , and Stacy Martin (/wiki/Stacy_Martin) . [144] (#cite_note-145) That August, she became the spokesperson for the Australian swimwear brand Amore + Sorvete. [145] (#cite_note-146) Ratajkowski was one of five models to appear on the August 2016 Vogue Germany alternate covers (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Germany_cover_models) along with Stella Maxwell (/wiki/Stella_Maxwell) , Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) , Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) . [146] (#cite_note-147) Along with Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) and Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) , Ratajkowski was one of three models for the October Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) cover. [147] (#cite_note-148) The cover story, which was shot by Carter Smith (/wiki/Carter_Smith) and includes an essay by Ratajkowski, says she has become known as an activist who considers being both sexual and serious to be non-conflicting ambitions. [148] (#cite_note-149) She appeared in a season 1 episode of Joe Swanberg (/wiki/Joe_Swanberg) 's Netflix (/wiki/Netflix) series, Easy (/wiki/Easy_(TV_series)) that was released on September 22, 2016. [149] (#cite_note-150) [150] (#cite_note-151) Her episode, in which she is a lifecasting (/wiki/Lifecasting_(video_stream)) selfie (/wiki/Selfie) artist, met with mixed reviews. [151] (#cite_note-152) [152] (#cite_note-153) [153] (#cite_note-154) She was a guest judge on the October 20, Project Runway (/wiki/Project_Runway) season 15 (/wiki/Project_Runway_(season_15)) episode. [154] (#cite_note-155) By November 2016, Ratajkowski was attached to Lying and Stealing , which also starred Theo James (/wiki/Theo_James) . [155] (#cite_note-156) Ratajkowski began 2017 on the February Vogue España cover (/wiki/List_of_Vogue_Espa%C3%B1a_(Spain)_cover_models) shot by Miguel Reveriego (/wiki/Miguel_Reveriego) . [156] (#cite_note-157) [157] (#cite_note-158) Ratajkowski also made cover appearances on the March issue of U.S. InStyle , [158] (#cite_note-159) and the May covers of American Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) (with alternate covers by Janelle Monáe (/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e) , Aja Naomi King (/wiki/Aja_Naomi_King) , Zoey Deutch (/wiki/Zoey_Deutch) , Alexandra Daddario (/wiki/Alexandra_Daddario) , et al.) and the French L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) . [159] (#cite_note-160) [160] (#cite_note-161) Bags designed by Ratajkowski for The Kooples (/wiki/The_Kooples) on display at Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) at 900 North Michigan (/wiki/900_North_Michigan) In March 2017, Ratajkowski became the face of DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) intimates. [161] (#cite_note-162) On June 27, she was announced as the cover model for the August 2017 Australian Harper's Bazaar , which had different newsstand and subscriber covers photographed by Pamela Hanson (/wiki/Pamela_Hanson) . [162] (#cite_note-ERIOACS-163) That July, after modeling for the French fashion brand The Kooples (/wiki/The_Kooples) 's Fall 2017 collection, Ratajkowski was enlisted to design a 38-piece bag collection for the company. The initial version of the collection, named Emily By The Kooples, comes in six colors and features a leather carryall bag, The Emily Bag. [163] (#cite_note-164) [164] (#cite_note-165) The bags are Italian-made and represent The Kooples' first foray into bags. [165] (#cite_note-166) [166] (#cite_note-167) Later that month she was announced as the feature of cover stories in the August issues of Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) [167] (#cite_note-168) [168] (#cite_note-169) and British Glamour , [169] (#cite_note-170) as well as a nude Patrick Demarchelier (/wiki/Patrick_Demarchelier) photospread for Love magazine. [170] (#cite_note-171) That August she became the face of DL1961 (/wiki/DL1961) jeans, [171] (#cite_note-172) The Frye Company (/wiki/The_Frye_Company) for its Fall 2017 ad campaign, [172] (#cite_note-173) and the entire DKNY brand for its Fall 2017 campaign. [173] (#cite_note-174) On September 23, 2017, she walked the Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) runway for Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) . [174] (#cite_note-175) [175] (#cite_note-176) Later that month, Ratajkowski revealed that she was working with a dialogue coach to learn the French (/wiki/French_language) and Italian languages (/wiki/Italian_language) for Lying and Stealing . [176] (#cite_note-ERSiTNNMV-177) [177] (#cite_note-178) On November 1, Tyga (/wiki/Tyga) posted an unofficial 60-second video teaser for "Tequila Kisses", which featured Ratajkowski. [178] (#cite_note-NMTTK-179) As a result, Ratajkowski was noted as the starring performer in Tyga (/wiki/Tyga) 's "Tequila Kisses" bonus track music video. [176] (#cite_note-ERSiTNNMV-177) However, on November 4, Tyga removed the full video from various points of internet access including his own Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) account, [179] (#cite_note-180) [180] (#cite_note-181) following complaints from Ratajkowski that the video was from a lookbook (/wiki/Lookbook) Ratajkowski did with Phillip Lopez in 2013. [181] (#cite_note-182) [178] (#cite_note-NMTTK-179) On November 9, Harper's Bazaar UK published a story about Ratajkowski's impending release of her own swimwear brand after Emrata Holdings LLC acquired the trademark to Inamorata in August and she left a trail of breadcrumbs on social media. Ratajkowski retweeted the story. [182] (#cite_note-183) The bathing suit line, Inamorata (/wiki/Inamorata_(brand)) , went live on November 16, 2017, with three bikini separates and three one-pieces. [183] (#cite_note-184) [184] (#cite_note-185) Ratajkowski for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , 2019 In January 2018, Ratajkowski shot a fashion campaign with Inez and Vinoodh (/wiki/Inez_and_Vinoodh) , as the new ambassador for Kérastase (/wiki/K%C3%A9rastase) . [185] (#cite_note-186) British Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) noted that the Kérastase endorsement was Ratajkowski's "first beauty campaign". [186] (#cite_note-187) That March, she landed her first fragrance campaign as the face of Paco Rabanne (/wiki/Paco_Rabanne) Parfum's women's line. [187] (#cite_note-188) [188] (#cite_note-189) That same month, she also earned the University of Southern California (/wiki/University_of_Southern_California) Inspire Award in at their inaugural ceremony. [189] (#cite_note-ERIUH-190) [190] (#cite_note-191) On April 8, 2018, Ratajkowski won the Model of the Year award from the Daily Front Row (/wiki/Daily_Front_Row) . [191] (#cite_note-192) [192] (#cite_note-193) On March 29, 2018, she was cast as a series regular in the NBC (/wiki/NBC) pilot Bright Futures . [193] (#cite_note-194) [194] (#cite_note-195) [195] (#cite_note-196) The show was not included in NBC's 2018–19 schedule (/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_United_States_network_television_schedule) . [196] (#cite_note-nbcfall2018-197) The following month saw the release of the comedy film I Feel Pretty (/wiki/I_Feel_Pretty_(film)) , in which Ratajkowski co-starred alongside Amy Schumer (/wiki/Amy_Schumer) . [197] (#cite_note-198) Her role, which was described as "pivotal" by USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) critic Bryan Alexander, [198] (#cite_note-199) included ad libbed improvisational comedy. [199] (#cite_note-200) Ratajkowski was featured on the cover of the June 2018 issue of Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . [189] (#cite_note-ERIUH-190) She designed the mythology-themed "EmRata x Spinelli Kilcollin" jewelry collection with Spinelli Kilcollin that launched at Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) on May 30, 2018, with prices starting at $6,000. [200] (#cite_note-201) On September 21, 2018, Ratajkowski walked the Milan Fashion Week runway for Versace (/wiki/Versace) . [201] (#cite_note-202) [202] (#cite_note-203) That same weekend, she walked fashion week for Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) . [203] (#cite_note-204) The following week, Vertical Entertainment (/wiki/Vertical_Entertainment) released the film Cruise (/wiki/Cruise_(film)) , which was written and directed by Robert Siegel (/wiki/Robert_D._Siegel) , and in which Ratajkowski played the female lead opposite Spencer Boldman (/wiki/Spencer_Boldman) . [204] (#cite_note-205) That November, Ratajkowski appeared opposite Aaron Paul (/wiki/Aaron_Paul) in Welcome Home (/wiki/Welcome_Home_(2018_film)) . [205] (#cite_note-206) External videos Discussion with Ratajkowski on (https://www.c-span.org/video/?516120-1/my-body) My Body , November 16, 2021 (https://www.c-span.org/video/?516120-1/my-body) , C-SPAN (/wiki/C-SPAN) In November 2021 a collection of essays by Ratajkowski with title My Body was published. [206] (#cite_note-mybody-207) Quercus described it as "a deeply honest investigation of what it means to be a woman and a commodity". [207] (#cite_note-208) Cleveland Review of Books said the book turns "the tenuous power of a woman's body into a voluntary disturbance." [208] (#cite_note-209) A excerpt from the book leaked by the Sunday Times (/wiki/Sunday_Times) describes an incident during the 2013 filming of the music video for the song " Blurred Lines (/wiki/Blurred_Lines) ", in which Ratajkowski writes that Robin Thicke (/wiki/Robin_Thicke) , the singer and star of the video, groped (/wiki/Groped) her breasts without her consent. [209] (#cite_note-210) Ratajkowski was displeased at the leak, telling Extra (/wiki/Extra_(American_TV_program)) , "What's frustrating is I didn't come out with it, it was leaked. It's been hard for me, I really like to have control over my image, and I wrote this book of essays to share the whole story and all sides of it. I feel like it just turns into a clickbait frenzy, and all of a sudden words like 'sexual assault' and 'allegations' are getting thrown around rather than people reading the actual essay, so, again, I'm just looking forward to when people will be able to hear things in my own words." [210] (#cite_note-211) (See Early acting and music video performances section above for more details on this incident.) In October 2022, Ratajkowski partnered with Sony Music Entertainment (/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment) to launch a podcast entitled "High Low with EmRata". [211] (#cite_note-212) In January 2023, Ratajkowski became the face of Versace's Spring/Summer 2023 campaign. [212] (#cite_note-213) Following an unsuccessful audition for Triangle of Sadness (/wiki/Triangle_of_Sadness) (2022), Ratajkowski quit acting. She explained that she fired her team, including her agents (/wiki/Talent_agent) and manager (/wiki/Talent_manager) , because she "didn't trust them". She also said " Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) is so fucked up" and she "felt like a piece of meat who people were judging, saying, 'Does she have anything else other than her [breasts]?'" [213] (#cite_note-214) Despite this, in 2024, she joined Too Much , a series created by Lena Dunham. [214] (#cite_note-215) In the media Ratajkowski has been frequently named in lists and polls that rank beauty or fashion in the media. She was ranked in Maxim 's Hot 100 list in both 2014 (No. 62) [73] (#cite_note-M2H1LIHACSIATT-74) and 2015 (No. 2). [215] (#cite_note-216) AskMen ranked her among its most desirable women of 2014 (No. 3) [75] (#cite_note-3ER-76) and 2016 (No. 14); [216] (#cite_note-217) while FHM ranked her among the sexiest in 2014 (No. 4), [72] (#cite_note-TO1SWITW2-73) and 2015 (No. 18). [217] (#cite_note-218) She is also praised for her fashion sense: Ratajkowski made Vogue Italia's Best Dressed List of 2015, [218] (#cite_note-219) and Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) placed her atop its best dressed list at the February 2016 New York Fashion Week. [219] (#cite_note-220) In October 2017, American Vogue ran a feature article celebrating her "stylistic excellence". [220] (#cite_note-221) Publishing controversies Ratajkowski was one of the victims of the 2014 celebrity nude photo leak (/wiki/2014_celebrity_nude_photo_leak) , in which several nude pictures of her were leaked online. [221] (#cite_note-222) [222] (#cite_note-223) In 2014, artist Richard Prince (/wiki/Richard_Prince) appropriated one of Ratajkowski's Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) posts without her consent, and included the resulting painting in a show at the Gagosian Gallery (/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery) in New York. Seven years later, Ratajkowski took a photograph of herself standing in front of the Prince painting, and created a non-fungible token (/wiki/Non-fungible_token) (NFT) from it. The NFT sold at auction at Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) for $175,000. "I hope to symbolically set a precedent for women and ownership online, one that allows for women to have ongoing authority over their image and to receive rightful compensation for its usage and distribution," Ratajkowski wrote on Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . [223] (#cite_note-224) 71 photographs taken by Jonathan Leder in May 2012 were being printed in a publication by Imperial Publishing and set for display in a New York art gallery in February 2017. On November 30, 2016, Ratajkowski tweeted that she was being featured in the photobook publication without her consent. New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) noted that Ratajkowski had claimed that the pictures were intended for use in an artful magazine, [31] (#cite_note-ERCBoIRWHPaV-32) while USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) noted that she had hesitated to protest because she did not want to give Leder publicity. [32] (#cite_note-ERsoanpb-33) She elaborated on the circumstances of the 2012 photoshoot in an essay titled "Buying Myself Back: When Does a Model Own her Own Image?" for The Cut in September 2020, reiterating that she never gave consent for the photographs to be used beyond their initial publication in Darius magazine, and stating that Leder sexually assaulted her after the photoshoot. [224] (#cite_note-225) [225] (#cite_note-226) In September 2017, Ratajkowski took issue with image editing done for the cover of the Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) issue included in the Saturday September 16 issue Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) . [226] (#cite_note-227) [227] (#cite_note-228) In October 2019, Ratajkowski was sued for posting a paparazzi image of herself to her Instagram. Robert O'Neil, the paparazzo who took the photo at issue, argued that Ratajkowski's posting of the photo constituted copyright infringement. However, Ratajkowski has decided against settling the suit and is challenging O'Neil's claim against her. [228] (#cite_note-229) In 2022, a settlement was ruled in favor of Ratajkowski, for having not infringed the copyright. [229] (#cite_note-230) Fyre Festival controversy In 2017, Ratajkowski promoted that April's Fyre Festival (/wiki/Fyre_Festival) on Instagram with Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , and other actresses and models. [230] (#cite_note-VICE-231) Ratajkowski was reportedly the only actress or model to use the hashtag #ad, [231] (#cite_note-Vice-2-232) but later deleted the post. [232] (#cite_note-Verge-233) The Federal Trade Commission (/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) has said #ad only worked if at the beginning of paid posts, and that the hashtag alone was not a sufficient disclaimer. [232] (#cite_note-Verge-233) [233] (#cite_note-BW-234) A second class action lawsuit against Fyre Media, McFarland, Ja Rule (/wiki/Ja_Rule) , and the event promoters in Los Angeles was filed. [234] (#cite_note-polly-235) The plaintiff alleges that they deceived patrons into attending the festival by paying over 400 social media personalities and celebrities to promote it. The parties are accused of breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and fraud. [235] (#cite_note-236) Political views Activism Ratajkowski has raised funds, [236] (#cite_note-ERSWPP-237) done public service announcements, [237] (#cite_note-238) and committed to a being in a short film promoting reproductive and sexual health for Planned Parenthood (/wiki/Planned_Parenthood) . [238] (#cite_note-239) [239] (#cite_note-240) Ratajkowski expressed support for State of Palestine (/wiki/State_of_Palestine) during the Gaza–Israel conflict (/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict) . [240] (#cite_note-241) On the eve of the February 2016 New Hampshire Democratic primary (/wiki/2016_New_Hampshire_Democratic_presidential_primary) , Ratajkowski spoke at a Bernie Sanders (/wiki/Bernie_Sanders) rally in New Hampshire to endorse his campaign (/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign) . [241] (#cite_note-242) [242] (#cite_note-243) [243] (#cite_note-244) One of the main points of her speech, and her social media activity surrounding it, was to counter Gloria Steinem (/wiki/Gloria_Steinem) 's statement that young female Sanders supporters were involved in the campaign to meet potential male romantic partners. [244] (#cite_note-AFWERGP-245) [245] (#cite_note-246) In 2020, she again endorsed Sanders for the Democratic nomination (/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries) . [246] (#cite_note-247) [247] (#cite_note-248) Sexuality and feminism Ratajkowski described the pressure that she endured as a youth around her sexuality and her thoughts on female sexual empowerment, in Lena Dunham (/wiki/Lena_Dunham) 's Lenny Letter (/wiki/Lenny_Letter) newsletter on February 16, 2016. [248] (#cite_note-ERssfipffthhsgu-249) [249] (#cite_note-ERQTDOS-250) [250] (#cite_note-ERBW-251) Elle magazine, Esquire magazine, and Harper's Bazaar republished her letter, [251] (#cite_note-:0-252) [252] (#cite_note-:1-253) [253] (#cite_note-:2-254) which drew praise from critics including Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) magazine's Hayley Spencer, [254] (#cite_note-:3-255) The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) 's Jenavieve Hatch, [255] (#cite_note-:4-256) Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) magazine's Nikki Kinstlinger, [256] (#cite_note-:5-257) Rachael Moon of the Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) , [257] (#cite_note-:6-258) and Georgia Simmonds of Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , who lauded Ratajkowski for observations, calling the letter "powerful". [258] (#cite_note-ERPEOBADSOHOT-259) Salon 's Erin Coulehan described the essay's identification of a societal catch-22 (/wiki/Catch-22_(logic)) , in which showcasing female sexuality that may "offend, excite, or create envy" leads to criticism and body shaming. [259] (#cite_note-:7-260) InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) 's Isabella Silvers concurred that "female sexuality isn't always for the benefit of someone else". [260] (#cite_note-:8-261) Charlotte Gill of The Independent admitted that she was in the minority in finding the letter "rambling" and "dull". [261] (#cite_note-KKaERanf-262) In an October 2014 Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) interview, Ratajkowski said she enjoys freedom of sexual expression "while still being a feminist" (/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism) , [82] (#cite_note-Cosmopolitan-83) and is outspoken about using her celebrity to support the empowerment of women and women's sexuality. [262] (#cite_note-:9-263) However, Amanda Hess (/wiki/Amanda_Hess) of Slate (/wiki/Slate_(magazine)) questioned whether she is a feminist or an opportunist exploiting feminism. [263] (#cite_note-:10-264) Ratajkowski defended Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) from criticism when Kardashian posted a controversial nude selfie (/wiki/Selfie) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) in March 2016, saying that women have the right to "express their sexuality and share their bodies however they choose". [264] (#cite_note-:11-265) Then, Kardashian and Ratajkowski jointly advocated via social media for female sexual empowerment and against body shaming; nearly one million of their social media followers responded positively, and prominent global media outlets took notice. [265] (#cite_note-:12-266) [266] (#cite_note-:13-267) [267] (#cite_note-:14-268) Commentator Piers Morgan (/wiki/Piers_Morgan) reacted to Ratajkowski's letter by saying that her form of feminism was a misguided affront to true feminism, [268] (#cite_note-:15-269) labeling it pseudo-feminist gibberish. [269] (#cite_note-:16-270) After Morgan wrote that "feminism as it was intended is dead", the Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) 's Heidi Stevens, as well as The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) 's Helen Pankhurst said that Ratajkowski neither killed nor bolstered feminism. [270] (#cite_note-:17-271) [271] (#cite_note-:18-272) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) 's Taylor Harris questioned the impact of Ratajkowski's feminism, [272] (#cite_note-:19-273) as did The Independent 's Gill, saying that Ratajkowski's professional activities "continued to advocate industries that treat us as pieces of meat". [261] (#cite_note-KKaERanf-262) Heather Saul of The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) wrote in support of Ratajkowski in an article subtitled "Ratajkowski is becoming an important feminist voice in the debate over female censorship and sexuality". [273] (#cite_note-:20-274) New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) 's Allie Jones called Ratajkowski "the best feminist celeb". [274] (#cite_note-:21-275) In 2021, Ratajkowski published her first book, My Body, [206] (#cite_note-mybody-207) which includes several previously published essays as well as personal stories. An excerpt was published in The Guardian . [275] (#cite_note-:22-276) Personal life In December 2014, Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) confirmed she had begun dating Jeff Magid, a musician. [276] (#cite_note-277) By early 2018, they had reportedly broken up. [277] (#cite_note-278) On February 23, 2018, Ratajkowski announced on Instagram that she had married actor and producer Sebastian Bear-McClard, her boyfriend of several weeks, in a New York City courthouse wedding. [278] (#cite_note-279) They lived in the NoHo (/wiki/NoHo,_Manhattan) neighborhood of Manhattan and in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) . [279] (#cite_note-280) On October 26, 2020, Ratajkowski confirmed she was pregnant. In one of her essays, she wrote about how both her husband and herself did not wish to discuss their child's sex until their child was born. [280] (#cite_note-281) [281] (#cite_note-Vogue-282) She gave birth to their son [282] (#cite_note-283) on March 8, 2021. [283] (#cite_note-284) [284] (#cite_note-285) In July 2022, Ratajkowski and Bear-McClard separated (/wiki/Legal_separation) . [285] (#cite_note-286) [286] (#cite_note-287) Ratajkowski filed for divorce in September 2022. [287] (#cite_note-288) In late 2023, she has been captured kissing with French actor Stéphane Bak (/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Bak) . [288] (#cite_note-289) On March 19, 2024, Ratajkowski showed off divorce rings on her Instagram account that she had made from her engagement ring. [289] (#cite_note-290) Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2004 Andrew's Alteration Young Girl Short film 2005 A Year and a Day Girl Movie 2014 Gone Girl (/wiki/Gone_Girl_(film)) Andie Fitzgerald 2015 Entourage (/wiki/Entourage_(film)) Herself 2015 We Are Your Friends (/wiki/We_Are_Your_Friends_(film)) Sophie 2018 Cruise (/wiki/Cruise_(film)) Jessica Weinberg 2018 I Feel Pretty (/wiki/I_Feel_Pretty_(film)) Mallory 2018 In Darkness (/wiki/In_Darkness_(2018_film)) Veronique 2018 Welcome Home (/wiki/Welcome_Home_(2018_film)) Cassie 2018 The American Meme (/wiki/The_American_Meme) Herself Documentary film 2019 Lying and Stealing (/wiki/Lying_and_Stealing) Elyse Television Year Title Role Notes 2009–10 iCarly (/wiki/ICarly) Tasha Episodes: "iSpeed Date", "iEnrage Gibby" 2015 The Spoils Before Dying (/wiki/The_Spoils_Before_Dying) Agent Day 3 episodes 2016 Easy (/wiki/Easy_(TV_series)) Allison Lizowska Episode: "Art and Life" 2022 Ziwe (/wiki/Ziwe_(talk_show)) Herself Episode: "Empowerment" 2023 History of the World, Part II (/wiki/History_of_the_World,_Part_II) White Mary Magdalene (/wiki/Mary_Magdalene) Episode: "VIII" Music videos Year Title Artist 2012 " Fast Car (/wiki/Fast_Car_(Taio_Cruz_song)) " Taio Cruz (/wiki/Taio_Cruz) 2013 " Blurred Lines (/wiki/Blurred_Lines) " Robin Thicke (/wiki/Robin_Thicke) feat. T.I. (/wiki/T.I.) and Pharrell (/wiki/Pharrell_Williams) 2013 " Love Somebody (/wiki/Love_Somebody_(Maroon_5_song)) " Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) 2016 "Inseparable" Dima Bilan (/wiki/Dima_Bilan) 2024 " I Know ? (/wiki/I_Know_%3F) " Travis Scott (/wiki/Travis_Scott) Written works Book Ratajkowski, Emily (2022). My Body . Metropolitan Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1250817860 . Essays — (February 17, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski On Why Women Shouldn't Feel Guilty About Being Sexy" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a14244/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) . Harper's Bazaar . — (September 15, 2020). "Buying Myself Back: When does a model own her own image?" (https://www.thecut.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-owning-my-image-essay.html) . The Cut . — (October 26, 2020). "Emily Ratajkowski on Pregnancy and Why She Doesn't Want to Reveal the Gender of Her Baby" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-pregnant-announcement-digital-cover) . Vogue . References ^ Jump up to: a b c "Emily Ratajkowski" (https://www.dnamodels.com/div/women-main-board/model/emily-ratajkowski2/p/5202/c/-1/) . DNA Model Management. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143830/http://www.dnamodels.com/div/women-main-board/model/emily-ratajkowski2/p/5202/c/-1/) from the original on November 17, 2017 . Retrieved May 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Emily Ratajkowski" (https://models.com/models/emily-ratajkowski) . models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170708102332/https://models.com/models/emily-ratajkowski) from the original on July 8, 2017 . Retrieved July 17, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Greene, Andy (September 3, 2013). "Who Is 'Blurred Lines' Model Emily Ratajkowski? 10 Things You Don't Know" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/10-things-you-dont-know-about-blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski-20130903) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230412065639/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/10-things-you-dont-know-about-blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski-102944/) from the original on April 12, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Catherine Quinn O'Neill (October 14, 2014). "Who's That *Gone Girl*: Emily Ratajkowski" (http://www.allure.com/story/gone-girl-emily-ratajkowski) . Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170617180444/http://www.allure.com/story/gone-girl-emily-ratajkowski) from the original on June 17, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion Model Directory" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Emily_Ratajkowski) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140111043925/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Emily_Ratajkowski/) from the original on January 11, 2014 . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ratajkowski, Emily (2021). My Body . New York, New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781250848932 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "New Supers" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/15094#15094) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230125054945/https://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/15094#15094) from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved January 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Dolan, Leah (November 9, 2021). " (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-interview/index.html) 'I wasn't just famous; I was famously sexy': Model Emily Ratajkowski on the dangers of being desired" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-interview/index.html) . CNN . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211113074825/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-interview/index.html) from the original on November 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Dolan, Leah (November 9, 2021). " (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-interview/index.html) 'I wasn't just famous; I was famously sexy': Model Emily Ratajkowski on the dangers of being desired" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-interview/index.html) . CNN . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211113074825/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-interview/index.html) from the original on November 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 30, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bowen, Will. "La Jolla artist shares odyssey into Jewish literature via art" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140309120509/http://sdnews.com/view/full_story/11074673/article-La-Jolla-artist-shares-odyssey-into-Jewish-literature-via-art) . SDNews.com . Archived from the original (http://www.sdnews.com:80/view/full_story/11074673/article-La-Jolla-artist-shares-odyssey-into-Jewish-literature-via-art) on March 9, 2014 . Retrieved June 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERfSttmsa_11-0) Garin, Nina. "Emily Ratajkowski: from SD theater to movie star" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013647/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/oct/03/emily-ratajkowski-gone-girl-sandiego/) . Utsandiego.com . Archived from the original (http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/03/emily-ratajkowski-gone-girl-sandiego) on March 6, 2016 . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Shapiro, Bee (October 23, 2013). "For Emily Ratajkowski, 'Blurred Lines' Brings a Career Path Into Focus" (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/fashion/for-emily-ratajkowski-robin-thickes-blurred-lines-video-brings-a-career-path-into-focus.html) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131112102620/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/fashion/for-emily-ratajkowski-robin-thickes-blurred-lines-video-brings-a-career-path-into-focus.html) from the original on November 12, 2013 . Retrieved November 11, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Chu, Andrea Long (November 8, 2021). "The Emily Ratajkowski You'll Never See" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/08/magazine/emily-ratajkowski.html) . The New York Times Magazine (/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220414204551/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/08/magazine/emily-ratajkowski.html) from the original on April 14, 2022 . Retrieved November 9, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Balgley, Kathleen (August 2022). Letters to My Father . Bashert Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9798986232102 . ^ Jump up to: a b Horan, Niamh (July 14, 2013). "Stunning star of controversial music video reveals Irish roots" (http://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/stunning-star-of-controversial-music-video-reveals-irish-roots-29418618.html) . Irish Independent (/wiki/Irish_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130821005951/http://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/stunning-star-of-controversial-music-video-reveals-irish-roots-29418618.html) from the original on August 21, 2013 . Retrieved February 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Grainger, Laura (August 14, 2023). "Inside Emily Ratajkowski's Irish roots as model vacations in Ireland with son" (https://www.irishstar.com/culture/entertainment/inside-emily-ratajkowskis-irish-roots-30698240) . Irish Star . Retrieved June 16, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Lee-Youngren, Tiffany (July 31, 2004). "Rated 'g': Local Kids Tell Us What They Think About What's Out There" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305194131/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20040731/news_lz1c31ratedg.html) . U-T San Diego (/wiki/U-T_San_Diego) . Archived from the original (http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20040731/news_lz1c31ratedg.html) on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved October 6, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Rogers, Ray (September 2014). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150824183014/http://oceandrive.com/emily-ratajkowski-from-blurred-lines-to-gone-girl-with-ben-affleck) 'Blurred Lines' Model Emily Ratajkowski on Her Role in 'Gone Girl' (https://web.archive.org/web/20150824183014/http://oceandrive.com/emily-ratajkowski-from-blurred-lines-to-gone-girl-with-ben-affleck) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150824183014/http://oceandrive.com/emily-ratajkowski-from-blurred-lines-to-gone-girl-with-ben-affleck) . Ocean Drive . Archived from the original (http://oceandrive.com/personalities/articles/emily-ratajkowski-from-blurred-lines-to-gone-girl-with-ben-affleck) on August 24, 2015 . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Reed, Sam (July 7, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Posed Nude for 'Harper's Bazaar', Piers Morgan Weighs In" (https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-poses-nude-piers-909038) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160708085436/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-poses-nude-piers-909038) from the original on July 8, 2016 . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-PF2a_21-0) Berrie, Nicole (May 14, 2005). "Pre Fall 2015: All About Emily" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092739/https://editorialist.com/magazine/13850/all-about-emily-PF15#3) . Editorialist (/wiki/Editorialist_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://editorialist.com/magazine/13850/all-about-emily-PF15#3) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 20, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Wolf, Naomi (July 7, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski's Naked Ambition" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a16417/emily-ratajkowski-interview/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160708130718/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a16417/emily-ratajkowski-interview/) from the original on July 8, 2016 . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Krista (August 14, 2014). "Model Emily Ratajkowski on Getting Her Dream Role in Gone Girl" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150219144701/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/08/emily-ratajkowski-photos) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.vanityfair.com/vf-hollywood/2014/08/emily-ratajkowski-photos) on February 19, 2015 . Retrieved August 22, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Heyman, Jessie (August 22, 2015). "5 Things You Didn't Know About Emily Ratajkowski" (http://www.vogue.com/13297787/emily-ratajkowski-five-things-you-didnt-know) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160315034201/http://www.vogue.com/13297787/emily-ratajkowski-five-things-you-didnt-know) from the original on March 15, 2016 . Retrieved March 14, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Kaufman, Amy (August 21, 2015). "Q&A Emily Ratajkowski gets serious about that 'Blurred Lines' video" (https://latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-emily-ratajkowski-interview-conversation-20150823-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150822083749/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-emily-ratajkowski-interview-conversation-20150823-story.html) from the original on August 22, 2015 . Retrieved August 22, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Treats March 2012 cover" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/treats/covers/march-2012/emily-ratajkowski-12404/) . Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140713072311/http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/magazines/treats/covers/march-2012/emily-ratajkowski-12404/) from the original on July 13, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ayers, Mike (July 22, 2013). "Q&A: Emily Ratajkowski on 'Blurred Lines' and Her Song of the Summer" (https://archive.today/20150407190953/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/interviews/a23933/emily-ratajkowski-interview-blurred-lines) . Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.esquire.com/blogs/culture/emily-ratajkowski-interview-blurred-lines) on April 7, 2015 . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Issue 3" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130929204240/http://treatsmagazine.com/issue-3/) . treatsmagazine.com . Archived from the original (http://treatsmagazine.com/magazine/issue-3) on September 29, 2013 . Retrieved April 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERGSwSUiCJA_29-0) Stattmann, Dean (October 12, 2012). "Emily Ratajkowski Gets Saucy with Sara Underwood in Carl's Jr Ad" (http://www.mensfitness.com/women/dating-advice/emily-ratajkowski-carls-jr-commercial) . Men's Fitness (/wiki/Men%27s_Fitness) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140707073309/http://www.mensfitness.com/women/dating-advice/emily-ratajkowski-carls-jr-commercial) from the original on July 7, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Grabert, Jessica (September 1, 2012). "Watch The Uncut Version Of The Burger Commercial Featuring Playmate Sara Underwood" (https://cinemablend.com/television/Watch-Uncut-Version-Burger-Commercial-Featuring-Playmate-Sara-Underwood-46388.html) . Cinemablend.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714161719/http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Watch-Uncut-Version-Burger-Commercial-Featuring-Playmate-Sara-Underwood-46388.html) from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Riley, Daniel (June 23, 2014). "Emily Ratajkowski: The Bombshell of Summer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150907002222/http://www.gq.com/story/emily-ratajkowski) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived from the original (https://www.gq.com/entertainment/celebrities/201407/emily-ratajkowski) on September 7, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ryan, Lisa (November 30, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Calls Book of Images Released Without Her Permission a 'Violation' (https://nymag.com/thecut/2016/11/emily-ratajkowski-speaks-out-against-new-book-of-photographs.html) " (https://nymag.com/thecut/2016/11/emily-ratajkowski-speaks-out-against-new-book-of-photographs.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081104/http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/11/emily-ratajkowski-speaks-out-against-new-book-of-photographs.html) from the original on December 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 1, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mallenbaum, Carly (November 30, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski speaks out about nude photo book" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/11/30/emily-ratajkowski-speaks-out-nude-photo-book/94693238/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161201170200/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/11/30/emily-ratajkowski-speaks-out-nude-photo-book/94693238/) from the original on December 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 1, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Emily Ratajkowski Is Pure Sex In Frederick's of Hollywood New Campaign" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140727195426/http://www.complex.com/style/2012/08/emily-ratajkowski-is-pure-sex-in-fredericks-of-hollywood-new-campaign) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) . August 7, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.complex.com/art-design/2012/08/emily-ratajkowski-is-pure-sex-in-fredericks-of-hollywood-new-campaign) on July 27, 2014 . Retrieved July 12, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Frederick's of Hollywood" (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJxncsQh7l781O8jmWY9DGQ) . YouTube. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160222182906/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJxncsQh7l781O8jmWY9DGQ) from the original on February 22, 2016 . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-GTM2C_36-0) "GQ Turkey March 2013 Cover" (http://models.com/work/gq-turkey-gq-turkey-march-2013-cover) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160419083005/http://models.com/work/gq-turkey-gq-turkey-march-2013-cover) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Robin Thicke - Blurred Lines ft. T.I., Pharrell (http://slack-time.com/music-video-15812-robin-thicke-blurred-lines-uncut) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220120132121/http://slack-time.com/music-video-15812-robin-thicke-blurred-lines-uncut) January 20, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , retrieved from slack-time.com, January 13, 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Taio Cruz – Fast Car (behind the scenes)" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_P6RtrTeMQ&t=2m2s) . YouTube. September 19, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150523185216/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_P6RtrTeMQ&t=2m2s) from the original on May 23, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Corner, Lewis (October 26, 2012). "Taio Cruz confirms new single 'Fast Car' – listen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201056/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a433698/taio-cruz-confirms-new-single-fast-car-listen.html) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Archived from the original (http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a433698/taio-cruz-confirms-new-single-fast-car-listen.html) on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2004 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Maroon 5 (/wiki/Maroon_5) (June 6, 2013) [video created January 16, 2013]. Maroon 5- 'Love Somebody' Behind The Scenes (video). YouTube. Event occurs at 2:39. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150720135035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyuyoOEbn9w&t=2m38s) from the original on July 20, 2015 . Retrieved July 11, 2014 . {{ cite AV media (/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-41) Armitage, Hugh (March 5, 2014). "Entourage film adds 'Blurred Lines' Emily Ratajkowski" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303061721/http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/entourage/news/a555513/entourage-film-adds-blurred-lines-emily-ratajkowski) . Digital Spy (/wiki/Digital_Spy) . Archived from the original (http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/s179/entourage/news/a555513/entourage-film-adds-blurred-lines-emily-ratajkowski.html) on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved October 29, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Maroon 5's 'Love Somebody' Video Makes Its Debut" (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/22/maroon-5-love-somebody-video_n_3320518.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . May 22, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225812/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/22/maroon-5-love-somebody-video_n_3320518.html) from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-43) "Maroon 5 Releases Paint-Drenched 'Love Somebody' Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192230/http://q104.cbslocal.com/2013/05/22/maroon-5-releases-paint-drenched-love-somebody-video/) . WQAL (/wiki/WQAL) . May 22, 2013. Archived from the original (http://q104.cbslocal.com/2013/05/22/maroon-5-releases-paint-drenched-love-somebody-video/) on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Maroon 5 – 'Love Somebody' (Official Video)" (http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/maroon-5/videos/love-somebody/) . Capital FM (/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)) . May 23, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140713091901/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/maroon-5/videos/love-somebody/) from the original on July 13, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) "The 15 Most Hilarious Parts of Robin Thicke's 'Blurred Lines' Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232110/http://www.spin.com/2013/03/robin-thicke-blurred-lines-video-gif-ti/) . Spin (/wiki/Spin_(magazine)) . March 22, 2013. Archived from the original (https://www.spin.com/2013/03/robin-thicke-blurred-lines-video-gif-ti/) on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved October 29, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-HuffPost_46-0) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140701071527/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/01/blurred-lines-banned-by-youtube-robin-thicke-nude-models_n_2994676.html) 'Blurred Lines' Banned By YouTube As Robin Thicke's Video Features Nude Models" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140701071527/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/01/blurred-lines-banned-by-youtube-robin-thicke-nude-models_n_2994676.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . April 1, 2013. Archived from the original (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/01/blurred-lines-banned-by-youtube-robin-thicke-nude-models_n_2994676.html) on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 11, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-BlurredLinesYouTube_47-0) Thicke, Robin (March 28, 2013). "Robin Thicke: Blurred Lines (Unrated Version) ft. T.I., Pharrell" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwT6DZCQi9k) . YouTube. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140817214455/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwT6DZCQi9k) from the original on August 17, 2014 . Retrieved August 16, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Makarechi, Kia (June 27, 2013). " (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/27/blurred-lines-director-diane-martel_n_3509359.html) 'Blurred Lines' Director Diane Martel Defends Music Video Against Claims Of Misogyny" (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/27/blurred-lines-director-diane-martel_n_3509359.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160411022247/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/27/blurred-lines-director-diane-martel_n_3509359.html) from the original on April 11, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-DailyBeast_49-0) Romano, Tricia (June 17, 2013). " (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/17/blurred-lines-robin-thicke-s-summer-anthem-is-kind-of-rapey.html) 'Blurred Lines,' Robin Thicke's Summer Anthem, Is Kind of Rapey" (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/17/blurred-lines-robin-thicke-s-summer-anthem-is-kind-of-rapey.html) . The Daily Beast (/wiki/The_Daily_Beast) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140711091850/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/06/17/blurred-lines-robin-thicke-s-summer-anthem-is-kind-of-rapey.html) from the original on July 11, 2014 . Retrieved July 11, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Plank, Elizabeth (June 27, 2013). "Robin Thicke's sexism isn't 'blurry' (http://www.salon.com/2013/07/27/blurred_lines_is_clearly_sexist_partner/) " (http://www.salon.com/2013/07/27/blurred_lines_is_clearly_sexist_partner/) . Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160409153327/http://www.salon.com/2013/07/27/blurred_lines_is_clearly_sexist_partner/) from the original on April 9, 2016 . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Slate_51-0) Lai, Jennifer (June 27, 2013). " (http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/27/robin_thicke_s_blurred_lines_is_cocky_yes_but_rapey_and_misogynistic_no.html) 'Blurred Lines' Is Cocky, Yes. But Rapey? No" (http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/27/robin_thicke_s_blurred_lines_is_cocky_yes_but_rapey_and_misogynistic_no.html) . Slate.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160415115623/http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/06/27/robin_thicke_s_blurred_lines_is_cocky_yes_but_rapey_and_misogynistic_no.html) from the original on April 15, 2016 . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Lynskey, Dorian (November 13, 2014). "Blurred Lines: the most controversial song of the decade" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/13/blurred-lines-most-controversial-song-decade) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160402171007/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/13/blurred-lines-most-controversial-song-decade) from the original on April 2, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Pharrell Williams On Juxtaposition And Seeing Sounds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150527115726/http://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2013/12/31/258406317/pharrell-williams-on-juxtaposition-and-seeing-sounds) . NPR . December 31, 2013. Archived from the original (https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2013/12/31/258406317/pharrell-williams-on-juxtaposition-and-seeing-sounds) on May 27, 2015 . Retrieved January 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Kaufman, Amy (August 21, 2015). "Q&A Emily Ratajkowski gets serious about that 'Blurred Lines' video" (https://latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-emily-ratajkowski-interview-conversation-20150823-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160326161124/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-emily-ratajkowski-interview-conversation-20150823-story.html) from the original on March 26, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-complex_55-0) Servantes, Ian (July 22, 2013). "Interview: 'Blurred Lines' Star Emily Ratajkowski Talks Controversy, Nudity, and 'Rapey' Lyrics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130822202018/http://www.complex.com/music/2013/07/blurred-lines-girl-emily-ratajkowski) . Complex (/wiki/Complex_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.complex.com/music/2013/07/blurred-lines-girl-emily-ratajkowski) on August 22, 2013 . Retrieved August 9, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Burton, Charlie (September 25, 2015). "New Lines" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/emily-ratajkowski-we-are-your-friends-blurred-lines) . British GQ (/wiki/British_GQ) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160319045757/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/emily-ratajkowski-we-are-your-friends-blurred-lines) from the original on March 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Garin, Nina (October 3, 2014). "Emily Ratajkowski: from SD theater to movie star" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013647/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2014/oct/03/emily-ratajkowski-gone-girl-sandiego/) . Utsandiego.com . Archived from the original (http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/oct/03/emily-ratajkowski-gone-girl-sandiego) on March 6, 2016 . Retrieved October 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Ratajkowski, Emily (2021). My body (1st ed.). New York, New York: Metropolitan Books. p. 47. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-250-81786-0 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1280702603 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1280702603) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220115223931/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1280702603) from the original on January 15, 2022 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) "2013 Year End Charts – Top Canadian Hot 100" (https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/canadian-hot-100) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131218012601/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/canadian-hot-100) from the original on December 18, 2013 . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "Best of 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141114194334/http://irma.ie/best2013.htm) . IRMA. Archived from the original (http://www.irma.ie/best2013.htm) on November 14, 2014 . Retrieved March 24, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 2013" (http://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2013) . top40.nl (in Dutch). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140314174436/http://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/2013) from the original on March 14, 2014 . Retrieved April 18, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "End Of Year Charts 2013 (singles)" (http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2363) . The Official New Zealand Music Chart . NZTop40.co.nz. Archived (https://archive.today/20140516002245/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2363) from the original on May 16, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150223235852/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-singles-of-2013__3658/) . Officialcharts.com. Archived from the original (http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-singles-of-2013-2709) on February 23, 2015 . Retrieved July 3, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) "Best of 2013 – Hot 100 Songs" (https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/hot-100-songs) . Billboard (/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)) . December 13, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131216044228/http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/hot-100-songs) from the original on December 16, 2013 . Retrieved December 13, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-65) Trust, Gary (April 1, 2015). "Uptown Funk Is Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of the 2010s" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6517180/uptown-funk-longest-leading-hot-100-no-1-2010s) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150403061026/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6517180/uptown-funk-longest-leading-hot-100-no-1-2010s) from the original on April 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Trust, Gary (April 15, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Knocks 'Uptown Funk' Off No. 1 on Hot 100" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6531861/wiz-khalifa-see-you-again-no-1-hot-100) . Billboard . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150417182911/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6531861/wiz-khalifa-see-you-again-no-1-hot-100) from the original on April 17, 2015 . Retrieved April 15, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) Oldenburg, Ann (March 10, 2015). " (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/03/10/blurred-lines-trial-verdict/24492431/) 'Blurred Lines' jury finds for Marvin Gaye" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/03/10/blurred-lines-trial-verdict/24492431/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160319231434/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/03/10/blurred-lines-trial-verdict/24492431/) from the original on March 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Gardner, Eriq (August 15, 2013). "Robin Thicke Sues to Protect 'Blurred Lines' from Marvin Gaye's Family (Exclusive)" (https://hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/robin-thicke-sues-protect-blurred-607492) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190246/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/robin-thicke-sues-protect-blurred-607492) from the original on March 29, 2016 . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) Kenneally, Tim; Chelin, Pamela (December 8, 2015). "Robin Thicke, Pharrell Williams Appeal 'Blurred Lines' Copyright Infringement Lawsuit" (https://thewrap.com/robin-thicke-pharrell-williams-appeal-blurred-lines-copyright-infringement-lawsuit/) . The Wrap (/wiki/The_Wrap) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160317035927/http://www.thewrap.com/robin-thicke-pharrell-williams-appeal-blurred-lines-copyright-infringement-lawsuit/) from the original on March 17, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Emily Ratajkowski: 2013's Hottest Sex Symbols" (https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/pictures/2013s-hottest-sex-symbols-20131217/emily-ratajkowski-0350192) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . December 17, 2013. Archived (http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20141225180311/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/pictures/2013s-hottest-sex-symbols-20131217/emily-ratajkowski-0350192) from the original on December 25, 2014 . Retrieved May 19, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-71) Cantor, Doug (October 22, 2013). "And Esquire's Woman of the Year Is...At long last, after 5 rounds and 32 impossibly attractive Impossible Choices, the results are in!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150213184922/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a25365/sexy-women-bracket-final-results-2013/) . Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.esquire.com/blogs/news/sexy-women-bracket-final-results-2013) on February 13, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-72) Shore, Rebecca (February 4, 2014). "Today's 2014 rookie reveal of the day is, yes, Emily Ratajkowski" (https://www.si.com/swim-daily/2014/02/04/emily-ratajkowski-rookie-reveal-3) . Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165037/http://www.si.com/swim-daily/2014/02/04/emily-ratajkowski-rookie-reveal-3) from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Waller, Jordan (April 30, 2014). "The Official 100 Sexiest Women In The World 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150525063722/http://www.fhm.com/covergirls/emily-ratajkowski) . FHM (/wiki/FHM) . Archived from the original (http://www.fhm.com/girls/news/4--emily-ratajkowski-85497#pagetitle) on May 25, 2015 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sieczkowski, Cavan (May 23, 2014). "Maxim's 2014 Hot 100 List Is Here And Candice Swanepoel Is At The Top" (https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/maxim-2014-hot-100-list_n_5378093.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140528093804/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/23/maxim-2014-hot-100-list_n_5378093.html) from the original on May 28, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "Maxim 2014 Hot 100 List" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150515091454/http://www.maxim.com/hot100details/2014) . Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) . May 23, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.maxim.com/hot100details/2014) on May 15, 2015 . Retrieved May 7, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "#3 Emily Ratajkowski" (http://ca.askmen.com/specials/2014_top_99/3-emily-ratajkowski.html) . AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140301223949/http://ca.askmen.com/specials/2014_top_99/3-emily-ratajkowski.html) from the original on March 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-77) Chernikoff, Leah (September 4, 2013). "Karlie Kloss and 'Blurred Lines' Model Emily Ratajkowski Strip Down and Make Out for CR Fashion Book" (http://fashionista.com/2013/09/karlie-kloss-and-blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski-strip-down-and-make-out-for-cr-fashion-book#karlies-cookie&) . Fashionista.com . Archived (https://archive.today/20140711195243/http://fashionista.com/2013/09/karlie-kloss-and-blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski-strip-down-and-make-out-for-cr-fashion-book%23karlies-cookie&) from the original on July 11, 2014 . Retrieved July 11, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) James, Amethyst (June 24, 2014). " (http://www.ibtimes.com/blurred-lines-beauty-emily-ratajkowski-goes-topless-gq-gives-men-dating-tips-1610538) 'Blurred Lines' Beauty Emily Ratajkowski Goes Topless For GQ And Gives Men Dating Tips" (http://www.ibtimes.com/blurred-lines-beauty-emily-ratajkowski-goes-topless-gq-gives-men-dating-tips-1610538) . International Business Times (/wiki/International_Business_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230956/http://www.ibtimes.com/blurred-lines-beauty-emily-ratajkowski-goes-topless-gq-gives-men-dating-tips-1610538) from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 11, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-GJ2C_79-0) "GQ July 2014 Cover" (http://models.com/work/gq-magazine-gq-july-2014-cover) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160419123753/http://models.com/work/gq-magazine-gq-july-2014-cover) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) Kaufman, Leslie and Christine Haughney (August 13, 2014). "Gift of GQ Magazine Prompts Outcry From Lands' End Customers" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/14/business/media/risque-promotion-prompts-outcry-from-lands-end-customers.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140817004014/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/14/business/media/risque-promotion-prompts-outcry-from-lands-end-customers.html) from the original on August 17, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) Heyman, Marshall (September 28, 2014). "Going, Going to the 'Gone Girl' Premiere" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150920072714/http://www.wsj.com/articles/going-going-to-the-gone-girl-premiere-1411951296) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Archived from the original (https://www.wsj.com/articles/going-going-to-the-gone-girl-premiere-1411951296) on September 20, 2015 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) Brooks, Xan (September 27, 2014). "Gone Girl unleashes battle of the sexes at New York film festival" (https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/sep/27/gone-girl-battle-of-sexes-new-york-film-festival-premiere) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140930025924/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/sep/27/gone-girl-battle-of-sexes-new-york-film-festival-premiere) from the original on September 30, 2014 . Retrieved September 30, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Sandell, Laurie (September 30, 2014). "Emily Ratajkowski: I Feel Lucky That I Can Wear What I Want, Sleep With Who I Want, and Dance How I Want, and Still Be a Feminist" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/news/a31580/emily-ratajkowski-november-2014-cover/) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141030004353/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/news/a31580/emily-ratajkowski-november-2014-cover/) from the original on October 30, 2014 . Retrieved October 29, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) Ramsay, James (October 30, 2014). "Yes, Emily Ratajkowski is actually in Call Of Duty" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141030225231/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2014-10/30/emily-ratajkowski-call-of-duty-advanced-warfare) . GQ (/wiki/GQ) . Archived from the original (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/entertainment/articles/2014-10/30/emily-ratajkowski-call-of-duty-advanced-warfare) on October 30, 2014 . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) Dornbush, Jonathon (October 30, 2014). "Taylor Kitsch blasts through a futuristic war zone in 'Call of Duty' trailer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151128130144/http://www.ew.com/article/2014/10/30/call-of-duty-advanced-warfare-live-action-trailer-taylor-kitsch) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived from the original (http://popwatch.ew.com/2014/10/30/call-of-duty-advanced-warfare-live-action-trailer-taylor-kitsch/) on November 28, 2015 . Retrieved October 30, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "The Other Woman In 'Gone Girl' Is Far From Gone: Up and Coming Emily Ratajkowski" (http://www.inquisitr.com/1771728/the-other-woman-in-gone-girl-is-far-from-gone-up-and-coming-emily-ratajkowski/) . Inquisitr . January 20, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150124192018/http://www.inquisitr.com/1771728/the-other-woman-in-gone-girl-is-far-from-gone-up-and-coming-emily-ratajkowski/) from the original on January 24, 2015 . Retrieved January 27, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) Ratajkowski, Emily (January 8, 2015). "@EmRata status update" (https://twitter.com/emrata/status/553351230999625728) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235622/https://twitter.com/emrata/status/553351230999625728) from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved January 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) Ratajkowski, Emily (January 8, 2015). "@EmRata status update (Cont'd)" (https://twitter.com/emrata/status/553351386033688576) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000636/https://twitter.com/emrata/status/553351386033688576) from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved January 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-89) Atkin, Elizabeth (January 8, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski, Brittany Brousseau and FHM's incredible how to special" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150109071029/http://www.fhm.com/upgrade/entertainment/emily-ratajkowski-brittany-brosseau-how-to-become-amazing-at-everything-86429) . FHM (/wiki/FHM) . Archived from the original (http://www.fhm.com/upgrade/entertainment/emily-ratajkowski-brittany-brosseau-how-to-become-amazing-at-everything-86429) on January 9, 2015 . Retrieved January 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-BLEJE_90-0) Milligan, Lauren (March 10, 2014). "Blurred Lines's Emily Joins Entourage" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/03/10/emily-ratajkowski-entourage-movie-part-second-film-role) . British Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093449/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/03/10/emily-ratajkowski-entourage-movie-part-second-film-role) from the original on May 18, 2015 . Retrieved May 5, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-91) Reinstein, Mara (June 2, 2015). "Entourage Review: Vincent Chase, Ari Gold, and the Boys Are Back for More Star-Studded, Foul-Mouthed Fun" (http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/entourage-review-boys-are-back-for-star-studded-foul-mouthed-fun-201526) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150603040140/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/entourage-review-boys-are-back-for-star-studded-foul-mouthed-fun-201526) from the original on June 3, 2015 . Retrieved June 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Rea, Steven (June 3, 2015). "Whether you missed them or not, bros are back" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150605021103/http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/movies/20150603_Whether_you_missed_them_or_not__bros_are_back.html) . The Philadelphia Inquirer (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer) . Archived from the original (http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/movies/20150603_Whether_you_missed_them_or_not__bros_are_back.html) on June 5, 2015 . Retrieved June 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Linden, Sheri (June 1, 2015). "The Hollywood adventures of Vince, Ari and the boys pick up where the series ended" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151221212711/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/entourage-film-review-798020) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived from the original (https://hollywoodreporter.com/movie/entourage/review/798020) on December 21, 2015 . Retrieved June 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-94) Morris, Wesley (June 5, 2015). "Killing It: 'Spy' and Sharing Comedic Wealth; Plus, the Masturbatory 'Entourage' (http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/spy-entourage-review) " (http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/spy-entourage-review) . Grantland (/wiki/Grantland) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150605225629/http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/spy-entourage-review/) from the original on June 5, 2015 . Retrieved June 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-95) "Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Haley Joel Osment Set For IFC's 'The Spoils Before Dying' (https://deadline.com/2015/03/kristen-wiig-maya-rudolph-haley-joel-osment-cast-the-spoils-before-dying-funny-or-die-1201393965/) " (https://deadline.com/2015/03/kristen-wiig-maya-rudolph-haley-joel-osment-cast-the-spoils-before-dying-funny-or-die-1201393965/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . March 17, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319133050/http://deadline.com/2015/03/kristen-wiig-maya-rudolph-haley-joel-osment-cast-the-spoils-before-dying-funny-or-die-1201393965/) from the original on March 19, 2015 . Retrieved March 19, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-96) Butler, Karen (March 17, 2015). "Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph to star in IFC's 'Spoils Before Dying' miniseries" (http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2015/03/17/Kristen-Wiig-Maya-Rudolph-to-star-in-IFCs-Spoils-Before-Dying-miniseries/7131426619199/) . United Press International. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150319061502/http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2015/03/17/Kristen-Wiig-Maya-Rudolph-to-star-in-IFCs-Spoils-Before-Dying-miniseries/7131426619199/) from the original on March 19, 2015 . Retrieved March 19, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) Ziemba, Christine N. (July 11, 2015). "The Spoils Before Dying Review: 'That's Jazz'/'Fear Steps In' (https://pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/07/the-spoils-before-dying-review-thats-jazz-fear-ste.html) " (https://pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/07/the-spoils-before-dying-review-thats-jazz-fear-ste.html) . Paste (/wiki/Paste_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150914190506/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/07/the-spoils-before-dying-review-thats-jazz-fear-ste.html) from the original on September 14, 2015 . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-98) Stephens, Emily L. (July 9, 2015). "The Spoils Before Dying: 'That's Jazz'/'Fear Steps In' (https://avclub.com/tvclub/spoils-dying-s-jazz-222009) " (https://avclub.com/tvclub/spoils-dying-s-jazz-222009) . The A.V. Club (/wiki/The_A.V._Club) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150906011728/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/spoils-dying-s-jazz-222009) from the original on September 6, 2015 . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) Roberts, Andrew (June 17, 2015). "Mystery Surrounds An All-Star Comedy Cast In The Full Trailer For 'The Spoils Before Dying' (https://web.archive.org/web/20160103100623/http://uproxx.com/tv/trailer-the-spoils-before-dying-will-ferrell/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160103100623/http://uproxx.com/tv/trailer-the-spoils-before-dying-will-ferrell/) . Uproxx (/wiki/Uproxx) . Archived from the original (http://uproxx.com/tv/2015/06/trailer-the-spoils-before-dying-will-ferrell) on January 3, 2016 . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) Tallerico, Brian (July 7, 2015). "SNL Stars Return in Specials 'The Spoils Before Dying,' '7 Days in Hell' (https://rogerebert.com/demanders/snl-stars-return-in-specials-the-spoils-before-dying-7-days-in-hell) " (https://rogerebert.com/demanders/snl-stars-return-in-specials-the-spoils-before-dying-7-days-in-hell) . RogerEbert.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150904212326/http://www.rogerebert.com/demanders/snl-stars-return-in-specials-the-spoils-before-dying-7-days-in-hell) from the original on September 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Heyman, Jessie (August 27, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski on We Are Your Friends and the Male Gaze" (http://www.vogue.com/13300272/emily-ratajkowski-we-are-your-friends/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160315034450/http://www.vogue.com/13300272/emily-ratajkowski-we-are-your-friends/) from the original on March 15, 2016 . Retrieved March 14, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) " (https://warnerbros.com/blogs/2015/08/07/we-are-your-friends-takes-streets) 'We Are Your Friends' Takes to the Streets" (https://warnerbros.com/blogs/2015/08/07/we-are-your-friends-takes-streets) . Warner Brothers (/wiki/Warner_Brothers) . August 7, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150815015953/http://www.warnerbros.com/blogs/2015/08/07/we-are-your-friends-takes-streets) from the original on August 15, 2015 . Retrieved August 17, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-103) Williamson, Sue (December 29, 2015). "Best of 2015: When Emily Ratajkowski Became a Style Star" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160805105856/http://www.wmagazine.com/people/best-dressed/2015/12/emily-ratajkowski-best-dressed-2015/) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.wmagazine.com/people/best-dressed/2015/12/emily-ratajkowski-best-dressed-2015/) on August 5, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-104) Teather, Charlie (December 29, 2015). "Fashion round-up from 2015: from Amber Heard to Emily Ratajkowski, Sara Sampaio to Alicia Vikander we discover the year's most stylish stars" (https://www.standard.co.uk/fashion/partiesandpeople/fashion-roundup-from-2015-from-amber-heard-to-emily-ratajkowski-sara-sampaio-to-alicia-vikander-we-a3143981.html) . Evening Standard (/wiki/Evening_Standard) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160630150014/http://www.standard.co.uk/fashion/partiesandpeople/fashion-roundup-from-2015-from-amber-heard-to-emily-ratajkowski-sara-sampaio-to-alicia-vikander-we-a3143981.html) from the original on June 30, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Sirera, Lindsey (August 21, 2015). "Best Looks of the Week: Emily Ratajkowski's Breathtaking Gown, Kristen Stewart's Sexy Romper & More!" (http://www.eonline.com/news/688640/best-looks-of-the-week-emily-ratajkowski-s-breathtaking-gown-kristen-stewart-s-sexy-romper-more) . E! News (/wiki/E!_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160818060638/http://www.eonline.com/news/688640/best-looks-of-the-week-emily-ratajkowski-s-breathtaking-gown-kristen-stewart-s-sexy-romper-more) from the original on August 18, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) Chung, Madelyn (August 21, 2015). "Best Dressed Stars Of The Week: Emily Ratajkowski, Sonam Kapoor, Kristen Stewart And More!" (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/08/21/best-dressed-of-the-week_n_8022022.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160711042156/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/08/21/best-dressed-of-the-week_n_8022022.html) from the original on July 11, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-WAYFWICBIE_107-0) Ebiri, Bilge (August 28, 2015). "We Are Your Friends Works. I Can't Believe It, Either" (https://vulture.com/2015/08/movie-review-we-are-your-friends.html) . Vulture.com (/wiki/Vulture.com) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150830103129/http://www.vulture.com/2015/08/movie-review-we-are-your-friends.html) from the original on August 30, 2015 . Retrieved August 29, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-WAYFRS_108-0) Travers, Peter (August 27, 2015). "We Are Your Friends" (https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/we-are-your-friends-20150826) . Rolling Stone (/wiki/Rolling_Stone) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150828024022/http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/we-are-your-friends-20150826) from the original on August 28, 2015 . Retrieved August 28, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Burr, Ty (August 27, 2015). " (https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2015/08/27/are-your-friends-joins-efron-with-electronic-dance-music/BIjPnX2S78p2FCGtWV0yBN/story.html) 'We Are Your Friends' joins Efron with electronic dance music" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2015/08/27/are-your-friends-joins-efron-with-electronic-dance-music/BIjPnX2S78p2FCGtWV0yBN/story.html) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150828192127/http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2015/08/27/are-your-friends-joins-efron-with-electronic-dance-music/BIjPnX2S78p2FCGtWV0yBN/story.html) from the original on August 28, 2015 . Retrieved August 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-110) Duralde, Alonso (August 25, 2015). " (https://thewrap.com/we-are-your-friends-review-zac-efron-emily-ratajkowski-wes-bentley) 'We Are Your Friends' Review: Zac Efron Spins Through a DJ Drama Low on Ideas-Per-Minute" (https://thewrap.com/we-are-your-friends-review-zac-efron-emily-ratajkowski-wes-bentley) . The Wrap (/wiki/The_Wrap) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150828034550/http://www.thewrap.com/we-are-your-friends-review-zac-efron-emily-ratajkowski-wes-bentley/) from the original on August 28, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-111) Minow, Nell (August 27, 2015). "We Are Your Friends" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150831040511/http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/moviemom/2015/08/we-are-your-friends.html) . Beliefnet (/wiki/Beliefnet) . Archived from the original (http://www.beliefnet.com/columnists/moviemom/2015/08/we-are-your-friends.html) on August 31, 2015 . Retrieved August 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) Hamilton, Jordan (August 26, 2015). " (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/friends-review-zac-efron-upbeat-dj-story-article-1.2338048) 'We Are Your Friends' review: Zac Efron makes DJ story upbeat, with Emily Ratajkowski and Wes Bentley" (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/friends-review-zac-efron-upbeat-dj-story-article-1.2338048) . Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150828025716/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/friends-review-zac-efron-upbeat-dj-story-article-1.2338048) from the original on August 28, 2015 . Retrieved August 27, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Wesley (August 28, 2015). "Running on EDM-ty: The Dull DJs of 'We Are Your Friends' and Anemic Apocalypse Survivors of 'Z for Zachariah' (http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/running-on-edm-ty-the-dull-djs-of-we-are-your-friends-and-anemic-apocalypse-survivors-of-z-for-zachariah/) " (http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/running-on-edm-ty-the-dull-djs-of-we-are-your-friends-and-anemic-apocalypse-survivors-of-z-for-zachariah/) . Grantland (/wiki/Grantland) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150829001243/http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/running-on-edm-ty-the-dull-djs-of-we-are-your-friends-and-anemic-apocalypse-survivors-of-z-for-zachariah/) from the original on August 29, 2015 . Retrieved August 29, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) Collins, Robbie (August 27, 2015). "We Are Your Friends review: 'a smug, abrasive mess' (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/we-are-your-friends/review/) " (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/we-are-your-friends/review/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150829053729/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/we-are-your-friends/review/) from the original on August 29, 2015 . Retrieved August 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-115) "Grazia France: Grazia France August 14, 2015 Cover" (http://models.com/work/grazia-france-grazia-france-august-14-2015-cover) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413145441/http://models.com/work/grazia-france-grazia-france-august-14-2015-cover) from the original on April 13, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) British GQ (August 1, 2015). "@BritishGQ status update" (https://twitter.com/BritishGQ/status/627712940284624896) . Twitter. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160307081721/https://twitter.com/BritishGQ/status/627712940284624896) from the original on March 7, 2016 . Retrieved August 2, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) Brown, Laura (August 18, 2015). "Introducing Emily Ratajkowski For harper by Harper's Bazaar" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a11788/emily-ratajkowski-harper-0915/) . harper by Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper_by_Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150829010145/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a11788/emily-ratajkowski-harper-0915/) from the original on August 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Mac Donnell, Chloe (September 1, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski As You've Never Seen Her Before" (http://www.instyle.co.uk/fashion/emily-ratajkowski-instyle-interview-and-photos) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) UK . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150904014457/http://www.instyle.co.uk/fashion/emily-ratajkowski-instyle-interview-and-photos) from the original on September 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 1, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-119) "Various Covers: In Style Australia October 2015 Cover" (http://models.com/work/various-covers-in-style-australia-october-2015-cover) . Models.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413122611/http://models.com/work/various-covers-in-style-australia-october-2015-cover) from the original on April 13, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-120) Leal, Samantha (September 3, 2015). " (http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/news/a15757/emily-ratajkowski-hollywood/) 'It's Like Performance Art': Emily Ratajkowski's Take on Miley Cyrus and Female Sexuality" (http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/news/a15757/emily-ratajkowski-hollywood/) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150904173138/http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/news/a15757/emily-ratajkowski-hollywood/) from the original on September 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-121) "Rita Ora And Emily Ratajkowski Present The Award For Artist To Watch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150904022015/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/videos/rita-ora-and-emily-ratajkowski-present-the-award-for-artist-to-watch/1233946/) . MTV. August 30, 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/videos/rita-ora-and-emily-ratajkowski-present-the-award-for-artist-to-watch/1233946/) on September 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 4, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-122) Burton, Charlie (August 2, 2015). "Instagram's It-girl Emily Ratajkowski on the celebrity iCloud hack and Blurred Lines' similarities to Marvin Gaye" (https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/city-of-culture-hull-spenser-tunick) . GQ (/wiki/GQ_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160401051454/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/city-of-culture-hull-spenser-tunick) from the original on April 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-123) Schott, Julie (September 17, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski Makes Her Runway Debut At Marc Jacobs" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a30551/emily-ratajkowski-marc-jacobs/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150918233423/http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a30551/emily-ratajkowski-marc-jacobs/) from the original on September 18, 2015 . Retrieved September 18, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-124) "From Bantry to the Big Apple: Emily Ratajkowski makes Fashion Week debut after Irish holiday" (http://www.independent.ie/style/fashion/fashion-news/from-bantry-to-the-big-apple-emily-ratajkowski-makes-fashion-week-debut-after-irish-holiday-31537287.html) . Irish Independent (/wiki/Irish_Independent) . September 18, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160401194424/http://www.independent.ie/style/fashion/fashion-news/from-bantry-to-the-big-apple-emily-ratajkowski-makes-fashion-week-debut-after-irish-holiday-31537287.html) from the original on April 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-125) Schulte-Hillen, Sophie (December 16, 2015). "The 12 Breakout Beauty Stars Who Defined 2015: Zendaya, Emily Ratajkowski, and More" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151226170002/http://www.vogue.com/slideshow/13380869/breakout-beauty-celebrities-2015-zendaya-emily-ratajkowski/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/slideshow/13380869/breakout-beauty-celebrities-2015-zendaya-emily-ratajkowski/) on December 26, 2015 . Retrieved December 25, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-126) Glein, Kelsey (March 9, 2016). "Kendall Jenner, Gigi Hadid, and Emily Ratajkowski Close #PFW on the Miu Miu Catwalk" (http://www.instyle.com/news/kendall-jenner-miu-miu-paris-fashion-week) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103624/http://www.instyle.com/news/kendall-jenner-miu-miu-paris-fashion-week) from the original on April 7, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-127) Rodulfo, Kristina (March 9, 2016). "Miu Miu's Runway Show Features Kendall Jenner, Gigi Hadid, and Emily Ratajkowski" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160412211640/http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a34730/miu-miu-fall-2016-runway-show/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a34730/miu-miu-fall-2016-runway-show/) on April 12, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-BLMERWTBDBB_128-0) " (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/09/blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski_n_3894306.html) 'Blurred Lines' Model Emily Ratajkowski Wants To Break Down Body Boundaries" (https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/09/blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski_n_3894306.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . September 9, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191648/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/09/blurred-lines-model-emily-ratajkowski_n_3894306.html) from the original on July 14, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-129) Fowle, Stuart (January 26, 2016). "First-Ever Buick Super Bowl Ad Features Odell Beckham Jr. and Emily Ratajkowski: Latest 'Experience the New Buick' ad spotlights new Cascada convertible" (http://media.buick.com/media/us/en/buick/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0126-buick-super-bowl.html) (Press release). Buick (/wiki/Buick) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160202050746/http://media.buick.com/media/us/en/buick/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2016/Jan/0126-buick-super-bowl.html) from the original on February 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) Nudd, Tim (February 7, 2016). "Adweek's Instant Reviews of the 2016 Super Bowl Ads: Second Quarter See every spot, and our thumbs up or thumbs down" (http://www.adweek.com/news-gallery/advertising-branding/adweeks-instant-reviews-2015-super-bowl-ads-second-quarter-169485) . Adweek (/wiki/Adweek) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160210234141/http://www.adweek.com/news-gallery/advertising-branding/adweeks-instant-reviews-2015-super-bowl-ads-second-quarter-169485) from the original on February 10, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) Highfill, Samantha (February 7, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski pulls an Odell Beckham Jr. in Buick Super Bowl commercial" (https://ew.com/article/2016/02/07/super-bowl-50-buick-emily-ratajkowski) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160208202920/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/02/07/super-bowl-50-buick-emily-ratajkowski) from the original on February 8, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) Castillo, Michelle (February 7, 2016). "Odell Beckham Jr helps Buick catch Super Bowl glory in new ad" (https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/07/odell-beckham-jr-helps-buick-catch-super-bowl-glory-in-new-ad.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160208082841/http://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/07/odell-beckham-jr-helps-buick-catch-super-bowl-glory-in-new-ad.html) from the original on February 8, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-133) "2016 Ad Meter Results" (http://admeter.usatoday.com/results/2016) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . February 7, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160209004013/http://admeter.usatoday.com/results/2016) from the original on February 9, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-134) Schillaci, Sophie (February 7, 2016). "Super Bowl Q&A: Emily Ratajkowski On Her Ad With Odell Beckham Jr., Bouquet Catching & Keeping That Booty In Shape" (http://www.etonline.com/news/181789_super_bowl_q_a_emily_ratajkowski_talks_ad_with_odell_beckham_jr_keeping_her_booty_in_shape/) . Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160208183555/http://www.etonline.com/news/181789_super_bowl_q_a_emily_ratajkowski_talks_ad_with_odell_beckham_jr_keeping_her_booty_in_shape/) from the original on February 8, 2016 . Retrieved February 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) Heinzinger, Kristen (March 18, 2016). "Jacquie Aiche on Her New Campaign with Emily Ratajkowski" (http://fashionweekdaily.com/emily-ratajkowski-fronts-jacquie-aiche-campaign/) . Fashion Week Daily . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160327095120/http://fashionweekdaily.com/emily-ratajkowski-fronts-jacquie-aiche-campaign) from the original on March 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-136) "Emily Ratajkowski Is Wearing Jewelry and Almost Nothing Else in This New Campaign: She's the latest model to be featured by designer Jacquie Aiche" (http://www.esquire.com/style/news/a43265/emily-ratajkowski-jacquie-aiche-campaign/) . Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . March 23, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160324190429/http://www.esquire.com/style/news/a43265/emily-ratajkowski-jacquie-aiche-campaign/) from the original on March 24, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) Stern, Claire (March 18, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Smolders in a New NSFW Ad Campaign for Jacquie Aiche" (http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-jacquie-aiche-campaign) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160325170156/http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-jacquie-aiche-campaign) from the original on March 25, 2016 . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) Muldoon, Pedraig (May 25, 2016). "Blurred lines: Dima Bilan and Emily Ratajkowski are Inseparable" (https://wiwibloggs.com/2016/05/25/inseparable-review-dima-bilan-video-with-emily-ratajkowski/142729/) . Wiwibloggs (/wiki/Wiwibloggs) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160528144105/http://wiwibloggs.com/2016/05/25/inseparable-review-dima-bilan-video-with-emily-ratajkowski/142729/) from the original on May 28, 2016 . Retrieved May 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) Yudaeva, Nastya (May 6, 2016). "Дима Билан показал отрывок клипа с моделью Эмили Ратаковски" (http://www.cosmo.ru/stars/news/06-05-2016/dima-bilan-pokazal-otryvok-klipa-s-modelyu-emili-ratakovski/) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) (in Russian). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160509105825/http://www.cosmo.ru/stars/news/06-05-2016/dima-bilan-pokazal-otryvok-klipa-s-modelyu-emili-ratakovski/) from the original on May 9, 2016 . Retrieved May 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-140) "Interview" (http://www.gettyimages.fr/detail/vid%C3%A9o/dima-bilan-on-being-in-cannes-and-on-recording-a-film-dactualit%C3%A9/531518808) . Getty Images (/wiki/Getty_Images) . May 13, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160604005310/http://www.gettyimages.fr/detail/vid%C3%A9o/dima-bilan-on-being-in-cannes-and-on-recording-a-film-dactualit%C3%A9/531518808) from the original on June 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) Sneider, Jeff (September 16, 2013). "Ben Affleck's 'Gone Girl' Casts 'Blurred Lines' Beauty Emily Ratajkowski (Exclusive)" (https://thewrap.com/ben-affleck-gone-girl-cast-blurred-lines-emily-ratajkowski/) . The Wrap (/wiki/The_Wrap) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140705174452/http://www.thewrap.com/ben-affleck-gone-girl-cast-blurred-lines-emily-ratajkowski/) from the original on July 5, 2014 . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-142) O'Hehir, Andrew (September 29, 2014). " (http://www.salon.com/2014/09/29/gone_girl_a_dark_marriage_drama_becomes_a_battle_of_the_sexes_debate/) 'Gone Girl': A dark marriage drama becomes a 'battle-of-the-sexes' debate" (http://www.salon.com/2014/09/29/gone_girl_a_dark_marriage_drama_becomes_a_battle_of_the_sexes_debate/) . Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150612195731/http://www.salon.com/2014/09/29/gone_girl_a_dark_marriage_drama_becomes_a_battle_of_the_sexes_debate/) from the original on June 12, 2015 . Retrieved June 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) Morris, Wesley (October 3, 2014). "If U Seek Amy: The Grim Grossness of David Fincher's 'Gone Girl' (https://web.archive.org/web/20150630152015/http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/david-fincher-gone-girl-movie-review/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20150630152015/http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/david-fincher-gone-girl-movie-review/) . Grantland.com. Archived from the original (http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/david-fincher-gone-girl-movie-review/) on June 30, 2015 . Retrieved June 6, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) Roeper, Richard (August 25, 2015). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20160321232702/http://chicago.suntimes.com/movies/we-are-your-friends-dj-story-samples-good-bad-from-movies-past/) 'We Are Your Friends': DJ story samples good, bad from movies past" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160321232702/http://chicago.suntimes.com/movies/we-are-your-friends-dj-story-samples-good-bad-from-movies-past/) . Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) . Archived from the original (http://chicago.suntimes.com/movies/we-are-your-friends-dj-story-samples-good-bad-from-movies-past/) on March 21, 2016 . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-145) Jaafar, Ali (February 19, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Joins Cast Of 'In Darkness' Opposite Natalie Dormer And Ed Skrein" (https://deadline.com/2016/02/emily-ratajkowski-n-darkness-natalie-dormer-ed-skrein-stacy-martin-1201705716/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160229083901/http://deadline.com/2016/02/emily-ratajkowski-n-darkness-natalie-dormer-ed-skrein-stacy-martin-1201705716/) from the original on February 29, 2016 . Retrieved March 3, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-146) Grosso, Caroline (August 5, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski is the New Face of Aussie Swim Label Amore + Sorvete" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-amore-sorvete-swimwear-designer) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054531/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-amore-sorvete-swimwear-designer) from the original on January 10, 2018 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-147) Underwood, Khalea (July 13, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Wears a Shirt With Her Face on It, Joining the Ranks of Kylie, Kim and More" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-style/news/emily-ratajkowski-wears-a-shirt-with-her-face-on-it-pic-w212902) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160714154821/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-style/news/emily-ratajkowski-wears-a-shirt-with-her-face-on-it-pic-w212902) from the original on July 14, 2016 . Retrieved July 14, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-148) Hoshikawa, Karina (September 6, 2016). "Must Read: Asos Settles Trademark Infringement Lawsuit, Trio of Models Cover 'Glamour' (https://web.archive.org/web/20231021182827/https://fashionista.com/2016/09/asos-trademark-infringement-lawsuit) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20231021182827/https://fashionista.com/2016/09/asos-trademark-infringement-lawsuit) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Archived from the original on October 21, 2023 . Retrieved May 3, 2023 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) ) ^ (#cite_ref-149) Hoshikawa, Karina (September 6, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Is Out to Prove That Women Can Be "Serious and Sexual" (http://www.glamour.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-is-out-to-prove-women-can-be-serious-and-sexual-glamour-october-2016) " (http://www.glamour.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-is-out-to-prove-women-can-be-serious-and-sexual-glamour-october-2016) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160907022902/http://www.glamour.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-is-out-to-prove-women-can-be-serious-and-sexual-glamour-october-2016) from the original on September 7, 2016 . Retrieved September 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-150) Goldberg, Lesley (March 14, 2016). " (https://hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/mumblecore-master-joe-swanberg-sets-875053) 'Easy' will be written, directed and exec produced by the 'Hannah Takes the Stairs' and 'Uncle Kent' filmmaker" (https://hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/mumblecore-master-joe-swanberg-sets-875053) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160922145842/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/mumblecore-master-joe-swanberg-sets-875053) from the original on September 22, 2016 . Retrieved March 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) Bacle, Ariana (March 17, 2016). "Drinking Buddies filmmaker Joe Swanberg gets his own Netflix series" (https://ew.com/article/2016/03/14/joe-swanberg-netflix-comedy-series-easy) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160922153827/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/03/14/joe-swanberg-netflix-comedy-series-easy) from the original on September 22, 2016 . Retrieved March 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) Hooton, Christopher (June 6, 2017). "Netflix's Easy season 2: Marc Maron's character will return in new episodes" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/easy-season-2-netflix-show-marc-maron-joe-swanberg-emily-ratajkowski-new-episodes-a7775886.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170716035209/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/easy-season-2-netflix-show-marc-maron-joe-swanberg-emily-ratajkowski-new-episodes-a7775886.html) from the original on July 16, 2017 . Retrieved July 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) Oller, Jacob (September 26, 2016). "More Than Local Novelty, 'Easy' Takes Sharp Look At Love & Adulthood" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170324124445/http://chicagoist.com/2016/09/26/joe_swanbergs_easy_offers_more_than.php) . Chicagoist (/wiki/Chicagoist) . Archived from the original (http://chicagoist.com/2016/09/26/joe_swanbergs_easy_offers_more_than.php) on March 24, 2017 . Retrieved July 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) Chavez, Danette (September 22, 2016). "Easy faces up to some hard truths" (https://avclub.com/review/easy-faces-some-hard-truths-242786) . The A.V. Club (/wiki/The_A.V._Club) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170718172813/http://www.avclub.com/review/easy-faces-some-hard-truths-242786) from the original on July 18, 2017 . Retrieved July 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-155) Rovenstine, Dalene (October 20, 2016). "Project Runway guest judge Emily Ratajkowski disagrees with Heidi Klum in exclusive clip" (https://ew.com/article/2016/10/19/project-runway-guest-judge-emily-ratajkowski-preview) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161021073904/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/19/project-runway-guest-judge-emily-ratajkowski-preview) from the original on October 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-156) Lodderhose, Diana (November 3, 2016). "IM Global Adds 'Lying And Stealing', 'Boarding School' To Bustling U.S. & Int'l Slate – AFM" (https://deadline.com/2016/11/im-global-stuart-ford-emily-ratajkowski-hacksaw-ridge-mel-gibson-1201847916/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023439/http://deadline.com/2016/11/im-global-stuart-ford-emily-ratajkowski-hacksaw-ridge-mel-gibson-1201847916/) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-157) "Emily Ratajkowski en #VogueFebrero. ¿Quién dijo (solo) sexy?" (http://www.vogue.es/moda/news/articulos/portada-vogue-febrero-2017-emily--ratajkowski/27962) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) España . January 16, 2017 . Retrieved January 24, 2017 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-158) "Emily Ratajkowski: Reina del desierto" (http://www.vogue.es/micros/emily-ratajkowski-emrata-vogue-febrero/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) España . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170124070332/http://www.vogue.es/micros/emily-ratajkowski-emrata-vogue-febrero/) from the original on January 24, 2017 . Retrieved January 24, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-159) Bagley, Christopher (March 2017). "This Year's Girl" (http://www.instyle.com/celebrity/emily-ratajkowski-march-cover-story) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170425122328/http://www.instyle.com/celebrity/emily-ratajkowski-march-cover-story) from the original on April 25, 2017 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-160) Reed, Sam (April 10, 2017). "Style Notes: Emily Ratajkowski Amont Marie Claire's "Fresh Faces"; 'RHOBH' Daughter Signs With IMG" (https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/style-notes-emily-ratajkowski-marie-claires-fresh-faces-rhobh-daughter-signs-img-992570) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170425120706/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/style-notes-emily-ratajkowski-marie-claires-fresh-faces-rhobh-daughter-signs-img-992570) from the original on April 25, 2017 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-161) Mendelewitsch, Mélanie (April 21, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski : "une femme peut être tout ce qu'elle désire" (https://www.lofficiel.com/fashion/canon-ardent) " (https://www.lofficiel.com/fashion/canon-ardent) . L'Officiel (/wiki/L%27Officiel) (in French). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170707132940/https://www.lofficiel.com/fashion/canon-ardent) from the original on July 7, 2017 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-162) Hughes, Aria (March 12, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Is the Face of DKNY Intimates Campaign" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/emily-ratajkowski-is-the-face-of-dkny-intimates-campaign-10842286/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170907080905/http://wwd.com/fashion-news/intimates/emily-ratajkowski-is-the-face-of-dkny-intimates-campaign-10842286/) from the original on September 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERIOACS_163-0) O'Neill, Grace (June 27, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Is Our August Cover Star" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/emily-ratajkowski-harpers-bazaar-australia-cover-august-2017-13583) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Australia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170630144712/http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/emily-ratajkowski-harpers-bazaar-australia-cover-august-2017-13583) from the original on June 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) Conlon, Scarlett (July 6, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Gets Candid" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/emily-ratajkowski-interview-feminism-instagram-the-kooples-collaboration) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170706185810/http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/emily-ratajkowski-interview-feminism-instagram-the-kooples-collaboration) from the original on July 6, 2017 . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-165) Satenstein, Liana (July 3, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Has Designed the Perfect Bag for Wallet-Less Woman" (http://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-designs-bag-for-the-kooples) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170706123251/http://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-designs-bag-for-the-kooples) from the original on July 6, 2017 . Retrieved July 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-166) Spencer, Mimosa (July 7, 2017). "The Kooples celebrates new bag line co-designed with Emily Ratajkowski" (https://latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-kooples-bag-20170707-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170710014904/http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-kooples-bag-20170707-story.html) from the original on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved July 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-167) Alexander, Ella (July 6, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Has Designed Her First High-Street Bag Collection" (http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a42527/emily-ratajkowski-has-designed-her-first-bag-collection/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170711005702/http://www.harpersbazaar.co.uk/fashion/fashion-news/news/a42527/emily-ratajkowski-has-designed-her-first-bag-collection/) from the original on July 11, 2017 . Retrieved July 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-168) Savini, Loren (July 18, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski on Being Comfortable With Her Sexuality" (http://www.allure.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-cover-story-august-2017) . Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170719055109/http://www.allure.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-cover-story-august-2017) from the original on July 19, 2017 . Retrieved July 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-169) Fernandez, Alexia (July 18, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Says She's Bothered 'People Are So Offended by Breasts' (http://people.com/bodies/emily-ratajkowski-breasts-sexuality/) " (http://people.com/bodies/emily-ratajkowski-breasts-sexuality/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170721215913/http://people.com/bodies/emily-ratajkowski-breasts-sexuality/) from the original on July 21, 2017 . Retrieved July 18, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-170) Bayley, Leanne (July 6, 2017). "Meet GLAMOUR's brand new cover star: Emily Ratajkowski" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/emily-ratajkowski-cover-aug-2017) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170910171832/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/emily-ratajkowski-cover-aug-2017) from the original on September 10, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-171) "Emily Ratajkowski Just Freed The Nipple For (https://www.maxim.com/women/emily-ratajkowski-free-nipple-love-magazine-2017-7) Love Magazine" (https://www.maxim.com/women/emily-ratajkowski-free-nipple-love-magazine-2017-7) . Maxim (/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)) . July 21, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170722134059/https://www.maxim.com/women/emily-ratajkowski-free-nipple-love-magazine-2017-7) from the original on July 22, 2017 . Retrieved July 22, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-172) Ogunnaike, Nikki (August 3, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski is the New Face of DL1961" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a47111/emily-ratajkowski-is-the-new-face-of-dl1961/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170907030152/http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a47111/emily-ratajkowski-is-the-new-face-of-dl1961/) from the original on September 7, 2017 . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-173) Duong, Kim (August 3, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Joins Frye and Feeding America to Fight Hunger" (http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-frye-campaign-feeding-america) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171117070608/http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-frye-campaign-feeding-america) from the original on November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-174) Borge, Jonathan (August 11, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Uses New York City as a Gym in DKNY's Fall Campaign" (http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-fall-2017-dkny-campaign) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031625/http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-fall-2017-dkny-campaign) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-175) Gowans-Eglinton, Charlie (September 23, 2017). "Bottega Veneta hails the new generation of supermodels at Milan fashion week" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/milan-fashion-week/bottega-veneta-hails-new-generation-supermodels-milan-fashion/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170926095911/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/milan-fashion-week/bottega-veneta-hails-new-generation-supermodels-milan-fashion/) from the original on September 26, 2017 . Retrieved September 26, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-176) Anastasiou, Zoe (September 24, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Made a Rare Runway Appearance For Bottega Veneta" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/emily-ratajkowski-bottega-veneta-milan-14429) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) Australia . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100517/http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/fashion/emily-ratajkowski-bottega-veneta-milan-14429) from the original on September 26, 2017 . Retrieved September 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Isabel (November 3, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Stars in Tyga's New NSFW Music Video" (http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-tyga-music-video-tequila-kisses) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015931/http://www.instyle.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-tyga-music-video-tequila-kisses) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-178) Wynne, Alex (September 29, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski to Go Multilingual for Next Movie Role" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/pfw-ss18-nina-ricci-show-emily-ratajkowski-next-movie-role-11012171/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025921/http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/pfw-ss18-nina-ricci-show-emily-ratajkowski-next-movie-role-11012171/) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "New Music: Tyga – 'Tequila Kisses' (http://www.rap-up.com/2017/11/02/new-music-tyga-tequila-kisses/) " (http://www.rap-up.com/2017/11/02/new-music-tyga-tequila-kisses/) . Rap-up . November 2, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171106201744/http://www.rap-up.com/2017/11/02/new-music-tyga-tequila-kisses/) from the original on November 6, 2017 . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-180) Tyga (November 4, 2017). "@Tyga status update" (https://twitter.com/Tyga/status/926893811460055041) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180524034824/https://twitter.com/Tyga/status/926893811460055041) from the original on May 24, 2018 . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-181) Tyga (November 4, 2017). "@Tyga status update" (https://twitter.com/emrata/status/926878792500486144) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180524034824/https://twitter.com/emrata/status/926878792500486144) from the original on May 24, 2018 . Retrieved November 6, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-182) "Tyga Removes Video Post After Emily Ratajkowski Objects" (http://www.hollywood.com/general/tyga-removes-video-post-after-emily-ratajkowski-objects-60702395/) . Hollywood.com (/wiki/Hollywood.com) . November 4, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107164639/http://www.hollywood.com/general/tyga-removes-video-post-after-emily-ratajkowski-objects-60702395/) from the original on November 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-183) "Is Emily Ratajkowski launching her own swimwear brand?" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a13456169/emily-ratajkowski-launching-swimwear-brand/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) UK . November 9, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041742/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a13456169/emily-ratajkowski-launching-swimwear-brand/) from the original on November 11, 2017 . Retrieved November 10, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-184) Satenstein, Liana (November 16, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Designs Her Own Line of Very Instagrammable Bathing Suits" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-launches-bathing-suit-label-inamorata) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171116194130/https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-launches-bathing-suit-label-inamorata) from the original on November 16, 2017 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-185) Ratajkowski, Emily (November 16, 2017). "@EmRata status update" (https://twitter.com/emrata/status/931211334741475328) . Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180524034824/https://twitter.com/emrata/status/931211334741475328) from the original on May 24, 2018 . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-186) Krentcil, Faran (January 8, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski Doesn't Want You to Feel Guilty About Wanting Great Hair: The new face of Kerastase on feminism, Amy Schumer, and the perfect couple" (http://www.elle.com/beauty/hair/a14848763/emily-ratajkowski-feminism-beauty-kerastase-campaign/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180109033112/http://www.elle.com/beauty/hair/a14848763/emily-ratajkowski-feminism-beauty-kerastase-campaign/) from the original on January 9, 2018 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-187) Niven, Lisa (January 9, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski's First Beauty Campaign Is For Kérastase" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/emily-ratajkowski-named-kerastase-ambassador) . British Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(British_magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180109122504/http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/emily-ratajkowski-named-kerastase-ambassador) from the original on January 9, 2018 . Retrieved January 9, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-188) Murray, Becki (March 7, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski lands her first fragrance campaign" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/beauty/fragrance/a18659633/emily-ratajkowski-paco-rabanne/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) UK . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180518130140/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/beauty/fragrance/a18659633/emily-ratajkowski-paco-rabanne/) from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 18, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-189) Weil, Jennifer (March 7, 2018). "Paco Rabanne Perfume: The Anglo-American actress is joining the French fragrance hous" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/emily-ratajkowski-named-face-of-paco-rabanne-perfume-1202622970/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180518130538/http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/emily-ratajkowski-named-face-of-paco-rabanne-perfume-1202622970/) from the original on May 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 18, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mock, Janet (May 10, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski Is Unapologetically Herself" (https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a20651002/emily-ratajkowski-june-2018-cover/) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180520164233/https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a20651002/emily-ratajkowski-june-2018-cover/) from the original on May 20, 2018 . Retrieved May 23, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-191) Bettendorf, Natalie (March 4, 2018). "Inspire Festival features Halsey, Emily Ratajkowski" (https://dailytrojan.com/2018/03/04/inspire-festival-features-halsey-emily-ratajkowski/) . Daily Trojan (/wiki/Daily_Trojan) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074226/http://dailytrojan.com/2018/03/04/inspire-festival-features-halsey-emily-ratajkowski/) from the original on March 10, 2018 . Retrieved May 24, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-192) "Emily Ratajkowski wins Model of the Year" (https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/emily-ratajkowski-wins-model-of-the-year/vp-AAvL6Z7) . MSN (/wiki/MSN) . April 11, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183153/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/emily-ratajkowski-wins-model-of-the-year/vp-AAvL6Z7) from the original on April 19, 2018 . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-193) "Emily Ratajkowski crowned model of the year at Daily Front Row awards" (http://www.hollywood.com/general/emily-ratajkowski-crowned-model-of-the-year-at-daily-front-row-awards-60718896/) . Hollywood.com (/wiki/Hollywood.com) . April 8, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120950/http://www.hollywood.com/general/emily-ratajkowski-crowned-model-of-the-year-at-daily-front-row-awards-60718896/) from the original on April 19, 2018 . Retrieved April 19, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-194) Otterson, Joe (March 29, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski, Lilly Singh Among Five Cast in NBC Comedy Pilot 'Bright Futures' (https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/emily-ratajkowski-lilly-singh-nbc-bright-futures-1202739866/) " (https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/emily-ratajkowski-lilly-singh-nbc-bright-futures-1202739866/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031007/http://variety.com/2018/tv/news/emily-ratajkowski-lilly-singh-nbc-bright-futures-1202739866/) from the original on April 21, 2018 . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-195) Andreeva, Nellie (March 29, 2018). " (https://deadline.com/2018/03/bright-futures-emily-ratajkowski-shameik-moore-lilly-singh-calum-worthy-jimmy-tatro-cast-lisa-kudrow-narrates-nbc-comedy-pilot-kenya-barris-1202355863/) 'Bright Futures': Emily Ratajkowski, Shameik Moore & Lilly Singh To Star, Lisa Kudrow To Narrate NBC Comedy Pilot" (https://deadline.com/2018/03/bright-futures-emily-ratajkowski-shameik-moore-lilly-singh-calum-worthy-jimmy-tatro-cast-lisa-kudrow-narrates-nbc-comedy-pilot-kenya-barris-1202355863/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031317/http://deadline.com/2018/03/bright-futures-emily-ratajkowski-shameik-moore-lilly-singh-calum-worthy-jimmy-tatro-cast-lisa-kudrow-narrates-nbc-comedy-pilot-kenya-barris-1202355863/) from the original on April 21, 2018 . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-196) Munzenrieder, Kyle (March 30, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski's New Sitcom Sounds an Awful Lot Like Friends" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-nbc-sitcom-bright-futures) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030915/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-nbc-sitcom-bright-futures) from the original on April 21, 2018 . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-nbcfall2018_197-0) "NBC Carries First Place Momentum Into 2018-19 with Year-Round Programming Strategy Focused on Bold New Shows, Strong Anchors and Top Talent" (http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2018/05/13/nbc-carries-first-place-momentum-into-2018-19-with-year-round-programming-strategy-focused-on-bold-new-shows-strong-anchors-and-top-talent-496305/20180513nbc01/) . The Futon Critic . May 13, 2018 . Retrieved May 13, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-198) Busch, Anita (June 20, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Joins Amy Schumer In 'I Feel Pretty' Movie" (https://deadline.com/2017/06/emily-ratajkowski-amy-schumer-feature-comedy-movie-i-feel-pretty-stxfilms-1202116656/) . Deadline Hollywood (/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170628045238/http://deadline.com/2017/06/emily-ratajkowski-amy-schumer-feature-comedy-movie-i-feel-pretty-stxfilms-1202116656/) from the original on June 28, 2017 . Retrieved June 30, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-199) Alexander, Bryan (April 18, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski shoots down pregnancy rumors at 'I Feel Pretty' premiere" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/04/17/emily-ratajkowski-shoots-down-those-instagram-inspired-pregnancy-rumors-feel-pretty/527157002/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180419113701/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/04/17/emily-ratajkowski-shoots-down-those-instagram-inspired-pregnancy-rumors-feel-pretty/527157002/) from the original on April 19, 2018 . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-200) Alexander, Bryan (April 17, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski tackles misconceptions in 'I Feel Pretty': She's not perfect or dumb" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/aerial-journalism/2018/04/17/emily-ratajkowski-not-perfect-dumb-feel-pretty/517904002/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030715/https://www.usatoday.com/story/aerial-journalism/2018/04/17/emily-ratajkowski-not-perfect-dumb-feel-pretty/517904002/) from the original on April 21, 2018 . Retrieved April 20, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-201) Bobb, Brooke (May 30, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski Has Designed a Collection of Fine Jewelry With Spinelli Kilcollin" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-spinelli-kilcollin-jewelry-collaboration) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190823195338/https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-spinelli-kilcollin-jewelry-collaboration) from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved May 31, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-202) Eckardt, Stephanie (September 21, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski, Shalom Harlow, and the Hadids All Walked the Versace Extravaganza" (https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/versace-spring-2019-runway-milan-fashion-week-models) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190823195337/https://www.wmagazine.com/gallery/versace-spring-2019-runway-milan-fashion-week-models) from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved September 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-203) "Emily Ratajkowski returns to the runway for Versace" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/shows-trends/a23371853/emily-ratajkowski-returns-to-the-runway-for-versace/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) UK . September 21, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190823195333/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/shows-trends/a23371853/emily-ratajkowski-returns-to-the-runway-for-versace/) from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved September 22, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-204) "Emily Ratajkowski walks the runway at the Dolce & Gabbana show during" (https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/emily-ratajkowski-walks-the-runway-at-the-dolce-gabbana-news-photo/1038819426) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230622232538/https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/emily-ratajkowski-walks-the-runway-at-the-dolce-gabbana-news-photo/1038819426) from the original on June 22, 2023 . Retrieved June 22, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-205) Verhoeven, Beatrice (September 14, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski, Spencer Boldman to Star in Indie 'Cruise' (https://thewrap.com/emily-ratajkowski-spencer-boldman-to-star-in-robert-siegels-cruise/) " (https://thewrap.com/emily-ratajkowski-spencer-boldman-to-star-in-robert-siegels-cruise/) . The Wrap (/wiki/The_Wrap) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150915155310/http://www.thewrap.com/emily-ratajkowski-spencer-boldman-to-star-in-robert-siegels-cruise/) from the original on September 15, 2015 . Retrieved September 15, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-206) Kit, Borys (April 24, 2017). "Aaron Paul, Emily Ratajkowski to Star in Thriller 'Welcome Home' (Exclusive)" (https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/aaron-paul-emily-ratajkowski-star-thriller-welcome-home-991533) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170425085654/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/aaron-paul-emily-ratajkowski-star-thriller-welcome-home-991533) from the original on April 25, 2017 . Retrieved April 25, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ratajkowski, Emily (November 9, 2021). My body . London: Quercus. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-5294-1592-6 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1268129208 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1268129208) . 272 pages ^ (#cite_ref-208) Ratajkowski, Emily (November 9, 2021). My Body, by Emily Ratajkowski . Quercus. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781529415926 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211113132051/https://www.quercusbooks.co.uk/titles/emily-ratajkowski/my-body/9781529415926/) from the original on November 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 13, 2021 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : |website= ignored ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored) ) ^ (#cite_ref-209) "Writing in White Ink: On Emily Ratajkowski's 'My Body' (https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/home/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-review) " (https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/home/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-review) . Cleveland Review of Books . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211123203839/https://www.clereviewofbooks.com/home/emily-ratajkowski-my-body-review) from the original on November 23, 2021 . Retrieved November 23, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-210) "Emily Ratajkowski alleges Robin Thicke groped her on Blurred Lines set" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58780355) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . October 3, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220203103510/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58780355) from the original on February 3, 2022 . Retrieved February 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-211) Nolfi, Joey (October 6, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski 'frustrated' her account of Robin Thicke groping her during 'Blurred Lines' video shoot 'leaked' (https://ew.com/music/emily-ratajkowski-on-robin-thicke-groping-book-extra-video/) " (https://ew.com/music/emily-ratajkowski-on-robin-thicke-groping-book-extra-video/) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221130180400/https://ew.com/music/emily-ratajkowski-on-robin-thicke-groping-book-extra-video/) from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 13, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-212) Framke, Caroline (October 12, 2022). "Emily Ratajkowski to Launch New Podcast 'High Low with EmRata' (EXCLUSIVE)" (https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/emily-ratajkowski-podcast-high-low-1235399348/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221129185456/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/emily-ratajkowski-podcast-high-low-1235399348/) from the original on November 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 5, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-213) Massabrook, Nicole (January 25, 2023). "Emily Ratajkowski Brings Son Sylvester to Versace Shoot: He 'Had the Best Time' With 'Auntie' Donatella" (https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/emily-ratajkowski-brings-son-sylvester-to-versace-shoot/) . US Weekly (/wiki/US_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230125173306/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/emily-ratajkowski-brings-son-sylvester-to-versace-shoot/) from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-214) "No, Emily Ratajkowski won't just shut up and look pretty" (https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-04-06/for-real-emily-ratajkowski-emrata) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . April 6, 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230407172620/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-04-06/for-real-emily-ratajkowski-emrata) from the original on April 7, 2023 . Retrieved April 7, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-215) Ritzen, Stacey (June 4, 2024). "Emily Ratajkowski Unrecognizable While Filming New Netflix Series" (https://www.mensjournal.com/news/emily-ratajkowski-lena-dunham-netflix-series) . Men's Journal . Retrieved July 12, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-216) "Maxim Hot 100 - 2015" (https://www.listal.com/list/maxim-hot-100-2015-jrock1772) . www.listal.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240120071235/https://www.listal.com/list/maxim-hot-100-2015-jrock1772) from the original on January 20, 2024 . Retrieved January 20, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-217) "Crush List: Top 99 Women 2016" (http://www.askmen.com/specials/2016_top_99/emily-ratajkowski.html) . AskMen (/wiki/AskMen) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072934/http://www.askmen.com/specials/2016_top_99/emily-ratajkowski.html) from the original on June 5, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-218) "FHM's Sexiest Women In The World 2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160529165802/http://www.mtv.co.uk/fhms-sexiest-women/pictures/fhms-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2015) . MTV. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.co.uk/fhms-sexiest-women/pictures/fhms-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2015) on May 29, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-219) "Best Dressed 2015: All best dressed stars of 2015" (http://www.vogue.it/en/shows/oddities/2015/12/best-of-best-dressed-celebrities-stars-2015) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Italia . December 28, 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160630065802/http://www.vogue.it/en/shows/oddities/2015/12/best-of-best-dressed-celebrities-stars-2015) from the original on June 30, 2016 . Retrieved June 4, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-220) Rutherford, Chrissy (February 19, 2016). "#TheLIST Best Dressed: New York Fashion Week Edition" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/g6876/best-dressed-celebrities-new-york-fashion-week-fall-2016/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160521091038/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/g6876/best-dressed-celebrities-new-york-fashion-week-fall-2016/) from the original on May 21, 2016 . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-221) Rennert, Jenna (October 4, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Just Won Best Street Style Beauty" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-best-street-style-beauty-makeup-hair-red-lipstick-new-york-paris-milan) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171005190722/https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-best-street-style-beauty-makeup-hair-red-lipstick-new-york-paris-milan) from the original on October 5, 2017 . Retrieved October 11, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-222) D'Zurilla, Christie (October 2, 2014). "Google threatened with $100-million lawsuit over celebrity nude photos" (https://latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-google-celebrity-nude-photo-leak-lawsuit-threat-20141002-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141005212906/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-google-celebrity-nude-photo-leak-lawsuit-threat-20141002-story.html) from the original on October 5, 2014 . Retrieved October 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-223) D'Zurilla, Christie (September 22, 2014). "Amber Heard, Meagan Good among victims in second wave of nude photos" (https://latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-celebrity-nude-photos-leak-gabrielle-union-meagan-good-20140922-story.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141006011237/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-celebrity-nude-photos-leak-gabrielle-union-meagan-good-20140922-story.html) from the original on October 6, 2014 . Retrieved October 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-224) Palumbo, Jacqui; Hills, Megan (May 14, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski's 'reclaimed' self-portrait sells for $175,000" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-nft-sale-christies/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210906142714/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/emily-ratajkowski-nft-sale-christies/index.html) from the original on September 6, 2021 . Retrieved November 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-225) Ratajkowski, Emily (September 15, 2020). "Buying Myself Back: When does a model own her own image?" (https://www.thecut.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-owning-my-image-essay.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200915235503/https://www.thecut.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-owning-my-image-essay.html) from the original on September 15, 2020 . Retrieved September 16, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) Willen, Claudia (September 15, 2020). "Emily Ratajkowski says she was sexually assaulted by photographer Jonathan Leder after a nude photo shoot in 2012" (https://www.insider.com/emily-ratajkowski-sexual-assault-claim-jonathan-leder-photographer-2020-9) . Insider (/wiki/Insider_Inc.) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231021182825/https://www.insider.com/emily-ratajkowski-sexual-assault-claim-jonathan-leder-photographer-2020-9) from the original on October 21, 2023 . Retrieved September 16, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-227) Park, Andrea (September 15, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Says Madame Figaro Magazine Photoshopped Her Lips and Breasts" (https://www.allure.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-calls-out-french-magazine-photoshopping) . Allure (/wiki/Allure_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170920141800/https://www.allure.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-calls-out-french-magazine-photoshopping) from the original on September 20, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-228) Wang, Mary (September 15, 2017). "Emily Ratajkowski Slams Her Own Cover on Instagram" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-retouching-photoshop-instagram) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170923040630/https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-retouching-photoshop-instagram) from the original on September 23, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-229) "Celeb v. Paparazzi Battle Over Emily Ratajkowski's "Mood Forever" Instagram Post Must Go to a Jury" (https://www.thefashionlaw.com/celeb-v-paparazzi-battle-over-emily-ratajkowskis-mood-forever-instagram-post-will-go-to-a-jury/) . The Fashion Law . October 1, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211020002231/https://www.thefashionlaw.com/celeb-v-paparazzi-battle-over-emily-ratajkowskis-mood-forever-instagram-post-will-go-to-a-jury/) from the original on October 20, 2021 . Retrieved October 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-230) Cho, Winston (April 13, 2022). "Emily Ratajkowski Lawsuit Over Paparazzi Photo Settles" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/emily-ratajkowski-lawsuit-over-paparazzi-photo-settles-1235130004/) . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230905002123/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/emily-ratajkowski-lawsuit-over-paparazzi-photo-settles-1235130004/) from the original on September 5, 2023 . Retrieved September 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-VICE_231-0) Gabrielle Bluestone (April 29, 2017). "A National Punchline" (https://news.vice.com/story/fyre-festivals-25-year-old-organizer-this-is-the-worst-day-of-my-life) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170501071642/https://news.vice.com/story/fyre-festivals-25-year-old-organizer-this-is-the-worst-day-of-my-life) from the original on May 1, 2017 . Retrieved May 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vice-2_232-0) Megan Cerullo (April 28, 2017). "Rich millennials paid thousands for ja rules fyre fest and are now stranded on an island in disaster relief tents" (https://news.vice.com/story/rich-millennials-paid-thousands-for-ja-rules-fyre-fest-and-are-now-stranded-on-an-island-in-disaster-relief-tents) . Vice (/wiki/Vice_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170501071614/https://news.vice.com/story/rich-millennials-paid-thousands-for-ja-rules-fyre-fest-and-are-now-stranded-on-an-island-in-disaster-relief-tents) from the original on May 1, 2017 . Retrieved May 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Plaugic, Lizzie (April 28, 2017). "Ja Rule's music festival disaster is a good reminder not to trust Instagram sponcon" (https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/28/15471112/fyre-fest-instagram-hailey-baldwin-bella-hadid-sponsored-posts) . The Verge (/wiki/The_Verge) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170430233304/http://www.theverge.com/2017/4/28/15471112/fyre-fest-instagram-hailey-baldwin-bella-hadid-sponsored-posts) from the original on April 30, 2017 . Retrieved May 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-BW_234-0) Sarah Frier (August 5, 2016). "FTC to Crack Down on Paid Celebrity Posts That Aren't Clear Ads" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-05/ftc-to-crack-down-on-paid-celebrity-posts-that-aren-t-clear-ads) . Businessweek (/wiki/Businessweek) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170423180142/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-05/ftc-to-crack-down-on-paid-celebrity-posts-that-aren-t-clear-ads) from the original on April 23, 2017 . Retrieved May 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-polly_235-0) Mosendz, Polly [@polly] (May 2, 2017). "Interesting: The second Fyre Festival lawsuit zings influencers who were paid to hype the event but didn't disclose it, per FTC standards" (https://x.com/polly/status/859600981146968064) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170504222201/https://twitter.com/polly/status/859600981146968064) from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-236) Cullins, Ashley (May 2, 2017). "Fyre Festival Debacle Sparks Another Class Action Lawsuit" (https://hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/fyre-festival-sparks-class-action-lawsuit-999793) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170503025734/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/fyre-festival-sparks-class-action-lawsuit-999793) from the original on May 3, 2017 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERSWPP_237-0) Petrarca, Emilia (December 10, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski Stands With Planned Parenthood: The model talks about her new collaboration with Christy Dawn, which benefits the women's health clinic under attack" (http://www.wmagazine.com/people/2015/12/emily-ratajkowski-planned-parenthood/photos) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160321015038/http://www.wmagazine.com/people/2015/12/emily-ratajkowski-planned-parenthood/photos/) from the original on March 21, 2016 . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-238) Bailey, Alyssa (June 17, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski Wants to Make Your Sex Life Better" (http://www.elle.com/life-love/sex-relationships/news/a28922/emily-ratajkowski-wants-to-make-your-sex-life-better/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404191455/http://www.elle.com/life-love/sex-relationships/news/a28922/emily-ratajkowski-wants-to-make-your-sex-life-better/) from the original on April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-239) Valentini, Valentina I. (May 15, 2015). "Refinery29 Already Has 25 Million Fans, Now It Wants To Win At Sundance" (http://www.fastcompany.com/3046242/innovation-agents/refinery29-is-already-in-25-million-hearts-now-it-wants-to-get-into-sundan) . Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160401140425/http://www.fastcompany.com/3046242/innovation-agents/refinery29-is-already-in-25-million-hearts-now-it-wants-to-get-into-sundan) from the original on April 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-240) Spangler, Todd (April 29, 2015). "NewFronts 2015: Refinery29 Intros 29 Original Series, Teaming with Lena Dunham, Lisa Kudrow, Jill Soloway and Others" (https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/refinery29-original-series-lena-dunham-lisa-kudrow-newfronts-1201484248/) . Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160226115348/http://variety.com/2015/digital/news/refinery29-original-series-lena-dunham-lisa-kudrow-newfronts-1201484248/) from the original on February 26, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-241) Algemeiner, The. "Celebrities, Fashion Designers Show Support for Palestinians Amid Conflict in Israel" (https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/05/12/celebrities-fashion-designers-show-support-for-palestinians-amid-conflict-in-israel/) . Algemeiner.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230219094322/https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/05/12/celebrities-fashion-designers-show-support-for-palestinians-amid-conflict-in-israel/) from the original on February 19, 2023 . Retrieved February 19, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-242) Cwelich, Lorraine (February 17, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Wound Up Campaigning for Bernie Sanders by Accident" (http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/news/a18749/emily-ratajkowski-bernie-sanders) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413144946/http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/news/a18749/emily-ratajkowski-bernie-sanders/) from the original on April 13, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-243) Lee, Leslie III (February 15, 2016). "This Is What Happens When a Woman Supports Bernie Sanders Online" (https://huffingtonpost.com/leslie-lee-iii/when-a-woman-supports-bernie-sanders-online_b_9236576.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160410203325/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/leslie-lee-iii/when-a-woman-supports-bernie-sanders-online_b_9236576.html) from the original on April 10, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-244) Axelrod, Joshua (February 8, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski stumps for Sanders in N.H." (http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/emily-ratajkowski-stumps-for-sanders-in-n.h./article/2582798) The Washington Examiner (/wiki/The_Washington_Examiner) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160328020606/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/emily-ratajkowski-stumps-for-sanders-in-n.h./article/2582798) from the original on March 28, 2016 . Retrieved April 7, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-AFWERGP_245-0) Paton, Elizabeth (February 14, 2016). "At Fashion Week, Emily Ratajkowski Gets Political" (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/fashion/fashion-week-emily-ratajkowski-bernie-sanders.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180524034824/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/14/fashion/fashion-week-emily-ratajkowski-bernie-sanders.html) from the original on May 24, 2018 . Retrieved February 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-246) Good, Dan (February 9, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski strikes back at Gloria Steinem's comment about female Bernie Sanders fans: 'I'm not here for the boys' (http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/emily-ratajkowski-strikes-back-gloria-steinem-comment-article-1.2525677) " (http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/emily-ratajkowski-strikes-back-gloria-steinem-comment-article-1.2525677) . New York Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160212031634/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/emily-ratajkowski-strikes-back-gloria-steinem-comment-article-1.2525677) from the original on February 12, 2016 . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-247) Walsh, Savannah (October 8, 2019). "A Guide To Every Celebrity Endorsement For The 2020 Presidential Election So Far" (https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a29386763/celebrity-endorsements-2020-presidential-election/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200103141957/https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a29386763/celebrity-endorsements-2020-presidential-election/) from the original on January 3, 2020 . Retrieved December 2, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-248) Sanchez, Chelsea (January 9, 2020). "Emily Ratajkowski Endorses Bernie Sanders for the 2020 Presidential Race" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a30457220/emily-ratajkowski-bernie-sanders-endorsement/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200110034212/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a30457220/emily-ratajkowski-bernie-sanders-endorsement/) from the original on January 10, 2020 . Retrieved January 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERssfipffthhsgu_249-0) Sblendorio, Peter (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski says she faced immense pressure from family to 'hide' her sexuality growing up" (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/emily-ratajkowski-pressured-hide-sexuality-growing-article-1.2533205) . Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160217093204/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/emily-ratajkowski-pressured-hide-sexuality-growing-article-1.2533205) from the original on February 17, 2016 . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERQTDOS_250-0) Menato, Francesca (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Questions The Definition Of Sexy: 'There's An Implication That It Means Trashy' (http://www.womenshealthmag.co.uk/fitness/celebrity-body/4537/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-essay-definition-sexy/) " (http://www.womenshealthmag.co.uk/fitness/celebrity-body/4537/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-essay-definition-sexy/) . Women's Health (/wiki/Women%27s_Health_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160226202601/http://www.womenshealthmag.co.uk/fitness/celebrity-body/4537/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-essay-definition-sexy/) from the original on February 26, 2016 . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERBW_251-0) Ratajkowski, Emily (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski: Baby Woman" (http://www.lennyletter.com/life/a265/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski) . Lenny . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160218060451/http://www.lennyletter.com/life/a265/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) from the original on February 18, 2016 . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_252-0) Ratajkowski, Emily (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski: Baby Woman: An actress reflects on growing up and the empowering impact of defining sexy on her own terms" (http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a42195/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski) . Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160218005437/http://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a42195/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) from the original on February 18, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_253-0) Ratajkowski, Emily (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Defines Sexy On Her Own Terms: The actress reflects on growing up and owning her sexuality" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160218092130/http://www.elle.com/culture/a34177/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.elle.com/culture/a34177/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) on February 18, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_254-0) Ratajkowski, Emily (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski On Why Women Shouldn't Feel Guilty About Being Sexy: The model/actress writes a powerful essay for Lenny Letter" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a14244/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160218094116/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a14244/baby-woman-emily-ratajkowski/) from the original on February 18, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:3_255-0) Spencer, Hayley (February 17, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski opens about being sexually shamed" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/celebrity/2016/02/17/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-essay-female-sexuality) . Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160220114741/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/news/celebrity/2016/02/17/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-essay-female-sexuality) from the original on February 20, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:4_256-0) Hatch, Jenavieve (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Gets Real About Female Sexuality In Honest Essay: Reminder: Women have the right to be sexy on their own terms" (https://huffingtonpost.com/entry/emily-ratajkowski-gets-real-about-female-sexuality-in-honest-essay_us_56c34d93e4b08ffac1268a40) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160217115255/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/emily-ratajkowski-gets-real-about-female-sexuality-in-honest-essay_us_56c34d93e4b08ffac1268a40) from the original on February 17, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:5_257-0) Kinstlinger, Nikki (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski has written a revealing article for Lenny Letter" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160301072218/http://www.cosmopolitan.com.au/celebrity/celebrity-gossip/2016/2/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-letter/) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.cosmopolitan.com.au/celebrity/celebrity-gossip/2016/2/emily-ratajkowski-lenny-letter/) on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved February 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:6_258-0) Moon, Rachael (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski poses completely NAKED in honour of essay on sexuality for Lena Dunham's newsletter" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/emily-ratajkowski-poses-completely-naked-7381873) . Daily Mirror (/wiki/Daily_Mirror) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160322135213/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/emily-ratajkowski-poses-completely-naked-7381873) from the original on March 22, 2016 . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-ERPEOBADSOHOT_259-0) Simmonds, Georgia (February 17, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski's Powerful Essay On Body-Shaming And Defining Sexy On Her Own Terms" (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/world/551941/emily-ratajkowski-s-powerful-essay-on-body-shaming-and-defining-sexy-on-her-own-terms.html) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404062033/http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/world/551941/emily-ratajkowski-s-powerful-essay-on-body-shaming-and-defining-sexy-on-her-own-terms.html) from the original on April 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:7_260-0) Coulehan, Erin (February 16, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski shakes off the trolls: Following vicious attacks over her Sanders endorsement, the actress pens a powerful essay on body-shaming" (http://www.salon.com/2016/02/16/emily_ratajkowski_shakes_off_the_trolls_following_vicious_attacks_over_her_sanders_endorsement_the_actress_pens_a_powerful_essay_on_body_shaming/) . Salon (/wiki/Salon_(website)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160220030734/http://www.salon.com/2016/02/16/emily_ratajkowski_shakes_off_the_trolls_following_vicious_attacks_over_her_sanders_endorsement_the_actress_pens_a_powerful_essay_on_body_shaming/) from the original on February 20, 2016 . Retrieved February 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:8_261-0) Silvers, Isabella (February 17, 2016). "Why Should Women Cover Up? Emily Ratajkowski Talks Bums, Boobs and Body Shaming" (http://www.instyle.co.uk/celebrity/news/emily-ratajkowski-lenny) . InStyle (/wiki/InStyle) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160324142057/http://www.instyle.co.uk/celebrity/news/emily-ratajkowski-lenny) from the original on March 24, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gill, Charlotte (April 1, 2016). "Kim Kardashian and Emily Ratajkowski are no feminists" (https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/kim-kardashian-and-emily-ratajkowski-are-no-feminists-they-advocate-industries-that-treat-womens-a6963531.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404014222/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/kim-kardashian-and-emily-ratajkowski-are-no-feminists-they-advocate-industries-that-treat-womens-a6963531.html) from the original on April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:9_263-0) Bailey, Alyssa (June 17, 2015). "Emily Ratajkowski Wants to Make Your Sex Life Better: She's the face of Planned Parenthood's new PSA for birth control" (http://www.elle.com/life-love/sex-relationships/news/a28922/emily-ratajkowski-wants-to-make-your-sex-life-better/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404191455/http://www.elle.com/life-love/sex-relationships/news/a28922/emily-ratajkowski-wants-to-make-your-sex-life-better/) from the original on April 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:10_264-0) Hess, Amanda (October 1, 2014). "Celebrity Feminist Identification Has Reached Peak Meaninglessness" (http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2014/10/01/celebrity_feminists_karl_lagerfeld_and_emily_ratajkowski_make_feminism_fashionable.html) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160325113140/http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2014/10/01/celebrity_feminists_karl_lagerfeld_and_emily_ratajkowski_make_feminism_fashionable.html) from the original on March 25, 2016 . Retrieved March 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:11_265-0) Bueno, Antoinette (March 15, 2016). "Kim Kardashian Thanks Emily Ratajkowski for Defending Her Nude Selfie With a Handwritten Note and Flowers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160329153809/https://www.yahoo.com/celebrity/news/kim-kardashian-thanks-emily-ratajkowski-154300557.html) . ETonline (/wiki/ETonline) . Yahoo! (/wiki/Yahoo!) . Archived from the original (https://www.yahoo.com/celebrity/news/kim-kardashian-thanks-emily-ratajkowski-154300557.html) on March 29, 2016 . Retrieved March 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:12_266-0) "Emily Ratajkowski and Kim Kardashian West Will Not Be Shamed for Their Nude Selfies" (http://www.vogue.com/13421608/emily-ratajkowski-kim-kardashian-west-nude-selfie/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . March 30, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160402014052/http://www.vogue.com/13421608/emily-ratajkowski-kim-kardashian-west-nude-selfie) from the original on April 2, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:13_267-0) McCluskey, Megan (March 30, 2016). "Kim Kardashian and Emily Ratajkowski Pose Naked to Make a Point" (http://time.com/4277110/kim-kardashian-emily-ratajkowski-topless-selfie/) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160330225510/http://time.com/4277110/kim-kardashian-emily-ratajkowski-topless-selfie/) from the original on March 30, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:14_268-0) Hood, Brian (March 30, 2016). "Kim Kardashian, Emily Ratajkowski pose topless together in restroom" (http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2016/03/31/kim-kardashian-emily-ratajkowski-pose-topess-together-in-restroom/) . New York Post (/wiki/New_York_Post) . Fox News (/wiki/Fox_News) (republished). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160331190728/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2016/03/31/kim-kardashian-emily-ratajkowski-pose-topess-together-in-restroom/) from the original on March 31, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:15_269-0) "Piers Morgan says 'feminism is dead' after Kim Kardashian posts new nude photo" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35932395/piers-morgan-says-feminism-is-dead-after-kim-kardashian-posts-new-nude-photo) . BBC. March 31, 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160331222041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/35932395/piers-morgan-says-feminism-is-dead-after-kim-kardashian-posts-new-nude-photo) from the original on March 31, 2016 . Retrieved April 1, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:16_270-0) Powell, Emma (March 31, 2016). "Kim Kardashian and Emily Ratajkowski's topless selfie slammed as 'tacky' by Piers Morgan: 'RIP feminism' (https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kim-kardashian-and-emily-ratajkowskis-topless-selfie-slammed-as-tacky-by-piers-morgan-rip-feminism-a3214721.html) " (https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kim-kardashian-and-emily-ratajkowskis-topless-selfie-slammed-as-tacky-by-piers-morgan-rip-feminism-a3214721.html) . London Evening Standard (/wiki/London_Evening_Standard) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160403063446/http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kim-kardashian-and-emily-ratajkowskis-topless-selfie-slammed-as-tacky-by-piers-morgan-rip-feminism-a3214721.html) from the original on April 3, 2016 . Retrieved April 1, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:17_271-0) Stevens, Heidi (March 31, 2016). "Sorry, Piers Morgan: Feminism is stronger than a couple of topless selfies" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/stevens/ct-kim-kardashian-piers-morgan-feminism-balancing-0331-20160331-column.html) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160414223227/http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/stevens/ct-kim-kardashian-piers-morgan-feminism-balancing-0331-20160331-column.html) from the original on April 14, 2016 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:18_272-0) Pankhurst, Helen (March 31, 2016). "My great-grandmother Emmeline Pankhurst would be utterly bemused by Piers Morgan" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/my-great-grandmother-emmeline-pankhurst-would-be-utterly-bemused/) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160414003431/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/my-great-grandmother-emmeline-pankhurst-would-be-utterly-bemused/) from the original on April 14, 2016 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:19_273-0) Harris, Taylor (April 6, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Takes on Feminism — One Selfie at a Time" (http://wwd.com/eye/people/emily-ratajkowski-feminism-instagram-10404419/) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160414111150/http://wwd.com/eye/people/emily-ratajkowski-feminism-instagram-10404419/) from the original on April 14, 2016 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:20_274-0) Saul, Heather (April 1, 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski responds to critics who claim her opinions on politics are invalid because of her body" (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emily-ratajkowski-responds-to-critics-who-claim-her-opinions-on-politics-and-feminism-are-less-a6963276.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160404013533/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emily-ratajkowski-responds-to-critics-who-claim-her-opinions-on-politics-and-feminism-are-less-a6963276.html) from the original on April 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 1, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:21_275-0) Jones, Allie (April 2016). "Emily Ratajkowski Is Smart and Cool, Get Over It" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2016/04/emily-ratajkowski-is-smart-and-cool-get-over-it.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160413195327/http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/04/emily-ratajkowski-is-smart-and-cool-get-over-it.html) from the original on April 13, 2016 . Retrieved April 15, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-:22_276-0) Ratajkowski, Emily (November 13, 2021). "Crooks, creeps and indecent proposals: Emily Ratajkowski on being paid to hang out with rich men (extract from (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/nov/13/crooks-creeps-and-indecent-proposals-emily-ratajkowski-on-being-paid-to-hang-out-with-rich-men) My Body )" (https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/nov/13/crooks-creeps-and-indecent-proposals-emily-ratajkowski-on-being-paid-to-hang-out-with-rich-men) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211113120731/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/nov/13/crooks-creeps-and-indecent-proposals-emily-ratajkowski-on-being-paid-to-hang-out-with-rich-men) from the original on November 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 13, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-277) Marquina, Sierra and Brody Brown (December 11, 2014). "Emily Ratajkowski, Gone Girl Actress, Dating Musician Jeff Magid -- Get All the Details!" (http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/emily-ratajkowski-gone-girl-actress-dating-musician-jeff-magid-20141112) . Us Weekly (/wiki/Us_Weekly) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160501112448/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/emily-ratajkowski-gone-girl-actress-dating-musician-jeff-magid-20141112) from the original on May 1, 2016 . Retrieved May 16, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-278) "Emily Ratajkowski no longer living with her boyfriend in L.A., sources say" (http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/confidential/emily-ratajkowski-no-longer-living-boyfriend-sources-article-1.3740246) . Daily News (/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)) . January 5, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204440/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/confidential/emily-ratajkowski-no-longer-living-boyfriend-sources-article-1.3740246) from the original on February 16, 2018 . Retrieved February 16, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-279) Turner, Mariel (February 23, 2018). "Emily Ratajkowski reveals surprise marriage to new boyfriend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180226091924/https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/celebrity/emily-ratajkowski-reveals-surprise-marriage-to-new-boyfriend/ar-BBJvCPg) . MSN (/wiki/MSN) . Archived from the original (https://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/celebrity/emily-ratajkowski-reveals-surprise-marriage-to-new-boyfriend/ar-BBJvCPg) on February 26, 2018 . Retrieved February 24, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-280) Rizzo, Laura (March 8, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski Shows Off Airy California Home Any Art Lover Would Love to Live In" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191105134327/https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/emily-ratajkowskis-california-home-is-artsy-see-photos/) . Life & Style (/wiki/Life_%26_Style_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/emily-ratajkowskis-california-home-is-artsy-see-photos/) on November 5, 2019 . Retrieved June 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-281) Brisco, Elise (March 11, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski welcomes 'beautiful' first child with husband Sebastian Bear-McClard" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210312001410/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/03/11/emily-ratajkowski-gives-birth-baby-sebastian-bear-mcclard/4650081001/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived from the original (https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2021/03/11/emily-ratajkowski-gives-birth-baby-sebastian-bear-mcclard/4650081001/) on March 12, 2021 . Retrieved June 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_282-0) Ratajkowski, Emily (October 26, 2020). "Emily Ratajkowski on Pregnancy and Why She Doesn't Want to Reveal the Gender of Her Baby" (https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-pregnant-announcement-digital-cover) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072945/https://www.vogue.com/article/emily-ratajkowski-pregnant-announcement-digital-cover) from the original on January 10, 2021 . Retrieved January 10, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-283) Slater, Georgia (October 1, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski Shares First Photo of 6-Month-Old Son Sly's Face" (https://people.com/parents/emily-ratajkowski-shares-first-photo-son-sly-face/) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211001185538/https://people.com/parents/emily-ratajkowski-shares-first-photo-son-sly-face/) from the original on October 1, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-284) Loop, Erica (March 11, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski & Sebastian Bear-McClard Welcome a Son" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210311185305/https://people.com/parents/emily-ratajkowski-welcomes-first-baby-sylvester-apollo/) . Red Tricycle. Archived from the original (https://redtri.com/emily-ratajkowski-welcomes-first-child/) on March 11, 2021 . Retrieved June 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-285) VanHoose, Benjamin (March 11, 2021). "Emily Ratajkowski Welcomes First Child, Sylvester Apollo, After 'Love-Filled' Birth" (https://people.com/parents/emily-ratajkowski-welcomes-first-baby-sylvester-apollo/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210312223234/https://people.com/parents/emily-ratajkowski-welcomes-first-baby-sylvester-apollo/) from the original on March 12, 2021 . Retrieved June 6, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-286) Gonzalez, Marc (December 14, 2022). "Who Is Bear-McClard? Take A Look At All The Information About Sebastian Bear-Mcclard!" (https://publicistlibrary.com/who-is-bear-mcclard/) . publicistlibrary . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221214091217/https://publicistlibrary.com/who-is-bear-mcclard/) from the original on December 14, 2022 . Retrieved December 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-287) Tannenbaum, Emily (July 18, 2022). "Emily Ratajkowski and Sebastian Bear-McClard Are Getting Divorced" (https://www.glamour.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-sebastian-bear-mcclard-divorced/) . Glamour . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220718192445/https://www.glamour.com/story/emily-ratajkowski-sebastian-bear-mcclard-divorced) from the original on July 18, 2022 . Retrieved July 18, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-288) Russell, Shania (September 7, 2023). "Emily Ratajkowski says being divorced by 30 is 'chic' days after Sophie Turner and Joe Jonas split" (https://ew.com/celebrity/emily-ratajkowski-says-being-divorced-by-30-chic-sophie-turner-joe-jonas-split/) . Entertainment Weekly . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240320232501/https://ew.com/celebrity/emily-ratajkowski-says-being-divorced-by-30-chic-sophie-turner-joe-jonas-split/) from the original on March 20, 2024 . Retrieved March 20, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-289) "Emily Ratajkowski en couple avec Stéphane Bak ? Elle sort du silence" (https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/emily-ratajkowski-en-couple-avec-un-acteur-francais-ils-echangent-un-baiser-passionne-dans-paris,2099295.asp) . Cosmopolitan.fr (in French). October 27, 2023 . Retrieved July 3, 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-290) Ratajkowski, Emily (March 19, 2024). "Emily Ratajkowski's Instagram" (https://www.instagram.com/p/C4swhdjMSJO/?igsh=cHRqa3NkaTZtaDdw) . Instagram . Retrieved March 20, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Her grandfather was born in what is now Belarus (/wiki/Belarus) . [14] (#cite_note-Balgleybook-14) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Emily Ratajkowski (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Emily_Ratajkowski) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Ratajkowski (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emily_Ratajkowski) . Official website (https://www.emrata.com) Emily Ratajkowski (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1589279/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Emily Ratajkowski (https://www.instagram.com/emrata/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Emily Ratajkowski (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/emily_ratajkowski/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Emily Ratajkowski (https://models.com/models/emily-ratajkowski) on Models.com v t e 2010–2019 Sports Illustrated (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated) Swimsuit Issue (/wiki/Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue) 2010 Sarah Brandner (/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Brandner&action=edit&redlink=1) * Abigail Clancy (/wiki/Abigail_Clancy) * Sonia Dara (/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Dara&action=edit&redlink=1) Brooklyn Decker (/wiki/Brooklyn_Decker) Bethany Dempsey (/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Dempsey&action=edit&redlink=1) * Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Zoe Duchesne (/w/index.php?title=Zoe_Duchesne&action=edit&redlink=1) Esti Ginzburg (/wiki/Esti_Ginzburg) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Damaris Lewis (/wiki/Damaris_Lewis) Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Julie Ordon (/wiki/Julie_Ordon) Dominique Piek (/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Piek&action=edit&redlink=1) Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Daniella Sarahyba (/wiki/Daniella_Sarahyba) Melissa Satta (/wiki/Melissa_Satta) * Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) Jessica White (/wiki/Jessica_White) 2011 Shannan Click (/wiki/Shannan_Click) * Brooklyn Decker (/wiki/Brooklyn_Decker) Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Kenza Fourati (/wiki/Kenza_Fourati) * Esti Ginzburg (/wiki/Esti_Ginzburg) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) * Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Damaris Lewis (/wiki/Damaris_Lewis) Alyssa Miller (/wiki/Alyssa_Miller) * Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Hilary Rhoda (/wiki/Hilary_Rhoda) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) * Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) Jessica White (/wiki/Jessica_White) 2012 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) Adaora Akubilo (/wiki/Adaora_Akubilo) Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Izabel Goulart (/wiki/Izabel_Goulart) Kirby Griffin (/wiki/Kirby_Griffin) Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Ariel Meredith (/wiki/Ariel_Meredith) Alyssa Miller (/wiki/Alyssa_Miller) Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Jessica Perez (/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Perez&action=edit&redlink=1) Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) Crystal Renn (/wiki/Crystal_Renn) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) Michelle Vawer (/w/index.php?title=Michelle_Vawer&action=edit&redlink=1) Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) 2013 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) * Adaora Akubilo (/wiki/Adaora_Akubilo) Natasha Barnard (/w/index.php?title=Natasha_Barnard&action=edit&redlink=1) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Hannah Davis (/wiki/Hannah_Jeter) Cintia Dicker (/wiki/Cintia_Dicker) Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Julie Henderson (/wiki/Julie_Henderson) Ariel Meredith (/wiki/Ariel_Meredith) * Alyssa Miller (/wiki/Alyssa_Miller) * Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Jessica Perez (/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Perez&action=edit&redlink=1) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) * Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) * Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) * 2014 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Natasha Barnard (/w/index.php?title=Natasha_Barnard&action=edit&redlink=1) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Hannah Davis (/wiki/Hannah_Jeter) Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) Hannah Ferguson (/wiki/Hannah_Ferguson) * Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Bregje Heinen (/wiki/Bregje_Heinen) Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) * Marloes Horst (/wiki/Marloes_Horst) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) Lauren Mellor (/wiki/Lauren_Mellor) * Ariel Meredith (/wiki/Ariel_Meredith) Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) Emily Ratajkowski * Sara Sampaio (/wiki/Sara_Sampaio) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) * Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) Cris Urena (/w/index.php?title=Cris_Urena&action=edit&redlink=1) * Anne V (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) Valerie van der Graaf (/wiki/Valerie_van_der_Graaf) 50th Anniversary (2014) The Legends Babette March (/wiki/Babette_March) Bar Refaeli (/wiki/Bar_Refaeli) Brooklyn Decker (/wiki/Brooklyn_Decker) Carol Alt (/wiki/Carol_Alt) Carolyn Murphy (/wiki/Carolyn_Murphy) Cheryl Tiegs (/wiki/Cheryl_Tiegs) Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) Daniela Peštová (/wiki/Daniela_Pe%C5%A1tov%C3%A1) Elsa Benítez (/wiki/Elsa_Ben%C3%ADtez) Heidi Klum (/wiki/Heidi_Klum) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) Kathy Ireland (/wiki/Kathy_Ireland) Marisa Miller (/wiki/Marisa_Miller) Paulina Porizkova (/wiki/Paulina_Porizkova) Petra Němcová (/wiki/Petra_N%C4%9Bmcov%C3%A1) Rachel Hunter (/wiki/Rachel_Hunter) Rebecca Romijn (/wiki/Rebecca_Romijn) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) Veronika Vařeková (/wiki/Veronika_Va%C5%99ekov%C3%A1) Vendela Kirsebom (/wiki/Vendela_Kirsebom) Yamila Diaz-Rahi (/wiki/Yamila_Diaz-Rahi) 2015 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Rose Bertram (/wiki/Rose_Bertram) * Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Hailey Clauson (/wiki/Hailey_Clauson) * Hannah Davis (/wiki/Hannah_Jeter) Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) Hannah Ferguson (/wiki/Hannah_Ferguson) Jessica Gomes (/wiki/Jessica_Gomes) Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) * Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) Ariel Meredith (/wiki/Ariel_Meredith) Solveig Mork Hansen (/w/index.php?title=Solveig_Mork_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1) Genevieve Morton (/wiki/Genevieve_Morton) * Emily Ratajkowski Kelly Rohrbach (/wiki/Kelly_Rohrbach) Sara Sampaio (/wiki/Sara_Sampaio) Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Ashley Smith (/wiki/Ashley_Smith_(model)) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) 2016 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) Rose Bertram (/wiki/Rose_Bertram) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Hailey Clauson (/wiki/Hailey_Clauson) Hannah Davis (/wiki/Hannah_Jeter) Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) Hannah Ferguson (/wiki/Hannah_Ferguson) Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham) Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) Erin Heatherton (/wiki/Erin_Heatherton) Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) Chanel Iman (/wiki/Chanel_Iman) Bo Krsmanovic (/w/index.php?title=Bo_Krsmanovic&action=edit&redlink=1) Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) Tanya Mityushina (/wiki/Tanya_Mityushina) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Sofia Resing (/w/index.php?title=Sofia_Resing&action=edit&redlink=1) Kelly Rohrbach (/wiki/Kelly_Rohrbach) Ronda Rousey (/wiki/Ronda_Rousey) * Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Lindsey Vonn (/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn) * Caroline Wozniacki (/wiki/Caroline_Wozniacki) * 2017 Nina Agdal (/wiki/Nina_Agdal) Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) Rose Bertram (/wiki/Rose_Bertram) McKenna Berkley (/w/index.php?title=McKenna_Berkley&action=edit&redlink=1) * Christie Brinkley (/wiki/Christie_Brinkley) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Hailey Clauson (/wiki/Hailey_Clauson) Sailor Brinkley Cook (/wiki/Sailor_Brinkley_Cook) Myla Dalbesio (/wiki/Myla_Dalbesio) Anne de Paula (/w/index.php?title=Anne_de_Paula&action=edit&redlink=1) * Hannah Ferguson (/wiki/Hannah_Ferguson) Kelly Gale (/wiki/Kelly_Gale) Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham) Danielle Herrington (/wiki/Danielle_Herrington) Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) Lisa Marie Jaftha (/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Marie_Jaftha&action=edit&redlink=1) * Hannah Jeter (/wiki/Hannah_Jeter) Alexa Ray Joel (/wiki/Alexa_Ray_Joel) Mia Kang (/wiki/Mia_Kang) Bo Krsmanovic (/w/index.php?title=Bo_Krsmanovic&action=edit&redlink=1) Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) Hunter McGrady (/wiki/Hunter_McGrady) * Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Vita Sidorkina (/wiki/Vita_Sidorkina) Chrissy Teigen (/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) 2018 Allie Ayers (/w/index.php?title=Allie_Ayers&action=edit&redlink=1) Bianca Balti (/wiki/Bianca_Balti) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Genie Bouchard (/wiki/Genie_Bouchard) Sailor Brinkley Cook (/wiki/Sailor_Brinkley_Cook) Chase Carter (/wiki/Chase_Carter) Olivia Culpo (/wiki/Olivia_Culpo) Hailey Clauson (/wiki/Hailey_Clauson) Myla Dalbesio (/wiki/Myla_Dalbesio) Ebonee Davis (/wiki/Ebonee_Davis) Anne de Paula (/w/index.php?title=Anne_de_Paula&action=edit&redlink=1) Iyonna Fairbanks (/w/index.php?title=Iyonna_Fairbanks&action=edit&redlink=1) Georgia Gibbs (/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Gibbs_(model)&action=edit&redlink=1) Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham) Danielle Herrington (/wiki/Danielle_Herrington) Robin Holzken (/w/index.php?title=Robin_Holzken&action=edit&redlink=1) Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) Brenna Huckaby (/wiki/Brenna_Huckaby) Olivia Jordan (/wiki/Olivia_Jordan) Haley Kalil (/wiki/Haley_Kalil) Camille Kostek (/wiki/Camille_Kostek) Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) Raven Lyn (/w/index.php?title=Raven_Lyn&action=edit&redlink=1) Tabria Majors (/w/index.php?title=Tabria_Majors&action=edit&redlink=1) Hunter McGrady (/wiki/Hunter_McGrady) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Alexis Ren (/wiki/Alexis_Ren) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Vita Sidorkina (/wiki/Vita_Sidorkina) Paige Spiranac (/wiki/Paige_Spiranac) Sloane Stephens (/wiki/Sloane_Stephens) Kate Upton (/wiki/Kate_Upton) Kate Wasley (/w/index.php?title=Kate_Wasley&action=edit&redlink=1) Jasmyn Wilkins (/w/index.php?title=Jasmyn_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1) 2019 Halima Aden (/wiki/Halima_Aden) Jessica Aidi (/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Aidi&action=edit&redlink=1) Manuela Alvarez Hernandez (/w/index.php?title=Manuela_Alvarez_Hernandez&action=edit&redlink=1) Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) Simone Biles (/wiki/Simone_Biles) Kate Bock (/wiki/Kate_Bock) Olivia Brower (/w/index.php?title=Olivia_Brower&action=edit&redlink=1) Hailey Clauson (/wiki/Hailey_Clauson) Olivia Culpo (/wiki/Olivia_Culpo) Abby Dahlkemper (/wiki/Abby_Dahlkemper) Myla Dalbesio (/wiki/Myla_Dalbesio) Anne de Paula (/w/index.php?title=Anne_de_Paula&action=edit&redlink=1) Crystal Dunn (/wiki/Crystal_Dunn) Winnie Harlow (/wiki/Winnie_Harlow) Danielle Herrington (/wiki/Danielle_Herrington) Robin Holzken (/w/index.php?title=Robin_Holzken&action=edit&redlink=1) Samantha Hoopes (/wiki/Samantha_Hoopes) Haley Kalil (/wiki/Haley_Kalil) Camille Kostek (/wiki/Camille_Kostek) Tara Lynn (/wiki/Tara_Lynn) Hunter McGrady (/wiki/Hunter_McGrady) Kelsey Merritt (/wiki/Kelsey_Merritt) Raine Michaels (/w/index.php?title=Raine_Michaels&action=edit&redlink=1) Alex Morgan (/wiki/Alex_Morgan) Brooks Nader (/wiki/Brooks_Nader) Barbara Palvin (/wiki/Barbara_Palvin) Veronica Pome'e (/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Pome%27e&action=edit&redlink=1) Paulina Porizkova (/wiki/Paulina_Porizkova) Megan Rapinoe (/wiki/Megan_Rapinoe) Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) Jasmine Sanders (/wiki/Jasmine_Sanders) Paige VanZant (/wiki/Paige_VanZant) Lindsey Vonn (/wiki/Lindsey_Vonn) Erin Willerton (/w/index.php?title=Erin_Willerton&action=edit&redlink=1) bold indicates cover model; * appeared in bodypainting (/wiki/Bodypainting) by Joanne Gair (/wiki/Joanne_Gair) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Music (/wiki/Portal:Music) Television (/wiki/Portal:Television) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000450985506) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/316745546) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxDHJ93fHBWpc9FWQcyd) National Spain (http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6080863) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17027026x) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17027026x) Catalonia (https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981060547117006706) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1253909946) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015088802) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0205065&CON_LNG=ENG) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p424091054) Poland (https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812677433005606) People Deutsche Synchronkartei (https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/lZZunFufZ) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/261178024) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐vxkr8 Cached time: 20240720164129 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.324 seconds Real time usage: 2.604 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17579/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 684690/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9551/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 27/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1172415/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.543/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 29982180/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 260 ms 15.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 240 ms 14.5% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 220 ms 13.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 120 ms 7.2% <mw.lua:694> 120 ms 7.2% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 100 ms 6.0% type 60 ms 3.6% <mw.title.lua:50> 60 ms 3.6% <Module:Citation/CS1:813> 60 ms 3.6% citation0 <Module:Citation/CS1:2613> 40 ms 2.4% [others] 380 ms 22.9% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2285.883 1 -total 58.25% 1331.433 2 Template:Reflist 39.44% 901.543 233 Template:Cite_web 12.30% 281.113 1 Template:Infobox_model 5.10% 116.605 30 Template:Cite_magazine 4.51% 103.201 1 Template:IPA-pl 4.46% 101.882 1 Template:IPA 4.04% 92.291 6 Template:Cite_book 3.53% 80.693 20 Template:Cite_news 3.24% 73.975 2 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:26579594-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720164129 and revision id 1234012566. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Ratajkowski&oldid=1234012566 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Ratajkowski&oldid=1234012566) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1991 births (/wiki/Category:1991_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American people of Irish descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Irish_descent) American people of Polish descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Polish_descent) American people of Polish-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Polish-Jewish_descent) American child actresses (/wiki/Category:American_child_actresses) American film actresses (/wiki/Category:American_film_actresses) American television actresses (/wiki/Category:American_television_actresses) Jewish American actresses (/wiki/Category:Jewish_American_actresses) Jewish female models (/wiki/Category:Jewish_female_models) Actresses from San Diego (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_San_Diego) Models from San Diego (/wiki/Category:Models_from_San_Diego) Female models from California (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_California) People from Encinitas, California (/wiki/Category:People_from_Encinitas,_California) Models from Westminster (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Westminster) Actresses from London (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_London) People from Westminster (/wiki/Category:People_from_Westminster) UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni (/wiki/Category:UCLA_School_of_the_Arts_and_Architecture_alumni) Sex-positive feminists (/wiki/Category:Sex-positive_feminists) 21st-century American actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_actresses) 21st-century American people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_people) American female models (/wiki/Category:American_female_models) Actors from the City of Westminster (/wiki/Category:Actors_from_the_City_of_Westminster) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from December 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) CS1 errors: periodical ignored (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia semi-protected pages (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages) Use American English from December 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_December_2014) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use mdy dates from August 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2023) Good articles (/wiki/Category:Good_articles) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Pages with Polish IPA (/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with BNE identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with CANTICN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CANTICN_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers) Articles with NTA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers) Articles with PLWABN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PLWABN_identifiers) Articles with Deutsche Synchronkartei identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Deutsche_Synchronkartei_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
|
Hosiery manufacturer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wigwam_Mills) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Wigwam_Mills) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article's lead section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length) may be too short to adequately summarize (/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style) the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview) of all important aspects of the article. ( December 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wigwam_Mills) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Wigwam Mills" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wigwam+Mills%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wigwam+Mills%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wigwam+Mills%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wigwam+Mills%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wigwam+Mills%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wigwam+Mills%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Wigwam Mills, Inc. Industry Consumer goods (/wiki/Consumer_goods) Founded 1905 ; 119 years ago ( 1905 ) Founders Herbert Chesebro, Robert Ehany, Lawerance Bentz Headquarters 3402 Crocker Avenue Sheboygan, Wisconsin (/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin) United States Key people Bob Chesebro (Chairman & CEO) Products Socks, hats, gloves Website www (http://www.wigwam.com) .wigwam (http://www.wigwam.com) .com (http://www.wigwam.com) Wigwam Mills is a hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) company based in Sheboygan, Wisconsin (/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin) , United States. History [ edit ] Wigwam Mills was founded in 1905 by Herbert Chesebro, Robert Ehany, and Lawerance Bentz in Sheboygan, Wisconsin (/wiki/Sheboygan,_Wisconsin) , a year after the Sheboygan Knitting Company burned to the ground. All three founders were employees of the company and purchased equipment and recruited employees from their former company. The new company was founded under the name "Hand Knit Hosiery Company." It made socks (/wiki/Sock) and headwear (/wiki/Headwear) , primarily from wool (/wiki/Wool) , for the residents and lumbermen of the area. At the time the company was supplied by numerous nearby wool mills (/wiki/Wool_mill) . By 1922, Herbert Chesebro gained partial control of the company after purchasing Bentz's share. The company flourished under Chesebro. When the stock market crashed, the hosiery industry struggled in the difficult economy of the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) . After Herbert's death, the company had bank loans totaling $100,000. With the help of J.W. Hansen of the Citizens Bank (/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group) , the company stayed in business. In 1936, Robert Chesebro, Sr. gained complete control of the company after working at the company for 12 years. The company devoted up to 75% of its capacity to knitting (/wiki/Knitting) for the troops overseas. By 1945 the company had expanded its line to include baseball (/wiki/Baseball) hosiery, anklets (/wiki/Anklet) , hockey caps, mittens (/wiki/Mitten) , and socks for all types of activities. The company prospered for the next 65 years knitting socks, headwear, and other knit products. On January 1, 1957, the company changed its name from Hand-Knit Hosiery to Wigwam Mills, based on the popularity of the brand. The company continued under the leadership of Robert Chesebro, Sr., and eventually the third generation of ownership, Robert Chesebro, Jr. The 1980s saw growth in many areas for Wigwam. A new logo and more technical synthetic fibers (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) were becoming more specialized. Wigwam developed the Poly-Wool line of performance socks as well as the overnight success—Moraine. From the mid-1980s through the late 1990s the Wigwam 622 slouch socks became very popular. They were worn by kids, tweens, teens, college students and adults. Not only as athletic wear but everyday fashions too. Rolling one's jeans and khakis to show off the slouch socks, wearing the socks over skinny jeans, ankle length skirts and dresses, and ankle length cotton pants, both styles since they stopped at the ankle showed off the socks, were popular styles. Also two other very popular styles were one wearing the socks over leggings with Keds (/wiki/Keds) or boat shoes with oversized tees, oversized sweaters, an oversized sweater or oversized sweatshirt over a turtleneck. And two wearing the white color of the socks over opaque tights with a babydoll or skater dress and white Keds or in warmer weather with bike shorts showing from under the babydoll or skater dress with the white Keds. In the 1990s, the company developed the Ultimax and INgenious brands. Each featured a patented (/wiki/Patent) sock technology. In 2007, both brands were brought under the Wigwam brand umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella_brand) . Ultimax became Wigwam Pro and INgenious became Wigwam Fusion. In 2020, Chris Chesebro and Margaret Newhard, siblings, took over the helm of the company from their father Robert Chesebro, Jr. [1] (#cite_note-1) Later in 2021, Wigwam was awarded a patent for a custom fitting socks, more shaped to the true anatomical shape of a foot compared to other socks. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2022, Wigwam became the official sock of the US Ski and Snowboard Team. [3] (#cite_note-3) See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of sock manufacturers (/wiki/List_of_sock_manufacturers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Wigwam Mills Reopens US Factory and Emerges with New Leadership" (https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/press-releases/wigwam-mills-reopens-us-factory-and-emerges-with-new-leadership/) . 5 June 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220729173041/https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/press-releases/wigwam-mills-reopens-us-factory-and-emerges-with-new-leadership/) from the original on 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 29 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Patent Public Search | USPTO" (https://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&S1=(%2210,982,359%22.PN.)&OS=PN/) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "U.S. Ski & Snowboard Announces Wigwam as Official Sock Provider" (https://usskiandsnowboard.org/news/us-ski-snowboard-announces-wigwam-official-sock-provider) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220729173041/https://usskiandsnowboard.org/news/us-ski-snowboard-announces-wigwam-official-sock-provider) from the original on 2022-07-29 . Retrieved 2022-07-29 . External links [ edit ] Wigwam Mills (http://www.wigwam.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7dcbc8b498‐6fwql Cached time: 20240701064726 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.344 seconds Real time usage: 0.488 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1677/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48381/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9616/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20743/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.225/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4756905/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 456.468 1 -total 33.74% 154.024 1 Template:Infobox_company 32.47% 148.215 3 Template:Ambox 27.78% 126.799 1 Template:Infobox 23.27% 106.219 1 Template:Reflist 20.41% 93.170 1 Template:Multiple_issues 19.86% 90.633 3 Template:Cite_web 15.56% 71.044 1 Template:Short_description 10.36% 47.278 1 Template:Lead_too_short 8.82% 40.260 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27072624-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701064726 and revision id 1186101321. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wigwam_Mills&oldid=1186101321 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wigwam_Mills&oldid=1186101321) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Wisconsin (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Wisconsin) Manufacturing companies based in Wisconsin (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Wisconsin) Sheboygan, Wisconsin (/wiki/Category:Sheboygan,_Wisconsin) Hosiery brands (/wiki/Category:Hosiery_brands) Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_December_2017) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_December_2017) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Articles needing additional references from September 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues)
|
A typical sauna suit A sauna suit is a garment (/wiki/Garment) made from waterproof fabric (/wiki/Waterproof_fabric) designed to make the wearer sweat (/wiki/Sweating) profusely during exercise. [1] (#cite_note-1) A sauna suit is sometimes called a "rubber suit" because the early types were made of rubber (/wiki/Natural_rubber) or rubberized cloth. Now, sauna suits are typically made of PVC (/wiki/PVC) or coated nylon (/wiki/Nylon) cloth. The construction is typically in the style of a waterproof sweat suit (/wiki/Tracksuit) , consisting of a pullover jacket and drawstring pants (/wiki/Drawstring_pants) . The closures at waist, neck, wrists and ankles are all elasticated to help retain body heat and moisture within the garment. In some sauna suits, the jacket also includes a hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) to provide additional retention of body heat. Use in athletics [ edit ] Sauna suits have been used by wrestlers for the rapid loss of water weight by perspiration (/wiki/Perspiration) -induced dehydration (/wiki/Dehydration) . Several healthy collegiate-level wrestlers died from hyperthermia (/wiki/Hyperthermia) while undergoing such a regimen that included restricted diet and fluid intake. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Notable cases of serious death or injury as a result of sauna suits in athletics include: Jeff Reese, a University of Michigan (/wiki/University_of_Michigan) wrestler who died of heart malfunction and kidney failure (/wiki/Kidney_failure) in 1997 in an attempt to rapidly lose 17 lbs in order to compete in a lower weight class [4] (#cite_note-4) Joseph LaRosa, a University of Wisconsin-La Crosse (/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93La_Crosse) wrestler who died of heat stroke (/wiki/Heat_stroke) in 1997, also in an attempt to compete in the 150-lbs weight class [5] (#cite_note-5) Billy Jack Saylor, a Campbell University (/wiki/Campbell_University) wrestler who died of a heart attack (/wiki/Heart_attack) in 1997 while trying to lose 6 lbs for a meet [6] (#cite_note-6) Jamie Weaver, a Spackenkill High School (/wiki/Spackenkill_High_School) student who contracted pneumonia in 1986 as a result of consistent sauna suit use in practice [7] (#cite_note-7) Daniel Cormier (/wiki/Daniel_Cormier) , captain of the United States Olympic freestyle wrestling team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics (/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics) , who lost so much weight from sauna suits that he had to drop out of the competition prior due to falling ill [8] (#cite_note-8) Jessica Lindsay, a Muay Thai (/wiki/Muay_Thai) fighter who died from multiple organ failure during a match due to sauna suit-induced hyperthermia after being pressured to cut 17 lbs in a week [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1977, the National Federation of State High School Associations (/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations) , a sports governing body in the United States, implemented a rule that prohibited the use of sauna suits and suits made of similar materials for sports practice due to health concerns. [10] (#cite_note-10) The NCAA (/wiki/NCAA) banned the use of sauna suits in 2013 ending what they called "a 10-year long dispute between sports sciences and coaches" after the wrestlers died. The NCAA said the ban ushered in an era where safe minimum weights, class qualification and nutrition (/wiki/Sports_nutrition) are guided by science, which some enthusiasts say improved the participation and quality of the sport. [11] (#cite_note-ncaa-11) Additionally, a 2022 study by the British Journal of Sports Medicine (/wiki/British_Journal_of_Sports_Medicine) found that wrestlers who participated in perspiration-induced dehydration were more at-risk for injuries during competition than those who didn't. [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "How to Dress for Water Aerobics" (https://www.sportsrec.com/dress-water-aerobics-2047755.html) . SportsRec . Retrieved August 23, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Hyperthermia and Dehydration-Related Deaths Associated with Intentional Rapid Weight Loss in Three Collegiate Wrestlers -- North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997" (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051388.htm) . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) LITSKY, FRANK (December 19, 1997). "WRESTLING; Collegiate Wrestling Deaths Raise Fears About Training" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091231154549/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/19/sports/wrestling-collegiate-wrestling-deaths-raise-fears-about-training.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/19/sports/wrestling-collegiate-wrestling-deaths-raise-fears-about-training.html) on December 31, 2009 . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Zuke, Ryan (March 1, 2018). "Wrestling has come a long way since 3 weight-loss related deaths in 1997" (https://www.mlive.com/sports/2018/03/wrestling_has_come_a_long_way.html) . mlive . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Knight, Athelia (December 18, 1997). "WEIGHT-LOSS METHODS PROBED AFTER 3 COLLEGE WRESTLERS DIE" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1997/12/18/weight-loss-methods-probed-after-3-college-wrestlers-die/3dcb7763-8491-4b8f-bac6-6991b2ef64b2/) . WaPo . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Hanley, Reid (December 12, 1997). "COACHES WRESTLE WITH 3 DEATHS" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-12-12-9712120070-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Scholastic wrestlers find alternatives to extreme measures of shedding pounds" (https://usatodayhss.com/2013/scholastic-wrestlers-find-alternatives-to-extreme-measures-of-shedding-pounds) . USA TODAY High School Sports . February 23, 2013 . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Register, Landon Hall | Orange County (March 28, 2013). "RetroFit: the sauna suit, a bad idea then as now" (https://www.ocregister.com/2013/03/28/retrofit-the-sauna-suit-a-bad-idea-then-as-now/) . Orange County Register . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) CarlsonStudent, Ollie (March 11, 2020). "Jessica Lindsay inquest confirms teenager's death due to extreme weight cut prior to Muay Thai bout" (https://thebodylockmma.com/other/jessica-lindsay-inquest-confirms-teenagers-death-due-to-extreme-weight-cut-prior-to-muay-thai-bout/) . thebodylockmma.com . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Why are sauna suits outlawed by the Ohio High School Athletic Association?" (https://www.wtol.com/article/news/local/why-are-sauna-suits-outlawed-for-wrestlers/512-c8fe6e3f-3336-429b-a9c8-3f10c5c412c8) . wtol.com . February 7, 2020 . Retrieved July 5, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-ncaa_11-0) Brian Hendrickson (October 9, 2013). "Wrestling Away From a Troubled Past" (https://www.ncaa.org/champion/wrestling-away-troubled-past) . NCAA. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hammer, Erin; Sanfilippo, Jennifer L.; Johnson, Gary; Hetzel, Scott (February 1, 2023). "Association of in-competition injury risk and the degree of rapid weight cutting prior to competition in division I collegiate wrestlers" (https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/3/160) . British Journal of Sports Medicine . 57 (3): 160–165. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105760 (https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsports-2022-105760) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0306-3674 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3674) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 36261252 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36261252) . 13. Sauna Suits Pro [1] (https://saunasuitpro.com) used by Conor McGregor on 2019 in Ireland training Campaign NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6464cf4f7‐jw7zh Cached time: 20240708111451 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.202 seconds Real time usage: 0.248 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 705/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23735/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 253/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46687/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.121/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4546620/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 212.818 1 -total 70.02% 149.008 1 Template:Reflist 55.20% 117.485 11 Template:Cite_web 15.06% 32.047 1 Template:Mdy 12.19% 25.952 1 Template:Portal 5.28% 11.247 1 Template:DMCA 4.41% 9.390 1 Template:Cite_journal 3.91% 8.314 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 2.54% 5.408 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME 1.80% 3.840 1 Template:Ns_has_subpages Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27100432-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708111451 and revision id 1233304068. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauna_suit&oldid=1233304068 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sauna_suit&oldid=1233304068) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Body shape (/wiki/Category:Body_shape) Hidden category: Use mdy dates from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2023)
|
Pitoy Moreno Born Jose N. Moreno, Jr. ( 1925-02-25 ) February 25, 1925 Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippine Islands (/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands) Died January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15) (aged 92) Manila, Philippines Resting place Manila Memorial Park (/wiki/Manila_Memorial_Park) Other names Pitoy Occupation Fashion designer Years active 1950–2009 Jose "Pitoy" Moreno, Jr. (25 February 1925 [1] (#cite_note-1) – 15 January 2018) [2] (#cite_note-2) was a Filipino (/wiki/Filipino_people) fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and one of the earliest advocates of the Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) . He is much regarded by the Asian fashion field as the Fashion Czar of Asia . He established the spotlight on Filipino fashion in the world artistic fashion scene during the 1960s until his retirement, paving the way for young Filipino fashion designers in Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, and other parts of Southeast Asia. [3] (#cite_note-3) Early life [ edit ] Moreno studied at the University of the Philippines (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines) with a bachelor's degree in fine arts (/wiki/Fine_arts) . During his stay in the university, he joined the Upsilon Sigma Phi (/wiki/Upsilon_Sigma_Phi) fraternity, where he managed to build a strong society network with Ferdinand Marcos, Benigno Aquino Jr. and Salvador “Doy” Laurel. He became close friends with Celia Diaz, who would later marry Doy Laurel, and the painter Araceli “Cheloy” Dans, who he gave his first hand-crafted wedding gown. In an interview, Moreno stated that during his stay in the University of the Philippines, he developed “a finer sense of the fashion world”. [4] (#cite_note-4) Career [ edit ] Moreno became the president of the Philippine Couture Association (/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Couture_Association&action=edit&redlink=1) , the very first association of fashion designers in Manila (/wiki/Manila) , Philippines (/wiki/Philippines) . He was the fashion designer for the Bayanihan Philippine Dance Company. His fashion designs were exhibited at the World's Fair in Seattle, Washington (/wiki/Seattle,_Washington) , and New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . His fashion designs appeared on the pages of fashion magazines such as Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , Holiday (/wiki/Holiday_(magazine)) , and Le Figaro (/wiki/Le_Figaro) , where Moreno introduced the words jusi , piña and lepanto to world fashion, the first time Filipino fashion terminologies were incorporated in world fashion artistry. [5] (#cite_note-5) Due to his popularity from the 1960s to 1980s, many heads of state, royalties, and prominent personalities from Asia, Europe, and the Americas became his clients for decades. Prominent people who were adorned by Moreno's artistic beadwork, embroidery and hand-paintings include [6] (#cite_note-PMoreno-6) [7] (#cite_note-Ybiernas-7) the First Ladies of the Philippines (/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines) from the 1960s to the 1980s, United States first ladies Nancy Reagan (/wiki/Nancy_Reagan) and Pat Nixon (/wiki/Pat_Nixon) ; Betty Ford (/wiki/Betty_Ford) , Queen Sirikit (/wiki/Queen_Sirikit) of Thailand, Tsaritsa Margarita (/wiki/Margarita_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) of Bulgaria, Queen Sofia of Spain (/wiki/Queen_Sofia_of_Spain) , Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret) of the United Kingdom, the Marquesa de Villaverde (/w/index.php?title=Marquesa_de_Villaverde&action=edit&redlink=1) , María del Carmen Martínez-Bordiú y Franco (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_del_Carmen_Mart%C3%ADnez-Bordi%C3%BA_y_Franco) , Princess Suga of Japan (/wiki/Princess_Suga_of_Japan) , Cristina Ford (/wiki/Cristina_Ford) (second wife of Henry Ford II (/wiki/Henry_Ford_II) ), Margot Fonteyn (/wiki/Margot_Fonteyn) , Deeda Blair (/w/index.php?title=Deeda_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1) (Catherine "Deeda" Gerlach, wife of William McCormick Blair, Jr. (/wiki/William_McCormick_Blair,_Jr.) ), and Filipino celebrities. Moreno also authored the books Kasalan , a fashion book about Filipino weddings (/wiki/Filipino_wedding) , and Philippine Costume , a book on traditional Filipino dresses. He was regarded as the Fashion Czar of Asia by French tabloid Le Figaro, sealing his status as fashion royalty. The title later on was used by the Asian fashion community in defining the artistic works of Moreno. Despite the fame, Moreno was known by many accounts for his rooted behavior where he would give-away his prized gowns for people who cannot afford lavish weddings. [8] (#cite_note-PMoreno2-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1962, Moreno designed a dress for Puerto Rican actress Rita Moreno (/wiki/Rita_Moreno) for the Academy Awards (/wiki/Academy_Awards) where she won Best Supporting Actress. She later wore the same dress at the 2018 ceremony where it made news. The dress is now on display at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures (/wiki/Academy_Museum_of_Motion_Pictures) . [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Retirement [ edit ] Due to old age, Moreno retired from his craft and became an adviser to young fashion designers, passing on his knowledge on artistic beadwork on different Filipino fabrics. In 2009, Jose "Pitoy" Moreno was declared as a National Artist (/wiki/National_Artists_of_the_Philippines) for Fashion Design (/wiki/Fashion_Design) by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo) . However, this was met with protest by other National Artists, such as Bienvenido Lumbera (National Artist for Literature), who told media that the category of Fashion Design was not an accepted art form and was simply dressmaking, not art. The Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order (TRO) on the conferment of the National Artist award to Moreno and six other recommendees. Later on, the National Artist title on Moreno and three other recommendees were revoked by the Supreme Court in 2013 after finding that former president Arroyo personally conferred the award to the four people, without undergoing to a traditional process made by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts) . A few years later, it was clarified that fashion design is under the category of Design in the National Artists roster, making Moreno eligible to be conferred the award in the future through the traditional conferment process. [13] (#cite_note-13) Death [ edit ] Moreno died on January 15, 2018, at the Manila Doctors Hospital, where he had been confined for the past few years for debilitating ailments. It was later confirmed that he died due to heart attack. Prior to his death, he has been called a " pillar of Philippine fashion " and " a significant cog of Philippine society ". [14] (#cite_note-14) His remains were brought to his final resting place at the Manila Memorial Park (/wiki/Manila_Memorial_Park) . [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of fashion designers from the Philippines (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#Philippines) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The Man Who Redefined Passion for Philippine Fashion" (https://mikhaelageorgette.com/2010/11/04/the-man-who-redefined-passion-for-philippine-fashion/) . 4 November 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Pitoy Moreno, famed Filipino fashion designer, dies" (https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/fashion/193715-fashion-designer-pitoy-moreno-dies) . 15 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pitoy Moreno, top Filipino fashion designer, dies, 88" (http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/960604/pitoy-moreno-top-filipino-fashion-designer-dies) . 16 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Evasco, Marjorie (2001). A life shaped by music: Andrea Ofilada Veneracion and the Philippine Madgrigal Singers . Bookmark. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789715694124 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Pitoy Moreno, famed Filipino fashion designer, dies" (https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/fashion/193715-fashion-designer-pitoy-moreno-dies) . 15 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-PMoreno_6-0) The Fashion Czar Of Asia is how the world press calls Jose “Pitoy” Moreno (http://showcase.eyp.ph/pitoymoreno/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100414211311/http://showcase.eyp.ph/pitoymoreno/) April 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , showcase.eyp.ph ^ (#cite_ref-Ybiernas_7-0) Ybiernas, Nonoi D. Pitoy Moreno: A National Treasure (http://www.thenewstoday.info/2008/11/14/pitoy.moreno.html) , The News Today Online Edition, Iloilo City, thenewstoday.info, November 14, 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-PMoreno2_8-0) The Designer as Author (http://showcase.eyp.ph/pitoymoreno4/) , showcase.eyp.ph ^ (#cite_ref-9) "5 things you probably didn't know about Pitoy Moreno" (http://news.abs-cbn.com/life/01/17/18/5-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-pitoy-moreno) . 17 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Rita Moreno Re-Wore Her Gown From The 1962 Oscars Tonight" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/a19077702/rita-moreno-rewore-oscars-gown-2018/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . 5 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "See the Dress Rita Moreno Re-Wore at the 2018 Oscars" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/03/rita-moreno-oscar-dress-2018-re-wore) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . 4 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-12) How Rita Moreno's Iconic Oscars Dress Landed in the Academy Museum , retrieved 2022-12-30 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Court: National Artist award for 4 invalid" (https://www.rappler.com/nation/33871-court-national-artist-award-for-4-invalid) . 16 July 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Pitoy Moreno, top Filipino fashion designer, dies, 88" (http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/960604/pitoy-moreno-top-filipino-fashion-designer-dies) . 16 January 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Tantiangco, A. (16 January 2018). "Pitoy Moreno's family shares wake details, asks guests to forego flowers" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/shoppingandfashion/639926/pitoy-moreno-s-family-share-wake-details-asks-guests-to-forego-flowers/story/) . GMA Network (/wiki/GMA_Network) . Retrieved 26 October 2019 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐wvrsh Cached time: 20240623121422 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.393 seconds Real time usage: 0.541 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2003/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22654/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 921/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46678/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.238/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6493402/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 500.760 1 -total 47.07% 235.720 1 Template:Infobox_person 41.10% 205.804 1 Template:Reflist 28.95% 144.959 10 Template:Cite_web 20.47% 102.490 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 15.01% 75.156 1 Template:Birth_date 5.81% 29.090 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 5.17% 25.902 1 Template:Authority_control 4.54% 22.714 1 Template:Portal 4.42% 22.153 14 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27109168-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623121422 and revision id 1196059715. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitoy_Moreno&oldid=1196059715 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pitoy_Moreno&oldid=1196059715) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1925 births (/wiki/Category:1925_births) 2018 deaths (/wiki/Category:2018_deaths) Filipino fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Filipino_fashion_designers) Costume designers (/wiki/Category:Costume_designers) Filipino LGBT artists (/wiki/Category:Filipino_LGBT_artists) LGBT fashion designers (/wiki/Category:LGBT_fashion_designers) LGBT Roman Catholics (/wiki/Category:LGBT_Roman_Catholics) University of the Philippines alumni (/wiki/Category:University_of_the_Philippines_alumni) People from Manila (/wiki/Category:People_from_Manila) Burials at the Manila Memorial Park – Sucat (/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Manila_Memorial_Park_%E2%80%93_Sucat) 20th-century Filipino LGBT people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Filipino_LGBT_people) 21st-century Filipino LGBT people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Filipino_LGBT_people) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
|
Australian dance shoes manufacturer This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bloch_(company)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bloch" company (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bloch%22+company) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bloch%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bloch%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bloch%22+company+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bloch%22+company) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bloch%22+company&acc=on&wc=on) ( July 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Not to be confused with Bloch Publishing Company (/wiki/Bloch_Publishing_Company) . Bloch Industry Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) Founded 1932 Founder Jacob Bloch Headquarters Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) Products Dance (/wiki/Dance) supplies (/wiki/Supply_(economics)) Website bloch (http://bloch.com.au) .com (http://bloch.com.au) .au (http://bloch.com.au) Bloch is an Australian-based manufacturer (/wiki/Manufacturer) of pointe shoes (/wiki/Pointe_shoe) and other types of dance shoes, dance costumes (/wiki/Dance_costume) , and dance fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) . History [ edit ] The Bloch company was founded by Jacob Bloch, a cobbler who emigrated from Eastern Europe (/wiki/Europe) to Australia in 1931. [1] (#cite_note-bloch-1) Bloch began making pointe (/wiki/Pointe) shoes in a workshop in Paddington, Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) in 1932, when he noticed a ballet dancer (/wiki/Ballet_dancer) struggling to stay en pointe and offered to make her an improved pair of shoes. Later, he made custom ballet shoes for Tamara Toumanova (/wiki/Tamara_Toumanova) , David Lichine (/wiki/David_Lichine) , Helene Kirsova (/wiki/Helene_Kirsova) , and other visiting Russian ballet dancers. With the expanding popularity of his product, Bloch began selling his pointe shoes throughout Australia. The company has since expanded its product line with the addition of dance and street apparel and accessories. [1] (#cite_note-bloch-1) Today, Bloch's corporate headquarters are located in Sydney, Australia, with a European head office in London. It operates one flagship store and 14 other stores across Australia, European stores in London, Paris, Amsterdam, Warsaw and one US store in New York; all other sales are conducted through independent retailers. Products [ edit ] Bloch manufactures various types of shoes including pointe shoes, ballet flats, jazz shoes, character and tap shoes, ballroom shoes, dance sneakers, barre shoes and fashion flats, as well as a wide range of dance apparel, gymnastics and activewear. Pointe shoe manufacturing [ edit ] Bloch employs a pointe shoe manufacturing method known as turnshoe (/wiki/Pointe_shoe#Manufacturing_process) . Bloch's pointe shoes use three different recipes of paste in the box of the pointe shoe. [2] (#cite_note-pointemagazine-2) [ failed verification ] The standard paste, "paste A", is a firm, hard paste, that was formulated to withstand varying heat and humidity. "Paste B" is more malleable and thus allows the shoe to more quickly mold to the shape of the foot; because of its high malleability, this paste breaks down (i.e., shoe structural support degrades) faster than paste A. A third recipe, known as "TMT" or "Thermo-Morph Technology" paste, is a heat activated material that allows the shoe to be molded to the foot when subjected to directed hot air from a hair dryer. [3] (#cite_note-dancewear365-3) See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "About Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184408/http://www.bloch.com.au/content/55-about-us) . Bloch. Archived from the original (http://www.bloch.com.au/content/55-about-us) on 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Bloch's love for dance and music inspired him to travel to local ballet studios and watch the dancers. ^ (#cite_ref-pointemagazine_2-0) "2008 Pointe Shoe Guide" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110208022019/http://pointemagazine.com/node/664) . Pointe Magazine. Archived from the original (http://www.pointemagazine.com/node/664) on 8 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-dancewear365_3-0) "How to modify TMT Pointe Shoes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130513225032/http://www.dancewear365.com/about/how-to/how-to-modify-tmt-pointe-shoes/) . Dancewear 365. Archived from the original (http://www.dancewear365.com/about/how-to/how-to-modify-tmt-pointe-shoes/) on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . v t e Dance (/wiki/Dance) Index (/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_dance) List of dances (/wiki/List_of_dances) List of dancers (/wiki/List_of_dancers) Participation Solo (/wiki/Solo_dance) Partner (/wiki/Partner_dance) close embrace (/wiki/Close_embrace) closed position (/wiki/Closed_position) open position (/wiki/Open_position) slow dance (/wiki/Slow_dance) circle (/wiki/Circle_dance) contra (/wiki/Contra_dance) line (/wiki/Line_dance) round (/wiki/Round_dance) square (/wiki/Square_dance) Social (/wiki/Social_dance) Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dance) Competitive (/wiki/Competitive_dance) Concert (/wiki/Concert_dance) Ecstatic (/wiki/Ecstatic_dance) Erotic (/wiki/Erotic_dance) Go go dance (/wiki/Go_go_dance) Grinding (/wiki/Grinding_(dance)) Hoochie coochie (/wiki/Hoochie_coochie) Lap dance (/wiki/Lap_dance) Neo-Burlesque (/wiki/Neo-Burlesque) Pole dance (/wiki/Pole_dance) Striptease (/wiki/Striptease) Table dance (/wiki/Table_dance) Twerking (/wiki/Twerking) Folk (/wiki/Folk_dance) Novelty and fad (/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances) Sacred (/wiki/Sacred_dance) Street (/wiki/Street_dance) War (/wiki/War_dance) Styles (/wiki/List_of_dance_styles) Acro (/wiki/Acro_dance) Ballet (/wiki/Ballet) Ballroom (/wiki/Ballroom_dance) formation (/wiki/Formation_dance) waltz (/wiki/Waltz) Belly (/wiki/Belly_dance) Boogaloo (/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)) Breaking (/wiki/Breakdancing) Contemporary (/wiki/Contemporary_dance) Country–western (/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance) Flamenco (/wiki/Flamenco) Hip-hop (/wiki/Hip-hop_dance) Historical (/wiki/Historical_dance) Jazz (/wiki/Jazz_dance) Latin (/wiki/Latin_dance) Lyrical (/wiki/Lyrical_dance) Modern (/wiki/Modern_dance) Polka (/wiki/Polka) Postmodern (/wiki/Postmodern_dance) Swing (/wiki/Swing_(dance)) Tap (/wiki/Tap_dance) Two-step (/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)) Technique (/wiki/Category:Dance_technique) Ballet (/wiki/Ballet_technique) Choreography (/wiki/Choreography_(dance)) Connection (/wiki/Connection_(dance)) Dance theory (/wiki/Dance_theory) Graham (/wiki/Graham_technique) Lead and follow (/wiki/Lead_and_follow) Moves (/wiki/Dance_move) glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves) Musicality (/wiki/Musicality) Pointe (/wiki/Pointe_technique) Pole (/wiki/Pole_dance) Sequence (/wiki/Sequence_dance) Spotting (/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)) Turnout (/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)) Turns (/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)) Regional (/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin) ( national (/wiki/List_of_national_dances) dances (/wiki/List_of_national_dances) ) Africa (/wiki/African_dance) Albania (/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances) Arab (/wiki/Arab_folk_dances) Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dance) Assyrian (/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance) Australia (/wiki/Dance_in_Australia) Austria (/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances) Belarus (/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance) Bulgaria (/wiki/Bulgarian_dances) Burma (Myanmar) (/wiki/Burmese_dance) Cambodia (/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia) Cameroon (/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon) Canada (/wiki/Dance_in_Canada) China (/wiki/Dance_in_China) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_dances) Cuba (/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba) Denmark (/wiki/Danish_folk_dance) Europe (/wiki/European_dances) Faroe Islands (/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance) Georgia (/wiki/Georgian_dance) Greece (/wiki/Greek_dances) Hungary (/wiki/Hungarian_dance) India (/wiki/Dance_in_India) Indonesia (/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia) Iran (/wiki/Dances_in_Iran) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_dance) Israel (/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing) Italy (/wiki/Italian_folk_dance) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance) Kiribati (/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati) Korea (/wiki/Korean_dance) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_dance) Malaysia (/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia) Mexico (/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico) Middle East (/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance) Nepal (/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal) Netherlands (/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance) Nicaragua (/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua) Peru (/wiki/Peruvian_dances) Philippines (/wiki/Philippine_dance) Poland (/wiki/Polish_folk_dances) Pontic Greek (/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance) Romani (/wiki/Romani_dance) Russia (/wiki/Russian_folk_dance) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_dances) Singapore (/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore) Sri Lanka (/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka) Thailand (/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand) Turkey (/wiki/Turkish_dance) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_dance) United States (/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States) African-American (/wiki/African-American_dance) Uzbekistan (/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan) Venezuela (/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela) Vietnam (/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance) Wallis and Futuna (/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna) Zimbabwe (/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe) Related (/wiki/Category:Dance) Dance and disability (/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance) Dance and health (/wiki/Dance_and_health) Dance awards (/wiki/List_of_dance_awards) Dance costume (/wiki/Dance_costume) Dance etiquette (/wiki/Dance_etiquette) Dance notation (/wiki/Dance_notation) Dance in film (/wiki/Dance_in_film) Dance in mythology and religion (/wiki/Dance_in_mythology_and_religion) Dance occupations (/wiki/List_of_dance_occupations) Dance on television (/wiki/Dance_on_television) Dance research (/wiki/Dance_research) Dance science (/wiki/Dance_science) Dance technology (/wiki/Dance_technology) Dance troupe (/wiki/Dance_troupe) Dancing mania (/wiki/Dancing_mania) History of dance (/wiki/History_of_dance) Women in dance (/wiki/Women_in_dance) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/158386679) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐72rjc Cached time: 20240712183608 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.433 seconds Real time usage: 0.906 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1775/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47303/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1822/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 29334/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.282/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5455320/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 521.653 1 -total 20.80% 108.511 1 Template:Reflist 19.93% 103.975 1 Template:Infobox_company 18.10% 94.442 3 Template:Cite_web 17.76% 92.658 1 Template:Infobox 15.01% 78.320 1 Template:Dance 14.62% 76.275 1 Template:Navbox 12.66% 66.020 1 Template:Short_description 12.48% 65.115 1 Template:More_citations_needed 11.60% 60.496 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27112145-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712183608 and revision id 1217162673. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloch_(company)&oldid=1217162673 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloch_(company)&oldid=1217162673) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dancewear companies (/wiki/Category:Dancewear_companies) Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Clothing companies established in 1931 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1931) Clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) Manufacturing companies based in Sydney (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Sydney) Pointe shoe manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Pointe_shoe_manufacturers) Australian companies established in 1931 (/wiki/Category:Australian_companies_established_in_1931) Manufacturing companies established in 1931 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1931) Shoe companies of Australia (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Australia) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from July 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2020) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019) All articles with failed verification (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification) Articles with failed verification from March 2013 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2013) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
|
Australian men's underwear brand This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2wink&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( June 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 2wink Australia Company type Private Industry Fashion Founded 2005 Founder Mark Turner, Eddie Jones. Headquarters Perth , Australia Area served Worldwide Products Men's underwear (/wiki/Underwear) Website 2wink.com.au (http://www.2wink.com.au/) 2wink Australia is an Australian men's underwear and swimwear apparel brand based in Perth, Western Australia. The apparel is sold in 30 countries. History [ edit ] 2wink Australia was founded by friends Eddie Jones and Mark Turner in 2005, after being disappointed with other brands of underwear that were expensive and didn't hold up well. [1] (#cite_note-1) The name 2wink was created from the concept of "winking" one's eye. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2010, Carl McNeill officially bought out Eddie Jones's interest in the company. [3] (#cite_note-3) Since beginning the company with A$ (/wiki/Australian_dollar) 30,000 in 2005, 2wink Australia has gone on to pull in over A$ (/wiki/Australian_dollar) 2 million in 2009, delivering to over 30 countries (including Australia, France, Italy, USA, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Singapore and Japan), and creates 80,000 pairs of underwear per annum. The company expects to double its sales as export opportunities become available to the business. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2009, the company made the strategic decision to transfer all of its manufacturing from China to Western Australia, after observing the uproar caused by Pacific Brands (/wiki/Pacific_Brands) , the maker of Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) , taking their manufacturing overseas. [5] (#cite_note-5) 2wink Australia released its first range of men's swimwear in 2011. [6] (#cite_note-racked-6) Products [ edit ] 2wink Australia has 10 different ranges of Australian-made underwear available, including Hung Downunder, 70s, 80s, walkabout, Sweet As! Candy, LOADED, LOADED Gen2, Mechanic, Predator, Rage, and previous ranges, including The Tanga, Longbox, Glovebox, Minibox, Hot Angel, [7] (#cite_note-7) Cool Devil [8] (#cite_note-8) and Space Cadet. [9] (#cite_note-9) The brand is also developing additional new ranges. Some of the brand's variations include Graffiti Longbox, Graffiti Glovebox, Graffiti Minibox, Longbox Split and Loaded Gen2 in cherry and white. The company is particularly well known for its LOADED range, which features an inside secret pouch to hide a condom (/wiki/Condom) , promoting safe-sex (/wiki/Safe-sex) practices between individuals. [10] (#cite_note-10) 2wink Australia is also known for its uniquely themed underwear ranges, or collections, most of the time related specifically to elements of the design of the waistband. The 'walkabout' range was designed by an Aboriginal designer, and the brand's newest swim wear ranges are named after five of the best known Australian actors, Russell Crowe, Hugh Jackman, Heath Ledger, Ryan Kwanten and Sam Worthington. [6] (#cite_note-racked-6) Operations [ edit ] The company is headquartered in Dianella (/wiki/Dianella,_Western_Australia) , a suburb of Perth (/wiki/Perth) , although all of its products are made in China. See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Take a Wink at the Founder of 2wink" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170113015446/http://www.mensfashionbyfrancesco.com/2010/03/take-wink-at-founder-of-2wink.html) . mensfashionbyfrancesco.com. 13 March 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.mensfashionbyfrancesco.com/2010/03/take-wink-at-founder-of-2wink.html) on 13 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Hottest Swim Suits This Year Are From Australia... 2 WINK" (http://bestgaypalmsprings.com/2012/01/25/the-hottest-swim-suits-this-year-are-from-australia-2-wink.aspx) . bestgaypalmsprings.com . 25 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Aussie beach bums – literally" (https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-gossip/aussie-beach-bums---literally-ng-ya-166537) . The West Australian . 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 February 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "2wink Underwear Innovative Marketing Campaign" (http://www.watoday.com.au/wa-news/selling-underwear-to-the-world--dianella-style-20100326-r2uh.html) . Watoday.com.au. 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Men's Fashion" (http://www.7perth.com.au/view/today-tonight-articles/mens-fashion) . 7perth.com.au . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "2wink's Carl McNeill Tells Us What Men Want in a Swimsuit" (http://la.racked.com/2012/3/21/7732067/spring-is-herewhich-means-were) . racked.com . 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Guys' Underwear Blog. "2wink Hot Angel trunks – A review | Guys' Underwear Blog" (http://www.guysunderwearblog.com/underwear-reviews/2wink-hot-angel-trunks-a-review.html) . Guysunderwearblog.com . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Underwear of the Week: 2wink Cool Devil and Hot Angel | Underwear News Briefs – A Men's Underwear Blog" (http://underwearnewsbriefs.com/2009/10/underwear-of-the-week-2wink-cool-devil-and-hot-angel/) . Underwear News Briefs. 22 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Guys' Underwear Blog (10 May 2010). "2wink Space Cadet trunk – A review | Guys' Underwear Blog" (http://www.guysunderwearblog.com/underwear-reviews/2wink-space-cadet-trunk-a-review.html) . Guysunderwearblog.com . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Review 2wink Loaded Brief | Underwear News Briefs – A Men's Underwear Blog" (http://underwearnewsbriefs.com/2010/04/review-2wink-loaded-brief) . Underwear News Briefs. 6 April 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . v t e Men's undergarments (/wiki/Undergarment) Upper body Male bra (/wiki/Male_bra) Sleeveless shirt (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) (A-shirt / singlet / tank top) T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) Henley shirt (/wiki/Henley_shirt) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Telnyashka (/wiki/Telnyashka) Lower body Boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) Boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) Briefs (/wiki/Briefs) (slip / Y-fronts) Compression shorts (/wiki/Compression_shorts) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Jockstrap (/wiki/Jockstrap) (athletic supporter) Pantyhose for men (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Swim trunks (/wiki/Swim_trunks) Thong (/wiki/Thong#Men's_thongs) ( G-string (/wiki/G-string) ) Willy warmer (/wiki/Willy_warmer) Full body Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) (long johns) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Hosiery Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose_for_men) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Historical Breechcloth (/wiki/Breechcloth) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Garter (/wiki/Garter_(stockings)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Brands 2(X)IST (/wiki/2(X)IST) 2wink Abercrombie & Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Allbirds (/wiki/Allbirds) AllSaints (/wiki/AllSaints) American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) American Eagle (/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters) Andrew Christian (/wiki/Andrew_Christian) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) aussieBum (/wiki/AussieBum) Björn Borg (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg_(brand)) Boden (/wiki/Boden_(clothing)) Bombas (/wiki/Bombas) Bonds (/wiki/Bonds_(clothing)) Bonobos (/wiki/Bonobos_(apparel)) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) BVD (/wiki/BVD) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) Desigual (/wiki/Desigual) Diesel (/wiki/Diesel_(brand)) DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Dsquared² (/wiki/Dsquared%C2%B2) Duluth Trading Company (/wiki/Duluth_Trading_Company) Emporio Armani (/wiki/Emporio_Armani) Everlane (/wiki/Everlane) Finisterre (/wiki/Finisterre_(retailer)) Fleur du Mal (/wiki/Fleur_du_Mal) Fruit of the Loom (/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Loom) Gap (/wiki/Gap_Inc) Gunze (/wiki/Gunze) H&M (/wiki/H%26M) Hanes (/wiki/Hanes) Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) House of Holland (/wiki/Henry_Holland_(fashion_designer)) Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Ibex (/wiki/Ibex_Outdoor_Clothing) J.Crew (/wiki/J.Crew) Jockey International (/wiki/Jockey_International) Joe Boxer (/wiki/Joe_Boxer) John Lewis (/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners) John Smedley's (/wiki/John_Smedley_(industrialist)) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions) Kotn (/wiki/Kotn) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Munsingwear (/wiki/Munsingwear) Nasty Pig (/wiki/Nasty_Pig) Nike (/wiki/Nike_Inc) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) Orlebar Brown (/wiki/Orlebar_Brown) Patagonia (/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc.) Paul Smith (/wiki/Paul_Smith_(fashion_designer)) Paul Stuart (/wiki/Paul_Stuart) Pringle (/wiki/Pringle_of_Scotland) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation) River Island (/wiki/River_Island) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) Rufskin (/wiki/Rufskin) Schiesser (/wiki/Schiesser) Smartwool (/wiki/Smartwool) Spanx (/wiki/Spanx) Stanfield's (/wiki/Stanfield%27s) Sunspel (/wiki/Sunspel) Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(brand)) Three Gun (/wiki/Three_Gun) Todd Snyder (/wiki/Todd_Snyder_(fashion_designer)) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Topman (/wiki/Topman) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Volcom (/wiki/Volcom) XTG (/wiki/XTG_Extreme_Game) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky (/wiki/Way_Funky) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fzgkg Cached time: 20240721122751 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.475 seconds Real time usage: 0.644 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2224/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 99224/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1662/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 65721/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.289/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7178929/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 523.975 1 -total 26.67% 139.769 1 Template:Reflist 23.27% 121.913 10 Template:Cite_web 21.77% 114.071 4 Template:Navbox 16.85% 88.288 1 Template:Men's_undergarments 15.86% 83.119 1 Template:Infobox_company 14.02% 73.482 1 Template:Infobox 12.87% 67.460 1 Template:Short_description 9.79% 51.282 1 Template:Advert 8.86% 46.450 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27165859-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721122751 and revision id 1227032427. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2wink&oldid=1227032427 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2wink&oldid=1227032427) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Clothing companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005) Swimwear brands (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_brands) Underwear brands (/wiki/Category:Underwear_brands) Companies based in Perth, Western Australia (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Perth,_Western_Australia) Australian companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Australian_companies_established_in_2005) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from June 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_June_2024) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) Use Australian English from March 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_March_2024) All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English) Use dmy dates from April 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2023)
|
BodyRock Sport Headquarters California (/wiki/California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Products "blinged-out" sports bras (/wiki/Sports_bra) Website www.bodyrocksport.com (http://www.bodyrocksport.com/) BodyRock Sport is a manufacturer sports bras and women's activewear. The bras are described as " blinged-out (/wiki/Bling-bling) ", with Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystals or studs, and conveniences such as zippered compartments and built-in pockets for digital audio players (/wiki/Digital_audio_player) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Charities [ edit ] BodyRock Sport supports the following charities: New York Road Runners' Team for Kids Girls' LEAP (Lifetime Empowerment & Awareness Program) American Cancer Society The Dougy Center (/wiki/The_Dougy_Center) LA's BEST: After School Enrichment International Princess Project [3] (#cite_note-Charities-3) See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shih, Candice (March 31, 2010). "OC native peddles blinged-out sports bras" (http://www.ocregister.com/articles/-241884--.html?pic=1) . Orange County Register . Retrieved May 6, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Bergot, Nicole (April 30, 2010). "Blinged-out sports bra: girly-sweet meets steel" (https://archive.today/20120711161331/http://blogs.canoe.ca/keepingfit/general/blinged-out-sports-bra-girly-sweet-meets-steel/) . Edmonton Sun . Archived from the original on July 11, 2012 . Retrieved May 6, 2010 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Charities_3-0) "Charities We Support" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121222062750/http://www.bodyrocksport.com/charities/) . BodyRock Sport. Archived from the original (http://bodyrocksport.com/charities/) on December 22, 2012 . Retrieved January 5, 2013 . External links [ edit ] Official site (http://www.bodyrocksport.com/) WikiMiniAtlas 40°44′58″N 73°58′58″W / 40.74936°N 73.98274°W / 40.74936; -73.98274 This United States manufacturing company–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BodyRock_Sport&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.canary‐84d4f5c9db‐dr2s4 Cached time: 20240718221309 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.292 seconds Real time usage: 0.400 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1314/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 714/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19496/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.197/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4549409/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 374.236 1 -total 32.47% 121.525 1 Template:Infobox_company 29.38% 109.933 1 Template:Infobox 27.50% 102.912 1 Template:Reflist 22.84% 85.471 2 Template:Cite_news 16.78% 62.798 1 Template:US-manufacturing-company-stub 16.27% 60.888 1 Template:Asbox 9.87% 36.936 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 6.63% 24.802 1 Template:Portal 5.78% 21.644 1 Template:Coord Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27252632-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718221309 and revision id 1201895899. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BodyRock_Sport&oldid=1201895899 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BodyRock_Sport&oldid=1201895899) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Manufacturing companies based in New York City (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_New_York_City) Brassieres (/wiki/Category:Brassieres) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) United States manufacturing company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_States_manufacturing_company_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: unfit URL (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Use mdy dates from October 2012 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2012) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Scottish apparel retailer For the design firm, see M & Co. (design firm) (/wiki/M_%26_Co._(design_firm)) . This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/M%26Co.) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "M&Co." (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22M%26Co.%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22M%26Co.%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22M%26Co.%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22M%26Co.%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22M%26Co.%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22M%26Co.%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) M&Co Trading Limited Trade name (/wiki/Trade_name) M&Co Company type Private (/wiki/Private_limited_company) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 1834 ; 190 years ago ( 1834 ) Founder Neil McGeoch (pawnbroker) Len and Iain McGeoch (clothing) Defunct April 2023 ; 15 months ago ( April 2023 ) (as a standalone store) Headquarters Inchinnan (/wiki/Inchinnan) , Scotland, UK Area served United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Continental Europe (/wiki/Continental_Europe) Middle East (/wiki/Middle_East) Key people Andy McGeoch ( Chief Executive Officer (/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) Revenue £ (/wiki/Pound_sterling) 193 million (2019) [2] (#cite_note-ar-2) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) £(106,000) (2019) [2] (#cite_note-ar-2) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) £(888,000) (2019) [2] (#cite_note-ar-2) Owner Iain McGeoch (90%) Number of employees 3900+ [3] (#cite_note-m&co_buying_office_1-3) (2019) Website www (http://www.mandco.com) .mandco (http://www.mandco.com) .com (http://www.mandco.com) M&Co Trading Limited , previously Mackays Stores Limited until its 2020 administration, (previously trading as Mackays , now trading as (/wiki/Trade_name) M&Co. ) is a Scottish chain store (/wiki/Chain_store) selling women's, men's, and children's clothes, as well as small homeware products. Its head office is in Inchinnan (/wiki/Inchinnan) , Scotland, [4] (#cite_note-m&co_info_1-4) though its main buying (/wiki/Buyer_(fashion)) office is in London (/wiki/London) . [3] (#cite_note-m&co_buying_office_1-3) [5] (#cite_note-m&co_buying_office_2-5) Previously, its head office was at Caledonia House in Paisley (/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire) . [6] (#cite_note-previous_hq_1-6) Established in 1834 as pawnbrokers (/wiki/Pawnbrokers) , Mackays switched to selling clothes in 1953 by brothers Len and Iain McGeoch. In 2005 the company rebranded as M&Co. to reflect a more modern image. [7] (#cite_note-Herald-7) The chain operates over 300 stores and also has an online presence. [8] (#cite_note-8) M&Co. closed all of its stores in April 2023. History [ edit ] M&Co shop in Wetherby (/wiki/Wetherby) , Yorkshire (/wiki/Yorkshire) 19th century [ edit ] In 1834, the McGeoch family founded a pawnbroker (/wiki/Pawnbroker) business in Paisley, Renfrewshire. [ citation needed ] 20th century [ edit ] In 1953, Len and Iain McGeoch began converting their six pawnshops to clothing stores. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 1970, the company acquired Ghinns Ltd., extending its retail clothing business in the London area. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 1986, the company acquired Apparel Affiliates Inc., owner of 140 retail clothing stores in the United States. [11] (#cite_note-11) 21st century [ edit ] In 2005, the company began converting all 270 of its stores to the M&Co. banner. [7] (#cite_note-Herald-7) In March 2012, the first of several international franchise stores opened, beginning with the first of many in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) at the Dubai Mall (/wiki/Dubai_Mall) , with further UAE (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) expansion planned. [12] (#cite_note-12) M&Co shop in a mall in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , UAE (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) In June 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom) , M&Co was reported to have sought new backers amid a slump in sales. Professional services firm Deloitte (/wiki/Deloitte) supported its hunt for new investors as the company explored sale options including a pre-pack (/wiki/Pre-packaged_insolvency) administration (/wiki/Administration_(law)) . [13] (#cite_note-Kleinman-30Jun2020-13) In December 2022, M&Co went into administration with Teneo Financial Advisory as administrators. [14] (#cite_note-14) On 6 February 2023, it was announced that M&Co would be closing all 170 stores in the spring of the same year, with the last of them closing by the end of April 2023. [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail#United_Kingdom) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Nickalls, Amy (6 November 2017). "M&Co to open the store in Hempstead Valley this weekend" (http://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/news/mco-announce-opening-date-134778/) . kentonline.co.uk . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Company Accounts 2019" (https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/SC036368/filing-history) . Retrieved 27 June 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Company History – M&Co" (http://www.mandco.com/our-history/page/ourhistory) . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-m&co_info_1_4-0) "Contact Us" (http://www.mandco.com/page/contact) . M&Co . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . M&Co Web Team Caledonia House 5 Inchinnan Drive Inchinnan Business Park Inchinnan Renfrew PA4 9AF ^ (#cite_ref-m&co_buying_office_2_5-0) "M&Co. – 20 Conduit Place, Paddington, London, W2 1HS" (http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/directory/1186/137830.php) . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-previous_hq_1_6-0) "Contact Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050429052045/http://www.mackays.co.uk/contact.html) . Mackays Stores. Archived from the original (http://www.mackays.co.uk/contact.html) on 29 April 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Mackays Stores Ltd Caledonia House, Caledonia Street, Paisley, PA3 2JP ^ Jump up to: a b "Mackays revamp pays off Clothing empire records seventh consecutive year of rising profits" (https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12428456.mackays-revamp-pays-off-clothing-empire-records-seventh-consecutive-year-rising-profits) . The Herald (/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)) . Newsquest Media Group (/wiki/Newsquest_Media_Group) . 21 July 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Congratulations to M&Co who have risen 349 places in the retail Top 500 websites ranking" (http://tryzens.com/congratulations-mco-risen-349-places-retail-top-500-websites-ranking/) . tryzens.com. 13 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Co-founder Iain McGeoch hands over reins at M&Co" (https://www.scotsman.com/business/co-founder-iain-mcgeoch-hands-over-reins-mco-1495118) . The Scotsman . JPIMedia Publishing Ltd. 19 September 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Northrop, Alasdair (2 March 2009). "THE BIG PROFILE: Twenty years at the top" (https://www.insider.co.uk/special-reports/big-profile-twenty-years-top-9876668) . Insider . Insider Publications Ltd. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Funk, Nancy M. (December 13, 1989). "Quakertown Retailer Seeks Chapter 11 Apparel Affiliates To Close Lady Bug, Paraphernalia Chains, Most Corner Houses" (https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1989-12-13-2712352-story.html) . The Morning Call . Allentown, Pennsylvania: Times Mirror Company (/wiki/Times_Mirror_Company) . Retrieved 2022-01-06 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Marc-Christian Riebe Retail Market Study 2013 (https://books.google.com/books?id=KsZ8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA407) , p. 407, at Google Books (/wiki/Google_Books) ^ (#cite_ref-Kleinman-30Jun2020_13-0) Kleinman, Mark (30 June 2020). "Coronavirus: Fashion retailer M&Co hunts new backers amid sales slump" (https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-fashion-retailer-m-co-hunts-new-backers-amid-sales-slump-12018072) . Sky News . Retrieved 2 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Goldfingle, Gemma (10 December 2022). "M&Co plunges into administration - Retail Gazette" (https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2022/12/m-and-co-administration/) . www.retailgazette.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Fraser, Douglas (6 February 2023). "M&Co: Renfrewshire clothing chain to close all 170 stores" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-64535978) . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 February 2023 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to M&Co (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:M%26Co) . Scotland portal (/wiki/Portal:Scotland) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) M&Co. (http://www.mandco.com) – official site Mackays (https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.mackays.co.uk) (archive) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐dppzg Cached time: 20240720182023 Cache expiry: 970779 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.803 seconds Real time usage: 1.276 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2796/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55366/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4113/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57909/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.502/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7304695/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1154.265 1 -total 28.14% 324.821 1 Template:Reflist 17.45% 201.375 3 Template:Cite_news 17.40% 200.875 1 Template:Infobox_company 15.41% 177.861 1 Template:Infobox 13.35% 154.089 1 Template:More_citations_needed 13.01% 150.202 1 Template:Ambox 10.75% 124.090 1 Template:Commonscat 10.34% 119.408 1 Template:Sister_project 10.12% 116.859 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27262475-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182023 and revision id 1210734761. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%26Co.&oldid=1210734761 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%26Co.&oldid=1210734761) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1834 establishments in Scotland (/wiki/Category:1834_establishments_in_Scotland) 2023 disestablishments in Scotland (/wiki/Category:2023_disestablishments_in_Scotland) British brands (/wiki/Category:British_brands) Clothing retailers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_the_United_Kingdom) Companies based in Paisley, Renfrewshire (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Paisley,_Renfrewshire) Retail companies established in 1834 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1834) Retail companies of Scotland (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_of_Scotland) Scottish brands (/wiki/Category:Scottish_brands) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from March 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2014) Use British English from March 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2014) Articles needing additional references from February 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2014) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
|
Extremely small fragments of plastic Microplastics in sediments from four rivers in Germany. Note the diverse shapes indicated by white arrowheads. (The white bars represent 1 mm for scale.) Photodegraded Plastic Straw. A light touch breaks larger straw into microplastics. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Pollution) on Pollution Air pollution from a factory Air (/wiki/Air_pollution) Air quality index (/wiki/Air_quality_index) Atmospheric dispersion modeling (/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling) Chlorofluorocarbon (/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon) Combustion (/wiki/Combustion) Exhaust gas (/wiki/Exhaust_gas) Haze (/wiki/Haze) Global dimming (/wiki/Global_dimming) Global distillation (/wiki/Global_distillation) Indoor air quality (/wiki/Indoor_air_quality) Ozone depletion (/wiki/Ozone_depletion) Particulates (/wiki/Particulates) Persistent organic pollutant (/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant) Smog (/wiki/Smog) Soot (/wiki/Soot) Volatile organic compound (/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound) Waste (/wiki/Waste) Biological (/wiki/Biological_pollution) Biological hazard (/wiki/Biological_hazard) Genetic (/wiki/Genetic_pollution) Introduced species (/wiki/Introduced_species) Invasive species (/wiki/Invasive_species) Digital Information (/wiki/Information_pollution) Electromagnetic (/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health) Light (/wiki/Light_pollution) Ecological (/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution) Overillumination (/wiki/Overillumination) Radio spectrum (/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution) Natural Ozone (/wiki/Ozone) Radium and radon in the environment (/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment) Volcanic ash (/wiki/Volcanic_ash) Wildfire (/wiki/Wildfire) Noise (/wiki/Noise_pollution) Transportation (/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport) Health effects from noise (/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise) Marine mammals and sonar (/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar) Noise barrier (/wiki/Noise_barrier) Noise control (/wiki/Noise_control) Soundproofing (/wiki/Soundproofing) Radiation (/wiki/Radioactive_contamination) Actinides (/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment) Bioremediation (/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste) Depleted uranium (/wiki/Depleted_uranium) Nuclear fission (/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product) Nuclear fallout (/wiki/Nuclear_fallout) Plutonium (/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment) Poisoning (/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome) Radioactivity (/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity) Uranium (/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment) Radioactive waste (/wiki/Radioactive_waste) Soil (/wiki/Soil_contamination) Agricultural (/wiki/Agricultural_pollution) Land degradation (/wiki/Land_degradation) Bioremediation (/wiki/Bioremediation) Defecation (/wiki/Open_defecation) Electrical resistance heating (/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating) Soil guideline values (/wiki/Soil_guideline_value) Phytoremediation (/wiki/Phytoremediation) Solid waste Advertising mail (/wiki/Advertising_mail) Biodegradable waste (/wiki/Biodegradable_waste) Brown waste (/wiki/Brown_waste) Electronic waste (/wiki/Electronic_waste) Foam food container (/wiki/Foam_food_container) Food waste (/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste) Green waste (/wiki/Green_waste) Hazardous waste (/wiki/Hazardous_waste) Industrial waste (/wiki/Industrial_waste) Litter (/wiki/Litter) Mining (/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining) Municipal solid waste (/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste) Nanomaterials (/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials) Plastic (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) Packaging waste (/wiki/Packaging_waste) Post-consumer waste (/wiki/Post-consumer_waste) Waste management (/wiki/Waste_management) Space Space debris (/wiki/Space_debris) Thermal (/wiki/Thermal_pollution) Urban heat island (/wiki/Urban_heat_island) Visual (/wiki/Visual_pollution) Air travel (/wiki/Air_travel) Advertising clutter (/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)) Overhead power lines (/wiki/Overhead_power_line) Traffic signs (/wiki/Traffic_sign) Vandalism (/wiki/Vandalism) War (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war) Chemical warfare (/wiki/Chemical_warfare) Herbicidal warfare (/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare) Agent Orange (/wiki/Agent_Orange) Nuclear holocaust (/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust) Nuclear fallout (/wiki/Nuclear_fallout) Nuclear famine (/wiki/Nuclear_famine) Nuclear winter (/wiki/Nuclear_winter) Scorched earth (/wiki/Scorched_earth) Unexploded ordnance (/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance) War and environmental law (/wiki/War_and_environmental_law) Water (/wiki/Water_pollution) Agricultural wastewater (/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment) Biosolids (/wiki/Biosolids) Diseases (/wiki/Waterborne_diseases) Eutrophication (/wiki/Eutrophication) Firewater (/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)) Freshwater (/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters) Groundwater (/wiki/Groundwater_pollution) Hypoxia (/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)) Industrial wastewater (/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment) Marine (/wiki/Marine_pollution) Monitoring (/wiki/Environmental_monitoring) Nonpoint source (/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution) Nutrient (/wiki/Nutrient_pollution) Ocean acidification (/wiki/Ocean_acidification) Oil spill (/wiki/Oil_spill) Pharmaceuticals (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products) Freshwater salinization (/wiki/Freshwater_salinization) Septic tanks (/wiki/Septic_tank) Sewage (/wiki/Sewage) Shipping (/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping) Sludge (/wiki/Sludge) Stagnation (/wiki/Water_stagnation) Sulfur water (/wiki/Sulfur_water) Surface runoff (/wiki/Surface_runoff) Turbidity (/wiki/Turbidity) Urban runoff (/wiki/Urban_runoff) Water quality (/wiki/Water_quality) Wastewater (/wiki/Wastewater) Topics History (/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution) Pollutants (/wiki/Pollutant) Heavy metals (/wiki/Heavy_metals) Paint (/wiki/Paint) Misc Area source (/wiki/Area_source_pollution) Debris (/wiki/Debris) Dust (/wiki/Dust) Garbology (/wiki/Garbology) Legacy (/wiki/Legacy_pollution) Midden (/wiki/Midden) Point source (/wiki/Point_source_pollution) Waste (/wiki/Waste) Lists Diseases (/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases) Law by country (/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country) Most polluted cities (/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration) Least polluted cities by PM2.5 (/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration) Treaties (/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements) Categories By country (/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) Ecology portal (/wiki/Portal:Ecology) v t e Microplastics are fragments of any type of plastic (/wiki/Plastic) less than 5 mm (0.20 in) in length, [1] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-1-1) according to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration) (NOAA) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) and the European Chemicals Agency (/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency) . [4] (#cite_note-4) They cause pollution (/wiki/Pollution) by entering natural (/wiki/Nature) ecosystems (/wiki/Ecosystem) from a variety of sources, including cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) , clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , food packaging (/wiki/Food_packaging) , and industrial processes. [1] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-1-1) [5] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-2-5) The term macroplastics is used to differentiate microplastics from larger plastic waste (/wiki/Plastic_waste) , such as plastic bottles or bigger pieces of plastics. Two classifications of microplastics are currently recognized. Primary microplastics include any plastic (/wiki/Plastic) fragments or particles (/wiki/Particle) that are already 5.0 mm in size or less before entering the environment (/wiki/Natural_environment) . [5] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-2-5) These include microfibers (/wiki/Microfibers) from clothing, microbeads (/wiki/Microbeads) , plastic glitter (/wiki/Glitter) [6] (#cite_note-6) and plastic pellets (/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)) (also known as nurdles). [7] (#cite_note-EST_47_(12):_6646–6655-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-Boucher-2017-9) Secondary microplastics arise from the degradation (/wiki/Environmental_degradation) (breakdown) of larger plastic products through natural weathering processes after entering the environment. [5] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-2-5) Such sources of secondary microplastics include water and soda bottles, fishing nets, plastic bags, microwave containers (/wiki/Container) , tea bags and tire wear. [10] (#cite_note-10) [9] (#cite_note-Boucher-2017-9) [11] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Both types are recognized to persist in the environment at high levels, particularly in aquatic (/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem) and marine ecosystems (/wiki/Marine_ecosystem) , where they cause water pollution (/wiki/Water_pollution) . [13] (#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-13) 35% of all ocean microplastics come from textiles/clothing, primarily due to the erosion of polyester (/wiki/Polyester) , acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) , or nylon (/wiki/Nylon) -based clothing, often during the washing process. [14] (#cite_note-14) However, microplastics also accumulate in the air and terrestrial ecosystems (/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem) . Because plastics degrade slowly (often over hundreds to thousands of years), [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) microplastics have a high probability of ingestion, incorporation into, and accumulation (/wiki/Bioaccumulation) in the bodies and tissues of many organisms. [1] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-1-1) The toxic chemicals (/wiki/Chemical_substance) that come from both the ocean and runoff can also biomagnify (/wiki/Biomagnification) up the food chain. [17] (#cite_note-Grossman-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) In terrestrial ecosystems, microplastics have been demonstrated to reduce the viability of soil (/wiki/Soil) ecosystems and reduce weight of earthworms (/wiki/Earthworm) . [19] (#cite_note-BBC-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) The cycle and movement of microplastics in the environment are not fully known, but research is currently underway to investigate the phenomenon. [5] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-2-5) Deep layer ocean sediment surveys in China (2020) show the presence of plastics in deposition layers far older than the invention of plastics, leading to suspected underestimation of microplastics in surface sample ocean surveys. [21] (#cite_note-pmid31994391-21) Likewise, they have been found in high mountains, at great distances from their source. [22] (#cite_note-mountains-22) A study in 2024 found microplastics in every semen sample tested. [23] (#cite_note-23) Microplastics have also been found in human blood, though their effects are largely unknown. [24] (#cite_note-blackburn-24) A literature study made in 2022 by geologist student Björn Lycke shows that the amount of microplastics in sediment is increasing worldwide, especially in ports and tourist beaches. [25] (#cite_note-25) Classification [ edit ] Microplastic samples Microplastic fibers identified in the marine environment Photodegraded (/wiki/Photodegradation) green plastic bag adjacent to hiking trail in about 2,000 pieces of 1 to 25 mm size after three months' exposure outdoors The term "microplastics" was introduced in 2004 by Professor Richard Thompson (/wiki/Richard_Thompson_(marine_biologist)) , a marine biologist at the University of Plymouth (/wiki/University_of_Plymouth) in the United Kingdom. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) Microplastics are common in our world today. In 2014, it was estimated (/wiki/Estimation) that there are between 15 and 51 trillion (/wiki/Trillion) individual pieces of microplastic in the world's oceans, which was estimated (/wiki/Estimation) to weigh between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons. [30] (#cite_note-30) [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Primary microplastics [ edit ] Polyethylene based microspherules in toothpaste a) Artificial turf football field with ground tire rubber (GTR) used for cushioning. b) Microplastics from the same field, washed away by rain, found in nature close to a stream. Primary microplastics are small pieces of plastic that are purposefully manufactured. [5] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-2-5) [33] (#cite_note-KarbalaeiHWC-33) They are usually used in facial cleansers (/wiki/Cleanser) and cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) , or in air blasting (/wiki/Air_blaster) technology. In some cases, their use in medicine as vectors for drugs (/wiki/Drug_vector) was reported. [34] (#cite_note-Patel,2009-34) Microplastic "scrubbers", used in exfoliating (/wiki/Exfoliating) hand cleansers and facial scrubs, have replaced traditionally (/wiki/Tradition) used natural ingredients (/wiki/Ingredient) , including ground almond (/wiki/Almond) shells, oatmeal (/wiki/Oatmeal) , and pumice (/wiki/Pumice) . Primary microplastics have also been produced for use in air-blasting technology. This process involves blasting acrylic (/wiki/Acrylate_polymer) , melamine (/wiki/Melamine) , or polyester (/wiki/Polyester) microplastic scrubbers at machinery, engines, and boat hulls to remove rust and paint. As these scrubbers are used repeatedly until they diminish in size and their cutting power is lost, they often become contaminated with heavy metals (/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemical_element)) such as cadmium (/wiki/Cadmium) , chromium (/wiki/Chromium) , and lead (/wiki/Lead) . [35] (#cite_note-Cole_Mathew,2011-35) Although many companies have committed to reducing the production of microbeads (/wiki/Microbeads) , there are still many bioplastic microbeads that also have a long degradation life cycle, for example in cosmetics. [ citation needed ] Secondary microplastics [ edit ] Secondary plastics are small pieces of plastic derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris, both at sea and on land. [5] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-2-5) Over time, a culmination of physical, biological, and chemphotodegradation, including photo-oxidation (/wiki/Photo-oxidation_of_polymers) caused by sunlight exposure, can reduce the structural integrity of plastic debris to a size that is eventually undetectable to the naked eye. [36] (#cite_note-36) This process of breaking down large plastic material into much smaller pieces is known as fragmentation. [35] (#cite_note-Cole_Mathew,2011-35) It is considered that microplastics might further degrade to be smaller in size, although the smallest microplastic reportedly detected in the oceans at present is 1.6 micrometres (6.3×10 −5 in) in diameter. [37] (#cite_note-37) The prevalence of microplastics with uneven shapes suggests that fragmentation is a key source. [17] (#cite_note-Grossman-17) It was observed that more microplastics might be formed from biodegradable polymer than from non-biodegradable polymer in both seawater and fresh water. [38] (#cite_note-38) Other sources: as a by-product/dust emission during wear and tear [ edit ] There are countless sources of both primary and secondary microplastics. Microplastic fibers enter the environment from the washing (/wiki/Washing) of synthetic clothing (/wiki/Synthetic_cloth) . [39] (#cite_note-39) [11] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-11) Tires, composed partly of synthetic styrene-butadiene (/wiki/Styrene-butadiene) rubber, will erode into tiny plastic and rubber particles as they are used. Furthermore, 2.0-5.0 mm plastic pellets, used to create other plastic products, often [ quantify ] enter ecosystems due to spillages and other accidents (/wiki/Plastic_resin_pellet_pollution) . [9] (#cite_note-Boucher-2017-9) A Norwegian Environment Agency (/wiki/Norwegian_Environment_Agency) review report about microplastics published in early 2015 [40] (#cite_note-Sundt_and_Schulze_2014-40) states it would be beneficial to classify these sources as primary, as long as microplastics from these sources are added from human society since the "start of the pipe", and their emissions are inherently a result of human material and product use and not secondary defragmentation in the nature. [ citation needed ] Nanoplastics [ edit ] Depending on the definition used, nanoplastics are less than 1 μm (i.e. 1000 nm) or less than 100 nm in size. [41] (#cite_note-Elsevier-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Speculations over nanoplastics in the environment range from it being a temporary byproduct during the fragmentation of microplastics to it being an invisible environmental threat at potentially high and continuously rising concentrations. [43] (#cite_note-Rillig-2021-43) The presence of nanoplastics in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (/wiki/North_Atlantic_Subtropical_Gyre) has been confirmed [44] (#cite_note-44) and recent developments in Raman spectroscopy (/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy) coupled with optical tweezers (Raman Tweezers) [45] (#cite_note-45) as well as nano-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (nano- FTIR (/wiki/FTIR) ) or atomic force infrared ( AFM-IR (/wiki/AFM-IR) ) are promising answers in the near future regarding the nanoplastic quantity in the environment. Fluorescence (/wiki/Fluorescence) could represent a unique tool for the identification and quantification of nanoplastics, since it allows the development of fast, easy, cheap, and sensitive methods. [46] (#cite_note-46) However, the nanoplastic problem is complex and nanoscale properties as well as interaction with biomolecules need to be explored at the fundamental level with high spatial and temporal resolution. [47] (#cite_note-47) Nanoplastics are thought to be a risk to environmental and human health. [41] (#cite_note-Elsevier-41) Due to their small size, nanoplastics can cross cellular membranes and affect the functioning of cells. Nanoplastics are lipophilic and models show that polyethylene nanoplastics can be incorporated into the hydrophobic core of lipid bilayers. [48] (#cite_note-48) Nanoplastics are also shown to cross the epithelial membrane of fish (/wiki/Fish) accumulating in various organs (/wiki/Organ_(biology)) including the gallbladder, pancreas, and the brain. [49] (#cite_note-49) [50] (#cite_note-50) Little is known on adverse health effects of nanoplastics in organisms including humans. In zebrafish (/wiki/Zebrafish) ( Danio rerio ), polystyrene (/wiki/Polystyrene) nanoplastics can induce a stress response pathway altering glucose and cortisol levels, which is potentially tied to behavioral changes in stress phases. [51] (#cite_note-51) In Daphnia (/wiki/Daphnia) , polystyrene nanoplastic can be ingested by the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulex and affect its growth and reproduction as well as induce stress defense, including the ROS production and MAPK-HIF-1/NF-κB-mediated antioxidant system. [52] (#cite_note-52) [53] (#cite_note-53) [54] (#cite_note-54) Nanoplastics can also adsorb (/wiki/Adsorption) toxic chemical pollutants, such as antibiotics, which enable the selective association with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in the dissemination of nanoplastics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria by bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans) across the soil. [55] (#cite_note-55) Sources [ edit ] Most microplastic pollution comes from textiles, tires and city dust [56] (#cite_note-56) which account for over 80% of all microplastic in the environment. [13] (#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-13) The existence of microplastics in the environment is often established through aquatic studies. These include taking plankton (/wiki/Plankton) samples, analyzing sandy and muddy sediments (/wiki/Sediment) , observing vertebrate (/wiki/Vertebrate) and invertebrate (/wiki/Invertebrate) consumption, and evaluating chemical pollutant (/wiki/Pollutant) interactions. [57] (#cite_note-57) Through such methods, it has been shown that there are microplastics from multiple sources in the environment. [ citation needed ] Microplastics could contribute up to 30% of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch) polluting the world's oceans and, in many developed countries, are a bigger source of marine plastic pollution (/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution) than the visible larger pieces of marine litter, according to a 2017 IUCN (/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature) report. [9] (#cite_note-Boucher-2017-9) Car and truck tires [ edit ] Main article: Rubber pollution (/wiki/Rubber_pollution) Wear and tear from tires (/wiki/Tire) significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. Estimates of emissions of microplastics to the environment in Denmark are between 5,500 and 14,000 tonnes (6,100 and 15,400 tons) (/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)#106_to_1011_kg) per year. Secondary microplastics (e.g. from car and truck tires or footwear) are more important than primary microplastics by two orders of magnitude. The formation of microplastics from the degradation of larger plastics in the environment is not accounted for in the study. [58] (#cite_note-58) The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. The emissions from car tires (wear reaching 100%) are substantially higher than those of other sources of microplastics, e.g., airplane tires (2%), artificial turf (wear 12–50%), brakes (wear 8%), and road markings (wear 5%). In the case of road markings, recent field study indicated that they were protected by a layer of glass beads and their contribution was only between 0.1 and 4.3 g/person/year, [59] (#cite_note-59) which would constitute approximately 0.7% of all of the secondary microplastics emissions; this value agrees with some emissions estimates. [60] (#cite_note-60) [61] (#cite_note-61) Emissions and pathways depend on local factors like road type or sewage systems. The relative contribution of tire wear and tear to the total global amount of plastics ending up in our oceans is estimated to be 5–10%. In air, 3–7% of the particulate matter (/wiki/Particulates) (PM 2.5 ) is estimated to consist of tire wear and tear, indicating that it may contribute to the global health burden of air pollution which has been projected by the World Health Organization (/wiki/World_Health_Organization) at 3 million deaths in 2012. Pollution from tire wear and tear also enters the food chain, but further research is needed to assess human health risks. [62] (#cite_note-62) Clothing [ edit ] Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling (/wiki/Cotton_recycling) Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Studies have shown that many synthetic fibers (/wiki/Synthetic_fiber) , such as polyester, nylon, acrylics, and spandex (/wiki/Spandex) , can be shed from clothing and persist in the environment. [63] (#cite_note-63) [64] (#cite_note-GrossmanJan-64) [65] (#cite_note-65) Each garment in a load of laundry (/wiki/Laundry) can shed more than 1,900 fibers of microplastics, with fleeces (/wiki/Polar_fleece) releasing the highest percentage of fibers, over 170% more than other garments. [66] (#cite_note-66) [67] (#cite_note-Browne2011-67) For an average wash load of 6 kilograms (13 lb), over 700,000 fibers could be released per wash. [68] (#cite_note-68) Washing machine (/wiki/Washing_machine) manufacturers have also reviewed research into whether washing machine filters can reduce the amount of microfiber fibers that need to be treated by sewage treatment (/wiki/Sewage_treatment) facilities. [69] (#cite_note-69) These microfibers have been found to persist throughout the food chain from zooplankton (/wiki/Zooplankton) to larger animals such as whales. [9] (#cite_note-Boucher-2017-9) The primary fiber that persist throughout the textile industry is polyester which is a cheap cotton alternative that can be easily manufactured. However, these types of fibers contribute greatly to the persistence to microplastics in terrestrial, aerial, and marine ecosystems. The process of washing clothes causes garments to lose an average of over 100 fibers per liter of water. [67] (#cite_note-Browne2011-67) This has been linked with health effects possibly caused by the release of monomers (/wiki/Monomer) , dispersive dyes, mordants (/wiki/Mordant) , and plasticizers (/wiki/Plasticizer) from manufacturing. The occurrence of these types of fibers in households has been shown to represent 33% of all fibers in indoor environments. [67] (#cite_note-Browne2011-67) Textile fibers have been studied in both indoor and outdoor environments to determine the average human exposure. The indoor concentration was found to be 1.0–60.0 fibers/m 3 , whereas the outdoor concentration was much lower at 0.3–1.5 fibers/m 3 . [70] (#cite_note-Dris-2017-70) The deposition rate indoors was 1586–11,130 fibers per day/m 3 which accumulates to around 190-670 fibers/mg of dust. [70] (#cite_note-Dris-2017-70) The largest concern with these concentrations is that it increases exposure to children and the elderly, which can cause adverse health effects. [ citation needed ] Cosmetics industry [ edit ] Some companies have replaced natural exfoliating (/wiki/Exfoliating) ingredients with microplastics, usually in the form of " microbeads (/wiki/Microbead) " or "micro-exfoliates". These products are typically composed of polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) , a common component of plastics, but they can also be manufactured from polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) , polyethylene terephthalate (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) (PET), and nylon (/wiki/Nylon) . [71] (#cite_note-BeattheMicrobead-71) They are often found in face washes, hand soaps (/wiki/Hand_soap) , and other personal care products; the beads are usually washed into the sewage (/wiki/Sewage) system immediately after use. Their small size prevents them from fully being retained by preliminary treatment screens at wastewater plants, thereby allowing some to enter rivers and oceans. [72] (#cite_note-Fendall2009-72) Wastewater treatment plants only remove an average of 95–99.9% of microbeads because of their small design. This leaves an average of 0–7 microbeads per litre being discharged. [73] (#cite_note-pmid27836135-73) Considering that the treatment plants of the world discharge 160 trillion liters of water per day, around 8 trillion microbeads are released into waterways every day. This number does not account for the sewage sludge that is reused as fertilizer after the waste water treatment that has been known to still contain these microbeads. [74] (#cite_note-74) Although many companies have committed to phasing out the use of microbeads in their products, there are at least 80 different facial scrub products that are still being sold with microbeads as a main component. [73] (#cite_note-pmid27836135-73) [ failed verification ] This contributes to the 80 metric tons of microbead discharge per year by the United Kingdom alone, which not only has a negative impact upon the wildlife and food chain, but also upon levels of toxicity, as microbeads have been proven to absorb dangerous chemicals such as pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon) . [73] (#cite_note-pmid27836135-73) The restriction proposal by the European Chemicals Agency (/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency) (ECHA) and reports by the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP (/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) ) and TAUW suggest that there are more than 500 microplastic ingredients that are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products. [75] (#cite_note-75) Even when microbeads are removed from cosmetic products, there are still harmful products being sold with plastics in them. For example, acrylate copolymers (/w/index.php?title=Acrylate_copolymer&action=edit&redlink=1) cause toxic effects for waterways and animals if they are polluted. [76] (#cite_note-76) Acrylate copolymers also can emit styrene monomers (/wiki/Styrene_monomer) when used in body products which increases a person's chances of cancer. [77] (#cite_note-77) Countries like New Zealand which have banned microbeads often pass over other polymers such as acrylate copolymers, which can be just as toxic to people and the environment. [78] (#cite_note-78) After the Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015 (/wiki/Microbead-Free_Waters_Act_of_2015) , the use of microbeads in toothpaste (/wiki/Toothpaste) and other rinse-off cosmetic products has been discontinued in the US, [79] (#cite_note-Colgate-79) however since 2015 many industries have instead shifted toward using FDA (/wiki/FDA) -approved "rinse-off" metallized-plastic (/wiki/Metallised_film) glitter (/wiki/Glitter) as their primary abrasive agent (/wiki/Abrasive_agent) . [80] (#cite_note-NYTimes-80) [81] (#cite_note-CollectiveWorld-81) [82] (#cite_note-IFLScience-82) Fishing industry [ edit ] Recreational (/wiki/Recreational_fishing) and commercial fishing (/wiki/Commercial_fishing) , marine vessels (/wiki/Marine_vessel) , and marine industries are all sources of plastic that can directly enter the marine environment, posing a risk to biota both as macroplastics, and as secondary microplastics following long-term degradation. Marine debris (/wiki/Marine_debris) observed on beaches also arises from beaching of materials carried on inshore and ocean currents. Fishing gear (/wiki/Fishing_gear) is a form of plastic debris with a marine source. Discarded or lost fishing gear, including plastic monofilament line and nylon netting (/wiki/Fishing_net) (sometimes called ghost nets (/wiki/Ghost_net) ), is typically neutrally buoyant (/wiki/Buoyant) and can, therefore, drift at variable depths within the oceans. Various countries have reported that microplastics from the industry and other sources have been accumulating in different types of seafood. In Indonesia, 55% of all fish species had evidence of manufactured debris similar to America which reported 67%. [83] (#cite_note-83) However, the majority of debris in Indonesia was plastic, while in North America the majority was synthetic fibers found in clothing and some types of nets. The implication from the fact that fish are being contaminated with microplastic is that those plastics and their chemicals will bioaccumulate in the food chain. [ citation needed ] One study analyzed the plastic-derived chemical called polybrominated diphenyl ethers (/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers) (PBDEs) in the stomachs of short-tailed shearwaters (/wiki/Short-tailed_shearwater) . It found that one-fourth of the birds had higher-brominated congeners (/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)) that are not naturally found in their prey. However, the PBDE got into the birds' systems through plastic that was found in the stomachs of the birds. It is therefore not just the plastics that are being transferred through the food chain but the chemicals from the plastics as well. [84] (#cite_note-84) Manufacturing [ edit ] The manufacture of plastic products uses granules (/wiki/Granular_material) and small resin (/wiki/Resin) pellets as their raw material. In the United States, production increased from 2.9 million pellets in 1960 to 21.7 million pellets in 1987. [85] (#cite_note-85) In 2019, plastic world production was 368 million tonnes; 51% were produced in Asia. China, the world's largest producer, created 31% of the world total. [86] (#cite_note-86) Through accidental spillage during land or sea transport, inappropriate use as packing materials (/wiki/Packing_material) , and direct outflow from processing plants, these raw materials can enter aquatic ecosystems (/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem) . In an assessment of Swedish waters using an 80 μm mesh, KIMO Sweden found typical microplastic concentrations of 150–2,400 microplastics per m 3 ; in a harbor adjacent to a plastic production facility, the concentration was 102,000 per m 3 . [35] (#cite_note-Cole_Mathew,2011-35) Many industrial sites in which convenient raw plastics are frequently used are located near bodies of water. If spilled during production, these materials may enter the surrounding environment, polluting waterways. [40] (#cite_note-Sundt_and_Schulze_2014-40) "More recently, Operation Cleansweep, a joint initiative of the American Chemistry Council (/wiki/American_Chemistry_Council) and Society of the Plastics Industry (/wiki/Society_of_the_Plastics_Industry) , is aiming for industries to commit to zero pellet loss during their operations". [35] (#cite_note-Cole_Mathew,2011-35) Overall, there is a significant lack of research aimed at specific industries and companies that contribute to microplastics pollution. Packaging and shipping [ edit ] Shipping (/wiki/Shipping) has significantly contributed to marine pollution (/wiki/Marine_pollution) . Some statistics indicate that in 1970, commercial shipping fleets around the world dumped over 23,000 tons of plastic waste into the marine environment. In 1988, an international agreement ( MARPOL 73/78 (/wiki/MARPOL_73/78) , Annex V) prohibited the dumping of waste from ships into the marine environment. In the United States, the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 prohibits discharge of plastics in the sea, including from naval vessels. [87] (#cite_note-87) [88] (#cite_note-88) However, shipping remains a dominant source of plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution#Effects_of_plastic_on_oceans_and_seabirds) , having contributed around 6.5 million tons of plastic in the early 1990s. [89] (#cite_note-Derraik2002-89) [90] (#cite_note-pmid19528054-90) Research has shown that approximately 10% of the plastic found on the beaches in Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) are nurdles. [91] (#cite_note-Thompson-2009-91) In one incident on 24 July 2012, 150 tonnes of nurdles and other raw plastic material spilled from a shipping vessel off the coast near Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) after a major storm. This waste from the Chinese company Sinopec (/wiki/Sinopec) was reported to have piled up in large quantities on beaches. [40] (#cite_note-Sundt_and_Schulze_2014-40) While this is a large incident of spillage, researchers speculate that smaller accidents also occur and further contribute to marine microplastic pollution. [40] (#cite_note-Sundt_and_Schulze_2014-40) Plastic containers can shed microplastics and nanoparticles (/wiki/Nanoparticle) into foods and beverages. [92] (#cite_note-92) Personal protective equipment [ edit ] Face masks [ edit ] Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) , the usage of medical face masks (/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic) has sharply increased to reach approximately 89 million masks each. [93] (#cite_note-Saliu_100042-93) Single use face masks are made from polymers, such as polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) , polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) , polyacrylonitrile (/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile) , polystyrene (/wiki/Polystyrene) , polycarbonate (/wiki/Polycarbonate) , polyethylene (/wiki/Polyethylene) , or polyester (/wiki/Polyester) . The increase in production, consumption, and littering of face masks was added to the list of environmental challenges, due to the addition of plastic particles waste in the environment. After degrading, disposable face masks could break down into smaller size particles (under 5mm) emerging a new source of microplastic. [94] (#cite_note-Fadare-2020-94) A single surgical weathered face mask may release up to 173,000 fibers/ day. [93] (#cite_note-Saliu_100042-93) A report made in February 2020 by Oceans Asia, an organization committed to advocacy and research on marine pollution, confirms "the presence of face masks of different types and colors in an ocean in Hong Kong". [94] (#cite_note-Fadare-2020-94) Plastics [ edit ] Bottled water [ edit ] In one study, 93% of the bottled water from 11 different brands showed microplastic contamination. Per liter, researchers found an average of 325 microplastic particles. [95] (#cite_note-Mason-2018-95) Of the tested brands, Nestlé Pure Life and Gerolsteiner bottles contained the most microplastic with 930 and 807 microplastic particles per liter (MPP/L), respectively. [95] (#cite_note-Mason-2018-95) San Pellegrino products showed the least quantity of microplastic densities. Compared to water from taps, water from plastic bottles contained twice as much microplastic. [95] (#cite_note-Mason-2018-95) Another study capable of detecting nanoplastics found 240,000 fragments per liter: 10% between 5 mm and 1 μm and 90% under 1 μm in diameter. [96] (#cite_note-Doubek-96) [97] (#cite_note-97) Some of the contamination likely comes from the process of bottling and packaging the water, [95] (#cite_note-Mason-2018-95) and possibly from filters used to purify the water. [96] (#cite_note-Doubek-96) Baby bottles [ edit ] Newborn drinks milk from a baby bottle In 2020 researchers reported that polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) infant feeding bottles (/wiki/Baby_bottle) with contemporary preparation procedures were found to cause microplastics exposure to infants ranging from 14,600 to 4,550,000 particles per capita per day in 48 regions. Microplastics release is higher with warmer liquids and similar with other polypropylene products such as lunchboxes. [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) Unexpectedly, silicone rubber (/wiki/Silicone_rubber) baby bottle nipples degrade over time from repeated steam sterilization, shedding micro- and nano-sized particles of silicone rubber, researchers found in 2021. They estimated that, using such heat-degraded nipples for a year, a baby will ingest more than 660,000 particles. [101] (#cite_note-101) [102] (#cite_note-102) Single-use plastic products [ edit ] Conventional paper coffee cups, with internal plastic coating, release many nanoplastics into water. [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-UPI-104) Common single-use plastic products, such as plastic cups, or even paper coffee cups (/wiki/Coffee_cup#Paper) that are lined with a thin plastic film inside, release trillions of microplastic- nanoparticles (/wiki/Nanoparticle) per liter into water during normal use. [104] (#cite_note-UPI-104) [105] (#cite_note-105) [106] (#cite_note-106) Single-use plastic products enter aquatic environments [107] (#cite_note-107) and "[l]ocal and statewide policies that reduce single-use plastics were identified as effective legislative actions that communities can take to address plastic pollution". [108] (#cite_note-108) [109] (#cite_note-109) Sewage treatment plants [ edit ] Sewage treatment (/wiki/Sewage_treatment) plants, also known as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), remove contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage, using various physical, chemical, and biological processes. [110] (#cite_note-Carr-2016-110) Most plants in developed countries have both primary (/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Primary_treatment) and secondary treatment (/wiki/Secondary_treatment) stages. In the primary stage of treatment, physical processes are employed to remove oils, sand, and other large solids using conventional filters, clarifiers (/wiki/Clarifier) , and settling tanks. [111] (#cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-111) Secondary treatment uses biological processes involving bacteria (/wiki/Bacteria) and protozoa (/wiki/Protozoa) to break down organic matter. Common secondary technologies are activated sludge (/wiki/Activated_sludge) systems, trickling filters (/wiki/Trickling_filter) , and constructed wetlands (/wiki/Constructed_wetland) . [111] (#cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-111) The optional tertiary treatment stage may include processes for nutrient removal ( nitrogen (/wiki/Nitrogen) and phosphorus (/wiki/Phosphorus) ) and disinfection (/wiki/Disinfection) . [111] (#cite_note-EPA,_Ireland-1997-111) Microplastics have been detected in both the primary and secondary treatment stages of the plants. A groundbreaking 1998 study suggested that microplastic fibers would be a persistent indicator of sewage sludges and wastewater treatment plant outfalls. [112] (#cite_note-112) A study estimated that about one particle per liter of microplastics are being released back into the environment, with a removal efficiency of about 99.9%. [110] (#cite_note-Carr-2016-110) [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) A 2016 study showed that most microplastics are actually removed during the primary treatment stage where solid skimming and sludge settling are used. [110] (#cite_note-Carr-2016-110) When these treatment facilities are functioning properly, the contribution of microplastics into oceans and surface water environments from WWTPs is not disproportionately large. [110] (#cite_note-Carr-2016-110) [115] (#cite_note-115) Many studies show that while wastewater treatment plants certainly reduce the microplastic load on waterways, with current technological developments they are not able to clean the waters fully of this pollutant. [116] (#cite_note-116) [117] (#cite_note-117) Sewage sludge is used for soil fertilizer in some countries, which exposes plastics in the sludge to the weather, sunlight, and other biological factors, causing fragmentation. As a result, microplastics from these biosolids often end up in storm drains and eventually into bodies of water. [118] (#cite_note-118) In addition, some studies show that microplastics do pass through filtration processes at some WWTPs. [35] (#cite_note-Cole_Mathew,2011-35) According to a study from the UK, samples taken from sewage sludge disposal sites on the coasts of six continents contained an average one particle of microplastic per liter. A significant amount of these particles was of clothing fibers from washing machine effluent. [67] (#cite_note-Browne2011-67) Human health [ edit ] Further information: Microplastics effects on human health (/wiki/Microplastics_effects_on_human_health) The potential risks of microplastic to human health are little understood, and the field is difficult to research because of the potentially long time between exposure to the contaminant and any associated health effect becoming evident. [119] (#cite_note-stapleton-119) Microplastic pollution has been associated with various adverse health conditions, including respiratory disease (/wiki/Respiratory_disease) and inflammation (/wiki/Inflammation) , but it is not known whether there is a causative effect. [24] (#cite_note-blackburn-24) There is concern microplastic pollutants may act as a vector for antibiotic resistant (/wiki/Antibiotic_resistant) genes and bacteria. [119] (#cite_note-stapleton-119) It is reported that clinically important bacterial genus like Eggerthella (/wiki/Eggerthella) were notably (more than three times) enriched on riverine microplastics compared to water. [120] (#cite_note-Guruge-2024-120) According to a comprehensive review of scientific evidence published by the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) 's Scientific Advice Mechanism (/wiki/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism) in 2019, "little is known with respect to the human health risks of nano- and microplastics, and what is known is surrounded by considerable uncertainty". The authors of the review identify the main limitations as the quality or methodology of the research to date. Since "the poison is in the dose", the review concludes that "there is a need to understand the potential modes of toxicity for different size-shape-type NMP [nano- (< 0.1 mm) and microplastic] combinations in carefully selected human models, before robust conclusions about 'real' human risks can be made". [121] (#cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-121) Mean/median intake of microplastics in humans are at levels considered to be safe in humans; however, some individuals may sometimes exceed these limits; the effects of this, if any, are unknown. [91] (#cite_note-Thompson-2009-91) It is unknown whether and to what degree microplastics bioaccumulate (/wiki/Bioaccumulate) in humans. [122] (#cite_note-NJ_Health_Impacts-122) [123] (#cite_note-Catarino-2018-123) Microplastics can interact with antioxidant enzymes like catalase, potentially altering their activity and thus disrupting the cellular redox balance. [124] (#cite_note-:0-124) Effects on the environment [ edit ] According to a comprehensive review of scientific evidence published by the European Union (/wiki/European_Union) 's Scientific Advice Mechanism (/wiki/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism) in 2019, microplastics are now present in every part of the environment. While there is no evidence of widespread ecological risk from microplastic pollution yet, risks are likely to become widespread within a century if pollution continues at its current rate. [121] (#cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-121) There is rapid growth of microplastic pollution research that may influence the growth of understanding of the problem, with marine and estuarine environments most frequently studied. Researchers have called for better sharing of research data that might lead to effective solutions. [125] (#cite_note-125) Participants at the 2008 International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris at the University of Washington (/wiki/University_of_Washington) at Tacoma [126] (#cite_note-126) concluded that microplastics are a problem in the marine environment, based on: the documented occurrence of microplastics in the marine environment, the long residence times of these particles (and, therefore, their likely buildup in the future), and their demonstrated ingestion by marine organisms (/wiki/Marine_organism) . So far, research has mainly focused on larger plastic items. Widely recognized problems facing marine life are entanglement, ingestion, suffocation (/wiki/Suffocation) and general debilitation often leading to death and/or strandings. This causes serious public concern. In contrast, microplastics are not as conspicuous, being less than 5 mm, and are usually invisible to the naked eye. Particles of this size are available to a much broader range of species, enter the food chain at the bottom, become embedded in animal tissue, and are then undetectable by unaided visual inspection. [ citation needed ] Furthermore, consequences of plastic degradation and pollution release over long term have mostly been overlooked. The large amounts of plastic currently in the environment, exposed to degradation, but that has many more years of decay and release of toxic compounds to follow is referred to as toxicity debt . [43] (#cite_note-Rillig-2021-43) Microplastics have been detected not just in marine but also in freshwater systems including marshes, streams, ponds, lakes, and rivers in (Europe, North America, South America, Asia and Australia). [127] (#cite_note-pmid31662247-127) [128] (#cite_note-128) Samples collected across 29 Great Lakes (/wiki/Great_Lakes) tributaries from six states in the United States were found to contain plastic particles, 98% of which were microplastics ranging in size from 0.355mm to 4.75mm. [129] (#cite_note-129) Hurricane Larry (/wiki/Hurricane_Larry) in September 2021 deposited, during the storm peak, 113,000 particles/m2/day as it passed over Newfoundland (/wiki/Newfoundland) , Canada. Back-trajectory modelling and polymer type analysis indicate that those microplastics may have been ocean-sourced as the hurricane traversed the North Atlantic garbage patch (/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch) of the North Atlantic Gyre (/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre) . [130] (#cite_note-2023-11-23_N-CEE-130) Biological integration into organisms [ edit ] Micro and nano plastics can become embedded in animals' tissue through ingestion or respiration. [1] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-1-1) The initial demonstration of bioaccumulation of these particles in animals was conducted under controlled conditions by exposing them to high concentrations of microplastics over extended periods, accumulating these particles in their gut and gills due to ingestion and respiration, respectively. Various annelid species, such as deposit-feeding lugworms (/wiki/Lugworm) ( Arenicola marina ), have been shown to accumulate microplastics embedded in their gastrointestinal tract (/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract) . Similarly, many crustaceans (/wiki/Crustacean) , like the shore crab Carcinus maenas (/wiki/Carcinus_maenas) , have been seen to integrate microplastics into both their respiratory and digestive tracts. [64] (#cite_note-GrossmanJan-64) [131] (#cite_note-pmid24972075-131) [132] (#cite_note-Thompson2004-132) Plastic particles are often mistaken by fish for food, which can block their digestive tracts, sending incorrect feeding signals to the brains of the animals. [13] (#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-13) However, research in 2021 revealed that fish ingest microplastics inadvertently rather than intentionally. [133] (#cite_note-133) The first occurrence of bioaccumulation of micro and nanoplastics in wild animals was documented in the skin mucosa of salmon, and it was attributed to the resemblance between nanoplastics and the outer shell of the viruses that the mucosa traps. [134] (#cite_note-134) This discovery was entirely serendipitous, as the research team had developed a detailed molecular separation process for the components of fish skin with the primary objective of isolating chitin (/wiki/Chitin) from a vertebrate for the first time. [135] (#cite_note-135) Representation of the exposure of marine life to microplastics Some coral such as Pocillopora verrucosa (/wiki/Pocillopora_verrucosa) have also been found to ingest microplastics. [136] (#cite_note-136) It can take up to 14 days for microplastics to pass through an animal (as compared to a normal digestion period of 2 days), but enmeshment of the particles in animals' gills (/wiki/Gill) can prevent elimination entirely. [131] (#cite_note-pmid24972075-131) When microplastic-laden animals are consumed by predators, the microplastics are then incorporated into the bodies of higher trophic-level feeders. For example, scientists have reported plastic accumulation in the stomachs of lantern fish (/wiki/Lantern_fish) which are small filter feeders and are the main prey for commercial fish like tuna (/wiki/Tuna) and swordfish (/wiki/Swordfish) . [137] (#cite_note-137) [138] (#cite_note-138) Microplastics also absorb chemical pollutants that can be transferred into the organism's tissues. [139] (#cite_note-139) Small animals are at risk of reduced food intake due to false satiation and resulting starvation or other physical harm from the microplastics. [ citation needed ] A study done at the Argentinean coastline of the Rio de la Plata (/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata) estuary (/wiki/Estuary) , found the presence of microplastics in the guts of 11 species of coastal freshwater fish. These 11 species of fish represented four different feeding habits: detritivore (/wiki/Detritivore) , planktivore (/wiki/Planktivore) , omnivore (/wiki/Omnivore) and ichthyophagous (/wiki/Ichthyophagous) . [140] (#cite_note-140) This study is one of the few so far to show the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater organisms. Bottom feeders (/wiki/Bottom_feeder) , such as benthic (/wiki/Benthic) sea cucumbers (/wiki/Sea_cucumber) , who are non-selective scavengers that feed on debris on the ocean floor (/wiki/Marine_debris) , ingest large amounts of sediment. It has been shown that four species of sea cucumber ( Thyonella gemmate (/w/index.php?title=Thyonella_gemmate&action=edit&redlink=1) , Holothuria floridana (/wiki/Holothuria_floridana) , H. grisea (/wiki/Holothuria_grisea) and Cucumaria frondosa (/wiki/Cucumaria_frondosa) ) ingested between 2- and 20-fold more PVC fragments and between 2- and 138-fold more nylon line fragments (as much as 517 fibers per organism) based on plastic-to-sand grain ratios from each sediment treatment. These results suggest that individuals may be selectively ingesting plastic particles. This contradicts the accepted indiscriminate feeding strategy of sea cucumbers, and may occur in all presumed non-selective feeders when presented with microplastics. [141] (#cite_note-141) Bivalves (/wiki/Bivalvia) , important aquatic filter feeders, have also been shown to ingest microplastics and nanoplastics. [142] (#cite_note-Tallec-2018-142) Upon exposure to microplastics, bivalve filtration ability decreases. [143] (#cite_note-Oliveira-2018-143) Multiple cascading effects occur as a result, such as immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity (/wiki/Neurotoxicity) . [144] (#cite_note-Tang-2020-144) [145] (#cite_note-Sun-2020-145) [146] (#cite_note-Tang-2020-2-146) Decreased immune function occurs due to reduced phagocytosis (/wiki/Phagocytosis) and NF-κB (/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB) gene activity. [144] (#cite_note-Tang-2020-144) [146] (#cite_note-Tang-2020-2-146) Impaired neurological function is a result of the inhibition of ChE (/wiki/Cholinesterase) and suppression of neurotransmitter regulatory enzymes. [146] (#cite_note-Tang-2020-2-146) When exposed to microplastics, bivalves also experience oxidative stress (/wiki/Oxidative_stress) , indicating an impaired ability to detoxify compounds within the body, which can ultimately damage DNA. [145] (#cite_note-Sun-2020-145) Bivalve gametes and larvae are also impaired when exposed to microplastics. Rates of developmental arrest, and developmental malformities increase, while rates of fertilization decrease. [142] (#cite_note-Tallec-2018-142) [147] (#cite_note-147) When bivalves have been exposed to microplastics as well as other pollutants such as POPs (/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant) , mercury or hydrocarbons (/wiki/Hydrocarbon) in lab settings, toxic effects were shown to be aggravated. [143] (#cite_note-Oliveira-2018-143) [144] (#cite_note-Tang-2020-144) [145] (#cite_note-Sun-2020-145) Not only fish and free-living organisms can ingest microplastics. Scleractinian corals (/wiki/Scleractinia) , which are primary reef-builders, have been shown to ingest microplastics under laboratory conditions. [148] (#cite_note-Hall-2015-148) While the effects of ingestion on these corals has not been studied, corals can easily become stressed and bleach. Microplastics have been shown to stick to the exterior of the corals after exposure in the laboratory. [148] (#cite_note-Hall-2015-148) The adherence to the outside of corals can potentially be harmful, because corals cannot handle sediment or any particulate matter (/wiki/Particulates) on their exterior and slough it off by secreting mucus, expending energy in the process, increasing the likelihood of mortality. [149] (#cite_note-149) Marine biologists in 2017 discovered that three-quarters of the underwater seagrass (/wiki/Seagrass) in the Turneffe Atoll (/wiki/Turneffe_Atoll) off the coast of Belize had microplastic fibers, shards, and beads stuck to it. The plastic pieces had been overgrown by epibionts (/wiki/Epibiont) (organisms that naturally stick themselves to seagrass). Seagrass is part of the barrier reef (/wiki/Coral_reef) ecosystem and is fed on by parrotfish (/wiki/Parrotfish) , which in turn are eaten by humans. These findings, published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, may be "the first discovery of microplastics on aquatic vascular plants... [and] only the second discovery of microplastics on marine plant life anywhere in the world." [150] (#cite_note-150) Research published in 2023 demonstrated that microplastic exposure impaired the cognitive performance of hermit crabs, which could potentially impact their survivability. [151] (#cite_note-151) It is not just aquatic animals which may be harmed. [152] (#cite_note-152) Microplastics can stunt the growth of terrestrial plants due to the increased uptake of toxic metals such as cadmium. [153] (#cite_note-153) [154] (#cite_note-154) [155] (#cite_note-155) In 2019, the first European records of microplastic items in amphibians' stomach content was reported in specimens of the common European newt ( Triturus carnifex (/wiki/Triturus_carnifex) ) . This also represented the first evidence for Caudata (/wiki/Caudata) worldwide, highlighting that the emerging issue of plastics is a threat even in remote high-altitude environments. [156] (#cite_note-156) The microplastic has also been found in common blackbirds ( Turdus merula (/wiki/Common_blackbird) ) and song thrushes ( Turdus philomelos (/wiki/Song_thrush) ) which shows a ubiquity of microplastics in terrestrial environments. [157] (#cite_note-157) Zooplankton (/wiki/Zooplankton) ingest microplastics beads (1.7–30.6 μm) and excrete fecal matter contaminated with microplastics. Along with ingestion, the microplastics stick to the appendages and exoskeleton of the zooplankton. [7] (#cite_note-EST_47_(12):_6646–6655-7) Zooplankton, among other marine organisms, consume microplastics because they emit similar infochemicals, notably dimethyl sulfide (/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide) , just as phytoplankton (/wiki/Phytoplankton) do. [158] (#cite_note-Savoca-2016-158) [ verification needed ] [159] (#cite_note-159) Plastics such as high-density polyethylene (/wiki/High-density_polyethylene) (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene) (LDPE), and polypropylene (/wiki/Polypropylene) (PP) produce dimethyl sulfide odors. [158] (#cite_note-Savoca-2016-158) These types of plastics are commonly found in plastic bags, food storage containers, and bottle caps. [160] (#cite_note-160) Green and red filaments of plastics are found in the planktonic organisms and in seaweeds. [161] (#cite_note-161) Not only do animals and plants ingest microplastics, some microbes also live on the surface of microplastics. This community of microbes form a slimy biofilm (/wiki/Biofilm) which, according to a 2019 study, [162] (#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-162) has a unique structure and possesses a special risk, because microplastic biofilms have been proven to provide a novel habitat for colonization that increases overlap between different species, thus spreading pathogens (/wiki/Pathogen) and antibiotic resistant (/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance) genes [120] (#cite_note-Guruge-2024-120) through horizontal gene transfer (/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer) . Then, due to rapid movement through waterways, these pathogens can be moved very quickly from their origin to another location where a specific pathogen may not be naturally present, spreading the potential disease. [162] (#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-162) Persistent organic pollutants and Emerging organic contaminants [ edit ] Plastic particles may highly concentrate and transport synthetic organic compounds (e.g. persistent organic pollutants (/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutants) and emerging organic contaminants), commonly present in the environment and ambient seawater, on their surface through adsorption (/wiki/Adsorption) . [163] (#cite_note-163) Microplastics can act as carriers for the transfer of POPs from the environment to organisms, also termed as the Trojan Horse effect (/wiki/Trojan_Horse_effect) . [164] (#cite_note-164) [89] (#cite_note-Derraik2002-89) [90] (#cite_note-pmid19528054-90) Recent articles have also shown that microplastics can sorb emerging organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products. [165] (#cite_note-doi.org-165) [166] (#cite_note-166) The sorption potential is affected by water matrix, pH, ionic strength and aging of microparticles. [165] (#cite_note-doi.org-165) Additives added to plastics during manufacture may leach out upon ingestion, potentially causing serious harm to the organism. Endocrine disruption (/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor) by plastic additives (/wiki/Plastic_additive) may affect the reproductive health (/wiki/Reproductive_health) of humans and wildlife alike. [90] (#cite_note-pmid19528054-90) Plastics, polymers derived from mineral oils (/wiki/Mineral_oil) , are virtually non-biodegradable (/wiki/Non-biodegradable) . [ citation needed ] However, renewable natural polymers are now in development which can be used for the production of biodegradable materials (/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic) similar to those derived from oil-based polymers. [ citation needed ] Disease [ edit ] In 2023, plasticosis (/wiki/Plasticosis) , a new disease caused solely by plastics, was discovered in seabirds. The birds identified as having the disease have scarred digestive tracts from ingesting plastic waste. [167] (#cite_note-167) "When birds ingest small pieces of plastic, they found, it inflames the digestive tract. Over time, the persistent inflammation causes tissues to become scarred and disfigured, affecting digestion, growth and survival." [168] (#cite_note-168) Geophysics [ edit ] Microplastics can increase the stability of breaking waves or sea foam (/wiki/Sea_foam) , potentially affecting sea albedo (/wiki/Albedo) or atmosphere-ocean gas exchange. [169] (#cite_note-169) Microplastics in the ocean may re-enter the atmosphere via sea spray (/wiki/Sea_spray) . [170] (#cite_note-170) Where microplastics can be found [ edit ] Air [ edit ] Airborne microplastics have been detected in the atmosphere (/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth) , as well as indoors and outdoors. In 2019 a study found microplastic to be atmospherically transported to remote areas on the wind. [171] (#cite_note-171) A 2017 study found indoor airborne microfiber concentrations between 1.0 and 60.0 microfibers per cubic meter (33% of which were found to be microplastics). [172] (#cite_note-172) Another study looked at microplastic in the street dust of Tehran (/wiki/Tehran) and found 2,649 particles of microplastic within 10 samples of street dust, with ranging samples concentrations from 83 particle – 605 particles (±10) per 30.0 g of street dust. [173] (#cite_note-173) Microplastics and microfibers were also found in snow samples, [174] (#cite_note-174) and high up in "clean" air in high mountains at vast distances from their source. [22] (#cite_note-mountains-22) [175] (#cite_note-175) However, much like freshwater ecosystems and soil, more studies are needed to understand the full impact and significance of airborne microplastics. [121] (#cite_note-SAPEA_Scientific_Advice_for_Policy_by_European_Academies_2019-121) Water [ edit ] Oceans [ edit ] This section is an excerpt from Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics (/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution#Microplastics) . [ edit (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_plastic_pollution&action=edit) ] A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, [176] (#cite_note-176) and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. [177] (#cite_note-177) These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates. Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches [178] (#cite_note-178) and surface waters [179] (#cite_note-179) as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment. Ice cores [ edit ] Plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) has previously been recorded in Antarctic surface waters and sediments as well as in the Arctic sea ice (/wiki/Sea_ice) , [180] (#cite_note-180) but in 2009, for the first time, plastic was found in Antarctic sea ice, with 96 microplastic particles from 14 different types of polymers in an ice core sampled from east Antarctica (/wiki/Antarctica) . [181] (#cite_note-pmid32319937-181) Relatively large particle sizes in Antarctic sea ice suggest local pollution sources. Freshwater [ edit ] Microplastics have been widely detected in the world's aquatic environments. [127] (#cite_note-pmid31662247-127) [182] (#cite_note-182) The first study on microplastics in freshwater ecosystems (/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem) was published in 2011 that found an average of 37.8 fragments per square meter of Lake Huron (/wiki/Lake_Huron) sediment samples. Additionally, studies have found MP (microplastic) to be present in all of the Great Lakes (/wiki/Great_Lakes) with an average concentration of 43,000 MP particle km −2 . [183] (#cite_note-183) Microplastics have also been detected in freshwater ecosystems outside of the United States, for example in 2019 study conducted in Poland showed that microplastic was present in all 30 studied lakes of the Masurian Lakeland (/wiki/Masurian_Lake_District) with density from 0.27 to 1.57 particles per liter. [184] (#cite_note-184) In Canada, a three-year study found a mean microplastic concentration of 193,420 particles km −2 in Lake Winnipeg (/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg) . None of the microplastics detected were micro-pellets or beads and most were fibers resulting from the breakdown of larger particles, synthetic textiles, or atmospheric fallout. [185] (#cite_note-185) The highest concentration of microplastic ever discovered in a studied freshwater ecosystem was recorded in the Rhine river at 4000 MP particles kg −1 . [186] (#cite_note-186) Soil [ edit ] A substantial portion of microplastics are expected to end up in the world's soil (/wiki/Soil) , yet very little research has been conducted on microplastics in soil outside of aquatic environments. [187] (#cite_note-187) In wetland environments microplastic concentrations have been found to exhibit a negative correlation with vegetation cover and stem density. [127] (#cite_note-pmid31662247-127) There exists some speculation that fibrous secondary microplastics from washing machines could end up in soil through the failure of water treatment plants to completely filter out all of the microplastic fibers. Furthermore, geophagous soil fauna, such as earthworms, mites, and collembolans (/wiki/Collembola) could contribute to the amount of secondary microplastic present in soil by converting consumed plastic debris into microplastic via digestive processes. Further research, however, is needed. There is concrete data linking the use of organic waste materials to synthetic fibers (/wiki/Synthetic_fibers) being found in the soil; but most studies on plastics in soil merely report its presence and do not mention origin or quantity. [9] (#cite_note-Boucher-2017-9) [188] (#cite_note-188) Controlled studies on fiber-containing land-applied wastewater sludges (biosolids) applied to soil reported semiquantitative [ clarification needed ] recoveries of the fibers a number of years after application. [189] (#cite_note-189) Salt and seafood [ edit ] A 2015 review of 15 brands of table salts commercially available in China found microplastics were much more prevalent in sea salts compared to lake, rock, or well salts, attributing this to sea salts being contaminated by ocean water pollution while the rock/well salts were more likely contaminated during the production stages of collecting, wind drying, and packaging. [190] (#cite_note-190) According to a 2017 estimate, a person who consumes seafood will ingest 11,000 bits of microplastics per year. A 2019 study found a kilo of sugar had 440 microplastic particles, a kilo of salt contained 110 particles, and a litre of bottled water contained 94 particles. [191] (#cite_note-EIB-2023-191) [192] (#cite_note-nationalgeographic.com-192) [193] (#cite_note-193) Human body [ edit ] While it is known microplastic enter the human body from the environment, the quantities involved are not well understood. [24] (#cite_note-blackburn-24) The microplastics ingested by fish and crustaceans can be subsequently consumed by humans as the end of the food chain (/wiki/Food_chain) . [194] (#cite_note-194) Microplastics are found in air, water, and food that humans eat, especially seafood; however, the degree of absorption and retention is unclear. [195] (#cite_note-195) [122] (#cite_note-NJ_Health_Impacts-122) However, ingestion of microplastics via food may be relatively minor; for example, while mussels are known to accumulate microplastics, humans are predicted to be exposed to more microplastics in household dust than by consuming mussels. [196] (#cite_note-196) Microplastics have been found in human testicles. [197] (#cite_note-197) Release from polythene bags and paper cups [ edit ] A recent study investigated the release of microplastics (MPs) from polythene bags (PB) and paper cups (PC) when exposed to hot and cold water. The study aimed to assess the impact of these MPs on bovine liver catalase (BLC), a crucial antioxidant enzyme. The researchers found that both PB and PC release MPs under hot and cold conditions. These MPs bind to BLC, causing changes in its structure and reducing its activity. The reduced activity of BLC could potentially disrupt the cellular redox balance, as catalase plays a key role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. [124] (#cite_note-:0-124) Prevention [ edit ] Treatment [ edit ] Some researchers have proposed incinerating plastics to use as energy, which is known as energy recovery. As opposed to losing the energy from plastics into the atmosphere in landfills (/wiki/Landfill) , this process turns some of the plastics back into energy that can be used. However, as opposed to recycling, this method does not diminish the amount of plastic material that is produced. Therefore, recycling plastics (/wiki/Plastic_recycling) is considered a more efficient solution. [91] (#cite_note-Thompson-2009-91) Biodegradation (/wiki/Biodegradation) is another possible solution to large amounts of microplastic waste. In this process, microorganisms consume and decompose synthetic polymers by means of enzymes. [198] (#cite_note-Auta-2017-198) These plastics can then be used in the form of energy and as a source of carbon (/wiki/Carbon) once broken down. The microbes could potentially be used to treat sewage wastewater, which would decrease the amount of microplastics that pass through into the surrounding environments. [198] (#cite_note-Auta-2017-198) Filtering [ edit ] Efficient removal of microplastics via waste water treatment plants is critical to prevent the transfer of microplastics from society to natural water systems. The captured microplastics in the treatment plants become part of the sludge produced by the plants. The problem is that this sludge is often used as farm fertilizer meaning the plastics enter waterways through runoff. [13] (#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-13) Fionn Ferreira (/wiki/Fionn_Ferreira) , winner of the 2019 Google Science Fair (/wiki/Google_Science_Fair) , is developing a device for the removal of microplastic particles from water using a ferrofluid (/wiki/Ferrofluid) . [199] (#cite_note-199) Collection devices [ edit ] Computer modelling done by The Ocean Cleanup (/wiki/The_Ocean_Cleanup) , a Dutch foundation, has suggested that collection devices placed nearer to the coasts could remove about 31% of the microplastics in the area. [200] (#cite_note-200) On 9 September 2018, The Ocean Cleanup launched the world's first ocean cleanup system, 001 aka "Wilson", which is being deployed to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch) . [201] (#cite_note-201) System 001 is 600 meters long that acts as a U-shaped skiff that uses natural oceanic currents to concentrate plastic and other debris on the ocean's surface into a confined area for extraction by vessels. [202] (#cite_note-202) The project has been met with criticism from oceanographers and plastic pollution experts, though it has seen wide public support. [203] (#cite_note-203) [204] (#cite_note-204) [205] (#cite_note-205) In addition, some bacteria (/wiki/Plastisphere#Degradation_by_microorganisms) have adapted to eat plastic, and some bacteria species have been genetically modified to eat (certain types of) plastics. [206] (#cite_note-206) Other than degrading microplastics, microbes had been engineered in a novel way to capture microplastics in their biofilm matrix from polluted samples for easier removal of such pollutants. [207] (#cite_note-207) The microplastics in the biofilms can then be released with an engineered 'release' mechanism via biofilm dispersal to facilitate with microplastics recovery. [208] (#cite_note-208) Education and recycling [ edit ] Increasing education through recycling campaigns is another proposed solution for microplastic contamination. While this would be a smaller-scale solution, education has been shown to reduce littering, especially in urban environments where there are often large concentrations of plastic waste. [91] (#cite_note-Thompson-2009-91) If recycling efforts are increased, a cycle of plastic use and reuse would be created to decrease our waste output and production of new raw materials. In order to achieve this, states would need to employ stronger infrastructure and investment around recycling. [209] (#cite_note-209) Some advocate for improving recycling technology to be able to recycle smaller plastics to reduce the need for production of new plastics. [91] (#cite_note-Thompson-2009-91) Action for creating awareness [ edit ] A signboard encouraging the public to collect nurdles so as to reduce their negative impact on the coastal environment On 11 April 2013, in order to create awareness, Italian artist Maria Cristina Finucci (/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Finucci) founded The Garbage Patch State (/wiki/Garbage_Patch_State) [210] (#cite_note-210) under the patronage of UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) and the Italian Ministry of the Environment. [211] (#cite_note-211) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency) (EPA) launched its "Trash-Free Waters" initiative in 2013 to prevent single-use plastic wastes from ending up in waterways and ultimately the ocean. [212] (#cite_note-212) EPA collaborates with the United Nations Environment Programme (/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) –Caribbean Environment Programme (UNEP-CEP) and the Peace Corps (/wiki/Peace_Corps) to reduce and also remove trash in the Caribbean Sea (/wiki/Caribbean_Sea) . [213] (#cite_note-213) EPA has also funded various projects in the San Francisco Bay Area (/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area) including one that is aimed at reducing the use of single-use plastics such as disposable cups (/wiki/Disposable_cup) , spoons and straws, from three University of California (/wiki/University_of_California) campuses. [214] (#cite_note-214) Additionally, there are many organizations advocating action to counter microplastics and that is spreading microplastic awareness. One such group is the Florida Microplastic Awareness Project (FMAP), a group of volunteers who search for microplastics in coastal water samples. [215] (#cite_note-215) There is also increased global advocacy aimed at achieving the target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14) which hopes to prevent and significantly reduce all forms of marine pollution (/wiki/Marine_pollution) by 2025. [216] (#cite_note-216) Funding [ edit ] The Clean Oceans Initiative is a project launched in 2018 by the public institutions European Investment Bank (/wiki/European_Investment_Bank) , Agence Française de Développement (/wiki/French_Development_Agency) and KfW Entwicklungsbank (/wiki/KfW) . The goal of the organisations was to provide up to €2 billion in lending, grants and technical assistance until 2023 to develop projects that remove pollution from waterways (with a focus on macroplastics and microplastics) before it reaches the oceans. [13] (#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-13) The effort focuses on initiatives that demonstrate efficient methods of minimising plastic waste and microplastics output, emphasising on riverine and coastal areas. [217] (#cite_note-EIB-2022-217) Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (/wiki/Cassa_Depositi_e_Prestiti) (CDP), the Italian national promotional institution and financial institution for development cooperation, and the Instituto de Crédito Oficial (/wiki/Official_Credit_Institute) (ICO), the Spanish promotional bank, became new partners in October 2020. [218] (#cite_note-eib.org-218) [219] (#cite_note-219) [220] (#cite_note-220) As of December 2023, The Clean Oceans Initiative had funded almost €3.2 billion, exceeding 80% of its €4 billion objective. Over 20 million people will benefit from the signed project proposals, which include better wastewater treatment in Sri Lanka, China, Egypt, and South Africa, solid waste management in Togo and Senegal, and stormwater management and flood protection in Benin, Morocco, and Ecuador. [221] (#cite_note-unctad-2021-221) [222] (#cite_note-222) In February 2022, the initiative stated that it would increase its financing aim to €4 billion by the end of 2025. At the same time, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development) (EBRD) became the Clean Oceans Initiative's sixth member. [217] (#cite_note-EIB-2022-217) By February 2023, the program had met 65% of its goal, with €2.6 billion spent in 60 projects benefiting more than 20 million people across Africa, Asia, Latin America (/wiki/Latin_America) , and Europe. [218] (#cite_note-eib.org-218) [223] (#cite_note-223) By the beginning of 2022, more than 80% of this target has been achieved, with €1.6 billion being used in long-term financing for public and private sector initiatives that minimise the discharge of plastics, microplastics, and other pollutants through enhanced solid waste, wastewater, and storm water management. [217] (#cite_note-EIB-2022-217) The European Investment Bank (/wiki/European_Investment_Bank) and the Asian Development Bank (/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank) formed the Clean and Sustainable Ocean Partnership in January 2021 to promote cooperative projects for a clean and sustainable ocean and blue economy (/wiki/Blue_economy) in the Asia-Pacific region. [224] (#cite_note-224) [225] (#cite_note-225) Policy and legislation [ edit ] With increasing awareness of the detrimental effects of microplastics on the environment, groups are now advocating for the removal and ban of microplastics from various products. [1] (#cite_note-Ghosh-2023-1-1) [226] (#cite_note-226) One such campaign is "Beat the Microbead", which focuses on removing plastics from personal care products. [71] (#cite_note-BeattheMicrobead-71) The Adventurers and Scientists for Conservation run the Global Microplastics Initiative, a project to collect water samples to provide scientists with better data about microplastic dispersion in the environment. [227] (#cite_note-227) UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) has sponsored research and global assessment programs due to the trans-boundary issue that microplastic pollution constitutes. [228] (#cite_note-GreenFacts-228) These environmental groups will keep pressuring companies to remove plastics from their products in order to maintain healthy ecosystems. [229] (#cite_note-229) China [ edit ] In 2018, China banned the import of recyclables from other countries, forcing those other countries to re-examine their recycling schemes. [230] (#cite_note-World_Bank-230) The Yangtze River in China contributes 55% of all plastic waste going to the seas. Including microplastics, the Yangtze (/wiki/Yangtze) bears an average of 500,000 pieces of plastic per square kilometer. [231] (#cite_note-231) Scientific American (/wiki/Scientific_American) reported that China dumps 30% of all plastics in the ocean. [232] (#cite_note-232) United States [ edit ] In the US, some states have taken action to mitigate the negative environmental effects of microplastics. [233] (#cite_note-233) Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) was the first US state to ban cosmetics containing microplastics. [91] (#cite_note-Thompson-2009-91) At the federal level, the Microbead-Free Waters Act 2015 (/wiki/Microbead-Free_Waters_Act_2015) was enacted after being signed by President Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) on 28 December 2015. The law bans "rinse-off" cosmetic products that perform an exfoliating function, such as toothpaste or face wash. It does not apply to other products such as household cleaners. The act took effect on 1 July 2017, with respect to manufacturing, and 1 July 2018, with respect to introduction or delivery for introduction into interstate commerce. [234] (#cite_note-PL114-114-234) On 16 June 2020, California adopted a definition of 'microplastics in drinking water', setting the foundation for a long-term approach to studying their contamination and human health effects. [235] (#cite_note-235) On 25 July 2018, a microplastic reduction amendment was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives. [236] (#cite_note-Dan-2018-236) The legislation, as part of the Save Our Seas Act designed to combat marine pollution, aims to support the NOAA (/wiki/NOAA) 's Marine Debris Program. In particular, the amendment is geared towards promoting NOAA's Great Lakes Land-Based Marine Debris Action Plan to increase testing, cleanup, and education around plastic pollution in the Great Lakes. [236] (#cite_note-Dan-2018-236) President Donald Trump (/wiki/Donald_Trump) signed the re-authorization and amendment bill into effect on 11 October 2018. Japan [ edit ] On 15 June 2018, the Japanese government passed a bill with the goal of reducing microplastic production and pollution, especially in aquatic environments. [237] (#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-237) Proposed by the Environment Ministry and passed unanimously by the Upper House, this is also the first bill to pass in Japan that is specifically targeted at reducing microplastic production, specifically in the personal care industry with products such as face wash and toothpaste. [237] (#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-237) This law is revised from previous legislation, which focused on removing plastic marine debris (/wiki/Marine_debris) . It also focuses on increasing education and public awareness surrounding recycling and plastic waste. [237] (#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-237) The Environment Ministry has also proposed a number of recommendations for methods to monitor microplastic quantities in the ocean (Recommendations, 2018). [238] (#cite_note-238) However, the legislation does not specify any penalties for those who continue manufacturing products with microplastics. [237] (#cite_note-Japan_Times-2018-237) European Union [ edit ] The European Commission (/wiki/European_Commission) has noted the increased concern about the impact of microplastics on the environment. [239] (#cite_note-:a-239) In April 2018, the European Commission's Group of Chief Scientific Advisors (/wiki/Group_of_Chief_Scientific_Advisors) commissioned a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence on microplastic pollution through the EU (/wiki/European_Union) 's Scientific Advice Mechanism (/wiki/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism) . [239] (#cite_note-:a-239) The evidence review was conducted by a working group nominated by European academies and delivered in January 2019. [240] (#cite_note-240) A Scientific Opinion based on the SAPEA report was presented to the Commission in 2019, on the basis of which the commission will consider whether policy changes should be proposed at a European level to curb microplastic pollution. [241] (#cite_note-241) In January 2019, the European Chemicals Agency (/wiki/European_Chemicals_Agency) (ECHA) proposed to restrict intentionally added microplastics. [242] (#cite_note-242) The European Union participates with 10% of the global total, around 150 000 tonnes of microplastics each year. This is 200 grams per person per year, with significant regional variance in per-capita microplastic creation. [191] (#cite_note-EIB-2023-191) [243] (#cite_note-243) The European Commission's Circular Economy Action Plan sets out mandatory requirements for the recycling and waste reduction of key products e.g. plastic packaging. The plan starts the process to restrict addition of microplastics in products. It mandates measures for capturing more microplastics at all stages of the lifecycle of a product. E.g. the plan would examine different policies which aim to reduce release of secondary microplastics from tires and textiles. [244] (#cite_note-244) The European Commission plans to update the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive) to further address microplastic waste and other pollution. They aim to protect the environment from industrial and urban waste water discharge. A revision to the EU Drinking Water Directive was provisionally approved to ensure microplastics are regularly monitored in drinking water. It would require countries must propose solutions if a problem is found. [13] (#cite_note-European_Investment_Bank-13) The REACH (/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals) restriction on synthetic polymer microparticles entered into force on 17 October 2023. [245] (#cite_note-245) [246] (#cite_note-246) United Kingdom [ edit ] The Environmental Protection (Microbeads) (England) Regulations 2017 ban the production of any rinse-off personal care products (such as exfoliants) containing microbeads. [247] (#cite_note-UK_Cabinet-2017-247) This particular law denotes specific penalties when it is not obeyed. Those who do not comply are required to pay a fine. In the event that a fine is not paid, product manufacturers may receive a stop notice, which prevents the manufacturer from continuing production until they have followed regulation preventing the use of microbeads. Criminal proceedings may occur if the stop notice is ignored. [247] (#cite_note-UK_Cabinet-2017-247) Haiti [ edit ] Some of this section's listed sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) may not be reliable (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. ( May 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Haiti has no collective system for waste collection and treatment, [248] (#cite_note-248) and thus plastic is often disposed of in urban water evacuation canals, which then degrade to form microplastics. Due to tropical temperatures and average daily duration of 12 hours, [ clarify ] the plastics present in urban waterways could degrade more rapidly. Their discharge into Port-au-Prince Bay exposes this ecosystem to a number of environmental hazards pollutants contained in the waste, and to climatic hazards, particularly ocean acidification. [249] (#cite_note-249) On August 9, 2012, the Haitian government published a decree prohibiting the production, importation, marketing and use, of polyethylene bags and expanded polystyrene objects for foodstuffs. However, 14 Caribbean countries (more than a third) have banned single-use plastic bags and/or polystyrene containers. On July 10, 2013, a second decree was published to once again prohibit "the importation, production or sale of expanded polystyrene articles for food use." In support of the second decree, the ministries of the Environment, Justice and Public Security, Trade and Industry as well as the Economy and Finance announced in a note published in January 2018 that specialists from the brigade will be deployed on the territory to force the application of the said decree. [250] (#cite_note-250) See also [ edit ] Citizen Science (/wiki/Citizen_science#Plastics_and_pollution) , cleanup projects that people can take part in. Microbead (research) (/wiki/Microbead_(research)) Microspheres (/wiki/Microparticle#Microspheres) Tea bag plastics (/wiki/Tea_bag#Plastics) Plastic bans (/wiki/Plastic_bans) Plastic pollution in the Mediterranean sea (/wiki/Plastic_pollution_in_the_Mediterranean_sea) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e Ghosh, Shampa; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Ghosh, Soumya; Vashisth, Kshitij; Han, Sungsoo; Bhaskar, Rakesh (January 2023). "Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu151410821) . Sustainability . 15 (14): 10821. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su151410821 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu151410821) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2071-1050 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Arthur, Courtney; Baker, Joel; Bamford, Holly (2009). "Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris" (https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/publications-files/TM_NOS-ORR_30.pdf) (PDF) . NOAA Technical Memorandum . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210428015250/https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/publications-files/TM_NOS-ORR_30.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Collignon, Amandine; Hecq, Jean-Henri; Galgani, François; Collard, France; Goffart, Anne (2014). "Annual variation in neustonic micro- and meso-plastic particles and zooplankton in the Bay of Calvi (Mediterranean–Corsica)" (https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00169/28064/27275.pdf) (PDF) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 79 (1–2): 293–298. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014MarPB..79..293C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MarPB..79..293C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.023 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2013.11.023) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24360334 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24360334) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210920145152/https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00169/28064/27275.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 6 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) European Chemicals Agency. "Restricting the use of intentionally added microplastic particles to consumer or professional use products of any kind" (https://echa.europa.eu) . ECHA . European Commission. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220115095631/https://echa.europa.eu/) from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ a b c d e f Ghosh, Shampa; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar; Ghosh, Soumya; Vashisth, Kshitij; Han, Sungsoo; Bhaskar, Rakesh (June 2023). "Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu151410821) . Sustainability . 15 (14): 10821. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su151410821 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu151410821) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2071-1050 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Green, DS; Jefferson, M; Boots, B; Stone, L (January 2021). "All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389420320604) . Journal of Hazardous Materials . 402 : 124070. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021JHzM..40224070G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JHzM..40224070G) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2020.124070) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0304-3894 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33254837 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33254837) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 224894411 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224894411) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505093001/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389420320604) from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 17 October 2023 . ^ a b Cole, M; Lindeque, P; Fileman, E; Halsband, C; Goodhead, R; Moger, J; Galloway, TS (2013). "Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton". Environmental Science & Technology . 47 (12): 6646–55. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2013EnST...47.6646C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EnST...47.6646C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/es400663f (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes400663f) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10871/19651 (https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F19651) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23692270 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23692270) . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Where Does Marine Litter Come From?" (https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources) . Marine Litter Facts . British Plastics Federation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210518161039/https://www.marinelitterthefacts.com/sources) from the original on 18 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ a b c d e f Boucher, Julien; Friot, Damien (2017). Primary microplastics in the oceans: A global evaluation of sources . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en (https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.CH.2017.01.en) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2831718279 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kovochich, M; Liong, M; Parker, JA; Oh, SC; Lee, JP; Xi, L; Kreider, ML; Unice, KM (February 2021). "Chemical mapping of tire and road wear particles for single particle analysis" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144085) . Science of the Total Environment . 757 : 144085. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021ScTEn.75744085K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.75744085K) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144085 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144085) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0048-9697 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33333431 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33333431) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 229318535 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229318535) . ^ a b Conkle, JL; Báez Del Valle, CD; Turner, JW (2018). "Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments?". Environmental Management . 61 (1): 1–8. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EnMan..61....1C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnMan..61....1C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-017-0947-8) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29043380 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29043380) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 40970384 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40970384) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Plastic free July: How to stop accidentally consuming plastic particles from packaging" (https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/114132313/plastic-free-july-how-to-stop-accidentally-consuming-plastic-particles-from-packaging) . Stuff . 11 July 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233257/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/114132313/plastic-free-july-how-to-stop-accidentally-consuming-plastic-particles-from-packaging) from the original on 4 November 2021 . Retrieved 13 April 2021 . ^ a b c d e f "Development solutions: Building a better ocean" (https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution) . European Investment Bank . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211021115556/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution) from the original on 21 October 2021 . Retrieved 19 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Resnick, Brian (19 September 2018). "More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine) . Vox . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220105215503/https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine) from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 4 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.; Suh, Sangwon (/wiki/Sangwon_Suh) (2020). "Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment" (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.9b06635) . ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering . 8 (9): 3494–3511. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.9b06635) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Klein S, Dimzon IK, Eubeler J, Knepper TP (2018). "Analysis, Occurrence, and Degradation of Microplastics in the Aqueous Environment". In Wagner M, Lambert S (eds.). Freshwater Microplastics . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 58. Cham.: Springer. pp. 51–67. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-61615-5_3) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3319616148 . See Section 3, "Environmental Degradation of Synthetic Polymers". ^ a b Grossman, Elizabeth (15 January 2015). "How Plastics from Your Clothes Can End up in Your Fish" (http://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/) . Time . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092803/https://time.com/3669084/plastics-pollution-fish/) from the original on 18 November 2020 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "How Long Does it Take Trash to Decompose" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065338/https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade) . 4Ocean . 20 January 2017. Archived from the original (https://4ocean.com/blogs/blog/how-long-does-it-take-trash-to-biodegrade) on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBC_19-0) "Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise" (https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/why-foods-plastic-problem-is-bigger-than-we-realise.html) . www.bbc.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211118053742/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/why-foods-plastic-problem-is-bigger-than-we-realise.html) from the original on 18 November 2021 . Retrieved 27 March 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Nex, Sally (2021). How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change (First American ed.). New York. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0744029284 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1241100709 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1241100709) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) ^ (#cite_ref-pmid31994391_21-0) Xue B, Zhang L, Li R, Wang Y, Guo J, Yu K, Wang S (February 2020). "Underestimated Microplastic Pollution Derived from Fishery Activities and "Hidden" in Deep Sediment". Environmental Science & Technology . 54 (4): 2210–2217. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020EnST...54.2210X (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EnST...54.2210X) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.9b04850 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b04850) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31994391 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31994391) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 210950462 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210950462) . "Microplastics From Ocean Fishing Can 'Hide' in Deep Sediments" (https://www.ecomagazine.com/news/deep-sea/microplastics-from-ocean-fishing-can-hide-in-deep-sediments) . ECO Magazine . 3 February 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220118193554/https://www.ecomagazine.com/news/deep-sea/microplastics-from-ocean-fishing-can-hide-in-deep-sediments) from the original on 18 January 2022 . Retrieved 15 May 2021 . ^ a b "No mountain high enough: study finds plastic in 'clean' air" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/21/no-mountain-high-enough-study-finds-plastic-in-clean-air) . The Guardian . AFP. 21 December 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220114062926/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/21/no-mountain-high-enough-study-finds-plastic-in-clean-air) from the original on 14 January 2022 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Li, Ning; Yang, Huijun; Dong, Yunling; Wei, Bin; Liang, Liyang; Yun, Xiang; Tian, Jiaqi; Zheng, Yongfei; Duan, Shuyin; Zhang, Lin (10 August 2024). "Prevalence and implications of microplastic contaminants in general human seminal fluid: A Raman spectroscopic study" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969724036696) . Science of the Total Environment . 937 : 173522. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2024ScTEn.93773522L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ScTEn.93773522L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173522 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2024.173522) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0048-9697 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 38802004 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38802004) . ^ a b c Blackburn K, Green D (March 2022). "The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8800959) . Ambio (Review). 51 (3): 518–530. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022Ambio..51..518B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Ambio..51..518B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s13280-021-01589-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13280-021-01589-9) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 8800959 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8800959) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34185251 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34185251) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Lycke, Björn (9 June 2022). "Mikroplast i vattenavsatta sediment" (https://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/search/publication/9086032) . Examensarbeten I Geologi Vid Lunds Universitet . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Thompson, Andrea. "Earth Has a Hidden Plastic Problem – Scientists Are Hunting It Down" (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/microplastics-earth-has-a-hidden-plastic-problem-mdash-scientists-are-hunting-it-down/) . Scientific American . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191231021904/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/microplastics-earth-has-a-hidden-plastic-problem-mdash-scientists-are-hunting-it-down/) from the original on 31 December 2019 . Retrieved 2 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "To Save the Oceans, Should You Give Up Glitter?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200102120052/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/glitter-plastics-ocean-pollution-environment-spd/) . National Geographic News . 30 November 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/glitter-plastics-ocean-pollution-environment-spd/) on 2 January 2020 . Retrieved 2 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Microplastic waste: This massive (tiny) threat to sea life is now in every ocean" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/microplastic-waste-this-massive-tiny-threat-to-sea-life-is-now-in-every-ocean-9602430.html) . The Independent . 13 July 2014. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/microplastic-waste-this-massive-tiny-threat-to-sea-life-is-now-in-every-ocean-9602430.html) from the original on 14 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Frias, JP; Nash, R (January 2019). "Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X18307999) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 138 : 145–7. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019MarPB.138..145F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MarPB.138..145F) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2018.11.022) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0025-326X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-326X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30660255 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30660255) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172421/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X18307999) from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 12 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Ioakeimidis, C; Fotopoulou, KN; Karapanagioti, HK; Geraga, M; Zeri, C; Papathanassiou, E; Galgani, F; Papatheodorou, G (2016). "The degradation potential of PET bottles in the marine environment: An ATR-FTIR based approach" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4802224) . Scientific Reports . 6 : 23501. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016NatSR...623501I (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...623501I) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/srep23501 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep23501) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4802224 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4802224) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27000994 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000994) . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Ocean Life Eats Tons of Plastic – Here's Why That Matters" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065413/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/ocean-life-eats-plastic-larvaceans-anchovy-environment/) . 16 August 2017. Archived from the original (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/ocean-life-eats-plastic-larvaceans-anchovy-environment/) on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Sebille, Erik van. "Far more microplastics floating in oceans than thought" (https://theconversation.com/far-more-microplastics-floating-in-oceans-than-thought-51974) . The Conversation . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200119072037/http://theconversation.com/far-more-microplastics-floating-in-oceans-than-thought-51974) from the original on 19 January 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-KarbalaeiHWC_33-0) Karbalaei, Samaneh; Hanachi, Parichehr; Walker, Tony R.; Cole, Matthew (2018). "Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution" (https://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/8036/1/Final%20manuscipt.pdf) (PDF) . Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 25 (36): 36046–36063. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018ESPR...2536046K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ESPR...2536046K) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11356-018-3508-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-018-3508-7) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30382517 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30382517) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 53191765 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53191765) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200306202237/https://plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/8036/1/Final%20manuscipt.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-Patel,2009_34-0) Patel, MM; Goyal, BR; Bhadada, SV; Bhatt, JS; Amin, AF (2009). "Getting into the Brain: Approaches to Enhance Brain Drug Delivery". CNS Drugs (/wiki/CNS_Drugs) . 23 (1): 35–58. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2165/0023210-200923010-00003 (https://doi.org/10.2165%2F0023210-200923010-00003) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19062774 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19062774) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 26113811 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26113811) . ^ a b c d e Cole, Matthew; Lindeque, Pennie; Halsband, Claudia; Galloway, Tamara S. (2011). "Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 62 (12): 2588–2597. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2011MarPB..62.2588C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MarPB..62.2588C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2011.09.025) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10871/19649 (https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F19649) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22001295 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22001295) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Masura, Julie; Baker, Joel; Foster, Gregory; Arthur, Courtney (2015). Herring, Carlie (ed.). Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles in waters and sediments (https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10296) (Report). NOAA Marine Debris Program. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200623072341/https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/10296) from the original on 23 June 2020 . Retrieved 4 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Conkle, Jeremy L.; Báez Del Valle, Christian D.; Turner, Jeffrey W. (2017). "Are We Underestimating Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments?". Environmental Management . 61 (1): 1–8. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EnMan..61....1C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnMan..61....1C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00267-017-0947-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00267-017-0947-8) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29043380 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29043380) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 40970384 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40970384) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Wei, Xin-Feng; Bohlén, Martin; Lindblad, Catrin; Hedenqvist, Mikael; Hakonen, Aron (15 June 2021). "Microplastics generated from a biodegradable plastic in freshwater and seawater" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2021.117123) . Water Research . 198 : 117123. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021WatRe.19817123W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WatRe.19817123W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117123 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2021.117123) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33865028 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865028) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 233291017 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233291017) . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "What are the Sources of Microplastics and its Effect on Humans and the Environment? – Conserve Energy Future" (https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effect-microplastics-humans-animals-environment.php) . Conserve Energy Future . 19 May 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065335/https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effect-microplastics-humans-animals-environment.php) from the original on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ a b c d Sundt, Peter, and Schulze, Per-Erik: "Sources of microplastic-pollution to the marine environment", "Mepex for the Norwegian Environment Agency", 2015 ^ a b Dhada, Indramani; Periyasamy, Arivalagan; Sahoo, Kaushal Kishor; Manojkumar, Y.; Pilli, Sridhar (1 January 2023), Tyagi, R. D.; Pandey, Ashok; Drogui, Patrick; Yadav, Bhoomika (eds.), "Chapter 9 - Microplastics and nanoplastics: Occurrence, fate, and persistence in wastewater treatment plants" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323999083000166) , Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Elsevier, pp. 201–240, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-323-99908-3 , archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221115091808/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323999083000166) from the original on 15 November 2022 , retrieved 15 July 2023 ^ (#cite_ref-42) There is not yet a consensus on this upper limit. Pinto da Costa, João (2018). "Nanoplastics in the Environment". In Harrison, Roy M. (/wiki/Roy_M._Harrison) ; Hester, Ron E. (eds.). Plastics and the Environment . Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 47. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 85. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1788012416 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200805212345/https://books.google.com/books?id=aC97DwAAQBAJ) from the original on 5 August 2020 . Retrieved 24 August 2019 . First, it is necessary to define what constitutes a 'nanoplastic'. Nonoparticles exhibit specific properties that differ from their bulk counterparts and are generally considered as particles with less than 100nm in at least one dimension. [...] However, for nanoplastics, a clear consensus classification has not been reached and multiple size-based definitions have been proposed. [...] although nanoplastics are the least known type of plastic waste, they are also, potentially, the most hazardous. [...] Nanoplastics may occur in the environment as a result of their direct release or from the fragmentation of larger particles. They may, similarly to microplastics, [...] therefore be classified as either primary or secondary nanoplastics. ^ a b Rillig, Matthias C.; Kim, Shin Woong; Kim, Tae-Young; Waldman, Walter R. (2 March 2021). "The Global Plastic Toxicity Debt" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7931444) . Environmental Science & Technology . 55 (5): 2717–2719. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021EnST...55.2717R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnST...55.2717R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.0c07781 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.0c07781) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0013-936X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 7931444 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7931444) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33596648 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33596648) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Ter Halle, Alexandra; Jeanneau, Laurent; Martignac, Marion; Jardé, Emilie; Pedrono, Boris; Brach, Laurent; Gigault, Julien (5 December 2017). "Nanoplastic in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre". Environmental Science & Technology . 51 (23): 13689–13697. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017EnST...5113689T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnST...5113689T) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.7b03667 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.7b03667) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29161030 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29161030) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Gillibert, Raymond; Balakrishnan, Gireeshkumar; Deshoules, Quentin; Tardivel, Morgan; Magazzù, Alessandro; Donato, Maria Grazia; Maragò, Onofrio M.; Lamy de La Chapelle, Marc; Colas, Florent; Lagarde, Fabienne; Gucciardi, Pietro G. (6 August 2019). "Raman Tweezers for Small Microplastics and Nanoplastics Identification in Seawater" (https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00512/62376/85201.pdf) (PDF) . Environmental Science & Technology . 53 (15): 9003–9013. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019EnST...53.9003G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.9003G) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.9b03105 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b03105) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31259538 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31259538) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195756469 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195756469) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210715152520/https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00512/62376/85201.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 21 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) Capolungo, Chiara; Genovese, Damiano; Montalti, Marco; Rampazzo, Enrico; Zaccheroni, Nelsi; Prodi, Luca (15 December 2021). "Frontispiece: Photoluminescence-Based Techniques for the Detection of Micro- and Nanoplastics" (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202187062) . Chemistry – A European Journal . 27 (70): chem.202187062. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/chem.202187062 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.202187062) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0947-6539 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 245302112 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245302112) . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Sil, Diyali; Osmanbasic, Edin; Mandal, Sasthi Charan; Acharya, Atanu; Dutta, Chayan (23 May 2024). "Variable Non-Gaussian Transport of Nanoplastic on Supported Lipid Bilayers in Saline Conditions" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11129298) . The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters . 15 (20): 5428–5435. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00806 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.4c00806) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1948-7185 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1948-7185) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 11129298 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11129298) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 38743920 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38743920) . ^ (#cite_ref-48) Hollóczki, Oldamur; Gehrke, Sascha (2020). "Can Nanoplastics Alter Cell Membranes?" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6973106) . ChemPhysChem . 21 (1): 9–12. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/cphc.201900481 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphc.201900481) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6973106 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6973106) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31483076 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31483076) . ^ (#cite_ref-49) Skjolding, L. M.; Ašmonaitė, G.; Jølck, R. I.; Andresen, T. L.; Selck, H.; Baun, A.; Sturve, J. (2017). "An assessment of the importance of exposure routes to the uptake and internal localisation of fluorescent nanoparticles in zebrafish ( Danio rerio ), using light sheet microscopy" (https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/130628595/An_assessment_of_the_importance_ofexposure_routes_to_the_uptake_and_internal_localisation_of_fluorescent_nanoparticles_in_zebrafish_Danio_rerio_using.pdf) (PDF) . Nanotoxicology . 11 (3): 351–359. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/17435390.2017.1306128 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17435390.2017.1306128) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28286999 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28286999) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4412141 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4412141) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200621080033/https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/130628595/An_assessment_of_the_importance_ofexposure_routes_to_the_uptake_and_internal_localisation_of_fluorescent_nanoparticles_in_zebrafish_Danio_rerio_using.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2020 . Retrieved 19 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-50) Pitt, Jordan A.; Kozal, Jordan S.; Jayasundara, Nishad; Massarsky, Andrey; Trevisan, Rafael; Geitner, Nick; Wiesner, Mark; Levin, Edward D.; Di Giulio, Richard T. (2018). "Uptake, tissue distribution, and toxicity of polystyrene nanoparticles in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio)" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959514) . Aquatic Toxicology . 194 : 185–194. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018AqTox.194..185P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AqTox.194..185P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.017 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2017.11.017) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6959514 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6959514) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29197232 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29197232) . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Brun, Nadja R.; van Hage, Patrick; Hunting, Ellard R.; Haramis, Anna-Pavlina G.; Vink, Suzanne C.; Vijver, Martina G.; Schaaf, Marcel J. M.; Tudorache, Christian (2019). "Polystyrene nanoplastics disrupt glucose metabolism and cortisol levels with a possible link to behavioural changes in larval zebrafish" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802380) . Communications Biology . 2 (1): 382. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s42003-019-0629-6 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs42003-019-0629-6) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6802380 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6802380) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31646185 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31646185) . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Liu, Zhiquan; Huang, Youhui; Jiao, Yang; Chen, Qiang; Wu, Donglei; Yu, Ping; Li, Yiming; Cai, Mingqi; Zhao, Yunlong (2020). "Polystyrene nanoplastic induces ROS production and affects the MAPK-HIF-1/NFkB-mediated antioxidant system in Daphnia pulex ". Aquatic Toxicology . 220 : 105420. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020AqTox.22005420L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AqTox.22005420L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105420 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2020.105420) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31986404 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31986404) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 210934769 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210934769) . ^ (#cite_ref-53) Liu, Zhiquan; Cai, Mingqi; Yu, Ping; Chen, Minghai; Wu, Donglei; Zhang, Meng; Zhao, Yunlong (2018). "Age-dependent survival, stress defense, and AMPK in Daphnia pulex after short-term exposure to a polystyrene nanoplastic". Aquatic Toxicology . 204 : 1–8. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018AqTox.204....1L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AqTox.204....1L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.08.017 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2018.08.017) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30153596 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30153596) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 52113220 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52113220) . ^ (#cite_ref-54) Liu, Zhiquan; Yu, Ping; Cai, Mingqi; Wu, Donglei; Zhang, Meng; Huang, Youhui; Zhao, Yunlong (2019). "Polystyrene nanoplastic exposure induces immobilization, reproduction, and stress defense in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia pulex ". Chemosphere . 215 : 74–81. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019Chmsp.215...74L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Chmsp.215...74L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.176 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2018.09.176) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30312919 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30312919) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 52973259 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52973259) . ^ (#cite_ref-55) Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Liu, Sylvia Yang; Wu, Rongben; Wei, Wei; Fang, James Kar-Hei; Chua, Song Lin (2 June 2023). "Simultaneous Dissemination of Nanoplastics and Antibiotic Resistance by Nematode Couriers" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c07129) . Environmental Science & Technology . 57 (23): 8719–8727. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2023EnST...57.8719C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.8719C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.2c07129 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.2c07129) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0013-936X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37267481 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37267481) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 259047038 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259047038) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230604150726/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.2c07129) from the original on 4 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-56) "Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe — European Environment Agency" (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a) . www.eea.europa.eu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230727193710/https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a) from the original on 27 July 2023 . Retrieved 15 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Ivar do Sul, Juliana A.; Costa, Monica F. (2014). "The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment". Environmental Pollution (/wiki/Environmental_Pollution_(journal)) . 185 : 352–364. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014EPoll.185..352I (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EPoll.185..352I) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2013.10.036) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24275078 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24275078) . ^ (#cite_ref-58) Microplastics: Occurrence, effects and sources of releases to the environment in Denmark (http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/10/978-87-93352-80-3.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Copenhagen: Ministry of Environment and Food in Denmark, Danish Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. p. 14. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-8793352803 . Environmental project No. 1793. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170613030419/http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/10/978-87-93352-80-3.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Burghardt, Tomasz E.; Pashkevich, Anton; Babić, Darko; Mosböck, Harald; Babić, Dario; Żakowska, Lidia (1 January 2022). "Microplastics and road markings: the role of glass beads and loss estimation" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2021.103123) . Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment . 102 : 103123. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022TRPD..10203123B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022TRPD..10203123B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.trd.2021.103123 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2021.103123) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 244808286 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244808286) . ^ (#cite_ref-60) Wang, Teng; Li, Baojie; Zou, Xinqing; Wang, Ying; Li, Yali; Xu, Yongjiang; Mao, Longjiang; Zhang, Chuchu; Yu, Wenwen (October 2019). "Emission of primary microplastics in mainland China: Invisible but not negligible" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313541930555X) . Water Research . 162 : 214–224. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019WatRe.162..214W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WatRe.162..214W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.042 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2019.06.042) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31276985 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31276985) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195813593 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195813593) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220619130137/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004313541930555X) from the original on 19 June 2022 . Retrieved 29 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Verschoor, A., van Herwijnen, R., Posthuma, C., Klesse, K., Werner, S., 2017. Assessment document of land-based inputs of microplastics in the marine environment. Publication 705/2017. OSPAR Commission: London, United Kingdom. ^ (#cite_ref-62) Kole, Pieter Jan; Löhr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank; Ragas, Ad; Kole, Pieter Jan; Löhr, Ansje J.; Van Belleghem, Frank G. A. J.; Ragas, Ad M. J. (2017). "Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664766) . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 14 (10): 1265. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/ijerph14101265 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph14101265) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5664766 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664766) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29053641 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29053641) . ^ (#cite_ref-63) "Life-Mermaids Project" (http://projects.leitat.org/mermaids/) . Leitat . Terrassa, Spain. 8 August 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190645/http://projects.leitat.org/mermaids/) from the original on 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ a b Grossman, Elizabeth: "How Microplastics from Your Fleece Could End up on Your Plate", "Civil Eats", 15 January 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-65) Periyasamy, Aravin Prince; Tehrani-Bagha, Ali (March 2022). "A review of microplastic emission from textile materials and its reduction techniques" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2022.109901) . Polymer Degradation and Stability . 199 : 109901. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109901 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2022.109901) . ^ (#cite_ref-66) Katsnelson, Alla (2015). "News Feature: Microplastics present pollution puzzle" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426466) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 (18): 5547–5549. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015PNAS..112.5547K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.5547K) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1073/pnas.1504135112 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1504135112) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4426466 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426466) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 25944930 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25944930) . ^ a b c d Browne, Mark Anthony; Crump, Phillip; Niven, Stewart J.; Teuten, Emma; Tonkin, Andrew; Galloway, Tamara; Thompson, Richard (2011). "Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Worldwide: Sources and Sinks". Environmental Science & Technology . 45 (21): 9175–9179. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2011EnST...45.9175B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EnST...45.9175B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/es201811s (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes201811s) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 21894925 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21894925) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 19178027 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19178027) . ^ (#cite_ref-68) Napper, Imogen E.; Thompson, Richard C. (2016). "Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 112 (1–2): 39–45. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016MarPB.112...39N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MarPB.112...39N) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2016.09.025) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10026.1/8163 (https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F8163) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27686821 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27686821) . ^ (#cite_ref-69) "An Update on Microfiber Pollution" (http://www.patagonia.com/blog/2017/02/an-update-on-microfiber-pollution/) . Patagonia . 3 February 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170526143218/http://www.patagonia.com/blog/2017/02/an-update-on-microfiber-pollution) from the original on 26 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . ^ a b Dris, Rachid; Gasperi, Johnny; Mirande, Cécile; Mandin, Corinne; Guerrouache, Mohamed; Langlois, Valérie; Tassin, Bruno (2017). "A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments" (https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01418927/file/dris2017.pdf) (PDF) . Environmental Pollution (Submitted manuscript). 221 : 453–458. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017EPoll.221..453D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPoll.221..453D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.013 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2016.12.013) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27989388 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27989388) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 25039103 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25039103) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180720223002/https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01418927/file/dris2017.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 5 November 2018 . ^ a b "International Campaign against Microbeads in Cosmetics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150315021442/http://beatthemicrobead.org/en/) . Beat the Microbead . Amsterdam: Plastic Soup Foundation. Archived from the original (http://www.beatthemicrobead.org/en/) on 15 March 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-Fendall2009_72-0) Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 58 (8): 1225–1228. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2009MarPB..58.1225F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPB..58.1225F) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2009.04.025) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19481226 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19481226) . ^ a b c Anderson, A.G.; Grose, J.; Pahl, S.; Thompson, R.C.; Wyles, K.J. (2016). "Microplastics in personal care products: Exploring perceptions of environmentalists, beauticians and students" (http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812629/1/Anderson_et_al_%282016%29_-_MPB_-_microbeads_%28accepted_manuscript%29.pdf) (PDF) . Marine Pollution Bulletin (Submitted manuscript). 113 (1–2): 454–460. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016MarPB.113..454A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MarPB.113..454A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.048 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2016.10.048) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10026.1/8172 (https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F8172) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27836135 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27836135) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 18394356 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18394356) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095811/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/esploro/) from the original on 19 July 2022 . Retrieved 15 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-74) Rochman, Chelsea M.; Kross, Sara M.; Armstrong, Jonathan B.; Bogan, Michael T.; Darling, Emily S.; Green, Stephanie J.; Smyth, Ashley R.; Veríssimo, Diogo (2015). "Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads" (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03909) . Environmental Science & Technology . 49 (18): 10759–10761. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015EnST...4910759R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...4910759R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.5b03909 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03909) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26334581 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26334581) . ^ (#cite_ref-75) "Guide to Microplastics – Check Your Products" (https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/guide-to-microplastics/) . Beat the Microbead . Amsterdam: Plastic Soup Foundation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200804164812/https://www.beatthemicrobead.org/guide-to-microplastics/) from the original on 4 August 2020 . Retrieved 12 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-76) Tikhomirov, Iu P. (1991). "Vliianie vybrosov proizvodstv akrilatov na okruzhaiushchuiu sredu i profilaktika ikh neblagopriiatnogo vozdeĭstviia" [Effect of acrylate industry wastes on the environment and the prevention of their harmful action]. Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR (in Russian) (2): 21–25. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 120600446 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/120600446) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 1828644 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1828644) . ^ (#cite_ref-77) "After 40 years in limbo: Styrene is probably carcinogenic" (https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180530113105.htm) . ScienceDaily . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211115230044/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180530113105.htm) from the original on 15 November 2021 . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Microbeads are banned, but plastic-filled products are everywhere" (https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/121791639/microbeads-are-banned-but-plasticfilled-products-are-everywhere) . Stuff . 11 June 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414023220/https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/121791639/microbeads-are-banned-but-plasticfilled-products-are-everywhere) from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Colgate_79-0) "What Are Microbeads In Toothpaste?" (https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/brushing-and-flossing/what-are-microbeads-in-toothpaste) . Colgate (/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220927080638/https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/brushing-and-flossing/what-are-microbeads-in-toothpaste) from the original on 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-NYTimes_80-0) Weaver, Caity (21 December 2018). "What Is Glitter? A strange journey to the glitter factory" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/style/glitter-factory.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221211060608/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/21/style/glitter-factory.html) from the original on 11 December 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-CollectiveWorld_81-0) Bartle, Trisha (17 October 2022). "TikTok Is Going Deep On The Glitter Conspiracy Theories–Is It Toothpaste, Boats, Or Something Else?" (https://collective.world/tiktok-is-going-deep-on-the-glitter-conspiracy-theories-is-it-toothpaste-boats-or-something-else/) . Collective World . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221208053622/https://collective.world/tiktok-is-going-deep-on-the-glitter-conspiracy-theories-is-it-toothpaste-boats-or-something-else/) from the original on 8 December 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-IFLScience_82-0) Dr. Beccy Corkill (21 December 2022). "The Glitter Conspiracy Theory: Who Is Taking All Of The Glitter?" (https://www.iflscience.com/the-glitter-conspiracy-theory-who-is-taking-all-of-the-glitter-66761) . IFLScience (/wiki/IFLScience) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110181249/https://www.iflscience.com/the-glitter-conspiracy-theory-who-is-taking-all-of-the-glitter-66761) from the original on 10 January 2023 . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Rochman, Chelsea M.; Tahir, Akbar; Williams, Susan L.; Baxa, Dolores V.; Lam, Rosalyn; Miller, Jeffrey T.; Teh, Foo-Ching; Werorilangi, Shinta; Teh, Swee J. (2015). "Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585829) . Scientific Reports . 5 : 14340. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015NatSR...514340R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...514340R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/srep14340 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep14340) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4585829 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4585829) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26399762 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26399762) . ^ (#cite_ref-84) Tanaka, Kosuke; Takada, Hideshige; Yamashita, Rei; Mizukawa, Kaoruko; Fukuwaka, Masa-aki; Watanuki, Yutaka (2013). "Accumulation of plastic-derived chemicals in tissues of seabirds ingesting marine plastics". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 69 (1–2): 219–222. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2013MarPB..69..219T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MarPB..69..219T) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.12.010 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2012.12.010) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23298431 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23298431) . ^ (#cite_ref-85) Pruter, A.T. (June 1987). "Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment" (http://commons.wmu.se/lib_articles/153) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 18 (6): 305–310. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1987MarPB..18..305P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987MarPB..18..305P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0025-326X(87)80016-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2887%2980016-4) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211110163633/https://commons.wmu.se/lib_articles/153/) from the original on 10 November 2021 . Retrieved 10 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-86) "Plastics – the Facts 2020" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210901235830/https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/8016/1125/2189/AF_Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf) (PDF) . PlasticsEurope.org . 2020. Archived from the original (https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/8016/1125/2189/AF_Plastics_the_facts-WEB-2020-ING_FINAL.pdf) (PDF) on 1 September 2021 . Retrieved 3 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-87) Derraik, José G.B. (2002). "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 44 (99): 842–852. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2002MarPB..44..842D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MarPB..44..842D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 12405208 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405208) . In the USA, for instance, the Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 not only adopted Annex V, but also extended its application to US Navy vessels ^ (#cite_ref-88) Craig S. Alig; Larry Koss; Tom Scarano; Fred Chitty (1990). "Control of Plastic Wastes Aboard Naval Ships at Sea" (https://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154_P879.PDF) (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration) . ProceedingsoftheSecondInternational Conference on Marine Debris, 2–7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170125203752/http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154_P879.PDF) (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 December 2018 . The U.S. Navy is taking a proactive approach to comply with the prohibition on the at-sea discharge of plastics mandated by the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 ^ a b Derraik, José G.B (2002). "The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 44 (9): 842–852. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2002MarPB..44..842D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MarPB..44..842D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 12405208 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12405208) . ^ a b c Teuten, E. L.; Saquing, J. M.; Knappe, D. R. U.; Barlaz, M. A.; Jonsson, S.; Bjorn, A.; Rowland, S. J.; Thompson, R. C.; Galloway, T. S.; Yamashita, R.; Ochi, D.; Watanuki, Y.; Moore, C.; Viet, P. H.; Tana, T. S.; Prudente, M.; Boonyatumanond, R.; Zakaria, M. P.; Akkhavong, K.; Ogata, Y.; Hirai, H.; Iwasa, S.; Mizukawa, K.; Hagino, Y.; Imamura, A.; Saha, M.; Takada, H. (2009). "Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873017) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 364 (1526): 2027–2045. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1098/rstb.2008.0284 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0284) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2873017 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873017) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19528054 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528054) . ^ a b c d e f Thompson, R. C.; Moore, C. J.; Vom Saal, F. S.; Swan, S. H. (2009). "Plastics, the environment and human health: Current consensus and future trends" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873021) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 364 (1526): 2153–2166. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1098/rstb.2009.0053 (https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0053) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 2873021 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873021) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19528062 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528062) . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Hussain, Kazi Albab (2023). "Assessing the Release of Microplastics and Nanoplastics from Plastic Containers and Reusable Food Pouches: Implications for Human Health" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c01942) . Environmental Science and Technology . 57 (26). American Chemical Society: 9782–9792. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2023EnST...57.9782H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnST...57.9782H) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.3c01942 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.3c01942) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37343248 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37343248) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 259221106 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259221106) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240131152745/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c01942) from the original on 31 January 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ a b Saliu, Francesco; Veronelli, Maurizio; Raguso, Clarissa; Barana, Davide; Galli, Paolo; Lasagni, Marina (July 2021). "The release process of microfibers: from surgical face masks into the marine environment" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envadv.2021.100042) . Environmental Advances . 4 : 100042. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021EnvAd...400042S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnvAd...400042S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100042 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envadv.2021.100042) . ^ a b Fadare, Oluniyi O.; Okoffo, Elvis D. (2020). "Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297173) . Science of the Total Environment . 737 : 140279. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020ScTEn.73730279F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.73730279F) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140279 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.140279) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 7297173 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7297173) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32563114 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32563114) . ^ a b c d Mason, Sherri A.; Welch, Victoria G.; Neratko, Joseph (11 September 2018). "Synthetic Polymer Contamination in Bottled Water" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141690) . Frontiers in Chemistry . 6 : 407. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018FrCh....6..407M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FrCh....6..407M) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3389/fchem.2018.00407 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffchem.2018.00407) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6141690 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6141690) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30255015 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255015) . ^ a b James Doubek (10 January 2024). "Researchers find a massive number of plastic particles in bottled water" (https://www.npr.org/2024/01/10/1223730333/bottled-water-plastic-microplastic-nanoplastic-study) . NPR (/wiki/NPR) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240217203211/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/10/1223730333/bottled-water-plastic-microplastic-nanoplastic-study) from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-97) Naixin Qian; Xin Gao; Xiaoqi Lang; Huiping Deng; Teodora Maria Bratu; Qixuan Chen; Phoebe Stapleton; Beizhan Yan; Wei Min (16 January 2024). "Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801917) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 121 (3): e2300582121. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2024PNAS..12100582Q (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12100582Q) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1073/pnas.2300582121 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2300582121) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 10801917 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10801917) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 38190543 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38190543) . ^ (#cite_ref-98) Carrington, Damian (19 October 2020). "Bottle-fed babies swallow millions of microplastics a day, study finds" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/19/bottle-fed-babies-swallow-millions-microplastics-day-study) . The Guardian . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035524/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/19/bottle-fed-babies-swallow-millions-microplastics-day-study) from the original on 9 November 2020 . Retrieved 9 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-99) "High levels of microplastics released from infant feeding bottles during formula prep" (https://phys.org/news/2020-10-high-microplastics-infant-bottles-formula.html) . phys.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235701/https://phys.org/news/2020-10-high-microplastics-infant-bottles-formula.html) from the original on 31 October 2020 . Retrieved 9 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) Li, Dunzhu; Shi, Yunhong; Yang, Luming; Xiao, Liwen; Kehoe, Daniel K.; Gun'ko, Yurii K.; Boland, John J.; Wang, Jing Jing (2020). "Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation". Nature Food . 1 (11): 746–754. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43016-020-00171-y) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 2262/94127 (https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F94127) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37128027 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37128027) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 228978799 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228978799) . ^ (#cite_ref-101) Amherst, University of Massachusetts. "Steam disinfection of baby bottle nipples exposes babies and the environment to micro- and nanoplastic particles" (https://phys.org/news/2021-11-steam-disinfection-baby-bottle-nipples.html) . phys.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211129231356/https://phys.org/news/2021-11-steam-disinfection-baby-bottle-nipples.html) from the original on 29 November 2021 . Retrieved 30 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-102) Su, Yu; Hu, Xi; Tang, Hongjie; Lu, Kun; Li, Huimin; Liu, Sijin; Xing, Baoshan; Ji, Rong (11 November 2021). "Steam disinfection releases micro(nano)plastics from silicone-rubber baby teats as examined by optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy". Nature Nanotechnology . 17 (1): 76–85. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s41565-021-00998-x (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41565-021-00998-x) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34764453 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34764453) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 243991051 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243991051) . ^ (#cite_ref-103) Son, Ji-Won; Nam, Yejin; Kim, Changwoo (15 February 2024). "Nanoplastics from disposable paper cups and microwavable food containers" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389423022987) . Journal of Hazardous Materials . 464 : 133014. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2024JHzM..46433014S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JHzM..46433014S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133014 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.133014) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0304-3894 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37984146 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37984146) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 265264721 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:265264721) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505093019/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423022987) from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2024 . ^ a b "Take-out coffee cups may be shedding trillions of plastic nanoparticles, study says" (https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/05/06/to-go-coffee-cups-trillions-plastic-nanoparticles/4821651596271/) . UPI . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220509160238/https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/05/06/to-go-coffee-cups-trillions-plastic-nanoparticles/4821651596271/) from the original on 9 May 2022 . Retrieved 14 May 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-105) Zhou, Guanyu; Wu, Qidong; Tang, Peng; Chen, Chen; Cheng, Xin; Wei, Xin-Feng; Ma, Jun; Liu, Baicang (2023). "How many microplastics do we ingest when using disposable drink cups?" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304389422017769) . Journal of Hazardous Materials . 441 : 129982. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2023JHzM..44129982Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHzM..44129982Z) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129982 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2022.129982) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 252260760 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252260760) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230624214305/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304389422017769) from the original on 24 June 2023 . Retrieved 30 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-106) Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Radney, James G.; Benkstein, Kurt D.; Kalanyan, Berc (3 May 2022). "Common Single-Use Consumer Plastic Products Release Trillions of Sub-100 nm Nanoparticles per Liter into Water during Normal Use" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.1c06768) . Environmental Science & Technology . 56 (9): 5448–5455. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022EnST...56.5448Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnST...56.5448Z) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.1c06768 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.1c06768) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0013-936X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 35441513 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441513) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 248263169 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248263169) . ^ (#cite_ref-107) Li, Chaoran; Busquets, Rosa; Campos, Luiza C. (10 March 2020). "Assessment of microplastics in freshwater systems: A review" (https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/44516/1/Li-C-44516-AAM.pdf) (PDF) . Science of the Total Environment . 707 : 135578. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020ScTEn.70735578L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.70735578L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135578 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.135578) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0048-9697 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31784176 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784176) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 208499072 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208499072) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220718005437/https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/44516/1/Li-C-44516-AAM.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-108) Rochman, Chelsea M.; Munno, Keenan; Box, Carolynn; Cummins, Anna; Zhu, Xia; Sutton, Rebecca (5 January 2021). "Think Global, Act Local: Local Knowledge Is Critical to Inform Positive Change When It Comes to Microplastics" (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.0c05746) . Environmental Science & Technology . 55 (1): 4–6. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021EnST...55....4R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnST...55....4R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.0c05746 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.0c05746) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0013-936X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33296180 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33296180) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 228086978 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228086978) . ^ (#cite_ref-109) Okeke, Emmanuel Sunday; Okoye, Charles Obinwanne; Atakpa, Edidiong Okokon; Ita, Richard Ekeng; Nyaruaba, Raphael; Mgbechidinma, Chiamaka Linda; Akan, Otobong Donald (1 February 2022). "Microplastics in agroecosystems-impacts on ecosystem functions and food chain". Resources, Conservation and Recycling . 177 : 105961. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022RCR...17705961O (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RCR...17705961O) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105961 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2021.105961) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0921-3449 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 244585297 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244585297) . ^ a b c d Carr, Steve A.; Liu, Jin; Tesoro, Arnold G. (2016). "Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants". Water Research (/wiki/Water_Research) . 91 : 174–182. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016WatRe..91..174C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WatRe..91..174C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2016.01.002) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26795302 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26795302) . ^ a b c Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Treatment (https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/water/wastewater/EPA_water__treatment_manual_primary_secondary_tertiary1.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Wastewater Treatment Manuals. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland. 1997. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095826/https://www.epa.ie/publications/) from the original on 19 July 2022 . Retrieved 15 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) Habib, Daniel; Locke, David C.; Cannone, Leonard J. (1998). "Synthetic Fibers as Indicators of Municipal Sewage Sludge, Sludge Products, and Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution . 103 (1/4): 1–8. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1998WASP..103....1H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998WASP..103....1H) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1023/A:1004908110793 (https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004908110793) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 91607460 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91607460) . ^ (#cite_ref-113) Estahbanati, Shirin; Fahrenfeld, N.L. (November 2016). "Influence of wastewater treatment plant discharges on microplastic concentrations in surface water". Chemosphere . 162 : 277–284. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016Chmsp.162..277E (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Chmsp.162..277E) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.083 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2016.07.083) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27508863 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27508863) . ^ (#cite_ref-114) Mintenig, S.M.; Int-Veen, I.; Löder, M.G.J.; Primpke, S.; Gerdts, G. (2017). "Identification of microplastic in effluents of waste water treatment plants using focal plane array-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2016.11.015) . Water Research (/wiki/Water_Research) . 108 : 365–72. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017WatRe.108..365M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017WatRe.108..365M) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.015 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2016.11.015) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27838027 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27838027) . ^ (#cite_ref-115) Murphy, Fionn; Ewins, Ciaran; Carbonnier, Frederic; Quinn, Brian (2016). "Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment" (https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/262183/160418_Waste_Water_Treatment_Works_WwTW_as_a_Source_of_Microplastics_in_the_Aquatic_Environment.pdf) (PDF) . Environmental Science & Technology (/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology) . 50 (11): 5800–5808. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016EnST...50.5800M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnST...50.5800M) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.5b05416 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b05416) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27191224 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27191224) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200804033246/https://myresearchspace.uws.ac.uk/ws/files/262183/160418_Waste_Water_Treatment_Works_WwTW_as_a_Source_of_Microplastics_in_the_Aquatic_Environment.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2020 . Retrieved 4 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-116) Pol, Wojciech; Żmijewska, Angelika; Stasińska, Emilia; Zieliński, Piotr (11 April 2022). "Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Microplastics in Lowland Rivers Flowing Through Two Cities (NE Poland)" (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05608-7) . Water, Air, & Soil Pollution . 233 (4): 140. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022WASP..233..140P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022WASP..233..140P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11270-022-05608-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11270-022-05608-7) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1573-2932 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2932) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 248089033 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248089033) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231108080159/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-022-05608-7) from the original on 8 November 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-117) Balla, Alexia; Mohsen, Ahmed; Gönczy, Sándor; Kiss, Tímea (January 2022). "Spatial Variations in Microfiber Transport in a Transnational River Basin" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp122110852) . Applied Sciences . 12 (21): 10852. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/app122110852 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fapp122110852) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2076-3417 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2076-3417) . ^ (#cite_ref-118) Weithmann, Nicolas; Möller, Julia N.; Löder, Martin G. J.; Piehl, Sarah; Laforsch, Christian; Freitag, Ruth (2018). "Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884690) . Science Advances (/wiki/Science_Advances) . 4 (4): eaap8060. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018SciA....4.8060W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SciA....4.8060W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/sciadv.aap8060 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aap8060) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5884690 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884690) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29632891 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29632891) . ^ a b Stapleton MJ, Hai FI (December 2023). "Microplastics as an emerging contaminant of concern to our environment: a brief overview of the sources and implications" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10413915) . Bioengineered (Review). 14 (1): 2244754. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/21655979.2023.2244754 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21655979.2023.2244754) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 10413915 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10413915) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37553794 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37553794) . ^ a b Guruge, Keerthi S.; Goswami, Prasun; Kanda, Kazuki; Abeynayaka, Amila; Kumagai, Masahiko; Watanabe, Mafumi; Tamamura-Andoh, Yukino (2024). "Plastiome: Plastisphere-enriched mobile resistome in aquatic environments" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2024.134353) . Journal of Hazardous Materials . 471 (134353). Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2024JHzM..47134353G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JHzM..47134353G) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134353 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2024.134353) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0304-3894 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 38678707 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38678707) . ^ a b c A scientific perspective on microplastics in nature and society . Scientific Advice for Policy by European Academies. 2019. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3982030104 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153346/https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/) from the original on 28 March 2019 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ a b Weis, Judith; Andrews, Clinton J; Dyksen, John; Ferrara, Raymond; Gannon, John; Laumbach, Robert J; Lederman, Peter; Lippencott, Robert; Rothman, Nancy (2015). "Human Health Impacts of Microplastics and Nanoplastics" (https://www.state.nj.us/dep/sab/NJDEP-SAB-PHSC-final-2016.pdf) (PDF) . NJDEP SAB Public Health Standing Committee : 23. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180417005144/http://www.state.nj.us/dep/sab/NJDEP-SAB-PHSC-final-2016.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-Catarino-2018_123-0) Catarino, Ana I.; MacChia, Valeria; Sanderson, William G.; Thompson, Richard C.; Henry, Theodore B. (2018). "Low levels of microplastics (MP) in wild mussels indicate that MP ingestion by humans is minimal compared to exposure via household fibres fallout during a meal". Environmental Pollution . 237 : 675–684. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EPoll.237..675C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPoll.237..675C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.069 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2018.02.069) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10026.1/11254 (https://hdl.handle.net/10026.1%2F11254) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29604577 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29604577) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4976211 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4976211) . ^ a b Samal, R. R.; Navani, H. S.; Saha, S.; Kisan, B.; Subudhi, U. (15 July 2023). "Evidence of microplastics release from polythene and paper cups exposed to hot and cold: A case study on the compromised kinetics of catalase" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389423007793) . Journal of Hazardous Materials . 454 : 131496. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2023JHzM..45431496S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHzM..45431496S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131496 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.131496) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0304-3894 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37121030 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37121030) . ^ (#cite_ref-125) Jenkins, Tia; Persaud, Bhaleka; Cowger, Win; Szigeti, Kathy; Roche, Dominique; Clary, Erin; Slowinski, Stephanie; Lei, Benjamin; Abeynayaka, Amila; Nyadjro, Ebenezer; Maes, Thomas; Thornton Hampton, Leah; Bergmann, Melanie; Aherne, Julian; Mason, Sherri (16 September 2022). "Evaluating the Current State of Findability and Accessibility of Microplastics Data" (https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/19396?show=full) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230509223548/https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/19396?show=full) from the original on 9 May 2023 . Retrieved 9 May 2023 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-126) Arthur, Courtney; Baker, Joel; Bamford, Holly, eds. (2009). "Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, September 9–11, 2008" (https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY) . Technical Memorandum NOS-OR&R-30 : 49. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181521/https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY) from the original on 31 March 2019 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . ^ a b c Helcoski, Ryan; Yonkos, Lance T.; Sanchez, Alterra; Baldwin, Andrew H. (2020). "Wetland soil microplastics are negatively related to vegetation cover and stem density" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113391) . Environmental Pollution . 256 : 113391. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020EPoll.25613391H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.25613391H) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113391 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113391) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31662247 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31662247) . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Eerkes-Medrano, D.; Thompson, R.C.; Aldridge, D.C. (2015). "Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs". Water Research . 75 : 63–82. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015WatRe..75...63E (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WatRe..75...63E) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2015.02.012) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 25746963 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25746963) . ^ (#cite_ref-129) Baldwin, Austin K.; Corsi, Steven R.; Mason, Sherri A. (2016). "Plastic Debris in 29 Great Lakes Tributaries: Relations to Watershed Attributes and Hydrology" (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.6b02917) . Environmental Science & Technology . 50 (19): 10377–85. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016EnST...5010377B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnST...5010377B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.6b02917 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.6b02917) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27627676 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27627676) . ^ (#cite_ref-2023-11-23_N-CEE_130-0) Transport and deposition of ocean-sourced microplastic particles by a North Atlantic hurricane (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01115-7) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505093007/https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-01115-7) 5 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Anna C. Ryan et al, Nature (journal) (/wiki/Nature_(journal)) - Communications Earth & Environment, 2023-11-23, accessed 21 December 2023 ^ a b Watts, Andrew J. R.; Lewis, Ceri; Goodhead, Rhys M.; Beckett, Stephen J.; Moger, Julian; Tyler, Charles R.; Galloway, Tamara S. (2014). "Uptake and Retention of Microplastics by the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas". Environmental Science & Technology . 48 (15): 8823–30. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014EnST...48.8823W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EnST...48.8823W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/es501090e (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes501090e) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24972075 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972075) . Akpan, Nsikan (8 July 2014). "Microplastics lodge in crab gills and guts" (https://www.sciencenews.org/article/microplastics-lodge-crab-gills-and-guts) . Science News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141423/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/microplastics-lodge-crab-gills-and-guts) from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Thompson2004_132-0) Thompson, R. C.; Olsen, Y.; Mitchell, R. P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S. J.; John, A. W.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A. E. (2004). "Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic?". Science . 304 (5672): 838. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/science.1094559 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1094559) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 15131299 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15131299) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 3269482 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3269482) . ^ (#cite_ref-133) Li, Bowen; Liang, Weiwenhui; Liu, Quan-Xing; Fu, Shijian; Ma, Cuizhu; Chen, Qiqing; Su, Lei; Craig, Nicholas J.; Shi, Huahong (3 August 2021). "Fish Ingest Microplastics Unintentionally". Environmental Science & Technology . 55 (15): 10471–10479. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021EnST...5510471L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021EnST...5510471L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.1c01753 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.1c01753) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34297559 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34297559) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 236211111 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236211111) . ^ (#cite_ref-134) Peeples, Lynne (23 March 2015). "Surprise Finding Heightens Concern Over Tiny Bits Of Plastic Polluting Our Oceans" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-ocean-pollution-fish-health_n_6923872) . Huffpost. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240428062754/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-ocean-pollution-fish-health_n_6923872) from the original on 28 April 2024 . Retrieved 28 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-135) Tang, Joyce; Fernandez, Javier; Sohn, Joel; Amemiya, Chris (March 2015). "Chitin Is Endogenously Produced in Vertebrates" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382437) . Current Biology . 25 (7): 897–900. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015CBio...25..897T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25..897T) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.058 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.01.058) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4382437 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382437) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 25772447 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25772447) . ^ (#cite_ref-136) Reichert, Jessica; Schellenberg, Johannes; Schubert, Patrick; Wilke, Thomas (1 June 2018). "Responses of reef building corals to microplastic exposure". Environmental Pollution . 237 : 955–960. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EPoll.237..955R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPoll.237..955R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2017.11.006) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29146203 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146203) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4913992 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4913992) . ^ (#cite_ref-137) Cozar, A.; Echevarria, F.; Gonzalez-Gordillo, J. I.; Irigoien, X.; Ubeda, B.; Hernandez-Leon, S.; Palma, A. T.; Navarro, S.; Garcia-De-Lomas, J.; Ruiz, A.; Fernandez-De-Puelles, M. L.; Duarte, C. M. (2014). "Plastic debris in the open ocean" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104848) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 (28): 10239–10244. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014PNAS..11110239C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11110239C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1073/pnas.1314705111 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1314705111) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 4104848 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4104848) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 24982135 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24982135) . Lemonick, Sam (1 July 2014). "Plastic goes missing at sea" (https://www.sciencenews.org/article/plastic-goes-missing-sea) . Science News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233406/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/plastic-goes-missing-sea) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-138) Romeo, Teresa; Pietro, Battaglia; Pedà, Cristina; Consoli, Pierpaolo; Andaloro, Franco; Fossi, Maria Cristina (June 2015). "First evidence of presence of plastic debris in stomach of large pelagic fish in the Mediterranean Sea" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.048) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 95 (1): 358–361. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015MarPB..95..358R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarPB..95..358R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.048 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2015.04.048) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0025-326X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-326X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 25936574 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25936574) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505093024/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X15002507?via%3Dihub) from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-139) Wardrop, Peter; Shimeta, Jeff; Nugegoda, Dayanthi; Morrison, Paul D.; Miranda, Ana; Tang, Min; Clarke, Bradley O. (2016). "Chemical Pollutants Sorbed to Ingested Microbeads from Personal Care Products Accumulate in Fish" (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b06280) . Environmental Science & Technology . 50 (7): 4037–4044. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016EnST...50.4037W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnST...50.4037W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.5b06280 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b06280) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26963589 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26963589) . ^ (#cite_ref-140) Pazos, Rocío S.; Maiztegui, Tomás; Colautti, Darío C.; Paracampo, Ariel H.; Gómez, Nora (2017). "Microplastics in gut contents of coastal freshwater fish from Río de la Plata estuary" (http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/104819) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 122 (1–2): 85–90. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017MarPB.122...85P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MarPB.122...85P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2017.06.007) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 11336/41910 (https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F41910) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28633946 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28633946) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095830/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/104819) from the original on 19 July 2022 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) Wright, Stephanie L.; Thompson, Richard C.; Galloway, Tamara S. (2013). "The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review". Environmental Pollution . 178 : 483–492. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2013EPoll.178..483W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EPoll.178..483W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2013.02.031) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 23545014 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23545014) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 17691860 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17691860) . ^ a b Tallec, Kevin; Huvet, Arnaud; Di Poi, Carole; González-Fernández, Carmen; Lambert, Christophe; Petton, Bruno; Le Goïc, Nelly; Berchel, Mathieu; Soudant, Philippe; Paul-Pont, Ika (November 2018). "Nanoplastics impaired oyster free living stages, gametes and embryos" (https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00453/56419/58090.pdf) (PDF) . Environmental Pollution . 242 (Pt B): 1226–1235. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EPoll.242.1226T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EPoll.242.1226T) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.020 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2018.08.020) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30118910 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30118910) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 52030350 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52030350) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211202045742/https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00453/56419/58090.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2021 . Retrieved 10 November 2021 . ^ a b Oliveira, Patrícia; Barboza, Luís Gabriel Antão; Branco, Vasco; Figueiredo, Neusa; Carvalho, Cristina; Guilhermino, Lúcia (2018). "Effects of microplastics and mercury in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774): Filtration rate, biochemical biomarkers and mercury bioconcentration" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoenv.2018.07.062) . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety . 164 : 155–163. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EcoES.164..155O (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcoES.164..155O) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.062 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoenv.2018.07.062) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30107325 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30107325) . ^ a b c Tang, Yu; Rong, Jiahuan; Guan, Xiaofan; Zha, Shanjie; Shi, Wei; Han, Yu; Du, Xueying; Wu, Fangzhu; Huang, Wei; Liu, Guangxu (March 2020). "Immunotoxicity of microplastics and two persistent organic pollutants alone or in combination to a bivalve species". Environmental Pollution . 258 : 113845. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020EPoll.25813845T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.25813845T) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113845 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2019.113845) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31883493 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31883493) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 209501817 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209501817) . ^ a b c Sun, Shuge; Shi, Wei; Tang, Yu; Han, Yu; Du, Xueying; Zhou, Weishang; Hu, Yuan; Zhou, Chaosheng; Liu, Guangxu (2020). "Immunotoxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and microplastics alone or in combination to a bivalve species: Synergic impacts and potential toxication mechanisms" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.138852) . Science of the Total Environment . 728 : 138852. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020ScTEn.72838852S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.72838852S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138852 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.138852) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32570313 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570313) . ^ a b c Tang, Yu; Zhou, Weishang; Sun, Shuge; Du, Xueying; Han, Yu; Shi, Wei; Liu, Guangxu (October 2020). "Immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity of bisphenol A and microplastics alone or in combination to a bivalve species, Tegillarca granosa". Environmental Pollution . 265 (Pt A): 115115. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020EPoll.26515115T (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.26515115T) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115115 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.115115) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32806413 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32806413) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 221166666 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221166666) . ^ (#cite_ref-147) Bringer, Arno; Thomas, Hélène; Prunier, Grégoire; Dubillot, Emmanuel; Bossut, Noémie; Churlaud, Carine; Clérandeau, Christelle; Le Bihanic, Florane; Cachot, Jérôme (2020). "High density polyethylene (HDPE) microplastics impair development and swimming activity of Pacific oyster D-larvae, Crassostrea gigas, depending on particle size" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.113978) . Environmental Pollution . 260 : 113978. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020EPoll.26013978B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020EPoll.26013978B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113978 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2020.113978) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31991353 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31991353) . ^ a b Hall, N.M.; Berry, K.L.E.; Rintoul, L.; Hoogenboom, M.O. (2015). "Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals". Marine Biology . 162 (3): 725–732. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015MarBi.162..725H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarBi.162..725H) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s00227-015-2619-7 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00227-015-2619-7) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 46302253 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46302253) . ^ (#cite_ref-149) Risk, Michael J.; Edinger, Evan (2011). "Impacts of Sediment on Coral Reefs". Encyclopedia of Modern Coral Reefs . Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. pp. 575–586. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-90-481-2639-2_25 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2639-2_25) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9048126385 . ^ (#cite_ref-150) McAlpine, Kat J. (2019). "Have Your Plastic and Eat It Too". Bostonia (Boston University Alumni) : 36–37. ^ (#cite_ref-151) Hedrih, Vladimir (17 June 2023). "Exposure to microplastics impairs cognition in hermit crabs, study finds" (https://www.psypost.org/2023/06/exposure-to-microplastics-impairs-cognition-in-hermit-crabs-study-finds-165859) . PsyPost . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230617145811/https://www.psypost.org/2023/06/exposure-to-microplastics-impairs-cognition-in-hermit-crabs-study-finds-165859) from the original on 17 June 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-152) Wang, Fayuan; Feng, Xueying; Liu, Yingying; Adams, Catharine A.; Sun, Yuhuan; Zhang, Shuwu (2022). "Micro(nano)plastics and terrestrial plants: Up-to-date knowledge on uptake, translocation, and phytotoxicity" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921344922003469) . Resources, Conservation and Recycling . 185 : 106503. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022RCR...18506503W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RCR...18506503W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106503 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106503) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 250249963 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250249963) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221102164046/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921344922003469) from the original on 2 November 2022 . Retrieved 30 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-153) Boots, Bas; Russell, Connor William; Green, Danielle Senga (2019). "Effects of Microplastics in Soil Ecosystems: Above and Below Ground" (https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/704809/6/Boots_et_al_2019.pdf) (PDF) . Environmental Science & Technology . 53 (19): 11496–11506. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019EnST...5311496B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...5311496B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.9b03304 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b03304) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31509704 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31509704) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 202562395 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202562395) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095821/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/704809/6/Boots_et_al_2019.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2022 . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-154) Huang, Fengyu; Hu, Jinzhao; Chen, Li; Wang, Zhe; Sun, Shiyong; Zhang, Wanming; Jiang, Hu; Luo, Ying; Wang, Lei; Zeng, Yi; Fang, Linchuan (2023). "Microplastics may increase the environmental risks of Cd via promoting Cd uptake by plants: A meta-analysis" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.130887) . Journal of Hazardous Materials . 448 : 130887. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2023JHzM..44830887H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHzM..44830887H) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130887 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2023.130887) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 36731321 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36731321) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 256451571 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256451571) . ^ (#cite_ref-155) Wang, Fangli; Wang, Xuexia; Song, Ningning (2021). "Polyethylene microplastics increase cadmium uptake in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by altering the soil microenvironment" (https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721022038) . Science of the Total Environment . 784 : 147133. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021ScTEn.78447133W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.78447133W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147133 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2021.147133) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33895518 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895518) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 233398883 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233398883) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230214171636/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721022038) from the original on 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 30 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-156) Iannella, Mattia; Console, Giulia; D'Alessandro, Paola (2019). "Preliminary Analysis of the Diet of Triturus carnifex and Pollution in Mountain Karst Ponds in Central Apennines" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw12010044) . Water . 44 (129): 11496–11506. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/w12010044 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw12010044) . ^ (#cite_ref-157) Deoniziak, Krzysztof; Cichowska, Aleksandra; Niedźwiecki, Sławomir; Pol, Wojciech (20 December 2022). "Thrushes (Aves: Passeriformes) as indicators of microplastic pollution in terrestrial environments" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722057205) . Science of the Total Environment . 853 : 158621. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022ScTEn.85358621D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.85358621D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158621 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.158621) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0048-9697 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 36084782 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36084782) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230728112750/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722057205) from the original on 28 July 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ a b Savoca, M. S.; Wohlfeil, M. E.; Ebeler, S. E.; Nevitt, G. A. (2016). "Marine plastic debris emits a keystone infochemical for olfactory foraging seabirds" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569953) . Science Advances . 2 (11): e1600395. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016SciA....2E0395S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciA....2E0395S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/sciadv.1600395 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600395) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5569953 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569953) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28861463 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28861463) . ^ (#cite_ref-159) Dacey, J. W. H.; Wakeham, S. G. (1986). "Oceanic Dimethylsulfide: Production During Zooplankton Grazing on Phytoplankton". Science . 233 (4770): 1314–1316. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1986Sci...233.1314D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...233.1314D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/science.233.4770.1314 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.233.4770.1314) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 17843360 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17843360) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 10872038 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10872038) . ^ (#cite_ref-160) "Plasticology 101" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161116164229/https://www.containerandpackaging.com/info/plasticology.asp) . Container & Packaging Supply. Archived from the original (https://www.containerandpackaging.com/info/plasticology.asp) on 16 November 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-161) Saley, A.M.; Smart, A.C.; Bezerra, M.F.; Burnham, T.L.U.; Capece, L.R.; Lima, L.F.O.; Carsh, A.C.; Williams, S.L.; Morgan, S.G. (September 2019). "Microplastic accumulation and biomagnification in a coastal marine reserve situated in a sparsely populated area" (http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8w42s80j) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 146 : 54–59. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019MarPB.146...54S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MarPB.146...54S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.065 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2019.05.065) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31426191 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426191) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195403709 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195403709) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200620041555/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8w42s80j) from the original on 20 June 2020 . Retrieved 10 November 2021 . ^ a b Wu, Xiaojian; Pan, Jie; Li, Meng; Li, Yao; Bartlam, Mark; Wang, Yingying (2019). "Selective enrichment of bacterial pathogens by microplastic biofilm". Water Research . 165 : 114979. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019WatRe.16514979W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WatRe.16514979W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114979 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2019.114979) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31445309 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31445309) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 201644342 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201644342) . ^ (#cite_ref-163) Mato, Yukie; Isobe, Tomohiko; Takada, Hideshige; Kanehiro, Haruyuki; Ohtake, Chiyoko; Kaminuma, Tsuguchika (2001). "Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment". Environmental Science & Technology . 35 (2): 318–324. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2001EnST...35..318M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EnST...35..318M) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/es0010498 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes0010498) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 11347604 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11347604) . ^ (#cite_ref-164) Zhang, Ming; Xu, Liheng (4 March 2022). "Transport of micro- and nanoplastics in the environment: Trojan-Horse effect for organic contaminants". Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology . 52 (5): 810–846. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022CREST..52..810Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CREST..52..810Z) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/10643389.2020.1845531 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10643389.2020.1845531) . ^ a b Arvaniti O.S., Antonopoulou G., Gatidou G., Frontistis Z., Mantzavinos D., Stasinakis A.S. (2022) Sorption of two common antihypertensive drugs onto polystyrene microplastics in water matrices. Science of the Total Environment 837, 155786, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155786 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155786) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220924053027/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722028832?via%3Dihub) 24 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-166) Y.Li, M.Li, Z.Li, L.Yang, X. Liu (2019) Effects of particle size and solution chemistry on triclosan sorption on polystyrene microplastic Chemosphere, 231, pp. 308-314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.116 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.116) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220924053027/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653519310227?via%3Dihub) 24 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-167) "New disease caused by plastics discovered in seabirds" (https://amp.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/03/plasticosis-new-disease-caused-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds) . The Guardian . 3 March 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230303212308/https://amp.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/03/plasticosis-new-disease-caused-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds) from the original on 3 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-168) "New disease caused solely by plastics discovered in seabirds" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/new-disease-caused-solely-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds-.html) . Natural History Museum. 3 March 2023. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230303113740/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/press-office/press-releases/new-disease-caused-solely-by-plastics-discovered-in-seabirds-.html) from the original on 3 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-169) Bergfreund, Jotam; Wobill, Ciatta; Evers, Frederic M.; Hohermuth, Benjamin; Bertsch, Pascal; Lebreton, Laurent; Windhab, Erich J.; Fischer, Peter (1 July 2024). "Impact of microplastic pollution on breaking waves" (https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof/article/36/7/072108/3303389/Impact-of-microplastic-pollution-on-breaking-waves) . Physics of Fluids . 36 (7). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1063/5.0208507 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2F5.0208507) . ^ (#cite_ref-170) Allen, Steve; Allen, Deonie; Moss, Kerry; Le Roux, Gaël; Phoenix, Vernon R.; Sonke, Jeroen E. (12 May 2020). "Examination of the ocean as a source for atmospheric microplastics" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217454) . PLOS ONE . 15 (5): e0232746. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020PLoSO..1532746A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1532746A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1371/journal.pone.0232746 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0232746) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 7217454 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217454) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32396561 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32396561) . ^ (#cite_ref-171) Allen, Steve; Allen, Deonie; Phoenix, Vernon R.; Le Roux, Gaël; Durántez Jiménez, Pilar; Simonneau, Anaëlle; Binet, Stéphane; Galop, Didier (2019). "Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment" (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/67580/1/Allen_etal_NG_2019_Atmospheric_transport_and_deposition_of_microplastics_in_a_remote.pdf) (PDF) . Nature Geoscience . 12 (5): 339–344. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019NatGe..12..339A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatGe..12..339A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-019-0335-5) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 146492249 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146492249) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200305154532/https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/67580/1/Allen_etal_NG_2019_Atmospheric_transport_and_deposition_of_microplastics_in_a_remote.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020 . Retrieved 4 May 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-172) Gasperi, Johnny; Wright, Stephanie L.; Dris, Rachid; Collard, France; Mandin, Corinne; Guerrouache, Mohamed; Langlois, Valérie; Kelly, Frank J.; Tassin, Bruno (2018). "Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in?" (https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01665768/file/Gasperi_Chapter_CurrentOpinion_VF.pdf) (PDF) . Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health . 1 : 1–5. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018COESH...1....1G (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018COESH...1....1G) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.coesh.2017.10.002) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 133750509 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133750509) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200306202059/https://hal-enpc.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01665768/file/Gasperi_Chapter_CurrentOpinion_VF.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2020 . Retrieved 11 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-173) Dehghani, Sharareh; Moore, Farid; Akhbarizadeh, Razegheh (2017). "Microplastic pollution in deposited urban dust, Tehran metropolis, Iran". Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 24 (25): 20360–20371. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017ESPR...2420360D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESPR...2420360D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11356-017-9674-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-017-9674-1) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28707239 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707239) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 37592689 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37592689) . ^ (#cite_ref-174) Bergmann, Melanie; Mützel, Sophia; Primpke, Sebastian; Tekman, Mine B.; Trachsel, Jürg; Gerdts, Gunnar (2019). "White and wonderful? Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693909) . Science Advances . 5 (8): eaax1157. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019SciA....5.1157B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.1157B) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157 (https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax1157) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 6693909 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693909) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31453336 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31453336) . ^ (#cite_ref-175) Allen, S.; Allen, D.; Baladima, F.; Phoenix, V. R.; Thomas, J. L.; Le Roux, G.; Sonke, J. E. (21 December 2021). "Evidence of free tropospheric and long-range transport of microplastic at Pic du Midi Observatory" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692471) . Nature Communications . 12 (1): 7242. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021NatCo..12.7242A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.7242A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1038/s41467-021-27454-7 (https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27454-7) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 8692471 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692471) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 34934062 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34934062) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 245385248 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245385248) . ^ (#cite_ref-176) Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 143 : 152–162. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019MarPB.143..152W (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019MarPB.143..152W) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2019.03.060) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0025-326X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0025-326X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31789151 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789151) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 150122831 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150122831) . ^ (#cite_ref-177) Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 58 (8): 1225–1228. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2009MarPB..58.1225F (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MarPB..58.1225F) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2009.04.025) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 19481226 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19481226) . ^ (#cite_ref-178) De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020). "Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru" (https://www.aacademica.org/gabriel.e.delatorre/3) . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 151 : 110877. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020MarPB.15110877D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPB.15110877D) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2019.110877) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32056653 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32056653) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 211112493 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211112493) . ^ (#cite_ref-179) Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020). "Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028838) . Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 27 (5): 5559–5571. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020ESPR...27.5559K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ESPR...27.5559K) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-019-07274-5) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 7028838 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7028838) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31853844 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853844) . ^ (#cite_ref-180) Obbard, Rachel W.; Sadri, Saeed; Wong, Ying Qi; Khitun, Alexandra A.; Baker, Ian; Thompson, Richard C. (2014). "Global warming releases microplastic legacy frozen in Arctic Sea ice" (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014EF000240) . Earth's Future . 2 (6): 315–320. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2014EaFut...2..315O (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EaFut...2..315O) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/2014EF000240 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2014EF000240) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2328-4277 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2328-4277) . ^ (#cite_ref-pmid32319937_181-0) Kelly, A.; Lannuzel, D.; Rodemann, T.; Meiners, K.M.; Auman, H.J. (2020). "Microplastic contamination in east Antarctic sea ice". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 154 : 111130. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020MarPB.15411130K (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPB.15411130K) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111130 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2020.111130) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32319937 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32319937) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 216072791 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216072791) . ^ (#cite_ref-182) Anderson, Julie C.; Park, Bradley J.; Palace, Vince P. (2016). "Microplastics in aquatic environments: Implications for Canadian ecosystems" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2016.06.074) . Environmental Pollution . 218 : 269–280. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016EPoll.218..269A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EPoll.218..269A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.074 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2016.06.074) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27431693 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431693) . ^ (#cite_ref-183) Ivleva, Natalia P.; Wiesheu, Alexandra C.; Niessner, Reinhard (2017). "Microplastic in Aquatic Ecosystems". Angewandte Chemie International Edition . 56 (7): 1720–1739. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/anie.201606957 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201606957) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27618688 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27618688) . ^ (#cite_ref-184) Pol, Wojciech; Stasińska, Emilia; Żmijewska, Angelika; Więcko, Adam; Zieliński, Piotr (10 July 2023). "Litter per liter – Lakes' morphology and shoreline urbanization index as factors of microplastic pollution: Study of 30 lakes in NE Poland" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.163426) . Science of the Total Environment . 881 : 163426. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2023ScTEn.88163426P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ScTEn.88163426P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163426 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2023.163426) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0048-9697 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37059153 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37059153) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 258147070 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258147070) . ^ (#cite_ref-185) Anderson, Philip J.; Warrack, Sarah; Langen, Victoria; Challis, Jonathan K.; Hanson, Mark L.; Rennie, Michael D. (June 2017). "Microplastic contamination in Lake Winnipeg, Canada". Environmental Pollution . 225 : 223–231. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017EPoll.225..223A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPoll.225..223A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.072 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2017.02.072) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28376390 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28376390) . ^ (#cite_ref-186) Redondo-Hasselerharm, Paula E.; Falahudin, Dede; Peeters, Edwin T. H. M.; Koelmans, Albert A. (2018). "Microplastic Effect Thresholds for Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5822217) . Environmental Science & Technology . 52 (4): 2278–2286. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018EnST...52.2278R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EnST...52.2278R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.7b05367 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.7b05367) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5822217 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5822217) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29337537 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29337537) . ^ (#cite_ref-187) Rillig, Matthias C.; Ingraffia, Rosolino; De Souza Machado, Anderson A. (2017). "Microplastic Incorporation into Soil in Agroecosystems" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651362) . Frontiers in Plant Science . 8 : 1805. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3389/fpls.2017.01805 (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01805) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 5651362 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651362) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 29093730 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093730) . ^ (#cite_ref-188) Rillig, Matthias C. (2012). "Microplastic in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Soil?". Environmental Science & Technology . 46 (12): 6453–6454. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2012EnST...46.6453R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EnST...46.6453R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/es302011r (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes302011r) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22676039 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22676039) . ^ (#cite_ref-189) Zubris, Kimberly Ann V.; Richards, Brian K. (2005). "Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge". Environmental Pollution . 138 (2): 201–211. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2005EPoll.138..201Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EPoll.138..201Z) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.013 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2005.04.013) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 15967553 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15967553) . ^ (#cite_ref-190) Yang, Dongqi; Shi, Huahong; Li, Lan; Li, Jiana; Jabeen, Khalida; Kolandhasamy, Prabhu (20 October 2015). "Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.5b03163) . Environmental Science & Technology . 49 (22): 13622–13627. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2015EnST...4913622Y (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...4913622Y) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.5b03163 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b03163) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 26486565 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26486565) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505093011/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.5b03163) from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 23 November 2023 – via ACS Publications. ^ a b Bank, European Investment (27 February 2023). "Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern" (https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230042-microplastics-and-micropollutants-in-water) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230328190059/http://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230042-microplastics-and-micropollutants-in-water) from the original on 28 March 2023 . Retrieved 17 March 2023 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-nationalgeographic.com_192-0) "Microplastics are in our bodies. How much do they harm us?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220425201933/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/microplastics-are-in-our-bodies-how-much-do-they-harm-us) . Environment . 25 April 2022. Archived from the original (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/microplastics-are-in-our-bodies-how-much-do-they-harm-us) on 25 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-193) Cox, Kieran D.; Covernton, Garth A.; Davies, Hailey L.; Dower, John F.; Juanes, Francis; Dudas, Sarah E. (18 June 2019). "Human Consumption of Microplastics" (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517) . Environmental Science & Technology . 53 (12): 7068–7074. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019EnST...53.7068C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnST...53.7068C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.est.9b01517 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.9b01517) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0013-936X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-936X) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31184127 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31184127) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 184485087 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:184485087) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201118172050/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517) from the original on 18 November 2020 . Retrieved 17 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-194) De-la-Torre, Gabriel E. (2019). "Microplastics: an emerging threat to food security and human health" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171031) . Journal of Food Science and Technology . 57 (5): 1601–1608. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s13197-019-04138-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13197-019-04138-1) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 7171031 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171031) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 32327770 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32327770) . ^ (#cite_ref-195) "The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010" (http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf) (PDF) . Food and Agriculture Organization (/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization) . 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180921052339/http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-196) Prata, Joana Correia; da Costa, João P.; Lopes, Isabel; Duarte, Armando C.; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (February 2020). "Environmental exposure to microplastics: An overview on possible human health effects". Science of the Total Environment . 702 : 134455. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2020ScTEn.70234455P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.70234455P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134455 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.134455) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10773/37145 (https://hdl.handle.net/10773%2F37145) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31733547 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31733547) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 208086488 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208086488) . ^ (#cite_ref-197) Author1, First1; Author2, First2 (2024). "Microplastic contamination in human testicles". Toxicological Sciences . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1093/toxsci/kfae060 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2Fkfae060) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 38745431 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38745431) . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : |last1= has generic name ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name) ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ a b Auta, H.S.; Emenike, C.U; Fauziah, S.H (2017). "Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions". Environment International (/wiki/Environment_International) . 102 : 165–176. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017EnInt.102..165A (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EnInt.102..165A) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2017.02.013) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28284818 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28284818) . ^ (#cite_ref-199) "Irish Teen Wins 2019 Google Science Fair for Removing Microplastics from Water" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/07/30/irish-teen-wins-2019-google-science-fair-for-removing-microplastics-from-water/?sh=15b0e071373f) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220531162416/https://www.forbes.com/sites/trevornace/2019/07/30/irish-teen-wins-2019-google-science-fair-for-removing-microplastics-from-water/?sh=15b0e071373f) from the original on 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-200) Connor, Steve (19 January 2016). "How scientists plan to clean up plastic waste in the oceans" (https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/how-scientists-plan-to-clean-up-the-plastic-waste-threatening-marine-life-a6820276.html) . The Independent . London. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/how-scientists-plan-to-clean-up-the-plastic-waste-threatening-marine-life-a6820276.html) from the original on 14 May 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-201) www.theoceancleanup.com, The Ocean Cleanup. "System 001 has launched into the Pacific" (https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/system-001-has-launched-into-the-pacific/) . The Ocean Cleanup . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065302/https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/system-001-has-launched-into-the-pacific/) from the original on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-202) www.theoceancleanup.com, The Ocean Cleanup. "The Ocean Cleanup Technology" (https://www.theoceancleanup.com/technology/) . The Ocean Cleanup . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181210053637/https://www.theoceancleanup.com/technology/) from the original on 10 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-203) Martini, Kim; Goldstein, Miriam (14 July 2014). "The Ocean Cleanup, Part 2: Technical review of the feasibility study" (https://www.deepseanews.com/2014/07/the-ocean-cleanup-part-2-technical-review-of-the-feasibility-study/) . Deep Sea News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200121065849/http://www.deepseanews.com/2014/07/the-ocean-cleanup-part-2-technical-review-of-the-feasibility-study/) from the original on 21 January 2020 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-204) Shiffman, David (13 June 2018). "I asked 15 ocean plastic pollution experts about the Ocean Cleanup project, and they have concerns" (http://www.southernfriedscience.com/i-asked-15-ocean-plastic-pollution-experts-about-the-ocean-cleanup-project-and-they-have-concerns/) . Southern Fried Science . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200126170652/http://www.southernfriedscience.com/i-asked-15-ocean-plastic-pollution-experts-about-the-ocean-cleanup-project-and-they-have-concerns) from the original on 26 January 2020 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-205) Kratochwill, Lindsey (26 March 2016). "Too good to be true? The Ocean Cleanup Project faces feasibility questions" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/26/ocean-cleanup-project-environment-pollution-boyan-slat) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191024102620/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/mar/26/ocean-cleanup-project-environment-pollution-boyan-slat) from the original on 24 October 2019 . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-206) "Eating Away the World's Plastic Waste Problem" (https://aabgu.org/eating-away-the-worlds-plastic-waste-problem/) . News; Natural Sciences . New York: American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 23 January 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200202151553/https://aabgu.org/eating-away-the-worlds-plastic-waste-problem/) from the original on 2 February 2020 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-207) Chan, Shepherd Yuen; Wong, Max Wang-Tang; Kwan, Bonnie Tsz Ching; Fang, James Kar-Hei; Chua, Song Lin (12 October 2022). "Microbial–Enzymatic Combinatorial Approach to Capture and Release Microplastics" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00558) . Environmental Science & Technology Letters . 9 (11): 975–982. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2022EnSTL...9..975C (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnSTL...9..975C) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00558 (https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.estlett.2c00558) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2328-8930 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2328-8930) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 252892619 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252892619) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240505093039/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00558) from the original on 5 May 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-208) Yang Liu, Sylvia; Ming-Lok Leung, Matthew; Kar-Hei Fang, James; Lin Chua, Song (2020). "Engineering a microbial 'trap and release' mechanism for microplastics removal". Chemical Engineering Journal . 404 : 127079. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127079 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2020.127079) . hdl (/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)) : 10397/88307 (https://hdl.handle.net/10397%2F88307) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 224972583 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224972583) . ^ (#cite_ref-209) Kershaw, Peter J. (2016). "Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics" (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/Marine_plastic_debris_and_microplastic_technical_report_advance_copy.pdf) (PDF) . United Nations Environment Programme (/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052123/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/good-environmental-status/descriptor-10/pdf/Marine_plastic_debris_and_microplastic_technical_report_advance_copy.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-210) "The garbage patch territory turns into a new state" (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_garbage_patch_territory_turns_into_a_new_state/#.U71u8fl_u9U) . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 22 May 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170911135638/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/venice/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_garbage_patch_territory_turns_into_a_new_state/#.U71u8fl_u9U) from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-211) "Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144707/http://www.rivistasitiunesco.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=2073) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144707/http://www.rivistasitiunesco.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=2073) (in Italian). Archived from the original (http://www.rivistasitiunesco.it/articolo.php?id_articolo=2073) on 14 July 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-212) Benson, Bob; Weiler, Katherine; Crawford, Cara (27 February 2013). "EPA National Trash Free Waters Program" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200825030106/https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/CoastalZoneManagement/EPA_Trash_Free_Waters_Program_Virginia_Marine_Debris_Summit_2013.pdf) (PDF) . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Presentation at Virginia Marine Debris Summit, 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/CoastalZoneManagement/EPA_Trash_Free_Waters_Program_Virginia_Marine_Debris_Summit_2013.pdf) (PDF) on 25 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-213) "International Initiatives to Address Marine Debris" (https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/international-initiatives-address-marine-debris) . Trash-Free Waters . EPA. 18 April 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180424230933/https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/international-initiatives-address-marine-debris) from the original on 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-214) "Trash-Free Waters Projects" (https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/trash-free-waters-projects) . EPA. 27 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180422132804/https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/trash-free-waters-projects) from the original on 22 April 2018 . Retrieved 22 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-215) Communications, IFAS. "Microplastics – UF/IFAS Extension" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180925065549/http://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/flagler/marine-and-coastal/microplastics/) . sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu . Archived from the original (http://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/flagler/marine-and-coastal/microplastics/) on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-216) "Goal 14 targets" (https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html) . UNDP . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200930060036/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html) from the original on 30 September 2020 . Retrieved 24 September 2020 . ^ a b c Bank, European Investment (4 February 2022). The Clean Oceans Initiative . European Investment Bank. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220423154334/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-clean-oceans-initiative) from the original on 23 April 2022 . Retrieved 12 April 2022 . ^ a b Bank, European Investment (23 February 2023). "The Clean Oceans Initiative" (https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145820/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative) from the original on 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . {{ cite journal (/wiki/Template:Cite_journal) }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical) ) ^ (#cite_ref-219) "Clean Oceans Initiative" (https://www.oneplanetsummit.fr/en/coalitions-82/clean-oceans-initiative-223) . www.oneplanetsummit.fr . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145816/https://www.oneplanetsummit.fr/en/coalitions-82/clean-oceans-initiative-223) from the original on 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-220) "Clean Oceans Initiative - AFD, EIB, KfW, CDP, ICO | Finance in common" (https://financeincommon.org/clean-oceans-initiative-afd-eib-kfw-cdp-ico) . financeincommon.org . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145816/https://financeincommon.org/clean-oceans-initiative-afd-eib-kfw-cdp-ico) from the original on 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-unctad-2021_221-0) "Ocean economy offers a $2.5 trillion export opportunity: UNCTAD report | UNCTAD" (https://unctad.org/news/ocean-economy-offers-25-trillion-export-opportunity-unctad-report) . unctad.org . 26 October 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230224081008/https://unctad.org/news/ocean-economy-offers-25-trillion-export-opportunity-unctad-report) from the original on 24 February 2023 . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-222) Bank, European Investment (25 April 2024). Clean oceans and the blue economy Overview 2024 . European Investment Bank. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-92-861-5754-7 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240430123814/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20240073-clean-oceans-and-the-blue-economy-overview-2024) from the original on 30 April 2024 . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-223) Anyiego, Beldine (15 August 2022). "AFRICA: The Clean Oceans initiative will fund twice as many projects as expected?" (https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/) . COPIP . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230131192553/https://www.copip.eu/news/africa-the-clean-oceans-initiative-will-fund-twice-as-many-projects-as-expected/) from the original on 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-224) Bank, European Investment (17 August 2023). Clean oceans and the blue economy Overview 2023 . European Investment Bank. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-92-861-5518-5 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231227231954/https://www01.eib.org/en/publications/20220311-clean-oceans-and-the-blue-economy-overview-2023) from the original on 27 December 2023 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-225) breezy (20 January 2023). "Healthy Oceans and Sustainable Blue Economies" (https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/topics/environment/healthy-oceans-sustainable-blue-economies) . Asian Development Bank . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230824104943/https://www.adb.org/what-we-do/topics/environment/healthy-oceans-sustainable-blue-economies) from the original on 24 August 2023 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-226) Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, Karthikeshwar; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 137 : 157–171. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2018MarPB.137..157S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MarPB.137..157S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2018.10.001) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30503422 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30503422) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 54522420 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54522420) . ^ (#cite_ref-227) "Global Microplastics Initiative" (http://www.adventurescientists.org/microplastics.html) . Adventure Scientists. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180508223444/http://www.adventurescientists.org/microplastics.html) from the original on 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-GreenFacts_228-0) Morris and Chapman: "Marine Litter", "Green Facts: Facts on Health and the Environment", 2001–2015 ^ (#cite_ref-229) Ross, Philip: "'Microplastics' In Great Lakes Pose 'Very Real Threat' To Humans and Animals", International Business Times, 29 October 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-World_Bank_230-0) "World Oceans Day: Is the planet overdosing on the "miracle" product?" (https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/world-oceans-day-planet-overdosing-miracle-product) . blogs.worldbank.org . 7 June 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210803065756/https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/world-oceans-day-planet-overdosing-miracle-product) from the original on 3 August 2021 . Retrieved 3 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-231) Grace Dobush (7 March 2019). "Microplastic Polluting Rivers and Seas Across the Globe, Says New Research" (https://fortune.com/2019/03/07/microplastic-pollution-global-problem/) . Fortune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190731105844/https://fortune.com/2019/03/07/microplastic-pollution-global-problem/) from the original on 31 July 2019 . Retrieved 31 July 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-232) Will Dunham (12 February 2019). "World's Oceans Clogged by Millions of Tons of Plastic Trash" (https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/world-s-oceans-clogged-by-millions-of-tons-of-plastic-trash/) . Scientific American . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191116021052/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/world-s-oceans-clogged-by-millions-of-tons-of-plastic-trash/) from the original on 16 November 2019 . Retrieved 31 July 2019 . China was responsible for the most ocean plastic pollution per year with an estimated 2.4 million tons, about 30 percent of the global total, followed by Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh. ^ (#cite_ref-233) Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2017). "International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin . 118 (1–2): 17–26. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2017MarPB.118...17X (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MarPB.118...17X) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2017.02.048) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 28238328 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28238328) . ^ (#cite_ref-PL114-114_234-0) United States. Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015. Pub. L. Tooltip Public Law (United States) 114–114 (text) (https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/114?link-type=html) (PDF) (https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/114?link-type=pdf&.pdf) . Approved 28 December 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-235) "State Water Board addresses microplastics in drinking water to encourage public water system awareness" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200622152157/https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf) (PDF) . waterboards.ca.gov (Media release). SWRCB (/wiki/SWRCB) . 16 June 2020. Archived from the original (https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/press_room/press_releases/2020/pr06162020_microplastics.pdf) (PDF) on 22 June 2020. ^ a b Dan, Sullivan (26 July 2018). "Text – S.756 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Save Our Seas Act of 2018" (https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/756/text) . www.congress.gov . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180926052051/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/756/text) from the original on 26 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ a b c d "Bill to reduce microplastics released into the environment passed by Japan's Upper House" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/15/national/bill-reduce-microplastics-released-environment-passed-japans-upper-house/) . The Japan Times (/wiki/The_Japan_Times) . 15 June 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180926051850/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/15/national/bill-reduce-microplastics-released-environment-passed-japans-upper-house/) from the original on 26 September 2018 . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-238) "Recommendations by Experts on the Required Parameters for Microplastics Monitoring in the Ocean" (http://www.env.go.jp/en/water/marine_litter/pdf/recommendation.pdf) (PDF) . Ministry of Environment, Japan . 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180926051924/http://www.env.go.jp/en/water/marine_litter/pdf/recommendation.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2018 . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . ^ a b "Microplastic Pollution | SAM – Research and Innovation – European Commission" (http://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/index.cfm?pg=pollution) . ec.europa.eu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195529/http://ec.europa.eu/research/sam/index.cfm?pg=pollution) from the original on 22 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-240) "A scientific perspective on microplastics in nature and society" (https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/) . www.sapea.info . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153346/https://www.sapea.info/topics/microplastics/) from the original on 28 March 2019 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-241) "Environmental and Health Risks of Microplastic Pollution" (https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/environmental-and-health-risks-microplastic-pollution_en) . ec.europa.eu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190509001221/https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/environmental-and-health-risks-microplastic-pollution_en) from the original on 9 May 2019 . Retrieved 11 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-242) "ECHA proposes to restrict intentionally added microplastics" (https://echa.europa.eu/-/echa-proposes-to-restrict-intentionally-added-microplastics) . echa.europa.eu . 30 January 2019. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095255/https://echa.europa.eu/-/echa-proposes-to-restrict-intentionally-added-microplastics) from the original on 2 February 2019 . Retrieved 3 February 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-243) "Microplastics - ECHA" (https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/microplastics) . echa.europa.eu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210317122605/https://echa.europa.eu/hot-topics/microplastics) from the original on 17 March 2021 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-244) "New Circular Economy Strategy – Environment – European Commission" (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/circular-economy/) . ec.europa.eu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200813223529/https://ec.europa.eu/environment//circular-economy/) from the original on 13 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 August 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-245) "Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 of 25 September 2023 amending Annex XVII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as regards synthetic polymer microparticles" (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2055/oj) . eur-lex.europa.eu . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231120171607/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2055/oj) from the original on 20 November 2023 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-246) "Use of Microplastics to be Restricted by the EU" (https://www.mhc.ie/latest/insights/use-of-microplastics-to-be-restricted-by-the-eu) . mhc.ie . Mason Hayes & Curran. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240130164509/https://www.mhc.ie/latest/insights/use-of-microplastics-to-be-restricted-by-the-eu) from the original on 30 January 2024 . Retrieved 30 January 2024 . ^ a b "The Environmental Protection (Microbeads) (England) Regulations 2017" (https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/1312/pdfs/uksi_20171312_en.pdf) (PDF) . Cabinet of the United Kingdom . 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220331230724/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/1312/pdfs/uksi_20171312_en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2022 . Retrieved 19 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-248) Balthazard-Accou, Ketty; Millien, Max François; Michel, Daphnée; Jean, Gaston; Telcy, David; Emmanuel, Evens (19 April 2021), "Vector-Borne Diseases and Climate Change in the Environmental Context in Haiti" (https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76323) , Environmental Health , IntechOpen, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5772/intechopen.96037 (https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.96037) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-83968-721-1 , retrieved 4 May 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-249) Louis, Daphenide St; Apply, Ammcise; Michel, Daphnée; Emmanuel, Evens (23 July 2021), "Microplastics and Environmental Health: Assessing Environmental Hazards in Haiti" (https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77660) , Environmental Health , IntechOpen, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5772/intechopen.98371 (https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.98371) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-83968-721-1 , retrieved 4 May 2024 ^ (#cite_ref-250) St. Louis, Daphenide; Apply, Ammcise; Michel, Daphnée; Emmanuel, Evens (15 December 2021), Otsuki, Takemi (ed.), "Microplastics and Environmental Health: Assessing Environmental Hazards in Haiti" (https://www.intechopen.com/books/environmental-health/microplastics-and-environmental-health-assessing-environmental-hazards-in-haiti) , Environmental Health , IntechOpen, doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5772/intechopen.98371 (https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.98371) , ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-83968-720-4 , retrieved 25 April 2024 Sources [ edit ] This article incorporates text from a free content (/wiki/Free_content) work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( license statement/permission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf) ). Text taken from Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics , United Nations Environment Programme. External [ edit ] Evidence for microplastics in human lungs (https://www.infoterio.com/2022/04/Se-hallo-evidencia-de-microplasticos-en-nuestros-pulmones.html/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230118013310/https://www.infoterio.com/2022/04/Se-hallo-evidencia-de-microplasticos-en-nuestros-pulmones.html) 18 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) NOAA Marine Debris Program (https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/) Dunning, Brian (/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)) (16 November 2021). "Skeptoid #806: Environmental Microplastics" (https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4806) . Skeptoid (/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts) . Retrieved 28 June 2022 . v t e Plastics (/wiki/Plastic) Chemical types Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene) Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) (/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene) Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) (/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate) Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)) Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) (/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)) Polyacrylic acid (PAA) (/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid) Polyamide (PA) (/wiki/Polyamide) Polybutylene (PB) (/wiki/Polybutylene) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) (/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate) Polycarbonate (PC) (/wiki/Polycarbonate) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) (/wiki/PEEK) Polyester (PEs) (/wiki/Polyester) Polyethylene (PE) (/wiki/Polyethylene) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) (/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate) Polyimide (PI) (/wiki/Polyimide) Polylactic acid (PLA) (/wiki/Polylactic_acid) Polyoxymethylene (POM) (/wiki/Polyoxymethylene) Polyphenyl ether (PPE) (/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether) Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) (/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)) Polypropylene (PP) (/wiki/Polypropylene) Polystyrene (PS) (/wiki/Polystyrene) Polysulfone (PES) (/wiki/Polysulfone) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene) Polyurethane (PU) (/wiki/Polyurethane) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride) Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) (/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride) Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) (/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride) Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) (/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin) Tritan copolyester (/wiki/Tritan_copolyester) Mechanical types Thermoplastic (/wiki/Thermoplastic) Thermosetting polymer (/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer) Fibre-reinforced plastic (/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic) Corrugated plastic (/wiki/Corrugated_plastic) Polymeric foam (/wiki/Polymeric_foam) High-performance plastics (/wiki/High-performance_plastics) Additives Polymer additive (/wiki/Plastic#Additives) Colorants (/wiki/Plastic_colorant) Plasticizer (/wiki/Plasticizer) Polymer stabilizers (/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers) Biodegradable additives (/wiki/Biodegradable_additives) Filler (materials) (/wiki/Filler_(materials)) Plastics processing Injection moulding (/wiki/Injection_moulding) Plastic extrusion (/wiki/Plastic_extrusion) Blow molding (/wiki/Blow_molding) Thermoforming (/wiki/Thermoforming) Compression molding (/wiki/Compression_molding) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Transfer molding (/wiki/Transfer_molding) Laminating (/wiki/Lamination) Fiberglass molding (/wiki/Fiberglass_molding) Pultrusion (/wiki/Pultrusion) Plastic welding (/wiki/Plastic_welding) Filament winding (/wiki/Filament_winding) Solvent bonding (/wiki/Solvent_bonding) Vacuum forming (/wiki/Vacuum_forming) Rotational molding (/wiki/Rotational_molding) Products Plastics industry (/wiki/Plastics_industry) segments Commodity plastics (/wiki/Commodity_plastics) Construction (/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry) Engineering plastics (/wiki/Engineering_plastic) Geosynthetics (/wiki/Geosynthetics) High-performance plastics (/wiki/High-performance_plastics) Nurdle (/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)) Category:Plastics applications (/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications) Plasticulture (/wiki/Plasticulture) (Agriculture) Specific goods Blister pack (/wiki/Blister_pack) Chairs (/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)) Packaging film (/wiki/Plastic_film) Bottles (/wiki/Plastic_bottle) Bags (/wiki/Plastic_bag) Cutlery (/wiki/Plastic_cutlery) Shopping bags (/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag) Foam food containers (/wiki/Foam_food_container) Environment and health v t e Health issues of plastics (/wiki/Plastic) and polyhalogenated compounds (/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound) (PHCs) Plasticizers (/wiki/Plasticizer) : Phthalates (/wiki/Phthalate) DIBP (/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate) DBP (/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate) BBP (/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate) (BBzP) DIHP (/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate) DEHP (/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate) (DOP) DIDP (/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate) DINP (/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate) Miscellaneous plasticizers Organophosphates (/wiki/Organophosphate) Adipates (/wiki/Adipic_acid) ( DEHA (/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate) DOA (/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate) ) Monomers (/wiki/Monomer) Bisphenol A (/wiki/Bisphenol_A) (BPA, in Polycarbonates (/wiki/Polycarbonate) ) Vinyl chloride (/wiki/Vinyl_chloride) (in PVC (/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride) ) Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs PBDEs (/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers) PCBs (/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl) Organotins (/wiki/Organotin) PFCs (/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds) Perfluorooctanoic acid (/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid) Health issues (/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity) Teratogen (/wiki/Teratogen) Carcinogen (/wiki/Carcinogen) Endocrine disruptor (/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor) Diabetes (/wiki/Diabetes) Obesity (/wiki/Obesity) Polymer fume fever (/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever) Pollution Plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) Rubber pollution (/wiki/Rubber_pollution) Great Pacific garbage patch (/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch) Persistent organic pollutant (/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant) Dioxins (/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins) List of environmental health hazards (/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards) Regulations California Proposition 65 (/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65) European REACH regulation (/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals) Japan Toxic Substances Law (/wiki/Kashinhou) Toxic Substances Control Act (/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976) Waste Plastic pollution (/wiki/Plastic_pollution) Garbage patch (/wiki/Garbage_patch) Great Pacific garbage patch (/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch) Persistent organic pollutant (/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant) Dioxins (/wiki/Dioxins) List of environmental health hazards (/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards) Plastic recycling (/wiki/Plastic_recycling) Biodegradable plastic (/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic) Identification codes (/wiki/Resin_identification_code) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Environment (/wiki/Portal:Environment) Water (/wiki/Portal:Water) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1940235/) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/117071482X) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007396295505171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016001401) Czech Republic (https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1151785&CON_LNG=ENG) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐g2c78 Cached time: 20240722041651 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.680 seconds Real time usage: 2.953 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 19179/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 809456/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10121/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 24/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1126347/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.784/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10219532/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 260 ms 14.6% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 220 ms 12.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 200 ms 11.2% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 140 ms 7.9% <mw.lua:694> 120 ms 6.7% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 100 ms 5.6% gsub 60 ms 3.4% makeMessage <mw.message.lua:76> 60 ms 3.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 60 ms 3.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 60 ms 3.4% [others] 500 ms 28.1% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2549.454 1 -total 66.81% 1703.190 1 Template:Reflist 41.46% 1057.127 150 Template:Cite_journal 9.11% 232.233 57 Template:Cite_web 4.45% 113.511 1 Template:Excerpt 4.32% 110.117 1 Template:Pollution_sidebar 4.20% 107.139 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 3.76% 95.969 12 Template:Fix 3.45% 87.937 1 Template:Short_description 2.84% 72.412 6 Template:Cn Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27265528-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722041651 and revision id 1235962551. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microplastics&oldid=1235962551 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microplastics&oldid=1235962551) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Plastics and the environment (/wiki/Category:Plastics_and_the_environment) Environmental impact of products (/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_of_products) Water pollution (/wiki/Category:Water_pollution) Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)) CS1 errors: missing periodical (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 errors: generic name (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024) Pages using sidebar with the child parameter (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2019) All articles with failed verification (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification) Articles with failed verification from March 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2024) All pages needing factual verification (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_March_2021) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018) Articles with excerpts (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2019) Articles lacking reliable references from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2024) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) All Wikipedia articles needing clarification (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2024 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2024) Free-content attribution (/wiki/Category:Free-content_attribution) Free content from United Nations Environment Programme (/wiki/Category:Free_content_from_United_Nations_Environment_Programme) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NKC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers)
|
Leather accessories company in Florence, Italy This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Braccialini) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Braccialini) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article relies excessively on references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) to primary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources) . Find sources: "Braccialini" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Braccialini%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Braccialini%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Braccialini%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Braccialini%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Braccialini%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Braccialini%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braccialini&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Braccialini Company type Privately held company Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 1954 ; 70 years ago ( 1954 ) Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Headquarters Campi Bisenzio (/wiki/Campi_Bisenzio) , Italy Products Handbags, and accessories Website www.Braccialini.com (http://www.Braccialini.com) Braccialini [1] (#cite_note-1) is a leather accessories company founded in 1954 and based in Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The company operates in 40 countries with 50 mono-brand stores globally. [3] (#cite_note-3) History [ edit ] The image of a rose forms the brand's logo, inspired by co-founder, Carla Braccialini's love for flowers. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2009, Italian president Giorgio Napolitano (/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano) awarded Braccialini with the Cavaliere del Lavoro (/wiki/Cavaliere_del_Lavoro) award, assigned to entrepreneurs for their contribution in their chosen field of profession. [5] (#cite_note-5) Beginnings [ edit ] Carla and her husband Roberto Braccialini started the company in 1954 as a small workshop with 4 to 5 employees in Florence, Italy. [6] (#cite_note-cairoeditore1-6) Initially, she started sewing without any formal knowledge with materials such as leather and straw, making clothes and selling them in Versilia (/wiki/Versilia) , Italy. [ citation needed ] She then slowly moved to create bags with the same materials. Carla sketched the designs, and her husband made the bags and handled the business. The first bag was made with leather and straw, a unique choice at that time. She trained her team to learn the craft and sew. The bags were made to have a playful mood combined with unique designs and new materials. [6] (#cite_note-cairoeditore1-6) A flood in 1966 in Florence destroyed all the fabrics and the archives. Carla, with her team, had to start all over. [6] (#cite_note-cairoeditore1-6) 1980s [ edit ] In the 1980s, two of Carla's three sons Riccardo and Massimo joined the company and adopted her philosophy, and carried forth her vision. [ citation needed ] In 1987, the company entered into many licensing agreements with companies like Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) for the production and distribution of accessories such as bags, belts, and small leather items. Contromano, a partner company, was founded the following year. Over the course of a few years, Braccialini entered into licensee agreements with brands like Roccobarocco (/wiki/Rocco_Barocco) , Fiorucci (/wiki/Fiorucci) , and Bagutta. [7] (#cite_note-fashionmodeldirectory2007-7) 1990s [ edit ] In 1990, Braccialini launched the Tua collection targeted to a younger audience. [8] (#cite_note-braccialini1-8) The first Braccialini boutique (/wiki/Boutique) was also opened in Florence. 2000s [ edit ] The 2000s was a period of growth for the brand. Braccialini collaborated with the Mariella Burani Fashion Group (/wiki/Mariella_Burani_Fashion_Group) . Braccialini opened stores in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2003 a new mono-brand store opens in Milan followed by boutiques in Rome (/wiki/Rome) , London (/wiki/London) , Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) in 2004. Also, a licensee agreement with Mariella Burani is established to produce and distribute accessories for them all over the world. In 2005, the first franchisee (/wiki/Franchisee) store in Saudi Arabia (/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) and two boutiques in Dubai and Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) are opened. The company acquires a 100% stake in Dadorosa Srl, with a worldwide licensee of Gherardini, 2007 a Florentine brand. The expansion of the brand continues with new stores in Dubai, Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) . Braccialini also enters into more licensing agreements with Frangi Spa controlling the production of foulards (/wiki/Foulard) , scarves (/wiki/Scarves) , beachwear (/wiki/Beachwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) . [8] (#cite_note-braccialini1-8) In 2009, Braccialini moved to the new headquarters in Scandicci (/wiki/Scandicci) , Florence. [ citation needed ] The Feng Shui (/wiki/Feng_Shui) inspired factory is designed by Chan tit-Kwan from Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) . The new building spreads across 10,000 square meters of space in heart of the leather manufacturing sector of Florence. The external façade is covered by vertical plants and ivy and the internal layout is constructed on the basis of Feng Shui principles. The factory also uses renewable sources of energy like solar panels and recovery of rainwater. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2015, a $300-dollar Braccialini car-shaped bag was featured in the 57th Annual Grammy awards (/wiki/Grammy_Awards) . The bag was in the gift basket that all the nominees, presenters, and performers received. [11] (#cite_note-11) Braccialini today [ edit ] Today, the company is led by Carla Braccialini's three sons – Riccardo, Massimo, and Lorenzo. They have taken on three different roles in the company. Massimo is the style director, Riccardo the CEO (/wiki/CEO) , and Lorenzo the marketing (/wiki/Marketing) and communication director (/wiki/Business_communication) . The creative team of designers led by Carla and her son Massimo creates handbags and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) . [7] (#cite_note-fashionmodeldirectory2007-7) In October 2012 Braccialini announced up to 77 layoffs of 220 employees total but in 2013, after an agreement with the unions, 25 people will leave the Company, due to the externalization of logistics. [ clarification needed ] See also [ edit ] Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) References [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Andrea, Guolo (2007). La Borsa...racconta . FrancoAngeli. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788846485144 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) http://www.braciallini.it (http://www.braciallini.it) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Il Sole 24 Ore: La borsa Braccialini si riempie di colori" (http://www.banchedati.ilsole24ore.com/doc.get?uid=sole-SS20090916026DAA) . Banchedati.ilsole24ore.com. 16 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Braccialini Logo and symbol, meaning, history, PNG, brand" (https://1000logos.net/braccialini-logo/) . Retrieved 21 June 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Fumagalli, Luca (29 June 2021). "Il premio alla carriera e un libro: Carla Braccialini si racconta" (https://www.laconceria.it/pelletteria/il-premio-alla-carriera-e-un-libro-carla-braccialini-si-racconta/) . LaConceria | Il portale dell'area pelle (in Italian) . Retrieved 21 June 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Cairo Editore - Diva e Donna 26 Febbraio 2008" (http://www.cairoeditore.it/index.php?option=com_flippingbook&book_id=49&Itemid=83) . Cairoeditore.it . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Braccialini Milano Italy" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/brands/braccialini/) . Fashionmodeldirectory.com. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "braccialini Company Profile" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100414143359/http://www.braccialini.it/uploads/bra_cmp_sez/braccialini_company_profile.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.braccialini.it/uploads/bra_cmp_sez/braccialini_company_profile.pdf) (PDF) on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010-06-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) http://www.workfolio.it/mood/braccialini/file/Sezioni/Sezioni/CompanyProfile.pdf (http://www.workfolio.it/mood/braccialini/file/Sezioni/Sezioni/CompanyProfile.pdf) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Arretrati in pdf" (https://archive.today/20120801185843/http://www.ilgiornale.it/edizione_pdf/441/01-06-2010/18/page=134936-pdf_num=1884) . ilGiornale.it. Archived from the original (http://www.ilgiornale.it/edizione_pdf/441/01-06-2010/18/page=134936-pdf_num=1884) on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Acuna, Kirsten. "Here's everything inside the $25,000 Grammy Awards gift bag" (https://www.sj-r.com/story/business/2015/02/06/here-s-everything-inside-25/35174824007/) . The State Journal-Register . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.Braccialini.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐w7frd Cached time: 20240713185150 Cache expiry: 1573692 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.424 seconds Real time usage: 0.579 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3124/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 71626/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14044/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43821/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.261/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8108475/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 537.851 1 -total 29.21% 157.089 1 Template:Reflist 26.59% 143.028 3 Template:Ambox 20.47% 110.072 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.38% 93.477 1 Template:Cite_book 17.07% 91.787 1 Template:Multiple_issues 15.91% 85.550 1 Template:Infobox 12.88% 69.300 1 Template:Short_description 10.95% 58.892 1 Template:Primary_sources 7.24% 38.947 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27709373-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713185150 and revision id 1219798029. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braccialini&oldid=1219798029 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Braccialini&oldid=1219798029) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Florence (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Florence) Italian companies established in 1954 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1954) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1954 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1954) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Leather manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Leather_manufacturers) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2016) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles lacking reliable references from June 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2010) All articles lacking reliable references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references) Articles with a promotional tone from February 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_February_2018) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Use dmy dates from January 2015 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2015) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2018) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
|
Japanese eyewear manufacturer Swans Swans brand logo Product type Eyewear (/wiki/Eyewear) Owner Yamamoto Kogaku, Co., Ltd. Country Japan (/wiki/Japan) Introduced (1971 ; 53 years ago ( 1971 ) ) Markets Worldwide Tagline Protecting for You Website Official website (http://www.swans.co.jp/english) Yamamoto Kogaku, Co., Ltd. Native name 山本光学株式会社 Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company) KK (/wiki/Kabushiki_kaisha) Industry Apparel (/wiki/Textile_industry) Founded (1911 ; 113 years ago ( 1911 ) ) Founder Haruji Yamamoto Headquarters Higashiosaka City (/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka) , Osaka Prefecture (/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture) , 577-0056 , Japan Area served Worldwide Key people Tamenobu Yamamoto ( Chairman (/wiki/Chairman#Public_corporations) and CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Naoyuki Yamamoto ( President (/wiki/President_(corporate_title)) and COO (/wiki/Chief_operating_officer) ) Products Sporting and protective eyewear Sunglasses Optical devices Motorcycle helmets Website Official website (http://www.yamamoto-kogaku.co.jp/english/index.html) Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-YK-1) Swans ( スワンズ , Suwanzu ) is the brandname of the Japanese eyewear manufacturer Yamamoto Kogaku Co., Ltd. ( 山本光学株式会社 , Yamamoto Kōgaku Kabushiki-gaisha ) located in Osaka (/wiki/Osaka) , Japan. The company produces and sells optical lenses (/wiki/Optical_lens) , sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) , goggles (/wiki/Goggles) , as well as safety glasses (/wiki/Safety_glasses) . The sports eyewear brand Swans includes sunglasses, ski (/wiki/Ski) and snowboard (/wiki/Snowboard) goggles, swimming goggles, as well as helmets. [1] (#cite_note-YK-1) History [ edit ] The company was founded in 1911 by Haruji Yamamoto, as Yamamoto Optical Lens Factory, in Osaka (/wiki/Osaka) . The factory moved to Higashiōsaka in 1935, where the company's current headquarters are. In that same year started the production of lenses and eyewear for protection against dust. Twenty years later the company name changed to Yamamoto Bojin Megane and started the production of eyewear frames by plastic molding, a first in Japan. [2] (#cite_note-SH-2) In 1977 the company became as an official ski equipment supplier to the United States Ski Team (/wiki/United_States_Ski_Team) [2] (#cite_note-SH-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) and in 1980 the company's took its current name. In October 2014, the Toshiba Glass (/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display#Toshiba) , a pair of optical head-mounted display-like glasses, which was jointly created by Yamamoto Kogaku and Toshiba (/wiki/Toshiba) , was unveiled at CEATEC 2014 (/wiki/CEATEC) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Swans was the official supplier of the World Para Swimming Championships (/wiki/World_Para_Swimming_Championships) from 2017 to 2019. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2021, the table tennis player Jun Mizutani (/wiki/Jun_Mizutani) wore indoor competition glasses during the Olympics (/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics) , a first in this competition, with glasses that were custom-designed by Swans for the table tennis player. [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Company Profile" (http://www.yamamoto-kogaku.co.jp/english/#company) . Yamamoto Kogaku . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About Swans - Company Milestones" (http://www.swans-overseas.com/about-swans/) . Yamamoto Kogaku . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Behind the Winners: A Network of Individual Contributors . Bonnier Corporation (/wiki/Bonnier_Corporation) . October 1985. p. 48. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0037-6264 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6264) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Nagata, Kazuaki (October 9, 2014). "Toshiba Glass sets sights on less obtrusive wearable tech" (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/10/09/business/tech/toshiba-glass-sets-sights-slightly-subtle-wearable-tech/#.VvV2I3onyER) . The Japan times (/wiki/The_Japan_times) . Retrieved March 25, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "World Para Swimming announces SWANS as Official Supplier" (https://www.paralympic.org/news/world-para-swimming-announces-swans-official-supplier) . International Paralympic Committee . September 1, 2017 . Retrieved June 29, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "What's the tech behind table tennis gold-medal winner Mizutani's indoor eyewear?" (https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210727/p2a/00m/0sp/016000c) . Mainichi Daily News . July 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 29, 2023 . External links [ edit ] Japan portal (/wiki/Portal:Japan) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Official Website (http://www.swans.co.jp/en) Designer Eyeglasses (https://www.sunglasstour.ru/) Official Yamamoto Kogaku Co., Ltd. Website (http://www.yamamoto-kogaku.co.jp/english/) Swans South East Asia Distributor official website (http://swans.com.sg/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/171533996) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7999cd8dc7‐f4bfm Cached time: 20240711000647 Cache expiry: 1813995 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.462 seconds Real time usage: 0.603 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2222/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35161/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3151/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31656/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.330/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21457931/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 570.887 1 -total 40.34% 230.294 2 Template:Infobox 30.29% 172.928 1 Template:Infobox_company 20.59% 117.526 1 Template:Reflist 18.36% 104.811 1 Template:Lang 14.88% 84.958 3 Template:Cite_web 14.27% 81.468 1 Template:Authority_control 12.42% 70.878 1 Template:Infobox_brand 12.07% 68.925 1 Template:Short_description 7.03% 40.122 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27874559-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711000647 and revision id 1228833876. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swans_(eyewear)&oldid=1228833876 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swans_(eyewear)&oldid=1228833876) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Eyewear brands of Japan (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_brands_of_Japan) Sporting goods manufacturers of Japan (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_Japan) Manufacturing companies established in 1911 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1911) Japanese companies established in 1911 (/wiki/Category:Japanese_companies_established_in_1911) Companies based in Osaka Prefecture (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Osaka_Prefecture) Swimming equipment (/wiki/Category:Swimming_equipment) Sunglasses (/wiki/Category:Sunglasses) Skiing equipment (/wiki/Category:Skiing_equipment) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Japanese brands (/wiki/Category:Japanese_brands) Eyewear companies of Japan (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_companies_of_Japan) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from March 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2016) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
|
Swimwear company in Victoria, Australian Way Funky Company Pty Ltd Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares) Industry Apparel industry (/wiki/Apparel_industry) Founded 2002 Founder Duncan McLean Headquarters Australia (/wiki/Australia) Area served Worldwide Products Swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Website www (https://www.wayfunky.com/) .wayfunky (https://www.wayfunky.com/) .com (https://www.wayfunky.com/) Way Funky Company Pty Ltd (or Way Funky ) is an Australian swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) apparel manufacturing company based in Victoria (/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)) , Australia. It was founded in 2002 by Duncan McLean, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and specializes in colorful chlorine (/wiki/Chlorine) resistant sports swimwear. The company also produces competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) approved by FINA (/wiki/FINA) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Way Funky manages three distinct brands of swimwear: Funkita for ladies, girls and toddlers; Funky Trunks for men, boys and toddlers; and Kiargo , a separate fashion line for women. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) History [ edit ] Funky Trunks was launched in 2002, Funkita in 2004 and Kiargo in 2006. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In the media [ edit ] Way Funky signed a deal with Australian male model Craig Barnett (/wiki/Craig_Barnett) in 2007 and was one of the first major brands to sign a major deal in March 2010 with an openly gay (/wiki/Homosexuality) athlete, namely the Australian Olympic gold medalist diver Matthew Mitcham (/wiki/Matthew_Mitcham) . Mitcham was announced as the new face of Funky Trunks . He will appear globally on advertising campaigns across Australia, Europe and the United States as the brand rapidly expands into international markets. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) He is also spokesman and "swimwear ambassador" for the brand. [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-:0_1-0) DivingNSW: Matthew Mitcham Dives Into (http://www.divingnsw.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=247:matthew-mitcham-dives-into-funky-trunks&catid=1&Itemid=19) Funky Trunks ^ (#cite_ref-2) "FINA Approved swimwear | fina.org - Official FINA website" (http://www.fina.org/content/fina-approved-swimwear) . www.fina.org . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "About" (https://www.kiargo.com/content/23-about) . Kiargo Swimwear Australia . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) The Australian: Corporate world embracing Olympic gold medal winner Matthew Mitcham (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/sport/corporate-world-embracing-olympic-gold-medal-winner-matthew-mitcham/story-e6frg7mf-1225847178548) ^ (#cite_ref-5) The Advocate: Matthew Mitcham: the World Is Not Enough (http://www.advocate.com/Sports/Matthew_Mitcham_The_World_Is_Not_Enough/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100614210345/http://www.advocate.com/Sports/Matthew_Mitcham_The_World_Is_Not_Enough/) 2010-06-14 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Advocate : Matthew Mitcham, Swimwear Spokesman (http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/05/06/Matthew_Mitcham_Swimwear_Ammassador/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100711104005/http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/05/06/Matthew_Mitcham_Swimwear_Ammassador/) 2010-07-11 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Funky Trunks website (https://www.funkytrunks.com/) Funkita website (https://www.funkita.com/) Kiargo website (https://www.kiargo.com/) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs (/wiki/Zoggs) Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) This industry (/wiki/Outline_of_industry) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_Funky&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐vvrlm Cached time: 20240721165818 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.420 seconds Real time usage: 0.561 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1823/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 68975/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1513/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33521/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.235/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5042969/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 433.816 1 -total 24.91% 108.043 1 Template:Reflist 22.87% 99.204 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.28% 96.670 3 Template:Navbox 20.48% 88.838 1 Template:Infobox 18.94% 82.151 1 Template:Competitive_swimwear 18.32% 79.495 1 Template:Cite_web 14.93% 64.764 1 Template:Short_description 9.26% 40.166 2 Template:Pagetype 5.67% 24.604 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:27926694-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721165818 and revision id 1223437184. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_Funky&oldid=1223437184 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Way_Funky&oldid=1223437184) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies established in 2002 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2002) 2002 establishments in Australia (/wiki/Category:2002_establishments_in_Australia) Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Swimwear brands (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_brands) Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Manufacturing companies based in Melbourne (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Melbourne) Industry stubs (/wiki/Category:Industry_stubs) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
René Robert Bouché Born Robert August Buchstein ( 1905-09-20 ) 20 September 1905 Prague (/wiki/Prague) , Austro-Hungarian Empire (/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire) Died 3 July 1963 (1963-07-03) (aged 57) East Grinstead (/wiki/East_Grinstead) , England (/wiki/England) , United Kingdom Education Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich) Known for Fashion illustrator (/wiki/Fashion_illustrator) René Robert Bouché (20 September 1905 – 3 July 1963) was an artist and fashion illustrator, known for his work in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) magazine between the 1930s and 1960s. Life and career [ edit ] Illustration by Bouché of Matsushima Air Base, Japan René Bouché was born in Prague (/wiki/Prague) on 20 September 1905. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) He studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich) before moving to Paris (/wiki/Paris) . In 1938, he began working for Vogue magazine (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) During the Second World War, he emigrated to the United States, settling in Manhattan (/wiki/Manhattan) , where he continued working for Vogue. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) Bouche painted portraits of many prominent figures including W. H. Auden (/wiki/W._H._Auden) , Nancy Astor (/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor) , Truman Capote (/wiki/Truman_Capote) , Jean Cocteau (/wiki/Jean_Cocteau) , Benny Goodman (/wiki/Benny_Goodman) , Aldous Huxley (/wiki/Aldous_Huxley) , Edward Kennedy (/wiki/Ted_Kennedy) , Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) , John F. Kennedy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) , Willem de Kooning (/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning) , Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) , Igor Stravinsky (/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky) and the Duchess of Windsor (/wiki/Wallis_Simpson) . [4] (#cite_note-:2-4) His illustrations were noted for their accuracy and decisiveness. [5] (#cite_note-5) Death [ edit ] Bouché died of a heart attack, age 57, in East Grinstead (/wiki/East_Grinstead) , England (/wiki/England) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Visual arts portal (/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts) List of illustrators (/wiki/List_of_illustrators) List of Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich people (/wiki/List_of_Ludwig_Maximilians_University_of_Munich_people) List of people from Prague (/wiki/List_of_people_from_Prague) External links [ edit ] René Bouché (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/rene-bouche/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) v t e Society of Illustrators (/wiki/Society_of_Illustrators) ' Hall of Fame 1958–1959 1958 Norman Rockwell (/wiki/Norman_Rockwell) 1959 Dean Cornwell (/wiki/Dean_Cornwell) Harold von Schmidt (/wiki/Harold_von_Schmidt) 1960–1969 1960 Fred Cooper (/w/index.php?title=Fred_Cooper_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1) 1961 Floyd Davis (/wiki/Floyd_MacMillan_Davis) 1962 Edward A. Wilson (/wiki/Edward_A._Wilson_(illustrator)) 1963 Walter Biggs (/wiki/Walter_Biggs) 1964 Arthur William Brown (/wiki/Arthur_William_Brown) 1965 Al Parker (/wiki/Al_Parker_(artist)) 1966 Albert Dorne (/wiki/Albert_Dorne) 1967 Robert Fawcett (/wiki/Robert_Fawcett) 1968 Peter Helck (/wiki/Peter_Helck) 1969 Austin Briggs (/wiki/Austin_Briggs) 1970–1979 1970 Rube Goldberg (/wiki/Rube_Goldberg) 1971 Stevan Dohanos (/wiki/Stevan_Dohanos) 1972 Ray Prohaska (/w/index.php?title=Ray_Prohaska&action=edit&redlink=1) 1973 Jon Whitcomb (/wiki/Jon_Whitcomb) 1974 Charles Dana Gibson (/wiki/Charles_Dana_Gibson) Tom Lovell (/wiki/Tom_Lovell) N. C. Wyeth (/wiki/N._C._Wyeth) 1975 Bernie Fuchs (/wiki/Bernie_Fuchs) Maxfield Parrish (/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish) Howard Pyle (/wiki/Howard_Pyle) 1976 Harvey Dunn (/wiki/Harvey_Dunn) John Falter (/wiki/John_Philip_Falter) Winslow Homer (/wiki/Winslow_Homer) 1977 J. C. Leyendecker (/wiki/J._C._Leyendecker) Wallace Morgan (/wiki/Wallace_Morgan) Robert Peak (/wiki/Bob_Peak) 1978 Norman Price (/wiki/Norman_Mills_Price) Frederic Remington (/wiki/Frederic_Remington) Coby Whitmore (/wiki/Coby_Whitmore) 1979 Edwin Austin Abbey (/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey) Lorraine Fox (/wiki/Lorraine_Fox) Ben Stahl (/wiki/Ben_Stahl_(artist)) 1980–1989 1980 Howard Chandler Christy (/wiki/Howard_Chandler_Christy) James Montgomery Flagg (/wiki/James_Montgomery_Flagg) Saul Tepper (/wiki/Saul_Tepper) 1981 Stan Galli (/w/index.php?title=Stan_Galli&action=edit&redlink=1) John Gannam (/w/index.php?title=John_Gannam&action=edit&redlink=1) Frederic R. Gruger (/w/index.php?title=Frederic_R._Gruger&action=edit&redlink=1) 1982 John Clymer (/wiki/John_Clymer) Carl Erickson (/wiki/Carl_Erickson_(illustrator)) Henry P. Raleigh (/w/index.php?title=Henry_P._Raleigh&action=edit&redlink=1) 1983 Franklin Booth (/wiki/Franklin_Booth) Mark English (/wiki/Mark_English_(illustrator)) Noel Sickles (/wiki/Noel_Sickles) 1984 John La Gatta (/wiki/John_La_Gatta) Neysa McMein (/wiki/Neysa_McMein) James Williamson (/w/index.php?title=James_Williamson_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1) 1985 Arthur Burdett Frost (/wiki/A._B._Frost) Charles Marion Russell (/wiki/Charles_Marion_Russell) Robert Weaver (/wiki/Robert_Weaver_(illustrator)) 1986 Al Hirschfeld (/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld) Rockwell Kent (/wiki/Rockwell_Kent) 1987 Maurice Sendak (/wiki/Maurice_Sendak) Haddon Sundblom (/wiki/Haddon_Sundblom) 1988 René Bouché Pruett Carter (/wiki/Pruett_Carter) Robert T. McCall (/wiki/Robert_McCall_(artist)) 1989 Erté (/wiki/Ert%C3%A9) John Held Jr. (/wiki/John_Held_Jr.) Arthur Ignatius Keller (/wiki/Arthur_I._Keller) 1990–1999 1990 Robert Riggs (/w/index.php?title=Robert_Riggs_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1) Morton Roberts (/w/index.php?title=Morton_Roberts&action=edit&redlink=1) Burt Silverman (/w/index.php?title=Burt_Silverman&action=edit&redlink=1) 1991 Jessie Willcox Smith (/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith) William Arthur Smith (/wiki/William_Arthur_Smith) Donald Teague (/wiki/Donald_Teague) 1992 Joe Bowler (/wiki/Joseph_Bowler) Edwin A. Georgi (/w/index.php?title=Edwin_A._Georgi&action=edit&redlink=1) Dorothy Hood (/wiki/Dorothy_Hood_(illustrator)) 1993 Robert McGinnis (/wiki/Robert_McGinnis) Thomas Nast (/wiki/Thomas_Nast) Coles Phillips (/wiki/Coles_Phillips) 1994 Harry Anderson (/wiki/Harry_Anderson_(artist)) Elizabeth Shippen Green (/wiki/Elizabeth_Shippen_Green) Ben Shahn (/wiki/Ben_Shahn) 1995 James Avati (/wiki/James_Avati) McClelland Barclay (/wiki/McClelland_Barclay) Joseph Clement Coll (/wiki/Joseph_Clement_Coll) Frank Schoonover (/wiki/Frank_Schoonover) 1996 Anton Otto Fischer (/wiki/Anton_Otto_Fischer) Winsor McCay (/wiki/Winsor_McCay) Violet Oakley (/wiki/Violet_Oakley) Mead Schaeffer (/wiki/Mead_Schaeffer) Herbert Tauss (/wiki/Herbert_Tauss) 1997 Chesley Bonestell (/wiki/Chesley_Bonestell) Joe DeMers (/w/index.php?title=Joe_DeMers&action=edit&redlink=1) Diane Dillon (/wiki/Leo_and_Diane_Dillon) Leo Dillon (/wiki/Leo_and_Diane_Dillon) Maynard Dixon (/wiki/Maynard_Dixon) Harrison Fisher (/wiki/Harrison_Fisher) Frank McCarthy (/wiki/Frank_McCarthy_(artist)) 1998 Boris Artzybasheff (/wiki/Boris_Artzybasheff) Robert M. Cunningham (/wiki/Robert_M._Cunningham) Kerr Eby (/wiki/Kerr_Eby) Frank Frazetta (/wiki/Frank_Frazetta) Edward Penfield (/wiki/Edward_Penfield) Martha Sawyers (/w/index.php?title=Martha_Sawyers&action=edit&redlink=1) 1999 Mitchell Hooks (/wiki/Mitchell_Hooks) Andrew Loomis (/wiki/Andrew_Loomis) Antonio Lopez (/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_(illustrator)) Stanley Meltzoff (/wiki/Stanley_Meltzoff) Thomas Moran (/wiki/Thomas_Moran) Rose O'Neill (/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill) Adolph Treidler (/wiki/Adolph_Treidler) 2000–2009 2000 James Bama (/wiki/James_Bama) Nell Brinkley (/wiki/Nell_Brinkley) Charles Livingston Bull (/wiki/Charles_Livingston_Bull) David Stone Martin (/wiki/David_Stone_Martin) Alice and Martin Provensen (/wiki/Alice_and_Martin_Provensen) J. Allen St. John (/wiki/J._Allen_St._John) 2001 John James Audubon (/wiki/John_James_Audubon) Will H. Bradley (/wiki/Will_H._Bradley) Howard Brodie (/wiki/Howard_Brodie) F. O. C. Darley (/wiki/F._O._C._Darley) Charles R. Knight (/wiki/Charles_R._Knight) Franklin McMahon (/wiki/Franklin_McMahon) 2002 E. Simms Campbell (/wiki/E._Simms_Campbell) Milton Glaser (/wiki/Milton_Glaser) Jean-Leon Huens (/w/index.php?title=Jean-Leon_Huens&action=edit&redlink=1) Daniel Schwartz (/wiki/Daniel_Schwartz) 2003 Elaine Duillo (/wiki/Elaine_Duillo) David Levine (/wiki/David_Levine) Bill Mauldin (/wiki/Bill_Mauldin) Jack Potter (/wiki/Jack_Potter) 2004 John Berkey (/wiki/John_Berkey) John Groth (/wiki/John_Groth) Robert Andrew Parker (/wiki/Robert_Andrew_Parker) Saul Steinberg (/wiki/Saul_Steinberg) 2005 Jack Davis (/wiki/Jack_Davis_(cartoonist)) Brad Holland (/wiki/Brad_Holland_(artist)) Herbert Paus (/wiki/Herbert_Paus) Albert Beck Wenzell (/w/index.php?title=Albert_Beck_Wenzell&action=edit&redlink=1) 2006 Gilbert Bundy (/wiki/Gilbert_Bundy) Bradshaw Crandell (/wiki/Bradshaw_Crandell) Keith Ferris (/wiki/Keith_Ferris) Harold Foster (/wiki/Hal_Foster) Frank H. Netter (/wiki/Frank_H._Netter) Alvin J. Pimsler (/w/index.php?title=Alvin_J._Pimsler&action=edit&redlink=1) Jack Unruh (/wiki/Jack_Unruh) 2007 David Grove (/w/index.php?title=David_Grove_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1) Gary Kelley (/w/index.php?title=Gary_Kelley&action=edit&redlink=1) Edward Windsor Kemble (/wiki/E._W._Kemble) Russell Patterson (/wiki/Russell_Patterson) George Stavrinos (/wiki/George_Stavrinos) 2008 Benton Clark (/w/index.php?title=Benton_Clark&action=edit&redlink=1) Matt Clark (/w/index.php?title=Matt_Clark_(illustrator)&action=edit&redlink=1) Kinuko Y. Craft (/wiki/Kinuko_Y._Craft) Naiad Einsel (/wiki/Naiad_Einsel) Walter Einsel (/wiki/Walter_Einsel) 2009 Mario Cooper (/w/index.php?title=Mario_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1) Paul Davis (/wiki/Paul_Brooks_Davis) Laurence Fellows (/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Fellows&action=edit&redlink=1) Arnold Roth (/wiki/Arnold_Roth) Herbert Morton Stoops (/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Morton_Stoops&action=edit&redlink=1) 2010–2019 2010 Charles Edward Chambers (/wiki/Charles_Edward_Chambers) Earl Oliver Hurst (/w/index.php?title=Earl_Oliver_Hurst&action=edit&redlink=1) Orson Lowell (/wiki/Orson_Lowell) Wilson McLean (/wiki/Wilson_McLean) Chris Van Allsburg (/wiki/Chris_Van_Allsburg) 2011 Kenneth Paul Block (/wiki/Kenneth_Paul_Block) Alan E. Cober (/wiki/Alan_E._Cober) Robert Heindel (/wiki/Robert_Heindel) Fred Otnes (/wiki/Fred_Otnes) Jerry Pinkney (/wiki/Jerry_Pinkney) 2012 Ludwig Bemelmans (/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans) R. O. Blechman (/wiki/R._O._Blechman) John Collier (/wiki/John_Collier_(sculptor)) Edward Gorey (/wiki/Edward_Gorey) John Sloan (/wiki/John_Sloan) Nancy Stahl (/wiki/Nancy_Stahl) 2013 Ted CoConis (/wiki/Ted_CoConis) George Herriman (/wiki/George_Herriman) Sanford Kossin (/w/index.php?title=Sanford_Kossin&action=edit&redlink=1) Arthur Rackham (/wiki/Arthur_Rackham) Charles M. Schulz (/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz) Murray Tinkelman (/wiki/Murray_Tinkelman) 2014 Mary Blair (/wiki/Mary_Blair) Walter Everett (/wiki/Walter_Hunt_Everett) Al Jaffee (/wiki/Al_Jaffee) Syd Mead (/wiki/Syd_Mead) William Cameron Menzies (/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies) Alex Raymond (/wiki/Alex_Raymond) Edward Sorel (/wiki/Edward_Sorel) 2015 Bernard D'Andrea (/w/index.php?title=Bernard_D%27Andrea&action=edit&redlink=1) Walter M. Baumhofer (/wiki/Walter_M._Baumhofer) Will Eisner (/wiki/Will_Eisner) Virgil Finlay (/wiki/Virgil_Finlay) Ted Lewin (/wiki/Ted_Lewin) and Betsy Lewin (/wiki/Betsy_Lewin) Pat Oliphant (/wiki/Pat_Oliphant) Arthur Szyk (/wiki/Arthur_Szyk) 2016 Marshall Arisman (/wiki/Marshall_Arisman) Rolf Armstrong (/wiki/Rolf_Armstrong) Guy Billout (/wiki/Guy_Billout) Peter de Sève (/wiki/Peter_de_S%C3%A8ve) William Glackens (/wiki/William_Glackens) Beatrix Potter (/wiki/Beatrix_Potter) Richard M. Powers (/wiki/Richard_M._Powers) 2017 Mort Drucker (/wiki/Mort_Drucker) Bart Forbes (/wiki/Bart_Forbes) Anita Kunz (/wiki/Anita_Kunz) Ralph Steadman (/wiki/Ralph_Steadman) Burne Hogarth (/wiki/Burne_Hogarth) George Petty (/wiki/George_Petty) Gustaf Tenggren (/wiki/Gustaf_Tenggren) 2018 Robert Crumb (/wiki/Robert_Crumb) Kate Greenaway (/wiki/Kate_Greenaway) René Gruau (/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gruau) Jack Kirby (/wiki/Jack_Kirby) Heinrich Kley (/wiki/Heinrich_Kley) Hilary Knight (/wiki/Hilary_Knight_(illustrator)) James McMullan (/wiki/James_McMullan) Kay Nielsen (/wiki/Kay_Nielsen) C. F. Payne (/wiki/C._F._Payne) 2019 Alice Barber Stephens (/wiki/Alice_Barber_Stephens) Mary Petty (/wiki/Mary_Petty) Frank Godwin (/wiki/Frank_Godwin) Mark Summers (/wiki/Mark_Summers) Vincent Di Fate (/wiki/Vincent_Di_Fate) Roz Chast (/wiki/Roz_Chast) 2020–2029 2020 Thomas Blackshear (/wiki/Thomas_Blackshear) Edmund Dulac (/wiki/Edmund_Dulac) Jean Henri Gaston Giraud (Mœbius) (/wiki/Jean_Giraud) Jeffrey Catherine Jones (/wiki/Jeffrey_Catherine_Jones) Barbara Nessim (/wiki/Barbara_Nessim) Drew Struzan (/wiki/Drew_Struzan) 2021 Braldt Bralds (/w/index.php?title=Braldt_Bralds&action=edit&redlink=1) Margaret Brundage (/wiki/Margaret_Brundage) Walter Percy Day (/wiki/Walter_Percy_Day) Dale Messick (/wiki/Dale_Messick) Craig Mullins (/wiki/Craig_Mullins) Floyd Norman (/wiki/Floyd_Norman) 2022 Charles Addams (/wiki/Charles_Addams) George Booth (/wiki/George_Booth_(cartoonist)) Emory Douglas (/wiki/Emory_Douglas) Brian (/wiki/Brian_Froud) and Wendy Froud (/wiki/Wendy_Froud) Reynold Ruffins (/wiki/Reynold_Ruffins) Sarah S. Stilwell Weber (/wiki/Sarah_Stilwell_Weber) 2023 Richard Amsel (/wiki/Richard_Amsel) Anna Whelan Betts (/wiki/Anna_Whelan_Betts) Reynold Brown (/wiki/Reynold_Brown) Seymour Chwast (/wiki/Seymour_Chwast) Helen Hokinson (/wiki/Helen_Hokinson) Wendell Minor (/w/index.php?title=Wendell_Minor&action=edit&redlink=1) Barron Storey (/wiki/Barron_Storey) 2024 Steve Brodner (/wiki/Steve_Brodner) Gustave Doré (/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9) Robert Grossman (/wiki/Robert_Grossman_(artist)) Gregory Manchess (/wiki/Gregory_Manchess) Yuko Shimizu (/wiki/Yuko_Shimizu_(illustrator)) Virginia Frances Sterrett (/wiki/Virginia_Frances_Sterrett) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1485795/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000116368625) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/48346939) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8wxjbHYCHbYptBRrwmd) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/127655840) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88647735) Artists Museum of Modern Art (https://www.moma.org/artists/699) RKD Artists (https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/103710) ULAN (https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500043549) People Deutsche Biographie (https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd127655840.html?language=en) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65140r3) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "RENE BOUCHE, 57, PORTRAITIST, DIES; Magazine and Stage Artist Painted the Prominent" (https://www.nytimes.com/1963/07/07/archives/rene-bouche-57-portraitist-dies-magazine-and-stage-artist-painted.html) . The New York Times . 7 July 1963. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b "René Bouché : Artist of His Time » Biography" (https://www.renebouche.com/artist/?page_id=74) . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) National Portrait Gallery (U.S.) (2002). Americans : paintings and photographs from the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. London : National Portrait Gallery. p. 148. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85514-500-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b Aronson, Jeffrey K; Ramachandran, Manoj (1 January 2011). "The diagnosis of art: WH Auden's face" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014561) . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 104 (1): 38–40. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1258/jrsm.2010.10k065 (https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fjrsm.2010.10k065) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 3014561 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3014561) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 22141182 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22141182) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Morris, Bethan (2006). Fashion illustrator : drawing and presentation for the fashion designer . New York : Abrams. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8109-9171-2 . This article about an illustrator is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Bouch%C3%A9&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐hpwhh Cached time: 20240712201807 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.522 seconds Real time usage: 0.684 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2787/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 147241/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1264/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 16/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39971/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.347/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5544764/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 571.078 1 -total 34.92% 199.392 1 Template:Infobox_artist 21.88% 124.944 1 Template:Reflist 19.62% 112.068 1 Template:Society_of_Illustrators'_Hall_of_Fame 19.20% 109.625 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups 14.51% 82.860 1 Template:Cite_news 9.44% 53.884 1 Template:Birth_date 5.61% 32.064 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 5.49% 31.369 1 Template:Authority_control 4.92% 28.106 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28028183-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712201807 and revision id 1229403492. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Bouché&oldid=1229403492 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=René_Bouché&oldid=1229403492) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1963 deaths (/wiki/Category:1963_deaths) 20th-century Czech artists (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Czech_artists) Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Emigrants_from_Austria-Hungary_to_the_United_Kingdom) Fashion illustrators (/wiki/Category:Fashion_illustrators) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni (/wiki/Category:Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich_alumni) People from East Grinstead (/wiki/Category:People_from_East_Grinstead) Artists from Prague (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Prague) Vogue (magazine) people (/wiki/Category:Vogue_(magazine)_people) 1905 births (/wiki/Category:1905_births) Illustrator stubs (/wiki/Category:Illustrator_stubs) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with MoMA identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MoMA_identifiers) Articles with RKDartists identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_RKDartists_identifiers) Articles with ULAN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ULAN_identifiers) Articles with DTBIO identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DTBIO_identifiers) Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Use of social media platforms by fashion designers and consumers This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought) that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry&action=edit) by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone) . ( May 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Social media in the fashion industry" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Social+media+in+the+fashion+industry%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Social+media+in+the+fashion+industry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Social+media+in+the+fashion+industry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Social+media+in+the+fashion+industry%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Social+media+in+the+fashion+industry%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Social+media+in+the+fashion+industry%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style) . You can help (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry&action=edit) . The talk page (/wiki/Talk:Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) may contain suggestions. ( January 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Social media in the fashion industry refers to the use of social media (/wiki/Social_media) platforms by fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) and users to promote and participate in trends. Over the past several decades, the development of social media has increased along with its usage by consumers. The COVID-19 (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) pandemic was a sharp turn of reliance on the virtual sphere for the industry and consumers alike. Social media has created new channels of advertising (/wiki/Advertising) for fashion houses to reach their target markets. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) Since its surge in 2009, luxury fashion brands have used social media to build interactions between the brand and its customers to increase awareness and engagement. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The emergence of influencers (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) on social media has created a new way of advertising and maintaining customer relationships in the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . Numerous social media platforms are used to promote fashion trends, with Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) being the most popular among Generation Y (/wiki/Millennials) and Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The overall impact of social media in the fashion industry included the creation of online communities, direct communication between industry leaders and consumers, and criticized ideals that are promoted by the industry through social media. Background [ edit ] In 2003, at the beginning of social media development, MySpace (/wiki/Myspace) was founded as a “social networking service.” It allowed people to create a profile, connect with other people, and post videos, pictures, and songs. [3] (#cite_note-3) As MySpace grew in popularity, it attracted interest from companies wishing to promote their brands on the social platform. MySpace is most well known for exposing musicians and artists who made it big in the industry, and companies wanted to capitalize on their popularity by making brand deals. [4] (#cite_note-4) One of MySpace’s deals was with Chevrolet (/wiki/Chevrolet) , putting on a ‘secret show’. They had a ‘secret’ list of 10 top artists on MySpace, and many artists posted about the show on their accounts. Another brand deal was with Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) promoting their “Gucci Synch Watch”, which was very successful as Gucci tapped into the youthful audience on MySpace and advertised a sleek, simple, trendy unisex watch. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2005, Youtube (/wiki/YouTube) was released and remains one of the most popular social media platforms today. Youtube allows users to upload videos and is free to anyone with access to the internet. [6] (#cite_note-6) It grew in popularity offering a range of videos: vlogs (/wiki/Vlog) , cooking, health and diet videos, step-by-step tutorials, tutoring help, and more. Much like MySpace, users create accounts and can build a following, often referring to themselves as ‘YouTubers.’ When Youtube grew in popularity, it piqued the interest of brands wanting to partner with Youtube and individual YouTubers. [7] (#cite_note-7) Some brand deals were made by having ads at the beginning of each video, and the YouTuber would make a profit from each view they receive. Some deals are made by individual YouTubers thanking the brand in videos and promoting the brand's products. [8] (#cite_note-8) More recently, Youtube has delved into fashion. While there were always youtube channels for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and other fashion companies, popular YouTubers have been invited to different fashion shows and have filmed experiences there. Brands are able to target individual YouTubers based on their followers and the target audiences. In 2010, Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) was launched, which enlarged the scope of fashion advertising. Instagram allows people to post pictures and short videos with the ability to tag different accounts. [9] (#cite_note-9) For brand deals, companies can simply be tagged in a picture instead of creating ads or lines for a user to say. In each picture, users can tag the brands of clothing they were wearing, making it very easy to promote brands. [10] (#cite_note-10) Additionally, Instagram could display ads on users' feed based on other posts the users liked, which used by fashion companies to target their potential customers. Users also use Instagram to promote fashion when they get invited to fashion events. For example, they can take a picture at the event and post it to their Instagram and put their location at the venue and tag the company. During the beginning of the Covid-19 (/wiki/COVID-19) pandemic, companies relied more on social media to keep their public virtually engaged. Fashion companies had virtual fashion shows, creating videos and content about their designs. [11] (#cite_note-11) As social media expands and new platforms come into existence, new ways of advertising are projected to be created. Uses [ edit ] Advertising [ edit ] Social media (/wiki/Social_media) is a popular use of advertisement in the fashion industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) . Information sharing has expanded due to the growth of social media platforms, which impacts social consumer involvement with fashion brands. [12] (#cite_note-12) Fashion companies use social media platforms to reach customers on emotional levels and stoke engagement with brand images and messages. Researchers in the United Kingdom have demonstrated that engaging with customers with social media messages that express social passion, social tendency, and personal warmth can boost social engagement with fashion brands. [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) In social spheres, fashion is a method for individuals to represent their distinction through clothing. Some people who desire to socially influence others through their fashion and style now have the possibility thanks to social media in the fashion sector. Customers who want to purchase fashion brands frequently follow fashion authorities on social media and heed their recommendations for purchasing fashion products. [14] (#cite_note-14) Influencers [ edit ] Companies leveraged celebrities (/wiki/Celebrities) ' fame and social standing to advertise their brands, as Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) did when incorporating social media into their marketing strategy, making Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , who has 15.5 million Instagram followers as of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry&action=edit) , a brand ambassador (/wiki/Brand_ambassador) . Though recent developments in social media platforms have led to an increase in the awareness of influencers (/wiki/Influencer) . [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) Influencer marketing (/wiki/Influencer_marketing) has emerged as a fast expanding marketing strategy in various industries as a result of the unheard-of increase in the number of social media influencers' followers. [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) Recently, influencer marketing has received significant attention in the fashion industry. Research shows that influencer marketing may provide a rate of influence that is 11x times greater than that of other conventional advertising channels. [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Fashion consumers, specifically those in generations Y (/wiki/Millennials) and Z (/wiki/Generation_Z) , may be more influenced by influencers in the context of the fashion industries as they often view them as friends and personal assistants. [15] (#cite_note-:4-15) Fashion influencer marketing on social media platforms have led fashion consumption on social sopping services. [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) One of these social fashion services is LTK (LIKEtoKNOW.it before 2021) where everyday consumers can find and purchase clothing worn by social media fashion influencers (also known as SMFIs). [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Launched in 2014, LTK has gained a massive following on Instagram (over 3 million) and has 1.3 million registered users on their mobile application. [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) Utilizing SMFIs has led to massive sales within the fashion industry, 80% of visitors of Nordstrom’s (/wiki/Nordstrom) mobile platform are referred by influencers. [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) Social media fashion influencers try new fashion products, adopt fashion trends and have power in what their audience purchases. Social media fashion influencers gain a following though promoting fashion products, and posting about their lavish lifestyles attained through their higher socioeconomic status (/wiki/Socioeconomic_status) . [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) The attractive lifestyles of the influencers influence their followers to mimic their luxurious (/wiki/Luxurious) lifestyle (/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)) and are allowed to consume the same products through social shopping services. [17] (#cite_note-:7-17) Trends [ edit ] The connection between social media and fashion has become common. [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) Influencer marketing has emerged as a necessity and crucial component of advertising. 85% of American businesses are presently using influencer marketing as part of their marketing plan (/wiki/Marketing_plan) . [19] (#cite_note-19) Wearing fashion brands is a method to show oneself at social gatherings. Through their clothing, people try to demonstrate how distinct they are. Some people who desire to socially influence others through their fashion and style now have the possibility thanks to social media in the fashion sector. Customers who want to purchase fashion brands frequently follow fashion authorities on social media and heed their recommendations for purchasing fashion products. [13] (#cite_note-:3-13) In January 2021, the Italian fashion house Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) deleted all its social media accounts "to lean much more on its ambassadors and fans" to spread the company's social content, a trend that did not amplify. [20] (#cite_note-20) Fashion campaigns [ edit ] Fashion companies expanded in social media usage beyond advertisement to create a "conversation" with customers, allowing brands to have the opportunity to connect and develop relationships with customers through fashion campaigns. Charlotte Russe (/wiki/Charlotte_Russe_(retailer)) has a successful social media campaign with a strong following on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. Their campaign focused on "user-generated content and social engagement." [21] (#cite_note-:1-21) Charlotte Russe holds a weekly trivia contest on Twitter, which compels consumers to visit their website and ran a 'Be The Next Charlotte Russe Design Star' contest, producing the winning T-shirt design. [21] (#cite_note-:1-21) Marc by Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_by_Marc_Jacobs) used social media for a worldwide model casting to showcase their new line. Marc selected models from Instagram that had the hash-tag #Marc and the campaign had almost 70,000 entries from around the world. [22] (#cite_note-finance.yahoo.com-22) The head designer wanted to use Instagram for his casting in order to connect with a younger demographic. [22] (#cite_note-finance.yahoo.com-22) Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) used Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) to broadcast its Spring 2010 ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) show. [23] (#cite_note-23) The use of advertisements and influencers has helped Louis Vuitton grow between the years of 2010 and 2019. [24] (#cite_note-24) In 2019, Louis Vuitton partnered with Youtuber (/wiki/YouTuber) , Emma Chamberlain (/wiki/Emma_Chamberlain) for Paris Fashion Week. [25] (#cite_note-25) In 2012, Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) partnered with Facebook to achieve the largest online audience of a live-stream London (/wiki/London) fashion show. Over 200 million people were exposed to images and content from the runway. A direct impact was seen by Topshop as customers were able to immediately purchase the looks from the runway, with the first dress on the catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) selling out before the end of the show. [26] (#cite_note-26) Platforms [ edit ] The emergence of social media platforms in the early 2000's has been utilized by fashion brands to promote their products through the use of company-made and influencer-created messages, and share their name beyond advertising. On social media, brands have created profiles as an interactive identity to communicate with their audience or consumers and some use social media for selling directly to customers. Platforms such as TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) , Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) and YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) have allowed fashion brands to engage with consumers, often younger than the traditional target market. Utilizing algorithms and personalized pages for the consumers, brands can track likes, dislikes, and analyze data to reach new consumers. TikTok [ edit ] Luxury brands have turned to TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) to engage younger audiences. During Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) of February 2020, designer brand, Prada (/wiki/Prada) , collaborated with the TikTok influencer, Charli D’Amelio (/wiki/Charli_D%27Amelio) , and the video reached 36.8 million views. [27] (#cite_note-27) Later that year in September, TikTok launched its own fashion month and invited users to join by sharing content under hashtags #TikTokFashionMonth, #GetTheLook, and #Fashion101. [28] (#cite_note-Zargani2020-28) New York Fashion Week’s hashtags on TikTok were the most watched for the Fall 2020 fashion season, reaching 15.3 million visualizations and engaging 2.9 million users. [28] (#cite_note-Zargani2020-28) Instagram [ edit ] With the 2010 launch of Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) , the app since then has gained over millions of followers. Instagram is now considered to be one of the most powerful tools in shaping the way consumers perceive brands. 81% of Instagram users use the platform to research products and services and 50% of users have visited a website to make a purchase after seeing a product or a service. [29] (#cite_note-29) Instagram has incorporated a “Shop” feature on the app; this feature presents the same design and layout as the content from followers, but when pictures are viewed, a marketplace window opens up as if you were shopping for the item on a website. [30] (#cite_note-30) The Shop feature makes content suggestions based on the users' data such as likes and following. Instagram users can comment on posted items and provide feedback and reviews of the product as well as rate their purchase. The posted items are associated with a brand, and this is linked to the brand’s instagram page. Instagram has added features to profile pages to assist in validation of verified brands, such as adding “Retailer” to the profile, to aid consumers in avoiding scams and faulty purchases. With over 200 million active users, access to creative content is virtually unlimited. Many fashion-forward Instagram accounts with large followings are able to turn their passions into businesses, generating income using their status within the community. Models and influencers who use Instagram for representation in fashion had a greater likelihood to walk on fashion runways. [31] (#cite_note-dl.acm.org-31) There is a direct correlation between user popularity on Instagram and their probability to succeed in the fashion industry. [31] (#cite_note-dl.acm.org-31) Facebook [ edit ] The introduction of the Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) Pages allows brands to create a Facebook profile for their brand and promote their name. This allowed for consumers to like, follow, and interact with the company page. The company would then post feed that would be received by consumers in their recent posts. Visual media interactions on social media platforms such as Facebook has been successful with the distribution of fashion media. [32] (#cite_note-32) Interactions can take place between the brand and consumer, through advertisements, sharing behind the scenes content and commenting on profiles. [33] (#cite_note-:20-33) Consumers can comment on brand’s posts, post pictures in the product, click links, like (/wiki/Facebook_like_button) , and share the page with their own network. [33] (#cite_note-:20-33) Fashion brands utilize Facebook to further connect with their consumers and provide more incentives to shop through special deals in addition to creating brand trust through giving insight on Facebook posts. [33] (#cite_note-:20-33) Pinterest [ edit ] Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) is a “visual discovery engine”. [34] (#cite_note-34) The social media component comes from users posting pins and creating pin-boards that other users can save and share. A class of second year fashion students at an American university have incorporated Pinterest into their course curriculum. [35] (#cite_note-35) The motive of utilizing social media in fashion was to open a dialogue of conversation between the designer and the consumer to directly access their wants and needs through the consumer’s Pin-Board. Using the platform of social media also allowed students to reach a broader audience of customers and their needs. YouTube [ edit ] More recently, fashion brands have expanded because of YouTubers (/wiki/List_of_YouTubers) . YouTubers would receive PR packages and advertise the brand in their videos, and the millions of people watching would see these advertisements and be more inclined to look on these brands' websites and order them. Some YouTubers would be invited to fashion shows, or events from big brands and vlog their experience and upload it to youtube. Impact on customers [ edit ] Online communities [ edit ] Social media platforms such as Facebook fan pages enable customers to communicate with each other and build online communities relating to common fashion interests. [36] (#cite_note-36) Customers rely on the opinions of other customers in online communities to make purchase decisions. [37] (#cite_note-37) 82% of U.S. adults have read online reviews before making first time purchasing decisions. [38] (#cite_note-38) Benefits [ edit ] Customers benefit from the fashion industry’s use of social media, as it provides a way to easily communicate with companies and other customers and view product lines. [39] (#cite_note-39) [40] (#cite_note-40) Customers also view fashion companies’ social media pages as a form of entertainment, and some use them for building their own social media presence as content creators and fashion influencers. [41] (#cite_note-41) Harms [ edit ] See also: Body image (/wiki/Body_image) , Problematic social media use (/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use) , and instagram § Impact_on_people (/wiki/Instagram#Impact_on_people) The fashion industry's use of social media has been criticized for promoting unhealthy body image (/wiki/Body_image) among young women. [42] (#cite_note-42) [43] (#cite_note-:2-43) Social media exposes customers to images of idealized body standards, which leads to mental health concerns such as depression and social appearance anxiety. [43] (#cite_note-:2-43) Instagram has been criticized for promoting users to “share only the best moments”, which pressures users to “look perfect” and thus created harmful effects such as eating disorders and depression among teenagers. [44] (#cite_note-44) In response to the body image concerns, some brands have made efforts to promote body positivity (/wiki/Body_positivity) through social media and marketing campaigns. [45] (#cite_note-Rodgers_127–134-45) The brand, Aerie , launched Aerie Real in 2014 to showcase diverse body sizes and stopped airbrushing models in their campaigns. [45] (#cite_note-Rodgers_127–134-45) See also [ edit ] Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Outfit of the day (/wiki/Outfit_of_the_day) Fashion influencers (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Online advertising (/wiki/Online_advertising) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) Social media (/wiki/Social_media) Social media marketing (/wiki/Social_media_marketing) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Mohr, Iris (2013). "The impact of social media on the fashion industry". Journal of Applied Business and Economics . 15 (2): 17–22. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Park, Jaehyuk; Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca; Ferrara, Emilio (27 February 2016). "Style in the Age of Instagram" (https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820065) . Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing . CSCW '16. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 64–73. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1145/2818048.2820065 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2818048.2820065) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4503-3592-8 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4300637 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4300637) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Weissman, Saya (8 May 2013). "Myspace's Pitch to Brands" (https://digiday.com/marketing/myspaces-pitch-to-brands/) . Digiday . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Scott, Mark (11 July 2007). "Social Networking in Europe: How MySpace Conquered the Continent" (https://www.spiegel.de/international/business/social-networking-in-europe-how-myspace-conquered-the-continent-a-493755.html) . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "The History of Influencer Marketing: Everything You Need to Know" (https://www.disruptordaily.com/the-history-of-influencer-marketing-everything-you-need-to-know/) . Disruptor Daily . 13 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "10 YouTube Statistics That You Need to Know in 2022" (https://www.oberlo.com/blog/youtube-statistics) . www.oberlo.com . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Asmelash, Leah (23 April 2020). "The first ever YouTube video was uploaded 15 years ago today. Here it is | CNN Business" (https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/tech/youtube-first-video-jawed-karim-trnd/index.html) . CNN . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "How YouTube Influencers Are Rewriting the Marketing Rulebook" (https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-apac/marketing-strategies/video/youtube-influencer-marketing-rulebook/) . Think with Google . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Cloud, John (25 December 2006). "The YouTube Gurus" (https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570795,00.html) . Time . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Top YouTube Influencers & Why They Are So Popular - Favikon" (https://www.favikon.com/blog/the-top-youtube-influencers) . www.favikon.com . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Richey, Lisa Ann; Atal, Maha Rafi (30 November 2021). "Advertising in the pandemic: how companies used COVID as a marketing tool" (https://theconversation.com/advertising-in-the-pandemic-how-companies-used-covid-as-a-marketing-tool-172202) . The Conversation . Retrieved 4 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Baoxin, Manikonda, Lydia Venkatesan, Ragav Kambhampati, Subbarao Li (3 December 2015). Trending Chic: Analyzing the Influence of Social Media on Fashion Brands . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 1106228928 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1106228928) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) [ page needed ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Naeem, Muhammad; Ozuem, Wilson (September 2021). "Understanding the social consumer fashion brand engagement journey: insights about reputed fashion brands" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8214459) . Journal of Brand Management . 28 (5): 510–525. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1057/s41262-021-00239-5 (https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41262-021-00239-5) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 8214459 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8214459) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Belanche, Daniel; Casaló, Luis V.; Flavián, Marta; Ibáñez-Sánchez, Sergio (August 2021). "Understanding influencer marketing: The role of congruence between influencers, products and consumers" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2021.03.067) . Journal of Business Research . 132 : 186–195. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.067 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2021.03.067) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235518552 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235518552) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chetioui, Youssef; Benlafqih, Hikma; Lebdaoui, Hind (17 April 2020). "How fashion influencers contribute to consumers' purchase intention". Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management . 24 (3): 361–380. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/JFMM-08-2019-0157 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJFMM-08-2019-0157) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 219094151 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219094151) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) PVH, C. (2012). Tommy Hilfiger Announces Gigi Hadid as Global Brand Ambassador for Tommy Hilfiger. Business Wire (English) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Shin, Eonyou; Lee, Jung Eun (August 2021). "What makes consumers purchase apparel products through social shopping services that social media fashion influencers have worn?". Journal of Business Research . 132 : 416–428. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.022 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2021.04.022) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235525512 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235525512) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Follett, Gillian (24 October 2022). "How influencer storefronts drive sales for brands" (https://adage.com/article/digital-marketing-ad-tech-news/influencer-recommendations-and-storefronts-shape-what-consumers-buy/2442746) . Ad Age (/wiki/Ad_Age) . Vol. 93, no. 14. p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-19) Zietek, Nathalie (2016). Influencer Marketing : the characteristics and components of fashion influencer marketing . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Why haven't social blackouts from Bottega Veneta and Lush spread to other retailers?" (https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2023/11/17/why-haven-t-social-blackouts-bottega-veneta-and-lush-spread-other-retailers) . The Drum . Retrieved 27 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Mascala (21 December 2009). "5 Ways Social Media Changed Fashion in 2009" (https://mashable.com/archive/social-media-fashion) . Mashable (/wiki/Mashable) . Retrieved 15 January 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Marc by Marc Jacobs' Fall Campaign Features Models Found Through Social Media" (http://finance.yahoo.com/news/marc-marc-jacobs-fall-campaign-features-models-found-040011293.html) . finance.yahoo.com . 30 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 February 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Gers, Dana. "Social Climbing: Luxury Fashion Brands Must Embrace Social Media" (https://www.forbes.com/2009/10/14/social-media-luxury-brands-cmo-network-gers.html) . Forbes . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Vuitton propels LVMH growth in boost for luxury sector" (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/10/vuitton-propels-lvmh-growth-in-boost-for-luxury-sector.html) . CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) . 10 October 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Nelson, Rebecca (September 2019). "The Emma Chamberlain Effect" (https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a28778472/emma-chamberlain-youtube-interview/) . Marie Claire . 26 (9): 196–201. Gale (/wiki/Gale_(identifier)) A599220453 (https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA599220453) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Sinha-Roy, Piya; Hoang, Li-mei (18 September 2012). "Fashion meets social media at London Fashion Week" (https://lfpress.com/2012/09/18/fashion-meets-social-media-at-london-fashion-week) . The London Free Press (/wiki/The_London_Free_Press) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . Retrieved 15 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Rees-Roberts, Nick (December 2020). "After fashion film: social video and brand content in the influencer economy". Journal of Visual Culture . 19 (3): 405–421. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1470412920964907 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470412920964907) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 227905524 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227905524) . ^ Jump up to: a b Zargani, Luisa (4 November 2020). "NYFW Hashtags Most Viewed on TikTok in Fashion Month". WWD . p. 3. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 2494564007 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/2494564007) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Newberry, Christina (6 January 2021). "44 Instagram Stats That Matter to Marketers in 2021" (https://blog.hootsuite.com/instagram-statistics/) . Hootsuite . Retrieved 15 January 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Introducing Shops on Instagram: A New Online Shopping Experience" (https://business.instagram.com/blog/introducing-shops-on-instagram) . Instagram for Business . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Park, Jaehyuk; Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca; Ferrara, Emilio (27 February 2016). "Style in the Age of Instagram" (https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2818048.2820065) . Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing . San Francisco California USA: ACM. pp. 64–73. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1145/2818048.2820065 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2818048.2820065) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4503-3592-8 . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 4300637 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4300637) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Bartlett, Djurdja; Cole, Shaun; Rocamora, Agnès, eds. (2013). Fashion Media . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.5040/9781350051201 (https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350051201) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-350-05120-1 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Kawaf, Fatema; Istanbulluoglu, Doga (May 2019). "Online fashion shopping paradox: The role of customer reviews and facebook marketing" (http://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/23050/1/23050%20KAWAF_Online_Fashion_Shopping_Paradox_Facebook_Marketing_%28AAM%29_2019.pdf) (PDF) . Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services . 48 : 144–153. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.02.017 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jretconser.2019.02.017) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 169294703 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169294703) . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "All about Pinterest" (https://help.pinterest.com/en/guide/all-about-pinterest) . Pinterest Help . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Lapolla, Kendra (1 December 2014). "The Pinterest project: Using social media in an undergraduate second year fashion design course at a United States University". Art, Design & Communication in Higher Education . 13 (2): 175–187. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1386/adch.13.2.175_1 (https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fadch.13.2.175_1) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Burnasheva, Regina; Suh, Yong Gu; Villalobos-Moron, Katherine (2 January 2019). "Sense of community and social identity effect on brand love: Based on the online communities of a luxury fashion brands". Journal of Global Fashion Marketing . 10 (1): 50–65. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/20932685.2018.1558087 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20932685.2018.1558087) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 149921237 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149921237) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Cheung, Christy M.K.; Liu, Ivy L.B.; Lee, Matthew K.O. (December 2015). "How online social interactions influence customer information contribution behavior in online social shopping communities: A social learning theory perspective". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology . 66 (12): 2511–2521. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/asi.23340 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.23340) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 38228146 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38228146) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Smith, Aaron (19 December 2016). "2. Online reviews" (https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/12/19/online-reviews/) . Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech . Retrieved 2 November 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Kim, Angella J.; Ko, Eunju (October 2012). "Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand". Journal of Business Research . 65 (10): 1480–1486. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.014 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2011.10.014) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 13323612 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13323612) . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Bazi, Saleh; Filieri, Raffaele; Gorton, Matthew (May 2020). "Customers' motivation to engage with luxury brands on social media". Journal of Business Research . 112 : 223–235. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.032 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbusres.2020.02.032) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 214343044 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214343044) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Berthon, Pierre R.; Pitt, Leyland F.; Plangger, Kirk; Shapiro, Daniel (May 2012). "Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy" (https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/marketing-meets-web-20-social-media-and-creative-consumers(93966f6b-b158-4942-9764-7ca68335ec1c).html) . Business Horizons . 55 (3): 261–271. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.bushor.2012.01.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2012.01.007) . ^ (#cite_ref-42) VanMeter, Rebecca A.; Grisaffe, Douglas B.; Chonko, Lawrence B. (November 2015). "Of 'Likes' and 'Pins': The Effects of Consumers' Attachment to Social Media". Journal of Interactive Marketing . 32 : 70–88. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.intmar.2015.09.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intmar.2015.09.001) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 146540517 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146540517) . ^ Jump up to: a b Seekis, Veya; Bradley, Graham L.; Duffy, Amanda L. (September 2020). "Appearance-Related Social Networking Sites and Body Image in Young Women: Testing an Objectification-Social Comparison Model". Psychology of Women Quarterly . 44 (3): 377–392. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0361684320920826 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0361684320920826) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 219402789 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219402789) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) Seetharaman, Georgia Wells, Jeff Horwitz and Deepa (14 September 2021). "Facebook Knows Instagram Is Toxic for Teen Girls, Company Documents Show" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-instagram-is-toxic-for-teen-girls-company-documents-show-11631620739) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 November 2022 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b Rodgers, Rachel F.; Kruger, Lou; Lowy, Alice S.; Long, Stephanie; Richard, Chloe (September 2019). "Getting Real about body image: A qualitative investigation of the usefulness of the Aerie Real campaign" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bodyim.2019.06.002) . Body Image . 30 : 127–134. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.002 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bodyim.2019.06.002) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 31260946 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31260946) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 195770775 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195770775) . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐9zrfx Cached time: 20240712181024 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.739 seconds Real time usage: 0.873 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3441/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 174542/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 14123/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 193768/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.492/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6711042/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 759.362 1 -total 25.76% 195.600 17 Template:Cite_journal 21.00% 159.475 4 Template:Ambox 17.39% 132.046 3 Template:Navbox 17.30% 131.335 1 Template:Fashion 13.93% 105.766 1 Template:Multiple_issues 9.76% 74.138 1 Template:Short_description 9.70% 73.660 17 Template:Cite_web 6.03% 45.768 2 Template:Pagetype 5.36% 40.690 1 Template:Essay-like Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28163544-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712181024 and revision id 1217030983. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry&oldid=1217030983 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry&oldid=1217030983) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Marketing techniques (/wiki/Category:Marketing_techniques) Social media (/wiki/Category:Social_media) Fashion industry (/wiki/Category:Fashion_industry) Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Category:Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2019 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2019) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) Articles needing additional references from May 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2019) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_January_2022) All articles needing rewrite (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Use dmy dates from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements)
|
Piquadro Company type Società per azioni (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) BIT (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) : PQ (https://www.borsaitaliana.it/borsa/azioni/scheda/IT0004240443.html?lang=en) Industry Leather Goods Founded 1987 ( 1987 ) in Riola di Vergato (/wiki/Vergato) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Headquarters Silla di Gaggio Montano (/wiki/Gaggio_Montano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Key people Marco Palmieri , President and CEO Products Leather Goods Revenue € (/wiki/Euro) 66,73 million (2015) Number of employees 542 [1] (#cite_note-1) Website www (http://www.piquadro.com) .piquadro (http://www.piquadro.com) .com (http://www.piquadro.com) Piquadro is an Italian leather goods company specializing in business and travel items in Italy and internationally. The company offers products ranging from men's and women's professional bags to luggage and small leather items. As of April 2010, it distributed its products through approximately 1500 points of sale. [2] (#cite_note-2) Piquadro has received a number of patents in recognition of its technical and functional innovations. [3] (#cite_note-3) Corporate history [ edit ] The company was founded in 1987 by Marco Palmieri, [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1998, the Piquadro brand was launched its name meaning P squared with the P standing for both, Palmieri (the founder) and pelletterie (leather goods). The first Piquadro single branded store was opened in Milan (/wiki/Milan) via della Spiga (/wiki/Via_della_Spiga) in 2000 [5] (#cite_note-5) and it was followed by Rome (/wiki/Rome) via Frattina two year later. In 2004, the company began an internationalization campaign including investments and the opening of new stores abroad in Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) and Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) . In the following years, more shops were inaugurated in Salzburg (/wiki/Salzburg) , Frankfurt (/wiki/Frankfurt) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , until the most recent openings in the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) , [6] (#cite_note-6) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , and Taipei (/wiki/Taipei) . In 2006, the new headquarters [7] (#cite_note-7) were inaugurated in Gaggio Montano (/wiki/Gaggio_Montano) , on the road that takes from Bologna (/wiki/Bologna) to Pistoia (/wiki/Pistoia) in Tuscany. In October 2007, Piquadro was listed on the Italian stock exchange ( Borsa Italiana (/wiki/Borsa_Italiana) ). [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2010, the company sells through an International distribution network which includes 82 Piquadro single branded shops, of which 48 are located in Italy. [9] (#cite_note-9) The consolidated turnover of the Group at March 2010 was 52,2 million euros [10] (#cite_note-10) with a 1% increase compared to the previous year and a 22,1% average increase in the 6 previous years. [11] (#cite_note-11) Ownership structure [ edit ] Marco Palmieri — 67% Fil Limited — 6.9% Mediobanca (/wiki/Mediobanca) — 6.3% Mercato — 19.7% Source: Consob, April 14, 2010 [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Armani (/wiki/Armani) Attolini (/wiki/Cesare_Attolini) Luciano Barbera (/wiki/Luciano_Barbera) Belvest (/wiki/Belvest) Blufin (/wiki/Blufin) Boglioli (/wiki/Boglioli) Borrelli (/wiki/Luigi_Borrelli) Borsalino (/wiki/Borsalino) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Braccialini (/wiki/Braccialini) Brioni (/wiki/Brioni_(fashion)) Luciano Brunelli (/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Brunelli&action=edit&redlink=1) Buccellati (/wiki/Buccellati) Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) Canali (/wiki/Canali) Caraceni (/wiki/Caraceni_(company)) Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli_(company)) Corneliani (/wiki/Corneliani) Costume National (/wiki/Costume_National) Brunello Cucinelli (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli_(company)) Damiani (/wiki/Damiani_(jewelry_company)) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Etro (/wiki/Etro) Extè (/wiki/Ext%C3%A8) Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_S.p.A.) Fiorucci (/wiki/Fiorucci) Sorelle Fontana (/wiki/Sorelle_Fontana) Frette (/wiki/Frette) Furla (/wiki/Furla) Genny (/wiki/Genny) GIADA (/w/index.php?title=GIADA_(fashion_house)&action=edit&redlink=1) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) Gianfranco Ferré (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) Iceberg (/wiki/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) Isaia (/wiki/Isaia) La Perla (/wiki/La_Perla_(clothing)) Lardini (/wiki/Lardini) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) André Laug (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Laug) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) Krizia (/wiki/Krizia) Malo (/wiki/Malo_(company)) E. Marinella (/wiki/E._Marinella) Marni (/wiki/Marni_(fashion_house)) Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) Moschino (/wiki/Moschino) Piana Clerico (/wiki/Piana_Clerico) Pinko (/wiki/Pinko_(fashion)) Pomellato (/wiki/Pomellato) Prada (/wiki/Prada) Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) Stefano Ricci (/wiki/Stefano_Ricci) Marina Rinaldi (/wiki/Marina_Rinaldi) Rubinacci (/wiki/Rubinacci) Sermoneta Gloves (/wiki/Sermoneta_Gloves) Ermanno Scervino (/wiki/Ermanno_Scervino) Tod's (/wiki/Tod%27s) Trussardi (/wiki/Trussardi) Valentino (/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_house)) Valextra (/wiki/Valextra) Versace (/wiki/Versace) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Ermenegildo_Zegna_Group) Pal Zileri (/wiki/Pal_Zileri) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) PIQUADRO SPA (4LZ:Berlin) (https://web.archive.org/web/20121007044921/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=4LZ:GR) ^ (#cite_ref-2) PIQUADRO SPA (4LZ:Berlin) (https://web.archive.org/web/20121007044921/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=4LZ:GR) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Piquadro announces major travel retail push" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182359/http://www.moodiereport.com/document.php?c_id=30&doc_id=22841) . Archived from the original (http://www.moodiereport.com/document.php?c_id=30&doc_id=22841) on 2011-07-22 . Retrieved 2010-10-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Piquadro Leather goods (http://www.urbanzeitgeist.com/design/_piquadro_blends_traditional_italian.html) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Piquadro: Innovative High-tech Design and Traditional Quality (http://www.mallofsofia.com/EN/cat2/s/28piquardo.html) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Piquadro opens first retail outlet in the Middle East (http://www.ameinfo.com/161611.html) ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Panoramio Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140112225948/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/20436078) . Archived from the original (https://www.panoramio.com/photo/20436078) on 2014-01-12 . Retrieved 2017-10-29 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) THE VENTURE-BACKED IPO MARKET (http://www.aifi.it/it/PDF/Statistiche/vbipos2007.pdf) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Company Website (http://www.piquadro.com/it/it/store_finder/flag_store/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100712023053/http://www.piquadro.com/it/it/store_finder/flag_store) 2010-07-12 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Borsa Italiana Website" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011959/http://www.borsaitaliana.it/bitApp/download.bit?target=DocViewerDownload&filename=db%2Fpdf%2Fnew%2F50648.pdf&lang=it) . Archived from the original (http://www.borsaitaliana.it/bitApp/download.bit?target=DocViewerDownload&filename=db%2Fpdf%2Fnew%2F50648.pdf&lang=it) on 2017-11-07 . Retrieved 2020-05-07 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Company Website (http://www.piquadro.com/it/it/investor_relation/financial_highlights/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100811091426/http://www.piquadro.com/it/it/investor_relation/financial_highlights) 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-12) Consob Website (http://www.consob.it/main/documenti/assetti/semestre1-2010/320960_TVotDich.html) External links [ edit ] Piquadro Official website (http://www.piquadro.com) Yahoo stock profile (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=PQ.MI) FT stock profile (http://markets.ft.com/tearsheets/businessProfile.asp?s=PQ:MIL) Piquadro's year net profit rises, shares up (http://in.reuters.com/article/idINLI57532220090618) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐6cc9f7fdd7‐dpmth Cached time: 20240715151716 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.246 seconds Real time usage: 0.418 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1495/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 18612/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1630/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18632/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.141/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4276442/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 291.369 1 -total 44.39% 129.331 1 Template:Infobox_company 40.74% 118.716 1 Template:Infobox 39.39% 114.756 1 Template:Reflist 30.35% 88.438 3 Template:Cite_web 11.63% 33.900 1 Template:Portal 3.39% 9.874 1 Template:Url 3.29% 9.597 2 Template:Webarchive 3.23% 9.407 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 2.59% 7.541 1 Template:Div_col Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28170030-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715151716 and revision id 1219645997. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piquadro&oldid=1219645997 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piquadro&oldid=1219645997) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Leather manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Leather_manufacturers) Design companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_of_Italy) Companies based in the Metropolitan City of Bologna (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_Metropolitan_City_of_Bologna) Italian companies established in 1987 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1987) Manufacturing companies established in 1987 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1987) Design companies established in 1987 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1987) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Luggage manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Luggage_manufacturers) Luggage brands (/wiki/Category:Luggage_brands) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Hidden category: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links)
|
High-end men's clothing company Luciano Barbera Company type Privately held (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) Founded 1970 ; 54 years ago ( 1970 ) Founder Carlo Barbera Successor Luciano Barbera Headquarters Biella , Italy Products Men's Clothing Owner Luciano Barbera Website https://www.lucianobarbera.com (https://www.lucianobarbera.com) The oldest part of Callabiana (/wiki/Callabiana) factory. Luciano Barbera is a high-end men’s clothing company based in Biella (/wiki/Biella) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , a town and commune in the northern Italian region of Piedmont (/wiki/Piedmont) . History [ edit ] Prior to producing a clothing company, the Barbera family owned and operated the Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) wool mill, also located in Biella, Italy. In 1962, Luciano Barbera (son of Carlo Barbera) was photographed by Ugo Mulas for Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) in a suit made with his family's fabrics. Years later, the owner of the US menswear store Louis Boston offered Luciano to sell his line of clothes, which led the latter to create his clothing brand. In 1971, the Luciano Barbera brand of men's clothes was created, using the Carlo Barbera fabrics to make the clothes. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) In 2010 the reported average price of fabric from the Carlo Barbera factory was 41 euros (/wiki/Euro) a meter ($48.75 a yard). That same year, the company had a $5.8 million debt and was short on orders to settle it, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) and the mill fabric was acquired by the Neapolitan tailoring (/wiki/Neapolitan_tailoring) company Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) . In 2014, the US private equity (/wiki/Private_equity) fund Tengram Capital Partners acquired a majority stake in Luciano Barbera and named Todd Barrato as CEO, [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) while Carola Barbera remained as Creative Director. In 2019 the Barbera family repurchased the Luciano Barbera apparel brand, reestablishing it as a family business (/wiki/Family_business) , with Luciano himself as part-owner, his daughter Carola Barbera operating as Creative Director and Managing Partner, and Luciano’s son Lodovico Barbera representing the company as Global Brand Ambassador. The initial Barbera fabric mill (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) in Biella, Italy, was founded by Carlo Barbera (1911–2013) and continues to be owned by Kiton (/wiki/Kiton) following its purchase in 2010. [3] (#cite_note-3) After dying, the yarn (/wiki/Yarn) is rested six months while it regained humidity before weaving in order to obtain the best results. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The brand opened a Luciano Barbera showroom in Milan (/wiki/Milan) on Via Gesù (/wiki/Via_Ges%C3%B9) , the popular men’s clothing street. [4] (#cite_note-4) In popular culture [ edit ] In the 2010 spy movie Salt (/wiki/Salt_(2010_film)) , Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) wears Luciano Barbera clothes. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Segal, David (31 July 2010). "Is Italy Too Italian?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/business/global/01italy.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-:1_2-0) "Luciano Barbera, il marchio acquisito dagli americani" (https://www.lastampa.it/biella/2014/10/14/news/luciano-barbera-il-marchio-acquisito-dagli-americani-1.35602022/) . La Stampa (in Italian). 2014-10-14 . Retrieved 2022-10-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Olsen, Kerry; Palmieri, Jean E. (6 October 2010). "Kiton Buys Carlo Barbera Mill" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/kiton-buys-carlo-barbera-mill-3329528/) . Women's World Daily . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cassola, Paola (2015-06-11). "Luciano Barbera, flagship e showroom tra Milano e NY" (https://www.pambianconews.com/2015/06/11/luciano-barbera-flagship-e-showroom-tra-milano-e-ny-179713/) . Pambianconews.com (in Italian) . Retrieved 2022-10-03 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.lucianobarbera.com/) Is Italy too Italian? (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/business/global/01italy.html) New York Times, 1 August 2010 v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Perpetuana (/wiki/Perpetuana) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Seerhand muslin (/wiki/Seerhand_muslin) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Sendal (/wiki/Sendal) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Ticking (/wiki/Ticking) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tucuyo (/wiki/Tucuyo) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) Vegetable flannel (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Waffle (/wiki/Waffle_fabric) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) Figured woven Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Pile woven (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Crimplene (/wiki/Crimplene) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Nonwoven (/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Cedar bark (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Knitted (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Machine knitting (/wiki/Knitting_machine) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) Velour (/wiki/Velour) Netted (/wiki/Net_(textile)) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Ban-Lon (/wiki/Ban-Lon) Conductive textile (/wiki/Conductive_textile) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Lenticular fabric (/wiki/Lenticular_fabric) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Stub-tex (/wiki/Stub-tex) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) Windstopper (/wiki/Windstopper) Patterns Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Sea silk (/wiki/Sea_silk) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Androsia (/wiki/Androsia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Bingata (/wiki/Bingata) Bògòlanfini (/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini) Burnout (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Decatising (/wiki/Decatising) Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) Fulling (/wiki/Fulling) Heatsetting (/wiki/Heatsetting) Indienne (/wiki/Indienne) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Katazome (/wiki/Katazome) Mercerization (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Nap (/wiki/Nap_(textile)) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) Rogan printing (/wiki/Rogan_printing) Rōketsuzome (/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome) Roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) Tenterhook (/wiki/Tenterhook) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Tsutsugaki (/wiki/Tsutsugaki) Warp printing (/wiki/Warp_printing) Waxed cotton (/wiki/Waxed_cotton) Woodblock printing (/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles) Yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) Fabric mills Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) Manufacturing industry Design (/wiki/Textile_design) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) Preservation (/wiki/Textile_preservation) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Terminology (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Related Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) History of textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Pandy (/wiki/Fulling_mill) Shrinkage (/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)) Swatches and strike-offs (/wiki/Textile_sample) Synthetic fabric (/wiki/Synthetic_fabric) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐k6vgd Cached time: 20240712213453 Cache expiry: 1650309 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.467 seconds Real time usage: 0.898 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1722/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44443/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1822/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27666/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.308/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17550949/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 532.954 1 -total 32.84% 174.996 1 Template:Fabric 23.19% 123.582 1 Template:Reflist 19.69% 104.944 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.68% 94.204 1 Template:Infobox 17.14% 91.332 1 Template:Cite_news 16.98% 90.470 7 Template:Transl 15.80% 84.194 1 Template:Short_description 7.02% 37.417 7 Template:Main_other 6.87% 36.619 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28222038-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712213453 and revision id 1232119326. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Barbera&oldid=1232119326 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Barbera&oldid=1232119326) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies based in Biella (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Biella) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Clothing companies established in 1970 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1970) Italian suit makers (/wiki/Category:Italian_suit_makers) Italian companies established in 1970 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1970) Textile companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Textile_companies_of_Italy) Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
|
This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Adi_Himelbloy) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Adi Himelbloy" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Adi+Himelbloy%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Adi+Himelbloy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Adi+Himelbloy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Adi+Himelbloy%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Adi+Himelbloy%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Adi+Himelbloy%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Israeli actress, model, and television host Adi Himelbloy Himelbloy in 2008 Born ( 1984-11-27 ) 27 November 1984 (age 39) Holon (/wiki/Holon) , Israel Nationality Israeli (/wiki/Israel) Spouse Nadav Peled ( m. 2014) [ citation needed ] Children 2 Modeling information Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) [1] (#cite_note-1) Hair color Blonde Eye color Green Himelbloy in 2008 Adi Himelbloy (also spelled Himmelbleu, Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : עדי הימלבלוי ; born ( 1984-11-27 ) 27 November 1984) is an Israeli actress, model, and television host. Early life [ edit ] Himelbloy was born and raised in Holon (/wiki/Holon) , Israel (/wiki/Israel) , to Israeli-born (/wiki/Sabra_(person)) parents. Her father Yigal Himelbloy's family was of Ashkenazi Jewish (/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish) ( USSR-Jewish (/wiki/Soviet_Jews) ) descent; whereas her mother Dolly ( née (/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names) Amon) hails from a family of both Mizrahi Jewish (/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish) and Sephardi Jewish (/wiki/Sephardi_Jewish) ( Turkish-Jewish (/wiki/Turkish-Jewish) and Persian-Jewish (/wiki/Iranian_Jews) ) descent. Himelbloy was first discovered on the Dudu Topaz (/wiki/Dudu_Topaz) 's primetime entertainment show HaRishon BaBidur on Israel's Channel 2 (/wiki/Channel_2_(Israeli_TV_channel)) , when she won a modeling contest held as part of the show. She was enlisted as a soldier to the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces) (IDF). Career [ edit ] After the show, she worked in modeling for several years, until being approved as an actress for the Israeli television series HaShminiya (/wiki/HaShminiya) ( The Octette ), in which she played the character Natasha Segovia, a young woman with an unusual talent for drawing (/wiki/Drawing) . In 2006, Himelbloy participated in the Israeli drama series HaAlufa ( האלופה , The Champion ). Afterwards Himelbloy participated in the children's song contest Festigal 2006 , where she performed along with other actors from HaShminiya such as Dawn Lanny-Gabay and Shira Vilensky. In addition, she also started appearing in TV advertisements. In 2007 she participated in Festigal once more and dubbed the character of April O'Neill (/wiki/April_O%27Neill) in the Hebrew (/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew) version of the animated film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (/wiki/TMNT_(film)) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In 2009, Himelbloy participated in the Israeli musical Treasure Island ( Hebrew (/wiki/Hebrew_language) : אי המטמון , I HaMatmon ). She also played in the Israeli drama series The Double ( הכפולה , HaKfula ). On June 29, 2008, Himelbloy became a hostess at the Israeli Children's Channel (/wiki/Arutz_HaYeladim) . In November 2008, the Israeli sci-fi series Deus (/wiki/Deus_(TV_Show)) debuted on the Israeli Children's Channel, in which Himelbloy played the character Rona Merom. During the late 2000s, Himelbloy also modeled for the Israeli swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) company Pilpel (/w/index.php?title=Pilpel&action=edit&redlink=1) . In 2009, Himelbloy participated in the Festigal for the third time and in 2010, she hosted a talk and game show called Chuba's Angels , alongside the actress Dawn Lanny-Gabay. In 2010, she participated in the Israeli version of Dancing with the Stars , coming in third place. Personal life [ edit ] She married Israeli restaurateur Nadav Peled in 2014. They have two sons. [ citation needed ] Filmography [ edit ] HaShminiya (/wiki/HaShminiya) (2005–2007, 2013–2014) HaAlufa (/w/index.php?title=HaAlufa&action=edit&redlink=1) (2006–2007, 2009) Deus (/wiki/Deus_(TV_Show)) (2008–2011) Malabi Express (/w/index.php?title=Malabi_Express&action=edit&redlink=1) (2013) See also [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Israel portal (/wiki/Portal:Israel) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) TV portal (/wiki/Portal:TV) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Women of Israel (/wiki/Women_of_Israel) Women in the Israel Defense Forces (/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces) List of Israelis (/wiki/List_of_Israelis) List of Jewish actors (/wiki/List_of_Jewish_actors) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "עדי הימלבלוי – וואלה! סלבס" (http://celebs.walla.co.il/?w=/3603/680928) . Celebs.walla.co.il . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Eonline (11 October 2007). "עדי הימלבלוי" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101028181021/http://eonline.co.il/facts.asp?id=3018) . Eonline.co.il. Archived from the original (http://www.eonline.co.il/facts.asp?id=3018) on 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adi Himelbloy (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adi_Himelbloy) . Adi Himelbloy (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2067056/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Adi Himelbloy (https://www.instagram.com/adihimelbloy/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/39167021189552870156) National Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011899242205171) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐c85b9bc65‐rk27j Cached time: 20240720182437 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.671 seconds Real time usage: 0.917 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3469/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39960/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6291/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20054/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.497/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 24981855/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 866.093 1 -total 31.37% 271.729 1 Template:Infobox_model 11.91% 103.160 2 Template:Lang-he 11.67% 101.103 1 Template:Reflist 11.32% 98.008 1 Template:Authority_control 10.25% 88.733 2 Template:Cite_news 9.89% 85.677 1 Template:More_citations_needed 8.10% 70.194 1 Template:Ambox 7.71% 66.776 1 Template:Infobox 6.61% 57.228 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28224240-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182437 and revision id 1224349366. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adi_Himelbloy&oldid=1224349366 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adi_Himelbloy&oldid=1224349366) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1984 births (/wiki/Category:1984_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Reality modeling competition participants (/wiki/Category:Reality_modeling_competition_participants) Reality modeling competition winners (/wiki/Category:Reality_modeling_competition_winners) Israeli female models (/wiki/Category:Israeli_female_models) Israeli television actresses (/wiki/Category:Israeli_television_actresses) Israeli women television presenters (/wiki/Category:Israeli_women_television_presenters) Israeli Ashkenazi Jews (/wiki/Category:Israeli_Ashkenazi_Jews) Israeli Sephardi Jews (/wiki/Category:Israeli_Sephardi_Jews) Israeli people of Turkish-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Turkish-Jewish_descent) Israeli people of Iranian-Jewish descent (/wiki/Category:Israeli_people_of_Iranian-Jewish_descent) Israeli Mizrahi Jews (/wiki/Category:Israeli_Mizrahi_Jews) Israeli film actresses (/wiki/Category:Israeli_film_actresses) Israeli stage actresses (/wiki/Category:Israeli_stage_actresses) Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from October 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2019) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Hebrew-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers)
|
Brand of swimwear This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zoggs) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Zoggs) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zoggs) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Zoggs" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Zoggs%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Zoggs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Zoggs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Zoggs%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Zoggs%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Zoggs%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The article's lead section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section) may need to be rewritten . Please help improve the lead (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoggs&action=edit) and read the lead layout guide (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section) . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article includes a list of general references (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations) . Please help to improve (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability) this article by introducing (/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite) more precise citations. ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Zoggs Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Swimwear, googles Founded Sydney, Australia (/wiki/Sydney,_Australia) (1992 ; 32 years ago ( 1992 ) ) Headquarters Surrey (/wiki/Surrey) , England Area served Worldwide Products Swimwear Website www (https://www.zoggs.com) .zoggs (https://www.zoggs.com) .com (https://www.zoggs.com) Zoggs is a brand of swimming goggles (/wiki/Goggles) , training aids, swimwear (/wiki/Swimwear) and other related products. The company launched in Sydney (/wiki/Sydney) , Australia (/wiki/Australia) in 1992 and was the first brand to offer UV protection (/wiki/UV_protection) and split yoke straps as standard features on all goggles (/wiki/Goggles) . History [ edit ] This section does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this section (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Zoggs) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Zoggs was founded in 1992, and in 1994 Zoggs launched the world's first patented one piece goggle (/wiki/Goggle) , Phantom, [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) which was shortly followed by the launch of Little Ripper in 1995 which went on to be the No.1 selling junior swimming goggle in Australia (/wiki/Australia) and the UK (/wiki/UK) . 1996 saw the introduction of mirrored lenses to Zoggs Phantom goggles. In 1997, Zoggs branched out into swimwear with the launch of Toggs, 26 styles named after Australian beaches, they also went another step further with the introduction of Saibo goggles, a pearlescent soft frame goggle, giving Zoggs another world first. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1998, Zoggs bought Polyotter and began to incorporate the Bobin and float suit into its range, making its first steps into the water confidence category, followed in 1999 by Zoggs CV (Clearer Vision) lenses, which claimed to improve clarity and brightness indoors while cutting glare in sunlight. Zoggs continued to develop its goggle range in 2001 launching Super Seal, introducing the first 100% Silicone flexible fit frame. This was shortly followed in 2003 by another world first with the launch of Kids goggles, a range of goggles designed specifically for children aged up to 6 years old. These goggles were made to fit smaller faces and were much more colourful and functional. 2004 saw the launch of CLT Curved Lens Technology™, which claims to give 180 degree peripheral vision and therefore greater visibility whilst swimming. [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) In 2005, Zoggs launched Predator Goggles with Wiro-frame Bio-Integral design technology. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) This delivered the versatility of a one piece goggle with a frame which offered individualised fit and comfort. 2009 also saw Zoggs become one of the first brands to introduce PVC safe inflatables as standard to their water confidence range. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The following year, the Push-pad and Ratchet Quick-fit strap systems were launched. These have advanced strap mechanisms built into the frames claiming to make the goggle straps easier to adjust. 2008 saw the launch of hypo-allergenic Soft-Seal™ gaskets which mould to the contours of the swimmers face for a better fit. In 2009 the company launched their Swimshapes range, a line of swimwear which is claimed to flatter, enhance and support all body shapes. This range includes a "Booty Suit", which has bust support, tummy control and even claims to provide a boost to the wearer's bottom. Zoggs also used their adult Phantom goggle design to create Phantom goggles for both kids and juniors. In 2010 Zoggs launched their Predator Flex goggles with 4 Flexpoint™ Technology on the nose bridge which is claimed to enhance frame flexibility, giving a customised fit. They also became the first to market with their Positive Drive Fins, a swimming fin designed for use in all four strokes. 2011 saw some great achievements for Zoggs as they introduced their Swimfree™ Floatsuit, a patented technology with inflatable buoyancy, which can be reduced as the child's confidence in the water grows. Zoggs also launched Air Cushion Technology into their frames, which is claimed to give an almost not there feeling to their goggles, with silicone gaskets containing air pockets for a customised fit and no more marking around the eyes from wearing goggles. Zoggs also introduced Polarized lenses to their Predator Flex and Predator frames. In 2012 Zoggs introduced Easy Inflate Valves to their range of inflatables, which claim to make inflatable products easier and quicker to inflate and deflate. 2013 saw another world first for Zoggs, as they became the first brand to use photo-chromatic lenses in their goggles, a lens that adjusts to changing light conditions, providing clear lenses in low level light and tinted lenses in bright conditions. They also experimented with lenses on junior goggles and added hologram lenses to the range with their Sea Demon goggles. In 2014 they developed their Polarized lenses to create the Predator Flex Polarized Ultra goggle, Italian made polarized lenses designed to repel blue light and are claimed to give even clearer vision whilst swimming outdoors. In 2015, Zoggs launched Predator Flex Titanium Reactor Goggles, building on the previous features of the Predator and Predator Flex. Titanium Reactor Goggles feature photo-chromatic lenses that react according to light conditions and polarization to reduce glare. Adam Walker, the first Briton to swim the Ocean's Seven - the 7 toughest oceans in the world, wore Predator Flex Titanium Reactor Goggles on his 7th and final swim from Ireland to Scotland a swim that lasted 10 hours 45 minutes. In 2016, Zoggs continued to introduce new frame technology to their range of goggles, offering Tri Power Vision goggles which feature liquid silicone gaskets, a lightweight contoured frame and optical grade polycarbonate lenses. 2017 saw the introduction of a new frame for their iconic Predator goggles, featuring Ultra-Fit gaskets which are 15% lighter and more streamlined than the previous model. In 2018, Zoggs Fogbuster Anti-Fog & Lens Cleaner was recalled due to “temporary discomfort and short term eye damage” (https://www.productsafety.gov.au/recall/zoggs-australia-zoggs-fogbuster-anti-fog-lens-cleaner-extended-recall) possibly caused by acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. [4] (#cite_note-4) Notices on government websites and at retailers were considered by some as inadequate and that Zoggs should have notified all swimming pools in Australia. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) In 2019, Zoggs apologised to Darren Lydeamore (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/zoggs-goggle-gel-recall-swimmer-suffers-eye-damage/10114758) , a Queensland swimmer, who suffered pain and damage to his eyes after applying the recalled anti-fog gel to the inside of his goggles. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) In 2020, The sports apparel group Head has bought Zoggs. [6] (#cite_note-6) Characters [ edit ] Name Gender Color Miss Zoggy Female Blue (/wiki/Blue) Zoggy Male Blue (/wiki/Blue) Tommy Male Green (/wiki/Green) Ozzy Male Pink (/wiki/Pink) Cedric Male Orange (/wiki/Orange_(colour)) Curved Lens Technology [ edit ] In 2004, Zoggs announced CLT - Curved Lens Technology, which claims to offer 180° peripheral vision (/wiki/Peripheral_vision) underwater. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [3] (#cite_note-:1-3) See also [ edit ] Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Australia portal (/wiki/Portal:Australia) List of swimwear brands (/wiki/List_of_swimwear_brands) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d "About Zoggs" (https://zoggs.com.au/about-zoggs/) . Zoggs Australia & New Zealand . Retrieved 23 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Fascinating History of Swimming Goggles! / Zoggs Swimming Blog" (https://www.zoggs.com/blog/the-fascinating-history-of-swimming-goggles/) . www.zoggs.com . Retrieved 23 April 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Goggle Technology Guide" (https://zoggs.com.au/goggle-technology-guide/) . Zoggs Australia & New Zealand . Retrieved 23 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Australia, Product Safety (13 June 2018). "Zoggs Australia — Zoggs Fogbuster Anti-Fog & Lens Cleaner (extended recall)" (https://www.productsafety.gov.au/recall/zoggs-australia-zoggs-fogbuster-anti-fog-lens-cleaner-extended-recall) . Product Safety Australia . Retrieved 25 February 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Vukovic, Dom (14 August 2018). " (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/zoggs-goggle-gel-recall-swimmer-suffers-eye-damage/10114758) 'Like acid splashed in your eyes': Swimmer's vision damaged from recalled Zoggs goggle gel" (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-14/zoggs-goggle-gel-recall-swimmer-suffers-eye-damage/10114758) . ABC News . Retrieved 25 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Kleinman, Mark (28 May 2020). "Coronavirus: Head splashes out on swimwear brand Zoggs" (https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-head-splashes-out-on-swimwear-brand-zoggs-11996341) . sky news . Retrieved 2 April 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.zoggs.com/) Brand Republic (http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/972522/Swimwear-brand-Zoggs-runs-first-cinema-ad) v t e Competitive swimwear (/wiki/Competitive_swimwear) Swimsuits Female suits Bodyskin (/wiki/Bodyskin) Kneeskin (/wiki/Kneeskin) Racerback (/wiki/Racerback) One-piece swimsuit (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Male suits Bodyskin Jammers (/wiki/Jammer_(swimwear)) Kneeskin Legskin (/wiki/Legskin) Square leg suits (/wiki/Square_leg_suits) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Materials High-technology swimwear (/wiki/High-technology_swimwear) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Polyurethane (/wiki/Polyurethane) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Accessories Earplug (/wiki/Earplug) Goggles (/wiki/Goggles) Noseclip (/wiki/Noseclip) Swim cap (/wiki/Swim_cap) Training gear Fistgloves (/wiki/Fistgloves) Hand paddle (/wiki/Hand_paddle) Pool float (/wiki/Pool_float) Pool noodle (/wiki/Pool_noodle) Pull buoy (/wiki/Pull_buoy) Swimfin (/wiki/Swimfin) Swimming machine (/wiki/Swimming_machine) Manufacturers Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Agon (/wiki/AgonSwim) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Delfina Sport (/wiki/Delfina_Sport) Dolfin (/wiki/Dolfin_Swimwear) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Orca (/wiki/Orca_(company)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Way Funky (/wiki/Way_Funky) Zoggs Zoke (/wiki/Zoke) See also FINA (/wiki/FINA) History of competitive swimwear (/wiki/History_of_competitive_swimwear) v t e Sports equipment (/wiki/Sports_equipment) brands This list includes companies that produce sports equipment. List by sport include only current products manufactured Multi-sports Acerbis (/wiki/Acerbis) Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Admiral (/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear) AFA (/wiki/AFA_Sports) Alpine Pro (/wiki/Alpine_Pro) Anta (/wiki/Anta_Sports) Arc'teryx (/wiki/Arc%27teryx) Asics (/wiki/Asics) Atletica (/wiki/Atletica) BLK (/wiki/BLK_(sportswear)) Burley-Sekem (/wiki/Burley-Sekem) Castore (/wiki/Castore) Champion (/wiki/Champion_(sportswear)) Charly (/wiki/Charly_(brand)) Classic (/wiki/Classic_Sportswear) Descente (/wiki/Descente) Diadora (/wiki/Diadora) ERKE (/wiki/ERKE) Erreà (/wiki/Erre%C3%A0) EvoShield (/wiki/EvoShield) FBT (/wiki/FBT_(company)) Fila (/wiki/Fila) Fischer (/wiki/Fischer_(company)) 4F (/wiki/4F_(company)) Garcis (/wiki/Garcis) Givova (/wiki/Givova) Grand Sport (/wiki/Grand_Sport_Group) Grays (/wiki/Grays_International) Head (/wiki/Head_(company)) Hummel (/wiki/Hummel_International) ISC (/wiki/ISC_(sportswear)) Jako (/wiki/Jako) Joma (/wiki/Joma) Kappa (/wiki/Kappa_(brand)) Kelme (/wiki/Kelme_(company)) Kookaburra (/wiki/Kookaburra_Sport) Le Coq Sportif (/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif) Legea (/wiki/Legea) Li-Ning (/wiki/Li-Ning) Lotto (/wiki/Lotto_Sport_Italia) Luanvi (/wiki/Luanvi) Lululemon (/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica) Macron (/wiki/Macron_(sportswear)) Majestic (/wiki/Majestic_Athletic) Mikasa (/wiki/Mikasa_Sports) Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre_Sports_International) Mizuno (/wiki/Mizuno_Corporation) Molten (/wiki/Molten_Corporation) Oakley (/wiki/Oakley,_Inc.) On (/wiki/On_(company)) NAAI (/wiki/NAAI) New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) Nivia (/wiki/Nivia_Sports) O'Neills (/wiki/O%27Neills) Peak (/wiki/Peak_Sport_Products) Penalty (/wiki/Penalty_(sports_manufacturer)) Poker (/wiki/Poker_(sports_manufacturer)) Pirma (/wiki/Pirma) Puma (/wiki/Puma_(brand)) Reebok (/wiki/Reebok) Reusch (/wiki/Reusch_(company)) Russell (/wiki/Russell_Athletic) Schutt (/wiki/Schutt_Sports) Scott (/wiki/Scott_Sports) Signia (/wiki/Signia_(sportswear)) Skins (/wiki/Skins_(sportswear)) Slazenger (/wiki/Slazenger) Sportika (/wiki/Sportika) Starter (/wiki/Starter_(clothing_line)) Topper (/wiki/Topper_(brand)) Uhlsport (/wiki/Uhlsport) Umbro (/wiki/Umbro) Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) Voit (/wiki/Voit) XBlades (/wiki/XBlades) Xtep (/wiki/Xtep) Warrior (/wiki/Warrior_Sports) Warrix Sports (/wiki/Warrix_Sports) Wilson (/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods) World Balance (/wiki/World_Balance) Yonex (/wiki/Yonex) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) Association football (/wiki/Association_football) Athleta (/wiki/Athleta_(company)) Bukta (/wiki/Bukta) Capelli (/wiki/Capelli_Sport) Finta (/wiki/Finta) Marathon (/wiki/Marathon_Sports) Nanque (/wiki/Nanque) Patrick (/wiki/Patrick_(sportswear_company)) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) SIX5SIX (/wiki/SIX5SIX) Sport-Saller (/wiki/Sport-Saller) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Australian football (/wiki/Australian_rules_football) Cotton On (/wiki/Cotton_On) Sherrin (/wiki/Sherrin) Baseball (/wiki/Baseball) / softball (/wiki/Softball) DeMarini (/wiki/DeMarini) Louisville Slugger (/wiki/Hillerich_%26_Bradsby) Marucci (/wiki/Marucci_Sports) Nokona (/wiki/Nocona_Athletic_Goods_Company) Rawlings (/wiki/Rawlings_(company)) Basketball (/wiki/Basketball) AND1 (/wiki/AND1) First Ever (/wiki/First_Ever) Spalding (/wiki/Spalding_(company)) Boxing (/wiki/Boxing) Boxa (/wiki/Boxa) Everlast (/wiki/Everlast_(brand)) Lonsdale (/wiki/Lonsdale_(clothing)) Sting (/wiki/Sting_Sports) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Cricket (/wiki/Cricket) CA (/wiki/CA_Sports) County (/wiki/Hunts_County) Dukes (/wiki/British_Cricket_Balls_Ltd) Duncan Fearnley (/wiki/Duncan_Fearnley) Gray-Nicolls (/wiki/Gray-Nicolls) Gunn & Moore (/wiki/Gunn_%26_Moore) Sanspareils Greenlands (/wiki/Sanspareils_Greenlands) Sareen (/wiki/Sareen_Sports_Industries) Stuart Surridge (/wiki/Stuart_Surridge) Cue sports (/wiki/Cue_sports) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_Corporation) Parris Cues (/wiki/Parris_Cues) Riley (/wiki/Riley_(brand)) Cycling (/wiki/Cycle_sport) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Castelli (/wiki/Castelli_(brand)) Giro (/wiki/Giro_(company)) Rapha (/wiki/Rapha_(sportswear)) Northwave (/wiki/Northwave) Santini SMS (/wiki/Santini_SMS) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Darts (/wiki/Darts) Winmau (/wiki/Winmau) Golf (/wiki/Golf) Adams (/wiki/Adams_Golf) Ashworth (/wiki/Ashworth_(clothing)) Bettinardi (/wiki/Bettinardi_Golf) Bridgestone (/wiki/Bridgestone_Golf) Callaway (/wiki/Callaway_Golf_Company) Cleveland (/wiki/Cleveland_Golf) Cobra (/wiki/Cobra_Golf) FootJoy (/wiki/FootJoy) Forgan (/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews) John Letters (/wiki/John_Letters) MacGregor (/wiki/MacGregor_Golf) Maxfli (/wiki/Maxfli) OnCore (/wiki/OnCore_Golf) PXG (/wiki/Parsons_Xtreme_Golf) Penfold (/wiki/Penfold_Golf) Ping (/wiki/Ping_(golf)) Polara (/wiki/Polara_Golf) Srixon (/wiki/Srixon) TaylorMade (/wiki/TaylorMade) Titleist (/wiki/Titleist) Wilson Staff (/wiki/Wilson_Staff) Scotty Cameron (/wiki/Scotty_Cameron) Yamaha Golf (/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation) Gridiron football (/wiki/Gridiron_football) Riddell (/wiki/Riddell_Sports_Group) Handball (/wiki/Handball) Select (/wiki/Select_Sport) Ice hockey (/wiki/Ice_hockey) Bauer (/wiki/Bauer_Hockey) Canadien (/wiki/Canadien_(ice_hockey)) CCM (/wiki/CCM_(ice_hockey)) Hespeler (/wiki/Hespeler_Hockey) Itech (/wiki/Itech) Jofa (/wiki/Jofa) Koho (/wiki/Koho_(company)) Mission (/wiki/Mission_Hockey) Sher-Wood (/wiki/Sher-Wood) Titan (/wiki/Titan_(ice_hockey)) Vaughn (/wiki/Vaughn_Hockey) Martial arts (/wiki/Martial_arts) Fairtex (/wiki/Fairtex) Tapout (/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)) Twins Special (/wiki/Twins_Special) Venum (/wiki/Venum) Motorsport (/wiki/Motorsport) AGV (/wiki/AGV_(helmet_manufacturer)) Alpinestars (/wiki/Alpinestars) Arai (/wiki/Arai_Helmet) Bell Sports (/wiki/Bell_Sports) Dainese (/wiki/Dainese) Momo (/wiki/Momo_(company)) Nolan (/wiki/Nolan_Helmets) OMP (/wiki/OMP_Racing) Schuberth (/wiki/Schuberth) Shark (/wiki/Shark_(helmet_manufacturer)) Shoei (/wiki/Shoei) SIDI (/wiki/SIDI) Simpson (/wiki/Simpson_Performance_Products) Sparco (/wiki/Sparco) Troy Lee (/wiki/Troy_Lee_Designs) Rugby (/wiki/Rugby_football) Canterbury (/wiki/Canterbury_of_New_Zealand) FI-TA (/wiki/FI-TA) Gilbert (/wiki/Gilbert_Rugby) LE (/wiki/Limited_Edition_Sportswear) St Margaret's (/wiki/N._Corah_%26_Sons) Steeden (/wiki/Steeden) Webb Ellis (/wiki/Webb_Ellis_(sportswear)) Running (/wiki/Running) / Hiking (/wiki/Hiking) Altra (/wiki/Altra_Running) Brooks (/wiki/Brooks_Sports) Hoka One One (/wiki/Hoka_One_One) Karhu (/wiki/Karhu_(sports_brand)) Karrimor (/wiki/Karrimor) LA Gear (/wiki/LA_Gear) Merrell (/wiki/Merrell_(company)) Olympikus (/wiki/Olympikus) Saucony (/wiki/Saucony) Skiing (/wiki/Skiing) 4FRNT (/wiki/4FRNT) Alpina (/wiki/Alpina_%C5%BDiri) Armada (/wiki/Armada_(company)) Atomic (/wiki/Atomic_Skis) Black Crows (/wiki/Black_Crows_Skis) Black Diamond (/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment) Blizzard (/wiki/Blizzard_Sport) Dynastar (/wiki/Dynastar) Elan (/wiki/Elan_(company)) Faction (/wiki/The_Faction_Collective) K2 (/wiki/K2_Sports) Kneissl (/wiki/Kneissl) Liberty Skis (/wiki/Liberty_Skis) Line Skis (/wiki/Line_Skis) Look Bindings (/wiki/Look_(company)) Madshus (/wiki/Madshus) Marker (/wiki/Marker_(ski_bindings)) Moment Skis (/wiki/Moment_Skis) Nordica (/wiki/Nordica_(company)) Peltonen (/wiki/Peltonen_(company)) Rossignol (/wiki/Skis_Rossignol) Salomon (/wiki/Salomon_Group) Skigo (/wiki/Skigo) Spyder (/wiki/Spyder_(ski_apparel_brand)) Swix (/wiki/Swix) Rottefella (/wiki/Rottefella) Völkl (/wiki/V%C3%B6lkl) Surf (/wiki/Surfing) Billabong (/wiki/Billabong_(clothing)) Haydenshapes (/wiki/Haydenshapes_Surfboards) Hurley (/wiki/Hurley_International) Mambo (/wiki/Mambo_Graphics) Quiksilver (/wiki/Quiksilver) Ocean Pacific (/wiki/Ocean_Pacific) O'Neill (/wiki/O%27Neill_(brand)) Oxbow (/wiki/Oxbow_(surfwear)) Rip Curl (/wiki/Rip_Curl) Swimming (/wiki/Swimming_(sport)) Arena (/wiki/Arena_(swimwear)) Speedo (/wiki/Speedo) TYR (/wiki/TYR_Sport) Zoggs Table tennis (/wiki/Table_tennis) Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_(brand)) Kettler (/wiki/Kettler) Killerspin (/wiki/Killerspin) Stiga Sports (/wiki/Stiga#Stiga_Sports) Tennis (/wiki/Tennis) / racket sports (/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)) Babolat (/wiki/Babolat) Carlton (/wiki/Carlton_Sports) Donnay (/wiki/Donnay_(sports)) Dunlop (/wiki/Dunlop_Sport) Ellesse (/wiki/Ellesse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Prince (/wiki/Prince_Sports) ProKennex (/wiki/ProKennex) Sergio Tacchini (/wiki/Sergio_Tacchini) Snauwaert (/wiki/Snauwaert) Tecnifibre (/wiki/Tecnifibre) Volley (/wiki/Volley_(shoe)) Water polo (/wiki/Water_polo) KAP7 (/wiki/KAP7) Category (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐jnth6 Cached time: 20240721111833 Cache expiry: 909688 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.560 seconds Real time usage: 0.931 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2606/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 123630/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13703/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51444/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.337/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6600788/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 793.918 1 -total 47.39% 376.259 5 Template:Ambox 26.25% 208.431 1 Template:Multiple_issues 20.36% 161.653 1 Template:More_citations_needed 18.56% 147.331 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.16% 136.271 1 Template:Infobox 17.14% 136.087 3 Template:Navbox 14.99% 118.987 1 Template:Reflist 14.65% 116.346 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 12.82% 101.755 6 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28230674-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721111833 and revision id 1219538238. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoggs&oldid=1219538238 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoggs&oldid=1219538238) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Swimwear manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_manufacturers) Swimwear brands (/wiki/Category:Swimwear_brands) Sportswear brands (/wiki/Category:Sportswear_brands) Surfwear brands (/wiki/Category:Surfwear_brands) Sporting goods manufacturers of Australia (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_Australia) Sporting goods manufacturers of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Sporting_goods_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom) Clothing companies established in 1992 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1992) 1992 establishments in Australia (/wiki/Category:1992_establishments_in_Australia) Manufacturing companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_London) Manufacturing companies based in Sydney (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_Sydney) Privately held companies of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Privately_held_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom) Clothing brands of Australia (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Australia) Clothing brands of the United Kingdom (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_Kingdom) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from November 2019 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019) Articles needing additional references from August 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2010) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2010 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_August_2010) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2010) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_September_2018) All articles lacking in-text citations (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Articles needing additional references from June 2018 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2018)
|
Dieter Philippi with the first piece of his collection: a cardinal's biretta (/wiki/Biretta) made from scarlet watered silk (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) The Philippi Collection is a German private collection of clerical (/wiki/Clergy) , religious (/wiki/Religion) and spiritual headdresses (/wiki/Headgear) . The collection demonstrates the history, shared roots and diversity of religious-clerical head coverings. Description [ edit ] Selected items from the Philippi Collection The Philippi Collection is a private collection (/wiki/Private_collection) assembled by the entrepreneur Dieter Philippi, CEO of a German telecommunication distributor, located in Kirkel (/wiki/Kirkel) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The main focus of the collection is 500-plus examples of headgear, gathered from Christianity (/wiki/Christianity) , Islam (/wiki/Islam) , Judaism (/wiki/Judaism) , Caodaism (/wiki/Caodaism) , Shinto (/wiki/Shinto) , Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) , Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) , Free Churches (/wiki/Free_church) , Sufism (/wiki/Sufism) , Anabaptism (/wiki/Anabaptist) and further communities of faith. [3] (#cite_note-3) The collection also contains more than 100 accessories used for clerical and ecclesiastic purposes. Among these are pontifical shoes, gloves, pallia, pectoral crosses, bishops and Ecclesiastical rings (/wiki/Ecclesiastical_ring) , pieces of the papal china, and sashes. [4] (#cite_note-4) The collection contains 52 pectoral cross-cords. [ citation needed ] Location [ edit ] As of 2021 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippi_Collection&action=edit) , the collection is not on public display. It is located at Kirkel (/wiki/Kirkel) in Saarland, Germany. [ citation needed ] Exhibitions [ edit ] October 2010 – July 2011: The Deutsches Hygiene-Museum (/wiki/Deutsches_Hygiene-Museum) had a small part of the collection on display as part of its exhibition Religious Energy ( Kraftwerk Religion ). March – April 2011: Headquarters of the Savings Bank in Saarbrücken (/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken) July 3 – October 30, 2011: Alles Kopfsache – Hut, Helm, Tuch & Co., LWL- Industriemuseum Henrichtsütte, Hattingen See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Religion portal (/wiki/Portal:Religion) Mitre (/wiki/Mitre) Zucchetto (/wiki/Zucchetto) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Neue Zürcher Zeitung FOLIO" (http://www.nzzfolio.ch/www/21b625ad-36bc-48ea-b615-1c30cd0b472d/showarticle/17b78ab1-fd69-4400-8848-a44e6459cac8.aspx) . Nzzfolio.ch. 2011-02-08 . Retrieved 2012-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Inside the Vatican" (http://www.dieter-philippi.de/images/dp/buch/inside%20the%20vatican%20nov%202010.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved 2012-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Smoltczyk, Alexander (4 December 2009). "Der Spiegel" (http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,665012,00.html) . Spiegel.de . Retrieved 2012-06-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) taz, die tageszeitung (2011-04-08). "Die Tageszeitung" (http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/digitaz/artikel/?ressort=ku&dig=2010/08/07/a0030&cHash=e2815a04e2) . Die Tageszeitung: Taz . Taz.de. p. 31 . Retrieved 2012-06-21 . Further reading [ edit ] Philippi, Dieter (2009). Sammlung Philippi – Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität . St. Benno Verlag, Leipzig. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-7462-2800-6 . Smoltczyk, Alexander (2008). Vatikanistan Eine Entdeckungsreise durch den kleinsten Staat der Welt . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-453-15434-6 . p. 92 External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Collection of Dieter Philippi (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Collection_of_Dieter_Philippi) . Official website (http://www.dieter-philippi.de/en) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : People ISIL (https://w3id.org/isil/DE-MUS-043329) WikiMiniAtlas 49°17′10.932″N 7°13′17.08″E / 49.28637000°N 7.2214111°E / 49.28637000; 7.2214111 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7z75z Cached time: 20240720200642 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.292 seconds Real time usage: 0.430 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1126/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 23037/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2204/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27642/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.200/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4778317/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 387.916 1 -total 25.70% 99.711 1 Template:Reflist 21.81% 84.586 1 Template:Authority_control 20.24% 78.500 2 Template:Cite_web 16.71% 64.839 2 Template:Citation_needed 12.45% 48.311 2 Template:Fix 10.98% 42.608 1 Template:Commons_category 10.44% 40.495 1 Template:Sister_project 10.02% 38.883 1 Template:Side_box 7.71% 29.925 4 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28266058-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720200642 and revision id 1206296147. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippi_Collection&oldid=1206296147 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippi_Collection&oldid=1206296147) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Religious headgear (/wiki/Category:Religious_headgear) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) Private collections in Germany (/wiki/Category:Private_collections_in_Germany) Culture of Saarland (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Saarland) Saarpfalz-Kreis (/wiki/Category:Saarpfalz-Kreis) Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia) Articles with ISIL identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISIL_identifiers) Coordinates on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata)
|
Uniforms worn by diplomats on formal occasions Diplomatic reception, West Germany, 1961. The Danish ambassador wears a red diplomatic uniform, the British ambassador a dark one. Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) on Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) and corresponding attires (/wiki/Clothing) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) ( full dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) Full dress uniform (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) ( half dress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) ) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Mess dress uniform (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) ( undress (/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress) , "dress clothes") Suit (/wiki/Suit) Service dress uniform (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) (anything not above) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Casual Friday (/wiki/Casual_Friday) Combat uniform (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) known as Sportswear (fashion) (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) and Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Supplementary alternatives Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) law courts (/wiki/Court_dress) royal courts (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) diplomatic academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) , etc. Religious clothing (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) , habit (/wiki/Religious_habit) , etc. Folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) Distinctions Orders (/wiki/Order_(distinction)) medals (/wiki/Medal) , etc. Legend: = Day (before 6 p.m.) = Evening (after 6 p.m.) = Bow tie (/wiki/Bow_tie) colour = Ladies = Gentlemen Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) v t e Diplomatic uniforms are ornate uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) worn by diplomats (/wiki/Diplomat) from some countries at public occasions. Introduced by European states around 1800 and patterned on court dress (/wiki/Court_dress) , they were abandoned by most countries in the twentieth century, but diplomats from some countries retain them for rare, formal occasions. History [ edit ] Until the late 18th century, diplomats (who usually belonged to the high nobility (/wiki/High_nobility) ) wore their own court clothing to solemn occasions. Diplomatic uniforms were first introduced by France in 1781 and widely adopted by other European nations around 1800 in the course of administrative reforms undertaken as a response to the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) and the Napoleonic Wars (/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars) . In several countries, diplomatic uniforms were among the first civilian (as opposed to military) uniforms to be adopted. Apart from saving diplomats (who now increasingly were not independently wealthy) the expense of maintaining a full court wardrobe, diplomatic uniforms served to emphasize the importance of the office and to deemphasize the person of its holder. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) Several non-European courts adopted European-style diplomatic uniforms during the 19th century. Notably, Japan during the Meiji Revolution (/wiki/Meiji_Revolution) introduced European uniforms instead of traditional clothing for all officials in 1872. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) The Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) court was another non-European court that adopted the uniforms, which were introduced during the Tanzimat (/wiki/Tanzimat) period. The final period during which the majority of diplomatic services retained formal uniforms for the accredited members of their overseas missions was that prior to World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) . A detailed study of contemporary uniforms, both military and civil, published in 1929 [2] (#cite_note-2) gives descriptions of the diplomatic uniforms still being worn by representatives of the majority of states then in existence. These included most European nations and a number of Latin American and Asian countries. It is however noted that several states which had only been created following World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) , had not adopted diplomatic uniforms and that others had discarded them. The uniforms described are nearly all of the traditional style of bicorne hat (/wiki/Bicorne) and tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) with braiding according to grade, from third secretaries to ambassadors. Consular staff (/wiki/Consular_assistance) were less likely to have authorised uniforms than their diplomatic colleagues and where consular uniforms existed they were generally of simpler style. As an example, the British Consular Service had silver braiding rather than the gold of diplomats. [3] (#cite_note-3) While most countries abandoned diplomatic uniforms at some time during the 20th century, several long-established foreign services have retained them for wear by senior staff on ceremonial occasions such as the formal presentation of credentials by ambassadors. A photo of the 2001 New Year's reception at the Vatican (/wiki/Holy_See) shows the ambassadors of Monaco, the Netherlands, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, and Belgium all clad in diplomatic uniform. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) In recent decades, some ambassadors from Cambodia, [4] (#cite_note-4) Denmark, [5] (#cite_note-5) France, [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Italy, [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Portugal, [9] (#cite_note-9) and Kyrgyzstan [10] (#cite_note-10) have also been seen in uniform at the presentation of their credentials. Design [ edit ] Baron Henri Beyens (/wiki/Henri_Beyens) , wearing Belgian diplomatic uniform (2011) Diplomatic uniforms generally followed 19th century court fashion and usually included a tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) with standing collar, breeches (/wiki/Breeches) or pantaloons (/wiki/Trousers) , a sword and a two-cornered plumed hat (" bicorne (/wiki/Bicorne) "). There were normally at least two versions, a dress uniform (/wiki/Dress_uniform) for ceremonial events and a simpler version for less formal occasions which nevertheless required the use of uniform dress. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) Unlike their military and naval counterparts, diplomats did not wear uniforms for everyday purposes but substituted the appropriate civilian clothing. Diplomatic uniforms were usually richly embroidered (/wiki/Embroidered) with gold similar to the uniforms of high court officials. Diplomatic rank (/wiki/Diplomatic_rank) was distinguished by the amount and quality of the embroidery. In contrast to military uniforms (/wiki/Military_uniform) , which underwent rapid changes throughout the 19th and early 20th century, the diplomatic uniforms tended to keep their traditional design. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) While the uniforms of the different foreign services generally shared the common features noted above, there were considerable national differences, though often of minor detail. Thus, as examples, French ambassadors were distinguished by pearl-handled court swords with gold and silk frogs (sword attachments), their Portuguese colleagues by oak leaves and acorns represented in gold embroidery on their dress coats, while Norwegian diplomats wore gold embroidery of pine cone design on their dark blue "swallow-tail" coats. [11] (#cite_note-11) Belgian diplomats of all ranks had "royal blue" tail coats and retained the 18th century fashion of white breeches and stockings with low shoes. [12] (#cite_note-12) Today, Belgian diplomats wear blue and gold waist sashes, Spanish diplomats red cuffs on their dark blue tail-coats, [13] (#cite_note-13) and Danish diplomats distinctive red coats. [14] (#cite_note-14) By country [ edit ] France [ edit ] Elaborately embroidered dress for French diplomats, counsellors of state and other high ranking civilian officials evolved during the Second Empire (/wiki/Second_French_Empire) . These in turn served as a model for othe European states, being known as habits à la francaise (French clothes). Worn for ceremonial occasions by all ranks of the diplomatic service until World War II, these richly decorated garments were retained for ambassadors only until 1960. [15] (#cite_note-15) Germany [ edit ] In 1817, Prussian (/wiki/Prussia) diplomats received as uniforms dark blue tail coats (/wiki/Tailcoat) with cuffs and a standing collar of black velvet, decorated with oak leaf scrolls embroidered in gold. In 1888, the German Empire (/wiki/German_Empire) introduced the Altbrandenburgischer Waffenrock (/wiki/Waffenrock) , a long military-style coat, as the general state uniform for high-ranking officials. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) Military uniform was worn instead of court uniform by military officers and by those political figures who were reserve officers, which included most diplomats. It was practically impossible under the Empire for one to be a civil servant or a state secretary of ministerial rank without also being a reserve officer. Diplomatic uniforms were abandoned under the Weimar Republic (/wiki/Weimar_Republic) , but the Nazi (/wiki/Nazi) regime, which had a general fondness for uniforms, reintroduced them. The stage designer Benno von Arent (/wiki/Benno_von_Arent) designed the "startling" Nazi diplomatic uniform, consisting of a dark blue tailcoat whose modern lapels were embroidered with silver oak leaves, a silver sash (/wiki/Sash) , a silver aiguillette (/wiki/Aiguillette) and a small dagger. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) Italy [ edit ] Ambassador Alfredo Bastianelli (/wiki/Alfredo_Bastianelli) wearing the current diplomatic uniform with insignia of Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic) Royal Decree No. 1038 of 8 March 1928 established uniforms for diplomatic and consular officers, consular commissioners, interpreters, and hot weather. The basic uniform was of dark turquoise, except for the hot-weather uniform, which was white. By Decree of the President of the Republic No. 1125 of 21 June 1948, Fascist and royal emblems were replaced with republican symbols. [8] (#cite_note-:1-8) Following the issuance of the decreto legge of 25 June 2008, No. 112, converted into law on 6 August 2008, No. 133, [16] (#cite_note-16) in particular the article No. 24, annex "A" No. 334, repealed the 1928 royal decree. [17] (#cite_note-17) Therefore, it is not clear whether the diplomatic uniform is in force or not, since the 1948 presidential decree has not been repealed. Japan [ edit ] Main article: Court uniform and dress in the Empire of Japan (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Court_uniform) Hiroshi Saitō, the Japanese ambassador to the United States, wearing the Imperial Japanese diplomatic uniform with its distinctive paulownia (/wiki/Paulownia) embroidery (1937) Following the Meiji Restoration (/wiki/Meiji_Restoration) , the Dajō-kan (/wiki/Daj%C5%8D-kan) released an edict on 12 December 1872, [18] (#cite_note-18) implementing regulations for the uniforms of civil officials and nobles, and issuing another edict on 29 December of that year [19] (#cite_note-19) regulating their proper wear. Three of the highest subcategories of civil officials were allocated specific court (diplomatic) uniforms: Imperial appointees ( 勅任官 , chokuninkan ) , non-Imperially appointed senior officials ( 奏任官 , sōninkan ) , and junior officials ( 判任官 , hanninkan ) . On 4 December 1886, the designs of the court uniforms for civil officials were modified, but the designs for junior officials were not updated; due to the high cost of formal court dress, junior civil officials wore standard white tie court dress from then on. [20] (#cite_note-Osakabe-20) : 176 [21] (#cite_note-21) On 2 March 1908, an Imperial edict established substitute court uniforms for diplomats dispatched to the tropics or very hot areas. Later, on 29 September 1926, another Imperial edict established alternative court uniforms and court dress, consisting of white tropical tunics, for Japanese officials in the South Pacific (/wiki/South_Pacific_Mandate) . [22] (#cite_note-22) The standard diplomatic uniform for officials in the three primary categories of the Imperial Japanese diplomatic service ( chokuninkan , sōninkan and hanninkan ) consisted of a black wool frock coat with gold-embroidered paulownia (/wiki/Paulownia) flowers ( chokuninkan ) or buds ( sōninkan and hanninkan ) with gold-embroidered paulownia leaves and ornamentation in patterns and in areas of the coat corresponding to the respective category. The uniform coat was worn with a wool vest (waistcoat) in black or dark gray ( chokuninkan and sōninkan ) or in navy blue ( hanninkan ), with wool trousers in the same colors, again corresponding to category. All officials in the three primary categories wore a plumed bicorne hat with their uniforms, with the right side of the hat embellished according to category. Civil officials below the hanninkan level used standard white-tie court dress. However, the higher-ranking among these affixed symbols of their ranks to each cuff. Diplomats who were also peers ( 華族 , kazoku (/wiki/Kazoku) ) could also wear the established uniforms corresponding to their rank, as could former or serving officers of the Imperial Japanese military. Japanese court and diplomatic dress ceased to be worn after World War II, with the abolition of the pertinent Imperial Household Agency edicts (effective 2 May 1947) and the pertinent Dajō-kan edicts on 1 July 1954, [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) respectively. Poland [ edit ] The Second Polish Republic (/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic) used diplomatic uniforms, similar to other European countries. Ambassadors and ministers had full embroidery of oak leaves on their chests, collars and cuffs, and white ostrich feathers on a bicorne. Counsellors did not have full embroidery on their chests, but had similar collars and cuffs to Ambassadors. Secretaries were similar to counsellors but did not have embroidery on the collar. Counsellors, secretaries and attachés had black ostrich feathers on a bicorne. Consuls and their staff did not have feathers in bicornes or full embroidery on their chest. Sabres were also used, and buttons on the uniform had a depiction of the Polish eagle (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland) . [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) The Third Polish Republic (/wiki/Third_Polish_Republic) , however, does not use diplomatic uniform. Portugal [ edit ] Portuguese diplomatic uniform (Consul, First or Second Class), 1907; it remains mostly identical to the one still in use today. Although the diplomatic uniform was already in use during the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy (/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)) , the first official description of the diplomatic uniform was only coded into law on 4 January 1913, in order to expressly harmonise it with the new national symbols of the Portuguese Republic, established as a result of the 5 October 1910 revolution (/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution) . [27] (#cite_note-BouzaSerrano-27) The matter of an updated uniform bearing the new national symbols not having been issued shortly following the revolution had been noticed as early as 1911, when Manuel Teixeira Gomes (/wiki/Manuel_Teixeira_Gomes) , the first Minister Plenipotentiary to be sent to the Court of St James's (/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s) by the republican government, had to present his credentials (/wiki/Letter_of_credence) to King George V (/wiki/King_George_V) in "evening dress with trousers". [28] (#cite_note-Quaresma2018-28) The diplomatic uniform, as described in the 1913 decree, comprised "dark blue gold-striped cloth trousers and a single-breasted coatee of the same cloth with a stand collar". For heads of mission (/wiki/Head_of_mission) , First and Second Class, the coatee's collar, chest, cuffs, pocket flaps and tails edge were all to be decorated with gold embroidery; lower-rank diplomats did not bear gold embroidery on their chest. [29] (#cite_note-4Jan1913-29) The buttons were gilt and bore the national coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal) . The sword should bear the same arms, and was mounted on an embroidered sword belt. The uniform was worn with a cocked hat (/wiki/Bicorne) with a black feather border. [29] (#cite_note-4Jan1913-29) The decree stipulated the diplomatic uniform was to be worn during ceremonies and "in those countries in which the use of a diplomatic uniform is deemed necessary". It also prescribed an alternative uniform for use "in countries where it is customary to wear [such a uniform]": "dark blue cloth trousers and a coatee of the same cloth, to be worn unbuttoned, with a velvet collar and gilt buttons embossed with the arms of the Portuguese Republic; a waistcoat of the same cloth and bearing identical buttons, and white tie". [29] (#cite_note-4Jan1913-29) On 19 September 1940, a ministerial order issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Portugal)) made slight changes to the uniforms to further distinguish those with the rank of Ambassador (/wiki/Ambassador) : it added a further gold embroidered trim of intertwined oak and olive-leaf along the edge of the chest embroidery, continuing along the edge of the tails, as well as an identical trim around the edge of the cuffs. The cocked hat for Ambassadors, was now to be lined with white feathers, as opposed to the black feathers worn by those of inferior diplomatic rank. [30] (#cite_note-19Set1940-30) According to Bouza Serrano (/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Bouza_Serrano&action=edit&redlink=1) , there is a tradition amongst members of the Portuguese diplomatic service to keep their uniforms unaltered and not add the additional oak-leaf gold embroidery on the chest upon reaching the rank of Ambassador (/wiki/Ambassador) . This served to distinguish between career diplomats and political appointees, the latter of which were immediately entitled to use the elaborately embroidered uniform; the former retained their less ornate uniform from their time as Counsellor as a mark of seniority, changing only the colour of the feathers on the edging of their hats from black to white. [27] (#cite_note-BouzaSerrano-27) Although they are not mentioned in the pieces of legislation that describe the diplomatic uniform, it is customary to wear white gloves as part of the full uniform. At indoors receptions in Portugal (usually, that means at the palaces of Ajuda (/wiki/Palace_of_Ajuda) , Queluz (/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz) , or, less often, Necessidades (/wiki/Necessidades_Palace) ), neither gloves, nor cocked hat, nor sword are worn. [27] (#cite_note-BouzaSerrano-27) Russia and the Soviet Union [ edit ] Russian ambassador Alexander Konuzin in uniform, presenting his letters of credence to the Serbian President Boris Tadić (/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87) , 2008 In 1834, the Russian Empire introduced diplomatic uniforms. As worn until 1917 these were of dark green (almost black) cloth with bicorn hats and braiding according to rank. Regulations introduced in 1904 specified six variations of the dark green uniform, depending on the nature of the occasion for which it was worn. These included plain uniforms without gold braid for office wear, plus white knee breeches and stocking for court functions when royalty were present. Peaked caps and epaulettes of military style were specified for street wear or informal occasions when the bicorn or braided tailcoat was considered unsuitable. After the Russian Revolution (/wiki/Russian_Revolution) , a document entitled "Short Instruction on Adhering to the Accepted Bourgeois Society Etiquette Rules" by the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Foreign_Affairs) (NKID) instructed the revolutionary diplomats to wear jackets on formal occasions. From 1923 to 1924, Moscow newspapers debated whether the wearing of civilian Western dress and thereby "bourgeois society symbols, which are totally alien to the spirit of the Workers' and Peasants' State" was appropriate, and there were calls for a Soviet diplomatic uniform to be introduced. [31] (#cite_note-Lyadov-31) Image from the 1943 Soviet regulations concerning the diplomatic uniform But it was not until 1943 that a uniform was introduced for NKID staff, consisting of a three-piece uniform suit with gold-plated buttons and shoulder straps. The everyday uniform was grey and the dress uniform, which included a dagger, was black. Accoutrements included a coat, raincoat, hat and an ornate cap with the diplomatic insignia. [32] (#cite_note-Israelyan-32) The black dress uniform was similar to the Nazi SS uniform (/wiki/Uniforms_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel#SS_black_uniforms_(1932–1934)) ; the Soviet diplomat Victor Israelyan (/w/index.php?title=Victor_Israelyan&action=edit&redlink=1) recounted that during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) he was once given the Hitler salute (/wiki/Hitler_salute) and a loud "Heil Hitler!" by a German prisoner of war who mistook him for an SS officer. [32] (#cite_note-Israelyan-32) The wearing of uniform by all Soviet diplomats on formal occasions was officially discontinued in 1954; thereafter only ambassadors continued to wear the dress uniform, without the dagger, on special occasions. [31] (#cite_note-Lyadov-31) [32] (#cite_note-Israelyan-32) Senior officials of the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs (/wiki/Soviet_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs) still wore a double-breasted black uniform (or white for the ones assigned to a country with a tropical climate) with gold braided cuffs and collar patches when attending credential presentations by foreign ambassadors, as late as the 1980s. Following the breakup of the Soviet Union these uniforms ceased to be worn in 1991, though they were not formally abolished. In 2001 a black diplomatic uniform was re-introduced resembling the former Soviet model except for new insignia and blue-green collar patches. Russia now maintains such uniforms for wear on rare occasions. [33] (#cite_note-Lindia-33) Sweden [ edit ] Bertil Roth (right), wearing Swedish diplomatic uniform, introducing the U.S. Ambassador to Sweden, Azita Raji (/wiki/Azita_Raji) , 2016 The current Swedish diplomatic uniform consists of a dark blue tailcoat with gold olive-leaf embroidery on the collar, chest and cuffs with gilt buttons. Dark blue trousers with gold stripes, dark blue cape and a bicorne with a white plume are also worn, plus white gloves and a gilt smallsword (/wiki/Smallsword) . The diplomatic uniform is typically worn by Swedish officials accompanying foreign ambassadors to their presentation of credentials (/wiki/Presentation_of_credentials) ceremony in Stockholm. [34] (#cite_note-34) Switzerland [ edit ] The Swiss diplomat Arnold Otto Aepli (/wiki/Arnold_Otto_Aepli) in uniform as ambassador to Austria, 1890s [35] (#cite_note-35) The regulations of the Swiss department of foreign affairs of 1915 instructed Swiss diplomats to wear "a uniform or a frock coat" when presenting their credentials. Swiss diplomats received a blue uniform with golden embroideries of alpine roses (/wiki/Rosa_pendulina) and edelweiss (/wiki/Leontopodium_nivale) for use on formal occasions, but remained free to wear a frock coat or their own military uniform instead. [36] (#cite_note-36) The uniform appears to have been abandoned some time after World War II, [37] (#cite_note-37) to the dismay of some diplomats: There was an "association for the reintroduction of the diplomatic uniform" as of 1987 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_uniform&action=edit) , founded and led by Secretary of State Franz Blankart (/w/index.php?title=Franz_Blankart&action=edit&redlink=1) . [38] (#cite_note-38) United Kingdom [ edit ] Main article: Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom#Court_uniform) Historic [ edit ] Sir Edward Malet (/wiki/Edward_Malet) wearing the old-style Ambassador's uniform British diplomats wore the official court uniform consisting of a dark blue button-down high-collar jacket with gold oak-leaf embroidery on the collar, chest, cuffs and long tails; white breeches were worn, or else dark blue trousers with gold stripes, and a cocked hat (/wiki/Cocked_hat) edged with white ostrich (/wiki/Ostrich) plumes. A white uniform, with similar but detachable panels of gold embroidery on the collar and cuffs, was worn in tropical postings. Ambassadors wore '1st Class' court uniform, with additional gold embroidery on the sleeve and back seams. More junior officers wore different classes of uniform with simplified braiding on cuffs and collars only, as specified for their rank or appointment, (the classes of uniform were differentiated by varying widths of gold embroidery). Members of the Consular Service wore court uniforms with silver braiding according to rank, in contrast to the gold of diplomatic officers. The King's or Queen's Foreign Service Messengers were entitled to '5th Class' court uniform, upgraded to '4th Class' in 1929. Sir Herbert Phillips (/wiki/Herbert_Phillips_(diplomat)) , British Consul General, in full consular uniform on his departure from Shanghai in 1940 Until about 1965 Foreign Office Regulations and Consular Instructions had required even junior foreign service officers to acquire this formal dress, following completion of their probation period. However, by the end of the 20th century the use of this uniform had greatly diminished. Current [ edit ] Female UK diplomatic uniform, as worn by the Vice-Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps in 2014 A simplified diplomatic uniform is worn by His Majesty's Diplomatic Service (/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service) Heads of Mission (/wiki/Head_of_Mission) (ambassadors, high commissioners, etc.) on formal occasions such as the presentation of credentials. As worn by Deputy Heads of Mission, the uniform consists of a dark blue single-breasted tail coat, lined with black silk, with gilt buttons; the stand collar and gauntlet cuffs are faced with black velvet and edged with gilt braiding; this is worn with dark trousers or skirt, a bicorn hat, white gloves and a gold-mounted sword. Heads of Mission have, in addition, gold embroidery on the collar and cuffs, gold stripes on the trousers and a white ostrich-feather edging to the hat. [39] (#cite_note-39) This form of uniform was introduced in the 1950s. The uniform is worn today by British representatives to certain jurisdictions, including the Holy See, Spain and Thailand. [40] (#cite_note-:0-40) In addition, it is worn by the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (/wiki/Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs) and by certain senior Foreign Office officials. [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) A tropical version is also worn in Thailand. [43] (#cite_note-43) A version for women was introduced in 2013; [40] (#cite_note-:0-40) [44] (#cite_note-44) previously they only had the option of a silver-gilt badge of office (the royal cypher (/wiki/Royal_cypher) encircled by the words "Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service") hung from a Garter (/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter) -blue ribbon bow. [45] (#cite_note-Risk2001-45) United States [ edit ] Uniformed American representatives (left) signing the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 American diplomats were first issued uniforms for the mission concluding the 1814 Treaty of Ghent (/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent) ; these consisted of a blue gold-embroidered coat, white breeches and stockings, a sword and a cocked hat with a black cockade. U.S. diplomats routinely designed and wore uniforms of their own choosing until 1817, when the State Department formally prescribed a uniform for ministers based on the one issued for the Ghent mission. [46] (#cite_note-Diplomatic_and_Consular_Uniforms-46) This uniform was recommended for use by all ministers abroad by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams (/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams) in 1823. [47] (#cite_note-Schuyler-47) The Jackson administration simplified the uniform in 1829, which now consisted of a black coat with a gold star on each side of the collar, black or white breeches, a three-cornered chapeau de bras (/wiki/Chapeau_de_bras) (i.e., a foldable tricorne hat (/wiki/Tricorne) ), a black cockade and eagle, and a steel-mounted sword with white scabbard. This uniform was not mandatory, and some officials wore more brilliant uniforms according to their own taste. [47] (#cite_note-Schuyler-47) In 1853, Secretary of State (/wiki/Secretary_of_State) William L. Marcy (/wiki/William_L._Marcy) issued a circular recommending that U.S. diplomats wear "the simple dress of an American citizen." [46] (#cite_note-Diplomatic_and_Consular_Uniforms-46) In response to what was perceived as the excessive ostentatiousness of some of these individualized uniforms, Congress banned diplomatic uniforms altogether in 1867, by passing a resolution forbidding diplomatic officials to wear "any uniform or official costume not previously authorized by Congress". [47] (#cite_note-Schuyler-47) This caused some discomfort to American diplomats, who now had to appear "underdressed", in evening dress (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evening_dress) , to official functions. In 1910, Theodore Roosevelt (/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt) attracted considerable attention when he was one of the few foreign representatives at the funeral of King Edward VII (/wiki/Funeral_of_King_Edward_VII) who was not in civil or military uniform. [1] (#cite_note-Hackspiel_2005-1) For a period of time, U.S. diplomats and consular officers wore modified U.S. Navy uniforms (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy) , much as the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps) and U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps (/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Commissioned_Corps) continue to do so today. [48] (#cite_note-History_of_US_Navy_Uniforms-48) In 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt (/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) issued an executive order (/wiki/Executive_order) directing that no person in the diplomatic or consular service should wear a uniform or official costume not previously authorized by the United States Congress (/wiki/United_States_Congress) . [46] (#cite_note-Diplomatic_and_Consular_Uniforms-46) While there has continued to be discussion on the idea of reintroducing uniforms for the U.S. Foreign Service (/wiki/U.S._Foreign_Service) , such as a modified U.S. Navy mess dress (/wiki/Mess_dress) for formal occasions and presentation of credentials, such a change would require a law passed by Congress, since it is specified in the Foreign Service Act of 1946, section 1001, that "no officer or employee" of the Foreign Service was to "wear any uniform except such as may be authorized by law." [49] (#cite_note-Plischke-49) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hackspiel-Mikosch, Elisabeth (2005). "Uniforms, diplomatic". In Steele, Valerie (ed.). Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion . Vol. 3. Thomson Gale (/wiki/Thomson_Gale) . pp. 362–364. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-684-31394-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Blakeslee, Fred Gilbert (1929). Uniforms of the World . New York: E. P. Dutton (/wiki/E._P._Dutton) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Trendell, Herbert A. P. (28 February 2019). Dress and Insignia Worn at His Majesty's Court, Issued With the Authority of the Lord Chamberlain . Creative Media Partners, LLC. pp. 45–46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9-780526-341122 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Queen Elizabeth II receives His Excellency, Mr Meas Kim Heng who..." (https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-receives-his-excellency-mr-meas-kim-heng-news-photo/457244658) Getty Images . 15 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Claus Grube Photos Photos: Queen Elizabeth II Holds a Private Audience" (https://www.zimbio.com/photos/Claus+Grube/Queen+Elizabeth+II+Holds+Private+Audience/8zArDmNx0u0) . Zimbio . Retrieved 1 September 2020 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-6) "STOCK IMAGE – His Excellency JEAN GUEGUINOU French Diplomatist Ambassador to the United Kingdom COMPULSORY CREDIT: UPPA/Photoshot Photo URK 006923/C-29 01.12.1993 by www.DIOMEDIA.com" (https://www.diomedia.com/stock-photo-his-excellency-jean-gueguinou-french-diplomatist-ambassador-to-the-united-kingdom-compulsory-credit-uppaphotoshot-photo-urk-006923c-29-01121993-image17549002.html) . Diomedia . Retrieved 1 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Berthod, Bernard; Blanchard, Pierre (2001). Trésors inconnus du Vatican (in French). Paris: Les éditions de l'Amateur. pp. 154–155. ^ Jump up to: a b Diplomatic Protocol 2.0: Tradition and Innovation at the service of foreign affairs (PDF) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy. 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.esteri.it/mae/cerimoniale/cerimoniale/pdf/3.%20cerimoniale%20diplomatico%202.0%20-%20versione%20in%20inglese%20(marzo%202014).pdf) (PDF) on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Embaixador Ribeiro de Menezes entrega credenciais ao Rei de Espanha" (https://madrid.embaixadaportugal.mne.gov.pt/pt/a-embaixada/noticias/embaixador-ribeiro-de-menezes-entrega-credenciais-ao-rei-de-espanha) [Ambassador Ribeiro de Menezes presents credentials to the King of Spain]. Embaixada de Portugal em Espanha (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 17 June 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Ambassador Tolendy Makeev presented his credentials to the President of Slovakia Zuzana Čaputová" (https://mfa.gov.kg/en/zhogorku-menyu/press-kyzmaty/novosti/elchi-tmakeev-slovakiyanyn-prezidenti-zchaputovaga-ishenim-gramotalaryn-tapshyrdy-) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic . 17 April 2024 . Retrieved 5 July 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Fred Gilbert Blakeslee, page 311, "Uniforms of the World", published by E.P. Dutten & Co. Ltd, 1929 ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fred Gilbert Blakeslee, page 225, "Uniforms of the World", published by E.P. Dutten & Co. Ltd, 1929 ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The new Spanish ambassador in the Vatican presents his credentials to the Pope" (http://www.abc.es/20120618/sociedad/abci-embajador-vaticano-credenciales-201206181301.html) . 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "New Danish Ambassador in Great Britain" (http://storbritannien.um.dk/da/om-os/ambassadoeren) . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) page 14 Armes Militaria 280 "La broderie militaire, une evocation", Novembre 2008 ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Supplemento ordinario alla (https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/2008/08/21/195/so/196/sg/pdf) Gazzetta Ufficiale,, n. 195 del 21 agosto 2008 – Serie generale" . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno D'Italia, Parte Prima" (https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/1928/06/08/133/sg/pdf) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Dajō-kan Edict No. 339 12 December 1872. Taireifuku oyobi tsūjōreifuku wo sadame, ikan wo saifuku to nasu nado no ken ( 大礼服及通常礼服ヲ定メ衣冠ヲ祭服ト為ス等ノ件 ) . View here. (http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/787952/175) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Dajō-kan Edict No. 373 29 December 1872. Taireifuku oyobi tsūjōreifuku chakuyoubi no ken ( 大礼服及通常礼服著用日ノ件 ) . View here. (http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/787952/236) ^ (#cite_ref-Osakabe_20-0) Osakabe, Yoshinori (April 2010). 洋服・散髪・脱刀 : 服制の明治維新 [ Western Clothes, Cut Hair, No Swords: The Meiji Restoration of Clothing ] (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-4-06-258464-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) JACAR (Japan Center for Asian Historical Records) Ref.A07090081700. 改定文官大礼服制表並図・勅奏任官 [ Independent Documents: Tables and Illustrations on Revised Ceremonial Dress Code for Civil Officials: Officials under Imperial Appointment and Officials Appointed with the Emperor's Approval ] (in Japanese). {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-22) Kōki Hirota (/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota) is seen in Japan News No. 111 (http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300496_00000&seg_number=002) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140806173111/http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300496_00000&seg_number=002) 6 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) and No. 166 (http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300551_00000&seg_number=001) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151005182213/http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300551_00000&seg_number=001) 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ; Sawada Renzō (/w/index.php?title=Sawada_Renz%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ja (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%A2%E7%94%B0%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%89) ] in No. 24 (http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300409_00000&seg_number=002) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131214161439/http://cgi2.nhk.or.jp/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300409_00000&seg_number=002) 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-23) Imperial Household Ordinance No. 12 2 May 1947. Kōshitsurei oyobi fuzoku hourei haishi no ken ( 皇室令及附属法令廃止ノ件 ) ^ (#cite_ref-24) Law No. 203 1 July 1954. Act on the Adjustment of Cabinet and Prime Ministerial Laws and Ordinances ( 内閣及び総理府関係法令の整理に関する法律 , Naikaku oyobi sourifu kankei hourei no seiri ni kansuru houritsu ) ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Mundur służby dyplomatyczno-konsularnej w okresie II RP" (https://archiwum.msz.gov.pl/wyszukiwarka/?p=1ZG7JrPsGis3zkC3wGmKzg--#Archiwum%20MSZ%20-%20undur%20służby%20dyplomatyczno-konsularnej%20w%20okresie%20...) . Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych . Retrieved 25 December 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) "Rozporządzenie Rady Ministrów z dnia 19 lutego 1926 r. w sprawie umundurowania urzędników służby dyplomatycznej i konsularnej" (https://dziennikustaw.gov.pl/DU/1926/s/33/200) . Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej . Retrieved 25 December 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bouza Serrano, José de (/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Bouza_Serrano&action=edit&redlink=1) (2015). O Livro do Protocolo (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Lisbon: A Esfera dos Livros. pp. 518–520. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-989-626-352-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-Quaresma2018_28-0) Quaresma, José Alberto (2018). Manuel Teixeira Gomes – Biografia (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Leya. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-9722726290 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros, Direcção-Geral dos Negócios Políticos e Diplomáticos (10 January 1913). "Decreto de 4 de Janeiro de 1913" (https://dre.pt/dre/detalhe/decreto/1913-304144) . Diário do Govêrno n. o 8/1913, Série I de 1913-01-10 . Diário da República Eletrónico . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19Set1940_30-0) Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros, Direcção-Geral dos Negócios Políticos e da Administração Interna (20 September 1940). "Portaria de 19 de Setembro de 1940" (https://dre.pt/dre/detalhe/modelo/1940-195026) . Diário do Govêrno n. o 227/1940, Série I de 1940-09-28 . Diário da República Eletrónico . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lyadov, P.F. "Protocol and Etiquette" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111003142004/http://www.chile.mid.ru/0ld/mid200_pr_e.html) . Russian Embassy in Chile (originally published in DIPLOMAT (/w/index.php?title=DIPLOMAT&action=edit&redlink=1) ). Archived from the original (http://www.chile.mid.ru/0ld/mid200_pr_e.html) on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Israėli︠a︡n, Viktor Levonovich (2003). On the battlefields of the cold war: a Soviet ambassador's confession . Penn State Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-271-02297-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lindia_33-0) "Sergey Lavrov, Igor Ivanov" (https://archive.today/20131024004334/http://newshopper.sulekha.com/sergey-lavrov-igor-ivanov_photo_1156661.htm) . Sulekha. Archived from the original (http://newshopper.sulekha.com/sergey-lavrov-igor-ivanov_photo_1156661.htm) on 24 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, left, former Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov, center, both wearing official Russian diplomatic uniform, and Head of the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Yevgeny Primakov, former Prime Minister, share a laugh after a meeting marking the professional holiday in Moscow, Wednesday, 10 Feb. 2010. (AP Photo) ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Högtidliga audienser: UD:s introduktör" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200725143326/https://www.kungahuset.se/monarkinhovstaterna/monarkinisverige/monarkensuppgifter/hogtidligaaudienser/udsintroduktor.4.153cdebf1715366693df26.html) . kungahuset.se (in Swedish). Royal Court of Sweden. Archived from the original (https://www.kungahuset.se/monarkinhovstaterna/monarkinisverige/monarkensuppgifter/hogtidligaaudienser/udsintroduktor.4.153cdebf1715366693df26.html) on 25 July 2020 . Retrieved 25 July 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "Aeplis Diplomaten-Uniform im HVM St.Gallen" (https://www.aepli-gesellschaft.ch/aeplis-diplomaten-uniform-im-hvm-st-gallen/) . Aepli Gesellschaft (in German). 10 August 2021 . Retrieved 1 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Hirschi, Jonas. "Der unsichtbare Dienst. Geschichte des diplomatischen Protokolls der Schweiz 1946–1990" (https://www.dodis.ch/en/q18) . dodis.ch (in German). pp. 93–94 . Retrieved 1 August 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) von Tscharner, Benedikt (2014). " (https://www.sga-aspe.ch/diplomatie-zum-handbuch-von-paul-widmer/) "Diplomatie" – zum Handbuch von Paul Widmer" (https://www.sga-aspe.ch/diplomatie-zum-handbuch-von-paul-widmer/) . SGA ASPE (in German) . Retrieved 1 August 2022 . Goldbestickte Uniformen, Zweispitz und weisse Handschuhe tragen unsere Diplomaten selbst bei den allerfeierlichsten Anlässen seit Jahrzehnten nicht mehr ^ (#cite_ref-38) Blankart, Franz (27 August 1987), Das BAWI und die Herausforderung der Aussenwirtschaft. Einführungsreferat von Staatssekretär Franz Blankart, Direktor des Bundesamtes für Aussenwirtschaft, Botschafterkonferenz 1987, 27.8.1987 (in German), Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | Dodis , retrieved 1 August 2022 ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Diplomatic Uniforms at the Holy See" (http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/nigelbaker/2015/08/17/diplomatic-uniforms-at-the-holy-see/) . Foreign & Commonwealth Office . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Axworthy, Sally [@SallyAxworthy] (14 October 2018). "@DanielNixon_ @theallysonkenny @UKinHolySee @UKinPeru It is a diplomatic uniform, once widely worn by diplomats, now only surviving in a few places like the Holy See, Spain and Thailand. The UK Foreign Office introduced a version for women in 2013. I am the only female British ambassador who wears one, as far as I know" (https://x.com/SallyAxworthy/status/1051470144923418626) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Simon, McDonald [@SMcDonaldFCO] (31 August 2020). "In 5 years, I was present when 124 Ambassadors & 39 High Commissioners presented Credentials to HM The Queen in 84 ceremonies. Photo taken at Ambassadors' Entrance @foreignoffice after ceremony on 24 June 2016, busiest day in my career. Whatever happens, we respond https://t.co/kV1OIHTEXY" (https://x.com/SMcDonaldFCO/status/1300312526727647234) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-42) Jones, Peter [@PeterJonesFCDO] (19 December 2019). "You spend ages waiting for a #QueensSpeech invitation, then two turn up in quick succession. The greatest privilege to attend. Immaculately organised https://t.co/JSAfiJarhk" (https://x.com/PeterJonesFCDO/status/1207640668874649601) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-43) Kent, Mark [@KentArgentina] (7 December 2014). "Attending the Grand Reception to celebrate the Birthday of HM the King this evening http://t.co/LwN6FXoLg1" (https://x.com/KentArgentina/status/541587801930604544) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "New Director of Protocol takes office" (https://embassymagazine.com/new-director-protocol-takes-office/) . Embassy Network . 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Risk2001_45-0) Risk, James; Pownall, Henry; Stanley, David; Tamplin, John (2001). Royal Service (Volume II) . Lingfield, Surrey: Third Millennium. p. 103. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Diplomatic and Consular Uniforms" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170415083910/http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/protecting.php) . Archived from the original (http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/protecting.php) on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Schuyler, Eugene (/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler) (1886). American Diplomacy and the Furtherance of Commerce . Scribner's. pp. 62–63 (2009 reprint). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-150-20435-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-History_of_US_Navy_Uniforms_48-0) "History of US Navy Uniforms" (http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/uniform_history.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-Plischke_49-0) Plischke, Elmer (/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Plischke&action=edit&redlink=1) (1999). U.S. Department of State: A Reference History . Greenwood Press. pp. 148–150(1999 edition). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-29126-5 . Further reading [ edit ] Davis, Robert Ralph (1968). "Diplomatic Plumage: American Court Dress in the Early National Period". American Quarterly (/wiki/American_Quarterly) . 20 (2): 164–179. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/2711029 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711029) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0003-0678 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 2711029 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711029) . Buchner, Heide (2002). Nach Rang und Stand: Deutsche Ziviluniformen im 19. Jahrhundert (in German). Deutsches Textilmuseum. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-00-009193-3 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diplomatic uniforms (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diplomatic_uniforms) . Russian and Soviet diplomatic uniforms (in Russian) (http://www.geraldika.org/06_2007_28.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210213104423/http://www.geraldika.org/06_2007_28.htm) 13 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Diplomacy (/wiki/Diplomacy) and diplomats (/wiki/Diplomat) Roles Diplomatic leader titles Multilateral Permanent representative (/wiki/Permanent_representative) United Nations (/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations) Ambassador-at-large (/wiki/Ambassador-at-large) Resident representative (/wiki/Resident_Representative) Bilateral-national Ambassador (/wiki/Ambassador) High commissioner (/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)) Nuncio (/wiki/Nuncio) Chargé d'affaires (/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires) Head of mission (/wiki/Head_of_mission) Deputy chief of mission (/wiki/Deputy_chief_of_mission) Bilateral-subnational Consul (/wiki/Consul_(representative)) Bilateral-insular Resident (/wiki/Resident_minister) Resident commissioner (/wiki/Resident_commissioner) Envoy (/wiki/Envoy_(title)) Agent-general (/wiki/Agent-general) By portfolio ( Attaché (/wiki/Attach%C3%A9) ) Agricultural attaché (/wiki/Agricultural_attach%C3%A9) Chargé de mission (/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_de_mission) Conseiller chargé des investissements (/wiki/Conseiller_charg%C3%A9_des_investissements) Cultural attaché (/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9) Military attaché (/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9) Science attaché (/wiki/Science_attach%C3%A9) Trade commissioner (/wiki/Trade_commissioner) Other roles Diplomatic courier (/wiki/Diplomatic_courier) King's Messenger (/wiki/King%27s_Messenger) Foreign minister (/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs) Classification Diplomatic rank (/wiki/Diplomatic_rank) Offices Apostolic nunciature (/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature) Consular corps (/wiki/Consular_corps) Consulate (/wiki/Consulate) De facto embassy (/wiki/De_facto_embassy) Diplomatic corps (/wiki/Diplomatic_corps) African Diplomatic Corps (/wiki/African_Diplomatic_Corps) Diplomatic mission (/wiki/Diplomatic_mission) High commission (/wiki/High_commissioner) Legation (/wiki/Legation) Protecting power (/wiki/Protecting_power) Exclusive mandate (/wiki/Exclusive_mandate) Types Caviar (/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy) Checkbook (/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy) Coercive (/wiki/Compellence) Commercial (/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy) Cultural (/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy) Culinary (/wiki/Culinary_diplomacy) Defence (/wiki/Defence_diplomacy) Debt-trap (/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy) Digital (/wiki/Digital_diplomacy) Dollar (/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy) Economic (/wiki/Economic_diplomacy) Energy (/wiki/Energy_diplomacy) Freelance (/wiki/Freelance_diplomacy) Full-spectrum (/wiki/Full_spectrum_diplomacy) Guerrilla (/wiki/Guerrilla_diplomacy) Gunboat (/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy) Hostage (/wiki/Hostage_diplomacy) Iron (/wiki/Iron_diplomacy) Medical (/wiki/Medical_diplomacy) Migration (/wiki/Migration_diplomacy) New (/wiki/New_diplomacy) Panda (/wiki/Panda_diplomacy) Paradiplomacy (/wiki/Paradiplomacy) Parley (/wiki/Parley) Pilgrimage (/wiki/Pilgrimage_diplomacy) Ping-pong (/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy) Preventive (/wiki/Preventive_diplomacy) Public (/wiki/Public_diplomacy) Science (/wiki/Science_diplomacy) Shuttle (/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy) Stadium (/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy) Track II (/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy) Wolf warrior (/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy) Topics Appeasement (/wiki/Appeasement) Consular assistance (/wiki/Consular_assistance) Consular immunity (/wiki/Consular_immunity) Diplomatic accreditation (/wiki/Letter_of_credence) Diplomatic bag (/wiki/Diplomatic_bag) Diplomatic cable (/wiki/Diplomatic_cable) Diplomatic credentials (/wiki/Letter_of_credence) Diplomatic history (/wiki/Diplomatic_history) Diplomatic illness (/wiki/Diplomatic_illness) Diplomatic immunity (/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity) Diplomatic law (/wiki/Diplomatic_law) Diplomatic rank (/wiki/Diplomatic_rank) Diplomatic service (/wiki/Diplomatic_service) Diplomatic uniform Protocol (/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)) Persona non grata (/wiki/Persona_non_grata) Soft power (/wiki/Soft_power) Documents Exequatur (/wiki/Exequatur) Letter of credence (/wiki/Letter_of_credence) Letter of protest (/wiki/Letter_of_protest) Other topics Development aid (/wiki/Development_aid) Agencies (/wiki/List_of_development_aid_agencies) Parliamentary delegation (/wiki/Parliamentary_delegation) Summit (/wiki/Summit_(meeting)) Plenipotentiary Conference (/wiki/Plenipotentiary_Conference) Twin towns and sister cities (/wiki/Sister_city) Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy (/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy) Category Commons NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐p86zv Cached time: 20240720172415 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.870 seconds Real time usage: 1.090 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4179/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 206838/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3966/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 200058/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.519/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19768206/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 868.922 1 -total 38.50% 334.556 1 Template:Reflist 16.22% 140.897 14 Template:Cite_book 15.74% 136.811 16 Template:Lang 13.99% 121.555 1 Template:Western_dress_codes 13.78% 119.721 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 9.81% 85.216 9 Template:Navbox 8.13% 70.667 23 Template:Cite_web 6.60% 57.392 1 Template:Short_description 6.13% 53.285 1 Template:Clothing Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28703596-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720172415 and revision id 1232724279. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_uniform&oldid=1232724279 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomatic_uniform&oldid=1232724279) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Uniforms (/wiki/Category:Uniforms) Diplomacy (/wiki/Category:Diplomacy) Court uniforms and dress (/wiki/Category:Court_uniforms_and_dress) Ceremonial clothing (/wiki/Category:Ceremonial_clothing) Formal wear (/wiki/Category:Formal_wear) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from November 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023) CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list) Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)) CS1 German-language sources (de) (/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from March 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023) Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) Articles containing German-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text) Articles containing Italian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text) Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_before_1990) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
|
Traditional garment worn by Albanian men Xhamadan of Isa Boletini (/wiki/Isa_Boletini) , an Albanian freedom fighter of early 20th century A xhamadan or xhamadani is a traditional wool garment worn by Albanian (/wiki/Albanians) men. [1] (#cite_note-Blumi-1) It can be sleeved or sleeveless. The sleeveless xhamadan is only one type of the Albanian vest, the other two being the xhamadani me reshme , and the xhamadani fermele . [2] (#cite_note-Gjergji1976-2) The xhamadani me reshme went out of use around the beginning of the 20th century. [2] (#cite_note-Gjergji1976-2) whereas the xhamadan and the xhamadani fermele continue to be used in traditional festivities. A good xhamadan is usually richly embroidered, sometimes in gold: in the past its quality revealed social rank. [3] (#cite_note-Condrap14-3) History [ edit ] The xhamadani originated in the northeastern parts of Albania, but is worn throughout the country and in other territories inhabited by Albanians. [4] (#cite_note-Condrap15-4) The xhamadan appears to be the jacket to which 16th-century English poet Edmund Spenser (/wiki/Edmund_Spenser) refers in a line of his Faerie Queene (/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene) , published in the 1590s, where he mentions the sleeves-dependent, Albanese wise . [5] (#cite_note-Gjergji2002-5) It is mentioned several times by British travel writers, such as John Foster Fraser (/wiki/John_Foster_Fraser) , who in the first (1906) edition of his book, Pictures from the Balkans , observes the preferences of Albanian men for xhamadans embroidered in gold or silver. [6] (#cite_note-6) Types of xhamadan [ edit ] Men from Kukes (/wiki/Kukes) wearing xhamadan There were three types of xhamadanis in Albania: the xhamadan, the xhamadani me reshme [ clarification needed ] and the xhamadani fermele [ clarification needed ] , of which only the fermele and xhamadan are still in use, the jermele [ clarification needed ] having fallen out of favour around the beginning of the 20th century. [2] (#cite_note-Gjergji1976-2) The xhamadan usually can be closed on the left side, it has usually two pockets, an outside and an inside one, and is adorned with embroidery. In winter time the Albanians would wear the tallagan (/w/index.php?title=Tallagan&action=edit&redlink=1) , a heavy coat, on top of the xhamadan. [7] (#cite_note-Berisha-7) The embroidery can be in silk or cotton braids. [8] (#cite_note-Gjergji-8) Northern and southern Albanians each had several types of xhamadan, which differed in color and cut. Northern Albanians would usually wear a xhamadan of red velvet, embroidered in black silk or, sometimes, gold. [9] (#cite_note-Consociazione_Turistica_Italiana-9) The quality of the embroidery itself indicates social rank. [3] (#cite_note-Condrap14-3) In particular, the xhamadan worn by Albanians in the region of Tetovo (/wiki/Tetovo) (now North Macedonia (/wiki/North_Macedonia) ), is white, or creamy, and richly embroidered. It is sleeveless, and open on the chest, but it can be closed, with special fastenings. It has been a tradition that the bridegroom would wear it on his wedding day. [10] (#cite_note-Sulejmani-10) The southern Albanian version of the xhamadan for men is no longer red like the northern one, but creamy or dark blue. [3] (#cite_note-Condrap14-3) The northern Albanian xhamadan would usually have one pocket for the pocketwatch (/wiki/Pocketwatch) , or two, if the watch had a chain. In southern Albania the chain would be worn diagonally, instead. [11] (#cite_note-Duca_degli_Abruzzi-11) Trivia [ edit ] The song " Xhamadani vija vija (/w/index.php?title=Xhamadani_vija_vija&action=edit&redlink=1) " (English: "Striped xhamadan" ), composed in 1993 by Zef Çoba, refers to the xhamadan, and envisions the union of Albania and Kosovo (/wiki/Kosovo%27s_unification_with_Albania) , united under a common vest. [12] (#cite_note-Turino-12) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Culture of Albania (/wiki/Culture_of_Albania) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Albanian traditional clothing (/wiki/Albanian_traditional_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Blumi_1-0) Blumi 2011 (#CITEREFBlumi2011) , p. 19 ^ Jump up to: a b c Gjergji 1976 (#CITEREFGjergji1976) , p. 152 ^ Jump up to: a b c Condra 2013 (#CITEREFCondra2013) , p. 14 ^ (#cite_ref-Condrap15_4-0) Condra 2013 (#CITEREFCondra2013) , p. 15 ^ (#cite_ref-Gjergji2002_5-0) Gjergji 2002 (#CITEREFGjergji2002) , p. 290 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Zeri.info (8 February 2015). "Rrëfimi i rrallë i një anglezi: Si ndahen shqiptarët dhe pse edhe të ndarë janë të bashkuar?!" (http://zeri.info/aktuale/19025/rrefimi-i-rralle-i-nje-anglezi-si-ndahen-shqiptaret-dhe-pse-edhe-te-ndare-jane-te-bashkuar/) . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Berisha_7-0) Berisha 1973 (#CITEREFBerisha1973) , p. 341 ^ (#cite_ref-Gjergji_8-0) Gjergji 1988 (#CITEREFGjergji1988) , p. 250 ^ (#cite_ref-Consociazione_Turistica_Italiana_9-0) Consociazione Turistica Italiana 1997 (#CITEREFConsociazione_Turistica_Italiana1997) , p. 81 ^ (#cite_ref-Sulejmani_10-0) Sulejmani 1988 (#CITEREFSulejmani1988) , p. 175 ^ (#cite_ref-Duca_degli_Abruzzi_11-0) Museo nazionale della montagna "Duca degli Abruzzi" 2000 (#CITEREFMuseo_nazionale_della_montagna_"Duca_degli_Abruzzi"2000) , p. 28 ^ (#cite_ref-Turino_12-0) Turino 2004 (#CITEREFTurino2004) , p. 38 Sources [ edit ] Berisha, Anton (1973), Kosovo nekad i danas: Kosova dikur e sot , Borba,"-Radna jedinica "Ekonomska politika," Blumi, Isa (10 May 2011), Reinstating the Ottomans: Alternative Balkan Modernities, 1800-1912 , Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-230-11908-6 Condra, Jill (9 April 2013), Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World , ABC-CLIO, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-37637-5 Consociazione Turistica Italiana (1997), Albania Guide Rosse , Touring Editore, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-88-365-1148-8 Gjergji, Andromaqi (2002), Albanian Costumes Through the Centuries: Origin, Types, Evolution , Acad. of Sciences of Albania, Inst. of Folc Culture, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-99943-614-4-1 Gjergji, Andromaqi (1988), Veshjet Shqiptare në Shekuj: Origjina Tipologjia Zhvillimi , Akademia e Shkencave të RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Kulturës Popullore Gjergji, Andromaqi (1976), Etnografia shqiptare , vol. 7–8, Akademia e Shkencave e RPSH, Instituti i Historisë, Sektori i Etnografisë Museo nazionale della montagna "Duca degli Abruzzi" (2000), Argjënd: maestri argentieri in Albania e Kosovo , Museo nazionale della montagna "Duca degli Abruzzi" Sulejmani, Fadil (/wiki/Fadil_Sylejmani) (1988), Lindja, martesa dhe mortja në malësitë e Tetovës , Rilindja Turino, Thomas (2004), Identity and the Arts in Diaspora Communities , Information Coordinators, Incorporated, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-89990-124-4 v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Albania (/wiki/Albania) articles (/wiki/Outline_of_Albania) History (/wiki/History_of_Albania) Illyrians (/wiki/Illyrians) Ardiaei (/wiki/Ardiaei) Albanoi (/wiki/Albanoi) Amantes (/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)) Amantini (/wiki/Amantini) Balaites (/wiki/Balaites) Bylliones (/wiki/Bylliones) Dassaretii (/wiki/Dassaretii) Enchele (/wiki/Enchele) Labeatae (/wiki/Labeatae) Parthini (/wiki/Parthini) Taulantii (/wiki/Taulantii) Middle Ages (/wiki/Albanian_principalities) (1190–1385) Principality of Arbanon (/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon) Kingdom of Albania (/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)) Despotate of Arta (/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta) House of Kastrioti (/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti) Ottoman period (/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire) (1385–1912) Skanderbeg's rebellion (/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion) League of Lezhë (/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB) Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini (/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)) Arbëni Council (/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council) Islamization of Albania (/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania) Albanian Pashaliks (/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks) Massacre of the Albanian Beys (/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys) Revolts of 1833–1839 (/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839) Uprising of Dervish Cara (/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara) Albanian National Awakening (/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening) League of Prizren (/wiki/League_of_Prizren) Congress of Manastir (/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir) Revolt of 1910 (/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910) Malissori uprising (/wiki/Malissori_uprising) Taksim meeting (/wiki/Taksim_meeting) Revolt of 1912 (/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912) Kimza Government (/wiki/Kimza_Government) Independence (/wiki/Independent_Albania) (1912–present) Declaration of Independence (/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence) Anthem (/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit) Provisional Government of Albania (/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania) Albania during the Balkan Wars (/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars) Republic of Central Albania (/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania) Principality of Albania (1914–25) (/wiki/Principality_of_Albania) World War I in Albania (/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania) Autonomous Province of Korçë (/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB) Italian protectorate (/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania) Vlora War (/wiki/Vlora_War) Republic of Mirdita (/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita) Albanian Republic (1925–1928) (/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) (/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)) Italian Fascist occupation (/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)) German Nazi occupation (/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania) The Holocaust in Albania (/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania) Albanian resistance during World War II (/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania) Communist Albania (1946–91) (/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) Orthography Congress (1972) (/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress) Post-Communist Albania (/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania) 1997 Civil Unrest (/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest) NATO membership (/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations) EU Accession (/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union) See also Origins (/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history) Archives (/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_Albania) Landscape Mountains (/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania) Rivers (/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania) Lakes (/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania) Islands (/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania) Environment (/wiki/Environment_of_Albania) Climate (/wiki/Climate_of_Albania) Biodiversity (/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania) Habitat (/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania) Protected areas (/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_Albania) Executive Government (/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)) ( agencies (/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania) ) Head of state (/wiki/President_of_Albania) ( list (/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania) ) Prime Minister (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania) Foreign relations (/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania) Political parties (/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania) Treaties (/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania) Visa policy (/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania) Judiciary (/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania) Vetting Institutions KPA (/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)) IKP (/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)) ONM (/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)) KPK (/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)) Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania) Corruption (/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania) EURALIUS (/wiki/EURALIUS) SPAK (/wiki/SPAK) Prosecutor General (/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)) Subdivisions (/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania) NUTS (/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania) Counties (/wiki/Counties_of_Albania) Municipalities (/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania) Cities and towns (/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania) Communes (/wiki/Communes_of_Albania) Villages (/wiki/Villages_of_Albania) Maps (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania) Legislature Elections (/wiki/Elections_in_Albania) Assembly (/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania) ( speakers (/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania) ) Members (/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania) Opposition (/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania) Abortion (/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania) Capital punishment (/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania) Assassinations (/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania) LGBT (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania) Ombudsman (/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit) Security Military (/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces) Police (/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)) Organized crime (/wiki/Albanian_mafia) Prisons (/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania) Border crossings (/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_Albania) Finance Banking (/wiki/Banking_in_Albania) Lek (/wiki/Albanian_lek) (currency) Taxation (/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania) Trade unions (/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania) State Supreme Audit (/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)) Retail Shopping centers (/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania) Supermarkets (/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania) Industry Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania) Healthcare (/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania) Companies (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania) Energy (/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania) Operators KESH (/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation) OST (/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)) OSHEE (/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike) ERE (/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)) Hydropower plants (/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania) Natural resources Oil and gas (/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania) Mining (/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania) Infrastructure Highways (/wiki/Highways_in_Albania) Aviation (/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania) Ports (/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania) Railways (/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania) Bridges (/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania) Tunnels (/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania) Highrises (/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania) ( structures (/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania) ) Telecommunications (/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania) Posta Shqiptare (/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare) Squatting (/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania) Monuments Archaeological sites (/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania) Castles (/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania) Mosques (/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania) Tekkes (/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania) Churches (/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania) Lighthouses (/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania) Adriatic Sea Coast (/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast) Ionian Sea Coast (/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast) ( riviera (/wiki/Albanian_Riviera) ) Beaches (/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania) Images of Albania (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania) Society (/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania) People (/wiki/Albanians) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania) Census (/wiki/Census_in_Albania) Tribes (/wiki/Albanian_tribes) Noble families (/wiki/Albanian_nobility) Diaspora (/wiki/Albanian_diaspora) Women (/wiki/Women_in_Albania) Culture (/wiki/Albanian_culture) Art (/wiki/Albanian_art) (galleries) (/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania) Photography (/wiki/Photography_in_Albania) Museums (/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania) Theatres (/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania) Education (/wiki/Education_in_Albania) Alphabet (/wiki/Albanian_alphabet) scripts (/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts) Abetare (/wiki/Abetare) Language (/wiki/Albanian_language) Literature (/wiki/Albanian_literature) Research institutes (/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania) Libraries (/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania) Universities (/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania) Publishers (/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania) Proverbs (https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs) Albanology (/wiki/Albanology) Tradition Folk beliefs (/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs) Besa (/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)) Oda (/wiki/Oda_(Albania)) Secularism (/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Albania) Nevruz (/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania) Sworn virgins (/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins) Costumes (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Xhamadan Cuisine (/wiki/Albanian_cuisine) Gjellë (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB) Tavë kosi (/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi) Kabuni (/wiki/Kabuni) Raki (/wiki/Rakia) Beer (/wiki/Beer_in_Albania) Wine (/wiki/Albanian_wine) Cognac Skënderbeu (/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu) Sports Football National team (/wiki/Albania_national_football_team) Clubs (/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania) Players (/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers) Stadiums (/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania) Other sports Weightlifting (/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation) Athletics (/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation) Cycling (/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation) Basketball (/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation) Volleyball (/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation) Swimming (/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation) Olympics (/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics) Indoor arenas (/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania) Entertainment Music (/wiki/Music_of_Albania) Television (/wiki/Television_in_Albania) Radio (/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania) Symbols (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania) Heraldry (/wiki/Albanian_heraldry) Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Albania) ( list (/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags) ) Coat of arms (/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania) ( armorial (/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania) ) Epitaph of Gllavenica (/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica) Sign language (/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language) Orders, decorations and medals (/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania) Passport (/wiki/Albanian_passport) .al (/wiki/.al) Other Public holidays (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania) Copyright law (/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Albania) Index (/wiki/Outline_of_Albania) Bibliography (/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania) Category (/wiki/Category:Albania) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69f74dcdf6‐4wqbp Cached time: 20240721231654 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.651 seconds Real time usage: 0.860 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2455/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 233499/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 53150/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51995/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.411/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 23071596/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 693.899 1 -total 20.76% 144.077 1 Template:Reflist 19.54% 135.592 1 Template:Albania_topics 19.15% 132.901 1 Template:Country_topics 18.92% 131.305 13 Template:Navbox 14.88% 103.270 1 Template:Lang-en 13.60% 94.366 1 Template:Folk_costume 12.88% 89.404 1 Template:Cite_news 10.43% 72.385 1 Template:Short_description 8.52% 59.134 10 Template:Citation Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28873166-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721231654 and revision id 1217580377. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhamadan&oldid=1217580377 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhamadan&oldid=1217580377) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Albanian clothing (/wiki/Category:Albanian_clothing) Vests (/wiki/Category:Vests) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2016) Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text)
|
Italian fashion designer (born 1972) Frida Giannini Born 1972 (age 51–52) Rome, Italy Occupation Fashion designer Years active 1997－present Labels Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) (1997－2002) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) (2002－2015) Spouse Patrizio Di Marco (2015–2019) Children 1 Frida Giannini (born in Rome, 1972) is an Italian fashion designer. She was the creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) of the Italian fashion house Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) from 2006 to 2014. [1] (#cite_note-1) Education [ edit ] Giannini studied fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) at Rome's Fashion Academy. [2] (#cite_note-2) Career [ edit ] After brief stints at small, family-run accessories companies, she joined Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) in 1997, [3] (#cite_note-3) to design ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) . After three seasons, she was promoted to designer of leather goods. In 2002, Giannini joined Gucci as design director of handbags. [4] (#cite_note-vogue-4) In 2004, she was appointed to head women's accessories when Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) departed the company. At the time, Gucci stores focused its inventory on the "GG" monogram (/wiki/Monogram) canvas bag. Giannini attempted to change Gucci's style from Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) 's designs by drawing from Gucci's heritage. Based on the 1960s Grace Kelly (/wiki/Grace_Kelly) scarf, she developed the "Flora" collection of colorful bags. The collection was not well received by critics. In 2006, Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) commented: "Trends do not start here." However, Flora proved to be Giannini's first commercial success, and she applied the style to other accessories, including ballet shoes. [5] (#cite_note-wsj-5) In 2006, Giannini was promoted to Creative Director for the entire Gucci label. Giannini continues to design from heritage. For example, the 2010 Winter Men's line was noted for influences from Gucci's equestrian history. However, Giannini says, "I don't think it is a nostalgic collection, but heritage is good for me—going back to the archives, but looking forward to the future." [6] (#cite_note-nyt-6) In 2011, she created, in collaboration with Lapo Elkann (/wiki/Lapo_Elkann) , the Fiat 500 (/wiki/Fiat_500) by Gucci, a special edition of the Italian car. [ citation needed ] She was credited for softening Gucci's brand proposition from Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) 's porno-chic to sensual, with hints of Art Nouveau and fin de siècle , and to have introduced the brand's androgynous stance that Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) later fully developed. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) On 12 December 2014 Kering SA (/wiki/Kering_SA) announced Frida Giannini and Patrizio di Marco will be leaving the company. Giannini plans to see the fall/winter collection through to the Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) and departed in early 2015. [9] (#cite_note-9) Her successor is Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) . [10] (#cite_note-10) Film work [ edit ] In 2013 Giannini designed costumes for Olivia Wilde (/wiki/Olivia_Wilde) and Chris Hemsworth (/wiki/Chris_Hemsworth) in the film Rush (/wiki/Rush_(2013_film)) . [ citation needed ] Philanthrophy [ edit ] Giannini has for years supported UNICEF (/wiki/UNICEF) , receiving in 2011 the UNICEF Women of Compassion award. [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2013, together with Beyoncé Knowles (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles) and Salma Hayek (/wiki/Salma_Hayek) , she and Gucci launched Chime for Change, created with the goal of supporting women's and girls' education, health services and justice. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) Giannini has been a member of the board of Save the Children (/wiki/Save_the_Children) since 2017, [14] (#cite_note-14) for which she has made field trips to Jordan (/wiki/Jordan) and Syria (/wiki/Syria) . [15] (#cite_note-15) For a humanitarian project in partnership with retailer OVS (/wiki/OVS_(company)) in 2018, she created a Christmas capsule collection of sweaters benefiting Save the Children. [16] (#cite_note-16) Personal life [ edit ] Giannini married Patrizio Di Marco on 5 June 2015; [17] (#cite_note-17) their daughter Greta was born in 2012. [ citation needed ] The couple separated in 2019. [18] (#cite_note-18) Giannini collects vinyl records (/wiki/Vinyl_record) , with her collection currently at 8,000. [19] (#cite_note-19) Media [ edit ] The life and work of Giannini was the subject of 2013 film The Director - An Evolution in Three Acts (/w/index.php?title=The_Director_-_An_Evolution_in_Three_Acts_(2013_film)&action=edit&redlink=1) , directed by Christina Voros and starring James Franco (/wiki/James_Franco) . [20] (#cite_note-20) See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) MATTHEW SCHNEIER After Frida Giannini’s Departure, a Brand-New Men’s Collection at Gucci (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/20/fashion/after-frida-gianninis-departure-a-brand-new-mens-collection-at-gucci.html?_r=0) nytimes.com (/wiki/Nytimes.com) JAN. 20, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Frida Giannini (http://www.businessoffashion.com/frida-giannini) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150317233158/http://www.businessoffashion.com/frida-giannini) 2015-03-17 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) businessoffashion.com ^ (#cite_ref-3) One Turns Into Four: PPR Expected to Tap Gucci Designers Today (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/one-turns-into-four-ppr-expected-to-tap-gucci-designers-today-602341/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , March 11, 2004. ^ (#cite_ref-vogue_4-0) Sowray, Bibby (May 11, 2011). "Frida Giannini" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/frida-giannini) . British Vogue . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-wsj_5-0) Passariello, Christina (September 21, 2010). "Gucci Unpacks 'La Dolce Vita' (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703399404575505423060865984) " (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703399404575505423060865984) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-nyt_6-0) Menkes, Suzy (January 18, 2010). "The Calm After the Storm" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/19/fashion/19iht-rsuzy.html?ref=frida_giannini) . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Menkes, Suzy (2012-02-22). "Gucci: From Sexy to Sensual" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/fashion/23iht-rgucci23.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Friedman, Vanessa (2014-12-16). "Beware, Designers: What Frida Giannini's Departure at Gucci Tells Us" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/18/fashion/beware-designers-what-frida-gianninis-departure-at-gucci-tells-us.html) . The New York Times . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Retrieved 2022-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Milligan, Lauren (12 December 2014). "Giannini And Di Marco Both Leave Gucci" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/12/12/frida-giannini-leaves-gucci-steps-down-with-patrizio-de-marco) . Vogue . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Bridget Foley Gucci Confirms Alessandro Michele as Creative Director (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/gucci-confirms-michele-as-creative-director-8127391) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) January 21, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Luisa Zargani (October 22, 2020), Frida Giannini on Helping Out, Fashion Scenario (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/frida-giannini-on-helping-out-fashion-scenario-1234642363/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Luisa Zargani (October 22, 2020), Frida Giannini on Helping Out, Fashion Scenario (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/frida-giannini-on-helping-out-fashion-scenario-1234642363/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Beyoncé Leads New Gucci Empowerment Campaign" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/beyonce-knowles-salma-hayek-gucci-chime-for-change-campaign-frida-giannini) . British Vogue . 2013-02-28 . Retrieved 2022-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Alessandra Turra (July 24, 2017), Frida Giannini Joins Save the Children Board (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/frida-giannini-joins-save-the-children-board-10950998/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Elizabeth Paton (September 24, 2018), Life After the Runway (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/24/fashion/alber-elbaz-frida-giannini-jenna-lyons.html) New York Times (/wiki/New_York_Times) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Martino Carrera (November 20, 2018), Frida Giannini Designs Charitable Christmas Jumpers for OVS (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/frida-giannini-designs-charitable-christmas-jumpers-ovs-1202910243/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Klein, Alyssa Vingan (8 June 2015). "Former Gucci Creative Director Frida Giannini Marries in Valentino" (https://fashionista.com/2015/06/frida-giannini-wedding-dress) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2022-11-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Luisa Zargani (October 22, 2020), Frida Giannini on Helping Out, Fashion Scenario (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/frida-giannini-on-helping-out-fashion-scenario-1234642363/) Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Gahan, Dave (/wiki/Dave_Gahan) (12 July 2011). "Frida Giannini" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/frida-giannini-2/) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Mau, Dhani (10 April 2014). "How James Franco Helped Spotlight One of Fashion's Most Press-Shy Designers, Frida Giannini" (https://fashionista.com/2013/04/how-james-franco-helped-spotlight-one-of-fashions-most-press-shy-designers-frida-giannini) . Fashionista . Retrieved 2022-11-20 . External links [ edit ] Frida Giannini (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/frida-giannini/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Frida Giannini (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5567913/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) v t e Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) People Guccio Gucci (/wiki/Guccio_Gucci) (founder) Cristóbal Balenciaga (/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga) Aldo Gucci (/wiki/Aldo_Gucci) Maurizio Gucci (/wiki/Maurizio_Gucci) Paolo Gucci (/wiki/Paolo_Gucci) Rodolfo Gucci (/wiki/Rodolfo_Gucci) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) Patricia Gucci (/wiki/Patricia_Gucci) Brands Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Boucheron (/wiki/Boucheron) Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Subsidiaries Doccia porcelain (/wiki/Doccia_porcelain) Portal (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000369477504) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/243238771) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpd8b7qVXRpx6yChfg8C) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1042792208) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012049939) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6418242) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐z67xx Cached time: 20240713181728 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.625 seconds Real time usage: 0.884 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2952/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41287/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3749/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 58787/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.407/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7245568/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 834.978 1 -total 31.83% 265.810 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 21.18% 176.852 1 Template:Reflist 14.63% 122.135 6 Template:Cite_web 11.54% 96.368 1 Template:Gucci 11.25% 93.899 1 Template:Navbox 11.19% 93.474 1 Template:Short_description 11.10% 92.719 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 9.33% 77.887 1 Template:Birth_year_and_age 8.64% 72.168 3 Template:Citation_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:28922815-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713181728 and revision id 1223483625. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frida_Giannini&oldid=1223483625 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frida_Giannini&oldid=1223483625) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1972 births (/wiki/Category:1972_births) Fashion designers from Rome (/wiki/Category:Fashion_designers_from_Rome) Italian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Italian_fashion_designers) Italian women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Italian_women_fashion_designers) 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers)
|
Traditional Batak draped cloth garment of North Sumatra, Indonesia Ulos Ulos Type Art Fabric Material Silk (/wiki/Silk) and Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Place of origin Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) ( North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) ) Ulos is the traditional Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) fabric of the Batak people (/wiki/Batak_people) of North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) in Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . Different kinds of Ulos have different ceremonial significance. The ulos is normally worn draped over the shoulder or shoulders, or in weddings to ceremonially bind the bride and groom together. Ulos are traditionally hand-woven and in the case of higher-quality examples are significant family heirlooms, to be worn at important events, such as funerals and weddings. With increasing modernization, Ulos lost its significance, with many varieties no longer in demand. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] Traditional Batak (/wiki/Batak) tailors making Tenun Ulos (traditional cloth of the Batak people) in Huta Raja village, North Sumatra (/wiki/North_Sumatra) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) According to the Batak people, there are three sources of warmth for humans; Sun, Fire, and Ulos. Ulos are said to be a source of warmth because they live in cold mountains. This natural condition makes sunlight insufficient to give warmth, especially at night. Then, they created something that could give them warmth, also believed to be able to give the men bravery and the women strength against infertility. At first, Ulos was only used as an ordinary cloth but it later developed into a symbol of love, traditional ceremony requirements, and society's structural system symbol. Even today ulos is believed to have magical religious power and is thus considered 'sacred' and has special power to protect the user. There are many kinds and motifs of Ulos, which have their respective meaning in accordance to the characteristic, condition, function, and some relation. When it is used given to whom, and which traditional ceremony like weddings, birth, death, and other rituals will never run without Ulos. If Ulos is used by a man, the upper part of it is called ande-ande, the lower called singkot, and the one used on the head is called tali-tali, or bulang-bulang. But, because of its sacred value, not all Ulos can be used in daily activities. Ulos Jugja, Sadum, Ragidup, and Runjat are only used on some occasions. In everyday life, men wear Ulos in box pattern with a black shirt named Baju Kurung without shoes or sandals. Usage [ edit ] Toba Batak people performing a traditional dance, wearing ulos When Ulos is used by a female, the bottom is called haen , the back is called hoba-hoba and if it used as sсarf it is called ampe-ampe . If used as head cover it is called saong , and if used to carry baby it is called parompa . In daily life, the females wear a black long dress and head cover. There are three ways to use Ulos. First, siabithononton , the Ulos used for this are Ragidup, Sibolang, Runjat, Djobit, Simarindjamisi, and Ragi Pangko. Second, sihadanghononton (used as head cover). The Ulos used for this are Sirara, Sumbat, Bolean, Mangiring, Surisuri and Sadum. Third, sitalitalihononton (tied at hip). Ulos used for this are Tumtuman, Mangiring and Padangrusa. Using Ulos in the right way is extremely important to make good looking and also to fulfill the philosophical meaning of Ulos. Ulos as a love symbol is called mangulosi . In Batak culture, mangulosi (giving Ulos) is a symbol of love to the receiver. In mangulosi , there are common rules, mangulosi can only be done by people who have a family relation or to give it to lower social status people. For example, parents can mangulosi their children, but not opposite. To mangulosi a child who gives birth to their first child, the Ulos given is Ragidup Sinagok. Ulos given to a special guest is Ulos Ragidup Silingo. Production [ edit ] Ulos is made with a manual loom machine. A spinner ( Sorha (/w/index.php?title=Sorha&action=edit&redlink=1) ) is used to make cotton into yards. Pamanggung is used to tie yards. Pagabe to hold the yard. Baliga used to organize yards. Hatalungan is used to separate yards. Pamapan used to make the yard into cloth. Palabuan (Periuk tanah) is used to saving coloring water. Ulos are made of cotton and the coloring water is made of bark, grass, roots, mud, or leaves. See also [ edit ] Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Balinese textiles (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Batik (/wiki/Batik) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Berita terkini dan terpercaya Indonesia - ANTARA News" (http://www.antaranews.com/view/?i=1196433922&c=SBH&s=) . External links [ edit ] Collection of Batak Toba ulos (http://www.tribaltextiles.info/articles/Batak/Vera_Tobing_collection.htm) Tempointeraktif - Serat Kehidupan Ulos Batak (http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/hobi/2009/03/17/brk,20090317-165180,id.html) Various ulos (http://tano-batak.blogspot.com/search/label/Batak%20Textile%20%2F%20Ulos%20Batak) Indonesian culture (http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/2174) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Indonesian clothing (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Clothing identified with Indonesian culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) and still worn today Textiles and weaving Geringsing (/wiki/Geringsing) Kain Bali (/wiki/Balinese_textiles) Kain Sumba (/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba) Kain kulit kayu (/wiki/Barkcloth) Lurik Songket (/wiki/Songket) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Tenun (/wiki/Tenun) Ulos Dyeing Batik (/wiki/Batik) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Jumputan (/wiki/Tie-dye) Prada Clothing Angkin (/wiki/Sash) Baju Bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Baju kain rumput Baju Koko Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Beskap Cawat (/wiki/Loincloth) Kain jarik Kain panjang Kain samping (/wiki/Samping) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kemeja Batik (/wiki/Batik) Koje Koteka (/wiki/Koteka) Rok Rumbia Sarung (/wiki/Sarong) Selendang (/wiki/Sash) Surjan Uis Gara Headgear Beluko Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Caping (/wiki/Asian_conical_hat) Iket Jamang Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Kerudung (/wiki/Veil) Kopiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Konde or sanggul (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) ( hair extension (/wiki/Artificial_hair_integrations) ) Makuta (/wiki/Maku%E1%B9%ADa) Peci (/wiki/Songkok) Siger Suntiang Tanjak (/wiki/Tanjak) (destar) Tengkuluk Tudung (/wiki/Tudong) Udeng Jewelry and ornaments Anting-anting (/wiki/Earring) Cincin (/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)) Gelang (/wiki/Bracelet) Giwang Gesper (/wiki/Belt_buckle) Kembang goyang (cunduk mentul) Kelat bahu (/wiki/Arm_ring) Kerongsang Pending Sabuk (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Subang Sumping Tusuk konde (/wiki/Hairpin) Upawita (/wiki/Upavita) Armour Baju Empurau (/wiki/Baju_Empurau) Baju Lamina (/wiki/Baju_Lamina) Baju Rantai (/wiki/Baju_Rantai) Baru Lema'a (/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a) Baru Öröba (/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba) Karambalangan (/wiki/Karambalangan) Kawaca (/wiki/Kawaca) Siping-siping (/wiki/Siping-siping) Footwear Bakiak (kelom) (/wiki/Clog) Sandals (/wiki/Sandal) Selop Sepatu v t e Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) articles (/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles) History (/wiki/History_of_Indonesia) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history) Prehistoric (/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia) Hinduism-Buddhism era (/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations) Spread of Islam (/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia) Portuguese era (1512–1605) (/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago) VOC era (1603–1800) (/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies) French and British era (1806–1816) (/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies) Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) (/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies) Japanese occupation (1942–45) (/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies) National Revolution (1945–49) (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution) Liberal democracy era (1950–59) (/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia) Guided Democracy (1959–65) (/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia) Transitional period (1965–66) (/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order) New Order (1966–98) (/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)) Reformasi (since 1998) (/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia) Borders (/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia) Cities (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population) Climate (/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia) Climate change (/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia) Conservation (/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia) Biosphere reserves (/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia) National parks (/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia) Deforestation (/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia) Earthquakes (/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia) Environmental issues (/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia) Geology (/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia) Islands (/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia) Lakes (/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia) Mountains (/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia) Provincial highest points (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point) Natural history (/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia) Fauna (/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia) Flora (/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia) Regions (/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia) Rivers (/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia) Volcanoes (/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia) Administrative divisions (/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia) Historical (/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies) Provinces (/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia) Regencies & Cities (/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia) Districts (/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia) Cabinet (/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia) Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia) Elections (/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia) Foreign relations (/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia) Law (/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia) Censorship (/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia) Enforcement (/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia) Military (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces) ( Babinsa (/wiki/Babinsa) ) National capital (/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia) Pancasila (/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)) People's Consultative Assembly (/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly) Police (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police) Political parties (/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia) President (/wiki/President_of_Indonesia) ( List (/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia) ) Wawasan Nusantara (/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia) Automotive (/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia) Aviation (/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia) Banks (/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia) Energy (/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia) History (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia) Science and technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia) Stock Exchange (/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange) Telecommunications (/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia) Water supply and sanitation (/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia) Society (/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia) Abortion (/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia) Crime (/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia) Human trafficking (/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia) Piracy (/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia) Prostitution (/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia) Candi (/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia) Colonial (/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia) Mosques (/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia) Rumah adat (/wiki/Rumah_adat) Art (/wiki/Indonesian_art) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia) Costume (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Cuisine (/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine) Dance (/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia) Festivals (/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia) Legends (/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia) Literature (/wiki/Indonesian_literature) Martial arts (/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts) Media (/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia) Mythology (/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia) National heroes (/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia) Painting (/wiki/Indonesian_painting) Properties (/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia) Public holidays (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia) Sport (/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia) Theatre (/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia) Video games (/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia) Education (/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia) Ethnic groups (/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia) Health (/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia) Healthcare (/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia) Homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia) Refugees (/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia) Women (/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia) LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia) Symbols (/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia) Anthem (/wiki/Indonesia_Raya) Costume (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Emblem (/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia) Historical (/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia) Subdivision (/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia) Faunal emblems (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems) Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia) Subdivision (/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia) Floral emblems (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems) Motto (/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika) Nusantara (/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)) Personification (/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi) Songs (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia) Index (/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles) Category (/wiki/Category:Indonesia) Portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Gallery (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) Atlas (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65cd9779b7‐mwg7s Cached time: 20240722092324 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.402 seconds Real time usage: 0.548 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1483/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 110483/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13696/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31655/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.229/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4833245/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 409.159 1 -total 24.82% 101.562 1 Template:Reflist 24.46% 100.062 4 Template:Navbox 21.38% 87.479 1 Template:Cite_web 20.79% 85.067 1 Template:Folk_costume 18.59% 76.061 1 Template:Indonesia_topics 18.10% 74.046 1 Template:Country_topics 15.03% 61.504 1 Template:Short_description 10.54% 43.125 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 10.13% 41.456 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29129223-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722092324 and revision id 1196121973. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulos&oldid=1196121973 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulos&oldid=1196121973) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Batak (/wiki/Category:Batak) Textile industry of Indonesia (/wiki/Category:Textile_industry_of_Indonesia) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
|
In this Chinese name (/wiki/Chinese_name) , the family name (/wiki/Chinese_surname) is Hung (洪) (/wiki/Hong_(surname)) . Hung Huang Born Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , China Citizenship American Alma mater Vassar College (/wiki/Vassar_College) Occupation Media figure Spouses Andrew Yu (/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1) ( m. 1983–1985) Chen Kaige (/wiki/Chen_Kaige) ( m. 1989–1991) Pon Sai (/w/index.php?title=Pon_Sai&action=edit&redlink=1) ( m. 1993–2005) Yang Xiaoping (/w/index.php?title=Yang_Xiaoping&action=edit&redlink=1) ( m. 2005) Children 1 (adopted) Parents Zhang Hanzhi (/wiki/Zhang_Hanzhi) (mother) Hong Junyan (/w/index.php?title=Hong_Junyan&action=edit&redlink=1) (father) Qiao Guanhua (/wiki/Qiao_Guanhua) (stepfather) Hung Huang ( Chinese (/wiki/Chinese_language) : 洪晃 ; pinyin (/wiki/Pinyin) : Hóng Huàng ; 16 July, 1962—) is an American-Chinese media figure. She was the publisher of the now defunct fashion magazine iLook from 1999 to 2015. Personal life [ edit ] Hung was born to Zhang Hanzhi (/wiki/Zhang_Hanzhi) , [1] (#cite_note-Kristof-1) who would become the English tutor of Mao Zedong (/wiki/Mao_Zedong) , and Hong Junyan (洪君彦), an economist. [2] (#cite_note-Fashionably-2) [3] (#cite_note-Borton-3) Her parents divorced in 1973. Zhang then married Qiao Guanhua (/wiki/Qiao_Guanhua) , [4] (#cite_note-4) the Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China (/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China) in the 1970s. [3] (#cite_note-Borton-3) Hung's mother was later accused of collaborating with the Gang of Four (/wiki/Gang_of_Four) and was placed under house arrest for two years. [2] (#cite_note-Fashionably-2) In 1974, Hung, at the age of 12, was sent to America to study. She graduated from Vassar College (/wiki/Vassar_College) in 1984. [3] (#cite_note-Borton-3) Hung married four times, three of them ended in divorce. Her second husband is the film director Chen Kaige (/wiki/Chen_Kaige) . In 2006, Hung adopted a daughter from Sichuan (/wiki/Sichuan) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] Hung worked as a consultant and comprador in both China and the US until 1999, when she took over the fashion magazine Look , later known as iLook, from its founder Jane Huang, wife of Tan Dun (/wiki/Tan_Dun) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Apart from being the publisher, Hung was also the magazine's editor-in-chief since August 2006. The magazine published its last issue in December, 2015. A CNN (/wiki/CNN) article stated that she had been referred to as "China's answer to Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) and Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) ." [2] (#cite_note-Fashionably-2) Since early 2012, she has written a weekly column called ChinaFile for Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . [8] (#cite_note-8) She has been selected by the Time magazine as one of the world's 100 most influential people in 2011. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] China portal (/wiki/Portal:China) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) ^ (#cite_ref-Kristof_1-0) Kristof, Nicholas D. (May 20, 2008). "Two Chinese Friends, RIP" (http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/20/two-chinese-friends-rip/) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved October 21, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "China's fashionably outspoken media mogul" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101021053853/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-20/world/hung.huang.china_1_blogging-mao-tse-tung-hung-huang?_s=PM%3AWORLD) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . October 20, 2010. Archived from the original (http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-20/world/hung.huang.china_1_blogging-mao-tse-tung-hung-huang?_s=PM:WORLD) on October 21, 2010 . Retrieved October 21, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Borton, James (December 16, 2004). "Magazine licensing red-hot in China" (https://web.archive.org/web/20041215211029/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FL16Ad01.html) . Asia Times (/wiki/Asia_Times) . Archived from the original on December 15, 2004 . Retrieved October 21, 2010 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Chairman Mao's tutor dies at 73" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101027095734/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-01/28/content_6425148.htm) . Shanghai Daily (/wiki/Shanghai_Daily) . January 28, 2008. Archived from the original (http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-01/28/content_6425148.htm) on October 27, 2010 . Retrieved October 22, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) 陪女儿是最大享受 "名门痞女"洪晃领养四川女孩 (http://www.china.com.cn/city/txt/2007-05/13/content_8244487.htm) Retrieved 2016-09-03 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Goldkorn, Jeremy (February 18, 2006). "Hung Huang, Chen Kaige and the Steamed Bun" (http://www.danwei.org/trends_and_buzz/hung_huang_chen_kaige_and_the.php) . Danwei . Retrieved December 9, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Jakes, Susan. "Hung Huang • Interpreter of Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050307025334/http://www.time.com/time/2005/style/030105/who/2.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/2005/style/030105/who/2.html) on March 7, 2005 . Retrieved October 23, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "DVF's Literary Launch in China" (http://www.wwd.com/media-news/print/dvfs-literary-launch-in-china-5421334) . 9 December 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The 2011 TIME 100" (http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2066367,00.html) . Time . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0040-781X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X) . Retrieved 2019-01-27 . External links [ edit ] " Hung Huang: China's Oprah (http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/international/2010/10/20/talk.asia.china.hung.huang.cnn?hpt=Sbin) ." CNN (/wiki/CNN) . Hung Huang's Blog (http://blog.sina.com.cn/honghuang) (in Chinese) Hung, Huang. " Dear laowai, don't mess with our Chinese-ness (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2010-01/12/content_9304769.htm) ." China Daily (/wiki/China_Daily) . January 12, 2010. ( Alternate link (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2010-01/12/content_9303041.htm) ) Jeremy Goldkorn. " Hung Huang, Chen Kaige and the Steamed Bun (http://www.danwei.org/trends_and_buzz/hung_huang_chen_kaige_and_the.php) ." Danwei . February 18, 2006. " 3月22日朋友会——洪晃 (http://www.cctv.com/program/xwyyzz/20040324/100501.shtml) ." China Central Television (/wiki/China_Central_Television) . (in Chinese and English) At Home: Hung Huang (Financial Times, 27 Jan 2012) (https://www.ft.com/content/7c0788f0-428d-11e1-97b1-00144feab49a) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐8nrlt Cached time: 20240720035322 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.569 seconds Real time usage: 0.705 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3524/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30499/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10497/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36078/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.372/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17150898/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 662.679 1 -total 46.10% 305.485 1 Template:Infobox_person 30.12% 199.594 21 Template:Pluralize_from_text 24.41% 161.777 2 Template:Plainlist 23.23% 153.951 4 Template:Marriage 21.75% 144.156 1 Template:Reflist 16.75% 111.008 2 Template:In_lang 15.49% 102.657 4 Template:Cite_news 7.74% 51.313 4 Template:Trim 6.08% 40.258 1 Template:Family_name_hatnote Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29287894-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720035322 and revision id 1225464378. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_Huang&oldid=1225464378 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hung_Huang&oldid=1225464378) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Chinese bloggers (/wiki/Category:Chinese_bloggers) Chinese women bloggers (/wiki/Category:Chinese_women_bloggers) 20th-century Chinese women writers (/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_women_writers) 21st-century Chinese women writers (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Chinese_women_writers) 21st-century Chinese essayists (/wiki/Category:21st-century_Chinese_essayists) Chinese autobiographers (/wiki/Category:Chinese_autobiographers) Writers from Beijing (/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Beijing) Vassar College alumni (/wiki/Category:Vassar_College_alumni) Actresses from Beijing (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Beijing) Women autobiographers (/wiki/Category:Women_autobiographers) American women bloggers (/wiki/Category:American_women_bloggers) American bloggers (/wiki/Category:American_bloggers) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: unfit URL (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Chinese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text) Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
|
Japanese bleached cloth This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sarashi) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sarashi" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sarashi%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sarashi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sarashi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sarashi%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sarashi%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sarashi%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) A sarashi ( 晒し , "bleached cloth") is a kind of white cloth, usually cotton (/wiki/Cotton) , or less commonly linen (/wiki/Linen) , [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) used to make various garments in Japan (/wiki/Japan) , such as juban (a kind of under- kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ), fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) , or tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) . A length of sarashi may be wrapped around the body under a kimono (/wiki/Kimono) as a haramaki (/wiki/Haramaki_(clothing)) , or around the chest to bind the breasts (/wiki/Breast_binding) . See also [ edit ] Bandeau (/wiki/Bandeau) Breast binding (/wiki/Breast_binding) Girdle § Undergarment (/wiki/Girdle#Undergarment) Haramaki (/wiki/Haramaki_(clothing)) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) James Curtis Hepburn (1867). A Japanese and English Dictionary: With and English and Japanese Index . American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 375 (https://archive.org/details/ajapaneseandeng00hepbgoog/page/n391) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Sarashi" (https://jisho.org/search/%E6%99%92) 晒し [Sarashi]. jisho.org (in Japanese) . Retrieved 27 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kokugo Dai Jiten 国語大辞典（新装版） [ Kokugodaijiten (shinsō-ban) ] (in Japanese) (Revised ed.). Tokyo: Shogakukan (/wiki/Shogakukan) . 1988. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Daijirin 大辞林 [ Daijirin ] (in Japanese) (Third ed.). Tokyo: Sanseidō. 2006. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 4-385-13905-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Daijisen 大辞泉 [ Daijisen ] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 1995. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 4-09-501211-0 . v t e Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) Traditional Chihaya (/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Furisode (/wiki/Furisode) Hanten (/wiki/Hanten) Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) Haori (/wiki/Haori) Happi (/wiki/Happi) Jinbei (/wiki/Jinbei) Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) Jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) Keikogi (/wiki/Keikogi) Kosode (/wiki/Kosode) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Kyahan (/wiki/Kyahan) Mawashi (/wiki/Mawashi) Mino (/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)) Nemaki (/wiki/Nemaki) Samue (/wiki/Samue) Shitagi (/wiki/Shitagi) Sokutai (/wiki/Sokutai) Uwagi (/wiki/Uwagi) Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) Headgear Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kanmuri (/wiki/Kanmuri_(headwear)) Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Raikan (/wiki/Raikan) Shaguma (/wiki/Shaguma) Tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Belt / sash Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Uwa-obi (/wiki/Uwa-obi) Tasuki (/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)) Footwear Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Uwabaki (/wiki/Uwabaki) Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah (/wiki/Kupiah) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Japan (/wiki/Portal:Japan) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This article related to the culture of Japan is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarashi&action=edit) . v t e This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarashi&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐b2f6v Cached time: 20240712170927 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.768 seconds Real time usage: 0.935 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1208/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 93245/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 408/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46531/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.546/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16316944/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 804.048 1 -total 24.80% 199.393 4 Template:Navbox 23.02% 185.125 1 Template:Japanese_clothing 22.38% 179.933 1 Template:Reflist 18.34% 147.425 4 Template:Cite_book 18.16% 146.036 1 Template:Nihongo3 10.86% 87.310 1 Template:More_citations_needed 10.51% 84.508 1 Template:Short_description 10.17% 81.736 1 Template:Ambox 6.59% 52.965 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29326738-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712170927 and revision id 1144279336. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarashi&oldid=1144279336 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarashi&oldid=1144279336) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Dresses (/wiki/Category:Dresses) Japanese sashes (/wiki/Category:Japanese_sashes) Folk costumes (/wiki/Category:Folk_costumes) Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing) Japanese words and phrases (/wiki/Category:Japanese_words_and_phrases) Japan culture stubs (/wiki/Category:Japan_culture_stubs) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from September 2021 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2021) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Defunct British fashion company Belen Echandia Company type Private (/wiki/Privately_held_company) Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 2005 [1] (#cite_note-companies_house-1) Founder Jackie Cawthra (Founder & Creative Director) Headquarters London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) Area served Worldwide Products Handbags (/wiki/Handbags) and accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) Website www.belenechandia.com (http://www.belenechandia.com) Belen Echandia was a handbag (/wiki/Handbags) and fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) design and manufacturing company. It was incorporated in 2005 [1] (#cite_note-companies_house-1) and is based in London, England (/wiki/London,_England) . [2] (#cite_note-clutch-2) [3] (#cite_note-swede-3) Belen Echandia produces leather handbags, travel bags, wallets, clutch purses, [2] (#cite_note-clutch-2) and accessories for women. History [ edit ] Belen Echandia was founded by Jackie Cawthra, whilst she was training to be a lawyer. [3] (#cite_note-swede-3) [4] (#cite_note-witchalls-4) Jackie says her idea came after experiencing a difference between Spain (/wiki/Spain) and London (/wiki/London) in the supply of luxury handbags. [5] (#cite_note-jackie-5) In 2004, Cawthra states she left the law practice [6] (#cite_note-6) to work solely on Belen Echandia. [5] (#cite_note-jackie-5) Jackie Cawtha states that Belen Echandia was chosen as a Spanish girl’s name which reflects the brand’s Spanish origins. [7] (#cite_note-Glouberman-7) Products [ edit ] In an interview for Hilary Fashion Jackie Cawthra says the company has been offering handbag collections since 2004. [7] (#cite_note-Glouberman-7) The names of the bags being said to be based on customer comments. [8] (#cite_note-Roe-8) Retailers that sell Belen Echandia products include Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-Milligan-10) Belen Echandia also launched a service on their website in 2009 where customers could design their own handbag. [10] (#cite_note-Milligan-10) The BEC service that allowed customers to customise their handbags was discontinued in 2012. In 2007, to mark Belen Echandia's introduction to London Fashion Week, Belen Echandia collaborated with Canadian leather artist Vivien Cheng, who hand-painted a one-off collection of six bags. [11] (#cite_note-Barnett-11) In the media [ edit ] In September 2005, as part of London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , Belen Echandia was featured as part of the CNN (/wiki/CNN) program Design 360 [ citation needed ] presented by Dayna Hochfelder (/w/index.php?title=Dayna_Hochfelder&action=edit&redlink=1) . Belen Echandia has been mentioned in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , [8] (#cite_note-Roe-8) [10] (#cite_note-Milligan-10) [11] (#cite_note-Barnett-11) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) [12] (#cite_note-12) and The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . [13] (#cite_note-13) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/9cb267c6804afca75b59b3df0848ecca/compdetails (http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/9cb267c6804afca75b59b3df0848ecca/compdetails) Companies house entry ^ Jump up to: a b Muir, Lucie (7 November 2008). "The clutch, in the light of day" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/style/17iht-rclutch.4.10114321.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Thanks to a whole slew of designers - from Yves Saint Laurent to Sonia Rykiel and Michael Teperson to Belen Echandia - the clutch purse is moving from an evening standard to seeing the light of day. ... The London-based handbag label Belen Echandia is offering the "Clutch Me" envelope style. According to its creative director, Jackie Cawthra, this soft, ... ^ Jump up to: a b Parafianowicz, Lydia (24 June 2009). "English designer carries handbag brand to Sweden" (http://www.thelocal.se/20252/20090624/) . The Local (/wiki/The_Local) . Cawthra, 30, is the founder and creative director of Belen Enchandia, a small company that has quickly made a major name for itself in the high fashion world of handbag production. ... Cawthra, who was born in northern England, says a trip to Madrid sparked her dream to start the company. After finishing her undergraduate degree in law, she applied for a job at a firm in Spain to gain work experience before starting law school. ... ^ (#cite_ref-witchalls_4-0) Witchalls, Clint (January 2009). "Bags of Money, Bags of Style" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110905074443/http://www.belenechandia.com/data/pdf_files/Spectator_Business_Jan_small.pdf) (PDF) . Spectator Business. Archived from the original (http://www.belenechandia.com/data/pdf_files/Spectator_Business_Jan_small.pdf) (PDF) on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Belen Echandia by Jackie Cawthra" (http://www.handbagdesigner101.com/designer/18/belen_echandia_cawthra_jackie) . Handbagdesigner101.com. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Handbags for ex-Dentons lawyer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100721033908/http://www.moretolaw.co.uk/morethanlaw/handbagsforDentonslawyer.php) . MoretoLaw. Archived from the original (http://www.moretolaw.co.uk/morethanlaw/handbagsforDentonslawyer.php) on 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Glouberman, Noa. "Belen Echandia: Bags by Jackie Cawthra" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060323030543/http://www.hilary.com/fashion/belen-echandia.html) . Hilary Fashion. Archived from the original (http://www.hilary.com/fashion/belen-echandia.html) on 23 March 2006. ^ Jump up to: a b Roe, Louise. "Take Me Anywhere and Stroke Me - we're still loving Jackie Cawthra's Belen Echandia handbags" (https://archive.today/20130505165256/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2007-04/070426-some-echandia-evening.aspx) . Vogue UK. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2007-04/070426-some-echandia-evening.aspx) on 5 May 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Pyle, Ally. "Belen Echandia make-up bag" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081204143155/http://www.vogue.co.uk/beauty/news/080416-belen-echandia-angel-makeup-bag.aspx) . Vogue UK. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/beauty/news/080416-belen-echandia-angel-makeup-bag.aspx) on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Milligan, Lauren. "Couture It Yourself" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090531090608/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/090430-belen-echandia-launches-a-bespoke-s.aspx) . Vogue UK. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/090430-belen-echandia-launches-a-bespoke-s.aspx) on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Barnett, Leisa. "The Echandia Allure" (https://archive.today/20130505094341/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2007-10/071005-the-echandia-allure.aspx) . Vogue UK. Archived from the original (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2007-10/071005-the-echandia-allure.aspx) on 5 May 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Harper's Bazaar, January 2008, p. 122. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Luu, Phong (3 November 2010). "I Spied Belen Echandia Nutmeg Inspire Me" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/ispied/TMG989/nutmeg-inspire-me.html) . London: Telegraph. External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.belenechandia.com) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐dk8w7 Cached time: 20240713193217 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.348 seconds Real time usage: 0.736 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1942/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30073/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1929/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 46718/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.211/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6755110/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 420.566 1 -total 36.53% 153.630 1 Template:Reflist 24.52% 103.129 1 Template:Infobox_company 22.11% 93.002 1 Template:Infobox 22.11% 92.983 3 Template:Cite_news 16.53% 69.518 1 Template:Short_description 11.01% 46.315 1 Template:Citation_needed 10.25% 43.104 1 Template:Fix 9.37% 39.415 8 Template:Cite_web 9.33% 39.223 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29550074-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713193217 and revision id 1114627927. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belen_Echandia&oldid=1114627927 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belen_Echandia&oldid=1114627927) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Defunct companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Defunct_companies_based_in_London) Manufacturing companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2005) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2010)
|
Spanish fashion catwalk Backstage at Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week. Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Madrid 2017. Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Madrid , was known as Pasarela Cibeles until 2008 or Cibeles Madrid Fashion week up until 2012, [1] (#cite_note-1) is the principal platform to promote fashion in Spain (/wiki/Spain) . Based in Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) and often takes place twice a year, in September 2008 held its edition No. 48. [2] (#cite_note-2) The No. 49 edition, which lasted two weeks, was held in February 2009. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) It is organized by IFEMA (/wiki/IFEMA) , the trade fair in Madrid. In the edition organized for September 18, 2009 they celebrate the 50th edition of the former Pasarela Cibeles . [5] (#cite_note-5) Some of the notable attendees at MBFWM are Spain's Duchess of Alba (/wiki/Duchess_of_Alba) , socialite and tabloid fixture Carmen Lomana (/wiki/Carmen_Lomana) , French socialite Beatrice D'Orleans, Russian model Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) , and athletes like Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) , Sergio Ramos, Kaka, Higuain, Ozil and Figo. [6] (#cite_note-NYtimes-6) Some designers that showed their collections included: Davidelfin, Juan Duyos, Adolfo Dominguez, Andres Sarda, Aristocrazy, TCN and Juanjo Oliva. [6] (#cite_note-NYtimes-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) IFEMA: Pasarela Cibeles se convierte en Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week (https://web.archive.org/web/20090109202452/http://www.infolatam.com/entrada/ifema_pasarela_cibeles_se_convierte_en_c-10081.html) . Infolatam (12-9-2009). Consultado el 31 de mayo de 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-2) 'Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week' con un total de 52 diseñadores que mostrarán 40 desfiles (http://www.europapress.es/madrid/noticia-cibeles-madrid-fashion-week-total-52-disenadores-mostraran-40-desfiles-20080915130228.html) . Europa Press (/wiki/Europa_Press_(news_agency)) (15-9-2008). Consultado el 31 de mayo de 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-3) 49 edición de la Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week (http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica?COMPID=53644591629&ID_PAGINA=1810075&ID_FORMATO=9) . La Vanguardia (20-2-2009). Consultado el 31 de mayo de 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Comienza la edición número 49 de la Pasarela Cibeles, ahora llamada Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week (http://www.rtve.es/mediateca/videos/20090220/comienza-edicion-numero-pasarela-cibeles-ahora-llamada-cibeles-madrid-fashion-week/419356.shtml) (vídeo de 2:43 min). RTVE (/wiki/RTVE) (20-2-2009). Consultado el 31 de mayo de 2009. ^ (#cite_ref-5) [ http://pasarelacibeles.hola.com (http://pasarelacibeles.hola.com) 50 aniversario de la Pasarela Cibeles, ahora llamada Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Madrid (reportaje especial). hola.com (/wiki/Hola.com) (10-9-2009). Consultado el 14 de agosto de 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b "Meanwhile, in Madrid" (http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/meanwhile-in-madrid/) . 25 February 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Cibeles Madrid Fashion Week: Las Modelos (http://pasarelacibeles.hola.com/cibeles-2010-otono-invierno/201002221084/cibeles-madrid/fashion-week/top-models/1/) External links [ edit ] Web oficial (http://www.cibeles.ifema.es) Especial 50 aniversario de Pasarela Cibeles (http://pasarelacibeles.hola.com) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jhwwg Cached time: 20240712173946 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.235 seconds Real time usage: 0.779 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 388/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12280/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 408/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15784/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.156/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3156468/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 323.339 1 -total 34.89% 112.798 1 Template:Reflist 34.06% 110.133 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 33.41% 108.024 1 Template:Navbox 29.74% 96.158 1 Template:Cite_web 29.65% 95.873 1 Template:Short_description 13.54% 43.781 3 Template:Main_other 12.74% 41.193 1 Template:SDcat 12.52% 40.485 2 Template:Pagetype 3.39% 10.952 1 Template:Portal-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29586411-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712173946 and revision id 1182802434. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrid_Fashion_Week&oldid=1182802434 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrid_Fashion_Week&oldid=1182802434) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Spanish fashion (/wiki/Category:Spanish_fashion) Fashion events in Spain (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Spain) Culture in Madrid (/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Madrid) Annual events in Spain (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Spain) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Events in Madrid (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Madrid) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
|
American fashion model For other people named Anne Ward, see Anne Ward (disambiguation) (/wiki/Anne_Ward_(disambiguation)) . Ann Ward Born Ann Marie Ward ( 1991-04-20 ) April 20, 1991 (age 33) Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) , U.S. [1] (#cite_note-AMTMBio-1) Modeling information Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) [1] (#cite_note-AMTMBio-1) Hair color Brown (/wiki/Brown_hair) [1] (#cite_note-AMTMBio-1) Eye color Blue (/wiki/Eye_color#Blue) [1] (#cite_note-AMTMBio-1) Agency Paragon Model Management Website https://www.instagram.com/annmward91/ (https://www.instagram.com/annmward91/) Ann Marie Ward [2] (#cite_note-2) (born April 20, 1991) [3] (#cite_note-3) is an American fashion model, best known as the winner of Cycle 15 of (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_15) America's Next Top Model . Early life [ edit ] Ward states that Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) , Texas (/wiki/Texas) is her hometown, although she hails from nearby Prosper (/wiki/Prosper,_Texas) , a small suburb that straddles Collin (/wiki/Collin_County,_Texas) and Denton (/wiki/Denton_County,_Texas) counties. [1] (#cite_note-AMTMBio-1) [4] (#cite_note-Urban1201-4) She graduated from Prosper High School (/wiki/Prosper_High_School) in 2009. [4] (#cite_note-Urban1201-4) She stated repeatedly that she was mocked during school due to her height and slim figure, which caused her to develop self-confidence problems. [5] (#cite_note-Catlin1201-5) America's Next Top Model [ edit ] In 2010, Ward appeared in Cycle 15 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_15) of the CW Network (/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network) reality television show, America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) , in which she competed against thirteen other aspiring models. [4] (#cite_note-Urban1201-4) Ward was immediately distinguishable for her 6'2" height. The judges were also shocked by her extremely thin waist, which was so skinny that runway trainer J. Alexander (/wiki/J._Alexander_(model)) could nearly wrap both his hands all the way around it. Upon first seeing Ward, show host and retired supermodel Tyra Banks (/wiki/Tyra_Banks) said, "There's something about her that I like!" [6] (#cite_note-Marikar0816-6) A trailer for America's Next Top Model showed Banks's comments immediately after a discussion about Ward's waist, which created a public backlash that Banks was condoning overly skinny models. Later, Banks released a press statement clarifying this was not the case, claiming the editing gave the wrong impression, and apologizing for "any confusion, anger or disappointment" it caused. [6] (#cite_note-Marikar0816-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Ann is this season's breakout star, beginning the cycle with a five-show best picture streak unprecedented in Tyra-town. Her waifish face, slightly large ears, and super-tall super-skeletal frame endeared her to fashion houses and photographers, though she suffered whenever a challenge required her to speak in public. Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) [8] (#cite_note-LAT1201-8) Ward was the first call-out for best photo for the first five weeks of the show, a Top Model first. [4] (#cite_note-Urban1201-4) [9] (#cite_note-Finn1201-9) However, although her photos were lauded, she was also noted for her shyness, insecurity and awkwardness outside of photo shoots, as well as her difficulty during challenges that required talking. [8] (#cite_note-LAT1201-8) [10] (#cite_note-10) The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) described her as "the most reclusive and shy model to get this far in a cycle to date". [8] (#cite_note-LAT1201-8) In the season finale, Ward and fellow contestant Chelsey Hersley filmed a CoverGirl Lash Blast Fusion (/wiki/CoverGirl) commercial and participated in a Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) fashion show. [5] (#cite_note-Catlin1201-5) [11] (#cite_note-11) To that point, Ward had not won any of the show's challenges, while Hersley had won three, [12] (#cite_note-12) even though Ward had been called first in panel six times (five of them in a row) and Chelsey not even once. Ward was crowned the Cycle 15 winner of America's Next Top Model . [13] (#cite_note-13) As a result, she received a $100,000 contract with CoverGirl Cosmetics, a contract with IMG Models (/wiki/IMG_Models) , the cover of Beauty In Vogue , fashion spreads in Vogue Italia (/wiki/Vogue_Italia) and Beauty In Vogue , as well as a prominent feature on the Vogue Italia website, Vogue.it. [9] (#cite_note-Finn1201-9) An emotional Ward said the victory was especially gratifying because she was mocked in her childhood for being "too tall [and] not normal", to which judge and fashion photographer Nigel Barker (/wiki/Nigel_Barker_(photographer)) said, "Guess what? You're not normal. You're 'America's Next Top Model.'" [5] (#cite_note-Catlin1201-5) Post- ANTM career [ edit ] Modeling [ edit ] After her victory to become the 15th season winner of America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) , she covered various magazines and spreads, campaigns, and walked multiple fashion shows across America (/wiki/United_States) , Europe (/wiki/Europe) , Africa (/wiki/Africa) , and Asia (/wiki/Asia) . [14] (#cite_note-14) Ward's cover of Beauty In Vogue was published in May 2011 and her editorial in Vogue Italia was published in March 2011, shot by Ellen Von Unwerth (/wiki/Ellen_Von_Unwerth) ; instead of having a two-page spread, she received a seven-page spread in Vogue Italia . Ward was featured on the cover of Velvet Magazine in fall of 2011. She walked for Alex London with Jane Randall (/wiki/Jane_Randall) , Alexandria Everett and Hannah Jones. She was featured in the season finale of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 16 (/wiki/ANTM16) in the fashion show for Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) with the season's finalists. In October 2013, Ward walked in a fashion show called Desfile Google+PV14 , and wore Pineda Covalin's 2014 collection. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) Ward has been included in various retrospective lists regarding the best America's Next Top Model contestants. Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) included Ward on a list of the 24 best American's Next Top Model contestants, commenting that she "glowed with charisma in spite of—or, really because of—her physical awkwardness." [17] (#cite_note-17) Other ventures [ edit ] Outside of modeling, Ward has been noted to enjoy drawing and sharing her art onto her Tumblr, Instagram, and Twitter accounts. [18] (#cite_note-Boardman2017-18) [19] (#cite_note-Nikas2015-19) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) additionally wrote that Ward live streams (/wiki/Live_streaming) herself drawing comic and anime characters. [19] (#cite_note-Nikas2015-19) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "America's Next Top Model: Cast: Bios: Ann" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101105145551/http://cwtv.com/shows/americas-next-top-model/cast/ann) . The CW Television Network (/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network) . December 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.cwtv.com/shows/americas-next-top-model/cast/ann) on November 5, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Texas Births, 1926-1955" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210322/http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/20902?first=Ann&last=Ward&SubmitSearch.x=0&SubmitSearch=Submit&spelling=Exact&c=search&SubmitSearch.y=0&11_day=0&11_month=0&offset=520) . Family Tree Legends . Archived from the original (http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/20902?first=Ann&last=Ward&SubmitSearch.x=0&SubmitSearch=Submit&spelling=Exact&c=search&SubmitSearch.y=0&11_day=0&11_month=0&offset=520) on August 12, 2014 . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Ann Ward" (http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Ann_Ward/) . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved February 3, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Urban, Samantha (December 1, 2010). "North Texan heads into finals of 'America's Next Top Model' (https://web.archive.org/web/20110105131855/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/stories/DN-model_1201gd.ART.State.Edition1.4b7be40.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20110105131855/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/stories/DN-model_1201gd.ART.State.Edition1.4b7be40.html) . Dallas Morning News (/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/stories/DN-model_1201gd.ART.State.Edition1.4b7be40.html) on January 5, 2011 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Catlin, Roger (December 1, 2010). "Ann Wins 'America's Next Top Model' (https://archive.today/20120708004328/http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2010/12/ann-wins-americas-next-top-mod.html) " (https://archive.today/20120708004328/http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2010/12/ann-wins-americas-next-top-mod.html) . Hartford Courant (/wiki/Hartford_Courant) . Archived from the original (http://blogs.courant.com/roger_catlin_tv_eye/2010/12/ann-wins-americas-next-top-mod.html) on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Marikar, Sheila (August 16, 2010). " (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/americas-top-model-contestant-ann-shows-off-shockingly/story?id=11396447) 'America's Next Top Model' Contestant Shows Off Shockingly Thin Waist" (https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/americas-top-model-contestant-ann-shows-off-shockingly/story?id=11396447) . ABC News (/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101107214919/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/americas-top-model-contestant-ann-shows-off-shockingly/story?id=11396447) from the original on 7 November 2010 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Tyra Banks: 'We Truly Apologize' for Anger Over 'Top Model' Promo" (http://www.theinsider.com/news/3355898_Tyra_Banks_We_Truly_Apologize_for_Anger_Over_Top_Model_Promo) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . August 16, 2010 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b c " (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/11/americas-next-top-model-will-ann-or-chelsey-take-the-prize.html) 'America's Next Top Model': Will Ann or Chelsey take the prize?" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/11/americas-next-top-model-will-ann-or-chelsey-take-the-prize.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . November 30, 2010 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: a b Finn, Natalie (December 1, 2010). " (http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b213961_americas_next_top_model_winner_reaches.html) America's Next Top Model Winner Reaches New Heights" (http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/watch_with_kristin/b213961_americas_next_top_model_winner_reaches.html) . E! Online (/wiki/E!_Online) . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Nededog, Jethro (December 1, 2010). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150301/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/12/americas-next-top-model-finale-ann-or-chelsey-vote.html) 'America's Next Top Model' finale: Ann or Chelsey? Vote!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150301/http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/12/americas-next-top-model-finale-ann-or-chelsey-vote.html) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived from the original (http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2010/12/americas-next-top-model-finale-ann-or-chelsey-vote.html) on December 4, 2010 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Guerra, Joey (December 1, 2010). " (http://blogs.chron.com/tubular/archives/2010/12/antm_12.html) ANTM : Long, tall Texan" (http://blogs.chron.com/tubular/archives/2010/12/antm_12.html) . Houston Chronicle (/wiki/Houston_Chronicle) . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Blaskovich, Sarah (December 1, 2010). " (https://web.archive.org/web/20101203045409/http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2010/dec/01/americas-next-top-model-picked-dallas-woman-ann/) America's Next Top Model picked Dallas woman Ann as winner" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101203045409/http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2010/dec/01/americas-next-top-model-picked-dallas-woman-ann/) . Pegasus News (/wiki/Pegasus_News) . Archived from the original (http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2010/dec/01/americas-next-top-model-picked-dallas-woman-ann/) on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved December 1, 2010 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Parsley, Aaron (December 2, 2010). " (https://people.com/tv/ann-ward-wins-americas-next-top-model/) America's Next Top Model Picks a Winner!" (https://people.com/tv/ann-ward-wins-americas-next-top-model/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Sander, Brice. "Here's What Every "America's Next Top Model" Winner Looks Like Today" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/bricesander/wanna-be-on-top-top-top-top) . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Cycle 15: Ann Ward" (http://www.chicagotribune.com/zap-antm-watn-ann-photo.html) . Zap2it (/wiki/Screener_(website)) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved July 30, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Desfile Google+ Fashion México - Primavera/verano 2014 | Pineda Covalin . PINEDA COVALIN . YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . October 11, 2013 . Retrieved August 11, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Hollander, Jenny (December 26, 2018). "The 24 Best (https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g25575616/americas-next-top-model-best-contestants/?slide=1) America's Next Top Model Contestants of All Time" (https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/g25575616/americas-next-top-model-best-contestants/?slide=1) . Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) . Retrieved November 8, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-Boardman2017_18-0) Boardman, Madeline (July 27, 2017). " (http://ew.com/gallery/americas-next-top-model-where-are-they-now/#ann-ward-cycle-15) 'America's Next Top Model': Where Are They Now?" (http://ew.com/gallery/americas-next-top-model-where-are-they-now/#ann-ward-cycle-15) . Entertainment Weekly (/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly) . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nikas, Joana (December 4, 2015). " (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/04/fashion/americas-next-top-model-finale-where-are-the-winners-now.html) 'America's Next Top Model' Winners: Where Are They Now?" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/04/fashion/americas-next-top-model-finale-where-are-the-winners-now.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . External links [ edit ] Ann Ward's Twitter account (https://twitter.com/AnnWard91/) Preceded by Krista White (/wiki/Krista_White) America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) winner Cycle 15 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model,_Cycle_15) (2010) Succeeded by Brittani Kline (/wiki/Brittani_Kline) v t e America's Next Top Model (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) Seasons (cycle) (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_episodes) 1 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_1) 2 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_2) 3 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_3) 4 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_4) 5 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_5) 6 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_6) 7 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_7) 8 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_8) 9 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_9) 10 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_10) 11 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_11) 12 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_12) 13 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_13) 14 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_14) 15 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_15) 16 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_16) 17: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_17) All-Stars 18: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_18) British Invasion 19: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_19) College Edition 20: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_20) Guys & Girls 21: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_21) Guys & Girls 22: (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_22) Guys & Girls 23 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_23) 24 (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model_season_24) Contestants (/wiki/List_of_America%27s_Next_Top_Model_contestants) Winners Adrianne Curry (/wiki/Adrianne_Curry) Yoanna House (/wiki/Yoanna_House) Eva Pigford (/wiki/Eva_Marcille) Naima Mora (/wiki/Naima_Mora) Nicole Linkletter (/wiki/Nicole_Linkletter) Danielle Evans (/wiki/Dani_Evans) CariDee English (/wiki/CariDee_English) Jaslene Gonzalez (/wiki/Jaslene_Gonzalez) Saleisha Stowers (/wiki/Sal_Stowers) Whitney Thompson (/wiki/Whitney_Thompson) McKey Sullivan (/wiki/McKey_Sullivan) Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox (/wiki/Nicole_Fox) Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline (/wiki/Brittani_Kline) Lisa D'Amato (/wiki/Lisa_D%27Amato) Sophie Sumner (/wiki/Sophie_Sumner) Laura James (/wiki/Laura_James) Jourdan Miller (/wiki/Jourdan_Miller) Keith Carlos (/wiki/Keith_Carlos) Nyle DiMarco (/wiki/Nyle_DiMarco) India Gants (/wiki/India_Gants) Kyla Coleman Other alumni Elyse Sewell (/wiki/Elyse_Sewell) Mercedes Scelba-Shorte (/wiki/Mercedes_Scelba-Shorte) Yaya DaCosta (/wiki/Yaya_DaCosta) Toccara Jones (/wiki/Toccara_Jones) Bre Scullark (/wiki/Bre_Scullark) Kim Stolz (/wiki/Kim_Stolz) Cassandra Whitehead (/wiki/Cassandra_Jean) Jade Cole (/wiki/Jade_Cole) Eugena Washington (/wiki/Eugena_Washington) Anchal Joseph (/wiki/Anchal_Joseph) Renee DeWitt (/wiki/Renee_Alway) Heather Kuzmich (/wiki/Heather_Kuzmich) Fatima Siad (/wiki/Fatima_Siad) Lio Tipton (/wiki/Lio_Tipton) Marjorie Conrad (/wiki/Marjorie_Conrad) Isis King (/wiki/Isis_King) Allison Harvard (/wiki/Allison_Harvard) Natalie Pack (/wiki/Natalie_Pack) Laura Kirkpatrick (/wiki/Laura_Kirkpatrick) Jane Randall (/wiki/Jane_Randall) Eboni Davis (/wiki/Ebonee_Davis) AzMarie Livingston (/wiki/AzMarie_Livingston) Jasmia Robinson (/wiki/Jasmia_Robinson) Leila Goldkuhl (/wiki/Leila_Goldkuhl) Cory Wade Hindorff (/wiki/Cory_Wade_Hindorff) Chantelle Young (/wiki/Winnie_Harlow) Khrystyana Kazakova (/wiki/Khrystyana_Kazakova) Related series Modelville (/wiki/Modelville) (2008) Stylista (/wiki/Stylista) (2008) True Beauty (/wiki/True_Beauty_(American_TV_series)) (2009–2010) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Texas (/wiki/Portal:Texas) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐rz5q9 Cached time: 20240712171106 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.499 seconds Real time usage: 0.671 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3602/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 65391/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4114/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89477/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.341/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9324109/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 614.053 1 -total 28.26% 173.538 1 Template:Infobox_model 26.91% 165.259 1 Template:Reflist 15.77% 96.836 8 Template:Cite_web 12.11% 74.377 1 Template:America's_Next_Top_Model 12.04% 73.917 2 Template:Navbox 11.86% 72.809 1 Template:Short_description 7.02% 43.077 24 Template:Main_other 6.15% 37.764 2 Template:Pagetype 5.94% 36.501 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:29843456-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712171106 and revision id 1232435777. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Ward&oldid=1232435777 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Ward&oldid=1232435777) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1991 births (/wiki/Category:1991_births) America's Next Top Model winners (/wiki/Category:America%27s_Next_Top_Model_winners) Artists from Texas (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Texas) Female models from Texas (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Texas) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from Dallas (/wiki/Category:People_from_Dallas) People from Prosper, Texas (/wiki/Category:People_from_Prosper,_Texas) American women artists (/wiki/Category:American_women_artists) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
|
Fashion-related events during the 2010s Women wearing contemporary outfits at a 2015 fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) The 2010s (/wiki/2010s) were defined by hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) fashion, athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) , a revival of austerity-era (/wiki/1940s_fashion) period pieces and alternative fashions, swag-inspired outfits, 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) -style neon (/wiki/Neon) streetwear, [1] (#cite_note-1) and unisex 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) -style elements influenced by grunge (/wiki/Grunge) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) and skater fashions (/wiki/Skater_fashion) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The later years of the decade witnessed the growing importance in the western world of social media influencers (/wiki/Social_media_influencer) paid to promote fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) brands on Pinterest (/wiki/Pinterest) and Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) . [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-auto7-6) Popular global fashion brands of the decade included Abercrombie and Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_and_Fitch) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Ben Sherman (/wiki/Ben_Sherman) , Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) , Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Coach (/wiki/Coach_New_York) , DSquared2 (/wiki/DSquared2) , Dorothy Perkins (/wiki/Dorothy_Perkins) , Fashion Nova (/wiki/Fashion_Nova) , Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) , Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Hollister (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) , Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) , Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors_(brand)) , Monsoon Accessorize (/wiki/Monsoon_Accessorize) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , Nine West (/wiki/Nine_West) , Off-White (/wiki/Off-White_(company)) , River Island (/wiki/River_Island) , Supreme (/wiki/Supreme_(clothing)) , Topman (/wiki/Topman) , Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) , Uniqlo (/wiki/Uniqlo) , Under Armour (/wiki/Under_Armour) , and Vans (/wiki/Vans) . Designers and models [ edit ] The leading European and American designers of the early 2010s included Nicolas Ghesquière (/wiki/Nicolas_Ghesqui%C3%A8re) , Miuccia Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) , Frida Giannini (/wiki/Frida_Giannini) , Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Phoebe Philo (/wiki/Phoebe_Philo) , and Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) . Notable Asian fashion designers include Louie Mamengo [7] (#cite_note-7) and Michael Cinco (/wiki/Michael_Cinco) . [8] (#cite_note-8) Top female international models include Gisele Bündchen (/wiki/Gisele_B%C3%BCndchen) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Lara Stone (/wiki/Lara_Stone) , Raquel Zimmermann (/wiki/Raquel_Zimmermann) , Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) , Kaia Gerber (/wiki/Kaia_Gerber) , Adut Akech (/wiki/Adut_Akech) , Adriana Lima (/wiki/Adriana_Lima) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) , Natasha Poly (/wiki/Natasha_Poly) , Liu Wen (/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)) , Anja Rubik (/wiki/Anja_Rubik) , Freja Beha Erichsen (/wiki/Freja_Beha_Erichsen) , Mariacarla Boscono (/wiki/Mariacarla_Boscono) , Suki Waterhouse (/wiki/Suki_Waterhouse) , Lindsey Wixson (/wiki/Lindsey_Wixson) , Arizona Muse (/wiki/Arizona_Muse) , Saskia de Brauw (/wiki/Saskia_de_Brauw) , Behati Prinsloo (/wiki/Behati_Prinsloo) , Lily Aldridge (/wiki/Lily_Aldridge) , Lais Ribeiro (/wiki/Lais_Ribeiro) , Irina Shayk (/wiki/Irina_Shayk) , Elsa Hosk (/wiki/Elsa_Hosk) , Martha Hunt (/wiki/Martha_Hunt) , Constance Jablonski (/wiki/Constance_Jablonski) , Catherine McNeil (/wiki/Catherine_McNeil) , Monika Jagaciak (/wiki/Monika_Jagaciak) , Emily DiDonato (/wiki/Emily_DiDonato) , Jessica Hart (/wiki/Jessica_Hart_(model)) , Rosie Huntington-Whiteley (/wiki/Rosie_Huntington-Whiteley) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) , Karmen Pedaru (/wiki/Karmen_Pedaru) , Mica Argañaraz (/wiki/Mica_Arga%C3%B1araz) , Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) , Vanessa Axente (/wiki/Vanessa_Axente) , Cameron Russell (/wiki/Cameron_Russell) , Amanda Murphy (/wiki/Amanda_Murphy_(model)) , Julia Nobis (/wiki/Julia_Nobis) , Edie Campbell (/wiki/Edie_Campbell) , Lexi Boling (/wiki/Lexi_Boling) , Imaan Hammam (/wiki/Imaan_Hammam) , Binx Walton (/wiki/Binx_Walton) , Edita Vilkeviciute (/wiki/Edita_Vilkeviciute) , Andreea Diaconu (/wiki/Andreea_Diaconu) , Aymeline Valade (/wiki/Aymeline_Valade) , Fei Fei Sun (/wiki/Fei_Fei_Sun) , Iselin Steiro (/wiki/Iselin_Steiro) , Anais Mali (/wiki/Anais_Mali) , Anne Vyalitsyna (/wiki/Anne_Vyalitsyna) , Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) , Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) , Jamie Bochert (/wiki/Jamie_Bochert) , Daphne Groeneveld (/wiki/Daphne_Groeneveld) , Rianne van Rompaey (/wiki/Rianne_van_Rompaey) , and Anna Ewers (/wiki/Anna_Ewers) . [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Top male international models include Sean O'Pry (/wiki/Sean_O%27Pry) , [15] (#cite_note-15) David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) , [16] (#cite_note-16) Clément Chabernaud (/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Chabernaud) , Baptiste Giabiconi (/wiki/Baptiste_Giabiconi) , Garrett Neff (/wiki/Garrett_Neff) , Arthur Kulkov (/wiki/Arthur_Kulkov) , Noah Mills (/wiki/Noah_Mills) , Will Chalker (/wiki/Will_Chalker) , Evandro Soldati (/wiki/Evandro_Soldati) , Adam Senn (/wiki/Adam_Senn) , Francisco Lachowski (/wiki/Francisco_Lachowski) , Andrés Velencoso (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Velencoso) , Simon Nessman (/wiki/Simon_Nessman) , Mathias Lauridsen (/wiki/Mathias_Lauridsen) , Marlon Teixeira (/wiki/Marlon_Teixeira) , and younger men like Lucky Blue Smith (/wiki/Lucky_Blue_Smith) [17] (#cite_note-17) or Brooklyn Beckham (/wiki/Brooklyn_Beckham) . Women's clothing [ edit ] Early 2010s (2010–2012) [ edit ] 1980s Influences [ edit ] South African model Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) wearing pantywaist top (/wiki/Pantywaist_top) and bodycon (/wiki/Bodycon) skirt, 2010 Jing Ulrich (/wiki/Jing_Ulrich) , a prominent global leader in finance, wearing brightly colored 1980s-inspired dress, 2012 The early 2010s saw many recycled fashions from the 1950s (/wiki/1950s_fashion) , [18] (#cite_note-18) 1970s (/wiki/1970s_in_fashion) , and 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) as designers from stores like Topshop (/wiki/Topshop) replicated original vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) . In the United States, it was popular to wear Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , or Versace (/wiki/Versace) designer clothing, and neon colors such as pink, green, teal, black, purple, magenta, and yellow. [19] (#cite_note-19) Popular tops for American, British, and Australian women aged 20–50 included tunics (/wiki/Tunic) , 1980s style baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) , [20] (#cite_note-20) oversized cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) , western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , 2fer and layered shirts and tees, dresses and shirts worn with belts, Abercrombie and Fitch (/wiki/Abercrombie_and_Fitch) hoodies until 2012, Perfecto motorcycle jackets (/wiki/Perfecto_motorcycle_jacket) customized with studs (/wiki/Shirt_stud) , [21] (#cite_note-21) floral camisoles (/wiki/Camisole) worn with matching boyshorts (/wiki/Boyshorts) , and sundresses (/wiki/Sundress) . European women wore sparkly dresses, baggy one-size-fits-all Empire line (/wiki/Empire_line) skirts, blouses (/wiki/Blouse) and dresses, and lace, figure-hugging white organza (/wiki/Organza) maxi dresses (/wiki/Maxi_dress) inspired by Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) . [22] (#cite_note-22) From 2010 to 2012 many late 2000s fashion trends remained popular in Europe, the United States, East Asia, Israel, and South America, especially acid wash (/wiki/Acid_wash) skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , geometric or galaxy (/wiki/Galaxy) printed crew neck (/wiki/Crew_neck) sweatshirts and leggings, "trouser-dresses", romper suits (/wiki/Romper_suit) , [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_624892-24) preppy (/wiki/Preppy) pastel colored skinny jeans, metallic dresses, [25] (#cite_note-25) and capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) cropped at the ankle. A number of other fashion trends popular in the 2000s, while perhaps not as popular as in years past, were also visible in the early 2010s including crop tops (/wiki/Crop_tops) , [26] (#cite_note-26) low-rise (/wiki/Low_rise_(fashion)) pants, [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) thong underwear (/wiki/Thong_underwear) , [29] (#cite_note-29) and whale tails (/wiki/Whale_tail) . [30] (#cite_note-30) Possibly due to the poor economy in the early years, the midi skirt and the maxi skirt (/wiki/Skirt) were the most common skirt and dress styles, with the hemline standards being the longest they had been since The Great Depression (/wiki/The_Great_Depression) . [31] (#cite_note-31) Tribal fashions and 1990s revival [ edit ] From late 2011 onward, 1990s inspired fashion began to make a comeback in the UK, US, Philippines, India, and Australasia among teen girls and young women aged 15–30. [32] (#cite_note-32) Popular upper apparel included Christmas sweaters (/wiki/Christmas_sweater) , [33] (#cite_note-33) T-shirts with blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , plaid, [34] (#cite_note-#TBT90sRevival-34) oversized flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts worn or tied around the waist, oversized T-shirts, padded gilets (/wiki/Gilet) , [35] (#cite_note-35) Penshoppe (/wiki/Penshoppe) skater skirts (in the Philippines), skorts (/wiki/Skort) , crew neck (/wiki/Crew_neck) sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , T-shirts bearing the word Nerd or Geek (/wiki/Geek_chic) , destroyed acid wash (/wiki/Acid_wash) Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) jeans, [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) and crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) . [34] (#cite_note-#TBT90sRevival-34) [38] (#cite_note-38) In the UK and the US, popular bottom apparel includes skinny jeans, leggings, parachute pants (/wiki/Hammer_pants) , [34] (#cite_note-#TBT90sRevival-34) railroad stripe (/wiki/Railroad_stripe) pants or skirts, [39] (#cite_note-39) boyfriend jeans. High-waisted (/wiki/High_rise_(fashion)) bottoms, such as pants, shorts (/wiki/Shorts) , skirts, and bathing suits also became the standard for women's fashion in the 2010s, as opposed to the low rise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) trend that was popular throughout the 2000s. Desirable footwear from 2012 to 2015 included flat sandals, black, white or multicolored Vans (/wiki/Vans) , Keds (/wiki/Keds) as worn in ads by Mischa Barton (/wiki/Mischa_Barton) , Ariana Grande (/wiki/Ariana_Grande) and Taylor Swift (/wiki/Taylor_Swift) , TOMS Shoes (/wiki/TOMS_Shoes) , Chucks, Sperry top-siders boat shoes (/wiki/Sperry_top-siders_boat_shoes.) , flat knee high riding boots (/wiki/Flat_knee_high_riding_boots) , Uggs (/wiki/Uggs) , moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) , Hunter boots (/wiki/Hunter_boots) brand rain boots, one strap sandals, [40] (#cite_note-40) [41] (#cite_note-41) furry slip-on Puma (/wiki/Puma_SE) sandals, [42] (#cite_note-42) Ballerina flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , cavalier boots (/wiki/Cavalier_boots) , gladiator (/wiki/Gladiator) sandals (/wiki/Sandal) , wedge heel (/wiki/Wedge_heel) -style sneakers, flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) , combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) , [34] (#cite_note-#TBT90sRevival-34) Doc Martens (/wiki/Doc_Martens) , and The Timberland Company (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) hiking boots. Other popular trends of the early and mid 2010s included Aztec (/wiki/Aztec) and Navajo (/wiki/Navajo) inspired patterns featuring diamonds and triangles, especially on T-shirts, socks, handbags, panties, pullovers, and other knitwear. In addition, young American women began wearing feather earrings, beaded bracelets, sneakers resembling moccasins (/wiki/Moccasin) , [43] (#cite_note-43) ponchos (/wiki/Poncho) , vests and jackets made from striped Mexican blanket (/wiki/Mexican_blanket) material, despite the connotations of cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) . [44] (#cite_note-44) These tribal inspired garments, made popular by Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) and Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) , typically came in bright colors like red, yellow, turquoise, blue, and orange. [45] (#cite_note-45) Eastern fashions and carry-over styles [ edit ] Islamic (/wiki/Islamic) dress incorporating Western influences, fashionable from 2011 to 2018 Many fashion trends from the early years of the decade, especially the 1980s influences and the 1960s inspired indie, neo-hippie and boho chic (/wiki/Boho_chic) looks, remained relevant in the US and Europe as far as 2017. This included skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , tunics (/wiki/Tunic) , floral print dresses, midi and maxi skirts (/wiki/Skirt) , motorcycle (/wiki/Motorcycle) jackets, western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , red and blue geometric print blouses, patterned and solid colored tights (/wiki/Tights) , overalls (/wiki/Overalls) , [46] (#cite_note-46) jogger pants (/wiki/Jogger_pants) , flat boots, stiletto shoes (/wiki/Stiletto_heel) , Nike Tempo shorts (/wiki/Nike_Tempo_shorts) , pastel and neon colored shorts, ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , and combat boots. Popular colors from 2015 to 2016 included mauve, cream, eggplant, lime green, and warm grey. [47] (#cite_note-47) In the UK, modestwear (/wiki/Modestwear) combined with elements of hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) became popular among many young Muslim women, with long skirts decorated with lace and beaded embroidery, colourful floral hijabs (/wiki/Hijab) , halal (/wiki/Halal) cosmetics free from animal products, knee length grey cardigan sweaters (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) worn over leggings (/wiki/Leggings) , white trenchcoats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) worn with baggy pants (/wiki/Baggy_pants) , keffiyehs (/wiki/Keffiyeh) worn as headscarves, black satin (/wiki/Satin) gowns worn with a long shawl collar (/wiki/Shawl_collar) overcoat, purple kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) dresses worn with high heeled shoes (/wiki/High_heeled_shoes) , and abayas (/wiki/Abaya) with retro 1980s inspired zigzag (/wiki/Zigzag) patterns. [48] (#cite_note-48) Continuing on from the late 2000s, Fashion in India (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) moved away from traditional clothes (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) like the saree (/wiki/Saree) [49] (#cite_note-49) and glamorous Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) style dresses in favor of a more Westernized style (/wiki/Indo-Western_fashion) that incorporated navy pants, blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , waistcoats (/wiki/Waistcoat) and androgynous military jackets. [50] (#cite_note-auto1-50) Popular casual footwear included leather dress boots (/wiki/Dress_boot) , stiletto (/wiki/Stiletto) heels, platform sandals, and open toe pumps. [50] (#cite_note-auto1-50) Cream, grey, blue and orange Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) dresses with side slits [51] (#cite_note-51) decorated with pink or purple embroidery and synthetic jewels were worn with jeans or leggings, T shirts (/wiki/T_shirt) , tank tops (/wiki/Tank_top_(shirt)) and bat wing (/wiki/Bat_wing) sleeve blouses were paired with traditional silk salwar (/wiki/Salwar) pajamas (/wiki/Pajama) [52] (#cite_note-52) or short shorts, and the large hoop earrings declined in popularity in favor of smaller minimalist gold jewelry. Mid 2010s (2013–2016) [ edit ] Monochromatic and printed clothing [ edit ] The A-line dress made a comeback in 2013. Hemlines also became shorter than they were in the early 2010s. Chinese women in Ireland, 2016 By the mid-2010s, neon colors were out of style in Europe, America, and Australia. More subdued colors became popular such as burgundy, mustard yellow, olive green, mauve, and blush pink. Bright colors were also replaced by black, white, various shades of gray (/wiki/Gray) , [53] (#cite_note-53) and charcoal (/wiki/Charcoal_(color)) first on the catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) , and later as street fashion. [54] (#cite_note-5StyleTrends2014-54) Black and white Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) dresses underwent a revival in China and North Korea. [55] (#cite_note-55) This trend had spread to Middle Eastern countries like Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , Iran (/wiki/Iran) and the United Arab Emirates (/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) by 2016, [56] (#cite_note-56) with Italian brand Dolce and Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_and_Gabbana) launching a range of black and white hijabs (/wiki/Hijab) and abayas (/wiki/Abaya) decorated with lace daisies, roses and lemons. [57] (#cite_note-57) Monochromatic clothing trends from 2013 to 2017 included black and white lace dresses, lace blouses (/wiki/Blouse) , jackets and dresses with peter pan collars (/wiki/Peter_pan_collar) , white Adidas Superstar (/wiki/Adidas_Superstar) sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) with black or gold stripes, houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) or geometric patterned blazers (/wiki/Blazer) , black or nude slip dresses, T-shirt dresses, white babydoll dresses, bodycon midi dresses (/wiki/Bodycon_dress) , [58] (#cite_note-58) [59] (#cite_note-59) [60] (#cite_note-60) black and white striped " Beetlejuice (/wiki/Beetlejuice) " style slim-fit pants (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) , [61] (#cite_note-61) long black velvet blazers decorated with silver braid, tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) jackets (often having contrasting black velvet or satin lapels), [62] (#cite_note-62) crop tops (/wiki/Crop_top) , [63] (#cite_note-63) oversized coats, [54] (#cite_note-5StyleTrends2014-54) striped culottes (/wiki/Culottes) , loose Capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) and palazzo pants (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) , [64] (#cite_note-64) patent leather gladiator sandals (/wiki/Gladiator_sandals) , romper suits (/wiki/Romper_suit) , sheer black tops worn over bralettes (/wiki/Bra) , puffer jackets (/wiki/Puffer_jacket) and vests, [65] (#cite_note-65) knee-length skirts, [66] (#cite_note-66) pencil skirts (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) , [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) black and white geometric printed leggings, and cuffed boyfriend jeans (/wiki/Boyfriend_(fashion)) . [54] (#cite_note-5StyleTrends2014-54) Denim declined in popularity in the US. [69] (#cite_note-69) From 2013, small bucket backpacks in colorful prints such as aztec, polka dot, and floral were popular, mirroring the small backpack trend in the 1990s, but by 2015, these small backpacks were largely replaced by Herschel zip-up backpacks with brown diamond patches on the front. Costume jewelry and onesies [ edit ] Loom bands (/wiki/Loom_band) , bracelets woven from brightly colored rubber bands (/wiki/Rubber_band) , were seen as both a global fashion statement and a children's fad. In France, Ireland and America, 1990s-inspired Choker (/wiki/Choker) necklaces featuring colored glass beads, silver chain link, artificial diamonds, Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) crystals, lace, velvet, and black or red leather had returned to popularity. [70] (#cite_note-70) By 2016, Chokers were also worn as an attachment to dresses and shirts, as a high-neck style and with shoulders exposed also known as "cold shoulder". [71] (#cite_note-auto8-71) [72] (#cite_note-72) [73] (#cite_note-73) [74] (#cite_note-74) [75] (#cite_note-75) [76] (#cite_note-76) [77] (#cite_note-77) [78] (#cite_note-78) Small and dainty jewelry replaced the large amounts of bracelets and statement necklaces (/wiki/Statement_necklace) that were popular at the beginning of the decade. Another brief fad of the mid-2010s included the unisex onesie suit (/wiki/Onesie_suit) (like One-piece). [79] (#cite_note-79) Originally envisioned as pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) , onesies were often purchased as a gag gift, [80] (#cite_note-80) and worn as casual streetwear [81] (#cite_note-81) by some younger women in the UK, Australia, [82] (#cite_note-82) and the US, including Amy Childs (/wiki/Amy_Childs) , Kourtney Kardashian (/wiki/Kourtney_Kardashian) , and Holly Carpenter (/wiki/Holly_Carpenter) . Hippie and grunge influences [ edit ] See also: soft grunge (/wiki/Soft_grunge) The early to mid 2010s witnessed a revival of grunge fashion (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) in America with more of an "edgy" interest of denim (/wiki/Denim) ripped jeans (/wiki/Ripped_jeans) and ripped jackets (/wiki/Jackets) , [83] (#cite_note-83) flannels (/wiki/Flannels) , animal print coats, printed t-shirts (/wiki/Printed_t-shirt) which were frequently color or stone faded, black (/wiki/Black) combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boots) , biker boots, and leather motorbike jackets (/wiki/Motorbike_jacket) . [84] (#cite_note-84) [85] (#cite_note-85) Beginning in 2013, there was a revival of late 1960s and early 70s bohemian fashions in the US, UK, India, [86] (#cite_note-Recycled_2010s_fashion-86) and France, notably of bell bottom style pants, Birkenstocks (/wiki/Birkenstock) , gypsy blouses (/wiki/Gypsy_blouse) , palazzo pants (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) , [86] (#cite_note-Recycled_2010s_fashion-86) dresses with cutouts, lace-up tops, crocheted (/wiki/Crochet) crop tops, sweaters and halternecks (/wiki/Halterneck) , [87] (#cite_note-87) and Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) off the shoulder tops. [88] (#cite_note-88) [89] (#cite_note-89) [90] (#cite_note-90) [91] (#cite_note-auto2-91) The lace up trend was also highly popular with footwear, largely because of Tunisian shoe designer Azzedine Alaia (/wiki/Azzedine_Alaia) . [92] (#cite_note-92) [93] (#cite_note-93) In America, women favored white, black, camel, warm grey (/wiki/Warm_grey) , or blush sweater dresses, thin turtlenecks popularized by The Kardashians (/wiki/The_Kardashians) , [94] (#cite_note-94) catsuits (/wiki/Catsuit) , jumpsuits (/wiki/Jumpsuit) , playsuits or rompers (/wiki/Romper) , [95] (#cite_note-95) [96] (#cite_note-96) high necked Victorian [97] (#cite_note-97) inspired lace dresses, and leather, tan, or olive green duster coats (/wiki/Duster_coat) . [98] (#cite_note-98) [99] (#cite_note-99) Solid wedge heels (/wiki/Wedge_heel) , Stuart Weitzman knee boots (/wiki/Knee_boot) , platform shoes (/wiki/Platform_shoe) and perspex (/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)) heels, also known as the "nothing shoe" became a popular trend in 2016. [100] (#cite_note-100) [101] (#cite_note-101) Late 2010s (2017–2019) [ edit ] 1970s revival [ edit ] Women's 1970s inspired outfit from 2018 From 2017 to 2021, the brightly colored beige, red, green, brown and orange [102] (#cite_note-auto-102) 1970s revival fashions began to replace the grey and monochromatic 1990s inspired streetwear in Britain, India, [103] (#cite_note-Indian_Express-103) North America and France. Particularly popular were the sheepskin coats, moon boots (/wiki/Moon_boot) , flared double breasted trouser suits (/wiki/Trouser_suit) in black, purple, pink, [104] (#cite_note-Spring_2019_trends-104) cream, grey, and navy blue tartan, baggy floral maxi dresses (/wiki/Maxi_dress) , blue gingham (/wiki/Gingham) dresses, applique cropped wide leg jeans (/wiki/Wide_leg_jeans) , denim jackets with embroidered red roses, multicolored tie dye (/wiki/Tie_dye) skirts, baby blue (/wiki/Baby_blue) and China (/wiki/China) print dresses worn with black tights, [104] (#cite_note-Spring_2019_trends-104) pale denim shirt dresses (/wiki/Shirt_dress) worn unbuttoned over blouses and light wash (/wiki/Light_wash) jeans, white sneakers, leopardskin coats, [6] (#cite_note-auto7-6) Marks and Spencer (/wiki/Marks_and_Spencer) gold dresses with bows, distressed jeans, [105] (#cite_note-105) peacoats, brown granny boots, neon green (/wiki/Neon_green) , [102] (#cite_note-auto-102) tangerine, or pale dusky pink (/w/index.php?title=Dusky_pink&action=edit&redlink=1) midi-dresses, white peplum (/wiki/Peplum_dress) dresses [106] (#cite_note-106) reminiscent of those worn by Princess Leia (/wiki/Princess_Leia) , leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) [102] (#cite_note-auto-102) in red, purple, green, blue, tan or black, slightly flared jeans, white and blue floral print shirt dresses (/wiki/Shirt_dress) , loosely woven plaid blouses, pleats, ruffles, stripes, mismatched earrings popularised by Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) , mandarin collar (/wiki/Mandarin_collar) tops, purple dresses with puffball (/wiki/Puffball) sleeves, leather or PVC (/wiki/PVC) miniskirts, translucent yellow or orange cold shoulder blouses, oversized paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) , suede or black vinyl handbags, embroidered long sleeve T-shirts, throws, Cowichan sweaters (/wiki/Cowichan_sweater) , fringed shift dresses (/wiki/Shift_dress) , wraps, gold brocade (/wiki/Brocade) blazers, ponchos, fur lined parkas (/wiki/Parka) , silver sequined (/wiki/Sequin) cocktail dresses (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) , denim skirts, geometric print blouses, floral Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) minidresses [107] (#cite_note-107) and blouses with flouncy sleeves, kimono (/wiki/Kimono) jackets made from the same brightly colored silk as aloha shirts (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) , leather safari blazers (/wiki/Shacket) , jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(sweater)) dresses, slim fitting capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) , babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) dresses, knee boots, flat ankle boots with tights, or crew or knee socks slouched down over tights, leggings, jeggings, or skinny jeans. Also seen are snakeskin or sequinned pants, [108] (#cite_note-108) cold shoulder tops, peasant blouses, oversized hoop earrings, velvet (/wiki/Velvet) blazers [109] (#cite_note-109) and dresses in pink, cobalt blue (/wiki/Cobalt_blue) , red, navy, gold, and forest green (/wiki/Forest_green) , fur vests, Jeremy Corbyn caps (/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn_cap) , camel wool coats, hot pants (/wiki/Hot_pants) , tunics, army green (/wiki/Army_green) parkas (/wiki/Parka) , rainbow striped sweaters, sunflower print maxi dresses, [110] (#cite_note-theguardian1-110) PVC jackets, black velvet Nehru jackets (/wiki/Nehru_jacket) with gold braid, ghillies (/wiki/Ghillie_brogues) , Grecian sandals (/wiki/Grecian_sandals) , red, white, salmon, lavender or orange crocheted jumpers, and Swedish Fjällräven (/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4ven) Kånken rucksacks (/wiki/Rucksacks) in colors such as mustard, navy, forest green, and dusty pink. [91] (#cite_note-auto2-91) [111] (#cite_note-111) [112] (#cite_note-112) Although shirt collars remained relatively small, by 2019 these began to be replaced in the UK by overized [102] (#cite_note-auto-102) Revere (/wiki/Paul_Revere) collars (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) reminiscent of disco fashion (/wiki/Disco_fashion) . [113] (#cite_note-113) [114] (#cite_note-114) The pantywaist tops (/wiki/Pantywaist_top) previously fashionable as sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) in the late 1970s and early 1980s, started to commonly replace T-shirts in the UK, US and South Africa, especially among pop stars and models like Candice Swanepoel (/wiki/Candice_Swanepoel) , Emily Ratajkowski (/wiki/Emily_Ratajkowski) , [115] (#cite_note-115) Nicki Minaj (/wiki/Nicki_Minaj) , and Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , whose one-off bodysuits were modified from vintage Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) and Chicago Bulls (/wiki/Chicago_Bulls) jerseys. [116] (#cite_note-116) [117] (#cite_note-117) By way of Alessandro Michele (/wiki/Alessandro_Michele) of Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) 's creative direction, flat mule shoes (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) , clear shoes, sandals and orange, brown or pink mule heels reminiscent of those worn by Barbie dolls (/wiki/Barbie_doll) started making a resurgence in Italy and Americas from early 2017 onwards, sometimes featuring tiger embroidery, florals, beadwork, or furry lining. [118] (#cite_note-118) [119] (#cite_note-119) [120] (#cite_note-120) Another emerging trend of 2018–19, popularized by Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) , Coach (/wiki/Coach_(brand)) , [121] (#cite_note-121) Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) and Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , took inspiration from 1970s blue collar Americana (/wiki/Americana_(culture)) , especially the clothing worn by biker (/wiki/Motorcycle) chicks, cowgirls (/wiki/Cowgirl) , hard rock (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) fans, and small town inhabitants of the "American heartland" (/w/index.php?title=%22American_heartland%22&action=edit&redlink=1) . Faded red, pale blue, black, and off white were particularly desirable colors. [122] (#cite_note-122) [123] (#cite_note-123) [124] (#cite_note-124) Common items in Britain and America included pale denim (/wiki/Pale_denim) jeans, "mom" jeans (/wiki/Mom_jeans) , [125] (#cite_note-125) stacked waist denim, skirts and jackets, [110] (#cite_note-theguardian1-110) black or white clutch bags, Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , [126] (#cite_note-126) jackets [127] (#cite_note-express1-127) dresses, and even sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers_(footwear)) [128] (#cite_note-128) with Old West inspired floral embroidery, [129] (#cite_note-129) capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) , suede fringed bags, Khloe Kardashian (/wiki/Khloe_Kardashian) 's Good American brand jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , black or dark blue denim miniskirts (/wiki/Miniskirt) , dungarees (/wiki/Dungaree_(fabric)) , shortalls (/wiki/Shortalls) , oversized silver belt buckles, 90s inspired scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) worn in the hair and as a wristband, [130] (#cite_note-130) [131] (#cite_note-131) biker jackets (/wiki/Biker_jacket) in black, grey or brown, [127] (#cite_note-express1-127) bandanas, red or blue gingham (/wiki/Gingham) skirts and primark (/wiki/Primark) dresses, black dresses and sweaters with stars and stripes (/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States) motifs, black or white T-shirts, sandals decorated with black, white and orange beads, low cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boots) , white shoes, black leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , and shirts featuring graffiti, throwback (/wiki/Throwback_style) sports logos, rose motifs, [102] (#cite_note-auto-102) vintage advertising brands, 1950s cartoon characters, and old school tattoo designs like tigers, eagles, hearts, skulls, revolvers and snakes which were typically more subdued than the garish Ed Hardy (/wiki/Ed_Hardy) designs of the early 2010s. Mature look [ edit ] By 2017, it had also become fashionable for younger middle-class women in Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Denmark, and Finland [132] (#cite_note-132) to wear more "grown up" or normcore (/wiki/Normcore) [133] (#cite_note-133) styles, in reaction to the previous mismatched hipster fashions and the athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) trend of 2014 which mixed traditional formal wear with high end sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) . [134] (#cite_note-134) Longer plaid skirts, billowing white blouses, vintage sheer black stockings (/wiki/Stocking) with garterbelts (/wiki/Garterbelts) , bias cut midi skirts, pale blue belted trenchcoats, Argyle sweaters, silk blouses, sensible flat shoes and sandals, straight leg jeans, long powder blue (/wiki/Powder_blue) coats worn with matching pillbox hats (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) , traditional style wool or silk scarves, blue or red paisley Nehru collar (/wiki/Nehru_collar) coats of the type popularised by Zara (/wiki/Zara_(brand)) , nude pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) , bows similar to those worn by Margaret Thatcher (/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher) , black velvet, blush and blue denim mule slippers (/wiki/Mule_(shoe)) with bows, [135] (#cite_note-135) and baggy black capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) became popular in the UK in response to perceived sexualised and misogynistic dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) in many workplaces (especially the compulsory wearing (/wiki/High_heel_policy) of high heels (/wiki/High_heels) ), [136] (#cite_note-136) and also due to the influence of Kate Middleton (/wiki/Kate_Middleton) and celebrity early adopters (/wiki/Early_adopter) like Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) who sought a more professional looking image in the winter of 2016. Skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) began to be replaced by straight leg jeans designed to follow the contours of the body, [137] (#cite_note-137) and other accessories that declined in popularity included chokers (/wiki/Choker) , gaudy brand labels, [138] (#cite_note-138) ripped jeans, patches, and pin badges due to their childish connotations. [139] (#cite_note-139) Men's clothing [ edit ] Early 2010s (2010–2012) [ edit ] English-Irish boy band One Direction (/wiki/One_Direction) with preppy (/wiki/Preppy) -inspired outfits in 2012 Neon colors [ edit ] Neon colors and elaborate T-shirts were popular for much of the early 2010s, especially graphic print hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , novelty socks, red or blue skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , studded belts with large buckles, and Ed Hardy (/wiki/Ed_Hardy) T-shirts embellished with rhinestones (/wiki/Rhinestone) . [140] (#cite_note-140) Many styles from the late 2000s remained fashionable in Europe, Australasia, and the Americas, with brands such as Polo Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren) and J Crew (/wiki/J_Crew) being well favored. [141] (#cite_note-141) Popular tops for men aged 20–50 included shawl collar (/wiki/Shawl_collar) cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) , [142] (#cite_note-142) V-neck T-shirts, acid wash (/wiki/Acid_wash) denim (/wiki/Denim) work shirts, [143] (#cite_note-143) cable knit (/wiki/Cable_knit) pullovers (/wiki/Sweater) , [144] (#cite_note-144) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) with snap fastenings (/wiki/Snap_fastening) , grunge (/wiki/Grunge) style padded tartan (/wiki/Tartan) overshirts (/wiki/Overshirt) in red, navy blue or dark green, [145] (#cite_note-90s_fashion-145) throwback (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) basketball (/wiki/Basketball) or baseball uniforms (/wiki/Baseball_uniform) , [145] (#cite_note-90s_fashion-145) denim (/wiki/Denim) jackets, [146] (#cite_note-146) Aloha shirts (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) , car coats (/wiki/Overcoat) , [147] (#cite_note-147) 1930s style linen sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , brown or black brogues (/wiki/Brogues) , [148] (#cite_note-148) and black leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) like the Schott (/wiki/Schott_NYC) Perfecto motorcycle jacket (/wiki/Perfecto_motorcycle_jacket) . [149] (#cite_note-149) 1990s revival [ edit ] In the summer of 2011, 1980s and 1990s inspired fashion (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) made a comeback in the UK among men. This included bright colored short shorts, jeans shorts with a stone wash (/wiki/Stone_wash) or acid wash (/wiki/Acid_wash) , shorter 7, 6, and 5 inch inseam shorts from mid 2010s on, shirts with Aztec (/wiki/Aztec) patterns, Mayan (/wiki/Maya_civilization) patterns, camouflage prints or 19animal prints, flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts, high top sneakers (/wiki/High_tops) , snapback hats (/wiki/Snapback_(hat)) , and gaudy wristwatches (/wiki/Wristwatch) . [150] (#cite_note-150) In the Americas, the trend caught on in both Summer 2011 and Spring 2013. The Grunge look (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion#Grunge_look) had made a comeback due to the influence of Steves Peeps (/wiki/Steves_Peeps) , an artist from Boston (/wiki/Boston) . [151] (#cite_note-151) [152] (#cite_note-152) upper items of clothing include bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) , black leather jackets, crombie (/wiki/Crombie_(clothing)) overcoats, padded tartan (/wiki/Tartan) overshirts (/wiki/Overshirt) , crewneck (/wiki/Crewneck) sweatshirts (/wiki/Sweatshirts) , [153] (#cite_note-153) oversized flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts, throwback (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) basketball (/wiki/Basketball) or baseball uniforms (/wiki/Baseball_uniform) , and preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Nantucket Reds (/wiki/Nantucket_Reds) . Other popular accessories of the early to mid 2010s included Doc Martens (/wiki/Doc_Martens) , The Timberland Company (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) , combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) , Converse All Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , Sperry Top-Siders (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Siders) , Ugg boots (/wiki/Ugg_boots) , Nike Elite (/wiki/Nike_Elite) crew socks, snapback hats (/wiki/Snapback_(hat)) , brown Oxford shoes (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) , and classic Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) trainers. [154] (#cite_note-154) Maroon baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) and ringer Tees featuring a specific sports team's logo were particularly popular in the Philippines due to the widespread media coverage of the UAAP Games (/wiki/University_Athletic_Association_of_the_Philippines) athletes. [155] (#cite_note-155) [156] (#cite_note-156) Business casual [ edit ] Business casual The business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) look of the 1990s and early 2000s remained common in many parts of the Americas, with jeans, loafers (/wiki/Loafers) , boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) and sneakers being seen as acceptable to wear in the workplace. [157] (#cite_note-Devolution-157) The decline in the formality of men's fashion that started in the 1960s continued until 2012, with men wearing informal clothing on a regular basis, even at work or while travelling, as an apparent extension of Beau Brummell (/wiki/Beau_Brummell) 's older idea that gentlemen shouldn't try to outshine the ladies for attention. [ citation needed ] This contrasted to Britain, Italy, Europe, and parts of the US, where more formal Mad Men (/wiki/Mad_Men) -inspired business clothing such as slim-fitting grey two piece suits had made a comeback in the workplace during the early 2010s. [158] (#cite_note-158) At this time, tweed cloth (/wiki/Tweed_cloth) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) became acceptable town wear, and business suits imitated the broad shouldered, form fitting styles of the 1920s, [159] (#cite_note-159) sometimes with contrasting lapel piping. Mid 2010s (2013–2016) [ edit ] Workwear and luxury sportswear [ edit ] A man wearing a leather Supreme snapback hat while taking a photograph in 2016 From 2013 to 2015, men's fashion was heavily influenced by the improving economy and fashion-conscious cities such as London (/wiki/London) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , and Milan (/wiki/Milan) , and incorporated elements of hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) , luxury fashion, sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) , athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) and skater apparel. Bright colors, studded belts and retro styled graphic prints [160] (#cite_note-160) (especially 1960s–80s advertising logos, classic rock (/wiki/Classic_rock) bands, and the loud Ed Hardy (/wiki/Ed_Hardy) shirts) went out of style [161] (#cite_note-161) in favor of plain black, white, [162] (#cite_note-162) beige (/wiki/Beige) , taupe (/wiki/Taupe) , gray (/wiki/Gray) , marl (/wiki/Marl) , burgundy (/wiki/Burgundy_(color)) , and various shades of dark green (/wiki/Green) . [163] (#cite_note-163) Common clothing items in the Americas, Britain and Russia [164] (#cite_note-164) included tailored marl sweatpants, [165] (#cite_note-165) jersey shirts (/wiki/Jersey_shirt) , chunky hiking boots with thick soles, [166] (#cite_note-166) bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) , hoodies with Cyrillic (/wiki/Cyrillic) lettering, shirts with constructivist (/wiki/Constructivism_(art)) motifs, fake fur, [167] (#cite_note-167) tracksuits, leather jackets, denim jackets, DHL (/wiki/DHL) T-shirts, thick oversized anoraks (/wiki/Anorak) , unstructured blazers, double-breasted sportcoats, [168] (#cite_note-168) shorts riding above the knee (toward a 5" inseam, down from 15"), [169] (#cite_note-169) drop crotch pants, slim fitting jogger pants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , and deep red, gold, white, black and silver high tops. [170] (#cite_note-170) Sales in floral print clothing designs for men more than doubled amongst fashion retailers between 2013 and 2014. From 2013 to 2016, workwear (/wiki/Workwear) became a significant trend in Britain, Ireland and the Americas. Besides the cardigan sweaters (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) , knit caps (/wiki/Knit_cap) , flat caps (/wiki/Flat_cap) , dark denim (/wiki/Denim) jackets, waxed jackets (/wiki/Waxed_jacket) , yellow fishermens macs, and flannel shirts (/wiki/Flannel_shirt) previously popularised by indie kids (/wiki/Indie_kid) , Grenson (/wiki/Grenson) brogues (/wiki/Brogue_shoe) , oxblood (/wiki/Oxblood) Red Wing (/wiki/Red_Wing_Shoes) work boots (/wiki/Work_boot) [171] (#cite_note-171) and the grandfather collar (/wiki/Grandfather_shirt) shirt emerged as a semi-casual [172] (#cite_note-2016_spring_trends-172) fashion item in western cultures. [172] (#cite_note-2016_spring_trends-172) [173] (#cite_note-173) [174] (#cite_note-174) In China and Europe, retro feiyue (/wiki/Feiyue) martial arts sneakers in red, white and blue made a comeback. [175] (#cite_note-175) Common accessories include Ray-Ban (/wiki/Ray-Ban) wayfarer (/wiki/Wayfarer_(glasses)) sunglasses, [176] (#cite_note-176) paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) scarfs (/wiki/Scarf) , teashade glasses (/wiki/Teashade_glasses) , [177] (#cite_note-177) tortoise shell (/wiki/Tortoiseshell_material) glasses, [178] (#cite_note-178) snake skin (/wiki/Snake_skin) [179] (#cite_note-179) or plaited leather belts (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) , [180] (#cite_note-180) flat caps (/wiki/Flat_cap) , newsboy caps (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) , bum bags (/wiki/Bum_bag) , [181] (#cite_note-181) trilbys (/wiki/Trilby) , [182] (#cite_note-182) and pork pie hats (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) . Formal business wear [ edit ] Japanese (/wiki/Japan) slim fitting three piece grey suit with window pane check, mid to late 2010s In the UK, Italy, Australia [183] (#cite_note-auto4-183) and US, many professional men wear grey mohair (/wiki/Mohair) or houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) office suits (/wiki/Office_suit) , usually with two-button fastening, a single vent, and narrow lapels [184] (#cite_note-5_killer_suit_tips-184) inspired by the American TV show Mad Men (/wiki/Mad_Men) , Hannibal (/wiki/Hannibal_(TV_series)) , and Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) as James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) . [185] (#cite_note-James_Bond_suits-185) [186] (#cite_note-186) [187] (#cite_note-187) Businessmen in Asian countries like the Philippines generally followed the trend, but dispensed with the necktie in favor of a semi-formal, simple shirt better suited to the hot tropical climate. As part of the general 1980s revival, the waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) [188] (#cite_note-188) made a comeback as part of the three piece suit (/wiki/Three_piece_suit) in Europe and the US. In the early 2010s these suits were mostly charcoal grey (/wiki/Charcoal_grey) , [189] (#cite_note-189) shiny (/wiki/Shiny_suit) steel grey (/wiki/Steel_grey) and silver (/wiki/Silver) [190] (#cite_note-190) (especially in Australia and America), [191] (#cite_note-191) [192] (#cite_note-192) but by 2014 these were joined by air force blue (/wiki/Air_force_blue) , navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) , [193] (#cite_note-auto6-193) [194] (#cite_note-194) midnight blue (/wiki/Midnight_blue) , [195] (#cite_note-195) and sky blue. In the UK, US and Germany, the suits of the mid-2010s often featured checks, [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) , Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) , bird's eye, Prince of Wales (/wiki/Prince_of_Wales) plaid cloth (/wiki/Plaid_cloth) , [193] (#cite_note-auto6-193) or windowpane tweed (/wiki/Windowpane_tweed) , [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) and the stripes on pinstripe (/wiki/Pinstripes) suits became narrower [197] (#cite_note-197) and more closely spaced. [198] (#cite_note-198) Popular footwear of spring 2016 included round toed Oxford shoes (/wiki/Oxford_shoe) , loafers, and Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) . [199] (#cite_note-199) Thin ties remained the norm, but the simple notch lapels (/wiki/Notch_lapel) of 2010 were increasingly replaced by shawl collars (/wiki/Shawl_collar) and peak lapels (/wiki/Peak_lapel) on single breasted three piece suits. [200] (#cite_note-200) By 2016, the black and silver digital wristwatches (/wiki/Digital_wristwatch) of the early 2010s had gone out of style [183] (#cite_note-auto4-183) among professional men in favor of classic oversized analog wristwatches (/wiki/Analog_wristwatch) with round black, [201] (#cite_note-201) gold or white faces [202] (#cite_note-auto5-202) and traditional brown, tan or black leather straps. [202] (#cite_note-auto5-202) [203] (#cite_note-203) Continuing on from the 2000s, fur ushanka (/wiki/Ushanka) and Astrakhan caps (/wiki/Astrakhan_cap) were often worn at wintertime formal occasions in Russia, [204] (#cite_note-204) Georgia, Kashmir (/wiki/Kashmir) , [205] (#cite_note-205) and Pakistan [206] (#cite_note-206) as both a symbol of national pride, and as a means of rejecting the excesses of Westernising globalization (/wiki/Globalization) . [207] (#cite_note-207) In Afghanistan and Uzbekistan, however, the wearing of traditional dress (/wiki/Traditional_dress) such as the Astrakhan cap (/wiki/Astrakhan_cap) , kurta (/wiki/Kurta) and pajama (/wiki/Pajama) began to decline among professionals in favor of a Western style suit and tie, as part of a wider backlash against Hamid Karzai (/wiki/Hamid_Karzai) 's regime. [208] (#cite_note-208) African fashion [ edit ] Mid 2010s Ugandan (/wiki/Ugandan) fashion The mid-2010s witnessed the beginnings of Africa's own haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) [209] (#cite_note-209) due to increased restriction on secondhand mitumba clothing (/wiki/Mitumba_clothing) in Kenya and Uganda. [210] (#cite_note-210) Mozambican designer Taibo Bacar was the first African fashion brand to debut at Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) in 2010 and became one of Africa's leading fashion houses, proving that African fashion can compete on the world stage. [211] (#cite_note-211) Contemporary clothing in Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) is often cut to unisex Western patterns but uses indigenous fabric associated with folk costume (/wiki/Folk_costume) , such as a sportcoat (/wiki/Sportcoat) made from striped kikoy (/wiki/Kikoy) fabric, [212] (#cite_note-212) a shirt made from kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) , or the silk Madiba shirts (/wiki/Madiba_shirt) popularised in South Africa by Nelson Mandela (/wiki/Nelson_Mandela) . [213] (#cite_note-213) At the same time, some aspects of traditional attire such as wooden jewelry or the Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) were worn by expatriate Africans in the West, African Americans (/wiki/African_Americans) , [214] (#cite_note-214) and some liberal white Americans. [215] (#cite_note-215) In South Africa and the Congo, Dandies (/wiki/Dandies) known as sapeurs (/wiki/Sapeur) and swenkas (/wiki/Swenka) began imitating the wardrobes of the previous colonialist regime, by importing expensive modern three piece designer suits and customising them with vintage accessories such as the fedora (/wiki/Fedora) , spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) , bowtie (/wiki/Bowtie) and cane. [216] (#cite_note-216) Late 2010s (2017–2019) [ edit ] Relaxed look [ edit ] A Community Programs team wearing casual attire in 2019 By November 2018, fashion designers in the US and other countries began to move away from the slim fitting casual attire and frequently combined business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) pieces with sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) . [217] (#cite_note-217) Brown replaced black as the most popular color for leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , and common accessories included orange hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , black track pants (/wiki/Track_pants) , faded jeans covered in iron-on patches, black [218] (#cite_note-218) or white leather hi-tops, [219] (#cite_note-219) Timberland (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) boots, navy blue wool coach jackets (/wiki/Coach_jacket) , graphic print tees featuring a small statement design, [220] (#cite_note-220) dark flannel sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , cambric (/wiki/Cambric) shackets (/wiki/Shacket) , or camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) jackets layered over cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) or Alpine patterned sweaters, [221] (#cite_note-221) and white Adidas sneakers. [222] (#cite_note-Team-222) From 2018 to 2020, baggy (/wiki/Baggy_pants) [223] (#cite_note-Spring_2017_trends-223) cargo pants (/wiki/Cargo_pants) with external pockets were reintroduced, skate shoes (/wiki/Skate_shoe) declined in popularity, [224] (#cite_note-224) and long tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) coats became popular. [222] (#cite_note-Team-222) In the American workplace, brown suits made a comeback, [225] (#cite_note-225) unstructured suits became popular in Britain as an alternative to the restrictive, slim fitting styles of the late 2000s. [226] (#cite_note-226) Wide neckties (frequently in patterned paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) silk, red and blue stripes, or knitted wool in black, tan or grey) replaced the thin styles of the mid-2000s, [227] (#cite_note-227) and polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) or turtlenecks (/wiki/Turtleneck) [228] (#cite_note-228) became an acceptable substitute for dress shirts (/wiki/Dress_shirt) . [222] (#cite_note-Team-222) 1970s and Britpop influences [ edit ] Typical late 2010s fashion of Australian band 5 Seconds of Summer (/wiki/5_Seconds_of_Summer) in 2018 Beginning in March 2017, clothing inspired by 1990s Britpop (/wiki/Britpop) , mod revival (/wiki/Mod_revival) [229] (#cite_note-Comeback_of_the_mod_look-229) [230] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-230) and 1970s fashion (/wiki/1970s_fashion) [231] (#cite_note-Comeback_of_70s_fashion_in_2019-231) became popular among young men in the US, UK, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, [232] (#cite_note-232) Hong Kong, and France, [233] (#cite_note-233) especially in beige, cream, sand, orange, blue, brown, dark green, ecru, red, pistachio (/wiki/Pistachio) , and complementary neutral tones. [234] (#cite_note-2017_trends-234) Desirable items included suede cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boot) and winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepickers) , stone grey (/wiki/Stone_grey) suits with Teddy Boy (/wiki/Teddy_Boy) inspired velvet shawl collars, [235] (#cite_note-235) retro black and red sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers_(footwear)) , Chelsea boots (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) with contrasting red and blue elastic, striped dress shirts (/wiki/Dress_shirt) , sailor T shirts (/wiki/Sailor_T_shirt) with vertical navy blue stripes, tropical print shirts, [236] (#cite_note-236) navy and red track jackets (/wiki/Track_jacket) , two button cream trenchcoats (/wiki/Trenchcoat) , corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) sportcoats worn with turtle neck (/wiki/Turtle_neck) sweaters, [231] (#cite_note-Comeback_of_70s_fashion_in_2019-231) double breasted navy blue or herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) tweed (/wiki/Tweed) overcoats with shawl collars (/wiki/Shawl_collar) , six button polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) , natural suede chukka boots (/wiki/Chukka_boots) , sunflower print button-down shirts, [237] (#cite_note-Spring_2017_menswear-237) white T-shirts with orange and blue color blocks, turquoise dip dye (/wiki/Dip_dye) swimshorts (/wiki/Swimshorts) , [237] (#cite_note-Spring_2017_menswear-237) military chic (/wiki/Military_chic) parkas (/wiki/Parka) , [229] (#cite_note-Comeback_of_the_mod_look-229) wool overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) , red Superdry (/wiki/Superdry) parkas (/wiki/Parka) with fur hoods, [238] (#cite_note-238) navy blue straw trilby hats (/wiki/Trilby_hat) , short sleeved cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) , red Doc Martens (/wiki/Doc_Martens) , houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) or Prince of Wales (/wiki/Prince_of_Wales) check sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , [234] (#cite_note-2017_trends-234) pants with a contrasting red stripe, lightweight nautical inspired navy peacoats (/wiki/Peacoat) , embroidered silk souvenir jackets [239] (#cite_note-239) featuring birds, skulls, dragons or tigers, bomber jackets (/wiki/Bomber_jacket) with orange linings, Converse modern (/wiki/Converse_modern) sneakers in silver, red, royal blue, or green, [240] (#cite_note-240) muted Aloha shirts (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) worn over plain T-shirts, brown flying jackets (/wiki/Flying_jacket) , corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) pants, [241] (#cite_note-241) beige anoraks (/wiki/Anorak) , pale denim (/wiki/Pale_denim) slim-fit jeans (/wiki/Slim-fit_jeans) and chinos, checked button down shirts in pink, blue, orange, red, and white with oversized Cuban (/wiki/Cuba) collars, [223] (#cite_note-Spring_2017_trends-223) cropped black high waisted pants (/wiki/High_waisted_pants) , Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) shirts, grey T-shirts, preppy (/wiki/Preppy) striped polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) with wider collars, double strap combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) , claret (/wiki/Claret) , [242] (#cite_note-242) teal, electric blue (/wiki/Electric_blue_(color)) , [243] (#cite_note-243) or navy blue (/wiki/Navy_blue) [244] (#cite_note-244) velvet (/wiki/Velvet) tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) jackets, [245] (#cite_note-245) [246] (#cite_note-246) and psychedelic (/wiki/Psychedelic_art) floral print shirts frequently worn tucked into the pants (/wiki/Geek_chic) . [247] (#cite_note-247) Children's clothing [ edit ] New influences [ edit ] The decade saw the rise of child influencers (/wiki/Influencers) with parents posting pictures of young children using sponsored products such as clothing online. [248] (#cite_note-248) The birth of a new generation of the British royal family (/wiki/British_royal_family) from 2013 also impacted children's fashion, with sales of garments often sharply increasing if the royal children had been pictured wearing them. Other high-profile children were also known to have an effect on the fashion industry. [249] (#cite_note-249) Youth fashion [ edit ] Polish youth attending a rock music festival, 2011 Indian children, 2015 Hipsters, Twee and steampunks [ edit ] Main article: Hipster (contemporary subculture) (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) By the early 2010s, British, American, and Filipino indie clothing had moved away from the bright colors and overt 1960s styling of the mid-2000s in favor of a more "grown up" intellectual look, with 1990s style earth-tones like grey, burgundy, brown, teal, and beige. [250] (#cite_note-250) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed_cloth) jackets, skinny chino trousers (/wiki/Chino_trousers) , dress boots (/wiki/Dress_boots) , 2fer and layered shirts and tees, cardigan sweaters (/wiki/Cardigan_sweater) , nerdy horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) , sweaters, thick wool socks, worker boots, leggings (/wiki/Leggings) , [251] (#cite_note-251) and beanies (/wiki/Knit_cap) replaced the [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepickers) , velvet (/wiki/Velvet) jackets, Aviator sunglasses (/wiki/Ray-Ban_Aviator) , and skinny ties typically worn by indie rock (/wiki/Indie_rock) bands, although vintage Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , leather jackets (/wiki/Leather_jacket) , military dress uniforms (/wiki/Dress_uniforms) , [252] (#cite_note-252) homemade jewelry, and thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) plaid shirts remained popular in Europe. [253] (#cite_note-253) Drop crotch pants, designed by the Danish brand Humör, became more and more popular in Europe amongst hipsters and hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop) fans, who replaced their skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) and carpenter jeans (/wiki/Carpenter_jeans) with "old school but modern" style. [254] (#cite_note-254) American Apparel (/wiki/American_Apparel) made normcore (/wiki/Normcore) a prominent aspect of hipster culture in the US from 2016 onwards. [255] (#cite_note-255) [256] (#cite_note-256) The look is based on modern business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) wear, everyday casual attire worn by older men, and the geek chic (/wiki/Geek_chic) clothing worn by stereotypical nerds (/wiki/Nerd) during the 1980s. [257] (#cite_note-257) Popular accessories include horn rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn_rimmed_glasses) , high waisted pants (/wiki/High_waisted_pants) especially pleated khaki (/wiki/Khaki) chinos (/wiki/Chino_pants) , dad hats, zip up polar fleeces (/wiki/Polar_fleece) , white or blue button down shirts, socks with sandals, turtlenecks (/wiki/Turtleneck) , white tennis shoes (/wiki/Tennis_shoe) , pocket protectors (/wiki/Pocket_protector) , leather shoes, plain sweaters in muted colors, and, for women, " mom jeans (/wiki/Mom_jeans) ". [258] (#cite_note-258) [259] (#cite_note-259) The fanny pack (/wiki/Fanny_pack) accessory made a late comeback in 2018 with new packs introduced by fashion designers Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , Prada (/wiki/Prada) , and Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) . Reasons for the "belt bag" being in vogue was attributed to changing lifestyle needs that made categories like luggage, backpacks and even fanny packs popular items on shopping and wish-lists during the 2018 holiday season, along with a persisting taste for throwback fashion, particularly 1980s nostalgia. [260] (#cite_note-260) [261] (#cite_note-261) In the Americas, Australia and Japan, steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk) gained regional popularity among some young people aged 18–25. [262] (#cite_note-262) [263] (#cite_note-263) From 2011 to 2015, members of this subculture often combined Neo-Victorian (/wiki/Neo-Victorian) [264] (#cite_note-264) and Elegant Gothic aristocrat (/wiki/Elegant_Gothic_aristocrat) clothing such as top hats (/wiki/Top_hat) , pocket watches (/wiki/Pocket_watch) , or (for girls) corsets, velvet or brocade dresses, brooches (/wiki/Brooch) , and black, dark red or brown leather waistcoats, with bowties (/wiki/Bowtie) , hipster inspired beards (/wiki/Beard) and tweed clothing, jewelry made from brass gears, dark skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , worker boots, and flying goggles (/wiki/Goggles) . [265] (#cite_note-265) American and Asian Steampunks sometimes incorporate pirate shirts (/wiki/Pirate_shirt) or petticoats (/wiki/Petticoat) borrowed from fantasy or Ren-Fair (/wiki/Ren-Fair) LARP (/wiki/Live_Action_Role_Play) , [266] (#cite_note-266) and elements of Japanese street style (/wiki/Japanese_street_style) such as Gothic Lolita (/wiki/Gothic_Lolita) inspired short skirts, [267] (#cite_note-267) traditional silk kimonos (/wiki/Kimono) , or parasols (/wiki/Parasol) . [268] (#cite_note-268) [269] (#cite_note-269) Classic preppy [ edit ] Main article: Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) During the early 2010s, American preppy (/wiki/Preppy) guys moved away from the hip-hop (/wiki/Hip-hop) influenced fashions of the 2000s (/wiki/Fake_preppy) and begun to dress in a more classic 1950s Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League) style [270] (#cite_note-270) with sweaters (/wiki/Sweater) , Sperry Top-Sider (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) , Aran sweaters (/wiki/Aran_sweater) , cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) , Oxford shirts (/wiki/Oxford_shirt) , Cricket pullovers (/wiki/Sweater) , wingtips (/wiki/Wingtip) , stripy polo shirts (/wiki/Polo_shirt) with layered shirts underneath in cooler weather, hats like the fedora (/wiki/Fedora) , khaki or pastel colored Vineyard Vines (/wiki/Vineyard_Vines) , Nantucket Reds (/wiki/Nantucket_Reds) , white or bright pastel color socks worn with sneakers and Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider_boat_shoes) , white casual sneakers especially from Vans and Sperrys brands, colored jeans, white Nike Elite (/wiki/Nike_Elite) crew socks, baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) , and khaki shorts (/wiki/Shorts) . From the mid-2010s on, khaki shorts with shorter 7, 6, and 5 inch inseams, jogger pants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , and tapered chinos (/wiki/Chinos) became popular for guys. [271] (#cite_note-271) [272] (#cite_note-272) From 2012 onwards, seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) blazers (/wiki/Blazer) and pants made a comeback among young American men [183] (#cite_note-auto4-183) due to a resurgence of interest in classic preppy (/wiki/Preppy) clothing [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) and the 1920s fashion (/wiki/1920s_fashion) showcased in The Great Gatsby (/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby_(2013_film)) . Although pale blue and dark blue stripes remained the most popular choice, alternative colors included green, red and brown. The traditional two button blazer was updated with a slimmer cut and Edwardian inspired lapel piping, [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) and double breasted jackets became available during the mid-2010s. [273] (#cite_note-273) Outside of the US, the Australian Olympic team (/wiki/Australian_Olympic_team) received green and white candy stripe blazers for the 2016 Olympics (/wiki/2016_Olympics) [274] (#cite_note-274) and Toms shoes (/wiki/Toms_shoes) rather than the traditional dark green jackets with gold trim. [275] (#cite_note-275) Throughout the 2010s, Preppy girls wore flip flops (/wiki/Flip_flops) , ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flats) , Keds (/wiki/Keds) worn in ads by Mischa Barton, Ariana Grande and Taylor Swift, Sperry Top-Sider (/wiki/Sperry_Top-Sider) boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoes) , white casual Sperry sneakers, flat ankle boots with tights or crew or knee socks slouched down over tights, leggings, jeggings or skinny jeans, [276] (#cite_note-276) layered shirts and tees, cold shoulder tops, capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) , ankle length pants, colored jeans, opaque or footless tights (/wiki/Tights) , tweed cloth (/wiki/Tweed_cloth) or plaid skirts (/wiki/Kilt) , skater dresses, [277] (#cite_note-277) skater skirts, baby doll dresses, cotton shorts in pastel colors, romper dress or romper with shorts (/wiki/Romper_suit) , Uggs (/wiki/Uggs) , Hunter boots (/wiki/Hunter_boots) brand rain boots, leg warmers (/wiki/Leg_warmers) , jogger pants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , white or pastel colored skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , high waisted jeans, " mom" jeans (/wiki/Mom_jeans) worn with shirt or sweater tucked in and a belt, stacked waist denim, shortalls (/wiki/Shortalls) , railroad stripe (/wiki/Railroad_stripe) blouses, knee socks (/wiki/Knee_socks) , flat knee high riding boots (/wiki/Riding_boots) with knee socks visible at top, flat ankle boots with visible slouched knee socks, jeggings (/wiki/Jeggings) , [278] (#cite_note-278) capri or ankle length leggings (/wiki/Leggings) worn with shorts, dresses and skirts, oversized sweaters, bike shorts (/wiki/Bike_shorts) with or without lace trim worn with long shirts or under shorter skirts or dresses, 3/4 length sleeved shirts, tees and polos layered with a long sleeved shirt in cooler weather, Nike Tempo (/wiki/Nike_Tempo) shorts, Nike Elite (/wiki/Nike_Elite) crew socks, and crew neck sweatshirts bearing the name and crest of the school or college. The British equivalent of preppies, known as Sloane rangers (/wiki/Sloane_ranger) , dressed similarly, by combining traditional British upper class fashions (/wiki/Upper_class_fashion) such as tweed cloth (/wiki/Tweed_cloth) sportcoats (/wiki/Sportcoat) , white pants, jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) , barbour jackets (/wiki/Barbour_jacket) , practical knitwear, Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) clothing, or strings of pearls with androgynous and revealing tailoring inspired by reality TV (/wiki/Reality_TV) stars and supermodels like Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) , including PVC (/wiki/PVC) skirts, lace blouses, designer brand sneakers, or cropped blue and white cardigans that exposed the stomach. [279] (#cite_note-279) [280] (#cite_note-280) [281] (#cite_note-281) [282] (#cite_note-282) Skater and sneakerhead fashion [ edit ] Main article: Sneakerhead (/wiki/Sneakerhead) In the Americas, Britain, Australia, Ethiopia [283] (#cite_note-283) and the Philippines, many skaters (/wiki/Skater_subculture) wore designer streetwear such as joggers (/wiki/Sweatpants) , hoodies, backwards baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) , and tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuit) in addition to the typical plaid shirts, ripped jeans and trucker hats (/wiki/Trucker_hat) . Common brands from 2012 to 2015 included Diamond Supply Co., Hollister (/wiki/Hollister_Co.) , The Hundreds, OBEY (/wiki/OBEY_(clothing)) bar logo T-shirts and snapback hats (/wiki/Snapback_hat) , Vans (/wiki/Vans) , Converse All Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) , cannabis, camouflage (/wiki/Camouflage) or foliage print shirts, Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) jeans, [284] (#cite_note-284) Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) , LRG (/wiki/Lifted_Research_Group) , [285] (#cite_note-285) DGK (/wiki/Stevie_Williams) , Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) Skateboarding and Originals apparel and shoes, and T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) featuring the Santa Cruz Skateboards (/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Skateboards) [286] (#cite_note-286) screaming hand, eyeball, "cartoon grotesque" faces, [287] (#cite_note-287) Black Madonna (/wiki/Black_Madonna) , [288] (#cite_note-288) or Slasher cartoon character. [289] (#cite_note-289) In the Americas, Malaysia, [290] (#cite_note-290) India, and China, [291] (#cite_note-291) an offshoot of the skater subculture, known as " sneakerheads (/wiki/Sneakerhead) ", dress similarly. Common mid-2010s sneakerhead apparel includes Nike Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) , Air Yeezys (/wiki/Air_Yeezy) , Converse Moderns (/wiki/Converse_Modern) , [292] (#cite_note-292) Nike SBs, DC Spartans (/wiki/DC_Spartan) , Supra Sky-Tops (/wiki/Supra_(footwear_brand)) , Vans (/wiki/Vans) , designer sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) , True Religion (/wiki/True_Religion_(clothing_brand)) slim fit jeans (/wiki/Slim_fit_jeans) , backwards baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) , red high-tops with fluorescent or reflective white stars, [293] (#cite_note-293) Skullcandy (/wiki/Skullcandy) headphones, leggings, slouched crew socks, and Keds (/wiki/Keds) (for girls), Aviator sunglasses (/wiki/Aviator_sunglasses) , waffle plaid (/wiki/Waffle_plaid) shirts, throwback (/wiki/Throwback_uniform) basketball (/wiki/Basketball) singlets, tracksuits, Nike Elite (/wiki/Nike_Elite) socks, cosmic print T-shirts, hoodies, and Nixon watches. [294] (#cite_note-294) As of 2016 [update] (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010s_in_fashion&action=edit) , the most desirable [295] (#cite_note-295) colors for sneakers and apparel were black, red [296] (#cite_note-296) and white [297] (#cite_note-297) due to their longstanding association with late 1980s new wave music (/wiki/New_wave_music) , the Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) era of basketball, [298] (#cite_note-298) and old school hip-hop (/wiki/Old_school_hip-hop) . [299] (#cite_note-299) Scene kids and seapunks [ edit ] Main articles: Scene kids (/wiki/Scene_kids) and Seapunk (/wiki/Seapunk) Three girls with multicolored seapunk (/wiki/Seapunk) inspired hair From 2010 to 2012, the androgynous scene subculture (/wiki/Scene_(subculture)) (also known regionally as "Shamate" and "Coloridos") remained common in the West Coast United States, Europe, Australasia, parts of Asia, [300] (#cite_note-300) and South America, especially in the Brazilian city of Fortaleza (/wiki/Fortaleza) . [301] (#cite_note-adolescenciaesaude.com-301) The style was influenced by hip-hop, emo, Japanese street style, and indie pop (/wiki/Indie_pop) fashion, especially skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , trucker hats (/wiki/Trucker_hats) , Nike shoes (/wiki/Nike_shoes) , mismatched neon green (/wiki/Neon_green) , fluorescent (/wiki/Fluorescent) yellow, bright blue or hot pink (/wiki/Hot_pink) socks worn with sneakers, Vans (/wiki/Vans) , Levi's (/wiki/Levi%27s) 501 jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) Dickies (/wiki/Dickies) shorts, pocket watches (/wiki/Pocket_watch) , [302] (#cite_note-302) flannel (/wiki/Flannel) shirts, thin ties (/wiki/Necktie) , Nike Elite (/wiki/Nike_Elite) crew socks guys and girls, Chucks, Keds (/wiki/Keds) , vintage tees sometimes featuring pop art (/wiki/Pop_art) designs, [303] (#cite_note-303) plain tees with contrasting edging, and Vans (/wiki/Vans) . [304] (#cite_note-304) Shirts and hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) with messages such as "cool story bro" or the logos of music like Asking Alexandria (/wiki/Asking_Alexandria) , Blood on the Dance Floor (/wiki/Blood_on_the_Dance_Floor_(duo)) and Bring Me the Horizon (/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon) became popular among scene kids (/wiki/Scene_kids) . By 2012, many scene kids (/wiki/Scene_kids) had abandoned the cartoon print hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) and studded belts in favor of a more hardcore (/wiki/Hardcore_punk) / skate punk (/wiki/Skate_punk) look with short hair, A-shirts (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) , plain hoodies, combat boots (/wiki/Combat_boot) , Vans, skinny jeans, and stretched earlobe piercings (/wiki/Stretching_(body_piercing)) . [305] (#cite_note-Fashion-305) Seapunk (/wiki/Seapunk) , a fusion of scene, electronic dance music (/wiki/Electronic_dance_music) and hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) culture, began as an online internet meme before becoming a niche street fashion in Germany, Brazil [306] (#cite_note-306) and America. [307] (#cite_note-307) This movement influenced several mainstream pop and hip-hop (/wiki/Hip-hop) artists during the mid-2010s, most notably Azealia Banks (/wiki/Azealia_Banks) , Frank Ocean (/wiki/Frank_Ocean) , [308] (#cite_note-308) and Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . [309] (#cite_note-309) Seapunks often combined brightly dyed androgynous hairstyles [310] (#cite_note-310) with nautical themes such as mermaids or dolphins, plastic Ray Ban wayfarers (/wiki/Ray_Ban_wayfarers) , undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) hairstyles, [311] (#cite_note-311) merman hair (/wiki/Merman_hair) [312] (#cite_note-312) and beards dyed blue, [313] (#cite_note-313) shell jewelry, feathers, tartan (/wiki/Tartan) overshirts associated with the surfer (/wiki/Surfer) subculture, 1990s inspired yin-yang (/wiki/Yin-yang) T-shirts, baseball caps (/wiki/Baseball_cap) , tie dye (/wiki/Tie_dye) , transparent plastic jackets, [314] (#cite_note-314) much green, light blue, turquoise, cyan (/wiki/Cyan) or aquamarine (/wiki/Aquamarine_(color)) clothing, smiley (/wiki/Smiley) motifs, and red and blue 3-Dimensional images. [315] (#cite_note-315) Hip-hop [ edit ] Main article: Hip hop fashion (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) American rapper Tyga (/wiki/Tyga) in 2013 Hip hop fans wear tactical pants (/wiki/Tactical_pants) , Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) sneakers and apparel, Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) , Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Polo Boots, strapback caps, Obey and Diamond Supply Co. T-shirts (/wiki/T-shirt) , Mitchell & Ness (/wiki/Mitchell_%26_Ness) retro snapbacks, True Religion (/wiki/True_Religion_(clothing_brand)) jeans, and goggle jackets (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) . [316] (#cite_note-316) [317] (#cite_note-317) Retro (/wiki/Retro) retro 1990s fashions like snapbacks, skinny acid-wash jeans, bucket hats (/wiki/Bucket_hat) , Retro (/wiki/Retro) curved peak mid-late 1990s inspired strapback caps (commonly known as "Dad Hats"), [318] (#cite_note-318) baseball jackets (/wiki/Baseball_jacket) , nylon tracksuits (/wiki/Tracksuits) , varsity jackets, Vans, Chuck Taylors (/wiki/Chuck_Taylors) , rain boots, retro Nikes, Shell tube socks, leather jackets, Levis, Adidas (/wiki/Adidas) and Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) apparel, gold chains, Ray Ban sunglasses, Air Jordans (/wiki/Air_Jordans) , and oversized sweaters, and colors such as red, green, and yellow, made a comeback in the African American community due to the influence of drum and bass (/wiki/Drum_and_bass) , rave music (/wiki/Rave_music) , and indie pop (/wiki/Indie_pop) -inspired rappers. Independent brands have risen to popularity, as well as floral print items and tie-dye items. Timberlands (/wiki/The_Timberland_Company) are particularly popular in New York as a fashionable and durable shoe. [319] (#cite_note-319) By the 2010s, the boots' popularity is mainstream, and a staple in the fall and winter months. [320] (#cite_note-320) Controversially, high fashion magazines including Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) have credited models rather than rappers with making Timberlands fashionable. [321] (#cite_note-321) [322] (#cite_note-322) Fashion designers such as Riccardo Tisci (/wiki/Riccardo_Tisci) and Rick Owens (/wiki/Rick_Owens) begin to gain a new popularity within hip hop, popularized by rappers such as Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) and A$AP Rocky (/wiki/A$AP_Rocky) . Such designers inspire a "darker" aesthetic involving monochromatic colour schemes (usually black or grey), extra-long shirts usually sporting oversized neck openings and asymmetrical hems, skinny jeans that are worn with long inseams and an aggressive taper to cause bunching up or "stacks" near the ankle (a style heavily popularized and sported by Kanye) and high-top sneakers. Black boots, leather jackets, denim vests, bombers, monochrome sports jerseys, waxed jeans, black varsity jackets, tapered sweatpants, drop-crotch trousers, layering shorts over leggings and occasionally floral print are all popular trends within this style as well. Other notable rappers that sport this look include Kendrick Lamar (/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar) , Danny Brown (/wiki/Danny_Brown_(rapper)) , and Pusha T (/wiki/Pusha_T) . In the mid-2010s, dashikis (/wiki/Dashikis) became trendy in hip hop and afro-punk fashion, shown on celebrities like Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) , Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , Schoolboy Q (/wiki/Schoolboy_Q) , Zendaya Coleman (/wiki/Zendaya_Coleman) , and Chris Brown (/wiki/Chris_Brown) . [323] (#cite_note-323) [324] (#cite_note-324) Skater culture is also heavily prominent in hip hop fashion, largely attributed to alternative rapper Tyler the Creator (/wiki/Tyler_the_Creator) and his group OFWGKTA (/wiki/Odd_Future) . [325] (#cite_note-325) Models of shoes from Vans (/wiki/Vans) – such as the authentics, slip-ons, sk8-his, era, and "old skool" – were popularized in the hip hop community by him and Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) . [326] (#cite_note-326) Brands such as Supreme, Obey, merchandise from Odd Future, Tyler, the Creator's Golf Wang (/wiki/Golf_Wang) clothing line, HUF, and the apparel of skate magazine Thrasher (/wiki/Thrasher_(magazine)) are popular in hip hop and street style. [327] (#cite_note-327) [328] (#cite_note-328) With the rise of alternative hip-hop subcultures, such as Cloud Rap (/wiki/Cloud_Rap) and Emo Rap (/wiki/Emo_Rap) in the late 2010s, "sad boy" culture became prominent. [329] (#cite_note-329) It typically consists of teen guys, wearing bucket hats, skinny jeans and black and white clothes with colorful computer aesthetics, Japanese lettering, or sad faces. Many features of this fashion come from the emo (/wiki/Emo) subculture of the previous decade. Cholo and chicano [ edit ] Main article: Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) In Mexico and the Southwestern US during the early 2010s, many members of the cholo (/wiki/Cholo) , chicano (/wiki/Chicano) and lowrider (/wiki/Lowrider) subcultures combine hip-hop fashion (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) with Western shirts (/wiki/Western_shirt) , traditional charro (/wiki/Charro) jackets, Stetson (/wiki/Stetson) hats, skinny jeans (/wiki/Skinny_jeans) , [330] (#cite_note-330) and Cowboy boots (/wiki/Cowboy_boots) with elongated toes. These 3 ft long " Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) ," associated with Tribal-guarachero (/wiki/Tribal-guarachero) music are an extreme version of the '60s-inspired Winklepickers (/wiki/Winklepickers) popular in mid-2000s Britain. [ citation needed ] By 2015, many young chicanos (/wiki/Chicano) on the American West Coast had abandoned the garish Western inspired clubwear in favor of a more authentic 1950s inspired look. Pachuco (/wiki/Pachuco) style Zoot suits (/wiki/Zoot_suit) , fedoras (/wiki/Fedora) and panama hats (/wiki/Panama_hat) made a comeback, [331] (#cite_note-331) together with more typical casual rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) fashions for everyday wear such as slim jeans, black leather jackets, bowling shirts (/wiki/Bowling_shirt) , brightly colored blouses and flouncy skirts for girls, polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) dresses with petticoats, and flowers worn in the hair. [332] (#cite_note-332) K-pop [ edit ] K-Pop singer Psy Due to the spread of the Korean Wave (/wiki/Korean_Wave) worldwide, millions of Asian and Asian-American youths have become consumers of K-Pop (/wiki/K-Pop) . These are the people who love listening to South Korean music and follow the style of artists and pop groups like Big Bang (/wiki/Big_Bang_(South_Korean_band)) , Wonder Girls (/wiki/Wonder_Girls) , Girls' Generation (/wiki/Girls%27_Generation) , or Gangnam Style (/wiki/Gangnam_Style) singer, Psy (/wiki/Psy_(rapper)) . Since the Korean girl and boy bands wore extravagant clothing, some of the hardcore fans in China, Korea, America and South-east Asian countries like the Philippines tried to copy their idols and started wearing K-Pop style hairstyles and clothing. [333] (#cite_note-333) These included skull, floral or honeycomb prints, monochromatic shirts, silk jackets featuring stylized Asian art prints or pop art (/wiki/Pop_art) , [334] (#cite_note-334) leather skirts, black and neon printed leggings, retro joggers (/wiki/Sweatpants) , short shorts, black and gold jewelry, brightly colored tuxedo (/wiki/Tuxedo) jackets, tracksuits, basketball shirts, leather caps, and sequined or glitter jackets. [335] (#cite_note-335) [336] (#cite_note-336) Jejemon [ edit ] Main article: Jejemon (/wiki/Jejemon) During the early part of the 2010s, a new youth subculture called Jejemon (/wiki/Jejemon) arose in the Philippines, sparking a brief moral panic (/wiki/Moral_panic) among some older conservatives and other youths. [337] (#cite_note-337) The Philippine Daily Inquirer describes Jejemons as a "new breed of hipster who have developed not only their own language and written text but also their own subculture and fashion. [338] (#cite_note-338) These predominantly working class youths are associated with wearing trucker hats and use their own language through texting and via social media such as Facebook (/wiki/Facebook) . [339] (#cite_note-339) They are often criticized by others for not using the words properly; even the Department of Education discouraged use of the Jejemon language. Apart from the language, the Jejemons were also criticized for their fashion and manners. From early 2013 onwards, with the rise of smartphones which began to overtake feature phones in terms of sales in the country, the phenomenon seems to have made a gradual decline in mainstream popularity. For the remaining years of the decade, it would drop its text messaging-centered aspect in social media and now refers to the rap-centered subculture who usually wear counterfeit hip-hop clothing. E-Kids and VSCO Kids [ edit ] An example of an e-girl's aesthetic Main articles: E-girls and e-boys (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) and VSCO girl (/wiki/VSCO_girl) From 2018 to 2020s, internet memes influenced fashion and subcultures began to emerge among teenagers and youth in the US, popularized among social media apps such as VSCO (/wiki/VSCO) . [340] (#cite_note-:0-340) and TikTok (/wiki/TikTok) . [341] (#cite_note-:8.1-341) [342] (#cite_note-342) [343] (#cite_note-343) The fashion choices for VSCO (/wiki/VSCO) girls and E-Girls can be described as relaxed and easygoing, and include black oversized T-shirts in imitation of Jenna Marbles (/wiki/Jenna_Marbles) , other oversize t-shirts, sweatshirts, or sweaters, Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) athletic shorts, leggings, bike shorts with overized tops or under shorter dresses, mom jeans (/wiki/Mom_jeans) [344] (#cite_note-344) worn with a belt and shirt or sweater tucked in, cuffed jean shorts, jean skirts, stacked waist denim, shortalls, overalls, jogger pants (/wiki/Sweatpants) , romper dress or romper shorts (/wiki/Romper_suit) , scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) , tights, pink blush with fake freckles, retro sneakers (/wiki/Sneakers) from the 1990s such as Vans (/wiki/Vans) or low-top Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) , ballet flats (/wiki/Ballet_flat) , colorful socks, Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.) socks, metal water bottles, chains, fishnet (/wiki/Fishnet) tops, hoodies (/wiki/Hoodie) , Crocs (/wiki/Crocs) decorated with pins, Birkenstocks (/wiki/Birkenstocks) , striped sweaters, and beach-related fashion such as Daisy Dukes (/wiki/Daisy_Dukes) or shell jewelry. [345] (#cite_note-345) [346] (#cite_note-346) Environmental concerns (/wiki/Environmental_protection) (in particular for sea turtle conservation (/wiki/Threats_to_sea_turtles) ) are common. [347] (#cite_note-347) E-Kids' (/wiki/E-girls_and_e-boys) fashion is described as being inspired by skater culture (/wiki/Skate_culture) , 1990s fashion (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) , anime (/wiki/Anime) , hip-hop (/wiki/Hip-hop_fashion) , kpop (/wiki/K-pop) , emo rap (/wiki/Emo_rap) and trap metal (/wiki/Rap_metal) . [348] (#cite_note-:2-348) [349] (#cite_note-Spellings2020-349) 2010s beauty trends [ edit ] Hairstyles [ edit ] Women [ edit ] Actress Jennifer Lawrence (/wiki/Jennifer_Lawrence) sporting a loosened wavy hairstyle, 2011 Women's hairstyles in the early 2010s had been fairly individualistic, although most British, Irish, Australian, Russian, Korean, and continental European women kept the simplistic, straight, long and natural colored hairstyles of the mid-2000s. Many women also used hair extensions (/wiki/Hair_extensions) to make their hair look much longer and fuller. [350] (#cite_note-350) In America [351] (#cite_note-351) and Israel, [352] (#cite_note-352) volumized curly hair, perms (/wiki/Perm_(hairstyle)) and crimped hair were briefly fashionable from 2010 to 2012, [353] (#cite_note-Pierre-353) especially in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [354] (#cite_note-354) [355] (#cite_note-355) By the mid-2010s, straight and wavy hairstyles were dominant globally, [356] (#cite_note-356) [353] (#cite_note-Pierre-353) especially the blonde dyed beach waves (/wiki/Hair_crimping) . [357] (#cite_note-357) Traditional and intricate styles such as a bun (/wiki/Bun_(hairstyle)) , chignon (/wiki/Chignon_(hairstyle)) , French twist (/wiki/French_twist_(hairstyle)) , updo (/wiki/Updo) , crown braid (/wiki/Crown_braid) , [358] (#cite_note-358) French braid (/wiki/French_braid) , and Dutch braid inspired by the Hunger Games (/wiki/The_Hunger_Games) ' Katniss Everdeen (/wiki/Katniss_Everdeen) , were also popular among young women and girls from 2012 to 2016. [359] (#cite_note-359) By 2013 it had become increasingly fashionable for European, Asian and American women to cut their hair into shorter styles, such as the pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) , crop (/wiki/Crop_(hair)) , bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) or the undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(haircut)) . [360] (#cite_note-360) [361] (#cite_note-361) [362] (#cite_note-362) Solid colored hair was generally considered the most fashionable in the early years of the decade, but from 2011 to 2014 it became increasingly common for Western women to dye their hair in an ombré (/wiki/Ombr%C3%A9) style, usually long and preferably parted in the middle, as the side part became associated with the previous decade aesthetics. Wavy hair began to decline in popularity from 2017 onwards, but bone straight hair remained common in Britain and Europe. A messy bun, often worn on the top of the head, has been popular in the late 2010s. [363] (#cite_note-363) [364] (#cite_note-364) At the beginning of the decade, Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) started a trend of cherry red hairstyles for black women in America. [365] (#cite_note-365) From 2012 to 2018, many African-American (/wiki/African-American) , Black Canadian, [366] (#cite_note-366) and Afro-Caribbean (/wiki/Afro-Caribbean) British women favored natural, Afro-textured hair (/wiki/Afro-textured_hair) [367] (#cite_note-367) and dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) , [368] (#cite_note-368) opting for natural products to style their hair. Zoë Kravitz (/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Kravitz) and Beyoncé (/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9) helped re-popularize braided hairstyles including box braids (/wiki/Box_braids) [369] (#cite_note-369) and Fulani braids (/wiki/Fula_people) , which the media nicknamed " Lemonade (/wiki/Lemonade_(Beyonc%C3%A9_album)) braids", respectively. [370] (#cite_note-370) During the mid-2010s, some curly haired American women also choose to wear weaves and wigs in imitation of celebrities like Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) or Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) , in order to avoid the damage of relaxers previously popular in the early 2000s. [371] (#cite_note-371) Cornrows (/wiki/Cornrows) which media outlets misnamed "boxer braids" due to their use by female MMA (/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts) fighters and Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) 's character in Million Dollar Baby (/wiki/Million_Dollar_Baby) , became popular among white American women from 2016 onwards, despite perceived cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) from black American women. [372] (#cite_note-372) Various variations of bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hair)) styles remained popular throughout the decade. Men [ edit ] Musician Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) sporting a wings haircut in 2012. In the early 2010s, men's 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s haircuts underwent a revival, with many British professionals aged 18–50 wearing businessman's haircuts (/wiki/Businessman%27s_haircut) with side partings, [373] (#cite_note-Spring_grooming_trends-373) quiffs (/wiki/Quiff) [374] (#cite_note-374) or slicked back hair (/wiki/Slicked_back_hair) . [375] (#cite_note-375) [376] (#cite_note-376) The undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(haircut)) has been a particularly ubiquitous trend since the early part of the decade, seeing popularity across different social groups in both Western and Asian cultures. [377] (#cite_note-377) [378] (#cite_note-378) These gradually replaced [196] (#cite_note-auto3-196) the longer surfer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) and wings haircuts (/wiki/Wings_(haircut)) [379] (#cite_note-379) popular among teenagers and young men since 2010. [380] (#cite_note-380) [381] (#cite_note-381) In the Americas and the Middle East, the military haircut (/wiki/Military_haircut) and buzzcut (/wiki/Buzzcut) are relatively popular among balding men, or the side parted hair with some volume on the top, inspired by footballer Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) . [382] (#cite_note-Golden_scissors_hairdresser-382) For African-American (/wiki/African-American) and black men in general, mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) variants of the Afro (/wiki/Afro) , The 360 Waves (/wiki/360_Waves) , jheri curl (/wiki/Jheri_curl) and The Taper were popular in the early to mid 2010s, as are shaved patterns or "steps" into variants of the buzzcut. The High Top Fade (/wiki/High_Top_Fade) , often with a bleached blonde streak inspired by Wiz Khalifa (/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa) , came back into style among African American youth on the West Coast. Starting from late 2014, variants of tapered Dreadlocks (/wiki/Dreadlocks) and Hair twists (/wiki/Hair_twists) hair styles became widely popular amongst many black teens and young men. Orlando Bloom (/wiki/Orlando_Bloom) with Samurai bun (/wiki/Samurai_bun) , 2014 From 2014 some teens and young men wore their hair in a type of topknot (/wiki/Chonmage) or "man bun" [383] (#cite_note-383) reminiscent of the ancient Chinese and the samurai hairstyles (/wiki/Samurai_hairstyle) . [384] (#cite_note-384) This trend was popularised by British and American celebrities including actors Orlando Bloom (/wiki/Orlando_Bloom) and Jared Leto (/wiki/Jared_Leto) as well as footballer Gareth Bale (/wiki/Gareth_Bale) . By 2017, the undercut hairstyle (/wiki/Undercut_hairstyle) and buzzcut (/wiki/Buzzcut) began to decline in the United States, partly due to the unintended popularity of these haircuts among supporters of the alt-right (/wiki/Alt-right) , [385] (#cite_note-385) [386] (#cite_note-386) such as white supremacist (/wiki/White_supremacy) Richard Spencer (/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer) . [387] (#cite_note-387) British hipsters frequently left their undercut unstyled [388] (#cite_note-388) [389] (#cite_note-389) [390] (#cite_note-390) in imitation of 1990s Britpop (/wiki/Britpop) [391] (#cite_note-391) and early Beatles haircuts (/wiki/Beatles_Haircut) . [230] (#cite_note-autogenerated1-230) However, undercut (/wiki/Undercut_hairstyle) and buzzcut (/wiki/Buzzcut) hair styles continued to predominate in Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) , Morocco (/wiki/Morocco) , Egypt (/wiki/Egypt) , Uruguay (/wiki/Uruguay) , Paraguay (/wiki/Paraguay) , and Algeria (/wiki/Algeria) in the late 2010s and early 2020s (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) . Youth [ edit ] K-pop star B.I (/wiki/B.I_(rapper)) sporting an undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(hairstyle)) hairstyle, 2016 For preteen and teenaged girls, and young women in higher education (/wiki/Higher_education) , the bangs (/wiki/Bangs_(hairstyle)) and thin headband (/wiki/Headband) combination remained popular in the US and Europe for much of the decade. Dutch braids (/wiki/Dutch_braid) , twin French braids (/wiki/French_braid) , side ponytails, and a single chunky side braid were popular styles for those with longer hair throughout the mid and late 2010s. Side parting was popular in America, and in 2019 ponytails (/wiki/Ponytail) with scrunchies (/wiki/Scrunchie) were increasingly popular not only for sport and exercise, but also everyday especially with high ponytails, side ponytails and high buns. [392] (#cite_note-392) [393] (#cite_note-393) In the late 2010s middle veins were very popular especially in Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe. The chin length bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) , long hair with choppy side bangs, and straight middle parted longer hair were also popular styles in the US, Europe, New Zealand and Australia. [ citation needed ] In the UK, Middle East, [394] (#cite_note-394) and Australia during the early 2010s, a type of short mullet haircut (/wiki/Mullet_haircut) with buzzed sides and bleached blond streaks became popular among sporty male young people, teenage Irish travellers (/wiki/Irish_travellers) , and urban youths of Iranian [395] (#cite_note-395) and Lebanese descent [396] (#cite_note-396) inspired by The Combination crime film. [397] (#cite_note-397) By 2013, a long undercut (/wiki/Undercut_(haircut)) or mohawk (/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle) -like haircut, in which only one side of the head is buzzed, [398] (#cite_note-398) became popular among circles of ravers (/wiki/Rave) , hipster girls, metalcore (/wiki/Metalcore) , and dubstep (/wiki/Dubstep) fans in the US, inspired by Skrillex (/wiki/Skrillex) [399] (#cite_note-399) and various female pop stars such as Ellie Goulding (/wiki/Ellie_Goulding) , [400] (#cite_note-400) Tess Aquarium, Miley Cyrus (/wiki/Miley_Cyrus) , [401] (#cite_note-401) or Rihanna (/wiki/Rihanna) . [402] (#cite_note-402) The emo (/wiki/Emo) style fringes (/wiki/Fringe_(hair)) also went out of fashion around the same time. [403] (#cite_note-403) [404] (#cite_note-404) By 2015 and 2016, the balayage – a softer version off the ombré (/wiki/Ombr%C3%A9) – gained popularity, as well as having a blunt haircut instead of layered hair. The lob (long bob cut (/wiki/Bob_cut) ) was considered a unique alternative to the long hair worn by most adolescent girls and young women in Europe. For adolescent boys and young men, in the United States, Canada, Australasia, the UK and South Korea, [405] (#cite_note-405) the layered short hair style (/wiki/Undercut_(haircut)) , the buzzed short hairstyle which is blended from the sides to the top (/wiki/Buzzcut) , [406] (#cite_note-406) and the Blowout (hairstyle) (/wiki/Blowout_(hairstyle)) became popular during the mid-2010s due to continued interest in 1980s and 1990s fashion (/wiki/1990s_fashion) . Additionally the side swept bangs (/wiki/Mod_haircut) , the quiff (/wiki/Quiff) , and the layered longer hair (/wiki/Surfer_hair) [407] (#cite_note-407) of the late 2000s remain fashionable among more affluent American young men. Makeup and cosmetics [ edit ] In Britain, the smoky eye look of the late 2000s carried on as a trend in many parts of the country. In other areas, this went out of fashion during the early and mid 2010s as women sought to imitate the fake tan (/wiki/Fake_tan) and thick "Scouse brow" popularized by Kate Middleton (/wiki/Kate_Middleton) , Cara Delevingne (/wiki/Cara_Delevingne) and the cast of The Only Way is Essex (/wiki/The_Only_Way_is_Essex) and Desperate Scousewives (/wiki/Desperate_Scousewives) . Fake tan became the norm look for young teens especially in Ireland. Multiple layers of tan would be worn to give an orange effect. In the West, contouring (a technique using different shades of makeup to create highlighted angles, creating an illusion of higher cheekbones, slim nose and a sharper jawline) began to emerge. [408] (#cite_note-408) Several other more short-lived trends were born out of this, such as strobing in 2015 and 2016 which consisted of using glowy highlighters to accentuate the high points of the face. [409] (#cite_note-409) [410] (#cite_note-410) The early decade's "erased-mouth" and pale pink lipsticks were replaced by matte red by 2012–13, as sported by celebrities such as Taylor Swift and Rihanna. By 2015–16, mauve and brown shades of lipstick make a comeback from the 1990s, promoted by Kylie Jenner. Dark mascara (/wiki/Mascara) , false eyelashes, dyed hair and cheek blush were popularised by Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) social media influencers (/wiki/Social_media_influencer) in the UK, American and Dubai such as Olivia Buckland (/wiki/Olivia_Buckland) and Huda Kattan (/wiki/Huda_Kattan) . [411] (#cite_note-411) [412] (#cite_note-412) Unlike in previous decades, excessive use of fake-tans has become less popular in the United States, possibly due to tanning beds being linked to cancer. [413] (#cite_note-413) In late 2016, minimalist, makeup looks and "dewy" natural skin saw a surge of popularity among young people, especially in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [414] (#cite_note-414) In the late 2010s, a softer, goth (/wiki/Goth_subculture) inspired, style of makeup came into fashion, this was called egirl (/wiki/Egirl) makeup. This style of makeup included small, black symbols drawn under the eyes (predominantly hearts) and winged eyeliner, both of these trends drew attention to the eyes. Another part of egirl makeup was large amounts of blush all over the cheeks and nose, finished off by highlighter on the nose. [415] (#cite_note-415) Body modifications [ edit ] A man with sleeve tattoos, beard and flannel shirt, mid 2010s Continuing on from the 1990s and 2000s, body modifications (/wiki/Body_modification) remained popular among many teenagers and blue collar men and women in the US, Britain, Japan, Israel, Singapore, New Zealand and Australia, especially traditional Japanese tattoos (/wiki/Japanese_tattoo) . [157] (#cite_note-Devolution-157) Old school tattoos (/wiki/Old_school_tattoo) were popularised by female celebrities like Kat Von D (/wiki/Kat_Von_D) imitating the pinup girls (/wiki/Pinup_girl) of the 1950s, and by men like footballer David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) , pop star Harry Styles or Justin Bieber (/wiki/Justin_Bieber) aspiring for the "tough guy" look. From 2013 to 2019, the earrings (/wiki/Earring) , metallic bone tattoos, portraits of animals, relatives or celebrities, and tongue piercings (/wiki/Tongue_piercing) that had gained mainstream acceptance in the late 2000s were joined by more extreme modifications such as stretched piercings (/wiki/Stretching_(body_piercing)) , facial tattoos popularized by rappers like 6ix9ine (/wiki/6ix9ine) [416] (#cite_note-416) and Post Malone (/wiki/Post_Malone) , [417] (#cite_note-417) flesh tunnels (/wiki/Flesh_tunnel) , lip piercings (/wiki/Lip_piercing) , and nose piercings (/wiki/Nose_piercing) , particularly the nose septum piercing. [418] (#cite_note-418) Facial hair [ edit ] In many Western countries, the United States, Iraq, [382] (#cite_note-Golden_scissors_hairdresser-382) and Eastern Europe, [419] (#cite_note-419) the growing of a full beard (/wiki/Beard) became a popular trend amongst young men from 2011 to 2016, with some suggesting this was due to the influence of the hipster subculture, the lumbersexual (/wiki/Lumbersexual) ideal, and the Movember (/wiki/Movember) campaign. [420] (#cite_note-420) [421] (#cite_note-421) An increase in facial hair transplants was reported in the United Kingdom within the first three years of the decade, and the trend approached what researchers predicted would be a 'peak' level of desirability. [422] (#cite_note-422) [423] (#cite_note-423) Beards remained common for much of the mid to late-2010s, but by the end of 2016; many men favoured shorter, neatly-groomed styles. In the UK, facial hair is even more prevalent among younger British men. More than six in ten (61%) 18–39 year olds in March 2017 said they had some form of facial hair, compared to 43% back in 2011. [424] (#cite_note-424) Exhibitions [ edit ] This list is incomplete (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists) ; you can help by adding missing items (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010s_in_fashion&action=edit) . ( January 2022 ) 2010 [ edit ] "American Woman: Fashioning a National Identity" May 5 until August 15 at the Costume Institute (/wiki/Costume_Institute) at Metropolitan Museum of Art (/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) (Drawn form the costume collection of the Brooklyn Museum (/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum) which was transferred to the Metropolitan Museum in 2008). [425] (#cite_note-425) 2011 [ edit ] " Daphne Guinness (/wiki/Daphne_Guinness) " curated by Daphne Guinness and Valerie Steele (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) September 16 until January 7, 2012, at the Museum at FIT in New York City. [426] (#cite_note-426) " Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) : Savage beauty" May 4 until August 7 at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [427] (#cite_note-427) " Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) , 1980–89" March 8 until April 2 at the Museum at FIT (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) in New York City. [428] (#cite_note-fitnyc.edu-428) 2012 [ edit ] "Fashion and Technology" December 4 until May 8, 2013, at the Museum at FIT in New York City. [429] (#cite_note-429) " Schiaperelli (/wiki/Elsa_Schiaparelli) and Prada (/wiki/Miuccia_Prada) : Impossible Conversations" May 10 until August 19 at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [428] (#cite_note-fitnyc.edu-428) [430] (#cite_note-430) 2013 [ edit ] "A Queer History of Fashion: From the Closet to the Catwalk (/wiki/Catwalk) " September 13 until January 4, 2014, at the Museum at FIT in New York City. [431] (#cite_note-431) "Punk: Chaos to Couture" May 9 until August 14 at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . [432] (#cite_note-432) 2014 [ edit ] " Chares James (/wiki/Charles_James_(designer)) : Beyond Fashion" May 8 until August 10 at the Costume Institute at the metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [433] (#cite_note-433) 2015 [ edit ] "China: Through the Looking Glass" May 7 through September 7 at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [434] (#cite_note-434) 2016 [ edit ] " Manus x Machina: Fashion In An Age Of Technology (/wiki/Manus_x_Machina:_Fashion_In_An_Age_Of_Technology) " May 5 until September 5 at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [435] (#cite_note-435) 2017 [ edit ] " Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) / Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) : Art of the In-Between" May 4 until September 4 at the Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) Costume Center at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [436] (#cite_note-436) 2018 [ edit ] " Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination (/wiki/Heavenly_Bodies:_Fashion_and_the_Catholic_Imagination) " May 10 until October 8 at the Anna Winter Costume Center at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [437] (#cite_note-437) " Norell (/wiki/Norman_Norell) : Dean of American Fashion" February 9 until April 14 at the Museum of at FIT in New York City, New York. [438] (#cite_note-438) 2019 [ edit ] " Thierry Mugler (/wiki/Thierry_Mugler) : Couturissime" March 2 until 8 at the Montréal Museum of Fine Arts (/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_Museum_of_Fine_Arts) in Montreal (/wiki/Montreal) , Quebec (/wiki/Quebec) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) . [439] (#cite_note-439) then traveled to the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Arts_D%C3%A9coratifs,_Paris) from September 30. 2021 to April 24, 2022. [440] (#cite_note-440) " Camp: Notes on Fashion (/wiki/Camp:_Notes_on_Fashion) " May 9 until September 8 at the Anna Wintour Costume Center at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [441] (#cite_note-441) " Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) : Future Fashion" July 20 until January 5, 2020, at the Brooklyn Museum. [442] (#cite_note-442) " Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) : Designer of Dreams" February 2 until September 1 at the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) in London (/wiki/London) , United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . [443] (#cite_note-443) "Minimalism/Maximalism" May 28 until November 16 at the Museum at the FIT in New York City, New York. [444] (#cite_note-444) " Paris (/wiki/Paris) : Capital of Fashion" September 6 until January 4, 2020, at the Museum at FIT in New York City, New York. [445] (#cite_note-445) "The World of Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) " September 12 until February 23, 2020, at the Museum of Art and Design (/wiki/Museum_of_Art_and_Design) in New York City. [446] (#cite_note-446) "In Pursuit of Fashion: The Sandy Schreier (/wiki/Sandy_Schreier) Collection" November 27 until May 17, 2020, at the Anna Winter Costume Center at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. [447] (#cite_note-447) Gallery [ edit ] Woman wearing popular athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) trends. Woman wearing makeup popular in the mid-2010s. Ombre hair was popular during the decade. Influencer Kylie Jenner (/wiki/Kylie_Jenner) wearing make-up popular in the latter part of the decade. Streetwear fashion in 2017. A woman in bra-shaped top and mini-shorts in Germany, 2013 Kim Kardashian (/wiki/Kim_Kardashian) wearing an off-the-shoulder top in 2017. Man wearing hypebeast fashion (/wiki/Hypebeast_(subculture)) . Two women wearing flared trousers (/wiki/Flared_trousers) , jeggings (/wiki/Jeggings) and oversized cardigans (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) Women in casuals (/wiki/Casual_attire) relaxing at a park in USA, 2010 Russian farmer family in 2010 Woman wearing colored skinny jeans Edwardian (/wiki/Edwardian_era) -style Windowpane tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) suit worn in England in the early 2010s Peruvian hats (/wiki/Peruvian_hat) for the American export market Boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) associated with the preppy (/wiki/Preppy) look Woman wearing teal blazer and dress David Beckham (/wiki/David_Beckham) sporting an undercut hairstyle, 2012 President Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) and family in 2013 Braided hair is popular in Europe, especially in France, Ukraine and Russia. Bowler hat (/wiki/Bowler_hat) worn by an increasing number of British professionals Scene kid with short hardcore punk (/wiki/Hardcore_punk#Clothing_style) -inspired hair German woman wearing hooded fur coat (/wiki/Fur_coat) Pippa Middleton (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) 's form-fitting dress caused a sensation at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) Somali man wearing waistcoat, tuque (/wiki/Tuque) and polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Ed Hardy (/wiki/Ed_Hardy) clothes popular among men, women and children from 2008 to 2012 Man wearing shawl collar (/wiki/Shawl_collar) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) and hipster-inspired beard Brazilian hipster girl wearing leg warmers (/wiki/Leg_warmer) and knitted sweater dress, also sporting vibrant hair American teenager with hi-top fade (/wiki/Hi-top_fade) and distressed acid wash (/wiki/Acid_wash) denim (/wiki/Denim) vest Brazilian indie pop (/wiki/Indie_pop) group Restart (/wiki/Restart_(band)) wearing "colorido" fashion, popular for most of the early 2010s in Brazil Sports anchor wearing little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) and knee-high boots (/wiki/Knee-high_boot) , Mexico, 2010 German fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) , 2011 Girl wearing steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk) costume, including goggles (/wiki/Goggles) and pith helmet (/wiki/Pith_helmet) Woman in a red miniskirt and green cardigan crop, 2012 Various slim-fit jeans worn by men An example of Smart Casual Dress Indian actress Sameera Reddy (/wiki/Sameera_Reddy) wearing contrasting black and white top Polish women wearing boho (/wiki/Boho-chic) - or hippie (/wiki/Hippie) -inspired dresses, floral prints and peasant blouses (/wiki/Peasant_blouse) , 2014 Gyaru (/wiki/Gyaru) fashion in Japan, 2011 Girl in microskirt, Lisbon, 2012 Portuguese hipster, 2014 A man wearing pullover hoodie and a snapback cap in 2015 A woman wearing a jean jacket in 2015 Men's polo shirts in more muted colors, 2015 A young woman in a white crop top, 2015 Tourist couple wearing casual clothes (/wiki/Casual_clothes) in Georgia (U.S), 2015 Example of Lumbersexual fashion, 2016 American man wearing a boater (/wiki/Boater) hat in 2017 Man wearing fedora hat, 2017 Athleisure fashion, 2017 Mexican student wearing a casual outfit: a jacket (/wiki/Jacket) , black jeans (/wiki/Jeans) and loafers (/wiki/Slip-on_shoe) , 2017 Robe (/wiki/Robe) and kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) for slightly overweight gentleman in Götgatan (/wiki/G%C3%B6tgatan) of Stockholm, 2018 Norwegian man in slim fitting velvet (/wiki/Velvet) jacket, 2019 Egyptian man wearing a sports shirt and a hat, 2019 American man wearing a slim-fitting flannel shirt, a beard, and an undercut, 2019. Sleeve tattoos (/wiki/Sleeve_tattoo) can be seen. Woman wearing bikini top and jeans in USA, 2010. See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2000s in fashion (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) 2010s (/wiki/2010s) 2020s in fashion (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Fashion and clothing in the Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion in India (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) Indie culture (/wiki/Indie_culture) Skate culture (/wiki/Skate_culture) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "From the 2010s to the '80s and '90s, Modern Streetwear is a Fashion Rewind" (https://nyunews.com/uta/fringe-spring-2019-one-last-dance/from-the-2010s-to-the-80s-and-90s-modern-streetwear-is-a-fashion-rewind/) . April 25, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Return of 'Teen Spirit'? Grunge is back in fashion (and that's not a bad thing)" (http://www.today.com/style/return-teen-spirit-grunge-back-fashion-thats-not-bad-thing-6C10984421) . August 23, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Gautama, Madhulika (July 22, 2014). "Grunge is the way to go" (http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/grunge-is-the-way-to-go/article6238366.ece) . The Hindu . Chennai, India . Retrieved July 28, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "The Fall Trend We Can Really Get Behind" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/galleries/baseball-jackets.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Thomas, Daniel (December 21, 2018). "How Instagram influencers would tackle the retail crisis" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46628213) . BBC. ^ Jump up to: a b Harrison, Emma (November 7, 2018). "How would Instagram stars save M&S?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46122488) . BBC. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Mamengo and Laurel, 2013" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120119012541/http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/fashionandbeauty/fashionandbeauty/view/20110513-336180/Fashion-Week-unveils-Louie-Mamengos-last-collection) . Archived from the original (http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/fashionandbeauty/fashionandbeauty/view/20110513-336180/Fashion-Week-unveils-Louie-Mamengos-last-collection) on January 19, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Cinco and Gladys in LA" (http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid=4853&sid=4&subid=26) . Manila Bulletin (/wiki/Manila_Bulletin) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Robehmed, Natalie. "Highest-Paid Models 2017: Kendall Jenner Takes Crown From Gisele With $22M Year" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2017/11/21/highest-paid-models-2017-kendall-jenner-ousts-gisele-with-22-million/) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "MODELS.com's New Supers" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/NewSupers/1545) . models.com . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "MODELS.com's Top 50 Models" (http://models.com/rankings/ui/Top50/) . Retrieved August 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "MODELS.com's Industry Icons" (http://models.com/rankings/ui/IndustryIcons) . Retrieved August 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Model of the Year Awards 2015 | models.com MDX" (https://models.com/mdx/model-of-the-year-awards-2015/) . MODELS.com . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Satenstein, Liana (March 25, 2015). "Binx Walton and Lexi Boling: Meet Fashion's Favorite Bad Girl BFFs" (https://www.vogue.com/article/binx-walton-lexi-boling-interview) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Singh, Vijai (June 19, 2008). "The Next Top Male Model" (https://www.nytimes.com/video/style/1194817121494/the-next-top-male-model.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "David Gandy: the world's most in-demand male model – Telegraph" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9972412/David-Gandy-the-worlds-most-in-demand-male-model.html) . The Telegraph . June 9, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Weaver, Caity (December 17, 2015). "The Secret to Model Lucky Blue's Insane Success" (https://www.gq.com/story/lucky-blue-social-media-sensation) . GQ . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Style it light" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110831202155/http://uk.specials.lifestyle.yahoo.com/style-it-light/guest-column-detail/be-inspired-by-the-hour%E2%80%99s-fifties-fashion-3254) . Yahoo!. Archived from the original (http://uk.specials.lifestyle.yahoo.com/style-it-light/guest-column-detail/be-inspired-by-the-hour%E2%80%99s-fifties-fashion-3254) on August 31, 2011 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Neon filter: indie and alternative website" (http://www.neonfiller.com/wordpress/) . Neonfiller.com . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Womens baseball jackets" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110204083434/http://thetenbest.co.uk/the-ten-best-baseball-jackets/) . Thetenbest.co.uk. January 28, 2011. Archived from the original (http://thetenbest.co.uk/the-ten-best-baseball-jackets/) on February 4, 2011 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "One for the History Books" (http://www.schottnyc.com/about.cfm) . Schott NYC . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Singh, Anita (April 29, 2011). "Pippa Middleton shines as Maid of Honor" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8484342/Royal-wedding-Pippa-Middleton-shines-as-maid-of-honour.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Jumpsuits are one-piece wonders" (https://www.azcentral.com/style/fashion/articles/2009/04/29/20090429jumpsuit.html) . AZ Central . Retrieved August 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_624892_24-0) "One-piece rompers seen as hot outfit for spring" (http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/fashion/624892) . Stuff (company) (/wiki/Stuff_(company)) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) . September 12, 2008 . Retrieved November 5, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Israeli Fashion Designers Who Dress Celebs | Design News" (http://nocamels.com/2015/06/israeli-fashion-designers-dress-celebrities/) . nocamels.com . June 17, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-26) Flores, Taya (August 5, 2012). "10 ways to head back to class in style" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/journal-and-courier-10-ways-to-head-back/148724493/) . Journal and Courier . p. D4 . Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-27) D’Souza, Alfie (September 6, 2011). "Catholics need to dress better during mass" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-catholics-need-to-dress-better/148531902/) . The Times (/wiki/The_Times) . p. A5 . Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Reinhardt, Susan (March 1, 2010). "The Woes of Clothes: Not Every Garment was Created Equal" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-index-journal-the-woes-of-clothes-n/148723763/) . The Index-Journal . p. 7A . Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-29) Reinhardt, Susan (March 1, 2010). "The Woes of Clothes: Not Every Garment was Created Equal" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-index-journal-the-woes-of-clothes-n/148723763/) . The Index-Journal . p. 7A . Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-30) Wachter, Blythe (July 5, 2011). "Spread of underwear flashing" (https://www.newspapers.com/article/leader-telegram-spread-of-underwear-flas/148531304/) . Leader-Telegram . p. 7A . Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-31) "What Skirt Lengths Tell You About The Stock Market" (http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article36125.html) . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Versace The Next Big Thing For 2013?" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/jasonsmith/versace-the-next-big-thing-for-2013-3muj) . BuzzFeed Community . October 24, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Xmas sweaters" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121208030818/http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/best-christmas-novelty-jumpers-winter-knitwear-xmas-1351523220-slideshow/christmas-jumpers-photo-1728323418.html) . Archived from the original (http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/photos/best-christmas-novelty-jumpers-winter-knitwear-xmas-1351523220-slideshow/christmas-jumpers-photo-1728323418.html) on December 8, 2012 . Retrieved December 6, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "#TBT: Five 90s Fashion Trends That Are Totally Back In Style" (http://elitedaily.com/life/tbt-five-90s-fashion-trends-that-are-totally-back-in-style/) . October 17, 2013 . Retrieved June 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) "11 ridiculously cool Christmas fashion buys" (https://metro.co.uk/2014/11/17/11-ridiculously-cool-novelty-christmas-fashion-buys-that-arent-jumpers-4951090/) . November 17, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-36) Woolf, Jake (March 3, 2016). "Kanye's Hole-y Jeans Are a Cautionary Tale in Over-Ripping" (https://www.gq.com/story/kanye-west-style-ripped-jeans-jacket) . GQ . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "Ashley Olsen, Vanessa Hudgens Wear Ripped Jeans" (https://people.com/style/is-ripped-denim-a-new-trend-or-dead-end/) . People . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "These fashion trends from 2012 aren't coming back" (http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/09/living/2013-fashion-trends-to-forget/) . CNN . Retrieved June 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) Kruspe, Dana (April 10, 2014). "Trendspotting: Railroad Stripes" (https://fashionista.com/2012/09/trendspotting-railroad-stripes) . Fashionista . ^ (#cite_ref-40) "Why Heeled Sandals Are Single (strapped) This Season? | Fashion Tag Blog" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160702162541/http://thefashiontag.com/2013/07/15/ankle-strap-heeled-sandals-trend-2013/) . Archived from the original (http://thefashiontag.com/2013/07/15/ankle-strap-heeled-sandals-trend-2013/) on July 2, 2016 . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) "Celebrity Style and Fashion Trend Coverage | WhoWhatWear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160827015422/http://www.whowhatwear.com/photo-galleries/ankle-strap-heels/) . Archived from the original (http://www.whowhatwear.com/photo-galleries/ankle-strap-heels/) on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-42) "Trend Test: Furry Slides" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/how-to-wear-rihanna-fenty-puma-furry-slides) . British Vogue . June 29, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Hix, Lisa. "Why the 'Native' Fashion Trend Is Pissing Off Real Native Americans" (https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/why-the-native-fashion-trend-is-pissing-off-real-native-americans/) . Collectors Weekly . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Urban Outfitters is Obsessed with Navajos" (http://nativeappropriations.com/2011/09/urban-outfitters-is-obsessed-with-navajos.html) . Native Appropriations . September 23, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-45) "Is Urban Outfitters' Navajo Line Racist?" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/navajo-urban-outfitters_n_1009526) . HuffPost . October 13, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-46) "Denim overalls are making a comeback — as chic fashion options" (http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/fashion/denim-overalls-making-comeback-chic-fashion-options-article-1.1719684) . Daily News . New York. March 16, 2014 . Retrieved June 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) "Pantone Color Report Fall 2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150905133501/http://www.pantone.com/downloads/support/FCR/PANTONE-Fashion-Color-Report-Fall-2015.pdf) (PDF) . Archived from the original (http://www.pantone.com/downloads/support/FCR/PANTONE-Fashion-Color-Report-Fall-2015.pdf) (PDF) on September 5, 2015 . Retrieved January 6, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "The new modesty: a new age of fashion is dawning" (https://www.stylist.co.uk/fashion/the-new-modesty-a-new-age-of-muslim-fashion-is-dawning/118304) . Stylist . February 8, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-49) "Wife's jeans ban is grounds for divorce, India court rules" (https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/wifes-jeans-ban-is-grounds-for-divorce-india-court-rules-1.1353273) . Gulf News . June 28, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b "The redefined salwar-kurta is here" (https://www.vogue.in/content/the-redefined-salwar-kurta-is-here) . Vogue India . November 10, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-51) "Modern Indian: The 20 New Kurtas to own" (https://www.vogue.in/content/modern-indian-20-new-kurtas-own) . Vogue India . July 6, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-52) "Bollywood influence on fashion trends waning?" (https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/beauty/story/bollywood-influence-on-fashion-trends-122308-2012-11-23) . India Today . Indo-Asian News Service. November 23, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-53) "From Apple products to DIY and fashion: how grey became the colour of the decade" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/apr/15/grey-colour-decade-fashion-designers) . The Guardian . April 15, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c "5 Style Trends For 2014" (http://www.stylemepretty.com/living/2014/01/17/5-trends-to-take-into-2014/) . Retrieved June 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-55) "Polka-dot dresses on trend in North Korea" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/9939243/Polka-dot-dresses-on-trend-in-North-Korea.html) . The Daily Telegraph . March 19, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-56) Kestler-d'Amours, Jillian (January 6, 2016). "Dolce & Gabbana debuts line of high-end hijabs and abayas | The Star" (https://www.thestar.com/business/2016/01/06/dolce-gabbana-debuts-line-of-high-end-hijabs-and-abayas.html) . Toronto Star . ^ (#cite_ref-57) Bain, Marc (January 5, 2016). "Dolce & Gabbana launched a line of beautiful, high-end hijabs and abayas" (https://qz.com/586683/dolce-gabbana-launched-a-line-of-beautiful-high-end-hijabs-and-abayas/) . Quartz . ^ (#cite_ref-58) "How To Wear Slip Dresses – Slinky Dress Trend" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/slips) . refinery29.com . ^ (#cite_ref-59) Hoo, Fawnia Soo (September 30, 2014). "Baby-Doll Dresses Are Back! All Hail the Return of the '90s Fashion Trend" (https://www.glamour.com/story/spring-2015-fashion-trend-babydoll-dresses) . Glamour . ^ (#cite_ref-60) "10 Ways to Make the Body Con Dress Work for You | Fox News Magazine" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160821004254/http://magazine.foxnews.com/style-beauty/10-ways-make-body-con-dress-work-you) . Archived from the original (http://magazine.foxnews.com/style-beauty/10-ways-make-body-con-dress-work-you) on August 21, 2016 . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-61) Sowray, Bibby (October 20, 2015). "What to buy from Balmain x H&M" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/brands/what-to-buy-from-balmain-for-h-and-m-collection/) . The Daily Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-62) "Black and White" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200224154116/https://www.stylebistro.com/Photos%2B-%2BThings%2BThat%2BAre%2BComing%2Bto%2BT.J.%2BMaxx%2BThis%2BSpring/articles/OnpTW_lg4Sw/Black%2Band%2BWhite) . StyleBistro . Archived from the original (https://www.stylebistro.com/Photos+-+Things+That+Are+Coming+to+T.J.+Maxx+This+Spring/articles/OnpTW_lg4Sw/Black+and+White) on February 24, 2020 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-63) Vora, Shivani (May 9, 2014). "The Time of the Tummy" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/fashion/Bared-Midriff-fashion-red-carpet-crop-top.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-64) Matera, Avery (May 13, 2015). "20 Fresh Ways to Wear Culottes This Season" (https://www.glamour.com/gallery/how-to-wear-culottes-palazzo-pants-gauchos) . Glamour . ^ (#cite_ref-65) "The Puffer Gets Pretty this Fall: 5 Stylish Down Coats to Try Now" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150208212301/http://www.vogue.com/3348809/puffer-coat-trend-fall/) . October 24, 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/3348809/puffer-coat-trend-fall/) on February 8, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-66) "Michael Kors Spring 2014 Runway Fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150208212254/http://petite.about.com/od/springsummer2014/ss/Michael-Kors-Spring-2014-Runway-Fashion_5.htm) . Archived from the original (http://petite.about.com/od/springsummer2014/ss/Michael-Kors-Spring-2014-Runway-Fashion_5.htm) on February 8, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-67) "10 Ways to Make the Pencil Skirt Work for You" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150208214128/http://magazine.foxnews.com/style-beauty/10-ways-make-pencil-skirt-work-you) . Fox News. July 5, 2011. Archived from the original (http://magazine.foxnews.com/style-beauty/10-ways-make-pencil-skirt-work-you) on February 8, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-68) "15 Ways To Wear Pencil Skirts" (http://www.fashiondivadesign.com/15-ways-to-wear-pencil-skirts/) . May 27, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-69) "proposed yoga pants ban in Montana" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150213182800/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/montana-lawmaker-says-yoga-pants-illegal-013728701.html#kHHzawG) . Archived from the original (https://uk.news.yahoo.com/montana-lawmaker-says-yoga-pants-illegal-013728701.html#kHHzawG) on February 13, 2015 . Retrieved February 13, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-70) "The '90s Choker Is Back With a Vengeance" (https://www.thecut.com/2016/03/best-chokers-to-buy-now.html) . The Cut . March 23, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-auto8_71-0) Fisher, Lauren Alexis (July 3, 2017). "The New Wave of the Choker Trend Is Here" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/g6667/choker-necklace-shopping/) . Harper's BAZAAR . ^ (#cite_ref-72) "Coachella chokers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160820182630/http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/trends/galleries/choked+up+every+it+girl+wore+a+choker+to+coachella+2016,38912) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/trends/galleries/choked+up+every+it+girl+wore+a+choker+to+coachella+2016,38912) on August 20, 2016 . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-73) Samotin, Perrie (September 17, 2015). "The 10 Best Spring Trends From New York Fashion Week" (https://stylecaster.com/new-york-fashion-week-spring-2016-trends/) . ^ (#cite_ref-74) Carreon, Justine (February 2, 2016). "6 Ways to Wear Hollywood's New It-Shirt" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/trend-reports/a33693/choker-top-trend/) . ELLE . ^ (#cite_ref-75) McCall, Tyler (May 11, 2016). "Taylor Swift Remains Fully Committed to Chokers" (https://fashionista.com/2016/05/taylor-swift-choker) . Fashionista . ^ (#cite_ref-76) "Chokers on the red carpet" (https://www.vogue.fr/jewelry/red-carpet/diaporama/choker-necklaces-jewelry-trend-worn-by-celebs/24446) . Vogue Paris . May 12, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-77) "Who what wear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160822004720/http://www.whowhatwear.com/choker-5) . Archived from the original (http://www.whowhatwear.com/choker-5) on August 22, 2016 . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-78) "Guess Which '90s Throwback Accessory Celebs Are Wearing Right Now!" (https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/news/12-celebs-that-prove-choker-necklaces-are-coming-back-big-time-20152710/) . October 27, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-79) "Onesie Day at Macdonalds" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150721211811/http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Onesie-fine-day-staff-McDonalds-Burton-dress/story-26238958-detail/story.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/Onesie-fine-day-staff-McDonalds-Burton-dress/story-26238958-detail/story.html) on July 21, 2015 . Retrieved June 25, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-80) "One night in a onesie" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150728045256/http://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/local/slideshow-one-night-in-a-onesie-wonders-raise-over-6-000-for-st-barnabas-grantham-hospice-1-6794984) . Archived from the original (http://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/local/slideshow-one-night-in-a-onesie-wonders-raise-over-6-000-for-st-barnabas-grantham-hospice-1-6794984) on July 28, 2015 . Retrieved June 25, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-81) "Onesie burglar (Jun 25 2015)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150612071128/http://www.wigantoday.net/news/local/police-interview-tattooed-woman-in-a-onesie-1-7301898) . Archived from the original (http://www.wigantoday.net/news/local/police-interview-tattooed-woman-in-a-onesie-1-7301898) on June 12, 2015 . Retrieved June 25, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-82) "The no-onesies rule: common sense, abundant caution and click-bait" (https://www.themandarin.com.au/35708-onesies-rule-discrimination-basis-fashion/) . May 26, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-83) "How To DIY Distressed Jeans Because It's So Easy To Rip Your Own Pants, So Why Buy Them?" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/99113-how-to-diy-distressed-jeans-because-its-so-easy-to-rip-your-own-pants-so-why) . Bustle. July 23, 2015 . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) "Grunge fashion is back" (http://www.expressnews.com/lifestyle/article/Grunge-fashion-is-back-5838442.php) . San Antonio Express-News. October 22, 2014 . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-85) "90s Revival: Grunge is Back in Action" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170409111352/https://thefashionfoot.com/2013/08/14/90s-revival-grunge-is-back-in-action/amp/) . The Fashion Foot. Archived from the original (https://thefashionfoot.com/2013/08/14/90s-revival-grunge-is-back-in-action/amp/) on April 9, 2017 . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Fashion Flashback: Is the 2010s the Decade of Recycled Fashion?" (https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/08/16/fashion-flashback-is-the-2010s-the-decade-of-recycled-fashion) . The Quint . August 16, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-87) "Embrace the '90s With These 22 Halter Tops" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160820121046/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/03/embrace-the-90s-with-these-22-halter-tops.html) . Paste . March 20, 2015. Archived from the original (https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/03/embrace-the-90s-with-these-22-halter-tops.html) on August 20, 2016 . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-88) Leaper, Caroline (January 11, 2019). "1970s Fashion: The Moments That Defined Seventies Style" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/1970s-fashion-moments-that-defined-seventies-style-96107) . Marie Claire . ^ (#cite_ref-89) Marriott, Hannah (May 27, 2015). "How to wear the Bardot, the summer's most unexpectedly flattering trend" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/may/27/how-to-wear-the-bardot-the-summers-most-unexpectedly-flattering-trend) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-90) Carreon, Justine (April 1, 2016). "18 Reasons We Still Love the Off-the-Shoulder Top" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/trend-reports/off-shoulder-blouses-tops) . ELLE . ^ Jump up to: a b "Then and Now: These Sexy '70s Trends Are Making a Comeback" (https://www.instyle.com/fashion/clothing/then-and-now-70s-trend) . InStyle.com . ^ (#cite_ref-92) Tse, Tiffany (May 23, 2013). "Spring's Most Sultry Shoe? The Lace-Up Heel" (https://www.whowhatwear.com/accessory-spotlight-lace-up-heels) . Who What Wear . ^ (#cite_ref-93) Socha, Miles (March 2, 2016). "Azzedine Alaïa Talks Creativity and Copy Cats" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/azzedine-alaia-paris-fall-10375076/) . ^ (#cite_ref-94) "Kim Kardashian Has a New Style Uniform So Prepare to Clean Out Your Entire Kim-Inspired Closet and Start Over Again" (https://people.com/style/kim-kardashian-has-a-new-style-uniform-so-prepare-to-clean-out-your-entire-kim-inspired-closet-and-start-over-again/) . People . ^ (#cite_ref-95) Matera, Avery (January 29, 2015). "12 Reasons to Give the Jumpsuit a Try" (https://www.glamour.com/gallery/spring-fashion-trends-how-to-wear-a-jumpsuit) . Glamour . ^ (#cite_ref-96) Claire, Marie (June 30, 2010). "Playsuits: Shop Your New Summer Style Staple" (https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/fashion/shopping/playsuits-shop-your-new-summer-style-staple-181443) . Marie Claire . ^ (#cite_ref-97) "Victoriana: the hottest trend this autumn/winter" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/victoriana-the-hottest-trend-this-autumnwinter-a7226431.html) . The Independent . September 13, 2016. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/victoriana-the-hottest-trend-this-autumnwinter-a7226431.html) from the original on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-98) Lamont-Djite, Tara (November 24, 2014). "How to Wear the Duster Coat" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/how-to-wear-the-duster-coat) . Harper's BAZAAR . ^ (#cite_ref-99) "The Fab List: 25 Times Celebrities Rocked the Duster Coat Trend + How Do You Wear It? – Fashion Bomb Daily Style Magazine: Celebrity Fashion, Fashion News, What To Wear, Runway Show Reviews" (http://fashionbombdaily.com/fab-list-25-times-celebrities-rocked-duster-coat-trend-wear/) . fashionbombdaily.com . ^ (#cite_ref-100) Satenstein, Liana (June 9, 2016). "Right Now, the Chicest Thing Is a Nothing Shoe" (https://www.vogue.com/article/nothing-shoe-trend-summer) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-101) "5 Girls With Different Body Types Take On the Thigh-High Boot Trend: See the Results" (https://www.glamour.com/story/boots-for-large-small-calfs-legs-fall-fashion-trend) . Glamour . August 21, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e McIntosh, Steven (January 4, 2020). "Neon or tangerine? Seven major fashion looks for 2020" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50087110) . BBC. ^ (#cite_ref-Indian_Express_103-0) "Aditi Rao Hydari, Athiya Shetty, Kriti Sanon: Who wore the denim look better?" (https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/aditi-rao-hydari-athiya-shetty-kriti-sanon-who-wore-the-denim-look-better-4528776/) . February 16, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Rackham, Annabel (December 27, 2018). "The five biggest fashion looks for 2019" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46617892) . BBC. ^ (#cite_ref-105) "These are the five fashion trends that didn't fall victim to 2016" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/five-fashion-trends-that-didnt-fall-victim-to-2016-a7498601.html) . The Independent . December 28, 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/five-fashion-trends-that-didnt-fall-victim-to-2016-a7498601.html) on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-106) "Lourd remembers mom Fisher at 'Star Wars' event" (https://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/billie-lourd-pays-tribute-to-mom-carrie-fisher-at-star-wars-event-1.13462228) . Newsday . April 13, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-107) Argyle, Sally-Anne (June 25, 2017). "Bardot summer dresses from Next, New Look and Matalan" (https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/style/820118/Bardot-summer-dresses-Next-New-Look-Matalan) . Daily Express . ^ (#cite_ref-108) "The Fashion Pointers To Save From The SS19 Shows" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/fashion-week-takeaway) . British Vogue . September 16, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-109) "The 5 biggest fashion trends of 2016" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/2016-trends-fashion-clothes-best-denim-oversized-statement-earrings-velvet-trainers-a7490841.html) . The Independent . December 29, 2016. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/2016-trends-fashion-clothes-best-denim-oversized-statement-earrings-velvet-trainers-a7490841.html) from the original on May 1, 2022. ^ Jump up to: a b Cartner-Morley, Jess (January 3, 2017). "Optimism chic – the look of 2017" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/jan/03/optimism-chic-the-look-of-2107-what-to-wear) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-111) "UK fashion spot" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161009195004/http://www.theukfashionspot.co.uk/celebrity-fashion/570229-70s-fashion/#/slide/1) . Archived from the original (http://www.theukfashionspot.co.uk/celebrity-fashion/570229-70s-fashion/#/slide/1) on October 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-112) Kruspe, Dana (October 9, 2015). "The Biggest Trends from the Spring 2016 Runways" (https://fashionista.com/2015/10/spring-2016-trends) . Fashionista . ^ (#cite_ref-113) "Shopify" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161009170533/https://frave-classics.myshopify.com/blogs/news/108854151-spring-summer-2016-fashion-the-revival-of-trends-from-the-70s) . Archived from the original (https://frave-classics.myshopify.com/blogs/news/108854151-spring-summer-2016-fashion-the-revival-of-trends-from-the-70s) on October 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 8, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-114) "Return To Retro" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/return-to-retro) . British Vogue . June 10, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-115) Pieri, Kerry (May 27, 2016). "The Pleasure and Pain of the Bodysuit" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a15822/bodysuit-trend/) . Harper's BAZAAR . ^ (#cite_ref-116) Wilson, Gaby. "Everything Beyonce And Nicki Minaj Wear In The 'Feeling Myself' Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150522160839/http://www.mtv.com/news/2164311/beyonce-nicki-minaj-feeling-myself-video-fashion/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/2164311/beyonce-nicki-minaj-feeling-myself-video-fashion/) on May 22, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-117) "43 of Beyoncé's Best, Sparkliest, Most Beyoncé-est Bodysuits" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/celebrity-style/g28463/beyonce-bodysuits-best-fashion/) . ELLE . July 6, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-118) Yotka, Steff (August 20, 2015). "The It Shoe of Fall 2015 Has Arrived: Here's Why We're Head Over Heels for It" (https://www.vogue.com/article/gucci-fall-2015-fur-lined-loafer) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-119) "The Gucci Shoes Celebrities Can't Get Enough of" (https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/stars-love-gucci-mules-loafers) . InStyle.com . ^ (#cite_ref-120) Carreon, Justine (March 23, 2017). "Make Room in Your Closet for the Barbie Mule" (https://www.elle.com/accessories/bags-shoes-jewelry/seventeen-best-mules-shoes) . ELLE . ^ (#cite_ref-121) "Colorado's Rockmount Ranch Wear says this high-end fashion brand created a "flagrant copy" of iconic western shirt" (https://www.denverpost.com/2017/03/14/rockmount-ranch-wear-coach-fashion-brand-copyright/) . March 14, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-122) Marriott, Hannah (February 14, 2017). "Coach's autumn show revels in Americana" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/feb/14/coachs-autumn-show-revels-in-americana) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-123) "The Fall 2017 Fashion Shows' Biggest Trends" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-fall-2017-fashion-shows-biggest-trends-1489167759) . The Wall Street Journal . March 11, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-124) Allende, Mayte (June 22, 2016). "Resort 2017 Trend: Americana" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-trends/resort-trend-americana-patriotism-10465096/) . ^ (#cite_ref-125) "Women's Mom Jeans" (https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/womens-bottoms-mom-jeans) . July 19, 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180627024337/https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/womens-bottoms-mom-jeans) from the original on June 27, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-126) "How Nikki Lane Is Redefining Country Style" (https://observer.com/2017/03/how-nikki-lane-is-redefining-country-style/) . The New York Observer (/wiki/The_New_York_Observer) . March 6, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Donnell, Sian (September 12, 2017). Barbour, Kate (ed.). "Jacket Hack: The best new jacket designs from Matalan, Monsoon and more" (https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/style/852941/jacket-fashion-autumn-2017-Matalan-Monsoon) . Daily Express . ^ (#cite_ref-128) Fieldsend, Clemmie (January 1, 2017). "These are the fashion trends you'll be wearing this season" (http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/style/shopping/key-fashion-trends-seen-2017-9489694) . mirror . ^ (#cite_ref-129) "Conran and House of Holland in London" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170321083451/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/entertainment/clean-cuts-at-conran-house-of-holland-goes-rodeo-at-london-show/3531614.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/entertainment/clean-cuts-at-conran-house-of-holland-goes-rodeo-at-london-show/3531614.html) on March 21, 2017 . Retrieved March 20, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-130) "Why Scrunchies Are Superior to Hair Ties in Every Way" (https://www.hercampus.com/school/ucf/why-scrunchies-are-superior-hair-ties-every-way) . Her Campus . February 25, 2017 . Retrieved September 12, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-131) "Gym hair hack: mini scrunchies" (https://furthermore.equinox.com/articles/2018/05/gym-hair-hack) . Furthermore from Equinox . Retrieved September 12, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-132) "Normcore plusz – Eljött a hitelességet közvetítő divat ideje" (https://www.glamour.hu/divathirek/normcore-plusz-eljott-a-hitelesseget-kozvetito-divat-ideje-23207) . Glamour . February 8, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-133) "Meet Norma Normcore" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/normcore-fashion-vogue-definition) . British Vogue . March 21, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-134) "Why athleisure could be on its last legs" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/athleisure-leggings-yoga-lululemon-a7463021.html) . The Independent . December 8, 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/athleisure-leggings-yoga-lululemon-a7463021.html) on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-135) Fitzmaurice, Rosie (August 31, 2016). "Primark is selling shoes that look exactly like Prada's for £8 instead of £470" (https://www.businessinsider.com/primark-prade-copycat-shoes-2017-5) . Business Insider . ^ (#cite_ref-136) "High heel petition heads to parliament" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170213083153/http://www.fm-world.co.uk/news/fm-industry-news/temps-high-heels-petition-heads-for-parliament/) . Archived from the original (http://www.fm-world.co.uk/news/fm-industry-news/temps-high-heels-petition-heads-for-parliament/) on February 13, 2017 . Retrieved January 1, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-137) "The skinny jean is dead. Here's what you should be wearing now" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/skinny-jeans-trend-denim-athleisure-body-conscious-khloe-kardashian-a7371451.html) . The Independent . October 20, 2016. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/skinny-jeans-trend-denim-athleisure-body-conscious-khloe-kardashian-a7371451.html) from the original on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-138) "The strange reason people are cutting the logos off their clothing" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/cutting-brand-logos-off-clothing-hiding-lacoste-ralph-lauren-fashion-trend-abercrombie-and-fitch-a7500666.html) . The Independent . December 30, 2016. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/cutting-brand-logos-off-clothing-hiding-lacoste-ralph-lauren-fashion-trend-abercrombie-and-fitch-a7500666.html) on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-139) "7 trends that need to die with 2016" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/2016-trends-fail-fashion-clothes-athleisure-chokers-puffer-jackets-thigh-high-boots-pyjamas-a7490736.html) . The Independent . December 22, 2016. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/2016-trends-fail-fashion-clothes-athleisure-chokers-puffer-jackets-thigh-high-boots-pyjamas-a7490736.html) from the original on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-140) Adam Fox (December 23, 2011). "What not to wear" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_400/480_what-not-to-wear.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-141) Adam Fox (December 23, 2011). "New York clothing stores" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_600/668_new-york-clothing-stores.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-142) "Review: J Crew shawl collar cardigan" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/apparel/j-crew-shawl-collar-cardigan.html) . AskMen . December 23, 2011 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-143) "Levis work shirt" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120106100546/http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/apparel/levis-made-crafted-work-shirt.html) . AskMen . Archived from the original (http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/apparel/levis-made-crafted-work-shirt.html) on January 6, 2012 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-144) Farah Averill (December 23, 2011). "The Weekender" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_600/661_complete-spring-style-the-weekender.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wisenthal, Lucas. "Rejoice: The '90s Fashion Revival Is Here" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_700/735_90s-fashion.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-146) Adam Fox (December 23, 2011). "Mens jackets: fall 2010" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_600/607_mens-jackets-fall-2010.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-147) Farah Averill (December 23, 2011). "Spring style in the city" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_600/665_complete-spring-style-spring-in-the-city.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-148) Hambly, Matt. "A Smooth Transition" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/product_guide_200/211_style-sense-winter-spring-fashion-picks.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-149) "Leather jackets for fall 2011" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120327081417/http://www.mademan.com/leather-jackets-for-the-fall-and-winter/) . Archived from the original (http://www.mademan.com/leather-jackets-for-the-fall-and-winter/) on March 27, 2012 . Retrieved February 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-150) "Men's Fashion Trend: Channelling The 1990s" (http://www.fashionbeans.com/2012/trending-era-the-90s/) . Retrieved May 23, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) "Sneak Peek: Fashion Designer Steves Peeps Brings Back Early 2000's Fashion" (http://ambmagazine.com/sneak-peek-fashion-designer-steves-peeps-brings-back-early-2000s-fashion/) . AMBmagazine.com . May 2, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-152) "Interview With Steves Peeps" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/jasonsmith/interview-with-steves-peeps-3muj) . BuzzFeed Community . July 6, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-153) "It's official, there will be 200% more Christmas jumpers on the streets this year" (https://metro.co.uk/2014/11/17/its-official-there-will-be-200-more-christmas-jumpers-on-the-streets-this-year-4951164/) . November 17, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-154) Goldstein, Mike. "AskMen Interprets Classic Cut Jeans" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip/501-how-do-you-interpret-yours.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-155) "What to Wear to the UAAP Games: Look To Angel, Jane, Gretchen, and Bianca For Inspiration" (https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/articles/579/what-to-wear-to-the-uaap-games-look-to-angel-jane-gretchen-and-bianca-for-inspiration) . lifestyle.abs-cbn.com . ^ (#cite_ref-156) "Wear your Oblation pride on your sleeve" (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/113427/wear-your-oblation-pride-on-your-sleeve/) . Inquirer Lifestyle . July 12, 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "You Say You Want a Devolution?" (https://www.vanityfair.com/unchanged/2012/01/prisoners-of-style-201201) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . December 31, 2011 . Retrieved November 28, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-158) See the "Mid-2010s" section covering formal wear. ^ (#cite_ref-159) "A Tale Of Two Shoulders" (http://mensflair.com/a-tale-of-two-shoulders/) . October 11, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-160) Diss, Sam (March 25, 2015). "Men's fashion: signs you're stuck in a style rut (and how to get out)" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/mar/25/mens-fashion-signs-youre-stuck-in-a-style-rut-and-how-to-get-out) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-161) "25 things every man should take out of his closet and burn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003636/http://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/style/25-things-every-man-should-take-out-of-his-closet-and-burn/ss-BBDxfBj?ocid=spartanntp#image=24) . MSN (/wiki/MSN) . Archived from the original (https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/style/25-things-every-man-should-take-out-of-his-closet-and-burn/ss-BBDxfBj?ocid=spartanntp#image=24) on October 30, 2017 . Retrieved July 2, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-162) "A Man's Guide to Wearing T-Shirts" (https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/the-best-damn-guide-to-mens-t-shirts-on-the-internet/) . July 14, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-163) "Please stop wearing graphic Tees" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160916035611/http://www.mademan.com/guys-please-stop-wearing-graphic-tees/) . Archived from the original (http://www.mademan.com/guys-please-stop-wearing-graphic-tees/) on September 16, 2016 . Retrieved September 23, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-164) "Post-Soviet Aesthetic: Why Is it so Relevant Right Now?" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/2016/10/26/post-soviet-aesthetic-gosha-vetements/) . Highsnobiety . October 26, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-165) Quirk, Justin. "These Are The Streetwear Trends You Need To Know About In 2016" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_trends/streetwear-trends-2016.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-166) "Ten of the best winter work boots for men" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/fashion-and-style/11316478/Ten-of-the-best-winter-work-boots-for-men.html?frame=3150290) . The Daily Telegraph . January 4, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-167) "Why 2016 Was the Year of Post-Soviet Fashion" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/2016/12/28/post-soviet-fashion-vetements-gosha/) . Highsnobiety . December 28, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-168) "2014 IN REVIEW: THE HOTTEST MEN'S FASHION TRENDS" (http://www.dmarge.com/2014/12/2014-review-hottest-mens-fashion-trends.html) . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-169) David Colman (May 9, 2014). "A New Length for Men's Shorts" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304831304579546312161483266) . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-170) "Sweatpants Are The Hottest New Trend In Menswear" (http://www.businessinsider.com/jogger-pants-are-taking-over-menswear-2014-8) . Business Insider (/wiki/Business_Insider) . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-171) "The Workwear Trend | Mens Fashion Magazine" (http://www.mensfashionmagazine.com/the-workwear-trend) . March 24, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b Quirk, Justin. "Industry Experts On The Spring/Summer Style Trends You Should Be Wearing" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_trends/spring-summer-2016-fashion-trends.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-173) "Men's SS14 Micro-Trend: Band/Grandad Collar Shirts" (https://www.fashionbeans.com/2014/mens-ss14-micro-trend-bandgrandad-collar-shirts/) . June 10, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-174) "The History of the Grandad Collar Shirt" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150307123507/http://theknowledgeblog.co.uk/the-history-of-the-grandad-collar-shirt/) . theknowledgeblog.co.uk . February 23, 2015. Archived from the original (http://theknowledgeblog.co.uk/the-history-of-the-grandad-collar-shirt/) on March 7, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-175) "How This 1920s Sneaker Became 2015's Summer Must-Have" (https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/the-new-summer-must-have-sneakers-119030492648.html) . Yahoo!. May 15, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-176) Keats, Jonathon (March 25, 2015). "Decades on, Ray-Ban Wayfarers Remain the Pinnacle of Cool" (https://www.wired.com/2015/03/ray-ban-wayfarer/) . Wired . ^ (#cite_ref-177) Thompson, Ryan. "21 Pairs of Sunglasses for Every Occasion" (https://www.askmen.com/entertainment/guy_gear/the-21-best-sunglasses-for-men.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-178) "Gucci tortoise aviator" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120103220355/http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/accessories/gucci-tortoise-aviator.html) . AskMen . Archived from the original (http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/accessories/gucci-tortoise-aviator.html) on January 3, 2012 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-179) "Python belt" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120107040548/http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/accessories/naked-famous-denim-python-belt.html) . AskMen . Archived from the original (http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/accessories/naked-famous-denim-python-belt.html) on January 7, 2012 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-180) Farah Averill (December 23, 2011). "Park bound" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_600/660b_complete-spring-style-park-bound.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-181) Frymorgen, Tomasz (September 20, 2017). "The bum bag renaissance has officially gone too far" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/de0a5e67-8c25-47a6-b558-ef6a2f4b2c3b) . BBC Three . ^ (#cite_ref-182) "Nice collective: Trilby hat" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/accessories/nice-collective-trilby-hat.html) . AskMen . December 23, 2011 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Top 10 Better Man" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200619124737/https://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/) . AskMen . Archived from the original (https://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/) on June 19, 2020 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5_killer_suit_tips_184-0) "5 killer suit tips" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120218013622/http://www.mademan.com/dress-sharp-5-killer-suit-tips) . Archived from the original (http://www.mademan.com/dress-sharp-5-killer-suit-tips/) on February 18, 2012 . Retrieved February 17, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-James_Bond_suits_185-0) May, Rebecca. "The 5 Steps To A Bond-worthy Suit" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/galleries/how-to-get-a-tailored-suit.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-186) "THE NEW RULES OF SUITS:28 Easy Ways to Find OneThat Fits and Feels Right" (https://www.esquire.com/style/fashion-story/2012-suits-for-men-0412) . Esquire . April 5, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-187) "Boardwalk Empire look" (http://www.shortlist.com/style/get-the-boardwalk-empire-look) . Shortlist.com. January 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-188) Lack, Jeff. "Why One Of These Is A Must-Have For Any Man's Wardrobe" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_advice/fashion-sense-three-piece-suit.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-189) Fox, Adam. "10 Easy-To-Fix Wardrobe Mistakes That Are Holding Your Style Back" (https://www.askmen.com/grooming/appearance/wardrobe-mistakes.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-190) Soller, Kurt (May 9, 2012). "How to Pull Off a Shiny Suit Like This Guy (with Brooklyn Decker)" (https://www.esquire.com/blogs/mens-fashion/shiny-suit-rules-050912) . Esquire . ^ (#cite_ref-191) "Suit problems for men" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130214061507/http://cinesnark.com/2012/12/11/a-guide-to-suit-problems-for-men/) . Archived from the original (https://cinesnark.com/2012/12/11/a-guide-to-suit-problems-for-men/) on February 14, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-192) Weaver, Alex E. (January 13, 2014). "Boston style guide" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170929093225/https://www.americaninno.com/boston/boston-style-how-to-buy-a-suit/) . Archived from the original (https://www.americaninno.com/boston/boston-style-how-to-buy-a-suit/) on September 29, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b Fox, Adam. "Looking for a new suit? Here are four new trends that will define 2015" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_trends/2015-suit-styles.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-194) Thompson, Ryan. "16 Stylish Ways To Wear A Navy Suit" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_advice/how-to-wear-a-navy-suit.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-195) "Savile Row" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205021/http://uk.askmen.com/video/entertainment-and-celebrities/saville-rows-finest-tailors-skyfalls-midnight-blue-tuxedo.html) . Archived from the original (http://uk.askmen.com/video/entertainment-and-celebrities/saville-rows-finest-tailors-skyfalls-midnight-blue-tuxedo.html) on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved July 24, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Style" (https://www.askmen.com/style/) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-197) Indiviglio, Daniel J. "Stripes" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_250/266_fashion_advice.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-198) Dingwall, Kate. "Your A-To-Z Guide On How To Rock A Pinstripe Suit" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_300/398_fashion_advice.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-199) Holt, Bethan. "Everything you need to know about Chelsea boots" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_advice/chelsea-boots-men/) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-200) "Top 10 Entertainment" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200619235139/https://www.askmen.com/top_10/celebrity/) . AskMen . Archived from the original (https://www.askmen.com/top_10/celebrity/) on June 19, 2020 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-201) Kwon, Amos. "The Best Traditional Men's Watches For Any Budget" (https://www.askmen.com/entertainment/guy_gear/best-men-s-watches.html) . AskMen . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Watch Snob Selects 'The Most Interesting Simple Wristwatch In The World' (https://www.askmen.com/style/watch_snob/seiko-presage-watches.html) " (https://www.askmen.com/style/watch_snob/seiko-presage-watches.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-203) "Have Big Watches Gone Out Of Style? The Watch Snob Weighs In" (https://www.askmen.com/style/watch_snob/iwc-big-pilot.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-204) Fedorova, Inna (January 28, 2014). "Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok" (https://www.rbth.com/arts/2014/01/28/russian_winter_hats_ushanka_kubanka_petushok_33635.html) . rbth.com . ^ (#cite_ref-205) "Oath Ceremony: Who did What" (https://kashmirlife.net/oath-ceremony-who-did-what-101075/) . April 4, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-206) "6 traditional caps worn in Pakistan" (https://nation.com.pk/22-Mar-2016/6-traditional-caps-worn-in-pakistan) . The Nation . March 22, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-207) Satenstein, Liana (November 18, 2015). "You'll Never Guess Which Country Is Having a Throwback Style Moment" (https://www.vogue.com/article/tbilisi-georgian-traditional-fashion) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-208) Nordland, Rod (January 26, 2010). "The Afghan Leader's Hat, Always More Than Just Headgear, Is Losing Its Cachet" (https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/world/asia/27karzai.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-209) "Madiba shirt designer" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160309181351/http://www.southafrica.info/news/arts/Madiba-shirt-designer-gives-back-030216.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.southafrica.info/news/arts/Madiba-shirt-designer-gives-back-030216.htm) on March 9, 2016 . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-210) "Govt plans to ban "mitumba" clothes again" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200224155621/https://www.nation.co.ke/business/Govt-to-ban-second-hand-clothes/996-2927016-blbqllz/index.html) . Daily Nation . Archived from the original (https://www.nation.co.ke/business/Govt-to-ban-second-hand-clothes/996-2927016-blbqllz/index.html) on February 24, 2020 . Retrieved February 24, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-211) Omondi, Paul (December 2022). "Fashion forward: pioneering African designer eyes luxury brands market" (https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2022/04/article_0003.html) . WIPO Magazine . ^ (#cite_ref-212) Tatler magazine, May 2017 issue ^ (#cite_ref-213) Cochrane, Lauren (December 16, 2013). "Farewell to Nelson Mandela's Madiba shirts" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2013/dec/16/nelson-mandela-madiba-shirt) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-214) Craven, Julia (September 30, 2015). "Why It Isn't Possible For Black Americans To Appropriate African Culture" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/is-it-cultural-appropriation-when-africans-wear-jordans_n_56099b3be4b0768126fea24d) . HuffPost . ^ (#cite_ref-215) "Check Your Privilege: Clothes White People Shouldn't Wear" (https://www.complex.com/style/2013/08/clothes-white-people-shouldnt-wear/) . Complex . ^ (#cite_ref-216) Doig, Stephen (January 13, 2014). "Meet the dandies of Brazzaville" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/fashion-and-style/10564648/Meet-the-dandies-of-Brazzaville.html) . The Daily Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-217) "17 Awesome Outfits That Are Cooler Than Your T-shirt And Jeans" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19538231/mens-fashion-week-street-style/) . Men's Health . January 31, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-218) Flammia, Christine (January 25, 2017). "How to Wear Sneakers In The Winter" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19537772/wear-sneakers-in-the-winter/) . Men's Health . ^ (#cite_ref-219) Flammia, Christine (February 2, 2017). "Ditch The Jersey. This Is What You Should Wear to a Super Bowl Party" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/a19538730/super-bowl-party-outfit/) . Men's Health . ^ (#cite_ref-220) Huguenin, Patrick (October 17, 2017). "The Best Graphic Tees for Under $30" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19539461/graphic-tees-for-men/) . Men's Health . ^ (#cite_ref-221) Flammia, Christine (January 27, 2017). "How to Wear Layers Without Looking Bulky" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19537965/wear-layers-without-the-bulk/) . Men's Health . ^ Jump up to: a b c "These 5 Trends From Fashion Week Make Any Outfit More Comfortable" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19539004/5-fashion-week-trends/) . Men's Health . February 3, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Connor, Cillian. "All The Spring Style Trends You Need To Know About Right Now" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_trends/spring-summer-style-trends-2017.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-224) Cross, Andrew. "No Matter How Cool Your Kicks, It's How You Wear Them That Counts" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_400/466_the-dos-and-donts-of-sneakers.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-225) Fox, Danielle (February 1, 2017). "This Is How You Pull Off a Brown Suit" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19538426/brown-suits/) . Men's Health . ^ (#cite_ref-226) Thompson, Ryan. "Everything A Well-Dressed Man Needs To Know About Buying A Suit" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_60/83_fashion_advice.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-227) Macias, Victor. "3 Fail-Safe Rules For Matching Your Shirt And Tie" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_250/297_fashion_advice.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-228) Duda, John (January 26, 2017). "The One Detail That Makes Your Suit Stand Out" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g19537855/make-your-suit-stand-out/) . Men's Health . ^ Jump up to: a b Stern, Jared Paul (February 20, 2017). "Why The 'Mod' Look Is Making A Seriously Stylish Comeback" (https://www.maxim.com/style/mod-style-comeback-2017-2) . Maxim . ^ Jump up to: a b "Mod UK" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-sh/mod_uk) . BBC News . ^ Jump up to: a b "How To Wear 70s Fashion – A Modern Men's Guide" (https://www.dmarge.com/2019/02/how-to-wear-70s-fashion-men.html) . February 6, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-232) "Meet the gentlemen of Pitti – the best dressed men in the world" (https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/style/pitti-uomo-street-style-aw19-world-best-dressed-men-a4036861.html) . London Evening Standard . January 11, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-233) "20 menswear trends for Spring/Summer 2017" (https://www.vogue.fr/vogue-hommes/fashion/diaporama/20-menswear-trends-for-spring-summer-2017/35352) . Vogue Paris . April 19, 2017. ^ Jump up to: a b "5 Men's Fashion Trends To Keep For 2020" (https://www.fashionbeans.com/article/last-year-mens-fashion-trends-to-keep/) . March 5, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-235) "This summer's must-have menswear colour is stone" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/menswear-trend-spring-summer-2017-stone-sand-neutral-tonal-dressing-a7790091.html) . The Independent . June 14, 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/menswear-trend-spring-summer-2017-stone-sand-neutral-tonal-dressing-a7790091.html) on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-236) "2018 UK summer trends" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190212130821/https://www.theharveycentre.com/mens-summer-fashion-trends/) . Archived from the original (https://www.theharveycentre.com/mens-summer-fashion-trends/) on February 12, 2019 . Retrieved February 11, 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "The Coolest Menswear To Be Seen In This Summer" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_advice/ss17-menswear-edit.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-238) "Superdry hits: 8 jackets for him and her" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/superdry-hits-8-jackets-for-him-and-her-a8016806.html) . The Independent . October 26, 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/superdry-hits-8-jackets-for-him-and-her-a8016806.html) on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-239) Fitzgerald, Benjamin (February 8, 2019). "10 Men's Fashion Items To Make A Good Impression On Valentine's Day" (https://hk.asiatatler.com/style/10-stylish-fashion-items-to-make-a-good-impression-on-valentines-day) . Hong Kong Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-240) Bracetti, Alex. "Converse Unveils All-Star Modern Sneakers" (https://www.askmen.com/news/fashion/converse-unveils-all-star-modern-sneakers.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-241) Doig, Stephen (January 15, 2017). "Prada revives normcore and Seventies cool" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/mens-style/prada-revives-normcore-seventies-cool/) . The Daily Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-242) Fitzgerald, Benjamin (January 18, 2019). "10 Red Fashion Items For Men To Wear This Chinese New Year" (https://hk.asiatatler.com/style/10-red-fashion-items-for-men-to-wear-this-chinese-new-year-2019) . Hong Kong Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-243) Mansuroglu, Adam; Stafford, Ted (February 8, 2019). "Inside the Celebrity Fashion Show That Was All About Prostate Cancer" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/g26253808/blue-jacket-fashion-show-benefit/) . Men's Health . ^ (#cite_ref-244) Flammia, Christine (December 12, 2016). "What to Wear To Your Next Holiday Party" (https://www.menshealth.com/style/a19533968/holiday-party-outfit/) . Men's Health . ^ (#cite_ref-245) Blagburn, Francis (May 24, 2017). "How to choose the perfect velvet jacket" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/style/choose-perfect-velvet-jacket/) . The Daily Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-246) "How To Wear A Velvet Jacket / Blazer – Modern Men's Guide" (https://www.dmarge.com/2018/10/how-to-wear-velvet-jacket.html) . October 11, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-247) "Upgrade Your Look With These 6 Fashionable Spring Trends" (https://www.askmen.com/style/fashion_trends/men-s-fashion-trends-spring-2017.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-248) Volpe, Allie (February 28, 2019). "How Parents of Child Influencers Package Their Kids' Lives for Instagram" (https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2019/02/inside-lives-child-instagram-influencers/583675/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved January 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) "How Prince George Is Changing The Course Of Children's Fashion" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/how-prince-george-is-changing-childrens-fashion) . British Vogue . July 21, 2017 . Retrieved January 22, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-250) "Fact: Hipsters Have More Fun Than You. Here's Our Guide To Their America" (https://www.askmen.com/fine_living/galleries/hipster-s-guide-to-america.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-251) "Men in tights: how 'meggings' are taking fashion by storm – Telegraph" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG9731615/Men-in-tights-how-meggings-are-taking-fashion-by-storm.html) . The Daily Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-252) "Clothes that will make hipster guys notice you" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201122180619/https://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2012/09/how-to-get-a-hipster-guy-to-notice-you-fashion-clothing-092412) . The Daily Wildcat . Archived from the original (https://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2012/09/how-to-get-a-hipster-guy-to-notice-you-fashion-clothing-092412) on November 22, 2020 . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-253) "Vintage fashion guild" (http://vintagefashionguild.org/) . Vintage fashion guild . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-254) "Best Summer Hip clothes for 50 years old woman [2019] | Styles Trends" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190806114331/https://www.stylestrends.com/summer-hip-clothes-collection-for-50-years-old-woman//) . Archived from the original (https://www.stylestrends.com/summer-hip-clothes-collection-for-50-years-old-woman//) on August 6, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-255) Sherman, Lauren (March 4, 2014). "Why the "Normcore" Phenomenon Is a Fraud" (https://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/probably-cant-pull-off-normcore) . ELLE . ^ (#cite_ref-256) Brooks, Katherine (March 6, 2014). "The Real Meaning Of Normcore, The Fashion Trend That Went Oddly Viral" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/normcore_n_4912788) . HuffPost . ^ (#cite_ref-257) "Normcore: 'Seinfeld' look turns bland into fashion trend" (http://www.today.com/style/normcore-seinfeld-look-turns-bland-fashion-trend-2D79317923) . TODAY.com . March 5, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-258) "Mom Jeans Shopping Guide, Styling Tips" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/mom-jeans) . refinery29.com . ^ (#cite_ref-259) Reeve, Elspeth (March 24, 2015). "Mom Jeans Are Back. It's About Time" (https://newrepublic.com/article/121346/mom-jeans-are-back-fashion-trend-gets-deserved-resurrection) . The New Republic . ^ (#cite_ref-260) Teitell, Beth (July 24, 2018). "Fanny packs: They're in vogue. We're not lying" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2018/07/24/fanny-packs-are-front-and-center-again-for-stylish-and-brave/aEUQTsvwxucrgRlfesmGcM/story.html) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . Retrieved July 25, 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-261) "OMG so many people are wearing fanny packs again. And the accessories industry is lovin' it" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/12/18/fanny-pack-boom-helps-declining-accessories-industry/2354562002/) . USA Today . December 18, 2018 . Retrieved May 21, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-262) "Youth Time: Images of Steampunks" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160308063411/http://www.youth-time.eu/articles/steampunk-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-served) . Archived from the original (http://www.youth-time.eu/articles/steampunk-what-is-it-and-how-is-it-served) on March 8, 2016 . Retrieved November 5, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-263) Wilson, Katherine (May 21, 2010). "A new steam of consciousness" (https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/a-new-steam-of-consciousness-20100521-w0mg.html) . The Age . ^ (#cite_ref-264) Taddeo, Julie Anne; Miller, Cynthia J. (March 7, 2013). Steaming Into a Victorian Future: A Steampunk Anthology . Scarecrow Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810885868 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-265) "Reveling in the future-past with Hiptazmic's Christine Esposito – Las Vegas Weekly" (https://lasvegasweekly.com/as-we-see-it/weekly-qa/2015/nov/04/reveling-in-the-future-past-with-hiptazmics-christ/) . lasvegasweekly.com . November 4, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-266) "Fresno Bee" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055204/http://www.fresnobee.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/bethany-clough/article19519227.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.fresnobee.com/living/liv-columns-blogs/bethany-clough/article19519227.html) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 5, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-267) Carter, Ilise (October 28, 2015). "Beneath the Frills at Ruffle Con" (https://www.racked.com/2015/10/28/9623030/ruffle-con-lolita-dresses) . Racked . ^ (#cite_ref-268) Carmina, La (May 21, 2013). "Steampunk in Japan: Tokyo Subculture Style (Photos)" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/steampunk-in-japan-tokyo-_b_3182465) . HuffPost . ^ (#cite_ref-269) VanderMeer, Ann (October 5, 2012). Steampunk III: Steampunk Revolution . Tachyon Publications. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781616961091 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-270) Pompeo, Joe (September 8, 2009). "American Trad" (https://observer.com/2009/09/trad-men/) . The New York Observer . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-271) "Ivy League look" (http://www.theivyleaguelook.blogspot.com/) . Theivyleaguelook.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-272) "The Roots of American Preppy" (http://mensflair.com/the-roots-of-american-preppy/) . February 29, 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-273) "Brooks Bros jacket" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160412080841/http://uk.askmen.com/specials/2012_spring_fashion/outerwear-6.html) . Archived from the original (http://uk.askmen.com/specials/2012_spring_fashion/outerwear-6.html) on April 12, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-274) "Australia releases 'retro candy stripe' Rio Olympics uniform" (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-30/australia-releases-2016-rio-olympics-uniforms/7283662) . ABC News . March 30, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-275) "Sportscraft unveils 2016 uniform" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160401011219/http://rio2016.olympics.com.au/news/sportscraft-unveils-2016-opening-ceremony-uniform) . Archived from the original (http://rio2016.olympics.com.au/news/sportscraft-unveils-2016-opening-ceremony-uniform/) on April 1, 2016 . Retrieved March 31, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-276) "girls jeans | abercrombiekids.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120824141429/http://www.abercrombiekids.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10851&storeId=10101&langId=-1&topCategoryId=12103&categoryId=12160&parentCategoryId=12160) . August 24, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.abercrombiekids.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10851&storeId=10101&langId=-1&topCategoryId=12103&categoryId=12160&parentCategoryId=12160) on August 24, 2012 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-277) "wrap-front skater dress | Abercrombie.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180106132601/https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/p/wrap-front-skater-dress-9839227?DM_PersistentCookieCreated=true&seq=02&categoryId=6729792) . January 6, 2018. Archived from the original (https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/p/wrap-front-skater-dress-9839227?DM_PersistentCookieCreated=true&seq=02&categoryId=6729792) on January 6, 2018 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-278) "Girls Jean Leggings | abercrombie kids" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201003202822/https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/girls-bottoms-jean-legging-jeans) . October 3, 2020. Archived from the original (https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/girls-bottoms-jean-legging-jeans) on October 3, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-279) "girls a & f; looks | abercrombiekids.com" (http://www.abercrombiekids.com:80/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10851&storeId=10101&langId=-1&topCategoryId=12103&categoryId=12156&parentCategoryId=12156) . September 23, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120923034036/http://www.abercrombiekids.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10851&storeId=10101&langId=-1&topCategoryId=12103&categoryId=12156&parentCategoryId=12156) from the original on September 23, 2012 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-280) "abercrombie kids - Shop Official Site - girls - Privileged Prep" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120721195416/http://www.abercrombiekids.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10851&storeId=10101&langId=-1&topCategoryId=12103&categoryId=104722&parentCategoryId=104722) . July 21, 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.abercrombiekids.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10851&storeId=10101&langId=-1&topCategoryId=12103&categoryId=104722&parentCategoryId=104722) on July 21, 2012 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-281) "girls dresses & rompers | abercrombie kids" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170703144257/https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/girls-dresses-and-rompers) . July 3, 2017. Archived from the original (https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/girls-dresses-and-rompers) on July 3, 2017 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-282) "girls dresses & rompers | abercrombie kids" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191028214138/https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/girls-dresses-and-rompers) . October 28, 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/us/kids/girls-dresses-and-rompers) on October 28, 2019 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-283) "Ethiopian skaters, November 9 2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151213005525/http://www.okayafrica.com/news/ethiopia-skate-scene-daniel-reiter-photos/#slide1) . Archived from the original (http://www.okayafrica.com/news/ethiopia-skate-scene-daniel-reiter-photos/#slide1) on December 13, 2015 . Retrieved November 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-284) Goldstein, Mike. "Levi's Reinvents Tapered Denim" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashion-news/levi-s-a-new-look-this-autumn.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-285) Rosa, Mercedes La. "The Style Rules, According To Pharrell Williams" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/interview/pharrell-williams-interview.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-286) Beal, Becky (January 9, 2013). Skateboarding: The Ultimate Guide . ABC-CLIO. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313381133 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-287) "Designer Jeremy Scott accused of plagiarizing work of Santa Cruz artists Jim and Jimbo Phillips" (https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/20130222/designer-jeremy-scott-accused-of-plagiarizing-work-of-santa-cruz-artists-jim-and-jimbo-phillips) . February 22, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-288) Marcus, Ben (June 6, 2011). The Skateboard: The Good, the Rad, and the Gnarly: An Illustrated History . MVP Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780760338056 – via Google Books. ^ (#cite_ref-289) "SLASHER DECKS" (http://www.jimphillips.com/skatepix6slasher.html) . jimphillips.com . ^ (#cite_ref-290) "Malaysian sneakerheads" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160508072220/http://masses.com.my/the-different-types-of-sneakerheads-we-meet-in-malaysia/) . Archived from the original (http://masses.com.my/the-different-types-of-sneakerheads-we-meet-in-malaysia/) on May 8, 2016 . Retrieved April 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-291) "Nike fan buys his first flat by pawning collection of 283 pairs of Air Jordan trainers" (http://uk.news.yahoo.com/nike-fan-buys-his-first-flat-by-pawning-collection-of-283-pairs-of-air-jordan-trainers-112230484.html) . Yahoo! News. ^ (#cite_ref-292) "Converse Launches a Brand New All Star Modern Collection With Nike Technologies" (https://hypebeast.com/2016/6/converse-all-star-modern-collection) . HYPEBEAST . June 6, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-293) "Converse Introduces Chuck II Reflective Print Collection" (https://in.askmen.com/fashion-event/1112098/article/converse-introduces-chuck-ii-reflective-print-collection) . Askmen India . March 9, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-294) Kwon, Amos. "Your 101 Guide To All The Best Nixon Watches For Men" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/mens-watches_600/606_nixon-watches-watch-snob.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-295) "Why a Sneakerhead Destroyed His Rare Air Jordans" (https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/museums-galleries/blog/13080127/why-a-sneakerhead-destroyed-his-rare-air-jordans) . Washington City Paper . December 20, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-296) "New Exhibit Laces Together Sneakers And History" (https://www.npr.org/2015/07/14/422681151/new-exhibit-laces-together-sneakers-and-history) . NPR. ^ (#cite_ref-297) "A Sneakerhead Turned His "Laser" 1s Into fragments and Breds" (https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2015/05/air-jordan-1-laser-custom-fragment) . Complex . ^ (#cite_ref-298) "Jordan low bred" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160415193926/http://masses.com.my/the-air-jordan-9-low-bred/) . Archived from the original (http://masses.com.my/the-air-jordan-9-low-bred/) on April 15, 2016 . Retrieved April 20, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-299) Kurie, Brendan. "Sole sensation: High-end sneaker culture thrives in New Bedford" (https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20160130/NEWS/160139900) . southcoasttoday.com . ^ (#cite_ref-300) "Meet Shamate, China's Most Hated Subculture" (https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kevintang/meet-shamate-chinas-most-hated-subculture) . BuzzFeed News . December 18, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-adolescenciaesaude.com_301-0) "Adolescence, 'emo' culture and health: the viewpoint of Fortaleza's teenagers" (http://www.adolescenciaesaude.com/detalhe_artigo.asp?id=269) . Adolescência e Saúde magazine, UERJ (Rio de Janeiro State University) . Retrieved March 2, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-302) "Watch Snob: Can You Pull Off A Pocket Watch?" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/mens-watches_700/705_pocket-watches.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-303) Farah Averill. "T shirt trends" (http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/trends_150/194_fashion_men.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-304) "Vans" (http://uk.askmen.com/fashion/apparel/vans-shoes.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fashion_305-0) Fashion (January 12, 2011). "Hardcore punk fashion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130524144249/http://caniwear.it/wiki/hardcore-punk/) . Caniwear.it. Archived from the original (http://caniwear.it/wiki/hardcore-punk/) on May 24, 2013 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-306) "Correio Feminino" (https://www.correiodopovo.com.br/blogs/correiofeminino) . Correio do Povo . ^ (#cite_ref-307) Detrick, Ben (March 2, 2012). "Little Mermaid Goes Punk" (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/fashion/Seapunk-a-Web-Joke-With-Music-Has-Its-Moment.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-308) Muller, Marissa G. "Frank Ocean Is Basically A Merman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140812110358/http://www.mtv.com/news/1891900/frank-ocean-blue-hair/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/1891900/frank-ocean-blue-hair/) on August 12, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-309) "Rihanna, Azealia Banks, and the Commoditization of Seapunk | Salacious Sound" (https://salacioussound.com/2012/11/rihanna-azealia-banks-and-the-commoditization-of-seapunk/) . ^ (#cite_ref-310) Petridis, Alexis (March 20, 2014). "Youth subcultures: what are they now?" (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/mar/20/youth-subcultures-where-have-they-gone) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-311) "News: Musik, Filme, Künstler, Lifestyle | MTV Germany" (http://www.mtv.de/news) . MTV. ^ (#cite_ref-312) "Merman Trend: Men Are Dyeing Their Hair With Incredibly Vivid Colors" (https://www.boredpanda.com/merman-colorful-beard-hair-dye-men-trend/) . Bored Panda . June 25, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-313) "Merman hair is the next big thing" (https://metro.co.uk/2015/06/27/merman-colour-is-the-next-big-thing-in-mens-hair-5268577/) . June 27, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-314) "Welcome theclustermag.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140222014247/http://theclustermag.com/2011/12/the-abyss-seapunk-splishsplash-oceangang/) . theclustermag.com . Archived from the original (http://theclustermag.com/2011/12/the-abyss-seapunk-splishsplash-oceangang/) on February 22, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-315) "Seapunks Salty Over Rihanna and Azealia Banks' 'Net Aesthetics" (https://www.spin.com/2012/11/azealia-banks-rihanna-seapunk-beef-saturday-night-live-video/) . Spin . November 14, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-316) "Gas mask hoodies" (http://www.metro.co.uk/news/79052-new-gas-mask-hoodies-intimidating) . Metro . UK. December 9, 2007 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-317) "Goggle jackets in the Times" (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article3022226.ece) . The Times . London. April 6, 1977 . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-318) Ogunnaike, Nikki (January 5, 2016). "It's All About the 'Dad Hat' (https://www.elle.com/fashion/shopping/news/a32999/dad-hat-trend/) " (https://www.elle.com/fashion/shopping/news/a32999/dad-hat-trend/) . ELLE . ^ (#cite_ref-319) "How Timberlands Became an Icon of Hip-Hop Style" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/2015/08/06/timberland-boots-hip-hop/) . Highsnobiety . August 6, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-320) Cummings, Faith (January 29, 2014). "Why Timberland Boots Are This Season's Coolest Trend" (https://stylecaster.com/timberland-boots-trend/) . ^ (#cite_ref-321) "See Why This Vogue Story About Timbs is a Big Problem" (https://www.bet.com/article/go9mlo/see-why-this-vogue-story-about-timbs-is-a-big-problem) . BET.com . ^ (#cite_ref-322) Gerstein, Julie (October 8, 2014). " (https://www.buzzfeed.com/juliegerstein/elle-magazine-discovers-timberland-boots-20-years-late) "Elle" Magazine "Discovers" Timberland Boots 20 Years Late" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/juliegerstein/elle-magazine-discovers-timberland-boots-20-years-late) . BuzzFeed . ^ (#cite_ref-323) Leach, Alec (February 12, 2016). "Here's What People Wore to the YEEZY Season 3 Presentation in New York" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/yeezy-season-3-street-style/) . Highsnobiety . Retrieved June 6, 2021 . 9th photo of the slideshow ^ (#cite_ref-324) Ilyashov, Alexandra. "ELLE Canada Offends With A Dashiki Trend Story" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2015/08/92715/elle-canada-dashiki-trend) . refinery29.com . ^ (#cite_ref-325) Woolf, Jake (March 6, 2015). "Happy Birthday, Tyler, The Creator: The Last Anti-Fashion Rapper" (https://www.gq.com/gallery/happy-birthday-tyler-the-creator-the-last-anti-fashion-rapper) . GQ . ^ (#cite_ref-326) "Kanye West Was Back at It Again Yesterday With the Custom White Vans" (https://www.complex.com/sneakers/2016/02/kanye-west-customized-white-vans) . Complex . ^ (#cite_ref-327) "Supreme x Undercover Launch Street Style - New York - Vogue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160822151550/http://www.vogue.com/13286118/street-style-supreme-undercover-collab-launch/) . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/13286118/street-style-supreme-undercover-collab-launch/) on August 22, 2016 . Retrieved August 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-328) "See All the Best Street Style From New York Fashion Week" (https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/best-street-style-at-new-york-fashion-week.html) . The Cut . February 19, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-329) "A brief history of sad boy fashion" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/32335/1/a-brief-history-of-sad-boy-fashion) . Dazed . August 9, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-330) Gee, Are (June 10, 2010). "Chuntaro style" (http://everydayreal.blogspot.com/2010/06/style-watch-chuntaro-style.html) . Everydayreal.blogspot.com . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-331) "Beat of the Barrio" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150926115813/http://compasscultura.com/east-los-angeles-beat-barrio/) . Archived from the original (http://compasscultura.com/east-los-angeles-beat-barrio/) on September 26, 2015 . Retrieved November 9, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-332) Cunniff, Cynthia (December 5, 2016). "Barrio Boogie's back! Proud Chicanos reenact bygone 'pachuco' days in L.A." (https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/barrio-boogies-back-proud-chicanos-reenact-bygone-pachuco-days-in-l-a) Fox News. ^ (#cite_ref-333) Osnos, Evan. "Why China Lacks Gangnam Style" (https://www.newyorker.com/news/evan-osnos/why-china-lacks-gangnam-style) . The New Yorker . ^ (#cite_ref-334) "News – Entertainment, Music, Movies, Celebrity" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164516/http://www.mtv.com/news/style//2013/06/27/g-dragon-ambush-clothing/) . MTV News. Archived from the original (http://www.mtv.com/news/style/2013/06/27/g-dragon-ambush-clothing/) on August 15, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-335) Graham, Bryan Armen (October 13, 2015). "Big Bang review – K-pop heroes deliver candyfloss hooks with a sharp edge" (https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/13/big-bang-review-k-pop-heroes-deliver-candyfloss-hooks) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-336) Bevan, David (November 8, 2013). "A year after 'Gangnam Style,' K-pop continues to make its mark in America" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/a-year-after-gangnam-style-k-pop-continues-to-make-its-mark-in-america/2013/11/07/cb161c56-431f-11e3-a751-f032898f2dbc_story.html) . The Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-337) "A WORLD WITHIN THE WORLD THE JEJEMONS AS THE OTHER CULTURE – iskomunidad" (https://iskomunidad.upd.edu.ph/index.php/A_WORLD_WITHIN_THE_WORLD_THE_JEJEMONS_AS_THE_OTHER_CULTURE) . iskomunidad.upd.edu.ph . May 21, 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-338) "We are all jejemons" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/192844/lifestyle/artandculture/we-are-all-jejemons/) . GMA News Online . June 7, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-339) "Philippines: The jejemon craze · Global Voices" (https://globalvoices.org/2010/05/16/philippines-the-jejemon-craze/) . May 16, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-:0_340-0) Jennings, Rebecca (September 24, 2019). "Why you can't stop hearing about VSCO girls" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/9/24/20881656/vsco-girl-meme-what-is-a-vsco-girl) . Vox . Retrieved October 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-:8.1_341-0) Jennings, Rebecca (August 1, 2019). "E-girls and e-boys, the irony-laced subculture that doesn't exist in real life" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/8/1/20748707/egirl-definition-what-is-an-eboy) . Vox (/wiki/Vox_(website)) . Retrieved February 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-342) Bain, Marc (December 13, 2019). "The year's top-trending fashion styles in the US only existed online" (https://qz.com/1767186/egirls-and-eboys-set-the-top-trending-fashion-styles-of-2019/) . Quartz . Retrieved February 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-343) Schwedel, Heather (September 12, 2019). "Teens Explain the VSCO Girl—and Why You Never Want to Be One" (https://slate.com/human-interest/2019/09/vsco-girls-explained-by-teens.html) . Slate . Retrieved October 16, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-344) "Girls Girlfriend Jeans | abercrombie kids" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200127025540/https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/CategoryDisplay?storeId=10051&categoryId=6320302&topCategoryId=10002&langId=-1&catalogId=10901) . January 27, 2020. Archived from the original (https://www.abercrombie.com/shop/CategoryDisplay?storeId=10051&categoryId=6320302&topCategoryId=10002&langId=-1&catalogId=10901) on January 27, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-345) Aronoff, Kate (September 20, 2019). "Why VSCO Girls are Going on Strike for the Climate" (https://theintercept.com/2019/09/20/why-vsco-girls-are-going-on-strike-for-the-climate/) . The Intercept . ^ (#cite_ref-346) Spellings, Sarah (February 28, 2020). "What Is an E-Girl?" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/02/what-is-an-e-girl.html) . The Cut . ^ (#cite_ref-347) Jennings, Rebecca (September 24, 2019). "Why you can't stop hearing about VSCO girls" (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/9/24/20881656/vsco-girl-meme-what-is-a-vsco-girl) . Vox . ^ (#cite_ref-:2_348-0) Cortés, Michelle Santiago (October 29, 2019). "Why E-Girls Are The Moodier VSCO Girls, & How To Be One For Halloween" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/10/8633339/e-girl-halloween-costume-ideas) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . Retrieved February 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-Spellings2020_349-0) Spellings, Sarah (February 28, 2020). "What Is an E-Girl?" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/02/what-is-an-e-girl.html) . The Cut (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)#The_Cut) . Retrieved April 1, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-350) Doonan, Simon (May 14, 2012). "Fake Hair Hasn't Been This Popular Since Louis XIV" (https://slate.com/human-interest/2012/05/hair-extensions-why-are-they-so-insanely-popular.html) . Slate . ^ (#cite_ref-351) Allen, Maya; Metzger, Chloe (November 7, 2019). "73 Gorgeous Curly Hairstyles For Every Texture" (https://www.marieclaire.com/hair-beauty/curly-hair-how-to-hairstyles) . Marie Claire . ^ (#cite_ref-352) "The New York Times: Don't Stress, Curly Hair is Cool" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150930170341/http://jewcy.com/jewish-news/the-new-york-times-dont-stress-curly-hair-is-cool) . Jewcy . August 27, 2014. Archived from the original (http://jewcy.com/jewish-news/the-new-york-times-dont-stress-curly-hair-is-cool) on September 30, 2015 . Retrieved January 1, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Pierre, Sharlyn (September 18, 2012). "26 Haircuts That Look AMAZING on Naturally Curly Hair" (https://www.allure.com/gallery/the-best-haircuts-for-curly-hair) . Allure . ^ (#cite_ref-354) "Street Style: Curly Hair" (http://www.essence.com/hair/hot-hair-street-style-curly-hair/) . Essence . October 28, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-355) "2012 Curly Hairstyles for Women" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201123161313/https://stylisheve.com/2012-curly-hairstyles-for-women/) . Stylish Eve . December 26, 2011. Archived from the original (https://www.stylisheve.com/2012-curly-hairstyles-for-women/) on November 23, 2020 . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-356) Elgart, Olivia (December 4, 2015). "Selena Gomez's Sleek & Sexy Hair & Dark Red Lips At Jingle Ball" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200928000701/https://hollywoodlife.com/2015/12/04/selena-gomez-straight-hair-dark-red-lips-jingle-ball-2015-pics/) . Archived from the original (https://hollywoodlife.com/2015/12/04/selena-gomez-straight-hair-dark-red-lips-jingle-ball-2015-pics/) on September 28, 2020 . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-357) Franzino, April; Teich, Jessica (June 11, 2019). "8 Easy Ways to Get Perfect Beach Waves Every Time" (https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/beauty/hair/g3014/how-to-get-beach-waves-hair/) . Good Housekeeping . ^ (#cite_ref-358) "Jennifer Aniston braids" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160526211441/http://thebeautybean.com/hair-2/how-to-braid-bangs-like-jennifer-aniston) . Archived from the original (http://thebeautybean.com/hair-2/how-to-braid-bangs-like-jennifer-aniston) on May 26, 2016 . Retrieved May 27, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-359) "Megan Fox" (https://uk.celebrity.yahoo.com/gossip/omg/megan-fox-looks-unrecognisable-with-blonde-hair-in-full-1980s-style-153310836.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-360) "Mamamia" (https://www.mamamia.com.au/) . Mamamia . ^ (#cite_ref-361) "Miley Cyrus Shaves Head for an Edgy Undercut" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151001235516/http://www.business2community.com/entertainment/miley-cyrus-shaves-head-for-an-edgy-undercut-0250945) . Archived from the original (http://www.business2community.com/entertainment/miley-cyrus-shaves-head-for-an-edgy-undercut-0250945) on October 1, 2015 . Retrieved September 10, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-362) "Miley Cyrus blasts Pink copycat critics after MTV Video Music Awards" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154824/http://zap2it.com/2012/09/miley-cyrus-blasts-pink-copycat-critics-after-mtv-video-music-awards/) . zap2it.com . September 7, 2012. Archived from the original (http://zap2it.com/2012/09/miley-cyrus-blasts-pink-copycat-critics-after-mtv-video-music-awards/) on March 5, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-363) Turner, Elle (July 19, 2021). "A messy bun is the relaxed way to style out second-day hair" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/messy-buns-topknot-hairstyles) . Glamour UK . ^ (#cite_ref-364) "Chanel models wore messy buns on the runway" (https://www.wellandgood.com/good-looks/chanel-topknot-paris-fashion-week/) . March 7, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-365) "2010: The Year in Rihanna's Red Hair" (https://www.essence.com/celebrity/hairstyle-file-rihanna-red-hair-growth/) . Essence . October 29, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-366) "TDSB accused of targeting black students' hair styles | Toronto Sun" (https://torontosun.com/2015/12/04/tdsb-accused-of-targeting-black-students-hair-styles/wcm/3d0ac81e-59ee-49b1-b107-3cf5dc29ef74) . December 5, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-367) Flahive, Elizabeth (January 1, 2015). "Best Black Hairstyles, Cuts & Ideas" (https://www.marieclaire.com/african-american-hair-how-to-hairstyle) . Marie Claire . ^ (#cite_ref-368) "Marine Corps Authorizes Lock and Twist Hairstyles For Women" (https://www.blackenterprise.com/marine-corps-authorizes-lock-and-twist-hairstyles-for-women/) . December 16, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-369) "Considering Box Braids? Here's Everything You Need to Know" (https://www.glamour.com/story/box-braids-what-to-know) . Glamour . October 16, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-370) "All Of The Times Beyoncé's Braids Made Us Scream 'Yas!' (https://www.essence.com/celebrity/beyonce-braids-hairstyles/) " (https://www.essence.com/celebrity/beyonce-braids-hairstyles/) . Essence . October 26, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-371) Sevilla, Cate (April 17, 2014). "45 Of Lady Gaga's Most Spectacular Wigs" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/catesevilla/lady-gagas-most-spectacular-wigs) . BuzzFeed . ^ (#cite_ref-372) Blay, Zeba (August 23, 2016). "If You Don't Get The Problem With Cultural Appropriation, Listen To This" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/if-you-dont-get-the-problem-with-cultural-appropriation-listen-to-this_n_57bc6a81e4b0b51733a5d73a) . HuffPost . ^ (#cite_ref-Spring_grooming_trends_373-0) Adam Fox. "Spring grooming trends" (http://www.askmen.com/grooming/appearance_60/77_2011-spring-grooming-trends.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-374) Farah Averill. "Timeless hairstyles" (http://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/top-6-timeless-hairstyles_5.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-375) Farah Averill (December 23, 2011). "Mens hairstyles: 2011" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends_600/632_mens-hairstyles-2011.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-376) Farah Averill. "2010 grooming trends" (http://uk.askmen.com/grooming/appearance/27_2010-fall-winter-grooming-trends.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-377) Williams, Alex (November 15, 2011). "A Haircut Returns From the 1930s — Noticed" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/17/fashion/a-haircut-returns-from-the-1930s.html) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-378) "5 Popular Hairstyles for Asian Men 2017 – Hairstyle on Point – Part 3" (https://hairstyleonpoint.com/5-popular-hairstyles-asian-men-2015/) . Hairstyles & Haircuts for Men & Women . January 3, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-379) Holt, Bethan. "Don't Hate, Imitate" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/galleries/most-stylish-men-of-2012.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-380) Walansky, Aly. "How To Upgrade Your Facial Hair To Something Women Will Love" (https://www.askmen.com/fashion/trends/men-s-hairstyles-women-love.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-381) Fox, Print Adam (April 5, 2013). "The 10 Worst Men's Hairstyles In History" (https://in.askmen.com/fashion-galleries/1071047/gallery/the-10-worst-mens-hairstyles-in-history) . Askmen India . ^ Jump up to: a b "Returning Home: Northern Iraq's Beauticians and Barbers Get Back to Work" (https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/qkbanw/returning-home-northern-iraqs-beauticians-and-barbers-get-back-to-work) . December 21, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-383) "Mens Hairstyle In Focus: The Man Bun" (http://www.mensxp.com/grooming/hair-care/21433-hairstyle-in-focus-the-man-bun.html) . mensxp.com . January 2, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-384) "The Samurai Hairstyle – Or How Men With Curly Hair Use Buns!" (https://www.manlycurls.com/2013/04/samurai-hairstyle-curly-men-hair-bun/) . April 11, 2013. ^ (#cite_ref-385) Hesse, Monica; Zak, Dan. "Analysis | Does this haircut make me look like a Nazi?" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/11/30/does-this-haircut-make-me-look-like-a-nazi/) . The Washington Post . ^ (#cite_ref-386) Christian, Scott (August 15, 2017). "This Wildly Popular Haircut Has a Serious Neo-Nazi Problem" (https://www.esquire.com/style/news/a51116/high-and-tight-fascism-neo-nazis-white-supremacists/) . Esquire . ^ (#cite_ref-387) Ferrier, Morwenna (March 28, 2017). " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/mar/28/now-for-hard-part-buzziest-buzzcut-in-mens-hair) 'The hard part': the hottest haircut for men in 2017" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/mar/28/now-for-hard-part-buzziest-buzzcut-in-mens-hair) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-388) "Top ten hairstyles for men 2017 – from quiffs to fringes" (https://www.fluxmagazine.com/hairstyles-for-men-2017/) . November 17, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-389) Villagomez, Andrew. "A Grooming Expert Reveals Next Year's Biggest Hairstyle Trends" (https://www.askmen.com/grooming/appearance/next-year-s-men-s-hairstyle-trends.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-390) "25 Sexy Curly Hairstyles & Haircuts for Men" (https://www.thetrendspotter.net/10-stylish-hairstyles-for-men-with-curly-hair/) . May 28, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-391) Taylor, Ian. "Summer Hair Trends 2016: The Mod Look" (https://www.askmen.com/grooming/appearance/summer-hair-trends-2016/the-mod-look.html) . AskMen . ^ (#cite_ref-392) Statz, Augusta (February 21, 2018). "This Hair Trend Is Coming Back In Style" (https://www.simplemost.com/scrunchies-back-style-2018/) . Simplemost . Retrieved September 12, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-393) "jcpenny" (https://www.jcpenney.com/g/purses-accessories/hair-accessories-headbands?item_type=hair+ties&id=cat1002510049&productGridView=medium&activeFacetId=5) . Retrieved September 12, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-394) Dweck, Jessica (July 10, 2010). "The history of the mullet, Iran's forbidden haircut" (http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/07/whence_the_mullet.html) . Slate . ^ (#cite_ref-395) Daoust, Phil (July 6, 2010). "Iran bans the mullet" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/06/iran-bans-the-mullet) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-396) Jensen, Erik (March 2, 2009). "Assaults not linked to gang film's dumping, say police" (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/assaults-not-linked-to-gang-films-dumping-say-police-20090302-gdte89.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ (#cite_ref-397) Klindo, Mile (April 2, 2009). "The Combination: Australian stereotypes reinforced" (https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/04/comb-a02.html) . wsws.org . ^ (#cite_ref-398) "Undercuts: Cutting-Edge Style Catches On" (http://wesleyanargus.com/2012/04/05/undercuts/) . April 5, 2012. ^ (#cite_ref-399) "Skrillex: Eight wild nights and busy days in the life of Skrillex, electronic music superstar -" (https://rollingstoneindia.com/ace-of-bass-2/) . August 3, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-400) "Inside The Story – CHCH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170320192607/http://www.andpop.com/2007/05/23/billy-talent-nickelback-lead-muchmusic-video-awards-nominations/) . chch.com . Archived from the original (https://www.chch.com/shows/inside-the-story/) on March 20, 2017 . Retrieved March 7, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-401) "Is There a Not-Ugly Way to Grow Out a Skrillex Cut?" (https://www.thecut.com/2014/07/there-any-ok-way-to-grow-out-a-skrillex-cut.html) . The Cut . July 17, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-402) "Undercut trend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160410203158/http://thefashiontag.com/2013/06/03/sidecut-side-swept-hair-trends/) . Archived from the original (http://thefashiontag.com/2013/06/03/sidecut-side-swept-hair-trends/) on April 10, 2016 . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-403) Farah Averill (December 23, 2011). "Hairstyles women hate" (http://www.askmen.com/fashion/fashiontip_400/469b_hairstyles-women-hate.html) . AskMen . Retrieved January 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-404) "MCR say emo is dead" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101003112621/http://www.novafm.com.au/article_my-chemical-romance-say-emo-is-dead-warn-the-angry-kids_104760) . Archived from the original (http://www.novafm.com.au/article_my-chemical-romance-say-emo-is-dead-warn-the-angry-kids_104760) on October 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 25, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-405) "Why men's Kim Jong Un hairstyle requirement is unlikely true | NK News" (https://www.nknews.org/2014/03/why-kim-jong-un-hairstyle-order-is-unlikely-true/) . NK News – North Korea News . March 26, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-406) "N Korea wages war on long hair" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4157121.stm) . BBC. January 8, 2005. ^ (#cite_ref-407) "Children's trendy modern haircuts | Girls and boys hairstyles | Auckland" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141207105248/http://www.kidzcuts.co.nz/boys.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.kidzcuts.co.nz/boys.html) on December 7, 2014 . Retrieved December 6, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-408) Schott, Julie (May 3, 2017). "How to Finally Master Contouring in 4 Easy Steps" (https://www.elle.com/beauty/news/a28308/how-to-contour-pro/) . ELLE . ^ (#cite_ref-409) Orofino, Emily (May 11, 2016). " (https://www.popsugar.com/node/41103240) "Non-Touring" Is the New Trend That Will Make You Look Like a Supermodel" (https://www.popsugar.com/node/41103240) . POPSUGAR Beauty . ^ (#cite_ref-410) Berry, Allison (June 19, 2013). "We Tried This: BB and CC Creams" (https://style.time.com/2013/06/19/we-tried-this-bb-and-cc-creams/) . Time . ^ (#cite_ref-411) Fenwick, Samantha (December 27, 2018). "Most shoppers mistrust influencers" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46636502) . BBC. ^ (#cite_ref-412) Rackham, Annabel; Brugen (video), Sophie Van (December 18, 2018). "Huda Kattan: The millionaire beauty boss" (https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46524504) . BBC. ^ (#cite_ref-413) "Melanoma Prevention" (https://melanoma.org/melanoma-education/melanoma-prevention/) . Melanoma Research Foundation. August 17, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-414) Hua, Karen. "Bare Is The Biggest Beauty Trend At Fashion Week 2017" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/karenhua/2017/02/21/biggest-beauty-trend-at-new-york-fashion-week-2017-bare-makeup-nude/) . Forbes . ^ (#cite_ref-415) "What is the e-girl trend?" (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/e-girl-what-outfit-clothes-soft-makeup-hair-anime-tiktok-a9121871.html) . The Independent . November 25, 2019. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/e-girl-what-outfit-clothes-soft-makeup-hair-anime-tiktok-a9121871.html) on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-416) "A Timeline of 6ix9ine's Controversial Beefs, Behavior & Canceled Shows" (https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8214817/6ix9ine-controversy-timeline) . Billboard . February 23, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-417) "Post Malone Gets A Middle-Earth Sword Tatted On His Face" (https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/post-malone-gets-a-middle-earth-sword-tatted-on-his-face-news.47874.html) . HotNewHipHop . April 15, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-418) Haworth, Elliott (May 22, 2014). "Look at those lugholes!" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/active/mens-health/10849816/Look-at-those-lugholes.html) . The Daily Telegraph . ^ (#cite_ref-419) "Beards in Poland" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072141/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/metrosexuals-gone-europe-agog-beards-081902643.html) . Archived from the original (https://uk.news.yahoo.com/metrosexuals-gone-europe-agog-beards-081902643.html) on November 29, 2014 . Retrieved November 20, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-420) "Careless whiskers: Why beards are back in fashion - The Scotsman" (https://web.archive.org/web/20200122150954/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/fashion/careless-whiskers-why-beards-are-back-in-fashion-1-3224369) . Archived from the original (http://m.scotsman.com/news/careless-whiskers-why-beards-are-back-in-fashion-1-3224369) on January 22, 2020 . Retrieved August 10, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-421) Brooks, Rob (April 16, 2014). "Fear not the hipster beard – for it too shall pass" (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/16/hipster-beard-guys-growing-a-beard) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-422) Milman, Oliver (April 16, 2014). "Fashion-conscious men warned we may have reached 'peak beard' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/apr/16/fashion-conscious-men-warned-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/apr/16/fashion-conscious-men-warned-we-may-have-reached-peak-beard) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-423) "Here's how people with beards meet people who like stroking beards" (https://metro.co.uk/2014/11/19/new-social-networking-site-match-makes-beards-with-those-who-love-stroking-them-4954175/) . November 19, 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-424) "If you have a beard, shave it immediately" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/beard-trend-over-lumberjack-hipster-end-clean-shaven-stubble-fashion-a7480301.html) . The Independent . December 17, 2016. Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/beard-trend-over-lumberjack-hipster-end-clean-shaven-stubble-fashion-a7480301.html) from the original on May 1, 2022. ^ (#cite_ref-425) "American Woman: Fashioning a National Identity" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2010/american-woman-fashioning-a-national-identity-at-metropolitan-museum-to-open-may-5-2010-first-costume-institute-exhibition-based-on-renowned-brooklyn-museum-costume-collection) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-426) "Daphne Guinness Exhibition | Fashion Institute of Technology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191015020742/http://www.fitnyc.edu/news-archive/2011/september-5.php) . fitnyc.edu . Archived from the original (http://www.fitnyc.edu/news-archive/2011/september-5.php) on October 15, 2019 . Retrieved October 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-427) "Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2011/alexander-mcqueen) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Past Exhibitions 2010–11 | Fashion Institute of Technology" (http://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/past/2010-2011/index.php) . fitnyc.edu . ^ (#cite_ref-429) "Fashion and Technology Exhibition | Fashion Institute of Technology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191015014150/http://www.fitnyc.edu/news-archive/2012/october-1.php) . fitnyc.edu . Archived from the original (http://www.fitnyc.edu/news-archive/2012/october-1.php) on October 15, 2019 . Retrieved October 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-430) "Schiaparelli and Prada: Impossible Conversations" (https://www.metmuseum.org/metmedia/video/collections/ci/gallery-views-impossible-conversations) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-431) "A Queer History of Fashion: From the Closet to the Catwalk | Fashion Institute of Technology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191029183305/http://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/queer-history.php) . fitnyc.edu . Archived from the original (http://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/queer-history.php) on October 29, 2019 . Retrieved November 10, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-432) "PUNK: Chaos to Couture" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2013/punk) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-433) "Charles James: Beyond Fashion" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2014/charles-james-beyond-fashion) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-434) "China: Through the Looking Glass" (https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2015/china-through-the-looking-glass) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-435) "Manus x Machina" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2016/manus-x-machina) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-436) "Rei Kawakubo" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2017/rei-kawakubo) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-437) "Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2018/heavenly-bodies) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-438) "Norell: Dean of American Fashion | Fashion Institute of Technology" (http://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/norell.php) . fitnyc.edu . ^ (#cite_ref-439) "Thierry Mugler: Couturissime" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191014171813/http://museesmontreal.org/en/exhibitions/thierry-mugler-couturissime) . Montreal Museums . Archived from the original (http://museesmontreal.org/en/exhibitions/thierry-mugler-couturissime) on October 14, 2019 . Retrieved October 22, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-440) "Thierry Mugler, Couturissime" (https://madparis.fr/thierry-mugler-couturissime-en) . ^ (#cite_ref-441) "Camp: Notes on Fashion" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2019/camp-notes-on-fashion) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-442) "Brooklyn Museum: Pierre Cardin: Future Fashion" (https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/pierre_cardin) . brooklynmuseum.org . ^ (#cite_ref-443) "V&A · Christian Dior: Designer of Dreams" (https://www.vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/dior-designer-of-dreams) . Victoria and Albert Museum . ^ (#cite_ref-444) "Minimalism/Maximalism | Fashion Institute of Technology" (https://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/minimalism-maximalism.php) . fitnyc.edu . ^ (#cite_ref-445) "Paris, Capital of Fashion | Fashion Institute of Technology" (https://www.fitnyc.edu/museum/exhibitions/paris-capital-fashion.php) . fitnyc.edu . ^ (#cite_ref-446) "Test Title | Museum of Arts and Design" (https://madmuseum.org/exhibition/world-anna-sui) . madmuseum.org . ^ (#cite_ref-447) "In Pursuit of Fashion" (https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2019/in-pursuit-of-fashion-the-sandy-schreier-collection) . metmuseum.org . Retrieved September 12, 2020 . Further reading [ edit ] Mexico's hottest fashion craze: 'Narco Polo' jerseys (https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna43357779) v t e Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) of clothing and fashion History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Ancient (/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world) Prehistory of nakedness and clothing (/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing) China (/wiki/Popular_fashion_in_ancient_China) Han Chinese (/wiki/Hanfu) Shu (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Shu) Egyptian (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt) Inuit (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Biblical (/wiki/Biblical_clothing) Greek (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece) Roman (/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome) Thracian (/wiki/Thracian_clothing) Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_dress) Byzantine (/wiki/Byzantine_dress) Chinese Liao (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Liao_dynasty) Jurchen Jin (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Jurchen_Jin_dynasty) Yuan (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Yuan_dynasty) Western Xia (/wiki/Fashion_in_Western_Xia) English (/wiki/English_medieval_clothing) Europe 400s–1000s (/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress) 1100s (/wiki/1100%E2%80%931200_in_European_fashion) 1200s (/wiki/1200%E2%80%931300_in_European_fashion) 1300s (/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion) 1400s (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion) Korean (/wiki/Hanbok#History) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_clothing) Tocharian (/wiki/Tocharian_clothing) Vietnamese (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing#Lý_dynasty_to_Trần_dynasty_(1009–1400)) 1500s–1820s Western fashion 1500–1550 (/wiki/1500%E2%80%931550_in_European_fashion) 1550–1600 (/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_European_fashion) 1600–1650 (/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_fashion) 1650–1700 (/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_fashion) 1700–1750 (/wiki/1700%E2%80%931750_in_Western_fashion) 1750–1775 (/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion) 1775–1795 (/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion) 1795–1820 (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion) Directoire style (/wiki/Directoire_style) 1820s (/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion) 1830s–1910s Western fashion Victorian (/wiki/Victorian_fashion) 1830s (/wiki/1830s_in_Western_fashion) 1840s (/wiki/1840s_in_Western_fashion) 1850s (/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion) 1860s (/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion) 1870s (/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion) 1880s (/wiki/1880s_in_Western_fashion) 1890s (/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion) Edwardian (/wiki/Edwardian_era#Fashion) 1900s (/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion) 1910s (/wiki/1910s_in_Western_fashion) 1920s–1950s Western fashion Suffrage Movement period (/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_and_Western_women%27s_fashion_through_the_early_20th_century) 1920s (/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion) 1930–1945 (/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion) 1945–1960 (/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion) 1960s-1990s fashion 1960s (/wiki/1960s_in_fashion) 1970s (/wiki/1970s_in_fashion) 1980s (/wiki/1980s_in_fashion) 1990s (/wiki/1990s_in_fashion) 2000–present fashion 2000s (/wiki/2000s_in_fashion) 2010s 2020s (/wiki/2020s_in_fashion) impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry) By country and region Indian subcontinent (/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent) Italy (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing#History) Meiji (/wiki/Japanese_clothing_during_the_Meiji_period) Thailand (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Western world (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) By clothing Bikini (/wiki/History_of_the_bikini) Corset (/wiki/History_of_corsets) Hide (/wiki/History_of_hide_materials) Swimwear (/wiki/History_of_swimwear) v t e 2010s (/wiki/2010s) Politics (/wiki/2010s_in_political_history) Africa (/wiki/2010s_in_African_political_history) United States (/wiki/2010s_in_United_States_political_history) United Kingdom (/wiki/2010s_in_United_Kingdom_political_history) Syria (/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history) Health and society (/wiki/2010s_in_health_and_society) LGBT Rights (/wiki/2010s_in_LGBT_rights) Psychology (/wiki/2010s_in_psychology) Culture (/wiki/2010s_in_culture) Animation (/wiki/2010s_in_animation) Film (/wiki/2010s_in_film) Music (/wiki/2010s_in_music) Music industry (/wiki/2010s_in_the_music_industry) Jazz (/wiki/2010s_in_jazz) Video games (/wiki/2010s_in_video_games) Fashion Literature (/wiki/2010s_in_literature) Television (/wiki/2010s_in_television) Science and technology (/wiki/2010s_in_science_and_technology) Anthropology (/wiki/2010s_in_anthropology) Computing (/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2010%E2%80%932019) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐js8px Cached time: 20240713182013 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.901 seconds Real time usage: 3.235 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 18460/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 677683/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3409/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 19/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1661888/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.747/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6597897/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 280 ms 15.9% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 220 ms 12.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 140 ms 8.0% <mw.lua:694> 120 ms 6.8% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub 100 ms 5.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain 80 ms 4.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::len 60 ms 3.4% <mw.title.lua:50> 60 ms 3.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess 60 ms 3.4% chunk <Module:Citation/CS1> 40 ms 2.3% [others] 600 ms 34.1% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2681.033 1 -total 72.15% 1934.290 1 Template:Reflist 56.95% 1526.839 406 Template:Cite_web 4.40% 117.891 26 Template:Cite_news 3.72% 99.851 2 Template:Navbox 3.52% 94.399 1 Template:Timeline_of_clothing_and_fashion 3.33% 89.309 1 Template:Short_description 2.30% 61.534 2 Template:Pagetype 2.03% 54.423 3 Template:Citation_needed 1.81% 48.574 3 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30281693-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713182013 and revision id 1234182322. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010s_in_fashion&oldid=1234182322 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010s_in_fashion&oldid=1234182322) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) 2010s decade overviews (/wiki/Category:2010s_decade_overviews) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from June 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2021) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from July 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2019) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016) All articles containing potentially dated statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2015) Articles using small message boxes (/wiki/Category:Articles_using_small_message_boxes) Incomplete lists from January 2022 (/wiki/Category:Incomplete_lists_from_January_2022)
|
Rustic lace from Dieppe, Normandy Ave Maria lace is a lace (/wiki/Lace) manufactured until the mid-19th century, largely in Dieppe (/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) The lace is very narrow and was chiefly made by peasants (/wiki/Peasant) , from whom the name originates. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) French lace (http://fleurdandeol.com/french-lace.html) , Lace of France ^ (#cite_ref-2) Page 116: Ave Maria lace (http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/books/je_lace_3.pdf) History of Hand-Made Lace [ dead link ] Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20040318144311/http://www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/books/je_lace_3.pdf) , ...Bobbin lace of a simple Valenciennes variety. The ground is plaited. It is chiefly made at Dieppe by the peasants, who have given it its special name... ^ (#cite_ref-3) Chapter 15 (https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/books/pbm_lace_4.pdf) arizona.edu ^ (#cite_ref-4) A History of Lace (https://books.google.com/books?id=5RE4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Dieppe+ave+maria+lace+-wikipedia&pg=PT199) By Bury Palliser ^ (#cite_ref-5) Lace: Its Origin and History (https://books.google.com/books?id=fKj7DAAAQBAJ&dq=Dieppe+ave+maria+lace+-wikipedia&pg=PT48) , By Samuel L. Goldenberg ^ (#cite_ref-6) A History of Hand-Made Lace (https://books.google.com/books?id=ErINAwAAQBAJ&dq=Dieppe+ave+maria+lace+-wikipedia&pg=PA149) , By M.F. Jackson, Page 149 v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ave_Maria_lace&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐pxps7 Cached time: 20240719110756 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.190 seconds Real time usage: 0.285 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 692/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33721/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1146/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16021/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.108/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2464786/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 232.657 1 -total 44.80% 104.222 1 Template:Lace_types 44.52% 103.575 3 Template:Navbox 28.40% 66.084 1 Template:Short_description 17.87% 41.570 1 Template:Reflist 15.35% 35.714 2 Template:Pagetype 11.66% 27.125 1 Template:Dead_link 9.82% 22.857 1 Template:Fix 8.76% 20.373 2 Template:Category_handler 8.62% 20.046 5 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30494091-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719110756 and revision id 1186596106. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ave_Maria_lace&oldid=1186596106 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ave_Maria_lace&oldid=1186596106) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lace (/wiki/Category:Lace) Dieppe (/wiki/Category:Dieppe) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from August 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2019) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Fashion show in Shanghai This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Fashion_Week&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( March 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Shanghai Fashion Week is a fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_week) held two times every year in Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai) , each time lasting for seven days which is a part of Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival (/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_International_Fashion_Culture_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1) which usually lasts for a month. [1] (#cite_note-1) The event first began in 2001. [2] (#cite_note-2) Supported by the Ministry of Commerce (/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China) , Shanghai Fashion Week is a business and cultural event hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government (/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai) . With more and more young designers and models, Shanghai Fashion Week is aiming to build up an international and professional platform and attract top design talents from all over the world. Yearly events [ edit ] The current organizer of Shanghai Fashion Week is Shanghai Textile Group, who is in the center of the textile and clothing network in China. In cooperation with many consulates of other countries in Shanghai, Shanghai Fashion Week also invites many international designers to come present their latest work. It's also a venue for those designers who are targeting China. As part of Fashion Week, Mode Shanghai puts on the Fashion Trade show, offering an expansive window into China's vast geography of regions and markets, while providing a channel for export sales of international brands and China's emerging designers. In 2013, Mode Shanghai collaborated with ENK International, the leading fashion apparel trade show producers headquartered in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) . 2013 [ edit ] Mode Shanghai 2013 was held from 12-14 March 2013. It will cover approximately 25,000 square metres at the state-of-the-art Shanghai New International Expo Center (/wiki/Shanghai_New_International_Expo_Center) in Pudong (/wiki/Pudong) , Shanghai. 2016 [ edit ] Designers who showcased collections at Shanghai Fashion Week 2016 included Zhang Na (Fake Natoo), Moti Bai (Black Spoon), C.J. Yao (C.J. Yao), Momo Wang (/w/index.php?title=Momo_Wang_(fashion_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1) (Museum of Friendship), Nicole Zhang (Nicole Zhang), Zhang Da (Boundless), Zhang Yuhao (Zhang Yuhao), Mushroom Song (WMWM), Lu Kun (Mikumkum), and Kain Picken and Fiona Lau (Ffixxed Studios). [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Shanghai Fashion Week (http://www.shanghaifashionweek.com/) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hall, Casey (16 October 2015). "Shanghai Fashion Week Showcases Chinese Design Talent" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/shanghai-fashion-week-chinese-designers-10264488/) . WWD . Retrieved 2016-04-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hall, Casey (16 October 2015). "Shanghai Fashion Week Showcases Chinese Design Talent" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/shanghai-fashion-week-chinese-designers-10264488/) . WWD . Retrieved 2016-04-22 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://shanghaifashionweek.com) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐xmp8c Cached time: 20240712172453 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.346 seconds Real time usage: 0.465 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 491/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19949/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 524/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18352/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.247/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4652378/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 427.193 1 -total 28.62% 122.251 1 Template:Reflist 25.50% 108.915 2 Template:Cite_web 25.20% 107.659 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 24.90% 106.351 1 Template:Short_description 24.60% 105.099 1 Template:Navbox 15.73% 67.180 1 Template:Advert 14.14% 60.417 1 Template:Ambox 12.68% 54.184 2 Template:Pagetype 8.16% 34.863 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30541481-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172453 and revision id 1218200204. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218200204 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Fashion_Week&oldid=1218200204) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Events in Shanghai (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Shanghai) Fashion events in China (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_China) Annual events in Shanghai (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Shanghai) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with a promotional tone from March 2024 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_a_promotional_tone_from_March_2024) All articles with a promotional tone (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_a_promotional_tone)
|
Modern driving gloves Peccary (/wiki/Peccary) driving gloves A driving glove is a hand covering (/wiki/Glove) , typically constructed of very thin, soft leather (/wiki/Leather) . It is used to give a driver better control of the vehicle by enhancing grip of the steering wheel (/wiki/Steering_wheel) and gear stick (/wiki/Gear_stick) . History [ edit ] The driving glove made its appearance during the 1890s. Steering wheels at the time were generally made from uncovered metal or wood. Internal heating in cars was not available since all cars were convertibles (/wiki/Convertible) , and an uncovered metal steering wheel would be cold on the hands during winter and potentially slick with sweat in summer. For wooden steering wheels, gloves could protect the driver's hands from splinters. [1] (#cite_note-1) The used gloves looked like gauntlet gloves and were usually lined, meaning they had an inner layer of wool, fur, or lambskin. It was not that important in the early days to have great sensitivity and contact with the steering wheel, but rather a firm grip to drive in a straight line due to the lack of power steering (/wiki/Power_steering) . Early racing cars used steering wheels taken directly from road cars. These wheels were normally made from wood, necessitating the use and development of driving gloves. [2] (#cite_note-2) Racing driving gloves have developed over time, from Silver Arrows (/wiki/Silver_Arrows) through to Grand Prix (/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing) and modern gloves. Current use [ edit ] Driving gloves fulfill at least two functions: grip and protection. Although maximum tactility (/wiki/Touch) is an obvious starting point for driving gloves, any glove can be marked as a driver's glove, and can improve the grip on the steering wheel. Some owners of classic cars still wear driving gloves in order to protect the vintage wooden or ivory steering wheel. Design [ edit ] True driving gloves can be identified by the fact that they offer tactile (/wiki/Touch) advantages to drivers handling a car near the limits of adhesion. Made of soft leather, drivers gloves are unlined with external seams, which makes them seamless inside so as not to interfere with the sensitivity of the drivers touch on the steering wheel, and subsequently information from where the tire contacts the road. Driving gloves feature open knuckles and back for maximum flexibility; ventilation to reduce stress on the soft, thin leather; holes punched in fingers and palms for ventilation; short cuffs so as not to restrict movement; and a stud fastener closure on the back for proper fit around the wrist and unobstructed view of the drivers chronograph (/wiki/Chronograph) . Racing driver's gloves [ edit ] Racing gloves are specifically designed for increased grip and performance and protection against heat (/wiki/Heat) and flame (/wiki/Flame) for drivers in automobile competitions. [3] (#cite_note-3) Racing gloves must have cuffs to provide thermal shielding in conjunction with racing driver's suits (/wiki/Racing_suit) . They are made of Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) . Because leather shrinks considerably when exposed to flame, the glove's leather is usually limited only to the tactile areas of the hand. There is usually no leather on the cuff, on the back of the hand, or between the fingers (also called fourchettes ). The racing glove is supposed to be tight either at the wrist or at the extremity of the cuff. [4] (#cite_note-4) The leather is meant to be used as an additional layer of material. The seams for attaching the leather have to be separate from the structural seams of the glove. The thickness of the leather is preferably as thin as possible. [5] (#cite_note-5) Drivers of single-seater cars in races with standing starts must wear gloves in a high-visibility color, which contrasts with the predominant color of the car, so that the driver can clearly draw the attention of the race starter in case of difficulties. [6] (#cite_note-6) Styles [ edit ] Unlined - The philosophy behind unlined designs is to allow greater tactility that may not be present with full fingered gloves. Lined - Lined driver's gloves are frequently used to keep the hands warm, a function that is particularly necessary during top down operation in cold weather. Full fingered - Gloves that protect the entire hand from wrist to finger. Fingerless - Fingerless gloves have the fingers cut off. See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Baseball glove (/wiki/Baseball_glove) Batting glove (/wiki/Batting_glove) Boxing glove (/wiki/Boxing_glove) Cycling glove (/wiki/Cycling_glove) Goalkeeper glove (/wiki/Goalkeeper_glove) Golf gloves (/wiki/Golf_gloves) Lacrosse glove (/wiki/Lacrosse_glove) MMA gloves (/wiki/MMA_gloves) Wicket-keeper's gloves (/wiki/Wicket-keeper%27s_gloves) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "The driving gloves history" (https://opinari-drivers.com/pages/driving-gloves-history) . OPINARI - Driver's Essentials . Retrieved 25 April 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "The Official Formula 1 website" (http://www.formula1.com/inside_f1/understanding_the_sport/5287.html) . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "FIA Standard 8856-200 Protective clothing for automobile drivers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235857/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) . p. 2. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "FIA Standard 8856-200 Protective clothing for automobile drivers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235857/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) . p. 9. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "FIA Standard 8856-200 Protective clothing for automobile drivers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235857/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) . p. 10. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/58EC1A58AA059025C125744300352A2C/$FILE/overalls.pdf/) on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Appendix L to the International sporting code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711000028/http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/48F2FE30C329E49AC1257817003DC563/$FILE/11.01.06_Annexe%20L_2011.pdf/) . 6 January 2011. p. 14. Archived from the original (http://argent.fia.com/web/fia-public.nsf/48F2FE30C329E49AC1257817003DC563/$FILE/11.01.06_Annexe%20L_2011.pdf/) on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐l4lwq Cached time: 20240719060459 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.154 seconds Real time usage: 0.206 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 505/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 13193/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 283/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 25115/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.093/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4140880/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 169.074 1 -total 58.18% 98.367 1 Template:Reflist 50.53% 85.431 6 Template:Cite_web 15.46% 26.134 1 Template:Portal 15.06% 25.463 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 8.33% 14.086 1 Template:Multiple_image 5.20% 8.795 1 Template:DMCA 3.91% 6.606 1 Template:Dated_maintenance_category 2.76% 4.665 1 Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME 2.02% 3.411 1 Template:Ns_has_subpages Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30712312-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719060459 and revision id 1164279877. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driving_glove&oldid=1164279877 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driving_glove&oldid=1164279877) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Driving (/wiki/Category:Driving) Sports gloves (/wiki/Category:Sports_gloves) Auto racing equipment (/wiki/Category:Auto_racing_equipment) Hidden category: Use dmy dates from October 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021)
|
Japanese indoor footwear This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Uwabaki) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Uwabaki" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Uwabaki%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Uwabaki%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Uwabaki%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Uwabaki%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Uwabaki%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Uwabaki%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Various sizes of uwabaki for sale Uwabaki ( 上履き ) are a type of Japanese slippers (/wiki/Slippers) worn indoors at school [1] (#cite_note-1) or certain companies and public buildings where street shoes are prohibited. Japanese culture mandates that people should remove their shoes when entering homes and other buildings, especially where the floors may have rugs, polished wood floors, or tatami (/wiki/Tatami) . Uwabaki are light, flexible shoes which are easy to slip on and off, designated for indoor use. As they are not generally worn outside, the soles are kept clean, and thus cleaning and maintenance of the building's floors are kept to a minimum. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) At the entrance of every school, from preschool (/wiki/Preschool) to college (/wiki/College) , there is a genkan (/wiki/Genkan) with an assigned locker (/wiki/Locker_(cabinet)) ( getabako (/wiki/Getabako) ) for each student to put uwabaki . A student's grade level is often indicated by a colored stripe across the toes; the body color of the slipper is always white. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) See also [ edit ] School uniforms in Japan (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Japan) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Japanese Girls Selling Used Shoes On High Prices" (https://www.animesenpai.net/japanese-girls-selling-used-shoes-on-high-prices/) . animesenpai.net . Retrieved March 14, 2024 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Slippers in Japan" (https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-glances/jg00129/) . nippon.com . May 3, 2021 . Retrieved June 17, 2022 . External links [ edit ] Japan portal (/wiki/Portal:Japan) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Media related to Uwabaki (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uwabaki) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Japanese clothing (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) List of items traditionally worn in Japan (/wiki/List_of_items_traditionally_worn_in_Japan) Traditional Chihaya (/wiki/Chihaya_(clothing)) Fundoshi (/wiki/Fundoshi) Furisode (/wiki/Furisode) Hanten (/wiki/Hanten) Hakama (/wiki/Hakama) Haori (/wiki/Haori) Happi (/wiki/Happi) Jinbei (/wiki/Jinbei) Jōe (/wiki/J%C5%8De) Jūnihitoe (/wiki/J%C5%ABnihitoe) Keikogi (/wiki/Keikogi) Kosode (/wiki/Kosode) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Kyahan (/wiki/Kyahan) Mawashi (/wiki/Mawashi) Mino (/wiki/Mino_(straw_cape)) Nemaki (/wiki/Nemaki) Samue (/wiki/Samue) Shitagi (/wiki/Shitagi) Sokutai (/wiki/Sokutai) Uwagi (/wiki/Uwagi) Yukata (/wiki/Yukata) Headgear Benkan (/wiki/Benkan) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kanmuri (/wiki/Kanmuri_(headwear)) Kanzashi (/wiki/Kanzashi) Kasa (/wiki/Kasa_(hat)) Raikan (/wiki/Raikan) Shaguma (/wiki/Shaguma) Tenugui (/wiki/Tenugui) Tokin (/wiki/Tokin_(headwear)) Tsunokakushi (/wiki/Tsunokakushi) Belt / sash Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Uwa-obi (/wiki/Uwa-obi) Tasuki (/wiki/Tasuki_(sash)) Footwear Geta (/wiki/Geta_(footwear)) Jika-tabi (/wiki/Jika-tabi) Okobo (/wiki/Okobo) Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) Uwabaki Waraji (/wiki/Waraji) Zōri (/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri) This shoe (/wiki/Shoe) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwabaki&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐p2slt Cached time: 20240719051855 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.455 seconds Real time usage: 0.607 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1077/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43663/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 706/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22963/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.334/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 16406795/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 555.660 1 -total 24.22% 134.567 46 Template:Transliteration 21.28% 118.242 1 Template:Japanese_clothing 20.90% 116.156 1 Template:Navbox 19.26% 107.028 1 Template:Reflist 16.99% 94.409 2 Template:Cite_web 12.34% 68.590 1 Template:Short_description 11.39% 63.302 1 Template:More_citations_needed 10.58% 58.774 1 Template:Ambox 6.82% 37.921 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:30754853-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719051855 and revision id 1234676341. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwabaki&oldid=1234676341 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uwabaki&oldid=1234676341) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sandals (/wiki/Category:Sandals) Japanese footwear (/wiki/Category:Japanese_footwear) Japanese words and phrases (/wiki/Category:Japanese_words_and_phrases) Slippers (/wiki/Category:Slippers) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles needing additional references from June 2022 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2022) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Use mdy dates from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2023) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
American actress This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Angelle_Brooks) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Angelle_Brooks) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This biography of a living person (/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons) needs additional citations (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help by adding reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) . Contentious material (/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPREMOVE) about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced (/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE) must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous (/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel) . Find sources: "Angelle Brooks" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Angelle+Brooks%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Angelle+Brooks%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Angelle+Brooks%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Angelle+Brooks%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Angelle+Brooks%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Angelle+Brooks%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) The article's lead section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section) may need to be rewritten . Please help improve the lead (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelle_Brooks&action=edit) and read the lead layout guide (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section) . ( May 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Angelle Brooks is an American actress. Born in 1967, Brooks is the youngest of four children. Since the mid-1990s, Brooks has guest-starred in such television shows as NYPD Blue (/wiki/NYPD_Blue) , The Young and the Restless (/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless) , The Sopranos (/wiki/The_Sopranos) , The Larry Sanders Show (/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show) , Strong Medicine (/wiki/Strong_Medicine) , Martin (/wiki/Martin_(TV_series)) , Family Matters (/wiki/Family_Matters) , The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air) , Arli$$ (/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)) , The King of Queens (/wiki/The_King_of_Queens) , The Wayans Bros. (/wiki/The_Wayans_Bros.) , The Jamie Foxx Show (/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show) , as well as providing the voice of Indira "Indy" Daimonji in the MTV (/wiki/MTV) series Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (/wiki/Spider-Man:_The_New_Animated_Series) . She also appeared in the films The Brothers (/wiki/The_Brothers_(2001_film)) (2001), Blue Hill Avenue (/wiki/Blue_Hill_Avenue_(film)) (2001), Book of Love (/wiki/Book_of_Love_(2002_film)) (2002), and her feature-film debut Cappuccino (/w/index.php?title=Cappuccino_(1998_film)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1998). In 1995, Brooks was one of ten women who appeared in the first mass-market black female swimsuit calendar in the United States, The Darker Image (/wiki/The_Darker_Image) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Filmography [ edit ] Film [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1996 One Tough Bastard (/wiki/One_Tough_Bastard) India Adams Last Exit to Earth Woman #3 TV movie 1997 Riot (/wiki/Riot_(1997_film)) Linda TV movie In Dark Places Female Guest #1 1998 Cappuccino [2] (#cite_note-2) Vanessa Erickson 2000 Shafted! Dr. Foxy Brown, PhD Ritual [3] (#cite_note-3) Teresa Becker Midnight Blue [4] (#cite_note-4) Jessica Saunders TV movie 2001 The Brothers (/wiki/The_Brothers_(2001_film)) Judge Carla Williams Blue Hill Avenue (/wiki/Blue_Hill_Avenue_(film)) Martine 2002 Book of Love: The Definitive Reason Why Men Are Dogs Renee / Date #8 2003 Black Listed (/wiki/Black_Listed) Marcella Video Matchups Dr. Portis Stoval Video 2005 Can I Get a Pickle? Pamela Michaels Short 2011 Carjacked Judge 2017 The Wrong Mother Nurse Kerri 2018 The Stand Up Hitman Tina Short 2019 The Accompanist Nadine 2020 Taking Your Daughter Teacher Television [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1994 The Larry Sanders Show (/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show) Felicia Episode: "Next Stop Bottom" NYPD Blue (/wiki/NYPD_Blue) Tanya Episode: "For Whom the Skell Rolls" 1995 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air) Angie Episode: "Three's a Crowd" Martin (/wiki/Martin_(TV_series)) Tanya Episode: "The Ex-files" Hang Time (/wiki/Hang_Time_(TV_series)) Roxanne Myers Episode: "Full Court Press" 1996 Family Matters (/wiki/Family_Matters) Monica Episode: "Life in the Fast Lane" Hangin' with Mr. Cooper (/wiki/Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper) Brenda Episode: "The Curse" The Young and the Restless (/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless) Stephanie Simmons Episode: "Episode #1.5957" The Wayans Bros. (/wiki/The_Wayans_Bros.) Kim Episode: "Getting It" 1996-97 Malcolm & Eddie (/wiki/Malcolm_%26_Eddie) Holly Brooks Recurring cast: season 1 1997 The Parent 'Hood (/wiki/The_Parent_%27Hood) Restaurant Woman Episode: "Me and Mrs. Robinson" 1998 The Wayans Bros. (/wiki/The_Wayans_Bros.) Angel Episode: "Ho's on First" Arli$$ (/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)) Camille Balboa Episode: "Fans First" 1998-02 V.I.P. (/wiki/V.I.P._(American_TV_series)) Maxine de la Cruz Recurring cast: season 1–2, main cast: season 3-4 1999 The Jamie Foxx Show (/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show) Joy Episode: "Forever Your Girl" 2000 Veronica's Closet (/wiki/Veronica%27s_Closet) Journalist Episode: "Veronica's Perfect Man" Pensacola: Wings of Gold (/wiki/Pensacola:_Wings_of_Gold) - Episode: "Brothers" Arli$$ (/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)) Megan Episode: "Making Things Happen" 2001 The Parkers (/wiki/The_Parkers) Toni Ross Recurring cast: season 2-3 2002 The King of Queens (/wiki/The_King_of_Queens) Leslie Episode: "Missing Links" 2003 Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (/wiki/Spider-Man:_The_New_Animated_Series) Indira 'Indy' Daimonji (voice) Recurring cast 2004 Strong Medicine (/wiki/Strong_Medicine) Audrey Episode: "Selective Breeding" 2006 The Sopranos (/wiki/The_Sopranos) Liaison Woman Episode: " Luxury Lounge (/wiki/Luxury_Lounge) " References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Aubry, Erin (/wiki/Erin_Aubry_Kaplan) (20 October 1994). "Banking On a Recipe of Class and Cheesecake" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114427654/darker-image-1st-page/) . The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times) . Vol. 113, no. 321 (Washington ed.). p. E6 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Norman, Tony (14 May 1998). "Festival to feature black films, their directors" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114428596/black-film-festival-2nd-page/) . Magazine. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette) . Vol. 71, no. 287 (Final ed.). p. G-2 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Thomas, Kevin (/wiki/Kevin_Thomas_(film_critic)) (17 February 2000). "Screening Room: An Italian Master" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114427946/screening-ritual-2nd-page/) . Orange County Calendar Weekend. The Los Angeles Times (/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times) . Vol. 119, no. 76 (National ed.). p. 26R . Retrieved 10 December 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Drew, Tamara (3 March 2000). "Hammond native Bobby Mardis unveils 'Midnight Blue' on BET" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114428821/midnight-blue/) . On the Go. The Times (/wiki/The_Times_of_Northwest_Indiana) . Vol. 93, no. 215. p. C8 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 – via Newspapers.com. External links [ edit ] Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) Angelle Brooks (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0111860/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐2f6xp Cached time: 20240712162441 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.329 seconds Real time usage: 0.428 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1238/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 49392/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 10084/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22985/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.208/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5279771/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 380.076 1 -total 35.83% 136.181 1 Template:Reflist 35.21% 133.814 3 Template:Ambox 31.96% 121.472 4 Template:Cite_news 22.50% 85.533 1 Template:Multiple_issues 19.55% 74.321 1 Template:Short_description 14.41% 54.753 1 Template:BLP_sources 11.08% 42.101 2 Template:Pagetype 7.59% 28.844 1 Template:IMDb_name 6.38% 24.233 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31007265-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712162441 and revision id 1216441898. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelle_Brooks&oldid=1216441898 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelle_Brooks&oldid=1216441898) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1967 births (/wiki/Category:1967_births) 20th-century American actresses (/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_actresses) 21st-century American actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_actresses) Actresses from Miami (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Miami) Actresses from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Los_Angeles) 21st-century African-American actresses (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_actresses) American film actresses (/wiki/Category:American_film_actresses) American television actresses (/wiki/Category:American_television_actresses) American voice actresses (/wiki/Category:American_voice_actresses) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) People from View Park–Windsor Hills, California (/wiki/Category:People_from_View_Park%E2%80%93Windsor_Hills,_California) 20th-century African-American women (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women) 20th-century African-American people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_people) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) BLP articles lacking sources from December 2022 (/wiki/Category:BLP_articles_lacking_sources_from_December_2022) All BLP articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_BLP_articles_lacking_sources) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_May_2023) All pages needing cleanup (/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup) Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_May_2023) All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify (/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
|
Sébastien Parfait is a jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) designer from Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Sébastien Parfait began to imagine and design jewelry very early on, a vocation that has never left him, and that became a reality when, five years after he first started, he entered the prestigious École du Louvre (/wiki/%C3%89cole_du_Louvre) (HBJO). He graduated first in his class in 1995, with a gold medal to boot. In order to further explore his creativity and acquire the professional know-how, he went on to attend the Lyon School of Jewelry, where he received a degree in Fine art (/wiki/Fine_art) . After a first experience working for Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_SA) , he worked in several renowned houses, all the while working on his own creations, for which he quickly built up a clientele. He recently created his own company, and he now spends all of his time designing and making original pieces. His pleasure in transforming the organic matter is based on a personal aesthetic inclination toward mobility and clean lines. The piece must have some mobility in itself, but also in relation to other elements. Soldering traces disappear, while playfulness prevails. Pursuing clean lines leads to a minimalism that banishes heaviness and excess. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Le Figaro magazine 1258-1262 2004 ".. pour l'anneau unisexe Au Fil du Temps de Sébastien Parfait (ci-dessous)." ^ (#cite_ref-2) Le sapin de Sébastien Parfait - 16e édition des Sapins de Noël (http://deco.journaldesfemmes.com/magazine/16e-edition-des-sapins-de-noel-des-createurs/le-sapin-de-sebastien-parfait.shtml) External links [ edit ] Sebastien Parfait, Official website (http://www.sebastien-parfait.com/) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐784d958b48‐hzlck Cached time: 20240626152801 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.088 seconds Real time usage: 0.104 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 110/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1029/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 82/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2820/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.031/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 636952/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 85.682 1 -total 55.33% 47.410 1 Template:Reflist 44.54% 38.165 1 Template:Portal 2.74% 2.347 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31038125-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626152801 and revision id 1113059929. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sébastien_Parfait&oldid=1113059929 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sébastien_Parfait&oldid=1113059929) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) French jewellers (/wiki/Category:French_jewellers) Hidden category: Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
|
BAFWEEK Genre clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency semi-annually Location(s) Buenos Aires (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) Inaugurated 2001 [1] (#cite_note-1) Attendance 40,000 people [2] (#cite_note-benito-2) Organised by La Nación (/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n) , La Rural, APSA Centros Comerciales [3] (#cite_note-3) Website bafweek (http://bafweek.com.ar/) .com (http://bafweek.com.ar/) .ar (http://bafweek.com.ar/) BAFWEEK (abbreviation for Buenos Aires Fashion Week , also stylized as BAFWeek ) is a biannual clothing trade show held mainly in La Rural fairgrounds, Buenos Aires (/wiki/Buenos_Aires) . Argentina's most important fashion event, [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) BAFWEEK showcases both leading brands and emerging designers. [6] (#cite_note-republica-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) In addition, the Semillero UBA BAFWEEK ( UBA BAFWEEK ) competition is held, where fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) students from the University of Buenos Aires (/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires) (UBA) are chosen by a panel of experts to present their collections at the event with financial support from Paseo Alcorta. [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Argentina portal (/wiki/Portal:Argentina) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buenos Aires Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buenos_Aires_Fashion_Week) . Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) São Paulo Fashion Week (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Rio Fashion Week (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Blanco, George (17 February 2011). "BAFweek celebra en grande" (http://vos.lavoz.com.ar/content/bafweek-celebra-en-grande) . Vos (in Spanish). La Voz del Interior (/wiki/La_Voz_del_Interior) . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-benito_2-0) Lanus, Catalina (21 February 2014). "Moda: BAFWeek ya anticipa lo que se usará este otoño-invierno" (http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1665966-moda-bafweek-ya-anticipa-lo-que-se-usara-este-otono-invierno) . La Nación (/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n) (in Spanish) . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Gacetilla: Información general" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140801151859/http://www.bafweek.com.ar/gacetillas/Informacion-general.pdf) (PDF) (in Spanish). BAFWEEK. Archived from the original (http://www.bafweek.com.ar/gacetillas/Informacion-General.pdf) (PDF) on 1 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "BAF Week 2014" (http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/152938/baf-week--2014) . Buenos Aires Herald (/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Herald) . 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "BAFWeek inaugura el Otoño/Invierno 2014" (http://entremujeres.clarin.com/moda/lo-mas-trendy/bafweek-otono-invierno-2014-desfiles-las-pepas-prune-kosiko-desiderata-cora-groppo_0_1087691294.html) . Entremujeres (in Spanish). Clarín (/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)) . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-republica_6-0) Vales, Aldana (26 February 2014). "La Bafweek augura una Argentina muy femenina" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140307054731/http://www.republica.com/2014/02/26/la-bafweek-augura-una-argentina-llena-de-color-y-feminidad_771009/) (in Spanish). Republica.com. Archived from the original (http://www.republica.com/2014/02/26/la-bafweek-augura-una-argentina-llena-de-color-y-feminidad_771009/) on 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Designers Incorporate Art into Creations at Buenos Aires Fashion Week" (http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=924411&CategoryId=13003) . Latin American Herald Tribune (/wiki/Latin_American_Herald_Tribune) . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Los nuevos talentos del Semillero UBA BAFWEEK se lucirán en pasarela" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140304151036/http://www.bafweek.com.ar/gacetillas/Semillero-UBA.pdf) (PDF) (in Spanish). BAFWEEK. Archived from the original (http://www.bafweek.com.ar/gacetillas/Semillero-UBA.pdf) (PDF) on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Semillero UBA BAFWeek: pasarela de vanguardia" (http://entremujeres.clarin.com/moda/lo-mas-trendy/semillero-uba-bafweek-otono-invierno-2014_0_1087691302.html) . Entremujeres (in Spanish). Clarín (/wiki/Clar%C3%ADn_(Argentine_newspaper)) . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "El Semillero UBA-BAFWEEK ya tiene nuevos nombres" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140304020256/http://www.larural.com.ar/gacetillas/el-semillero-uba-bafweek-ya-tiene-nuevos-nombres/) (in Spanish). La Rural. February 2010. Archived from the original (http://www.larural.com.ar/gacetillas/el-semillero-uba-bafweek-ya-tiene-nuevos-nombres/) on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . External links [ edit ] BAFWEEK official site (http://www.bafweek.com.ar) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAFWEEK&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐56tj5 Cached time: 20240720174253 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds Real time usage: 0.753 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1159/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29489/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 996/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 45604/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.310/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15526900/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 467.586 1 -total 30.78% 143.900 1 Template:Reflist 26.92% 125.890 10 Template:Cite_web 24.03% 112.376 1 Template:Transl 16.89% 78.986 1 Template:Infobox_recurring_event 15.98% 74.726 1 Template:Infobox 13.47% 62.994 1 Template:Clothing-stub 13.09% 61.186 1 Template:Asbox 9.62% 44.961 1 Template:Commons_category 9.24% 43.210 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31254821-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720174253 and revision id 1174305828. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAFWEEK&oldid=1174305828 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BAFWEEK&oldid=1174305828) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Argentina (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Argentina) Recurring events established in 2001 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2001) Events in Buenos Aires (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Buenos_Aires) Argentine fashion (/wiki/Category:Argentine_fashion) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Handmade bobbin lace, tradition and cultural heritage of Puerto Rico and Panama Mundillo de Moca Women in Puerto Rico making Mundillo lace, 1920 Mundillo (bobbin lace) Mundillo bobbin lace roller pillow and bobbins with pricking, from Puerto Rico Monumento a la Tejedora, Moca, Puerto Rico Mundillo is a craft of handmade bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) that is cultivated and honored on the island of Puerto Rico (/wiki/Puerto_Rico) and Panama (/wiki/Panama) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Description [ edit ] The term 'mundillo' means 'little world', referring to the cylindrical pillow on which the lace maker ('Mundillista') weaves intricate designs. The decorative lace (/wiki/Lace) is created using wooden bobbins (/wiki/Bobbin) about the diameter of a pencil, which are wound with thread that is twisted and crossed to form a pattern (/wiki/Pattern) . Depending on the pattern, as few as two dozen or as many as several hundred bobbins may be used. In addition to its use as edging and borders on tablecloths and handkerchiefs (/wiki/Handkerchief) , and for traditional shirt collars and trim, mundillo is also used to decorate items for special occasions, such as wedding dresses, baptismal gowns, and the cloths used to adorn religious icons. It is said that it was once common for lovers to exchange mundillo lace with romantic inscriptions. [2] (#cite_note-2) Bobbin lace was brought to Puerto Rico from Spain (/wiki/Spain) , [3] (#cite_note-3) where it had thrived in major commercial markets as well as a cottage industry in Galicia (/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)) , Castilla (/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n) , and Catalonia (/wiki/Catalonia) . In Spain, lace is called encaje , because it was worked on separately and then joined to material (the Spanish word for "join" is encajar). In the 20th century, lacemaking became an important economic activity by women of the island. Prior to WWII, lace provided income for many families to supplement the wages of men who had traveled off-island for work. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) A revival of the tradition in the 1960s and 1970s engaged a new generation of lacemakers. [5] (#cite_note-Fernandez-Sacco_2020_p._93-5) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In the 1990s, it was reported that 300 people were practitioners of mundillo on the island of Puerto Rico. [6] (#cite_note-6) In Moca, commonly known as the Capital or cradle of Mundillo, [7] (#cite_note-7) there is an annual festival dedicated to the handmade lace as well as a museum, El Museo Del Mundillo. [8] (#cite_note-NYT_2009-8) Mundillo is celebrated and featured in festivals around the island. [9] (#cite_note-9) A workshop with kits to help train newcomers to mundillo was offered in Morovis in 2018. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2021, 95-year-old "mundillera" artisan Nellie Vera Sánchez [11] (#cite_note-11) was awarded a National Heritage Fellowship Award by the National Endowment for the Arts (/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts) in honor of her work on this traditional craft. [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Rosa Elena Egipciaco (/wiki/Rosa_Elena_Egipciaco) Puerto Rican Art (/wiki/Puerto_Rican_art) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Panamá, GESE-La Estrella de. "El arte de tejer el mundillo" (https://www.laestrella.com.pa/cafe-estrella/cultura/181129/arte-tejer-mundillo) . La Estrella de Panamá . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Martinez, Elena (Fall–Winter 2003). "The Queen of Mundillo" (http://www.nyfolklore.org/pubs/voic29-3-4/rosa.html) . Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore . 29 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "encajes" (https://vimeo.com/21796393) . Vimeo . ^ Jump up to: a b Santiago de Curet, Annie; Kingsley, April (1994). "Puerto Rican Lacemaking: A Persistent Tradition". In Kardon, Janet (ed.). Revivals! Diverse Traditions 1920-1945 | The History of Twentieth-Century American Craft . Harry N. Abrams, Inc. with the American Craft Museum. pp. 94–95. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0810919559 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fernandez-Sacco_2020_p._93_5-0) Fernandez-Sacco, Ellen (September 11, 2020). "Bound to History: Leoncia Lasalle's Slave Narrative from Moca, Puerto Rico, 1945" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenealogy4030093) . Genealogy . 4 (3). MDPI AG: 93. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/genealogy4030093 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenealogy4030093) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 2313-5778 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2313-5778) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Goldstein, Elaine Dann (1993-01-03). "Fine Mundillo Lace From Puerto Rico" (https://www.proquest.com/docview/109236295) . New York Times . p. 6. ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 109236295 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/109236295) . Retrieved 2023-02-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Directorio de Municipios de Puerto Rico" (http://pr.gov/Directorios/Pages/DirectoriodeMunicipios.aspx) . PR GOV . ^ (#cite_ref-NYT_2009_8-0) Haskins, John (January 22, 2009). "Affordable Caribbean: Puerto Rico" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/25/travel/25puerto-rico.html) . The New York Times – via NYTimes.com. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Journal, Newsroom, The Weekly (11 December 2019). "Old San Juan Artisan Fair to Showcase Local Handmade Crafts" (https://www.theweeklyjournal.com/lifestyle/entertainment/old-san-juan-artisan-fair-to-showcase-local-handmade-crafts/article_48f160a6-1c48-11ea-b38a-1396edb29c44.html) . The Weekly Journal . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Morovis celebrará Primer Festival del Tejido Moroveño" (https://www.elvocero.com/actualidad/morovis-celebrar-primer-festival-del-tejido-morove-o/article_3d0bc510-5b29-11e8-bfee-7f10e53bc081.html) . El Vocero de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 19 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Crónicas 90" (https://www.archivoicp.com/cronicas-90) . Archivo Virtual del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña . 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) The Weekly Journal, Newsroom (15 June 2021). "Puerto Rican Artisan Wins the National Hispanic Fellowship Award" (https://www.theweeklyjournal.com/lifestyle/puerto-rican-artisan-wins-the-national-hispanic-fellowship-award/article_19089a9c-ce0f-11eb-9700-bb1a7b457b4b.html) . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Further reading [ edit ] Méndez, A.H. (1993). Historia y desarrollo del mundillo mocano (in Spanish). A. Hernández Méndez. External links [ edit ] v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐867dm Cached time: 20240719063401 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.398 seconds Real time usage: 0.500 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1005/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 50996/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 915/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57875/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.275/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15000479/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 431.229 1 -total 34.14% 147.232 1 Template:Reflist 29.31% 126.372 3 Template:Navbox 29.18% 125.846 1 Template:Lace_types 21.08% 90.889 6 Template:Cite_web 19.99% 86.184 1 Template:Lang 14.57% 62.825 1 Template:Short_description 8.20% 35.377 2 Template:Pagetype 4.81% 20.722 3 Template:Cite_news 4.08% 17.610 3 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31287329-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719063401 and revision id 1206334716. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mundillo&oldid=1206334716 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mundillo&oldid=1206334716) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lace (/wiki/Category:Lace) Puerto Rican art (/wiki/Category:Puerto_Rican_art) Moca, Puerto Rico (/wiki/Category:Moca,_Puerto_Rico) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles containing Spanish-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text)
|
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_forecasting) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_forecasting) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style) . You can help (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_forecasting&action=edit) . The talk page (/wiki/Talk:Fashion_forecasting) may contain suggestions. ( July 2023 ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fashion_forecasting) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Fashion forecasting" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fashion+forecasting%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fashion+forecasting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fashion+forecasting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fashion+forecasting%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fashion+forecasting%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fashion+forecasting%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Fashion forecasting began in France during the reign of Louis XIV. [1] (#cite_note-1) It started as a way of communicating about fashion and slowly transformed into a way to become ahead of the times in the fashion industry. Fashion forecasting predicts the moods of society and consumers, along with their behavior and buying habits and bases what they may release in the coming future off of the forecast. Fashion trends tend to repeat themselves every 20 years, and fashion forecasting predicts what other trends might begin with the rotation of fashion as well. Fashion forecasting can be used for many different reasons, the main reason being staying on top of current trends and knowing what your consumer is going to want in the future. This method helps fashion brands know what to expect and what to begin producing ahead of time. Top name brands and high end companies such as Vogue [2] (#cite_note-2) and Gucci even use this method to help their designers become even more informed on what is to come in the fashion industry. Overview [ edit ] Fashion forecasting is a global career that focuses on upcoming fashion trends. A fashion forecaster predicts the colors, patterns, fabrics, textures, materials, prints, graphics, beauty grooming, accessories, footwear, street styles, and many other styles that will be presented on different runway shows and in stores in upcoming seasons. The concept applies to not one but every single level of the fashion industry from smaller box stores like Urban Planet to massive high end fashion companies like PRADA. [3] (#cite_note-3) The fashion forecast process includes basic steps of understanding the vision of the business and profile of target customers, collecting information about available merchandise, preparing information, determining trend, and choosing merchandise appropriate for the company and target customers. For example, fashion trend forecasting saw trends for 2022 consisting of oversize shirts and sweatshirts, with a continuation of the puff sleeve trend, and dresses and tops retaining their volume [ clarification needed ] through to the end of the year. Fashion forecasting consists of many different parts in order for it to be effective. There is long-term forecasting, which is the process of analyzing and evaluating trends that can be identified by scanning many different sources for information, and ensuring that the trend is lasting for over two years. Then there is short-term forecasting which focuses on current events both domestically and internationally as well as pop culture in order to identify possible trends that can be communicated to customers through different color plates, fabric, etc. Long-term forecasting is the process of analyzing and evaluating trends that can be identified by scanning a variety of sources for information. [4] (#cite_note-4) It is a fashion which lasts over two years. [5] (#cite_note-5) When scanning the market and the consumers, fashion forecasters must follow demographics of certain areas, both urban and suburban, as well as examine the impact on retail and its consumers due to the economy, political system, environment, and culture. Long-term forecasting seeks to identify: major changes in international and domestic demographics, shifts in the fashion industry along with market structures, consumer expectations, values, and impulsion to buy, new developments in technology and science, and shifts in the economic, political, and cultural alliances between certain countries. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) There are many specialized marketing consultants that focus on long-term forecasting and attend trade shows and other events that notify the industry on what is to come. Any changes in demographics (/wiki/Demographics) and psychographics (/wiki/Psychographics) that are to affect the consumers needs and which will influence a company's business and particular niche market (/wiki/Niche_market) are determined. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Short-term forecasting [ edit ] Short-term forecasting focuses on current events both domestically and internationally as well as pop culture in order to identify possible trends that can be communicated to the customer through the seasonal color palette, fabric, and silhouette stories. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) It gives fashion a modern twist to a classic look that intrigues our eyes. Some important areas to follow when scanning the environment are: current events, art, sports, science and technology. Short-term forecasting can also be considered fad forecasting. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Difference between short-term and long-term forecasting [ edit ] Two types of fashion forecasting are used: short-term forecasting, which envisions trends one to two years in the future and focuses on new product features such as color, textile, and style and long-term forecasting, which predicts trends five or more years out and focuses on the directions of the fashion industry with regard to materials, design production and retailing. Long-term forecasts contribute to a fashion firm's development strategies and help it make decisions related to repositioning or extending product lines, initiating new business, and reviving brand images. [7] (#cite_note-7) Responsibility for trend forecasting [ edit ] Each retailer's trend forecasting varies and is mainly dependent upon whether the company is a wholesale brand or private label developer. "Every season, there are hundreds of designers showing breathtaking collections that the average consumer will never see. What does matter is who sees them—the in-house designers and buyers at fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) retailers, people who are paying close attention, identifying and predicting which styles, patterns and cuts will appeal to the average woman." [8] (#cite_note-8) Larger companies such as Forever 21 (/wiki/Forever_21) have their own trend departments where they follow the styles, fabrics, and colors for the upcoming seasons. This can also be referred to as vertical integration (/wiki/Vertical_integration) . [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) A company with its own trend department has a better advantage than those who do not because its developers are able to work together to create a unified look for their sales floor. Each seasonal collection offered by a product developer is the result of trend research focused on the target market it has defined for itself. Product developers may offer anywhere from two to six seasonal collections per year, depending on the impact of fashion trends in a particular product category and price point. [9] (#cite_note-9) Women's wear companies are more sensitive to the whims of fashion and may produce four to six lines a year. Men's wear companies present two to four lines a year, and children's wear firms typically present three to four seasonal collections. For each season a collection is designed by the product developers and is based on a specific theme, which is linked to the color and fabric story. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) A merchandiser also plays a key role in the direction of upcoming trends. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) Different from developers, merchandisers have much more experience in buying and are knowledgeable in what consumers will be looking for. The designer takes the particular trends and then determines the styles, silhouettes and colors for the line and garments while creating an overall theme for the particular season. [6] (#cite_note-:0-6) The higher classes' clothes start to lose their distinctiveness as the lower classes progressively emulate them. When this happens, new concepts that serve as the new class markers must take the place of the current trends. As a result, the upper classes start to influence the growth of fashion, while the lower classes serve as “replicators”. [ citation needed ] Individual bloggers also contribute to fashion forecasting and influence designers and product teams. Various ways to forecast trends [ edit ] The classical way for fashion brands and agencies to forecast trends is by analyzing runway shows, trade shows, newspapers & magazines' information, and market research [10] (#cite_note-10) In the past, these sources were the only ones available to fashion forecasters and brands and retailers would use this information to plan their future collections. [11] (#cite_note-11) But the fashion industry has changed, and descriptive analytics is now accompanied by prescriptive (/wiki/Prescriptive) and predictive analytics (/wiki/Predictive_analytics) . The Internet, and consequently, social media, has accelerated the life cycle of trends and birthed phenomena like fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) and global supply chains. Trend virality, time-to-market speed, and consumer behavior has shifted in the last decade as a result of the digital age. There are now fashion forecasting services using new technologies and mostly AI, to predict what's coming next [12] (#cite_note-12) Artificial intelligence (/wiki/Artificial_intelligence) in fashion forecasting is often used to analyze text and hashtags on social media, online collections published by brands and magazines, and consumer behavior on e-commerce. [13] (#cite_note-13) On social media, machine learning (/wiki/Machine_learning) is another way that AI is used to forecast fashion trends. This is the algorithmic process of analyzing a large database of images to determine the many different features of clothing and accessories. This raw data can then be translated into trend forecasts with human intervention, from determining a trend’s online visibility to its future market demand. Artificial intelligence has many applications in fashion forecasting that touch product assortment, customer behavior, design processes, marketing, and more. The growing importance of social media and customer perception has quickened the adoption pace of AI in fashion forecasting. Demand forecasting [ edit ] One of the most significant challenges confronting retailers and wholesalers in any sector is demand forecasting. Businesses may make informed judgments regarding pricing and company expansion plans thanks to the vital information that accurate demand forecasting provides about prospective earnings in their present market. Future sales may be lost if demand is overestimated; on the other hand, if suppliers are left with a surplus, significant discount strategies may be required, potentially resulting in losses and cash flow difficulties. Demand forecasting is particularly complicated in the fashion business because of seasonal trends, a lack of data, and overall unpredictability. Numerous factors must be considered by a smart fashion forecaster, including the political and economic context, geographical demography, customer expectations, market trends, internal corporate plans, and many more. Projecting previous patterns into the future and seeking indicators of change in order to anticipate impending events are the two basic objectives of "forecasting" in this context. Forecasting methods [ edit ] Usual methods [ edit ] The primary building block of usual methods is typically a standard forecast, taken from a particular piece of software or the sales from the previous year. The practitioner then revises this standard by taking into consideration the explanatory factors. Pros of this method are that the influence of seasonality and the primary explanatory factors might make the outcome highly accurate. Cons of this method are that if there are too many variables being processed, the analysis will become inaccurate and difficult, making the task exceedingly tiresome. In addition to this, if there are too many elements, the findings will vary depending on the operator's level of expertise. Advanced methods [ edit ] The existence of historical data is the first factor to consider while developing a forecasting model. The fashion industry tends to need forecasts at two levels of data aggregation: The "family level" allows businesses to plan and arrange mid-term purchases, manufacturing, and supply since it consists of products from the same category (T-shirts, trousers, etc.). There is often historical data for this level of aggregation. To restock and distribute goods in stores over a shorter time horizon, the "SKU level" is essential. References (SKU) are fleeting since they are made for a single season only. As a result, historical data are unavailable. Bibliography [ edit ] "Fashion Forecasting & Trend Resources." UC Libraries | University of Cincinnati. Web. 10 April 2011. < http://libraries.uc.edu/libraries/daap/resources/researchguides/design/forecasting.html (http://libraries.uc.edu/libraries/daap/resources/researchguides/design/forecasting.html) >. "Forecasting Fashion Trends : NPR." NPR : National Public Radio : News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts : NPR. Web. 10 April 2011. https://www.npr.org/2003/09/17/1432978/forecasting-fashion-trends (https://www.npr.org/2003/09/17/1432978/forecasting-fashion-trends) . Keiser, Sandra J., and Myrna B. Garner. Beyond Design: the Synergy of Apparel Product Development. New York: Fairchild Publications, 2008. Print. Miller, Claire Cain. Designers of High Fashion Enter the Age of High Tech: New York Times . 8 September 2008. < https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/08/technology/08trend.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0 (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/08/technology/08trend.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0) >. "Fashion Trends: Analysis and Forecasting" Kim Eundeok Fiore (2013-05-09) "The Fashion Forecasters - a Hidden History of Color and Trend Prediction", edited by Regina Lee Blaszczyk and Ben Wubbs, 275 pages, published by Bloomsbury Svendsen, L., & Irons, J. (2006). Fashion: A Philosophy. Reaktion Books. [14] (#cite_note-14) Gardino, G. B., Meo, R., & Craparotta, G. (2020). Multi-view Latent Learning Applied to Fashion Industry. Information Systems Frontiers, 23(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10005-8 [15] (#cite_note-15) Choi, T. M., Hui, C. L., & Yu, Y. (Eds.). (2014). Intelligent Fashion Forecasting Systems: Models and Applications. Scholars Portal Books. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39869-8 [16] (#cite_note-16) See also [ edit ] Demographics (/wiki/Demographics) Psychographics (/wiki/Psychographics) Niche market (/wiki/Niche_market) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Garcia, Clarice (2022). "Fashion forecasting: an overview from material culture to industry" (https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JFMM-11-2020-0241/full/html?skipTracking=true#:~:text=The%20early%20versions%20of%20fashion,Bohemia%20(Snodgrass%2C%202014).) . Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management . 26 (3): 436–451. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1108/JFMM-11-2020-0241 (https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJFMM-11-2020-0241) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 237650223 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237650223) . Retrieved 2023-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Cary, Alice (2 January 2023). "Sexy Grunge, Maxi Skirts and Tom Ford's Gucci: The Trends Tipped To Take Over In 2023" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/fashion-trends-forecast-2023) . Vogue . Retrieved 2023-02-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Prada definition presented by Apparel Search" (https://www.apparelsearch.com/definitions/fashion/brands/prada.htm) . www.apparelsearch.com . Retrieved 2023-02-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Keiser, Sandra J.; Garner, Myrna B. (2012-06-15). Beyond Design: The Synergy of Apparel Product Development . A&C Black. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781609012267 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "NellyRodi" (http://www.nellyrodi.com) . www.nellyrodi.com (in French) . Retrieved 2016-05-31 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h K, Akhil J. (2015-09-22). Fashion Forecasting . Akhil JK. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Kim, Eundeok; Fiore, Ann Marie; Kim, Hyejeong (2013-05-09). Fashion Trends: Analysis and Forecasting . Berg. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857853158 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Mayer, Lindsay. "Q&A with the Founder of SHIPSHOW" (http://shipshow.blogspot.com/2014/04/q-with-founder-of-shipshow.html) . Retrieved April 21, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Product developers may offer anywhere from two to six seasonal collections per year, depending on the impact of fashion trends in a particular product category and price point. - Google Search" (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=Product+developers+may+offer+anywhere+from+two+to+six+seasonal+collections+per+year,+depending+on+the+impact+of+fashion+trends+in+a+particular+product+category+and+price+point.) . www.google.com . Retrieved 2016-03-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Fashion Trend Forecasting" (https://www.pointsofmeasure.com/tutorials-education/fashion-trend-forecasting) . 17 June 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-11) ’The Fashion Forecasters - a Hidden History of Color and Trend Prediction’, edited by Regina Lee Blaszczyk and Ben Wubbs, 275 pages, published by Bloomsbury ^ (#cite_ref-12) Shi, Mengyun; Van Dyk Lewis (2020). "Using Artificial Intelligence to Analyze Fashion Trends". arXiv (/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)) : 2005.00986 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00986) [ cs.CV (https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CV) ]. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Trend Forecasting: How Does It Really Work?" (https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/trend-forecasting-how-to/) . Highsnobiety . 2017-04-05 . Retrieved 2021-04-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Bancroft, Alison (September 2008). " (https://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175174108x332369) Fashion: A Philosophy by Lars Svendsen. Translated by John Irons" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175174108x332369) . Fashion Theory . 12 (3): 393–395. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174108x332369 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174108x332369) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1362-704X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1362-704X) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 191304781 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191304781) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Gardino, Giovanni Battista; Meo, Rosa; Craparotta, Giuseppe (2021-02-01). "Multi-view Latent Learning Applied to Fashion Industry" (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020-10005-8) . Information Systems Frontiers . 23 (1): 53–69. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s10796-020-10005-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10796-020-10005-8) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1572-9419 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9419) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 254574807 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254574807) . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Choi, Tsan-Ming; Hui, Chi-Leung; Yu, Yong, eds. (2014). Intelligent Fashion Forecasting Systems: Models and Applications . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-3-642-39869-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-39869-8) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-642-39868-1 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐2r6bt Cached time: 20240713193835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.459 seconds Real time usage: 0.563 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1528/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 94615/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 8791/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 72444/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.283/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5487243/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 466.559 1 -total 39.41% 183.877 1 Template:Reflist 34.97% 163.153 3 Template:Ambox 26.73% 124.710 1 Template:Multiple_issues 22.13% 103.249 3 Template:Navbox 22.11% 103.136 1 Template:Fashion 22.08% 103.018 3 Template:Cite_journal 9.84% 45.908 1 Template:Cleanup_rewrite 5.74% 26.797 7 Template:Cite_web 5.29% 24.684 1 Template:Clarification_needed Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31341839-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713193835 and revision id 1234057232. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_forecasting&oldid=1234057232 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_forecasting&oldid=1234057232) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Forecasting (/wiki/Category:Forecasting) Fashion occupations (/wiki/Category:Fashion_occupations) Retail analytics (/wiki/Category:Retail_analytics) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_rewrite_from_July_2023) All articles needing rewrite (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_rewrite) Articles needing additional references from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2023) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references) Articles with multiple maintenance issues (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues) Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2023) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023)
|
Clothing and fur production company in Greenland Great Greenland Furhouse Company type Aktieselskab (/wiki/Aktieselskab) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Founded 1985 Founder Hans Lassen Headquarters Qaqortoq (/wiki/Qaqortoq) , Greenland (/wiki/Greenland) Key people Bruno Olesen ( Chairman (/wiki/Chairman) ) Preben Møller ( CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Products Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) , Ready to wear (/wiki/Ready_to_wear) , Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) & Fur (/wiki/Fur) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) DKK (/wiki/Danish_Krone) 68,763,000 (2006) Number of employees 64 [1] (#cite_note-1) Website greatgreenland.com (http://www.greatgreenland.com/) Great Greenland Furhouse is a tanning and production company that processes furs and sells clothing, fashion wear and other products made of Greenland fur and seal skin, located in Qaqortoq (/wiki/Qaqortoq) , south Greenland (/wiki/Greenland) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The company operates based on a service contract between the Government of Greenland (/wiki/Government_of_Greenland) and Great Greenland A/S. The company purchases seal skin from all over Greenland. The company owns trading stations, skin centers , in Maniitsoq (/wiki/Maniitsoq) , Nuuk (/wiki/Nuuk) , Tasiilaq (/wiki/Tasiilaq) , and Upernavik (/wiki/Upernavik) , as well as independent trading stations in smaller villages, totalling more than 70 independent trading stations. Dried seal skin can also be purchased from the smallest communities via the general store Pilersuisoq (/wiki/Pilersuisoq) . In total, over 2,500 people are involved in the seal skin trade. This makes Great Greenland Furhouse one of the biggest employers in the entire country. Of the 64 people directly employed the company, 51 are working in Qaqortoq, making Great Greenland one of the biggest employers in the town. History [ edit ] The company was created in 1977 as the Grønlandsgarveriet ( The tannery of Greenland ) by Hans Lassen. It specialized in tanning seal skin. In 1982, Grønlandsgarveriet became government-owned. The company name was changed to Great Greenland in 1991. [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) From 2005 to 2012, the company recorded a deficit in yearly revenues. In 2013, it recovered with a NOK 5.9 million profit. The company had been seeking legal recovery after a former partner sold 58,000 of the company's furs without informing the company about it. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) During the 2014 Kopenhagen Fur (/wiki/Kopenhagen_Fur) , Great Greenland sold 9,000 pieces during the world's largest fur auction. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) Fur ban [ edit ] The import and sale of seal fur is illegal in the United States, due to the 1972 U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act) . The act categorically bans "imports or sales of all marine mammal products", regardless of the conservation status of the animal. On May 5, 2009, the European Parliament (/wiki/European_Parliament) voted in favour of an EU-wide ban on seal products (/wiki/European_Union_ban_on_seal_products) , [6] (#cite_note-6) exemptions allowing limited seal product trade for Greenland Inuit (/wiki/Inuit) . The majority of the fur products are headed for the European markets, with Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) as the biggest customer. [7] (#cite_note-7) Since the EEC (/wiki/EEC) seal skin ban in 1983, the company receives between 25 and 30 million DKK (3.5 to 4 mil EUR) annually to support and develop Greenlandic seal hunt and production. There are currently 1,900 licensed professional hunters on Greenland, of these an estimated 200 to 300 are economically dependent on supplying seal skins to Great Greenland. On average the professional hunters earn about 50,000 DKK (6,000 EUR) annually from hunting and coastal fishing, [8] (#cite_note-8) roughly 20% of this amount consists of direct subsidies from the Greenland Home Rule. The EU's 2009 seal ban led the company to close it last sewing workshop in 2016. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2017, the company estimated the number of seals in Greenland around 12 million. Following the ban, many Inuit chose fishing as a main source of income and trade, leading to a seal overpopulation and a sharp decline of fish stocks (fished by men and the growing seal population) [10] (#cite_note-10) Seal skin folder, a product of Great Greenland A/S Governance [ edit ] Board of directors: [3] (#cite_note-:0-3) Juliane Henningsen Tommy Ege Kristensen Niels Eli Boassen Erik Sivertsen Anette Grønkjær Lings See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Kopenhagen Fur (/wiki/Kopenhagen_Fur) Seal hunting (/wiki/Seal_hunting) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Management and Utilization of Seals in Greenland" (http://dk.nanoq.gl/Emner/Landsstyre/Departementer/Departement_for_fiskeri/~/media/7F9AFE61E16845F7A92AA52563437165.ashx) (PDF) . Government of Greenland - Department of Fisheries, Hunting & Agriculture . Retrieved April 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Great Greenland Furhouse home page" (http://www.greatgreenland.com) . Great Greenland A/S . Retrieved April 12, 2011 . ^ a b "Great Greenland | Bæredygtig Inuitfangst og produktion til gavn for Grønland" (https://www.greatgreenland.com/-ip-13.html?language=en) . www.greatgreenland.com . Retrieved 2019-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Great Greenland | Fur of the Arctic" (http://www.nordicstylemag.com/2016/08/great-greenland-fur-of-the-arctic/) . Nordic Style Magazine . 2016-08-23 . Retrieved 2019-06-12 . ^ a b Utsi, Johan Ante (2014-06-28). "Great Greenland kan gå i overskudd" (https://www.nrk.no/sapmi/great-greenland-kan-ga-i-overskudd-1.11803825) . NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål) . Retrieved 2019-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Seal product ban will hurt Great Greenland" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110726203932/http://www.sikunews.com/News/Denmark-Greenland/Seal-product-ban-will-hurt-Great-Greenland-6569) . Sikunews. Archived from the original (http://www.sikunews.com/News/Denmark-Greenland/Seal-product-ban-will-hurt-Great-Greenland-6569) on July 26, 2011 . Retrieved April 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Furs, 2001" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110929212735/http://www.furs.com/2001/FurAge179.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.furs.com/2001/FurAge179.html) on September 29, 2011 . Retrieved April 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Great Greenland intend to start commercial seal pup hunting" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723004515/http://www.ecoadvise.dk/seal_skin_trade.html) . EcoAdvise. Archived from the original (http://www.ecoadvise.dk/seal_skin_trade.html) on July 23, 2011 . Retrieved April 12, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Clothes and artifacts" (https://nammco.no/topics/marine-mammals-clothes-and-artefacts/) . NAMMCO . 2017-01-31 . Retrieved 2019-06-12 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Rebecca Bradley's journals: Loving Green. • We Are Fur" (https://www.wearefur.com/rebecca-bradleys-journals/) . We Are Fur . 2017-08-04 . Retrieved 2019-06-12 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Greenland A/S (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Greenland_A/S) . Great Greenland Furhouse home page (http://www.greatgreenland.com/) v t e Companies of Greenland (/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Greenland) Air Greenland (/wiki/Air_Greenland) Arctic Umiaq Line (/wiki/Arctic_Umiaq_Line) AG (/wiki/Atuagagdliutit/Gr%C3%B8nlandsposten) Atuagkat Bookstore (/wiki/Atuagkat_Bookstore) Brugseni (/wiki/Brugseni) Diskoline (/wiki/Diskoline) Great Greenland Greenland Venture (/w/index.php?title=Greenland_Venture&action=edit&redlink=1) KNR (/wiki/Kalaallit_Nunaata_Radioa) KNI (/wiki/KNI_(Greenland_Trade)) Mittarfeqarfiit (/wiki/Greenland_Airport_Authority) Nanoq Media (/wiki/Nanoq_Media) NUNAOIL (/wiki/Nunaoil) Nuup Bussii (/wiki/Nuup_Bussii) Pilersuisoq (/wiki/Pilersuisoq) Pisiffik (/wiki/Pisiffik) Sermitsiaq (/wiki/Sermitsiaq_(newspaper)) Royal Arctic Line (/wiki/Royal_Arctic_Line) Royal Greenland (/wiki/Royal_Greenland) Tusass (/wiki/Tusass_A/S) The BANK of Greenland (/wiki/The_BANK_of_Greenland) Upernavik Seafood (/w/index.php?title=Upernavik_Seafood&action=edit&redlink=1) v t e Qaqortoq (/wiki/Qaqortoq) Institutions Qaqortoq Hostel Qaqortoq Museum (/wiki/Qaqortoq_Museum) Great Greenland Furhouse Landmarks Hvalsey (/wiki/Hvalsey) Church of Our Saviour (/wiki/Church_of_Our_Saviour_(Qaqortoq)) Gertrud Rasch's Church (/wiki/Qaqortoq#Religion) Transport Arctic Umiaq Line (/wiki/Arctic_Umiaq_Line) Qaqortoq Heliport (/wiki/Qaqortoq_Heliport) Narsarsuaq Airport (/wiki/Narsarsuaq_Airport) Royal Arctic Line (/wiki/Royal_Arctic_Line) Air Greenland (/wiki/Air_Greenland) Royal Greenland (/wiki/Royal_Greenland) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐c8px8 Cached time: 20240720173716 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.310 seconds Real time usage: 0.413 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1781/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 39816/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1878/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 55934/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.215/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6140775/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 371.003 1 -total 25.68% 95.265 9 Template:Cite_web 21.38% 79.303 1 Template:Infobox_company 19.61% 72.749 2 Template:Navbox 19.26% 71.451 1 Template:Companies_of_Greenland 18.95% 70.315 1 Template:Infobox 16.65% 61.776 1 Template:Short_description 9.06% 33.603 2 Template:Pagetype 5.82% 21.608 1 Template:Commons_category 5.28% 19.579 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31481228-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173716 and revision id 1174753963. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Greenland_Furhouse&oldid=1174753963 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Greenland_Furhouse&oldid=1174753963) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Greenlandic fashion (/wiki/Category:Greenlandic_fashion) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Clothing brands of Greenland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Greenland) Clothing companies of Greenland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Greenland) Clothing retailers of Greenland (/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Greenland) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Fashion accessory companies (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_companies) Fur trade (/wiki/Category:Fur_trade) Retail companies established in 1985 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1985) Companies based in Qaqortoq (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Qaqortoq) 1985 establishments in Greenland (/wiki/Category:1985_establishments_in_Greenland) Hidden categories: CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l-language_sources_(nb)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
|
Dress worn by Catherine Middleton at her wedding to Prince William in 2011 Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton Catherine wearing her wedding dress as she and William make an appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) , April 2011. Designer Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) Year 2011 ( 2011 ) Type Lace appliqué (/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9) bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Material Satin (/wiki/Satin) , lace (/wiki/Lace) The wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn by Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) at her wedding to Prince William (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) on 29 April 2011 was designed by English designer Sarah Burton (/wiki/Sarah_Burton) , creative director of the luxury fashion house Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) . [1] (#cite_note-1) The dress and its maker were not formally announced until the bride stepped from her car to enter Westminster Abbey (/wiki/Westminster_Abbey) just prior to the service. [2] (#cite_note-bbc-2) Noted for its design, symbolism, and expected influence on Western (/wiki/Western_world) bridal gown trends, the dress was widely anticipated and generated much comment in the media. Replicas of the dress were produced and sold, and the original dress was on display at Buckingham Palace (/wiki/Buckingham_Palace) from 23 July 2011 until 3 October 2011 during the annual summer exhibition. Pre-wedding speculation [ edit ] Prior to the wedding, there was much speculation as to Middleton's choice of dress. The Sunday Times (/wiki/The_Sunday_Times) reported on 6 March on speculation that Middleton had chosen McQueen designer Sarah Burton. Their report stated: "A fashion source said that the dress will be a combination of Middleton's own design ideas and Burton's deep knowledge and understanding of high fashion." The label and Burton both denied any involvement. [3] (#cite_note-3) Burton's work came to the notice of Middleton in 2005 when she attended the wedding of Tom Parker Bowles (/wiki/Tom_Parker_Bowles) , the son of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Camilla,_Duchess_of_Cornwall) . Burton had designed the bridal gown for his bride, fashion journalist Sara Buys. [4] (#cite_note-TMG8364610-4) Also suggested were Phillipa Lepley, Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , [5] (#cite_note-latimes-spec-5) Sophie Cranston's Libelula, [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Jasper Conran (/wiki/Jasper_Conran) , [8] (#cite_note-Xinhua-8) [9] (#cite_note-star-muchado-9) Elizabeth Emanuel (/wiki/Elizabeth_Emanuel) , [10] (#cite_note-latimes-trad-10) Daniella Issa Helayel (/wiki/Engagement_announcement_dress_of_Kate_Middleton) , [8] (#cite_note-Xinhua-8) Marchesa (/wiki/Marchesa_(brand)) by Keren Craig (/wiki/Keren_Craig) and Georgina Chapman (/wiki/Georgina_Chapman) , [5] (#cite_note-latimes-spec-5) Stella McCartney (/wiki/Stella_McCartney) , [5] (#cite_note-latimes-spec-5) Bruce Oldfield (/wiki/Bruce_Oldfield) , [9] (#cite_note-star-muchado-9) [10] (#cite_note-latimes-trad-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) and Catherine Walker (/wiki/Catherine_Walker_(fashion_designer)) . [10] (#cite_note-latimes-trad-10) Burton emerged as the odds-on favourite (/wiki/Odds) to create the dress amongst bookmakers (/wiki/Bookmaker) , to the extent that English bookmaker William Hill (/wiki/William_Hill_(bookmaker)) stopped taking wagers weeks before the event. David Emanuel (/wiki/David_Emanuel_(fashion_designer)) , co-designer of the wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) , commented to the Canadian fashion journalist Jeanne Beker (/wiki/Jeanne_Beker) that "McQueen is owned by Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) , an Italian company. If Kate's gone that route, it would be the first time a British-owned house wasn't chosen. And the Italians would have a field day with that." [12] (#cite_note-12) According to Joanna Marschner, Senior Curator of the Historic Royal Palaces, "the dresses have had to grow as the media expectation has grown. Television cameras in Westminster Abbey have meant that those dresses are going to have to live up to those venues and indeed be of a design excellence to bear infinite scrutiny." [8] (#cite_note-Xinhua-8) Design [ edit ] Official statements noted that Middleton wished to combine tradition and modernity, "with the artistic vision that characterises Alexander McQueen's work." She and Burton worked closely together in formulating the dress design. [13] (#cite_note-timeless-13) The pattern used on the sleeves is now known as "Kate's lace", while the bodice contains soft satin pleats. The British tabloid News of the World (/wiki/News_of_the_World) reported that the dress cost £250,000, [14] (#cite_note-scotsman-14) although a Clarence House (/wiki/Clarence_House) spokesperson dismissed that claim. [15] (#cite_note-sky-15) It was also reported that Middleton's parents paid for the bridal gown. [16] (#cite_note-16) The ivory satin bodice was padded slightly at the hips and narrowed at the waist, and was inspired by the Victorian tradition of corsetry that is a particular Alexander McQueen hallmark. [17] (#cite_note-17) The bodice incorporated floral motifs cut from machine-made lace, which were then appliquéd on to silk net ( tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) ) by workers from the Royal School of Needlework (/wiki/Royal_School_of_Needlework) , based at Hampton Court Palace. On the back were 58 buttons of gazar (/wiki/Gazar) and organza (/wiki/Organza) , which fasten by means of rouleau loops. The skirt, underskirt trim and bridal train (which measured 270 cm—110in) also incorporated lace appliquéd in a similar manner. The main body of the dress was made in ivory and white satin gazar, using UK fabrics which had been specially sourced by Sarah Burton, with a long, full skirt designed to echo an opening flower, with soft pleats which unfolded to the floor, forming a Victorian-style semi-bustle (/wiki/Bustle) at the back, and finishing in a short train measuring just under three metres in length. [18] (#cite_note-18) To partially fulfill the ' something blue (/wiki/Something_old) ' portion of the British wedding tradition, a blue ribbon was sewn inside the dress. The design for the bodice of the dress featuring lace in the style of the 19th century was the 'something old'. [19] (#cite_note-19) The British press showed considerable interest in the lace used in the wedding dress, but their published reports [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) are at variance with available documentation, and suggest that they were briefed with common incorrect or misleading information. The facts about the lace are as follows. The effect achieved by the design of the bodice is similar to that of the decorated nets that were popular in the late 19th century, typified by the Limerick and Carrickmacross laces of Ireland. [23] (#cite_note-23) For the latter, machine-made net is used as a basis on which floral and other designs are created by various hand-needlework techniques. The embroiderers washed their hands every 30 minutes and changed needles every 3 hours to make sure that the lace would remain immaculate until the wedding day. [24] (#cite_note-24) The press release from the Royal School of Needlework [25] (#cite_note-25) states that the technique used in Catherine's wedding dress "was influenced by" traditional Carrickmacross lace (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) technique. However, the technique itself was a completely different and modern device: floral motifs were cut out of lengths of lace produced on large 19th-century machines and stitched to machine net. [26] (#cite_note-26) Three companies are known to have produced lace for the dress: Sophie Hallette [27] (#cite_note-27) and Solstiss [28] (#cite_note-28) in France, and the Cluny Lace Company in Ilkeston, Derbyshire. [29] (#cite_note-29) The majority of the dress is made using the Solstiss lace, specifically the skirt and train. The styles of machine lace go by the names "English Cluny" and "Chantilly", but should not be confused with the older hand-made bobbin laces of the same names. The lace was not specially commissioned for the dress, but chosen from stock patterns (what was formerly known only as Sophie Hallette's "950264" is now known as "Kate's lace", however, this lace was only used for the bodice of the dress, the skirt and train are made of the Solstiss lace. Grace Kelly's wedding dress was also made from lace by Solstiss, a French company. All the companies involved are known to produce the highest quality of couture lace. [30] (#cite_note-30) ) and hence the floral motifs available were those present in the patterns. The lace designs include roses, thistles, daffodils and shamrocks, representing the national flowers of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, respectively. [31] (#cite_note-31) [32] (#cite_note-32) Tudor Rose (/wiki/Tudor_Rose) Rosa cultivar 'Mary Rose' Shamrock (/wiki/Shamrock) Trifolium repens Scottish Thistle (/wiki/Onopordum_acanthium) Onopordum acanthium Daffodil (/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)) Narcissus Reception and influence [ edit ] The dress generated much comment in the media from fashion experts and was very well received. It was noted that the design was largely traditional and inspired by dresses from the 1950s. Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) wrote "the dress is classic and goes very well in the Westminster decor. It almost reminds me of Elizabeth (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) 's wedding, the royal weddings in the [19]50s. The proportion of the train is good. The lace is very pretty. I like the veil a lot." [33] (#cite_note-Reuters-wows-33) Antonio Marras (/wiki/Antonio_Marras) , of Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo_(brand)) , stated, "the choice of the label and the style of the dress was a very clever mix between edgy fashion and tradition — all in a very British way. You could see references to Grace Kelly (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Grace_Kelly) [34] (#cite_note-34) or Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth) 's dresses, but in a simpler, more modern way." [33] (#cite_note-Reuters-wows-33) It was noted that the lace bodice of Middleton's dress echoed that worn by Grace Kelly for her marriage to Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco) , in 1956. [2] (#cite_note-bbc-2) Comparisons were also drawn with Princess Margaret (/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon) 's wedding dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) . Mark Badgley of Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) wrote that "it's the kind of gown that will stand the test of time. Not all gowns do. Any bride across the world will want to wear it. It's got a touch of vintage, a classic 1950s ball gown, so timeless that her daughter would look gorgeous in this gown 30 years from now." [35] (#cite_note-nyt-reacts-35) Meanwhile, Oscar de la Renta (/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta) stated that it was "a very traditional dress for a very traditional wedding...not ostentatious. There was not 50 meters of train, and it was not overembroidered. It was just a very traditional dress for a ravishing girl who doesn't need a lot." [35] (#cite_note-nyt-reacts-35) Comparisons were also made to the dress worn (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) by Prince William (/wiki/Prince_William) 's mother, Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Lady_Diana_Spencer) . Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) said "Diana's dress had a sense of innocence, whimsy, almost storybook romance. In contrast Catherine's gown was about way more than simply the dress. Sarah Burton channelled a new take on classicism for a modern-day bride who will one day be queen." [35] (#cite_note-nyt-reacts-35) Diana's wedding dress maker, Elizabeth Emanuel (/wiki/Elizabeth_Emanuel) , has suggested: "Exactly as it happened in 1981, there are going to be people watching as she walks down the aisle with their sketch pads, with the machinists and pattern cutters all ready and waiting. By the next morning you'll see copies in High Street." [13] (#cite_note-timeless-13) Emanuel says the dress would fit many body shapes. [36] (#cite_note-36) A replica of the dress outside a shop in Belfast (/wiki/Belfast) . There were many suggestions that the style of the dress would influence wedding fashion for the next few years. Alison McGill, the editor-in-chief of Weddingbells Magazine : "I think her choice to wear long sleeves signals a big goodbye to strapless wedding gowns." [37] (#cite_note-37) Meanwhile, Veronica Di Santo-Abramowicz, of the Toronto-based Ines Di Santo (/wiki/Ines_Di_Santo) label opined "Kate's dress will influence so much of the bridal style that we will see over the next few years. It always happens that when a person of royalty or high stature gets married, this sets trends for several years. For example, Diana's gown and Carolyn Bessette (/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy) 's gown are two noteworthy brides that come to mind." [38] (#cite_note-38) One British firm's replica, commissioned by The Times (/wiki/The_Times) as a contest prize, was completed less than five hours after Middleton began her car ride to the Abbey. The firm received numerous inquiries within a day, but expressed that it would have to consult lawyers before replicas could be sold. [39] (#cite_note-39) New Zealand couturist Jane Yeh worked through the night after the wedding to create another copy of the dress. [40] (#cite_note-40) Chinese dressmakers told news reporters they expected to have knock-offs (/wiki/Knock-off) of the dress available one week from the event; one expressed frustration that it was not leaked in advance so that they could have stock prepared earlier. Another suggested a £70 to £90 retail price. [41] (#cite_note-41) The choice of a dress from the fashion house of Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , who had died by suicide in 2010, led Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) to state "It's a lovely thought, a nice tribute." [33] (#cite_note-Reuters-wows-33) The dress, along with other items pertaining to the Royal Wedding, were exhibited at Buckingham Palace from 23 July 2011 until 3 October 2011. [42] (#cite_note-horrid-42) [43] (#cite_note-43) The method of displaying the dress and tiara (on a headless mannequin (/wiki/Mannequin) lit by white lighting) was reported to have been described as "horrid" by the Queen during a private tour of the exhibition with the Duchess of Cambridge in July 2011. [42] (#cite_note-horrid-42) A microphone overheard the Queen remarking to the Duchess "It's made to look very creepy" while Catherine responded that it had a "3D effect". [44] (#cite_note-44) The dress helped attract a record number of visitors to Buckingham Palace in the summer months of 2011. It was also reported to have helped raise around ten million pounds towards Middleton's own charity fund as well as the Royal Collection. [45] (#cite_note-45) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Engagement announcement dress of Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Engagement_announcement_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Kate Middleton's bridal dress designed by Sarah Burton" (http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/ROYAL-WEDDING-Kate-Middletons-Dress-Designed-By-Sarah-Burton/Article/201104415981854?lpos=Royal_Wedding_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15981854_ROYAL_WEDDING_Kate_Middletons_Dress_Designed_By_Sarah_Burton) . Sky News. 29 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120120133615/http://news.sky.com/home/royal-wedding/article/15981854) from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Royal wedding: What are they saying about the dress?" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13236617) . BBC News. 29 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200628150213/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13236617) from the original on 28 June 2020 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Middleton to wear McQueen wedding dress: report" (http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/07/3156517.htm?section=justin) . ABC News . Sydney NSW. AAP. 7 March 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110308034718/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/07/3156517.htm?section=justin) from the original on 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-TMG8364610_4-0) Blake, Heidi (6 March 2011). "Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen to design Kate Middleton's wedding dress?" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8364610/Sarah-Burton-of-Alexander-McQueen-to-design-Kate-Middletons-wedding-dress.html) . Daily Telegraph . London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110414140211/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8364610/Sarah-Burton-of-Alexander-McQueen-to-design-Kate-Middletons-wedding-dress.html) from the original on 14 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Royal Wedding: Handicapping Kate Middleton's wedding gown designer: The high-fashion favorites" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/04/handicapping-kate-middletons-wedding-gown-designer-the-high-fashion-favorites.html) . Los Angeles Times . 27 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110430061816/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/04/handicapping-kate-middletons-wedding-gown-designer-the-high-fashion-favorites.html) from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Fox, Imogen (22 April 2011). "Speculation over royal wedding dress reaches fever pitch, UK news" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/22/speculation-royal-wedding-dress) . The Guardian . UK. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131204221241/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/22/speculation-royal-wedding-dress) from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) White, Belinda (17 April 2011). "Kate Middleton's wedding dress latest: Sophie Cranston of Libelula chosen as designer? | Telegraph" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/belinda-white/TMG8456677/Kate-Middletons-wedding-dress-latest-Sophie-Cranston-of-Libelula-chosen-as-designer.html) . London: Fashion.telegraph.co.uk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110423180247/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/belinda-white/TMG8456677/Kate-Middletons-wedding-dress-latest-Sophie-Cranston-of-Libelula-chosen-as-designer.html) from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Who is designing Kate's wedding dress?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084505/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-04/24/c_13843597.htm) . Xinhua. 24 April 2011. Archived from the original (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-04/24/c_13843597.htm) on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Much ado about Kate Middleton's bridal dress" (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royalfamily/royalwedding/article/974349--much-ado-about-kate-middleton-s-bridal-dress) . Toronto Star . 14 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110825214906/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/royalfamily/royalwedding/article/974349--much-ado-about-kate-middleton-s-bridal-dress) from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Handicapping Kate Middleton's wedding gown designer: The traditionalists" (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/04/handicapping-kate-middletons-wedding-gown-designer-the-traditionalists.html) . Los Angeles Times . 26 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110430115502/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/04/handicapping-kate-middletons-wedding-gown-designer-the-traditionalists.html?) from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Elle News, Bruce Oldfield Exits Dress Race, Packham Enters" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110719185449/http://www.elleuk.com/news/fashion-news/bruce-oldfield-exits-dress-race-packham-enters/(gid)/761516) . Elleuk.com. Archived from the original (http://www.elleuk.com/news/fashion-news/bruce-oldfield-exits-dress-race-packham-enters/(gid)/761516) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) A bet on the train of events (https://www.thestar.com/living/article/980094--a-bet-on-the-train-of-events) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121024030842/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/980094--a-bet-on-the-train-of-events) 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) . thestar.com (26 April 2011). Retrieved on 1 May 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "Kate's dress 'timeless' (http://lifestyle.iafrica.com/royal-weddings/724784.html) " (http://lifestyle.iafrica.com/royal-weddings/724784.html) . iafrica.com . 29 April 2011. Archived (https://archive.today/20121208194425/http://lifestyle.iafrica.com/royal-weddings/724784.html) from the original on 8 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-scotsman_14-0) Bradley, Jane (2 May 2011). "Kate's wedding dress to go on public display" (http://news.scotsman.com/royal-weddings/Kate39s-wedding-dress--to.6760973.jp) . The Scotsman . UK. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110503043209/http://news.scotsman.com/royal-weddings/Kate39s-wedding-dress--to.6760973.jp) from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-sky_15-0) "Honeymoon Delay 'Was Royal Couple's Choice' (http://news.sky.com/skynews/Article/201105115983115) " (http://news.sky.com/skynews/Article/201105115983115) . Sky News. 1 May 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110504123508/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Article/201105115983115) from the original on 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Wilkins, Bridie (21 October 2022). "7 costly royal wedding dresses with price tags up to £6m: From the Queen to Meghan Markle" (https://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/20221021154857/expensive-royal-wedding-dresses-the-queen-meghan-markle/) . Hello! . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230110202851/https://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/20221021154857/expensive-royal-wedding-dresses-the-queen-meghan-markle/) from the original on 10 January 2023 . Retrieved 10 January 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Alexander, Hilary. "Kate Middleton wedding dress is Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110502024019/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8477689/Kate-Middleton-wedding-dress-is-Sarah-Burton-for-Alexander-McQueen.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8477689/Kate-Middleton-wedding-dress-is-Sarah-Burton-for-Alexander-McQueen.html) on 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Moss, Hilary (29 April 2011). "Sarah Burton: Kate Middleton Wedding Dress Designer" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/29/sarah-burton-kate-middleton-wedding-dress_n_855299.html) . Huffington Post . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141225165321/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/29/sarah-burton-kate-middleton-wedding-dress_n_855299.html) from the original on 25 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Gripper, Ann (29 April 2011). "Kate Middleton's something old, new, borrowed and blue for royal wedding revealed" (https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/kate-middletons-something-old-new-179096) . Daily Mirror . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121226064410/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/kate-middletons-something-old-new-179096) from the original on 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Kate Middleton's bridal dress designed by Sarah Burton" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13235599) . BBC News . 29 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210414032503/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13235599) from the original on 14 April 2021 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Kate Wows in Second Sarah Burton Outfit" (http://news.sky.com/story/851319/kate-wows-in-second-sarah-burton-outfit) . Sky News . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130117050139/http://news.sky.com/story/851319/kate-wows-in-second-sarah-burton-outfit) from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Fox, Imogen (30 April 2011). "Royal wedding dress under the microscope" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/30/royal-wedding-dress-microscope) . The Guardian . London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151011073245/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/apr/30/royal-wedding-dress-microscope) from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Carrickmacross lace crowns the royal wedding gown" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-13237425) . BBC News . 29 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501035830/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-13237425) from the original on 1 May 2024 . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Briese, Nicole (23 December 2023). "All About Kate Middleton's Wedding Dress, From Its Secret Origins to Special Details" (https://people.com/kate-middleton-wedding-dress-everything-to-know-8411008) . People . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240429142442/https://people.com/kate-middleton-wedding-dress-everything-to-know-8411008) from the original on 29 April 2024 . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "The Royal School of Needlework's hand embroidery expertise helps Sarah Burton create Miss Catherine Middleton's wedding dress" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120915034044/http://www.royal-needlework.org.uk/images/uploaded/Documents/Press_and_publicity/press+release+-+royal+wedding+dress+-+29+april+2011.pdf) (PDF) . Royal School of Needlework. Archived from the original (http://www.royal-needlework.org.uk/images/uploaded/Documents/Press_and_publicity/press+release+-+royal+wedding+dress+-+29+april+2011.pdf) (PDF) on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Leader, Jean. "Lace for a Royal Wedding" (http://www.jeanleader.co.uk/articles/weddinglace.html) . www.jeanleader.co.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131003133708/http://www.jeanleader.co.uk/articles/weddinglace.html) from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) "Sophie Hallette" (http://www.sophiehallette.com/) . www.sophiehallette.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130624110344/http://sophiehallette.com/) from the original on 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Dentelle haute couture et prêt-à-porter de luxe - Solstiss" (http://www.solstiss.com/fr) . www.solstiss.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080328010753/http://www.solstiss.com/fr) from the original on 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Cluny Lace Co Ltd" (http://www.clunylace.com/) . www.clunylace.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130529015939/http://www.clunylace.com/) from the original on 29 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Robson, Julia (1 July 2011). "Not just for weddings" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/e998929c-9d88-11e0-9a70-00144feabdc0.html) . The Financial Times (/wiki/The_Financial_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123444/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/e998929c-9d88-11e0-9a70-00144feabdc0.html) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "How Kate Middleton's Wedding Dress Was Kept Secret" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/kate-middleton-wedding-dress-secret/) . Grazia Daily . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210128090148/https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/kate-middleton-wedding-dress-secret/) from the original on 28 January 2021 . Retrieved 21 January 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Royal wedding: Dress embroiderers were kept in the dark" (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13249018) . BBC News . 30 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210122145520/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13249018) from the original on 22 January 2021 . Retrieved 21 January 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Falloon, Matt (29 April 2011). "Kate Middleton wows crowd in McQueen designer's dress" (https://archive.today/20140528215604/http://www.leelach.com/royal-dress-kate-middleton/?SID=7t960t674269s7dbe0oonqvhf0&___store=default) . canada.com . Reuters. Archived from the original (http://www.leelach.com/royal-dress-kate-middleton/?SID=7t960t674269s7dbe0oonqvhf0&___store=default) on 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Morelli, Meaghan (29 April 2011). "Royal Wedding Ushers in New Era of Bridal Fashion" (http://norwalk.dailyvoice.com/fashion/royal-wedding-ushers-new-era-bridal-fashion) . The Norwalk Daily Voice. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150123002402/http://norwalk.dailyvoice.com/fashion/royal-wedding-ushers-new-era-bridal-fashion) from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Simplicity Wears the Crown (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/fashion/01RUNWAY.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170416173225/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/fashion/01RUNWAY.html) 16 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , The New York Times, 29 April 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-36) "Video, Royal Wedding: Kate Middleton's Dress Designed By Sarah Burton For Alexander McQueen" (http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/Video-Royal-Wedding-Kate-Middletons-Dress-Designed-By-Sarah-Burton-For-Alexander-McQueen/Article/201104415981854?lpos=Royal_Wedding_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15981854_Video%2C_Royal_Wedding%3A_Kate_Middletons_Dress_Designed_By_Sarah_Burton_For_Alexander_McQueen) . Sky News. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110502204859/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/Video-Royal-Wedding-Kate-Middletons-Dress-Designed-By-Sarah-Burton-For-Alexander-McQueen/Article/201104415981854?lpos=Royal_Wedding_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15981854_Video,_Royal_Wedding:_Kate_Middletons_Dress_Designed_By_Sarah_Burton_For_Alexander_McQueen) from the original on 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) "CTV Ottawa- Lace McQueen wedding gown gets rave reviews – CTV News" (https://www.ctvnews.ca/lace-mcqueen-wedding-gown-gets-rave-reviews-1.636896) . Ottawa.ctv.ca. 31 December 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120825023846/http://www.ctvnews.ca/lace-mcqueen-wedding-gown-gets-rave-reviews-1.636896) from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) "Canadian wedding gown designers predict Kate's look – and explain why it matters" (http://www.torontosun.com/2011/04/28/canadian-wedding-gown-designers-predict-kates-look--and-explain-why-it-matters) . Toronto Sun . 28 April 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110503161312/http://www.torontosun.com/2011/04/28/canadian-wedding-gown-designers-predict-kates-look--and-explain-why-it-matters) from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Kate's wedding dress recreated in just five hours" (http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/kates-wedding-dress-recreated-in-just-five-hours/story-e6frf7jx-1226047668734) . The Herald Sun . AFP. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-40) Antiss, Celeste (1 May 2011). "Kiwi creates copy of that dress" (http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new-zealand/news/article.cfm?l_id=71&objectid=10722667) . New Zealand Herald (/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121025045607/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new-zealand/news/article.cfm?l_id=71&objectid=10722667) from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-41) Moore, Malcolm (30 April 2011). "Royal wedding: Chinese tailors rush to copy Kate Middleton's dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8485272/Royal-wedding-Chinese-tailors-rush-to-copy-Kate-Middletons-dress.html) . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180120202546/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8485272/Royal-wedding-Chinese-tailors-rush-to-copy-Kate-Middletons-dress.html) from the original on 20 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Duchess of Cambridge's dress display is horrid, cries Queen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110723034059/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8655222/Kate-Middletons-dress-display-is-horrid-cries-Queen.html) . Daily Telegraph . London. 23 July 2011. Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8655222/Kate-Middletons-dress-display-is-horrid-cries-Queen.html) on 23 July 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-43) Witchell, Nicholas (23 July 2011). "Queen overheard criticising Duchess wedding dress display" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14257114) . BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160108101202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14257114) from the original on 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-44) "Queen spooked by Catherine's wedding dress display" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722170329/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5juNjIDWTOWkSZZozaIb2VyInTWvg?docId=CNG.12b3e2d8c5a021ba35421e540e77eecd.331) . Associated Press . Archived from the original (https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5juNjIDWTOWkSZZozaIb2VyInTWvg?docId=CNG.12b3e2d8c5a021ba35421e540e77eecd.331) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Rayner, Gordon (4 October 2011). "Duchess of Cambridge's wedding dress 'raises £10m' (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8806208/Kate-Middleton-wedding-dress-raises-10m.html) " (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8806208/Kate-Middleton-wedding-dress-raises-10m.html) . The Telegraph . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021843/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8806208/Kate-Middleton-wedding-dress-raises-10m.html) from the original on 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding dress of Kate Middleton (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wedding_dress_of_Kate_Middleton) . Photos: Kate Middleton's Wedding Dress Up Close (http://www.shreevella.com/blog/kate-middletons-wedding-dress-up-close) v t e Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) ( 1982-01-09 ) 9 January 1982 (age 42) Titles and honours (/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Princess of Wales (/wiki/Princess_of_Wales) Duchess of Cornwall (/wiki/Duchess_of_Cornwall) Duchess of Rothesay (/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay) Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Duke_of_Cambridge) Countess of Chester (/wiki/Earl_of_Chester) Countess of Carrick (/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick) Countess of Strathearn (/wiki/Earl_of_Strathearn) Baroness of Renfrew (/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(title)) Lady Carrickfergus (/wiki/Baron_Carrickfergus) Family (/wiki/Family_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) William, Prince of Wales (/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales) (husband) Prince George of Wales (/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales) (son) Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales_(born_2015)) (daughter) Prince Louis of Wales (/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales) (son) Michael Middleton (/wiki/Michael_Middleton) (father) Carole Goldsmith (/wiki/Carole_Middleton) (mother) Philippa Matthews (/wiki/Pippa_Middleton) (sister) James Middleton (/wiki/James_Middleton) (brother) Lupton family (/wiki/Lupton_family) (paternal ancestors) Events and charities Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) guests (/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) Overseas visits (/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_William,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) 2011 Canadian Tour (/wiki/2011_royal_tour_of_Canada) 2014 Australian and New Zealand Tour (/wiki/2014_royal_tour_of_Australia) The Royal Foundation (/wiki/The_Royal_Foundation) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_of_Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) Engagement dress (/wiki/Engagement_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) Wedding dress Popular culture Portraits Portrait of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Portrait_of_Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge) (2013) Portrait of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_and_Duchess_of_Cambridge) (2022) Publications Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020 (/wiki/Hold_Still:_A_Portrait_of_Our_Nation_in_2020) (2021) Film and television William & Kate: The Movie (/wiki/William_%26_Kate:_The_Movie) (2011) South Park: Royal Pudding (/wiki/Royal_Pudding) (2011) William & Catherine: A Royal Romance (/wiki/William_%26_Catherine:_A_Royal_Romance) (2011) The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; (/wiki/The_Windsors) play, 2021) (/wiki/The_Windsors:_Endgame) Spitting Image (/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)) (2020–21) The Prince (/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)) (2021) The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) (2023) Animals Lupo (/wiki/Lupo_(dog)) Homes Nottingham Cottage (/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage) Kensington Palace (/wiki/Kensington_Palace) Anmer Hall (/wiki/Anmer_Hall) Adelaide Cottage (/wiki/Adelaide_Cottage) v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐m62n6 Cached time: 20240720170046 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.636 seconds Real time usage: 0.792 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2971/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 131751/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2219/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 194694/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.413/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6083573/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 705.537 1 -total 45.60% 321.724 1 Template:Reflist 20.83% 146.984 16 Template:Cite_web 18.63% 131.429 3 Template:Navbox 18.45% 130.149 1 Template:Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge 15.94% 112.469 26 Template:Cite_news 10.60% 74.782 1 Template:Short_description 6.16% 43.434 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.08% 42.885 2 Template:Pagetype 6.03% 42.569 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31628711-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720170046 and revision id 1227777801. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton&oldid=1227777801 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton&oldid=1227777801) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2010s fashion (/wiki/Category:2010s_fashion) 2011 in London (/wiki/Category:2011_in_London) British royal attire (/wiki/Category:British_royal_attire) Catherine, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Category:Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales) English fashion (/wiki/Category:English_fashion) Marriage, unions and partnerships in England (/wiki/Category:Marriage,_unions_and_partnerships_in_England) Royal wedding dresses (/wiki/Category:Royal_wedding_dresses) 2011 in fashion (/wiki/Category:2011_in_fashion) 2011 clothing (/wiki/Category:2011_clothing) Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Category:Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use British English from May 2011 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_May_2011) Use dmy dates from April 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles (/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone) for suggestions. ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) For other uses, see Argentella (disambiguation) (/wiki/Argentella_(disambiguation)) . Argentella is a type of needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) derived from Argentan lace (/wiki/Argentan_lace) , [1] (#cite_note-Brooke1925-1) with a Rosacé ground, a "striking ground of tiny webs." [1] (#cite_note-Brooke1925-1) Argentella: A French needle lace made also at Abbisola in Italy. Developed from Argentan with Rosacé ground. [2] (#cite_note-2) Argentella. A name given to a lace made in Genoa (/wiki/Genoa) [Italy], but worked much like [the French] Point d'Alençon (/wiki/Point_d%27Alen%C3%A7on) . [3] (#cite_note-3) argentella lace[:] An early, white needlepoint lace made in Italy. Similar to the Alençon lace, but made with flat cordonnet (/wiki/Cordonnet) . The patterns are delicate and spread over a net ground with small dots at the corners. [4] (#cite_note-4) Argentella. ...a variant of point d'Alençon, which has a large mesh with a six-sided dot in the centre. This dotted réseau is known as fond de neige, and œil de perdrix, also as réseau rosaceé. [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] List of fabric names (/wiki/List_of_fabric_names) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Brooke, Margaret L. (1925). Lace in the making with bobbins and needle . Boni. p. 138 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . [ISBN unspecified]. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Brooke (1925), p.146. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Mollett, John William (1883). An Illustrated Dictionary of Words Used in Art and Archaeology (https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti00moll/page/23) , p.23. London: Gilbert and Rivington, Limited. [ISBN unspecified]. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Tortora, Phyllis G.; and Johnson, Ingrid (2013). The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles (https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=A24) , p.24. 8th edition. A&C Black. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781609015350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781609015350) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Head, R. E. (1922). The Lace & Embroidery Collector (https://archive.org/details/laceembroideryco00head/page/247) , p.49. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company. [ISBN unspecified]. v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentella&action=edit) . v t e This article about textiles (/wiki/Textile) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentella&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐ldp9n Cached time: 20240719102811 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.587 seconds Real time usage: 0.771 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1125/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42505/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1673/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28618/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.384/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3745959/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 613.427 1 -total 37.05% 227.267 1 Template:Reflist 31.99% 196.224 3 Template:Navbox 31.47% 193.019 1 Template:Lace_types 27.22% 166.980 1 Template:Cite_book 14.64% 89.825 1 Template:Tone 9.17% 56.251 1 Template:Ambox 5.27% 32.357 2 Template:Asbox 5.14% 31.527 1 Template:Otheruses 4.73% 28.996 1 Template:Textile-arts-stub Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31631597-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719102811 and revision id 1094974080. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentella&oldid=1094974080 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentella&oldid=1094974080) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Needle lace (/wiki/Category:Needle_lace) Textile arts stubs (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_stubs) Textile stubs (/wiki/Category:Textile_stubs) Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_February_2021) All articles with style issues (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Halas lace panel for a fan, designed by Árpád Dékáni (1861-1931) and made by Mária Markovits, Kiskunhalas Lace Manufactory, ca. 1906 Halas lace is a type of needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) . It first appeared in 1902 [1] (#cite_note-IOLI-1) in the town of Kiskunhalas (/wiki/Kiskunhalas) , Hungary (/wiki/Hungary) , colloquially known as "Halas". The lace was typically soft orange, pale green and yellow in colouring. [2] (#cite_note-Taylor2004-2) Arpad Dekani and Maria Markovits are credited with developing Halas lace. [1] (#cite_note-IOLI-1) Initially, Dekani did all of the design work while Markovits executed the designs. [1] (#cite_note-IOLI-1) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halas Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halas_Lace) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Lacemaking in Hungary: The Halas Tradition". The Bulletin of the I.O.L.I . 26 (3). International Old Lacers, Incorporated: 14–15. 2006. ^ (#cite_ref-Taylor2004_2-0) Taylor, Lou (2004). Establishing dress history . Manchester University Press. p. 232. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7190-6639-9 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halas_lace&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐hhpgh Cached time: 20240720185445 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.330 seconds Real time usage: 0.584 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 549/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36329/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 411/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 21878/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.215/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4029716/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 392.848 1 -total 35.64% 139.998 3 Template:Navbox 35.60% 139.865 1 Template:Lace_types 32.92% 129.329 1 Template:Reflist 21.89% 85.983 1 Template:Cite_journal 19.55% 76.804 1 Template:Commons_category 18.95% 74.440 1 Template:Sister_project 18.44% 72.422 1 Template:Side_box 11.83% 46.469 1 Template:Textile-arts-stub 11.24% 44.175 1 Template:Asbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31631607-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720185445 and revision id 1004277633. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halas_lace&oldid=1004277633 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halas_lace&oldid=1004277633) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Needle lace (/wiki/Category:Needle_lace) Textile arts stubs (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_stubs) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Type of American tape lace Battenberg lace Battenberg lace is a type of tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) . It is of American origin, designed and first made by Sara Hadley of New York. This American lace was named either in honor of the wedding of Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) , Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) 's youngest daughter, to Prince Henry of Battenberg (/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg) , or from [sic] the widowed Princess Beatrice. [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) : 102 It is made using bobbins and needles, or just needles alone. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) The original Battenberg lace used just one stitich: buttonhole (/wiki/Buttonhole_stitch) picot. Other stitches that were later used include flat wheel (also known as spider or rosette) and rings or "buttons". [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) : 103 With the popularity of Battenberg lace, all tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) (sometimes called braid lace [1] (#cite_note-:2-1) ) was called Battenberg lace in the US. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) : 20 Some consider it a form of Renaissance lace (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) , [3] (#cite_note-3) or Dentelle Renaissance, as it is still called in Belgium. Others regard Renaissance lace as a different type of tape lace. [4] (#cite_note-guild-4) Tape laces were known in the 19th century as modern point laces, [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) as the filling stitches were very similar to those found in true point laces. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) : 20 19th-century tape laces use inexpensive machine-woven tape as the outline, and the availability of this commercial tape led to increased popularity of Battenberg lace. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) Originally Battenberg lace was heavier than the other machine tape laces such as Princess lace (/wiki/Princess_lace) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Princess lace Battenberg lace was frequently used as an edging, and was particularly popular in the United States in the 19th century. [5] (#cite_note-:0-5) By the end of the 1800s, a wide variety of tapes and patterns, stamped on pink or white muslin were available for purchase from companies such as Butterick (/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company) , Sears, and Montgomery Ward. [2] (#cite_note-:1-2) : 20 Tape for Battenberg lace Further reading [ edit ] Willem, Vogelsang (30 January 2017). "Battenburg Tape Lace" (https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/regional-traditions/europe-and-north-america/lace-types/battenburg-tape-lace) . trc-leiden.nl . Retrieved 2020-05-30 . References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battenberg (needle lace) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battenberg_(needle_lace)) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Johnson, Frances. (1991). Collecting antique linens, lace & needlework . Radnor, Pa.: Wallace-Homestead Book Co. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-87069-634-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 23766710 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23766710) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stitchery and needle lace from Threads magazine . Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. 1991. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-56158-010-4 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 23356646 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23356646) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Earnshaw, Pat. (1999). A dictionary of lace . Mineola, NY: Dover. p. 10. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-40482-X . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 41518399 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41518399) . ^ (#cite_ref-guild_4-0) Leader, Jean E. "Lace Types: Tape Lace" (https://www.lacetypes.com/tapelace.html) . Retrieved 26 July 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bath, Virginia Churchill (1979). Lace . Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. p. 292. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-14-046378-X . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 4494296 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4494296) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) The Art of Modern Lace-making . Butterick Publishing Co. 1891. v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) This fashion (/wiki/Fashion) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battenberg_lace&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6b8fw Cached time: 20240720171004 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.357 seconds Real time usage: 0.713 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48109/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1210/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39564/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.215/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5923511/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 397.688 1 -total 26.33% 104.722 3 Template:Navbox 26.19% 104.160 1 Template:Lace_types 21.95% 87.284 2 Template:Cite_web 16.85% 66.997 1 Template:Short_description 10.69% 42.529 1 Template:Reflist 10.41% 41.412 5 Template:Rp 9.72% 38.640 2 Template:Pagetype 9.13% 36.290 5 Template:R/superscript 8.81% 35.037 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31631618-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720171004 and revision id 1228610897. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battenberg_lace&oldid=1228610897 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battenberg_lace&oldid=1228610897) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Tape lace (/wiki/Category:Tape_lace) Prince Henry of Battenberg (/wiki/Category:Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg) Fashion stubs (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
Suit worn by Jackie Kennedy on November 22, 1963 Kennedy descending from Air Force One (/wiki/Air_Force_One) at Dallas Love Field (/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field) , hours before her husband's assassination Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) was wearing a pink Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) suit when her husband, President John F. Kennedy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) , was assassinated (/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. [1] (#cite_note-Bradford2000-1) [2] (#cite_note-SPARKS1970-2) She insisted on wearing the suit, stained with his blood, during the swearing-in of Lyndon B. Johnson (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson) that afternoon and for the flight back to Washington D.C. Jacqueline Kennedy was a fashion icon (/wiki/Fashion_icon) , and the suit is arguably the most referenced and revisited among her clothing items. [3] (#cite_note-FT-3) [4] (#cite_note-Spencer2002-4) Made of wool bouclé (/wiki/Boucl%C3%A9) , the double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) , raspberry pink and navy trim collared suit was matched with a trademark pink pillbox hat (/wiki/Pillbox_hat) and white gloves. [5] (#cite_note-Lawliss1995-5) A long-time question among fashion historians and experts, about whether the suit was made by Chanel in France or a quality copy purchased from New York's semiannual Chez Ninon collections, was resolved by Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) 's biographer, Justine Picardie (/wiki/Justine_Picardie) . She showed that the suit was a garment made by Chez Ninon using Chanel's approved "line for line" system with authorized Chanel patterns and materials. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) The suit as fashion [ edit ] The Kennedys arriving in Dallas In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Chanel suit was one of the strongest symbols of bourgeois female chic that could be found anywhere in the Western world, evoking a powerful image of a sophisticated, intelligent and independent modern woman. [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) During this era it became the "wardrobe staple of the upwardly mobile American female which could fit almost every daytime occasion that required a woman to dress stylishly". [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) Although women wearing pink in the 21st century is common, pink was new to fashion in the 1950s and was a color loved and even popularized to an extent in American fashion by Mamie Eisenhower (/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower) , who endorsed a color which, according to cultural historian Karal Ann Marling (/wiki/Karal_Ann_Marling) , was called "Mamie Pink". [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) Given that the Chanel suit was a strong statement of an independent woman, the color pink has an element of traditional femininity, perhaps evading the foreign and feminist attributes associated with the Chanel suit in a conservative American society. [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) Before John F. Kennedy departed for Texas he asked his wife what she planned to wear. In an interview with William Manchester (/wiki/William_Manchester) after the tragedy, Kennedy said that her husband had told her: "There are going to be all these rich, Republican women at that lunch ... wearing mink coats and diamond bracelets. And you've got to look as marvelous as any of them. Be simple – show these Texans what good taste really is." So she tramped in and out of his room, holding dresses in front of her. The outfits finally chosen – weather permitting – were all veterans of her wardrobe: beige and white dresses, blue and yellow suits, and, for Dallas, a pink suit with a navy blue collar and a matching pink pillbox hat. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) It was said that the pink suit was one of her husband's "particular favorites"; [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) the suit had first been shown by Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) in her 1961 autumn/winter collection. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) Photographs exist of Mrs. Kennedy wearing the suit – or one very similar to it – in Washington D.C. in November 1961; to church on November 12, 1961; in London on March 26, 1962; in Washington D.C. in September 1962; in Lafayette Square (/wiki/Lafayette_Square_Historic_District_(Washington,_D.C.)) on September 26, 1962; at the visit by the Prime Minister of Algeria (/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria) on October 15, 1962; and the visit of the Maharaja of Jaipur (/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jaipur) on October 23, 1962. [8] (#cite_note-PPB-8) After the last of these occasions, she was apparently not photographed wearing it until the day of the assassination, when she was pictured in it at Fort Worth and Dallas leading up to the assassination, having been revealed wearing it after stepping out of Air Force One (/wiki/Air_Force_One) at Love Field (/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field) . The suit was double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) , with six gold buttons and four square pockets, two on each side. The fabric was a light weight wool from Linton Tweeds in a nubby weave known as bouclé (/wiki/Boucl%C3%A9) . The color was raspberry although most press reports described it as strawberry pink. The wide quilted collar, jacket lining, piping trim on the sleeves, and at the top of each pocket was navy blue silk. There were two gold buttons on each sleeve. The buttons on the suit had navy blue piping around the edge. A clever feature of Chanel jackets was a small gold chain sewn along the inside bottom edge of the jacket to provide just enough weight for it to hang straight. The suit came with a sleeveless navy silk shell blouse. For cool weather, Kennedy would wear a matching navy silk scarf knotted at the neck and tucked into the front of the jacket, which she did in Dallas. Accompanying the suit was a trademark pillbox hat in matching pink with a band of navy piping around the crown. She secured the hat to her head with a standard hatpin. Kennedy carried a navy handbag with a gold buckle and gold chain handle. She wore low-heeled navy shoes with a small gold ornament at the toe. A gold bangle bracelet on her left wrist and short white kid leather gloves with tiny pearl wrist buttons completed her outfit. Most of the American public viewing pictures of the presidential couple on television and in newspapers between 1961 and 1963 would not have known the color of the suit, given that at the time of the assassination TV news was still in black and white and newspapers did not print color photographs. [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) The color of the suit became widely known only after the publication of color photos in Life magazine's JFK memorial issue November 29, 1963 and in Life ' s Warren Commission (/wiki/Warren_Commission) report issue October 2, 1964. [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) Authenticity [ edit ] Chanel Haute Couture jacket, F/W 1961. Kennedy's suit was a line-to-line copy made by Chez Ninon in New York based on the original design. This is an original haute couture jacket in the same raspberry pink but with black silk trim made by Coco Chanel in Paris. Adnan Ege Kutay Collection. There was long a question among fashion historians and experts whether the suit was made by Chanel in France or a garment purchased from New York's Chez Ninon, a popular dress shop that imported European label designs and materials and put them together in the United States. [8] (#cite_note-PPB-8) [9] (#cite_note-KarboMcLaren2009-9) A number of sources claimed it was more than likely a version of a Chanel pink bouclé (/wiki/Boucl%C3%A9) wool suit trimmed with a navy blue collar, some asserting it was made by Chez Ninon [10] (#cite_note-crfashionbook-chez-ninon-10) in 1961. [8] (#cite_note-PPB-8) Further complicating the matter was the indisputable fact that the First Lady's "official" designer was Oleg Cassini (/wiki/Oleg_Cassini) , who provided much of her public as well as private wardrobe. [11] (#cite_note-11) In her 2010 authorized biography of Coco Chanel, Justine Picardie resolved the matter, stating the fabric, buttons and trim for the jacket came from Chanel in Paris, from which the suit was made and fitted for Kennedy at Chez Ninon, using Chanel's approved "line for line" system. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) Picardie insists this system had nothing to do with forgery or trademark infringement, since Chanel supplied the materials to Chez Ninon. The purpose of buying the suit from Chez Ninon was not to save money – the costs were the same – but to appear patriotic to the American electorate by buying her garments from the United States rather than France. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) The suit in 1963 was estimated to cost $800 to $1,000 ($8,000 to $10,000 in 2023 dollars). [8] (#cite_note-PPB-8) Assassination [ edit ] Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy (/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Jacqueline Kennedy wearing her blood-stained pink suit while Johnson takes the oath of office as president Kennedy was seated to the left side of the President in the back seat of the open-top presidential limousine (/wiki/SS-100-X) as the vehicle traveled through local streets in Dallas (/wiki/Dallas) . Immediately after he was shot in the head, her suit was spattered by his blood. Upon arriving at Parkland Hospital (/wiki/Parkland_Hospital) , Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson's wife Lady Bird (/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson) saw the car and said: I cast one last look over my shoulder and saw in the President's car a bundle of pink, just like a drift of blossoms, lying in the back seat. It was Mrs. Kennedy lying over the President's body. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) At the hospital, Kennedy continued to wear the blood-stained suit, but she had removed her hat. William Manchester (/wiki/William_Manchester) wrote in his 1967 book The Death of a President (/wiki/The_Death_of_a_President) : The Lincoln flew down the boulevard's central lane; her pillbox hat, caught in an eddy of whipping wind, slid down over her forehead, and with a violent movement she yanked it off and flung it down. The hatpin tore out a hank of her own hair. She didn't even feel the pain. The whereabouts of the hat today are unknown, and the last person known to have had it—her personal secretary, Mary Gallagher—refused to disclose its location before her death in 2022. [12] (#cite_note-STSM-12) Several people asked Kennedy whether she would like to change her suit but she refused. When Lady Bird offered to send someone to help her, she responded: Oh, no ... I want them to see what they have done to Jack. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) [13] (#cite_note-AuctionsInc.2008-13) [14] (#cite_note-Werle2009-14) Despite the advice of John F. Kennedy's physician, Admiral George Burkley, who "gently tried to persuade her to change out of her gore-soaked pink Chanel suit", [15] (#cite_note-Talbot2007-15) she wore the suit alongside Vice President Johnson as he was sworn in (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson) on Air Force One as the 36th President of the United States (/wiki/President_of_the_United_States) . [13] (#cite_note-AuctionsInc.2008-13) In the photograph of the ceremony ( right ) the blood stains cannot be seen as they were on the right-hand side of the suit. Lady Bird recalls that during the swearing-in: Her hair [was] falling in her face but [she was] very composed ... I looked at her. Mrs. Kennedy's dress was stained with blood. One leg was almost entirely covered with it and her right glove was caked, it was caked with blood – her husband's blood. Somehow that was one of the most poignant sights – that immaculate woman, exquisitely dressed, and caked in blood. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) Kennedy had no regrets about refusing to take the blood-stained suit off; her only regret was that she had washed the blood off her face before Johnson was sworn in. [13] (#cite_note-AuctionsInc.2008-13) Aftermath [ edit ] When Jacqueline Kennedy finally removed her suit the following morning, her maid folded it and placed it in a box. Some days after the assassination, this box was dispatched to Kennedy's mother, Janet Lee Auchincloss, who wrote "November 22nd 1963" on the top of the box and stored it in her attic. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) Eventually, the box was given to the National Archives in Maryland, together with an unsigned note bearing the Auchincloss letterhead stationery. The note read: "Jackie's suit and bag worn Nov. 22, 1963". [12] (#cite_note-STSM-12) The suit, which was never cleaned, [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) is kept out of public view in "an acid-free container in a windowless room ... the precise location is kept secret. The temperature hovers between 65 and 68 °F (18 and 20 °C); the humidity is 40 percent; the air is changed six times an hour." [12] (#cite_note-STSM-12) Kennedy continued to buy Chanel clothes for a time after the assassination. [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) Historical significance [ edit ] Kennedy's Chanel suit has been variously described as "a famous pink suit which will forever be embedded in America's historical conscience", [ citation needed ] "one of those indelible images Americans had stored: Jackie in the blood-stained pink Chanel suit", [8] (#cite_note-PPB-8) [16] (#cite_note-Craughwell-Varda1999-16) [17] (#cite_note-FordMitchell2004-17) "the most legendary garment in American history", [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) and "emblematic of the ending of innocence". [6] (#cite_note-JP-6) The garment is now stored out of public view in the National Archives (/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration) . [7] (#cite_note-Seattle_PI-7) [8] (#cite_note-PPB-8) It will not be seen by the public until at least 2103, according to a deed of Caroline Kennedy (/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy) , Kennedy's sole surviving heir. [12] (#cite_note-STSM-12) At that time, when the 100-year deed expires, the Kennedy family descendants will renegotiate the matter. [12] (#cite_note-STSM-12) Cultural references [ edit ] The suit has been well referenced and replicated in theater and film. [18] (#cite_note-Bechtel2007-18) [19] (#cite_note-Plays_international-19) In 2011, a copy of the suit appeared in the mini-series The Kennedys (/wiki/The_Kennedys_(TV_miniseries)) . However, the Chanel copy was recreated by Giorgio Armani (/wiki/Giorgio_Armani) . [3] (#cite_note-FT-3) Costume designer Madeline Fontaine (/wiki/Madeline_Fontaine) recreated the suit for the 2016 film Jackie (/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)) , with Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) portraying Kennedy; the buttons, chain, and label were provided by Chanel. [20] (#cite_note-20) Costume designer Jane Petrie recreated the suit for the eighth episode of the second season (/wiki/The_Crown_season_2) of The Crown (/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)) , titled "Dear Mrs. Kennedy". [21] (#cite_note-21) In the Simpsons (/wiki/The_Simpsons) 1996 episode " Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield (/wiki/Scenes_from_the_Class_Struggle_in_Springfield) ", the Chanel outfit worn by Marge Simpson (/wiki/Marge_Simpson) (whose maiden name is Bouvier in a nod to the former First Lady) was modelled upon Kennedy's suit. [22] (#cite_note-Simpsons-22) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Bradford2000_1-0) Bradford, Sarah (October 26, 2000). America's queen: the life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . Viking. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-670-89191-7 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-SPARKS1970_2-0) Sparks, Fred (1970). The $20,000,000 Honeymoon Jackie And Ari's First Year . [New York] B. Geis Associates; distributed by World Pub. Co . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b White, Belinda (April 1, 2011). "Giorgio Armani made a Chanel suit for Katie Holmes" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/belinda-white/TMG8422114/Giorgio-Armani-made-a-Chanel-suit-for-Katie-Holmes.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) Fashion . London. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150629220544/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/belinda-white/TMG8422114/Giorgio-Armani-made-a-Chanel-suit-for-Katie-Holmes.html) from the original on June 29, 2015 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Spencer2002_4-0) Spencer, Lauren (January 2002). The Assassination of John F. Kennedy . The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8 (https://archive.org/details/assassinationofj0000spen/page/8) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8239-3541-3 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lawliss1995_5-0) Lawliss, Charles (December 1995). Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis 1929–1994 . World Pubns. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-57215-040-9 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Picardie, Justine (2010). Coco Chanel: The Legend and the Life . London: HarperCollins. pp. 304–7. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 859388164 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859388164) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Lubin, David (November 22, 2003). "Jackie's blood-stained pink suit is a sacred relic of a nightmare" (http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Jackie-s-blood-stained-pink-suit-is-a-sacred-1130305.php) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326021517/http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Jackie-s-blood-stained-pink-suit-is-a-sacred-1130305.php) from the original on March 26, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Brawley, Steve. "Historic in Pink" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110414111540/http://www.pinkpillbox.com/pinksuit.htm) . Pink Pillbox. Archived from the original (http://www.pinkpillbox.com/pinksuit.htm) on April 14, 2011 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-KarboMcLaren2009_9-0) Karbo, Karen; McLaren, Chesley (September 2009). The Gospel According to Coco Chanel: Life Lessons from the World's Most Elegant Woman . Globe Pequot. p. 5. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59921-523-5 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-crfashionbook-chez-ninon_10-0) Osterman, Giovanna (28 January 2020). "The History of Chez Ninon, the New York Couture Copycat" (https://web.archive.org/web/20201201081616/https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a30682069/chez-ninon-history-new-york-jacqueline-kennedy/) . CR Fashion Book . Archived from the original (https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a30682069/chez-ninon-history-new-york-jacqueline-kennedy/) on 1 December 2020 . Retrieved 8 December 2020 . Chez Ninon first opened its doors on Madison Avenue in 1928, with top-tier fashion lovers Nona McAdoo Park and Sophie Meldrim Shonnard at the helm. In lieu of original designs, Chez Ninon paved the way for an up-and-coming sector of the American fashion industry: line-for-line couture copies. Park and Shonnard attended every couture show each season, from Schiaparelli to Chanel, selected their favorite looks, and paid for the rights to produce those designs under license. Upon their return, the seamstresses of Chez Ninon began crafting line-by-line lookalikes with the same fabrics, trims, and buttons as the original designs—often supplied by the original house. ^ (#cite_ref-11) Oleg Cassini, In My Own Fashion (1987), pp. 297-299. OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 21360010 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21360010) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fiore, Faye (January 30, 2011). "Jackie Kennedy's pink pillbox hat a missing piece of history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110211150915/http://www.statesman.com/news/nation/jackie-kennedys-pink-pillbox-hat-a-missing-piece-1220620.html) . Austin American-Statesman . Archived from the original (http://www.statesman.com/news/nation/jackie-kennedys-pink-pillbox-hat-a-missing-piece-1220620.html) on February 11, 2011 . Retrieved May 6, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Vintage & Contemporary Photography . Heritage Auctions. 2008. p. 44. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59967-311-0 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Werle2009_14-0) Werle, Simone (May 2009). Fashionista: A Century of Style Icons . Prestel. p. 14. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-7913-3936-8 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Talbot2007_15-0) Talbot, David (2007). Brothers: the hidden history of the Kennedy years . Free Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7432-6918-6 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Craughwell-Varda1999_16-0) Craughwell-Varda, Kathleen (October 14, 1999). Looking for Jackie: American fashion icons . Hearst Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-688-16726-4 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230723115337/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct_xAAAAMAAJ) from the original on July 23, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-FordMitchell2004_17-0) Ford, Elizabeth; Mitchell, Deborah C. (March 2004). The makeover in movies: before and after in Hollywood films, 1941–2002 . McFarland. p. 149. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7864-1721-6 . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230723115851/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmz__lna90kC&pg=PA149) from the original on July 23, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bechtel2007_18-0) Bechtel, Roger (August 2007). Past performance: American theatre and the historical imagination . Bucknell University Press. p. 72. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8387-5649-2 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Plays_international_19-0) Plays international . Chancery Publications Ltd. 1993. p. 40 . Retrieved May 1, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Medina, Marcy. "Natalie Portman's pink 'Jackie' suit earned Chanel's approval" (http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-natalie-portman-jackie-suit-20161205-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161219232841/http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-natalie-portman-jackie-suit-20161205-story.html) from the original on 2016-12-19 . Retrieved 2016-12-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Dear MRS. Kennedy" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6410770/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt) . IMDb (/wiki/IMDb) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230326021805/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6410770/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt) from the original on 2023-03-26 . Retrieved 2018-07-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-Simpsons_22-0) Oakley, Bill (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode 'Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield' (DVD). 20th Century Fox. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy) . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : United States (/wiki/Portal:United_States) Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 1960s (/wiki/Portal:1960s) v t e Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) Life events Hammersmith Farm (/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm) Hickory Hill (/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)) Kennedy Compound (/wiki/Kennedy_Compound) Wexford (/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)) 1040 Fifth Avenue (/wiki/1040_Fifth_Avenue) First Lady of the United States (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis#First_Lady_of_the_United_States_(1961–1963)) White House restoration (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis#White_House_restoration) Televised White House tour (/wiki/A_Tour_of_the_White_House_with_Mrs._John_F._Kennedy) Tour of India and Pakistan (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy%27s_1962_goodwill_tour_of_India_and_Pakistan) White House Historical Association (/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association) White House Curator (/wiki/White_House_Office_of_the_Curator) Committee for the Preservation of the White House (/wiki/Committee_for_the_Preservation_of_the_White_House) Assassination of John F. Kennedy (/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) State funeral of John F. Kennedy (/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy) John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum) Eternal Flame and burial site (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame) Fashion Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier) Pink Chanel suit Honors and memorials Jacqueline Kennedy Garden (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Garden) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_High_School_for_International_Careers) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_Reservoir) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School ballet (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis_School) Related Cultural depictions (/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) Jackie O (/wiki/Jackie_O_(opera)) (1997 opera) Jackie (/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)) (2016 film) Family John F. Kennedy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) (first husband, presidency) (/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy) Aristotle Onassis (/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis) (second husband) Caroline Kennedy (/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy) (daughter) John F. Kennedy Jr. (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr.) (son) Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy) (son) Jack Schlossberg (/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg) (grandson) Rose Schlossberg (/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg) (granddaughter) Tatiana Schlossberg (/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy) (granddaughter) John Vernou Bouvier III (/wiki/John_Vernou_Bouvier_III) (father) Janet Lee Bouvier (/wiki/Janet_Lee_Bouvier) (mother) Lee Radziwill (/wiki/Lee_Radziwill) (sister) Hugh D. Auchincloss (/wiki/Hugh_D._Auchincloss) (stepfather) Janet Auchincloss Rutherfurd (/wiki/Janet_Auchincloss_Rutherfurd) (half-sister) Edith Ewing Bouvier (/wiki/Edith_Ewing_Bouvier_Beale) (aunt) Edith Bouvier Beale (/wiki/Edith_Bouvier_Beale) (cousin) James T. Lee (/wiki/James_T._Lee) (grandfather) John Vernou Bouvier Jr. (/wiki/John_Vernou_Bouvier_Jr.) (grandfather) Pushinka (/wiki/Pushinka) (dog) v t e Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Owners Alain Wertheimer (/wiki/Alain_Wertheimer) Gérard Wertheimer (/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Wertheimer) Jacques Wertheimer (/wiki/Jacques_Wertheimer) Pierre Wertheimer (/wiki/Pierre_Wertheimer) Designers Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) Karl Lagerfeld (/wiki/Karl_Lagerfeld) Virginie Viard (/wiki/Virginie_Viard) Perfumers Ernest Beaux (/wiki/Ernest_Beaux) Jacques Polge (/wiki/Jacques_Polge) Olivier Polge (/wiki/Olivier_Polge) Henri Robert (/wiki/Henri_Robert) Perfumes Bleu de Chanel (/wiki/Bleu_de_Chanel) Bois des Îles (/wiki/Bois_des_%C3%8Eles) Chanel No. 5 (/wiki/Chanel_No._5) Chanel No. 19 (/wiki/Chanel_No._19) Chanel No. 22 (/wiki/Chanel_No._22) Chanel Chance (/wiki/Chanel_Chance) Coco (/wiki/Coco_(perfume)) Coco Mademoiselle (/wiki/Coco_Mademoiselle) Cuir de Russie (/wiki/Cuir_de_Russie) Égoïste (/wiki/%C3%89go%C3%AFste) Garments Little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Jacqueline Kennedy's pink Chanel suit Other products Chanel 2.55 handbag (/wiki/Chanel_2.55) Chanel J12 watch (/wiki/Chanel_J12) Films Chanel Solitaire (/wiki/Chanel_Solitaire) Coco Before Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Before_Chanel) Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel_(film)) Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (/wiki/Coco_Chanel_%26_Igor_Stravinsky) No. 5 the Film (/wiki/No._5_the_Film) Musical Coco (/wiki/Coco_(musical)) Book The Allure of Chanel (/wiki/The_Allure_of_Chanel) Related Mousse Partners (/wiki/Mousse_Partners) v t e Assassination of John F. Kennedy (/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) John F. Kennedy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy) Lee Harvey Oswald (/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald) Assassination (/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Assassination rifle (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination) J. D. Tippit (/wiki/J._D._Tippit) John Connally (/wiki/John_Connally) Nellie Connally (/wiki/Nellie_Connally) Jacqueline Kennedy (/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) Pink Chanel suit James Tague (/wiki/James_Tague) William Greer (/wiki/William_Greer) Roy Kellerman (/wiki/Roy_Kellerman) Clint Hill (/wiki/Clint_Hill_(Secret_Service)) Zapruder film (/wiki/Zapruder_film) Abraham Zapruder (/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder) Dealey Plaza (/wiki/Dealey_Plaza) Texas School Book Depository (/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository) Sixth Floor Museum (/wiki/Sixth_Floor_Museum_at_Dealey_Plaza) Presidential limousine (/wiki/SS-100-X) Parkland Hospital (/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital) Witnesses (/wiki/Category:Witnesses_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Ike Altgens (/wiki/Ike_Altgens) Marie Muchmore (/wiki/Marie_Muchmore) Orville Nix (/wiki/Orville_Nix) Three tramps (/wiki/Three_tramps) Babushka Lady (/wiki/Babushka_Lady) Mary Moorman (/wiki/Mary_Moorman) Umbrella man (/wiki/Umbrella_man_(JFK_assassination)) Aftermath Media coverage (/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Autopsy (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_autopsy) Reactions (/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Johnson inauguration (/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson) Jack Ruby (/wiki/Jack_Ruby) Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald (/wiki/Jack_Ruby_Shoots_Lee_Harvey_Oswald) Ruby v. Texas (/wiki/Rubenstein_v._State) Dictabelt recording (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_Dictabelt_recording) Conspiracy theories (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories) Badge Man (/wiki/Badge_Man) CIA (/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory) Single-bullet theory (/wiki/Single-bullet_theory) 1992 Assassination Records Act (/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992) In popular culture (/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture) Robert N. McClelland (surgeon) (/wiki/Robert_N._McClelland) Charles Baxter (physician) (/wiki/Charles_R._Baxter) Malcolm Perry (physician) (/wiki/Malcolm_Perry_(physician)) Earl Rose (coroner) (/wiki/Earl_Rose_(coroner)) Dallas memorial (/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial) State funeral (/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy) Foreign dignitaries (/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy) Burial site and Eternal Flame (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame) Black Jack (horse) (/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)) Investigations Warren Commission (/wiki/Warren_Commission) Jim Garrison investigation (/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw) House Select Committee on Assassinations (/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations) Researchers (/wiki/Category:Researchers_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Category (/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐kqbwk Cached time: 20240721093101 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.565 seconds Real time usage: 0.742 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4932/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 98752/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4401/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 119509/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.330/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7707059/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 634.272 1 -total 34.66% 219.837 1 Template:Reflist 22.47% 142.523 13 Template:Cite_book 13.66% 86.620 4 Template:Navbox 12.51% 79.321 1 Template:Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis 10.52% 66.708 1 Template:Short_description 7.88% 49.998 1 Template:Citation_needed 7.24% 45.891 1 Template:Commons_category 7.13% 45.239 1 Template:Fix 6.93% 43.940 1 Template:Sister_project Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31646532-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721093101 and revision id 1226840843. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy&oldid=1226840843 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy&oldid=1226840843) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1960s fashion (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) 1961 clothing (/wiki/Category:1961_clothing) Assassination of John F. Kennedy (/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy) Chanel (/wiki/Category:Chanel) Individual suits (/wiki/Category:Individual_suits) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (/wiki/Category:Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2014) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
|
Type of bobbin lace produced in Honiton, Devon Honiton lace edging Honiton Lace Pillow and Bobbins A wedding dress dating to 1865, trimmed with Honiton lace. Honiton lace is a type of bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) made in Honiton (/wiki/Honiton) , Devon (/wiki/Devon) , in the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) . Historical Honiton lace designs focused on scrollwork and depictions of natural objects such as flowers and leaves. Characteristics [ edit ] Honiton lace is a part lace (/wiki/Part_lace) . Its ornate motifs and complex patterns are created separately, before being sewn into a net ground. [1] (#cite_note-jackson-1) Common motifs include daisies (/wiki/Bellis_perennis) , roses (/wiki/Rose) , shamrocks (/wiki/Shamrock) , ivy (/wiki/Ivy) leaves, butterflies (/wiki/Butterfly) , lilies (/wiki/Lilium) , camellias (/wiki/Camellia) , convolvulus (/wiki/Convolvulus) , poppies (/wiki/Poppy) , briony (/wiki/Bryonia) , antwerp diamonds, trefoils (/wiki/Trefoil) , ferns (/wiki/Fern) , and acorns (/wiki/Acorn) . [2] (#cite_note-devonia-2) Origin and history [ edit ] The art of making lace is rumored to have been brought to Honiton (/wiki/Honiton) , England by Flemish refugees in the mid-to-late 16th century. [3] (#cite_note-3) An old tombstone in the town is inscribed with information about one James Rodge who is described as a “bone lace seller” who died in 1617; it is not known whether he emigrated from Flanders or not. [4] (#cite_note-4) In the early period (approx. 1620-1800), sprigs of various designs were worked separately from the net ground by hand, then put together near the end of production. Later (approx. 1800-1840), handmade Honiton lace became obsolete in light of the invention of machine-made net, which was much cheaper to produce. [5] (#cite_note-treadwin-5) Historian Emily Jackson describes the design changes fostered by the convenience of this approach: “There was a curious wave of careless designing and inartistic method during the time of this depression, and ugly patterns show ‘turkey tails,’ ‘frying pans,’ and hearts. Not a leaf, nor a flower, was copied from nature.” [1] (#cite_note-jackson-1) Handmade lacework had a resurgence in popularity in the 19th century when Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) ordered a Honiton lace bridal dress (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) . The revival happened so quickly, and demand was so great, that a cheaper-quality lace was produced in large quantities. Due to the massive demand, this cheaper work had simpler designs due to the necessary speed of production. Defining designs of lace at this time were “leaves, flowers, [and] scrolls . . . [that] look as natural as possible.” [5] (#cite_note-treadwin-5) 19th century Honiton lace incorporates a variety of stitches, including: whole stitch, stem stitch, lace stitch, fibre stitch, long plaitings, square plaitings, broad/cucumber plaitings, Honiton ground, star ground, Dame Joan ground, buckle stitch, Flemish stitch, turn-stitch, chequer stitch, fibre stitch, and Antwerp diamond stitch. [2] (#cite_note-devonia-2) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Emily Jackson (1900). A History of Hand-Made Lace . ^ Jump up to: a b Devonia (1875). The Honiton Lace Book . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Palliser, Mrs. Bury (/wiki/Fanny_Bury_Palliser) (1875). A History of Lace, 3rd ed . p. 355. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Marian Powys (1953). Lace and Lace-Making . p. 150. ^ Jump up to: a b Mrs. Treadwin. Antique Point and Honiton Lace . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honiton lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Honiton_lace) . The Honiton Lace Book (https://archive.org/embed/HonitonLace) : being The Second and Enlarged Edition of Honiton Lace-Making; and Containing Full and Practical Instructions for Acquiring the Art of Making this Beautiful and Fashionable Lace. By "Devonia." 1875. v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐6b76898595‐rzn7r Cached time: 20240720173959 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.303 seconds Real time usage: 0.402 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 780/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36307/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 918/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27083/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.192/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4516729/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 334.223 1 -total 33.89% 113.257 1 Template:Reflist 32.82% 109.676 3 Template:Navbox 32.79% 109.597 1 Template:Lace_types 28.98% 96.862 5 Template:Cite_book 20.23% 67.614 1 Template:Short_description 11.78% 39.367 1 Template:Commons_category 11.21% 37.451 2 Template:Pagetype 11.13% 37.206 1 Template:Sister_project 10.67% 35.669 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31648853-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173959 and revision id 1225448450. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honiton_lace&oldid=1225448450 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honiton_lace&oldid=1225448450) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bobbin lace (/wiki/Category:Bobbin_lace) Textile arts of England (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_England) Economy of Devon (/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Devon) Honiton (/wiki/Category:Honiton) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
Fashion term A fashion matrix or "Colour-Size Matrix" refers to the means whereby fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , footwear (/wiki/Footwear) and apparel (/wiki/Apparel) retailers track product variants in a grid format. These retailers manage their product variants by creating a multiple dimension grid aligning the colours of a line of stock against the sizes. For instance, a jeansmaker (/wiki/Denim) might sell a line of their product, Reptile. In a table on the x-axis might be sizes of the product, whilst on the y-axis would be colours, thus creating the so-called 'matrix'. These dimensions can be further sub-divided to create a multiple-dimension matrix (for instance, to include different cuts of jeans, types of denim, etc.) Modern IT retail systems take one of two alternative approaches to the provision of a fashion matrix. Specialist size/colour systems define a product at two levels; a parent/children relationship of a) the product summary and within that b) a size/colour variants matrix. More generalised stock management systems (i.e. not specifically written for clothing and footwear) define a product on one level only, and so every size/colour (often referred to as a “variant”) is effectively a separate product in its own right and is generally presented as part of a list of single products (each of which is a separate size/colour). Single level, generalised, stock/inventory systems may provide a mechanism which allows the user to streamline the creation of multiple size/colour variants for a product via a single action within a single interface. Thereafter most generalized systems normally track and present each size and colour as a completely separate product. Some generalized systems may also provide reports and/or screen displays which in some places in the system allow the user to pull the normally separate size/colour products together into a single overall summary per product, or even into a product matrix display. The more specialists, approach is built around a single product (i.e. a parent) that has multiple child records (i.e. the individual size/colour variants). Products are always a collection of variants; conversely, except for some very specialist reports, variants always exist as part of an overall product. As a consequence, throughout a specialist system products can consistently be viewed either at the summary parent level (i.e. incorporating all size/colour variants) or as a matrix display. Ultimately, the extent to which this duality exists throughout the system (size/colour lists verses product summaries and matrixes) determines the extent to which the system is either generalist or specialist clothing/footwear system. The implications for stock/inventory management of the two approaches can be profound. Where little or no duality exists, and so each variant is a separate product, users (at both the head-office and tills) will often be presented with extensive lists of style, size, colour variants which are not optimised to provide either overall product summaries or matrix displays for easier assessment of stock, sales, orders etc. Consequently, it can be onerous and error prone to assess the performance of the style overall (e.g. for markdowns, sell through etc.), or to compare styles to each other. Generally speaking a matrix will be far faster for entering stock by size and colour as well as assessing variants (i.e. sizes/colours) for re-order and transfer purposes. Likewise, at the point of sale, if only extensive size/colour lists are presented in order to identify a missing barcode or for stock lookup purposes, then this can be time consuming and subject to a high level of human error, which then leads to inaccurate stock and sales data. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) More sophisticated modern retail management (/wiki/Retail_management) systems include this functionality natively within the software (/wiki/Software) , and allow variant tracking. [3] (#cite_note-3) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Microsoft Dynamics RMS - STOCK MANAGEMENT and EPOS Software "RETAIL TECHNOLOGY LIMITED" (http://addins.rtl-world.com/matrix.html) . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Top To Toe- STOCK CONTROL and EPOS Software "Top To Toe Retail" (http://www.toptotoe.com) . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Check |url= value ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url) ) ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Retail IT- Yourcegid Retail" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110827153750/https://www.stylar.com/about) . Retail IT- EPOS Software . Archived from the original (http://www.retailit.com/products/retail_software/cegid) on 2011-08-27. v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐5bshh Cached time: 20240712180637 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.261 seconds Real time usage: 0.350 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 463/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36763/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 310/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 19640/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.173/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4215605/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 292.763 1 -total 37.70% 110.364 1 Template:Reflist 35.77% 104.735 1 Template:Fashion 35.66% 104.393 3 Template:Navbox 32.37% 94.760 3 Template:Cite_web 25.62% 74.993 1 Template:Short_description 14.72% 43.094 2 Template:Pagetype 6.34% 18.572 3 Template:Main_other 5.60% 16.409 1 Template:SDcat 4.02% 11.767 1 Template:Portal-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31752020-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712180637 and revision id 1232822180. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_matrix&oldid=1232822180 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_matrix&oldid=1232822180) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Hidden categories: CS1 errors: URL (/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_URL) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata)
|
Dress featured in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn Designer Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) Year 1961 Type Sheath little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Material Italian satin (/wiki/Satin) Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) wore a " little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) " in the 1961 romantic comedy film Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) . The garment was originally designed by Hubert de Givenchy (/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy) , with three existing copies preserved to date. A studio copy of this dress was worn during the opening scene of the film, while another during a social party held at the apartment of the main protagonist. The dress has been described as one of the most iconic clothing items of the twentieth century. [1] (#cite_note-Glam-1) [2] (#cite_note-HM-2) [3] (#cite_note-Independent-3) [4] (#cite_note-Steele2010-4) History [ edit ] Audrey Hepburn was a close friend of French designer Givenchy, referring to the designer as her "best friend" while he considered her his "sister". [5] (#cite_note-Time-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) Still from the opening scene of Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)) (1961), Hepburn wears the dress complemented by a Roger Scemama (/wiki/Roger_Scemama) necklace In 1961, Givenchy designed a little black dress for the opening scene of Blake Edwards (/wiki/Blake_Edwards) ' romantic comedy, Breakfast at Tiffany's , in which Hepburn starred alongside actor George Peppard (/wiki/George_Peppard) . Her necklace was made by Roger Scemama (/wiki/Roger_Scemama) , a French jeweler and parure (/wiki/Parure) -maker who designed jewelry for Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) . [7] (#cite_note-Vogue_Italia-7) Hepburn took two copies of the dress back to Paramount, but the dresses, which revealed a considerable amount of Hepburn's leg, were not suitable for the movie, and the lower half of the dress was redesigned by Edith Head (/wiki/Edith_Head) . The original hand-stitched dress is currently stored within the House of Givenchy's private collectors archive. Another copy Hepburn took back to Paramount studios is now currently on display at the Museo del Traje (/wiki/Museo_del_Traje) in Madrid, Spain (/wiki/Madrid,_Spain) . Another copy was auctioned at Christie's in December 2006, now owned by a private American collector. [8] (#cite_note-8) Accordingly, none of the actual dresses created by Givenchy were used in either the actual movie or the promotional press photography. [ citation needed ] The movie poster was designed by artist Robert McGinnis, and in Sam Wasson's book, Fifth Avenue, 5am , he explains that the photos on which he based the poster did not show any leg and that he had added the leg to make the poster more appealing. The actual dresses used in the movie, created by Edith Head, its whereabouts today are still unknown, though were probably destroyed by Head and Hepburn at Western Costume in California after the film shooting. [ citation needed ] In November 2006, actress Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar , wearing one of the original Givenchy dresses created for Breakfast at Tiffany's . [9] (#cite_note-Christies-9) On 5 December 2006, this dress was auctioned at Christie's in London and purchased by an anonymous buyer by telephone. The sale price was estimated by the auction house to have ended somewhere between £50,000 and £70,000, but the final price was £467,200 ($923,187). [2] (#cite_note-HM-2) [9] (#cite_note-Christies-9) The money raised in the auction of the black dress went toward helping build a school for the poor people of Calcutta (/wiki/Kolkata) . Givenchy, the designer of the dress, had donated the dress to Dominique Lapierre (/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre) , the author of the book City of Joy (/wiki/City_of_Joy) , and his wife to help raise funds for the charity. When they witnessed such a frenzied auction, the amount that was raised so astonished Lapierre that he observed: "I am absolutely dumbfounded to believe that a piece of cloth which belonged to such a magical actress will now enable me to buy bricks and cement to put the most destitute children in the world into schools." [2] (#cite_note-HM-2) Sarah Hodgson, a film specialist at Christie's said, "This is one of the most famous black dresses in the world—an iconic piece of cinematic history—and we are glad it fetched a historic price." [2] (#cite_note-HM-2) Design [ edit ] The model is a Givenchy black Italian satin sheath evening gown. Christie's describes it as "a sleeveless, floor-length gown with fitted bodice embellished at the back with distinctive cut-out décolleté, the skirt slightly gathered at the waist and slit to the thigh on one side, labelled inside on the waistband Givenchy ; accompanied by a pair of black elbow-length gloves (/wiki/Evening_glove) ". [9] (#cite_note-Christies-9) The bodice is slightly open at the back with a neckline that leaves uncovered shoulders. In the film, Audrey Hepburn wears a matching pair of elbow-length gloves the same colour and strings of pearls. The look has been described as "ultra-feminine" and "Parisian". [10] (#cite_note-Moseley2002-10) The little black dress attained such iconic fame and status that it became an integral part of a woman's wardrobe. Givenchy not only chose the dress for the character in the film, but also added the right accessories to match the long gown in the form of a pearl choker of many strands, a foot long cigarette holder, a large black hat and opera gloves (/wiki/Opera_gloves) which not only "visually defined the character but indelibly linked Audrey with her". [11] (#cite_note-ErwinFerrer2006-11) Given her physical assets, she, along with her designer friend Givenchy, created a dress to fit her role in the film of a waif. A well chosen black silk dress with appropriate accessories hit the bull's eye to bring her effervescent personality to the fore; the dark oversized sunglasses completed the ensemble of the little black dress (LBD) which was called "the definitive LBD". The dress, which outlined her lean shoulder blades, thus became the Hepburn style. [12] (#cite_note-LBD-12) Reception [ edit ] The dress is cited as one of the most iconic of the 20th century and film history. [2] (#cite_note-HM-2) It has been described as "perhaps the most famous little black dress of all time" and exerting a major influence on fashion itself by directly making it popular. [4] (#cite_note-Steele2010-4) [13] (#cite_note-Sherrow2006-13) In a survey conducted in 2010 by LOVEFiLM (/wiki/LOVEFiLM) , Hepburn's little black dress was chosen as the best dress ever worn by a woman in a film. [3] (#cite_note-Independent-3) In this respect, Helen Cowley, publisher of LOVEFiLM, declared: "Audrey Hepburn has truly made that little black dress a fashion staple which has stood the test of time despite competition from some of the most stylish females around." [3] (#cite_note-Independent-3) Hepburn's white dress and hat worn in My Fair Lady was voted sixth. Hepburn's little black dress (LBD) has been copied and parodied numerous times in other works worldwide, such as Natalie Portman (/wiki/Natalie_Portman) in a 2006 Harper’s Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%E2%80%99s_Bazaar) cover shoot and Lee Ji-eun (/wiki/IU_(singer)) in Hotel del Luna (/wiki/Hotel_del_Luna) . [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) See also [ edit ] White floral Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) Black dress of Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Black_dress_of_Rita_Hayworth) Pink dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Pink_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) White dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/White_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) List of film memorabilia (/wiki/List_of_film_memorabilia) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Film portal (/wiki/Portal:Film) United States portal (/wiki/Portal:United_States) 1960s portal (/wiki/Portal:1960s) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Glam_1-0) "The Most Famous Dresses Ever" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063542/http://www.glamour.com/fashion/2007/04/famous-dresses#slide=3) . Glamour.com. April 2007. Archived from the original (http://www.glamour.com/fashion/2007/04/famous-dresses#slide=3) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Audrey Hepburn dress" (http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/2006/12/06/audrey-hepburn-dress/) . Hello Magazine (/wiki/Hello_Magazine) . 6 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Audrey Hepburn's little black dress tops fashion list" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/audrey-hepburns-little-black-dress-tops-fashion-list-1984507.html) . The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) . 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: a b Steele, Valerie (9 November 2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg Publishers. p. 483. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-592-0 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ...perhaps the most famous of all little black dresses was Audrey Hepburn's Givenchy in Breakfast at Tiffany's. ^ (#cite_ref-Time_5-0) "The Muse and the Master" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101008001804/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982833,00.html) . Time (/wiki/Time_(magazine)) . 17 April 1995. Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982833,00.html) on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "3 Messed up Things People Never Notice About 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' (https://www.glamour.com/story/breakfast-at-tiffanys-problems) " (https://www.glamour.com/story/breakfast-at-tiffanys-problems) . 30 December 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-Vogue_Italia_7-0) "Roger Scemama for Hubert de Givenchy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072817/http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-gioiello/fashion/2014/10/et-voila-l-archive#ad-image) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . 31 October 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-gioiello/fashion/2014/10/et-voila-l-archive#ad-image) on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Audrey Hepburn Breakfast at Tiffany's, 1961" (https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-4832498) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Audrey Hepburn Breakfast at Tiffany's, 1961" (http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4832498) . Christie's (/wiki/Christie%27s) . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Moseley2002_10-0) Moseley, Rachel (2002). Growing up with Audrey Hepburn: text, audience, resonance . Manchester University Press. p. 119. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7190-6311-4 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-ErwinFerrer2006_11-0) Ellen Erwin; Sean Hepburn Ferrer; Jessica Z. Diamond (3 October 2006). The Audrey Hepburn Treasures . Simon and Schuster. pp. 307–. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7432-8986-3 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-LBD_12-0) "Cinemode: Breakfast at Tiffany's: The LBD that Dethroned Edith Head" (http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=6315) . On this day in fashion.com . 5 October 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111217015958/http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=6315) from the original on 17 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sherrow2006_13-0) Sherrow, Victoria (2006). Encyclopedia of hair: a cultural history . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 208 (https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofha0000sher/page/208) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33145-9 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "IU Channels Audrey Hepburn While Shopping with Yeo Jin Goo in New Sneak Peek of "Hotel del Luna" (https://www.soompi.com/article/1341483wpp/iu-channels-audrey-hepburn-while-shopping-with-yeo-jin-goo-in-new-sneak-peek-of-hotel-del-luna) " (https://www.soompi.com/article/1341483wpp/iu-channels-audrey-hepburn-while-shopping-with-yeo-jin-goo-in-new-sneak-peek-of-hotel-del-luna) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "The Story behind Audrey Hepburn's "Breakfast at Tiffany's" Dress" (https://www.rd.com/culture/audrey-hepburn-breakfast-at-tiffanys-dress/) . 27 November 2019. Further reading [ edit ] Tony Nourmand and Audrey Hepburn, The Paramount Years London , Westbourne Press Ltd, 2006, pp. 94–127. Sean Hepburn Ferrer, Audrey Hepburn: An Elegant Spirit – A Son Remembers , Sidgwick and Jackson, 2003, pp. 155–160. v t e Truman Capote (/wiki/Truman_Capote) 's Breakfast at Tiffany's (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(novella)) Adaptations House of Flowers (/wiki/House_of_Flowers_(musical)) (1954 musical) Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961 film) Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966 musical) Breakfast at Tiffany's (2013 play) Music " Moon River (/wiki/Moon_River) " Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s:_Music_from_the_Motion_Picture) (1961 soundtrack) Jazz for "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (/wiki/Jazz_for_%22Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s%22) (1961 album) "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(song)) (1995 song) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn I. Y. Yunioshi (/wiki/I._Y._Yunioshi) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐6hs9q Cached time: 20240713181614 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.473 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1723/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 43626/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2896/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67687/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.219/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6314614/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 400.224 1 -total 35.03% 140.202 1 Template:Reflist 23.44% 93.815 9 Template:Cite_web 18.86% 75.467 1 Template:Breakfast_at_Tiffany's 17.10% 68.445 1 Template:Navbox 15.08% 60.366 1 Template:Short_description 9.56% 38.271 2 Template:Cn 8.86% 35.443 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 8.62% 34.488 2 Template:Pagetype 8.42% 33.716 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31793619-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713181614 and revision id 1229994234. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn&oldid=1229994234 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn&oldid=1229994234) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1960s fashion (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) 1961 clothing (/wiki/Category:1961_clothing) Dresses in film (/wiki/Category:Dresses_in_film) Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Category:Audrey_Hepburn) Film memorabilia (/wiki/Category:Film_memorabilia) Black dresses (/wiki/Category:Black_dresses) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use British English from November 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2021) Use dmy dates from August 2016 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2016) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019)
|
Ottawa Fashion Week is a nonprofit (/wiki/Nonprofit_organization) event which takes place in Ottawa, Ontario (/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) biannually, in February and September. OFW is a platform for local and international designers to showcase their fashion creations, [1] (#cite_note-1) both to the citizens of Ottawa and to visitors to the Canada's capital city from around the world. [2] (#cite_note-2) Since its beginnings in 2003, OFW has grown each year, and includes major fashion productions. [3] (#cite_note-3) It is a business opportunity for members of the fashion and art industry as well as a venue for career growth for designers and artists. [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Venue [ edit ] In 2012 the venue for the events was the Ottawa Convention Centre (/wiki/Ottawa_Convention_Centre) , which is a newly built glass and steel building of architectural interest, a landmark (/wiki/Landmark) in the city's landscape, [6] (#cite_note-6) situated by the banks of the Rideau Canal (/wiki/Rideau_Canal) . The main event was held in the spacious Canada Hall and the pre-function space overlooking the canal. In 2013 and 2014 the event was held at the Casino Lac Leamy in nearby Gatineau, Quebec. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Well-known labels [ edit ] Some well-known labels that have showcased at Ottawa Fashion Week (/wiki/Fashion_Week) include Rudsak (/w/index.php?title=Rudsak&action=edit&redlink=1) , Jessica Biffi, [9] (#cite_note-9) Adrian Wu, Edit by Jeanne Beker Jeanne Beker (/wiki/Jeanne_Beker) , Simon Ekrelius, Joseph Ribkoff [10] (#cite_note-10) and Elene Hinke. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) ^ (#cite_ref-1) Moonbeam natives' show at Ottawa Fashion week | Kapuskasing Times (http://www.kapuskasingtimes.com/2013/10/09/moonbeam-natives-highlighted-at-ottawa-fashion-week) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Ottawa Fashion Week | Ottawa Magazine (http://www.ottawamagazine.com/tag/ottawa-fashion-week/) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Fashion Week(end) in Ottawa | Culture (http://culturemagazine.ca/culture/fashion_weekend_in_ottawa_.html) ^ (#cite_ref-4) SHOP TALK: Favourites from our (one!) day at Ottawa Fashion Week | Ottawa Magazine (http://www.ottawamagazine.com/shopping/shop-talk/2013/09/17/shop-talk-ofw/) ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Ottawa Fashion Week kicks off" (http://www.cbc.ca/player/News/Canada/Ottawa/ID/2435008615/) . CBC TV, 5 February 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-6) Ottawa Fashion Week to usher in newcomers at bigger downtown venue | Metro (http://metronews.ca/news/ottawa/514037/ottawa-fashion-week-to-usher-in-newcomers-at-bigger-downtown-venue/) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Ottawa Fashion Week | Embassy - Canada's Foreign Policy Newspaper (http://www.embassynews.ca/partytime/2013/10/09/ottawa-fashion-week) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Ottawa Fashion Week: Fresh, uber cool and edgy designs" (https://ottawacitizen.com/Ottawa+Fashion+Week+Fresh+uber+cool+edgy+designs/9478796/story.html) . Ottawa Citizen . 7 February 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Buen, Julie. "label: Ottawa Fashion Week Snap, crackle & pop" (https://ottawacitizen.com/life/fashion-beauty/label+Ottawa+Fashion+Week+Snap+crackle/9483721/story.html?__lsa=6786-536e) Ottawa Citizen , 7 February 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Editor’s picks: Ottawa Fashion Week" (http://www.fajomagazine.com/events/ottawa-fashion-week-fallwinter-2014) , Fajo Magazine, fall/winter 2014". ^ (#cite_ref-11) Beun, Julie. "To dye for: Designer Elena Hinke the crown jewel of Ottawa Fashion Week" (https://ottawacitizen.com/life/fashion-beauty/Designer+Elena+Hinke+crown+jewel+Ottawa+Fashion+Week/9487646/story.html?__lsa=6786-536e) . Ottawa Citizen , 10 February 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-12) Ottawa Fashion Week Kicks Off | Fashion | Life | Toronto Sun (http://www.torontosun.com/life/fashion/2010/10/29/15881876.html) ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Photos: Ottawa Fashion Week" (https://ottawacitizen.com/life/Photos+Ottawa+Fashion+Week/5485847/story.html) . Ottawa Citizen . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.ottawafashionweek.ca) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐cb4qq Cached time: 20240712175541 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.278 seconds Real time usage: 0.555 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 327/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10765/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 175/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14707/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1065400/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 479.269 1 -total 50.30% 241.087 1 Template:Official_website 39.99% 191.662 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 39.31% 188.413 1 Template:Navbox 9.65% 46.273 1 Template:Reflist 4.85% 23.221 1 Template:Portal-inline 0.62% 2.992 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31794415-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712175541 and revision id 902963145. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa_Fashion_Week&oldid=902963145 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottawa_Fashion_Week&oldid=902963145) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Canada (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Canada) Events in Ottawa (/wiki/Category:Events_in_Ottawa)
|
Italian fashion company founded in 1995 Liu Jo S.p.A. Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) ( S.p.A. (/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_per_azioni) ) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1995 ; 29 years ago ( 1995 ) Headquarters Carpi (/wiki/Carpi_(Modena)) , Italy Key people Marco Marchi Vannis Marchi Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , watches (/wiki/Watch) , jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) , shoes (/wiki/Shoes) , fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , cosmetics (/wiki/Cosmetics) Revenue €368 million (2018) Number of employees 868 (2018) Website www.liujo.com (https://www.liujo.com) Liu Jo (stylized as LIU•JO ) is an Italian high fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) company founded by Marchi brothers in 1995 in Carpi (/wiki/Carpi_(Modena)) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) . [1] (#cite_note-renamed_from_1_on_20220817014752-1) As of 2022 the company has 160 stores in Italy (/wiki/Italy) and another 200 located primarily in Europe (/wiki/Europe) . [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Liu Jo was born as a small textile industry, and developed during the mid-1990s into a major Italian brand of pret-a-porter (/wiki/Pret-a-porter) fashion. The name Liu Jo derives from the nicknames (/wiki/Nickname) used by Marco Marchi (Jo) and one of his youth companions (Liu). The first launch of the Liu Jo and Liu Jeans collections on the Italian market were first distributed through the multi-brand channel and, later on the single-brand channel both on the domestic market and abroad. In the next five years Liu Jo expanded its productions launching an Accessories collection of jewels and watches, a Baby collection for little girls, an Underwear and Beachwear collection as well as Homewear. Since 2008, Liu Jo has its own Shoes collection. The Spring-summer 2011 collection advertising campaign features model Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) . In 2012, Liu Jo opened a 350 square meters flagship store (/wiki/Flagship_store) in Milan. The shop has been realised by the Italian contract company L&S group. In 2013, Liu Jo signed a licensure agreement with Marchon Eyewear (/wiki/Marchon_Eyewear) to manufacture eyewear. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Fall-winter 2014 collection advertising campaign features model Dree Hemingway (/wiki/Dree_Hemingway) . Liu Jo collaborated in 2016 with Karlie Kloss (/wiki/Karlie_Kloss) and Jourdan Dunn (/wiki/Jourdan_Dunn) followed in 2017 by Martha Hunt (/wiki/Martha_Hunt) and Jasmine Tookes (/wiki/Jasmine_Tookes) from spring-summer season, and Joan Smalls (/wiki/Joan_Smalls) and Anna Mila Guyenz (/wiki/Anna_Mila_Guyenz) for autumn-winter season. Liu Jo started to sponsor the Bologna football team (/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909) in 2016, with the home hostesses wearing company's clothing for home league games. [4] (#cite_note-4) In the 2018–19 (/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_A) and 2019–20 (/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serie_A) seasons of Italian Serie A (/wiki/Serie_A) Championship, Liu Jo was the main sponsor of Bologna. [5] (#cite_note-5) In March 2017, a corporate reorganization of the company was made, with brother Vannis leaving the board and remaining a shareholder with about 10%, while brother Marco remaining the controlling shareholder (/wiki/Controlling_shareholder) . [6] (#cite_note-6) On 5 November 2019, the founder and creative director of Liu Jo, Marco Marchi, enters through a capital increase in Coin (/wiki/Coin_(department_store)) department store (/wiki/Department_store) chain with 15%. [7] (#cite_note-7) Also in November 2019 Liu Jo acquires Blufin (/wiki/Blufin) , the fashion house (/wiki/Fashion_house) founded in Carpi by Anna Molinari (/wiki/Anna_Molinari) and Gianpaolo Tarabini with the Blu Girl and Miss Blumarine brands, as part of an operation that leads to the birth of "Italian Excellence", a holding company aggregation of high-end brands. [8] (#cite_note-8) Anna Molinari will remain in the role of ambassador. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-renamed_from_1_on_20220817014752_1-0) "Il nostro Liu Jo, successo di famiglia" (https://www.repubblica.it/economia/affari-e-finanza/2015/06/22/news/il_nostro_liu_jo_successo_di_famiglia-117490036/) . repubblica.it . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "LiuJo Store Locator" (https://stores.liujo.com/) . liujo.com . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Liu Jo Sets Eyewear Deal" (https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/liu-jo-sets-eyewear-deal-7241106/) . wwd.com . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Bologna and Liu Jo enter partnership" (https://www.bolognafc.it/en/bologna-and-liu-jo-enter-partnership/) . bolognafc.it . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Liu-jo rinnova la sponsorship con Bologna Fc" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190703105447/https://www.mffashion.com/news/livestage/liu-jo-rinnova-la-sponsorship-con-bologna-fc-201905241453274338) . mffashion.com . Archived from the original (https://www.mffashion.com/news/livestage/liu-jo-rinnova-la-sponsorship-con-bologna-fc-201905241453274338) on 2019-07-03 . Retrieved 25 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Moda: Liu Jo riorganizza assetto" (https://www.ansa.it/emiliaromagna/notizie/madeiner/2017/03/28/moda-liu-jo-riorganizza-assetto_b37cdaf5-a79b-46a1-a9e9-0ec404ed7801.html) . ansa.it . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Marchi, fondatore di Liu Jo, entra in Coin col 15%" (https://www.pambianconews.com/2019/11/05/marchi-fondatore-di-liu-jo-entra-in-coin-col-15-277992/) . pambianconews.com . Retrieved 5 November 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Liu Jo Group Takes Over Blugirl and Miss Blumarine Licensees" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/liu-jo-group-blugirl-miss-blumarine-licensees-1234854271/) . wwd.com . Retrieved 23 June 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Liu Jo acquista Blumarine. Anna Molinari "Stimo Marchi, è coraggioso" (https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/modena/economia/liu-jo-acquista-blumarine-1.4882829) " (https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/modena/economia/liu-jo-acquista-blumarine-1.4882829) . ilrestodelcarlino.it . Retrieved 12 November 2019 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.liujo.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐nrdl4 Cached time: 20240721132012 Cache expiry: 902390 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.489 seconds Real time usage: 0.753 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1691/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25177/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1618/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36250/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.322/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4965751/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 702.128 1 -total 29.74% 208.834 1 Template:Reflist 28.82% 202.388 1 Template:Infobox_company 26.50% 186.089 1 Template:Infobox 25.75% 180.779 9 Template:Cite_web 25.19% 176.897 1 Template:Portal_bar 13.55% 95.150 1 Template:Short_description 8.45% 59.313 2 Template:Pagetype 7.44% 52.218 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries 3.13% 21.945 7 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31813128-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721132012 and revision id 1223159787. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jo&oldid=1223159787 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liu_Jo&oldid=1223159787) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian companies established in 1995 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1995) Carpi, Emilia-Romagna (/wiki/Category:Carpi,_Emilia-Romagna) Companies based in the Province of Modena (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_the_Province_of_Modena) Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Clothing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_of_Italy) Clothing companies established in 1995 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1995) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Design companies established in 1995 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1995) Manufacturing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_of_Italy) Bags (fashion) (/wiki/Category:Bags_(fashion)) Eyewear brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Eyewear_brands_of_Italy) Shoe companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies_of_Italy) Watch manufacturing companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_Italy) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
|
Italian jewelry company WikiMiniAtlas 45°26′00″N 9°10′45″E / 45.4332192°N 9.17921°E / 45.4332192; 9.17921 Pomellato Industry Luxury goods (/wiki/Luxury_good) Founded 1967 Headquarters Milano (/wiki/Milano) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Key people Pino Rabolini (Founder) , Sabina Belli ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) , Vincenzo Castaldo (Creative Director) , François-Henri Pinault (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_Pinault) (Kering Group) Products jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Kering (/wiki/Kering) Website www (http://www.pomellato.com/) .pomellato (http://www.pomellato.com/) .com (http://www.pomellato.com/) Pomellato is an Italian jewelry company. The brand was founded by Pino Rabolini in Milan in 1967 and currently ranks among the top five European jewellers by sales. [1] (#cite_note-1) In 2013, the brand became a part of the luxury group Kering (/wiki/Kering) . [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] Pomellato began operating in 1967, introducing the concept of prêt-à-porter (/wiki/Pr%C3%AAt-%C3%A0-porter) jewellery, the idea that jewellery is not just a status symbol but an accessory to be worn at any moment of the day and changed like clothes. [3] (#cite_note-3) In the 1990s, Pomellato particularly focused on using colored stones. The company has also made its mark in producing chains. In 2007, to celebrate its 40th year, Pomellato made its debut in high-end (/wiki/High-end) jewellery with the launch of the Pom Pom collection: 40 pieces sold by appointment in New York, Paris, Milan and Monte Carlo. [ citation needed ] In October 2009, Andrea Morante became the new chief executive officer of the group and minority shareholder of RA.MO, the holding company of the Rabolini family that controlled the Pomellato and Dodo brands. In July 2013, Kering (/wiki/Kering) acquired Pomellato. Sabina Belli was appointed CEO of Pomellato group in December 2015. [4] (#cite_note-4) Nudo Rings Famous collections [ edit ] Nudo, Capri, Sabbia, M'Ama Non M'Ama, Iconica, Victoria, Tango. International expansion [ edit ] Pomellato Boutique Pomellato has more than thirty boutiques worldwide in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Madrid (/wiki/Madrid) , Capri (/wiki/Capri) , Barcelona (/wiki/Barcelona) , Monte Carlo (/wiki/Monte_Carlo) , Taipei (/wiki/Taipei) , Venice (/wiki/Venice) , Rome (/wiki/Rome) , Singapore (/wiki/Singapore) , Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) , Verona (/wiki/Verona) , Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp) , Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Turin (/wiki/Turin) , Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) , Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) , London (/wiki/London) , Miami (/wiki/Miami) , Munich (/wiki/Munich) , Jeddah (/wiki/Jeddah) , Hamburg (/wiki/Hamburg) , Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , Beijing (/wiki/Beijing) , Beirut (/wiki/Beirut) , Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Lusail (/wiki/Lusail) and Seoul (/wiki/Seoul) . Design characteristics [ edit ] Pomellato jewels have very recognisable features: the emphasis on rounded and tactile forms. [ citation needed ] The pavé given an irregular, random style by using gemstones of various sizes and/or colours. [ citation needed ] Openwork, also on jet (/wiki/Jet_(lignite)) . Dodo [ edit ] In 1995, Pomellato launched a second brand, Dodo. The name Dodo was chosen as an extinct species exemplifying the need to protect nature. Communication [ edit ] The Pomellato campaigns of the 1960s were entrusted to Franco Scheichenbauer. In 1971, Pomellato started working with the master of black-and-white photography, Gian Paolo Barbieri (/wiki/Gian_Paolo_Barbieri) . From 1982 to 1984, Pomellato campaigns were signed by the photographer Helmut Newton (/wiki/Helmut_Newton) . Gian Paolo Barbieri returned in 1988 and 1989, in charge of traditional advertising campaigns and also broader projects like the books “The Maps of Desire”, 1989 and the more recent “Innatural” of 2004, where the jewellery was photographed in tropical settings. The 1990s saw a succession of photographers like Alistair Taylor Young, Lord Snowdon and Javier Vallhonrat. In 2001, Pomellato departed from black-and-white photography to embrace colour with the work of Michel Comte. After Paolo Roversi, author of the 2010 campaign, 2011 saw the comeback of Javier Vallhonrat (/w/index.php?title=Javier_Vallhonrat&action=edit&redlink=1) , portraying the Pomellato's celebrity spokeswoman, Tilda Swinton (/wiki/Tilda_Swinton) , in the campaign of the maison. [ citation needed ] The Kabul project [ edit ] In the two-year period 1994–1995, Pomellato sponsored a charity project: “Shots”, a gallery of portraits by Michel Comte (/wiki/Michel_Comte) involving dozens of celebrities in the movie and fashion worlds, who donated the Pomellato jewel worn for charity purposes to support a project for building a hospital in Kabul (/wiki/Kabul) . This project saw the participation of Geraldine Chaplin (/wiki/Geraldine_Chaplin) , Claudia Cardinale (/wiki/Claudia_Cardinale) , Isabella Rossellini (/wiki/Isabella_Rossellini) , Antonio Banderas (/wiki/Antonio_Banderas) , Boy George (/wiki/Boy_George) , Salma Hayek (/wiki/Salma_Hayek) , Monica Bellucci (/wiki/Monica_Bellucci) and many others. The very special patroness of the auction “Bijoux et portraits de star” was Catherine Deneuve (/wiki/Catherine_Deneuve) . [5] (#cite_note-5) Curiosities [ edit ] The name Pomellato is taken from the image of a small horse head that featured on the corporate hallmark used in the atelier. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bain&Company “The Luxury Goods Market”, 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-2) "PPR Acquires Italian Jeweler Pomellato to Boost Luxury Offering" (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-24/ppr-acquires-italian-jeweler-pomellato-to-boost-luxury-offering.html) . Bloomberg. 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Who's buying?: Sports pages used to bring men into Pomellato's shop" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/22e6212e-54e4-11e0-96f3-00144feab49a.html#axzz1LI8xZsYq) . Financial Times . ^ (#cite_ref-4) DeMarco, Anthony. "Sabina Belli Named CEO of Pomellato Group" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2015/12/10/sabina-belli-named-ceo-of-pomellato-group/#721dcd4d70c4) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Archivio Corriere della Sera" (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1995/novembre/29/Asta_gioielli_mezzo_miliardo_bimbi_co_0_9511296031.shtml) . archiviostorico.corriere.it . Massinelli A.M., Pomellato, Leonardo Arte - Electa, Italian text April 1999, pp. 193, 250 col. ill., cm 25x33. Hardcover ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 88-8310-056-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8310-056-5) . English edition 31 October 1999 ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 88-8310-056-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8310-056-5) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pomellato (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pomellato) . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Companies (/wiki/Portal:Companies) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/771157040161067040001) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐rf5rj Cached time: 20240720173510 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.461 seconds Real time usage: 0.670 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2704/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 31363/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3944/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30244/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.301/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5914286/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 619.089 1 -total 18.24% 112.919 1 Template:Reflist 16.17% 100.096 1 Template:Coord 14.73% 91.196 1 Template:Infobox_company 13.94% 86.284 1 Template:Cite_news 13.31% 82.424 1 Template:Authority_control 12.65% 78.326 1 Template:Short_description 12.53% 77.561 1 Template:Infobox 9.98% 61.790 4 Template:Citation_needed 8.26% 51.116 4 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31813541-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173510 and revision id 1226010270. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomellato&oldid=1226010270 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomellato&oldid=1226010270) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Italian jewellers (/wiki/Category:Italian_jewellers) Jewellery companies of Italy (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_companies_of_Italy) Jewellery retailers of Italy (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_retailers_of_Italy) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Retail companies established in 1967 (/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1967) Italian companies established in 1967 (/wiki/Category:Italian_companies_established_in_1967) Companies based in Milan (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Milan) Italian brands (/wiki/Category:Italian_brands) Kering brands (/wiki/Category:Kering_brands) 2013 mergers and acquisitions (/wiki/Category:2013_mergers_and_acquisitions) Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2015) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers)
|
Bales of used clothing being unloaded from a warehouse in Haiti The global trade of secondhand clothing is a long-standing industry, which has been facilitated by the abundance of donated clothing in wealthy countries. This trade accounts for approximately 0.5% of the total value of clothing traded worldwide, while by weight it accounts for 10%. However, in some countries, imported used clothing constitutes the majority of clothing purchased and used. Following the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) in the 19th century, mass production (/wiki/Mass_production) of new clothing became widespread in some countries, particularly the United Kingdom. At the same time, population growth in other countries outpaced domestic manufacturing capacity, leading to an increase in demand for clothing. This led to a boom in the trade of secondhand clothing. Today, used clothing is mostly sourced from charity organizations (/wiki/Charitable_organization) , which use the proceeds to fund their main charity operations. European (/wiki/European_Union) and East Asian (/wiki/East_Asia) countries with substantial middle classes (/wiki/Middle_class) are the biggest exporters of used clothing, while the biggest importers are poorer countries, especially in South Asia (/wiki/South_Asia) , Southeast Asia (/wiki/Southeast_Asia) and Africa. In recent years, the industry has faced increased scrutiny over concerns about environmental sustainability and the ethical implications of clothing waste. It is also often accused of depressing the price of clothing in the destination countries, making it difficult for local producers to compete. Defenders of the industry argue that it nevertheless provides affordable clothing for consumers in these countries and creates jobs outside of textile production. Some countries have attempted to limit or prohibit used clothing imports to protect their domestic textile industry, but these measures have had mixed success. History [ edit ] Historically, used clothing was an important means of acquiring garments, which were often handed down many generations of families. The used clothing trade became a major industry in the early 1800s, when the Industrial Revolution (/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) caused many countries' populations to grow too quickly for their domestic manufacturing to keep up with. The United Kingdom and France were among the world's most significant exporters of used clothing in this time, especially to North America and Russia. During this time, Houndsditch (/wiki/Houndsditch) in London (/wiki/London) was the site of a major market for used clothes, with a dedicated "Old Clothes Exchange." Private dealers went door-to-door in London soliciting used clothing, which they re-sold wholesale at the exchange. Overseas demand was so great that one major exporter needed around 5,000 suits per week in 1833. [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) At the same time, as British households grew wealthier, used clothes also began to be donated in large quantities to charity. Appeals for donations to alleviate poverty in Ireland resulted in large quantities being shipped to that country during the Irish famine (/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)) . Missionaries (/wiki/Missionary) also organized shipments of clothing donations to British colonies (/wiki/Crown_colony) , particularly in southern Africa (/wiki/Southern_Africa) . [1] (#cite_note-:5-1) Market overview [ edit ] Biggest importers of used clothing, 2015-19 Country Thousands of tonnes per year Pakistan 640 India 330 Malaysia 220 Angola 190 Canada 150 Tunisia 150 Netherlands 130 Kenya 130 Ghana 120 Dem. Rep. of the Congo 110 Ukraine 100 Chile 100 Tanzania 90 Cameroon 80 Hungary 80 Source: United Nations Comtrade Database [2] (#cite_note-Comtrade-2) Clothing shipped in bales, modeled by AIDS orphans in Zimbabwe The global trade in used clothing is primarily sourced from charitable organizations in wealthy countries, like Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) , the Salvation Army (/wiki/The_Salvation_Army) , and Goodwill (/wiki/Goodwill_Industries) . Although some donations are distributed directly to populations in crisis, most are sold, with the proceeds used to support other charitable operations. A small amount of clothing donations, usually no more than 10%, is sold domestically. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) Clothing that remains unsold locally is often sold to textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) companies, which in turn export the materials to countries with established secondhand textile supply chains. Here, they are sorted, appraised, and either recycled, disposed of in landfills (/wiki/Landfill) , or resold. [4] (#cite_note-4) Trade in secondhand clothing represents around 0.5% the value of the trade in new clothes, and around 5% by weight. [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Official figures suggest that the biggest importers of used clothing by weight in 2018 were Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Angola. [2] (#cite_note-Comtrade-2) However, incomplete data collection in many countries [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) and the reporting of imports by value rather than weight [2] (#cite_note-Comtrade-2) in others may distort the accuracy of these figures. Until 2017, China was also a major destination for used clothing sorting, recycling, or disposal. However, in that year, China banned the import of used clothes. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) As China has become wealthier, it has emerged as a significant source of clothing exports, contributing 6.4% of the world's total in 2015. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) In wealthier Western countries, used and pre-owned clothes are popular among a niche market (/wiki/Niche_market) of cost-conscious or environmentally conscious consumers. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) In contrast, second-hand clothing from wealthier countries is a staple source of clothing for many people in developing countries. As of 2019, the largest net exporters of used clothing are the United States, followed by Germany, the United Kingdom and China. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2006, around one-quarter of clothing donated to charity in the United States was sold to resellers abroad. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Accusations of market distortion [ edit ] The export of secondhand clothes to developing countries (/wiki/Developing_country) is often controversial. Detractors argue that it drives down local prices to such an extent that domestic textile industries (/wiki/Textile_industry) in these countries become unable to compete. For example, many sub-Saharan African (/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa) countries have seen their textile industries decline significantly since the 1990s. However, some economists contend that this would have occurred regardless of the secondhand market, since domestic production in these countries is often inefficient and free-trade agreements (/wiki/Free_trade_agreement) with many Asian countries have exposed them to competition with cheap new clothing. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) The legacy of colonialism (/wiki/Colonialism) also adds a political dimension, with some countries resenting being seen as a "dumping ground" for discarded clothing by former colonial powers. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) In an effort to protect their domestic textile industry, some developing nations have imposed high tariffs (/wiki/Tariff) or even outright bans on clothing imports. For instance, the member countries of the East African Community (/wiki/East_African_Community) have pledged to prohibit imports from outside the region, although only Rwanda has implemented this policy so far. [9] (#cite_note-9) Nigeria has also had various bans and tariffs in place over the past few decades. [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) Zimbabwe prohibited used clothing imports from 2015–2017, but later abandoned the ban when it became apparent that the domestic textile industry could not handle the demand. [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) Used clothing import bans have generally had mixed success. They are often widely circumvented, leading to the creation of large shadow economies (/wiki/Black_market) . [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) [10] (#cite_note-:3-10) [11] (#cite_note-:4-11) In some cases, imports of cheap new clothing, particularly from China, have taken the place of secondhand clothes. [3] (#cite_note-:6-3) See also [ edit ] Circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) Mitumba (clothing) (/wiki/Mitumba_(clothing)) Salaula (/wiki/Salaula) industry, which means "to select from a pile in the manner of rummaging" in some African nations such as Zambia Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Lemire, Beverly (July 2012). "The Secondhand Clothing Trade in Europe and Beyond: Stages of Development and Enterprise in a Changing Material World, c . 1600–1850" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175183512X13315695424392) . Textile . 10 (2): 144–163. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175183512X13315695424392 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175183512X13315695424392) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1475-9756 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9756) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 167880409 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167880409) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "6309 - Textiles; worn clothing and other worn articles" (https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow?Frequency=A&Flows=X&CommodityCodes=6309&Partners=all&Reporters=all&period=2022&AggregateBy=none&BreakdownMode=plus) . United Nations Comtrade Database . 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Watson, David (2016). Exports of Nordic Used Textiles : Fate, benefits and impacts . David Palm, Louise Brix. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-92-893-4770-9 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 968727148 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/968727148) . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Norris, Lucy (July 2012). "Trade and Transformations of Secondhand Clothing: Introduction" (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2752/175183512X13315695424473) . Textile . 10 (2): 128–143. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175183512X13315695424473 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175183512X13315695424473) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 1475-9756 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-9756) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 110345339 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110345339) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Baden, Sally; Barber, Catherine (2005). The impact of the second-hand clothing trade on developing countries (PDF) . Oxfam (/wiki/Oxfam) . p. 23. ^ Jump up to: a b "How much clothing goes to waste each year in China?" (https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-beauty/article/3106066/when-people-see-second-hand-clothes-they-think-poverty) . South China Morning Post (/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post) . 19 October 2020 . Retrieved 7 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Mike (21 December 2006). "The Truth About Where Your Donated Clothes End Up" (https://abcnews.go.com/WN/truth-donated-clothes-end/story?id=2743456) . ABC News . Retrieved 5 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "6309 - Textiles; worn clothing and other worn articles" (https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow?Frequency=A&Flows=X&CommodityCodes=6309&Partners=all&Reporters=all&period=2019&AggregateBy=none&BreakdownMode=plus) . United Nations Comtrade Database . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 17 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Anami, Luke (21 June 2022). "East Africa wrestles with proposals to ban imports of used clothes" (https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/business/region-wrestles-with-proposals-to-ban-imports-of-used-clothes-3854868) . The East African . Retrieved 21 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Clement, Philip Shimnom (14 April 2022). "Despite CBN ban, textile tops Nigeria's import commodities" (https://dailytrust.com/despite-cbn-ban-textile-tops-nigerias-import-commodities/) . Daily Trust . Retrieved 21 February 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Krauss, Susanne (26 February 2018). "East Africa pushes second-hand clothing ban" (https://www.dw.com/en/east-africa-pushes-second-hand-clothing-ban/a-42747222) . Deutsche Welle (/wiki/Deutsche_Welle) . Retrieved 21 February 2023 . Further reading [ edit ] Hansen, Karen Tranberg (2000). Salaula: The World of Secondhand Clothing and Zambia . University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0226315805 . Shell, Hanna Rose (2020). Shoddy : From Devil's Dust to the Renaissance of Rags . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9-780226-698-22-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780226-698-22-9) . External links [ edit ] Sally Baden and Catherine Barber, "The impact of second-hand clothing trade on developing countries" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100705110532/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/issues/trade/downloads/research_shc.pdf) , "Oxfam", September 2005 Hansen, Karen Tranberg (1999). "Second-Hand Clothing Encounters in Zambia: Global Discourses, Western Commodities, and Local Histories". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute (/wiki/Africa:_Journal_of_the_International_African_Institute) . 69 (3). Cambridge University Press: 343–365. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/1161212 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1161212) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 1161212 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161212) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 145796625 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145796625) . "Trade in Used Clothing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110527144625/http://www.itglwf.org/lang/en/trade-in-used-clothing.html) , International Textile, Garment & Leather Workers Federation (/wiki/International_Textile,_Garment_%26_Leather_Workers_Federation) , 6 April 2010 v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gg8lv Cached time: 20240712173909 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.439 seconds Real time usage: 0.546 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3421/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 133423/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2217/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 71684/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4247120/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 404.642 1 -total 39.51% 159.866 1 Template:Reflist 32.13% 129.992 9 Template:Navbox 26.49% 107.189 1 Template:Clothing 25.05% 101.370 3 Template:Cite_journal 14.52% 58.770 1 Template:Bar_chart 7.98% 32.308 1 Template:Flatlist 7.67% 31.056 7 Template:Cite_web 7.04% 28.491 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 6.76% 27.361 15 Template:Bar_chart/bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31850148-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712173909 and revision id 1181608828. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing&oldid=1181608828 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing&oldid=1181608828) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Trade by commodity (/wiki/Category:Trade_by_commodity) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Reuse (/wiki/Category:Reuse) Global issues (/wiki/Category:Global_issues) Hidden category: Use dmy dates from March 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021)
|
Dress worn at the 74th Academy Awards on March 24, 2002 Elie Saab net dress of Halle Berry Designer Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) Year 2002 Type Net and embroidery topped burgundy dress The American actress Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) wore a mesh (/wiki/Mesh) and embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) -topped deep-red dress to the 74th Academy Awards (/wiki/74th_Academy_Awards) on March 24, 2002. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) It was designed by Lebanese designer Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) . [2] (#cite_note-2) In a poll by Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) published in The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) the dress was voted the eighth greatest red carpet gown of all time. [3] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-3) Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) cited the dress as one of the Best Oscar dresses of all time, saying, "Probably one of the best-known Oscar dresses of all time, it shows off Halle's best parts, while the strategic embroidering still leaves something to the imagination. There's a lot of material on the bottom half, but it doesn't swallow her up or hide the shape of her legs." [4] (#cite_note-4) Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) ' s Complete Book of Oscar Fashion placed it among their selections for the Oscar's most beautiful gowns, noting that she had "fashion critics raving for days" with the dress forming a "dramatic counterpoint to Berry's fresh, good looks." [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) The dress is now on display in the Academy Museum. [5] (#cite_note-Bazaar-5) See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Reeve, Chace (2003). The complete book of Oscar fashion: Variety's 75 years of glamour on the red carpet . New York, NY: Reed Press (/w/index.php?title=Reed_Press&action=edit&redlink=1) . p. 132. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1594290016 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 53233868 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53233868) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Turner, Christopher; Hak, Michael, Illustrator (March 2, 2023). "THE STORY OF: The Embroidered Elie Saab Net Dress Halle Berry Wore To The 2002 Oscars" (https://29secrets.com/style/the-story-of-the-embroidered-elie-saab-net-dress-halle-berry-wore-to-the-2002-oscars/) . 29 Secrets . Retrieved April 2, 2023 . The next morning, Berry's win dominated the headlines, and the sensual dress made an appearance on almost every single Best Dressed roundup. It didn't stop there.… More than 20 years later, the dress is still being talked about, duplicated, and recognized as one of the most iconic in Oscar red carpet history. {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph08_3-0) Urmee Khan (October 9, 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html) . The Daily Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . Retrieved May 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Oscars Best and Worst Dressed" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/red-carpet-dresses/best-and-worst-oscar-style) . Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . Retrieved May 24, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Bazaar_5-0) LeGaerdye, Quinci (March 11, 2023). "Halle Berry's Iconic Oscar Dress Is Now On Display at the Academy Museum" (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a43280071/halle-berry-iconic-oscar-gown-now-on-display-academy-museum/) . Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7ff7499668‐pt264 Cached time: 20240716081951 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.303 seconds Real time usage: 0.404 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 852/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37074/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1296/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31791/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.210/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5235040/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 369.109 1 -total 29.11% 107.461 1 Template:Reflist 22.81% 84.211 1 Template:Red_carpet_fashion 22.58% 83.328 2 Template:Navbox 19.71% 72.750 1 Template:Cite_book 16.80% 62.011 1 Template:Short_description 10.00% 36.912 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_item 9.50% 35.068 1 Template:Infobox 9.36% 34.541 2 Template:Pagetype 7.75% 28.611 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31871333-0!canonical and timestamp 20240716081951 and revision id 1212781896. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry&oldid=1212781896 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry&oldid=1212781896) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Outfits worn at the Academy Awards ceremonies (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) 2002 clothing (/wiki/Category:2002_clothing) Red dresses (/wiki/Category:Red_dresses) Halle Berry (/wiki/Category:Halle_Berry) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use American English from June 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_June_2021) All Wikipedia articles written in American English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English) Use mdy dates from June 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2021)
|
Copenhagen Fashion Week is an international fashion event (/wiki/Fashion_week) in Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) , Denmark. This biannual event is organized by the Danish Fashion Institute (/wiki/Danish_Fashion_Institute) . [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The first Copenhagen Fashion Week was held in 2006, following the merger of the Danish clothing trade fairs, Dansk Modeuge and Dansk Herremodeuge, which dated back to the 1950s. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) Organization [ edit ] Each season, Copenhagen Fashion Week hosts four days of shows, presentations, and events as well as the two trade shows, CIFF and Revolver. [4] (#cite_note-4) Copenhagen Fashion Week is a non-profit organization (/wiki/Nonprofit_organization) run on 15% public funding and 85% commercial partnerships, with the Danish Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs being the main contributor. [5] (#cite_note-5) The applications for the official Fashion Week schedule are assessed by a committee of representatives from the Scandinavian fashion industry, including press, production professionals, and industry organizations. The Copenhagen Fashion Week secretariat does not participate in the assessment. [6] (#cite_note-6) Sustainability [ edit ] In 2018, the CEO Cecilie Thorsmark established an advisory board and partner institute, in Futurum, to organize sustainability practices for Copenhagen Fashion Week. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2023, Copenhagen Fashion Week hosted designers from Europe and the US [8] (#cite_note-8) who followed the organizers' implemented sustainability requirements for participating fashion brands. [9] (#cite_note-9) The sustainability standards necessitate that brands demonstrate that a minimum of 50 percent of their collection is composed of certified, preferred, up-cycled, or recycled materials, along with their commitment to due diligence throughout their supply chain. [10] (#cite_note-:0-10) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Ny ambitiøs strategi fra Danish Fashion Institute" (http://fashionforum.dk/2016/08/23/ny-ambitioes-strategi-fra-danish-fashion-institute/) (in Danish). Fashion Forum . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Danish fashion history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180214141956/http://danishfashioninstitute.dk/en/node/720) . Danish Fashion Institute . Archived from the original (http://danishfashioninstitute.dk/en/node/720) on 2018-02-14 . Retrieved 2018-02-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "The History of Copenhagen Fashion Week" (https://copenhagenfashionweek.com/about/history) . Copenhagen Fashion Week . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Copenhagen Fashion Week" (https://www.scandinaviastandard.com/copenhagen-fashion-week/) . Scandinavia Standard . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Funding and Partners" (https://copenhagenfashionweek.com/about/funding-partners) . Copenhagen Fashion Week . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Show Application" (https://copenhagenfashionweek.com/designers/show-application) . Copenhagen Fashion Week . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Wightman-Stone, Danielle (2020-01-28). "Copenhagen Fashion Week unveils "radical" sustainability plan" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/fashion/copenhagen-fashion-week-unveils-radical-sustainability-plan/2020012847245) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 2024-03-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "A Vibe Change Is Taking Copenhagen Fashion Week Beyond the Ganni Girl and "Copencore" (https://www.vogue.com/article/a-vibe-change-is-taking-copenhagen-fashion-week-beyond-the-ganni-girl-and-copencore) " (https://www.vogue.com/article/a-vibe-change-is-taking-copenhagen-fashion-week-beyond-the-ganni-girl-and-copencore) . Vogue . 2022-08-08 . Retrieved 2024-03-22 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Circular Economy in Fashion" (http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2023/circular-economy/article.2023-01-12.2167635265) . Retrieved 24 May 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-:0_10-0) "How Copenhagen Became The World's Most Sustainable Fashion Week" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/copenhagen-fashion-week-sustainability) . British Vogue . 2023-01-30 . Retrieved 2024-03-22 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.cfw.dk) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐r28kt Cached time: 20240712195017 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.235 seconds Real time usage: 0.317 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 562/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25395/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 190/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 44245/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.168/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3882822/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 283.556 1 -total 49.28% 139.740 1 Template:Reflist 41.07% 116.447 10 Template:Cite_web 34.48% 97.775 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 33.28% 94.354 1 Template:Navbox 16.19% 45.910 1 Template:Official_website 5.15% 14.595 1 Template:Portal-inline 0.61% 1.731 2 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31943973-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712195017 and revision id 1227346471. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_Fashion_Week&oldid=1227346471 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_Fashion_Week&oldid=1227346471) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Denmark (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Denmark) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Festivals in Copenhagen (/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Copenhagen) Hidden category: CS1 Danish-language sources (da) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da))
|
American painter For the swimmer, see Catharine Cooper (/wiki/Catharine_Cooper) . Cathy Cooper Born Catherine McPeak Cooper ( 1960-11-08 ) November 8, 1960 (age 63) Whittier (/wiki/Whittier,_California) , California (/wiki/California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Nationality American Education California State University, Long Beach (/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach) Known for Artist, stylist (wardrobe and costume), sculptor, painter, model, musician Movement Post-modern (/wiki/Post-modern) , assemblage (/wiki/Assemblage_(art)) Awards MVPA, 2009 Best Costuming Video Awards Cathy Cooper (née Catherine McPeak Cooper , born November 8, 1960) is a postmodern artist and wardrobe stylist who lives and maintains a studio in Los Angeles. [1] (#cite_note-STUDYMODE-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Working as a costume and wardrobe designer for the past 28 years, she has been collaborating with directors, musicians, commercial advertisers and photographers. Cooper completed the costuming and wardrobe for the Los Angeles Philharmonic (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic) 's (and ballet) productions of Igor Stravinsky (/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky) 's Firebird (/wiki/The_Firebird) ballet choreographed version of Ravel's (/wiki/Maurice_Ravel) Boléro (/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro) . [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Her wardrobe and costuming work is seen regularly on numerous movies. [5] (#cite_note-5) In advertising, her wardrobe credits include Nike, Coca-Cola, Heineken, Ford, [6] (#cite_note-PAVATEA-6) McDonald's, Clorox, [7] (#cite_note-7) Orbitz, [6] (#cite_note-PAVATEA-6) Honda, The North Face [8] (#cite_note-8) and many others. Her work was nominated for the MVPA 2009 Best Costuming Video Award for the Modest Mouse (/wiki/Modest_Mouse) hit single " Dashboard (/wiki/Dashboard) " music video. [9] (#cite_note-9) She has produced costuming work for videos with bands and artists such as Alice in Chains (/wiki/Alice_in_Chains) , The Cramps (/wiki/The_Cramps) , [10] (#cite_note-10) Cut Copy (/wiki/Cut_Copy) , Sister Mantos, [11] (#cite_note-11) Hayley Kiyoko (/wiki/Hayley_Kiyoko) , [12] (#cite_note-12) Stone Temple Pilots (/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots) , Unwritten Law (/wiki/Unwritten_Law) , [6] (#cite_note-PAVATEA-6) Aerosmith (/wiki/Aerosmith) , and Weird Al Yankovic (/wiki/Weird_Al_Yankovic) . [13] (#cite_note-13) Her album/CD jacket design work can be seen with record labels such as Centaur Records (/wiki/Centaur_Records) , [14] (#cite_note-14) Geffen Records (/wiki/Geffen_Records) , Sony Records (/wiki/Sony_Records) , Interscope (/wiki/Interscope) , [6] (#cite_note-PAVATEA-6) and A&M Records (/wiki/A%26M_Records) . She also works as a professional model for advertising and photo layouts in commercial media. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Early years [ edit ] She was born Catherine McPeak Cooper in Whittier, California, the second daughter of four children (two girls, two boys); the family grew up in the nearby northeastern section of La Habra (/wiki/La_Habra,_California) (remote, Southeastern base of the Puente Hills (/wiki/Puente_Hills) ). [18] (#cite_note-18) She is the older sister of composer/arranger Jack Cooper (/wiki/Jack_Cooper_(American_musician)) and the granddaughter (x4) of Harriet Byron McAllister (/wiki/Harriet_Byron_McAllister) and the grand-daughter of Mississippi legislator Homer Vernon Cooper (/wiki/Homer_Vernon_Cooper) . Her mother Georgie was a professional pianist and teacher. [19] (#cite_note-19) Cooper's athletic ability in the 800-meter run enabled her to receive an athletic scholarship to the University of California at Irvine (/wiki/University_of_California_at_Irvine) . She transferred to the arts program at California State University, Fullerton (/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton) and eventually received her Bachelor of Arts from California State University, Long Beach (/wiki/California_State_University,_Long_Beach) . Style, media, influences, and music [ edit ] Cooper has noted the influence of designers such as Edith Head (/wiki/Edith_Head) , Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) , Junya Watanabe (/wiki/Junya_Watanabe) , Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) , Henrik Vibskov, Tsumori Chisato (/wiki/Tsumori_Chisato) , Kenzo (/wiki/Kenzo) , Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) , Ossie Clark (/wiki/Ossie_Clark) , Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) , and Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) ; [20] (#cite_note-Closet_Visit_with_Cathy_Cooper-20) a great deal of her work with costuming is categorized as post-modern urban. "Cathy Cooper's mixed media sculptures describe a natural world that grows out of garbage and decay." [21] (#cite_note-21) Her sculptures are pieced together with fabric, found objects and paper mache; they are constructed in bright color combinations much like the clothing she designs and has been influenced by. The Great Sadness [ edit ] Cooper has played and toured with her band The Great Sadness. [22] (#cite_note-22) The duo of Cooper and Stephen McNeely has gained exposure in the hard rock, alternative music scene of Los Angeles. [23] (#cite_note-23) Their album Weep was released April 20, 2017. They recorded with Joe Cardamone, and the album was mastered by Howie Weinberg (/wiki/Howie_Weinberg) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-STUDYMODE_1-0) fashion StudyMode.com. (http://www.studymode.com/essays/Fashion-43738516.html) Retrieved November 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Fashion-43738516.html (http://www.studymode.com/essays/Fashion-43738516.html) , Cooper noted as one of the few true, professional stylists in wardrobe ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Cathy Cooper design studio blog, (https://web.archive.org/web/20121122170326/http://cathycooper.blogspot.com/) Blantonia " (https://web.archive.org/web/20121122170326/http://cathycooper.blogspot.com/) . Archived from the original (http://cathycooper.blogspot.com/) on November 22, 2012 . Retrieved October 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Los Angeles Philharmonic, Toyota Symphonies for Youth, December 2/9, 2017. Igor Stravinsky's "Firebird" Catherine Cooper, costume design. (https://www.laphil.com/tickets/toyota-symphonies-for-youth/2017-12-09) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171116132923/https://www.laphil.com/tickets/toyota-symphonies-for-youth/2017-12-09) November 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Los Angeles Philharmonic, Toyota Symphonies for Youth, April 6/20, 2017. [1] (https://www.laphil.com/events/performances/331/2019-04-20/toyota-symphonies-for-youth-ravels-bolero/) Ravel's "Boléro" Catherine Cooper, costume design.] ^ (#cite_ref-5) IMDb listing and credits for Cathy Cooper (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0177922/?ref_=fn_al_nm_5) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Marty Pavatea, credits as assistant to Cathy Cooper (http://flavors.me/mpavatea) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113805/http://flavors.me/mpavatea) December 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) – overseeing stylist ^ (#cite_ref-7) Youtube, Clorox 'Stains' (https://www.youtube.com/user/vortie8) , director: Rafael Fernandez wardrobe: Cathy Cooper ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Los Angeles Times, Style/Design: Dome, Dome on the Range , January 28, 1996 article, Cathy Cooper – stylist (for picture) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Modest Mouse, (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=penvn9VL32Y/) Dashboard video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=penvn9VL32Y/) ^ (#cite_ref-10) The Cramps – (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fyr0zbaFyE&playnext=1&list=PLD2CE0B75BCF8D13D) Bikini Girls With Machine Guns video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fyr0zbaFyE&playnext=1&list=PLD2CE0B75BCF8D13D) ^ (#cite_ref-11) Little Bird , video from Sister Mantos. Cathy Cooper – wardrobe stylist ^ (#cite_ref-12) Hayley Kiyoko – Jolly Old Saint Nicholas – A Very Maker Music Christmas (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8Na0tesrPA) , Youtube, Cathy Cooper – clothing stylist ^ (#cite_ref-13) Weird Al Yankovic, (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9qYF9DZPdw/) White and Nerdy video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9qYF9DZPdw/) ^ (#cite_ref-14) CD cover art/design for The Chamber Wind Music of Jack Cooper (/wiki/The_Chamber_Wind_Music_of_Jack_Cooper) ^ (#cite_ref-15) Hair Extravaganza (featured article) (http://www.oprah.com/style/How-to-Wear-Gray-Hair-Preventing-Gray-Hair) O, The Oprah Magazine , September 2013 issue, Hearst Communications Inc. pp. 141 and 154 (http://www.oprah.com/style/How-to-Wear-Gray-Hair-Preventing-Gray-Hair) ^ (#cite_ref-16) Zmuda, Natalie. JC Penney Promotes New Tagline During Olympics Opening Ceremony (http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/jc-penney-promotes-tagline/291588/) Advertising Age. J.C. Penney television ad, February 7, 2014, Cathy Cooper appears @ 16–17 seconds as model ^ (#cite_ref-17) Cathy Cooper in Target advertising campaign, role: yoga instructor, iSpot TV (https://www.ispot.tv/ad/w_Ab/target-target-run-yoga-class) ^ (#cite_ref-18) "History of La Habra" (http://lahabramasons.com/history-la-habra/) . Lahabramasons.com . January 8, 2015 . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Georgie Cooper (https://www.discogs.com/artist/3626904) discography at Discogs (/wiki/Discogs) – biography page. ^ (#cite_ref-Closet_Visit_with_Cathy_Cooper_20-0) "Closet Visit with Cathy Cooper" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121020183039/http://cargocollective.com/closetvisit#Cathy-Cooper) . Archived from the original (http://cargocollective.com/closetvisit#Cathy-Cooper) on October 20, 2012 . Retrieved October 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Review of Hidden Places, Dec. 9, 2010 (http://sparkoc.blogspot.com/search?q=hidden+places/) ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Music | The Great Sadness" (https://thegreatsadness.bandcamp.com/) . Thegreatsadness.bandcamp.com. January 23, 2015 . Retrieved May 4, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Review in BUZZBAND LA, The Great Sadness, Daiana Feuer, April 19th, 2017 (http://buzzbands.la/2017/04/19/ears-wide-open-great-sadness/) External links [ edit ] Cathy Cooper web site (https://web.archive.org/web/20080110234416/http://cathycooper.com/) The Great Sadness (https://thegreatsadness.bandcamp.com/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) art (/wiki/Portal:Art) fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6f5ccb59c8‐m2z98 Cached time: 20240623114328 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.417 seconds Real time usage: 0.610 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2210/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16028/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1705/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 27862/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.283/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6220412/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 566.165 1 -total 28.78% 162.915 1 Template:Infobox_artist 27.05% 153.144 1 Template:Short_description 23.90% 135.318 1 Template:Reflist 18.89% 106.944 19 Template:Main_other 17.89% 101.262 4 Template:Cite_web 15.32% 86.761 1 Template:SDcat 8.43% 47.747 2 Template:Pagetype 7.22% 40.859 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 6.72% 38.071 1 Template:Portal_bar Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31957055-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623114328 and revision id 1218040881. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Cooper&oldid=1218040881 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathy_Cooper&oldid=1218040881) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1960 births (/wiki/Category:1960_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Painters from Los Angeles (/wiki/Category:Painters_from_Los_Angeles) People from La Habra, California (/wiki/Category:People_from_La_Habra,_California) People from Whittier, California (/wiki/Category:People_from_Whittier,_California) Assemblage artists (/wiki/Category:Assemblage_artists) American mixed-media artists (/wiki/Category:American_mixed-media_artists) Prop designers (/wiki/Category:Prop_designers) Fashion stylists (/wiki/Category:Fashion_stylists) 21st-century American women painters (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_painters) 21st-century American painters (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_painters) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from November 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2014) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards)
|
Japanese model Hiroko Matsumoto 松本弘子 Hiroko Matsumoto modelling for Pierre Cardin, Jerusalem, 1966 Born 11 August 1936 Tokyo, Japan Died 21 June 2003 (2003-06-21) (aged 66) Paris, France Nationality Japanese Other names Hiroko Berghauer, Hiroko Cathalan Occupation fashion model Years active 1960–1967 Known for Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) , Hanae Mori Fashion House Spouses Henry Berghauer ( m. 1967) Jean-Claude Cathalan ( m. 1970) (1970s, uncertain) Children 1 Modeling information Height 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in) Hiroko Matsumoto ( 松本 弘子 , Matsumoto Hiroko , 11 August 1936 – 21 June 2003) was a Japanese model who worked in Paris during the 1960s. She is considered to be one of the first Japanese supermodels. Biography [ edit ] Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) met and fell in love with Matsumoto in 1960 during a trip to Japan. She would eventually follow him to Paris where she was Cardin's top model. [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Known as Miss Hiroko, she was the first ever Japanese model for a French clothing collection. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Matsumoto ended her modeling career in 1967 and married Henry Berghauer, a manager at groupe Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) . Berghauer went on to become a manager at Hanae Mori (/wiki/Hanae_Mori) , and later of fashion company Hervé Léger. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1970, Matsumoto played the prominent part of Kyoko, the Japanese lover, in French director François Truffaut (/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut) 's movie Bed and Board (/wiki/Bed_and_Board_(1970_film)) . Many of the dresses worn in the movie were designed by the Hanae Mori fashion company. [7] (#cite_note-7) A few years later, Hiroko Matsumoto married Jean-Claude Cathalan, who, at the time, was a manager at Roussel Uclaf (/wiki/Roussel_Uclaf) [8] (#cite_note-who-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) He later became the president of Revillon (/wiki/Revillon_Fr%C3%A8res) , Parfums Caron (/wiki/Parfums_Caron) , Jean-Louis Scherrer (/wiki/Jean-Louis_Scherrer) [10] (#cite_note-10) and is the current president of Comité Montaigne (/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne) . [8] (#cite_note-who-8) [11] (#cite_note-11) Their daughter, Maxime Cathalan, was kidnapped in Neuilly-sur-Seine at the age of 20 months in front of her nurse. The child was returned on 23 June 1975 for a ransom of 1.5 million Franc. [12] (#cite_note-12) In 2003, Hiroko Cathalan died in Paris at the age of 67 after a long period in the hospital. The cause of her death remains uncertain. [13] (#cite_note-13) Filmography [ edit ] Year Title Role Notes 1970 Bed and Board (/wiki/Bed_and_Board_(1970_film)) Kyoko References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Matthias Gurtler, Pierre Cardin (http://www.vsd.fr/contenu-editorial/en-coulisses/cv-de-stars/1318-pierre-cardin) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711060347/http://www.vsd.fr/contenu-editorial/en-coulisses/cv-de-stars/1318-pierre-cardin) 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , VSD, 19 July 2006 ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jean-Noël Liaut, Cover Girls and Supermodels 1945-1965 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Lorenz, Sylvana (2006). Pierre Cardin, son fabuleux destin . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2846121910 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Briward, Christopher; Gilbert, David (2006). Fashion's World Cities . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1845204136 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) L'Officiel de la mode n° 729, 1987, pp. 30–31 (http://patrimoine.jalougallery.com/lofficiel-de-la-mode-numero_729-page_30-detailp-13-748-30.html) , Jalou Gallery ^ (#cite_ref-6) Sommaire de la lettre Executives n°351 (http://www.executives.com.fr/direct/executives_cv_et_bio_paiement01gg.asp?lettre=351) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111008063547/http://www.executives.com.fr/direct/executives_cv_et_bio_paiement01gg.asp?lettre=351) 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , le 7 février 1997 ^ (#cite_ref-7) Filmotruffaut (http://filmotruffaut.chez.com/index.htm) ^ Jump up to: a b Who's Who in France (/wiki/Who%27s_Who_in_France) ^ (#cite_ref-9) 01.12.2010 – Comité Montaigne: "La Saga des Industries du Luxe: Un atout pour la France" (http://www.club-des-affaires-nrw.org/index.php?view=article&catid=56%3A2010&id=162%3A01122010-la-saga-des-industries-du-luxe-un-atout-pour-la-france&option=com_content&Itemid=105&lang=fr) , Club des Affaires en Rhénanie du Nord-Westphalie ^ (#cite_ref-10) Jean-Claude Cathalan: "Une démarche très systématique", in L'Anti-Crise (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Anti-Crise) , Jean-Pierre Thiollet (/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet) and M-F Guignard, Dunod, Paris, 1994, pp. 26–28 ^ (#cite_ref-11) L'Officiel de la mode n 800, 1995, pages 78, 79 (http://patrimoine.jalougallery.com/lofficiel-de-la-mode-numero_800-page_78-detailp-13-819-78.html) , Jalou Gallery ^ (#cite_ref-12) La Nouvelle République of 23 June 1975: "Maxime Cathalan libérée par ses ravisseurs" ^ (#cite_ref-13) Obituary: Hiroko Matsumoto (https://beta.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/06/23/national/obituary-hiroko-matsumoto/) , The Japan Times , 23 June 2003 External links [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Japan portal (/wiki/Portal:Japan) Hiroko Matsumoto (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0074575/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/126259906) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxG6vfrd4DJkG446KPQq) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141551294) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb141551294) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/142047570) Israel (http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007322528905171) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001092548) Japan (https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00809405) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐jzqbr Cached time: 20240719224355 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.537 seconds Real time usage: 0.715 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3062/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28771/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6786/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 22568/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.401/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22068356/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 682.160 1 -total 35.63% 243.021 1 Template:Infobox_model 16.65% 113.593 1 Template:Reflist 15.17% 103.472 1 Template:Nihongo 13.68% 93.322 1 Template:Authority_control 12.69% 86.599 2 Template:Cite_book 11.46% 78.208 1 Template:Infobox 9.94% 67.810 1 Template:Short_description 9.56% 65.191 1 Template:Plainlist 8.77% 59.800 2 Template:Marriage Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32114022-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719224355 and revision id 1218916838. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroko_Matsumoto&oldid=1218916838 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroko_Matsumoto&oldid=1218916838) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Japanese female models (/wiki/Category:Japanese_female_models) Models from Tokyo (/wiki/Category:Models_from_Tokyo) 1936 births (/wiki/Category:1936_births) 2003 deaths (/wiki/Category:2003_deaths) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from August 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles containing Japanese-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with J9U identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with NDL identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers)
|
This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Malo_(company)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Malo" company (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Malo%22+company) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Malo%22+company+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Malo%22+company&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Malo%22+company+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Malo%22+company) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Malo%22+company&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Malo Company type Privately held company Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) , Luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) Founded 1972 ; 52 years ago ( 1972 ) Florence (/wiki/Florence) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) Headquarters Campi Bisenzio (/wiki/Campi_Bisenzio) , Italy Key people Alfredo Canessa, Giacomo Canessa Products Clothing, Accessories and Footwear Website www.malo.it (http://www.malo.it) Malo [1] (#cite_note-1) (from Latin ego mālō /ˈmaː.loː/, meaning I prefer ) is an Italian luxury brand of cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) , [2] (#cite_note-2) started in Florence (/wiki/Florence) in 1972 by brothers Alfredo and Giacomo Canessa. [3] (#cite_note-3) Malo products are produced in Italy. Its collections are seasonal and are distributed through a direct sales network that includes Malo stores, multi-brand stores and selected department stores in different parts of the world. History [ edit ] Malo Tricot Srl was started by brothers Giacomo and Alfredo Canessa in 1972 in Florence. The company relocated in 1973 to Campi Bisenzio (/wiki/Campi_Bisenzio) in the province of Florence (/wiki/Province_of_Florence) in Tuscany (/wiki/Tuscany) , where cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) production commenced. During the 70s and 80s the company became nationally known. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 1980, Malo Tricot became Malo Spa and the company expanded beyond its initial regional boundaries to open a showroom in Milan (/wiki/Milan) . In 1984 Malo USA Inc. was opened in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to distribute knitwear products in the United States. In 1988, Malo Spa acquired the knitting mill Velley Spa of Alessandria (/wiki/Alessandria) and Abor Srl of Piacenza (/wiki/Piacenza) as part of a campaign of further expansion. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 1989 Malo Spa changed its name to Mac (Manufacturing Associate Cashmere). From the 90s onwards, the company's strategy focused on increasing exports, through the opening of sales offices in strategic markets ( New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , Düsseldorf (/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf) , Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) ) and the growth of flagship stores to promote the brand. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 1994, Mac announced the acquisition of national competitor MGM Malima. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) In 1999 Malo joined the Itierre group from Molise (/wiki/Molise) (IT Holding Group), of which it remained a part until its split after the crash of IT Holding. [5] (#cite_note-5) In October 2010 Malo was acquired by Evanthe (part of the Italian group Exa S.r.l.). [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Malo boutique in Saint Tropez, France In 1994 Malo announced that they had acquired the whole of their competitor MGM Malima from Armando Poggio, making the Associate Cashmere Manufacturing Group a national leader in cashmere production. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2001 Malo opened flagships in Courmayeur and Marbella. In 2002 - a new boutique in Beverly hills. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Malo made its fashion debut at the 2006 [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) with an autumn-winter collection designed by Fabio Piras [7] (#cite_note-7) and collections by fashion designers [8] (#cite_note-8) Roberto Rimondi, Alessandro Dell'Acqua (/wiki/Alessandro_Dell%27Acqua) , [9] (#cite_note-9) Hamish Morrow, Xavier Palatella and William Capone. In 2014 Malo was acquired by a private investment fund. [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) In 2015 Giacomo Canessa returned to the brand. [10] (#cite_note-:1-10) During summer 2015 Malo opened three new flagships — one in Saint Tropez and two in Moscow. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Production [ edit ] The Malo cashmere production technique originates in Mongolia (/wiki/Mongolia) . [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The fleece is made into cashmere after spinning and dyeing in Italian workshops. The final weaving is performed with traditional hand-made frames and modern machinery. The company manufactures cashmere knitwear in its processing facilities in Florence and Piacenza. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Malo also has product lines in leather goods, footwear and houseware. Locations [ edit ] Malo headquarters is located in Campi Bisenzio, near Florence. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Prêt-à-porter presentations are held at the showroom in Milan. Malo boutiques are present in Italy, France, Spain, the United States, Russia, Japan and South Korea. [11] (#cite_note-11) See also [ edit ] Company portal (/wiki/Portal:Company) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Italy portal (/wiki/Portal:Italy) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) Made in Italy (/wiki/Made_in_Italy) Notes and references [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Malo - Designer Fashion Label" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111004024132/http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/malo/) . Archived from the original (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/malo/) on 2011-10-04 . Retrieved 2011-06-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Dellamoda.it" (http://dellamoda.it/fashion_dictionary/m/malo.php) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/06/08/il-cashmere-va-canessa.html (http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/06/08/il-cashmere-va-canessa.html) (in Italian) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "malo world" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160214123930/http://www.malo.it/malo-world) . www.malo.it . Archived from the original (http://www.malo.it/malo-world) on 2016-02-14 . Retrieved 2016-02-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/Finanza%20e%20Mercati/2009/02/it-holding-fallimento.shtml (http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/SoleOnLine4/Finanza%20e%20Mercati/2009/02/it-holding-fallimento.shtml) (in Italian) ^ (#cite_ref-6) http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/11/MALO_GENTRY_PORTOFINO_nasce_polo_co_0_94031115036.shtml (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1994/marzo/11/MALO_GENTRY_PORTOFINO_nasce_polo_co_0_94031115036.shtml) (in Italian) ^ (#cite_ref-7) http://video.corriere.it/malo-cashmere-diventa-scultura/2d621d4c-dbd9-11dc-ad63-0003ba99c667 (http://video.corriere.it/malo-cashmere-diventa-scultura/2d621d4c-dbd9-11dc-ad63-0003ba99c667) (in Italian) ^ (#cite_ref-8) "FARFETCH - the Global Destination for Modern Luxury" (http://www.style.com/fashionshows/designerdirectory/MALO/seasons/) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Malo Confirms Alessandro dell'Acqua | the Fix | Daily Front Row" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120219134559/http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/the-fix/article/22671) . Archived from the original (http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/the-fix/article/22671) on 2012-02-19 . Retrieved 2011-06-28 . ^ Jump up to: a b "WWD" (http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/giacomo-canessa-malo-knitwear-milan-10359156/) . 18 February 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Stores | Malo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140126030125/http://www.malo.it/stores/) . Archived from the original (http://www.malo.it/stores/) on 2014-01-26 . Retrieved 2015-09-01 . External links [ edit ] Malo Official website (http://www.malo.it) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7999cd8dc7‐zwwfj Cached time: 20240711004704 Cache expiry: 1811578 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.351 seconds Real time usage: 0.525 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1624/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26673/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 839/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32978/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.243/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18426967/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 478.199 1 -total 42.46% 203.049 1 Template:Reflist 33.72% 161.227 1 Template:Infobox_company 31.07% 148.584 1 Template:Infobox 19.59% 93.659 7 Template:Cite_web 19.17% 91.665 4 Template:In_lang 15.73% 75.240 1 Template:More_citations_needed 13.05% 62.402 1 Template:Ambox 6.34% 30.297 1 Template:Portal 2.38% 11.386 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32237871-0!canonical and timestamp 20240711004704 and revision id 1105868806. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malo_(company)&oldid=1105868806 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malo_(company)&oldid=1105868806) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands of Italy (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_Italy) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Cashmere wool (/wiki/Category:Cashmere_wool) Hidden categories: Articles with Italian-language sources (it) (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Italian-language_sources_(it)) Articles needing additional references from June 2011 (/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2011) All articles needing additional references (/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references)
|
Belgian model Jade Foret Jade Foret on holidays in the US - July 2011 Born ( 1990-09-26 ) 26 September 1990 (age 33) Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) Spouse Arnaud Lagardère (/wiki/Arnaud_Lagard%C3%A8re) ( m. 2013) Children 3 Modeling information Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Hair color Brown Eye color Blue Agency Iconic Management Jade Foret (born 26 September 1990) is a Belgian model whose family roots are in France (/wiki/France) . [1] (#cite_note-nouvel_obs-1) She is the wife of French businessman Arnaud Lagardère (/wiki/Arnaud_Lagard%C3%A8re) . [2] (#cite_note-jade_foret-2) Biography [ edit ] She is the daughter of Maïté Foret, the fourth child of a family of five. [1] (#cite_note-nouvel_obs-1) She started modelling at the young age of 12 [3] (#cite_note-mannequin-3) with the Newmodels agency in 2003. At age 13, in 2004, she became famous in Belgium for a backless (/wiki/Halterneck) picture which was displayed as a gigantic poster for the Levis paint brand (100 m by 20) on the Madou Plaza Tower (/wiki/Madou_Plaza_Tower) in Brussels (/wiki/Brussels) . [4] (#cite_note-tour_madou-4) At the same age, she went on the catwalk for Armani (/wiki/Armani) in Italy. [5] (#cite_note-nyjsm-5) In 2009, she had a short and stormy liaison with soccer player Émile Mpenza (/wiki/%C3%89mile_Mpenza) , [6] (#cite_note-mpenza-6) which concluded bitterly. [7] (#cite_note-mpenza2-7) She continued working as a top model and decided to move to New York. She joined the agency One Management (/w/index.php?title=One_Management&action=edit&redlink=1) . [8] (#cite_note-le_soir-8) She also tried singing and played bit parts in films and on television. In 2010, she met businessman Arnaud Lagardère (/wiki/Arnaud_Lagard%C3%A8re) and became his partner. [2] (#cite_note-jade_foret-2) They both appeared in a short making-of (/wiki/Making-of) of a photo shoot in Lagardère's country residence in Rambouillet (/wiki/Rambouillet) [9] (#cite_note-rambouillet-9) in July 2011 for the Belgian daily Le Soir (/wiki/Le_Soir) . [10] (#cite_note-net-10) This video became an instant Internet phenomenon. [1] (#cite_note-nouvel_obs-1) It also led some employees from the industrial conglomerate of Arnaud Lagardère to challenge his ability to manage the group. [11] (#cite_note-the_australian-11) In May 2012, Arnaud Lagardère confirmed that the couple will marry soon and was expecting a baby in September 2012. [12] (#cite_note-le_point-12) The baby girl, Liva, was born on 16 September 2012. They married in Paris on 24 May 2013. [13] (#cite_note-13) They have also a second daughter, Mila (born 9 March 2014) and a son, Nolan (born 16 January 2016). Filmography [ edit ] Louis la Brocante - "Louis et la belle brocante" (2008) : girl at the bar Traceless (Sans laisser de traces) (2010) : Russian girl Books [ edit ] Graphic novels [ edit ] Amber Blake series [ edit ] In French La Fille de Merton Castle (2017) with Jackson Guice (/wiki/Jackson_Guice) - Glénat Editions (/wiki/Gl%C3%A9nat_Editions) - ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2344016190 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2344016190) Opération Cleverland (2018) with Jackson Guice (/wiki/Jackson_Guice) - Glénat Editions - ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2344024430 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2344024430) Opération Dragonfly (2022) with Jackson Guice (/wiki/Jackson_Guice) - Glénat Editions - ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-2344052068 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2344052068) In English Amber Blake (compilation of La Fille de Merton Castle and Opération Cleverland ) (2019) - IDW Publishing (/wiki/IDW_Publishing) - ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1684055371 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1684055371) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c PHOTOS-VIDEOS. Jade Foret, nouveau phénomène du web (http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/people/20110720.OBS7356/photos-videos-jade-foret-nouveau-phenomene-du-web.html) NouvelObs.com 2011-07-20 ^ Jump up to: a b Lagardère, le grand patron qui fait le buzz (http://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/entreprise/lagardere-le-grand-patron-qui-fait-le-buzz_259108.html) L'Expansion (/wiki/L%27Expansion) - 2011-07-20 ^ (#cite_ref-mannequin_3-0) ELLES FONT LA MODE (http://essentiellemagazines.lalibre.be/n69/dossier.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110926175446/http://essentiellemagazines.lalibre.be/n69/dossier.html) 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) - La Libre Essentielle Février 2005 ^ (#cite_ref-tour_madou_4-0) Elle a tout d'une grande (http://www.dhnet.be/dhjournal/archives_det.phtml?id=375111) - dh.be 14/07/2004 ^ (#cite_ref-nyjsm_5-0) Interview with Jade Foret (http://www.nyjsm.com/celebrity/Jade_Foret_Interview.cfm) The New York Journal of Style and Medecine - Matthew Vasey, MD - November 2, 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-mpenza_6-0) Jade Foret relance la carrière d'Emile Mpenza (http://www.lesdessousdusport.fr/jade-foret-relance-la-carriere-d-emile-mpenza-6770) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110810085729/http://www.lesdessousdusport.fr/jade-foret-relance-la-carriere-d-emile-mpenza-6770) 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) LDDS.fr 12 août 2009 ^ (#cite_ref-mpenza2_7-0) Affaire Mpenza - Jade Foret: Emile attaque son ex en justice (http://www.dhnet.be/sports/football/article/289681/affaire-mpenza-jade-foret-emile-attaque-son-ex-en-justice.html) DH.be 19/11/2009 ^ (#cite_ref-le_soir_8-0) Jade Forest: « Top modèle, c’est parfois l’enfer ! » (http://archives.lesoir.be/jade-forest-top-modele-c-8217-est-parfois-l-8217-enfer-_t-20091214-00RD1N.html) - lesoir.be 14/12/2009 ^ (#cite_ref-rambouillet_9-0) Jade Foret: son shooting sexy pour soirmag.be ! (vidéo) (http://soirmag.lesoir.be/jade-foret-son-shooting-sexy-pour-soirmagbe-vid%C3%A9o-2011-07-19-7570) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182711/http://soirmag.lesoir.be/jade-foret-son-shooting-sexy-pour-soirmagbe-vid%C3%A9o-2011-07-19-7570) 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Le Soir (/wiki/Le_Soir) Mardi 19 Juillet 2011 - Gery Brusselmans ^ (#cite_ref-net_10-0) Heir Apparent at EADS Stirs Controversy With Web Video (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/business/global/heir-apparent-at-eads-appears-in-internet-video.html) - The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) Nicola Clark - July 22, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-the_australian_11-0) So shoot me (http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/executive-lifestyle/so-shoot-me/story-e6frg9zo-1226101190927) - The Times - July 25, 2011 ^ (#cite_ref-le_point_12-0) Berretta, Emmanuel (3 May 2012). "Arnaud Lagardère : un mariage, un bébé et une assemblée générale" (http://www.lepoint.fr/chroniqueurs-du-point/emmanuel-berretta/arnaud-lagardere-un-mariage-un-bebe-et-une-assemblee-generale-03-05-2012-1457788_52.php) . Le Point (/wiki/Le_Point) . Paris. ^ (#cite_ref-13) Jade Foret et Arnaud Lagardère se sont mariés aujourd'hui à Paris (http://www.rtl.be/people/people/news/754810/jade-foret-et-arnaud-lagardere-se-sont-maries-aujourd-hui-a-paris) External links [ edit ] Jade Foret (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4194636/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Belgium portal (/wiki/Portal:Belgium) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000460389345) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/3860149719136511130001) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17128346s) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17128346s) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1262625068) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/20298754X) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐pxps7 Cached time: 20240720061028 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.415 seconds Real time usage: 0.856 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3401/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 24672/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4255/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 30877/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.283/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7269690/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 546.991 1 -total 38.33% 209.672 1 Template:Infobox_model 17.39% 95.140 1 Template:Reflist 14.48% 79.223 1 Template:Authority_control 12.60% 68.936 1 Template:Short_description 9.20% 50.302 4 Template:ISBN 8.38% 45.836 1 Template:Cite_news 7.76% 42.433 1 Template:Marriage 7.28% 39.824 4 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 7.08% 38.704 1 Template:Infobox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32493463-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720061028 and revision id 1068607799. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jade_Foret&oldid=1068607799 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jade_Foret&oldid=1068607799) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Belgian female models (/wiki/Category:Belgian_female_models) 1990 births (/wiki/Category:1990_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Belgian people of French descent (/wiki/Category:Belgian_people_of_French_descent) People from Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (/wiki/Category:People_from_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with BNF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers) Articles with BNFdata identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers) Articles with SUDOC identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers)
|
Kuwaiti television host Halema Boland حليمة بولند Born Halema Abdoljalil Boland ( 1975-12-10 ) December 10, 1975 (age 48) Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) Occupation television host (/wiki/Television_host) Years active 2001–present Spouse Abdul-Salam Al-Khubaizi Halema or Halimeh Boland ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : حليمة بولند ; born 10 December 1975) is a Kuwaiti television presenter and former fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) well known in the Middle East and North Africa (/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa) region. Career [ edit ] She began her career in the mid 1990s as a television presenter on Kuwait Television (/wiki/Kuwait_Television) . She gained notoriety for her unconventional clothing choices and "ditzy" personality. She quickly became one of the most popular female media personalities in the Middle East and North Africa (/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa) region. In 2007, she was awarded "Miss Arabian Journalist" award. [1] (#cite_note-الرياض-1) In 2009 during the month of Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) , Halema, in conjunction with station MBC, starred in the "Series Halema". It was a quiz program and garnered a large viewership. [2] (#cite_note-2) It was described as controversial, which was written about extensively in the press. [3] (#cite_note-3) Boland joined the "funoon-tv" channel in 2011. [4] (#cite_note-4) Personal life [ edit ] Boland is a Kuwaiti citizen of Iranian (/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait) ancestry. [5] (#cite_note-slaati-5) In the early 2000s, she married her university classmate, Abdul-Salam Al-Khubaizi and later on divorced him. [6] (#cite_note-anazahra1-6) In April 2024, she was sentenced to two years in prison and fined 2,000 Kuwaiti dinars (/wiki/Kuwaiti_dinars) for misusing revealing photos and videos on social media. [7] (#cite_note-7) However, on June 9 of the same year, the appellate court abstained from enforcing the punishment and canceled her two-year imprisonment. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-الرياض_1-0) حليمة بولند ملكة جمال الإعلاميات العربيات (http://www.alriyadh.com/2008/01/08/article307421.html) دخل في 26 سبتمبر 2010 ^ (#cite_ref-2) جريدة الرياض (2010-09-26). "جريدة الرياض : حليمة بولند.. سأمثل قريباً وتغيير سياسة ارتداء أزيائي كان لصالحي" (http://www.alriyadh.com/2010/09/26/article562402.html) . Alriyadh.com . Retrieved 2012-05-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "أعدائي.. الأحرص على متابعتي - فنون - جريدة شمس" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160802031038/http://www.shms.com.sa/html/story.php?id=128188) . Shms.com.sa. 2011-03-15. Archived from the original (http://www.shms.com.sa/html/story.php?id=128188) on 2016-08-02 . Retrieved 2012-05-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Laha Magazine - برامج الفوازير وألألعاب على تلفزيون فنون" (https://archive.today/20130127140323/http://www.lahamag.com/16965_) . Lahamag.com. Archived from the original (http://www.lahamag.com/16965_) on 2013-01-27 . Retrieved 2012-05-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-slaati_5-0) "حليمة بولند في إيران.. فيديو" (https://slaati.com/2024/01/23/p2446476.html) . slaati.com. 23 January 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-anazahra1_6-0) "حليمة بولند... حامل" (http://www.anazahra.com/celebrity/news/article-13662) . Anazahra.com . Retrieved 2012-05-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Halima Boland jailed for 2 years and fined $6,000" (https://www.msn.com/en-ae/news/featured/halima-boland-jailed-for-2-years-and-fined-6-000/ar-AA1nEmVs) (in Arabic). MSN. 25 April 2024. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "الإفراج عن حليمة بولند... بعد قرار المحكمة الامتناع عن النطق بعقابها" (https://aawsat.com/يوميات-الشرق/5029236-الإفراج-عن-حليمة-بولند-بعد-قرار-المحكمة-الامتناع-عن-النطق-بعقابها) (in Arabic). aawsat.com. 9 June 2024. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halema Boland (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Halema_Boland) . Halema Boland (https://www.instagram.com/halima.bouland/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Kuwait portal (/wiki/Portal:Kuwait) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Television portal (/wiki/Portal:Television) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐z68l2 Cached time: 20240720182158 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.474 seconds Real time usage: 0.915 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2167/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25733/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1957/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 31587/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.328/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15767263/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 617.279 1 -total 44.30% 273.447 1 Template:Infobox_person 21.00% 129.603 1 Template:Reflist 18.21% 112.424 7 Template:Cite_web 17.95% 110.801 1 Template:Short_description 17.22% 106.278 1 Template:Lang 12.98% 80.109 18 Template:Main_other 9.76% 60.217 1 Template:SDcat 8.69% 53.623 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.43% 45.862 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32648625-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182158 and revision id 1233364318. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halema_Boland&oldid=1233364318 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halema_Boland&oldid=1233364318) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Kuwait University alumni (/wiki/Category:Kuwait_University_alumni) Kuwaiti female models (/wiki/Category:Kuwaiti_female_models) Kuwaiti people of Iranian descent (/wiki/Category:Kuwaiti_people_of_Iranian_descent) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) 1975 births (/wiki/Category:1975_births) Hidden categories: CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Arabic-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
Not to be confused with Kupia (/wiki/Kupia) . Kupiah Kupiah meukeutob (left) and kupiah riman (right) Type Traditional cap Place of origin Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) ( Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) ) Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Islam) on Islamic culture (/wiki/Islamic_culture) Architecture (/wiki/Islamic_architecture) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Architecture_of_Azerbaijan) Indo-Islamic (/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture) Indonesian (/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia) Moorish (/wiki/Moorish_architecture) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_architecture) Persian (/wiki/Iranian_architecture) Somali (/wiki/Somali_architecture) Sudano-Sahelian (/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture) Tatar (/wiki/Tatar_mosque) Swahili (/wiki/Swahili_architecture) Yemeni (/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen) Art (/wiki/Islamic_art) Arabian carpet (/wiki/Arabian_carpet) Azerbaijani carpet (/wiki/Azerbaijani_rug) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Calligraphy (/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Embroidery (/wiki/Islamic_embroidery) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Iznik pottery (/wiki/Iznik_pottery) Khatam (/wiki/Khatam) Kilim (/wiki/Kilim) Miniature (/wiki/Islamic_art#Painting) Oriental rug (/wiki/Oriental_rug) Paan dan (/wiki/Paan_dan) Persian carpet (/wiki/Persian_carpet) Soumak (/wiki/Soumak) Suzani (/wiki/Suzani_(textile)) Tapis (/wiki/Tapis_(Indonesian_weaving_style)) Turkmen rug (/wiki/Turkmen_rug) Turkish carpet (/wiki/Anatolian_rug) Zardozi (/wiki/Zardozi) Clothing (/wiki/Islamic_clothing) Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Boubou (/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Hijab (/wiki/Hijab) Headscarf (/wiki/Headscarf) Jilbab (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kaftan (/wiki/Kaftan) Kameez (/wiki/Kameez) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kupiah Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Salwar (/wiki/Salwar) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Taqiya (/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Holidays (/wiki/Islamic_holidays) Arba'een (/wiki/Arba%27een) al-Ghadir (/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir) Chaand Raat (/wiki/Chaand_Raat) al-Fitr (/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr) al-Adha (/wiki/Eid_al-Adha) Imamat Day (/wiki/Imamat_Day) New Year (/wiki/Islamic_New_Year) al-Qadr (/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr) Mawlid (/wiki/Mawlid) Ramadan (/wiki/Ramadan) Bara’at (/wiki/Laylat_al_Bara%27at) Raghaib (/wiki/Laylat_al-Raghaib) Literature (/wiki/Islamic_literature) Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_literature) Azerbaijani (/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature) Bengali (/wiki/Bengali_literature) Crimean Tatar (/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_literature) Gambian (/wiki/Gambian_literature) Hausa (/wiki/Hausa_literature) Indonesian (/wiki/Indonesian_literature) ( Javanese (/wiki/Javanese_literature) ) Kashmiri (/wiki/Literature_of_Kashmir) Kazakh (/wiki/Kazakh_literature) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_literature) Kyrgyz (/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature) Malaysian (/wiki/Malaysian_literature) ( Malay (/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)#Literature) ) Malian (/wiki/Malian_literature) Nigerian (/wiki/Nigerian_literature) Pashto (/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry) Persian (/wiki/Persian_literature) Punjabi (/wiki/Punjabi_literature) Sindhi (/wiki/Sindhi_literature) Somali (/wiki/Somali_literature) South Asian (/wiki/South_Asian_literature) Tajik (/wiki/Tajik_literature) Tatar (/wiki/Tatar_literature) Turkish (/wiki/Turkish_literature) Turkmen (/wiki/Turkmen_literature) Urdu (/wiki/Urdu_literature) Uyghur (/wiki/Uyghur_literature) Uzbek (/wiki/Uzbek_literature) Music (/wiki/Islamic_music) Ashik (/wiki/Ashik) Daf (/wiki/Daf) Dastgah (/wiki/Dastgah) Gamelan (/wiki/Gamelan) Gendang beleq (/wiki/Gendang_beleq) Ghazal (/wiki/Ghazal) Haḍra (/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra) Hamd (/wiki/Hamd) Jari (/wiki/Jarigan) Madih nabawi (/wiki/Madih_nabawi) Mappilappattu (/wiki/Mappila_songs) Maqam (/wiki/Arabic_maqam) Mugam (/wiki/Mugham) Naʽat (/wiki/Na%CA%BDat) Nasheed (/wiki/Nasheed) Noha (/wiki/Noha) Qawwali (/wiki/Qawwali) Sufi (/wiki/Sufi_music) Talempong (/wiki/Talempong) Tambourine (/wiki/Tambourine) Theatre (/wiki/Islamic_theatre) Bangsawan (/wiki/Bangsawan) Cem (/wiki/Cem_(Alevism)) Karagöz and Hacivat (/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat) Sama (/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)) Ta'zieh (/wiki/Ta%27zieh) Wayang (/wiki/Wayang) Islam portal (/wiki/Portal:Islam) v t e A kupiah is a cap (/wiki/Cap) that originates from Aceh (/wiki/Aceh) , Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) . There are two types: kupiah meukeutob and kupiah riman . Kupiahs are worn by Acehnese men as an everyday wear or specifically in ceremonies such as in a wedding (/wiki/Wedding) . History [ edit ] During the Sultanate of Aceh (/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aceh) , kupiah meukeutob were worn specially for sultans (/wiki/Sultan) and ulemas (/wiki/Ulema) , while the kupiah riman were worn by noblemen and ordinary people. The use of kupiah meukeutob is believed to have begun in Sultan Iskandar Muda (/wiki/Iskandar_Muda) 's reign, and in the 19th century, kupiah meukeutob were famously used by Indonesian national heroes (/wiki/List_of_National_Heroes_of_Indonesia) from Aceh, such as Teuku Umar (/wiki/Teuku_Umar) and Panglima Polem (/w/index.php?title=Panglima_Polem&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Gallery [ edit ] Teuku Umar (/wiki/Teuku_Umar) , Indonesian national hero Sultan Muhammad Daud Syah Acehnese nobleman, 1940 See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Indonesia portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Kopiah (/wiki/Kopiah) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kupiah Meukeutob and Kupiah Riman: Acehnese Headwear (Indonesian) (http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/2652/kupiah-meukeutob-dan-kupiah-riman-penutup-kepala-laki-laki-masyarakat-aceh) v t e Folk costumes (/wiki/Folk_costume) Africa (/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa) Balgha (/wiki/Balgha) Boubou (/wiki/Agbada) Dashiki (/wiki/Dashiki) Djellaba (/wiki/Djellaba) Head tie (/wiki/Head_tie) Jellabiya (/wiki/Jellabiya) Kanzu (/wiki/Kanzu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Kufi (/wiki/Kufi) Litham (/wiki/Litham) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Senegalese kaftan (/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan) Tagelmust (/wiki/Tagelmust) Wrapper (/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)) Asia Central Afghanistan (/wiki/Pashtun_clothing) Pakol (/wiki/Pakol) Chapan (/wiki/Chapan) Deel (/wiki/Deel_(clothing)) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Paranja (/wiki/Paranja) East China (/wiki/Chinese_clothing) Cheongsam (/wiki/Cheongsam) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Mao suit (/wiki/Mao_suit) Tangzhuang (/wiki/Tangzhuang) Japan (/wiki/Japanese_clothing) Hachimaki (/wiki/Hachimaki) Kimono (/wiki/Kimono) Obi (/wiki/Obi_(sash)) Korea (/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing) Cheopji (/wiki/Cheopji) Daenggi (/wiki/Daenggi) Gache (/wiki/Gache) Hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) Hwagwan (/wiki/Hwagwan) Jokduri (/wiki/Jokduri) Manggeon (/wiki/Wangjin) South Bhutan Gho (/wiki/Gho) Kira (/wiki/Kira_(Bhutan)) Dhoti (/wiki/Dhoti) Dupatta (/wiki/Dupatta) India (/wiki/Clothing_in_India) Lungi (/wiki/Lungi) Nepal (/wiki/Newar_traditional_clothing) Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistani_clothing) Pathin (/wiki/Pathin) Perak (/wiki/Perak_(headdress)) Peshawari pagri (/wiki/Peshawari_turban) Sari (/wiki/Sari) Shalwar kameez (/wiki/Shalwar_kameez) Sherwani (/wiki/Sherwani) Southeast Burma (/wiki/Burmese_clothing) Longyi (/wiki/Longyi) Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) Cambodia (/wiki/Khmer_clothing) Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Krama (/wiki/Krama) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Indonesia (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Baju bodo (/wiki/Bodo_blouse) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Blangkon (/wiki/Blangkon) Ikat (/wiki/Ikat) Kebaya (/wiki/Kebaya) Kemben (/wiki/Kemben) Kupiah Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tanjak (/wiki/Tengkolok) Ulos (/wiki/Ulos) Laos (/wiki/Culture_of_Laos#Traditional_clothing) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Malaysia (/wiki/Malaysian_cultural_outfits) Baju Kurung (/wiki/Baju_Kurung) Baju Melayu (/wiki/Baju_Melayu) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Songkok (/wiki/Songkok) Tengkolok (/wiki/Tengkolok) Philippines (/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines) Barong tagalog (/wiki/Barong_tagalog) Baro't saya (/wiki/Baro%27t_saya) Buntal hat (/wiki/Buntal_hat) Malong (/wiki/Malong) Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) Patadyong (/wiki/Patadyong) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Thailand (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Banong (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Banong) Chong kraben (/wiki/Chong_kraben) Chut Thai (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing) Formal Chut Thai (/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume) Pha khao ma (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Pha_khao_ma) Pha nung (/wiki/Pha_nung) Raj pattern (/wiki/Raj_pattern) Sabai (/wiki/Sabai) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Tabengman (/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing#Tabengman) Tudong (/wiki/Tudong) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Áo bà ba (/wiki/%C3%81o_b%C3%A0_ba) Áo dài (/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i) Áo giao lĩnh (/wiki/%C3%81o_giao_l%C4%A9nh) Áo tứ thân (/wiki/%C3%81o_t%E1%BB%A9_th%C3%A2n) Middle East Abaya (/wiki/Abaya) Agal (/wiki/Agal_(accessory)) Assyria (/wiki/Assyrian_clothing) Bisht (/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)) Boshiya (/wiki/Boshiya) Burqa (/wiki/Burqa) Chador (/wiki/Chador) Izaar (/wiki/Izaar) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Kippah (/wiki/Kippah) Sheitel (/wiki/Sheitel) Tallit (/wiki/Tallit) Tallit katan (/wiki/Tallit_katan) Tefillin (/wiki/Tefillin) Tzitzit (/wiki/Tzitzit) Jilbāb (/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b) Keffiyeh (/wiki/Keffiyeh) Kurdish (/wiki/Kurdish_clothing) Niqāb (/wiki/Niq%C4%81b) Palestine (/wiki/Palestinian_costumes) Pandama (/wiki/Pandama) Thawb (/wiki/Thawb) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Hejazi (/wiki/Hejazi_turban) Europe Balkan Traditional Albanian clothing (/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing) Brez (/wiki/Brez_(clothing)) Çorape (/wiki/%C3%87orape) Opinga (/wiki/Opinga) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Xhamadan (/wiki/Xhamadan) Xhubleta (/wiki/Xhubleta) Aromanian (/w/index.php?title=Aromanian_traditional_clothing&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/wiki/Croatian_national_costume) Fustanella (/wiki/Fustanella) Greek (/wiki/Greek_dress) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Macedonia (/wiki/Macedonian_national_costume) Romania (/wiki/Romanian_dress) Serbia (/wiki/Serbian_traditional_clothing) Kosovo (/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo) British Isles Britain Country (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Court (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom) Windsor uniform (/wiki/Windsor_uniform) Ireland (/wiki/Irish_clothing) Scottish highlands (/wiki/Highland_dress) Aboyne (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Feather bonnet (/wiki/Feather_bonnet) Kilt (/wiki/Kilt) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Wales (/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume) Central Dirndl (/wiki/Dirndl) Lederhosen (/wiki/Lederhosen) Poland (/wiki/National_costumes_of_Poland) Tracht (/wiki/Tracht) Eastern Armenia (/wiki/Armenian_dress) Azerbaijan (/wiki/Azerbaijani_traditional_clothing) Kelaghayi (/wiki/Kelaghayi) Ukraine (/wiki/Ukrainian_national_clothing) Kobeniak (/wiki/Kobeniak) Kozhukh (/wiki/Kozhukh) Kozhushanka (/wiki/Kozhushanka) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Sharovary (/wiki/Sharovary) Vyshyvanka (/wiki/Vyshyvanka) Ukrainian wreath (/wiki/Ukrainian_wreath) Russia Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Kosovorotka (/wiki/Kosovorotka) Lapti (/wiki/Bast_shoe) Orenburg shawl (/wiki/Orenburg_shawl) Sarafan (/wiki/Sarafan) Western Netherlands Poffer (/wiki/Poffer) Kraplap (/wiki/Kraplap) Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) France Breton costume (/wiki/Breton_costume) Spain Traje de flamenca (/wiki/Traje_de_flamenca) Barretina (/wiki/Barretina) Cachirulo (/wiki/Cachirulo) Cordovan hat (/wiki/Cordovan_hat) Sombrero de catite (/wiki/Sombrero_de_catite) Mantilla (/wiki/Mantilla) Italy Ciocia (/wiki/Ciocia) Coppola cap (/wiki/Coppola_cap) Scandinavian Bunad (/wiki/Bunad) Gákti (/wiki/G%C3%A1kti) Iceland (/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume) Sweden (/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden#Folk_costuming) Nationella dräkten (/wiki/Nationella_dr%C3%A4kten) Bäckadräkten (/wiki/B%C3%A4ckadr%C3%A4kten) Sverigedräkten (/w/index.php?title=Sverigedr%C3%A4kten&action=edit&redlink=1) South America Aguayo (/wiki/Aguayo_(cloth)) Chile Chamanto (/wiki/Chamanto) Chilote cap (/wiki/Chilote_cap) Chilote poncho (/wiki/Chilote_poncho) Chupalla (/wiki/Chupalla) Chullo (/wiki/Chullo) Guayabera (/wiki/Guayabera) Liqui liqui (/wiki/Liqui_liqui) Lliklla (/wiki/Lliklla) Panama hat (/wiki/Panama_hat) Pollera (/wiki/Pollera) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Ruana (/wiki/Ruana) North America Inuit skin clothing (/wiki/Inuit_clothing) Tignon (/wiki/Tignon) Ceinture fléchée (/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Huipil (/wiki/Huipil) Mexico Huarache (/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)) Mexican pointy boots (/wiki/Mexican_pointy_boots) Rebozo (/wiki/Rebozo) Serape (/wiki/Serape) Sombrero (/wiki/Sombrero) Quechquemitl (/wiki/Quechquemitl) Oceania Grass skirt (/wiki/Grass_skirt) Feather cloak (/wiki/Feather_cloak) I-sala (/wiki/I-sala) Lap-lap (/wiki/Lap-lap) Lavalava (/wiki/Lavalava) Kiekie (/wiki/Kiekie_(clothing)) Pareo (/wiki/Pareo) Sulu (/wiki/Sulu_(skirt)) Taʻovala (/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala) Tēfui (/wiki/T%C4%93fui) Tupenu (/wiki/Tupenu) v t e Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia) articles (/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles) History (/wiki/History_of_Indonesia) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history) Prehistoric (/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia) Hinduism-Buddhism era (/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations) Spread of Islam (/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia) Portuguese era (1512–1605) (/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago) VOC era (1603–1800) (/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies) French and British era (1806–1816) (/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies) Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) (/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies) Japanese occupation (1942–45) (/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies) National Revolution (1945–49) (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution) Liberal democracy era (1950–59) (/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia) Guided Democracy (1959–65) (/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia) Transitional period (1965–66) (/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order) New Order (1966–98) (/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)) Reformasi (since 1998) (/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia) Geography (/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia) Borders (/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia) Cities (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population) Climate (/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia) Climate change (/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia) Conservation (/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia) Biosphere reserves (/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia) National parks (/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia) Deforestation (/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia) Earthquakes (/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia) Environmental issues (/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia) Geology (/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia) Islands (/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia) Lakes (/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia) Mountains (/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia) Provincial highest points (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point) Natural history (/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia) Fauna (/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia) Flora (/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia) Regions (/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia) Rivers (/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia) Volcanoes (/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia) Politics (/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia) Administrative divisions (/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia) Historical (/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies) Provinces (/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia) Regencies & Cities (/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia) Districts (/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia) Cabinet (/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia) Constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia) Elections (/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia) Foreign relations (/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia) Human rights (/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia) Law (/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia) Censorship (/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia) Enforcement (/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia) Military (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces) ( Babinsa (/wiki/Babinsa) ) National capital (/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia) Pancasila (/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)) People's Consultative Assembly (/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly) Police (/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police) Political parties (/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia) President (/wiki/President_of_Indonesia) ( List (/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia) ) Wawasan Nusantara (/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara) Economy (/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia) Agriculture (/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia) Automotive (/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia) Aviation (/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia) Banks (/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia) Energy (/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia) History (/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia) Science and technology (/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia) Stock Exchange (/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange) Telecommunications (/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia) Tourism (/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia) Transport (/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia) Water supply and sanitation (/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia) Society (/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia) Abortion (/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia) Crime (/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia) Human trafficking (/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia) Piracy (/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia) Prostitution (/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia) Culture (/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia) Architecture (/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia) Candi (/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia) Colonial (/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia) Mosques (/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia) Rumah adat (/wiki/Rumah_adat) Art (/wiki/Indonesian_art) Cinema (/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia) Costume (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Cuisine (/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine) Dance (/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia) Festivals (/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia) Legends (/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia) Literature (/wiki/Indonesian_literature) Martial arts (/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts) Media (/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia) Music (/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia) Mythology (/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia) National heroes (/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia) Painting (/wiki/Indonesian_painting) Properties (/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia) Public holidays (/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia) Sport (/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia) Theatre (/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia) Video games (/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia) Demographics (/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia) Education (/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia) Ethnic groups (/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia) Health (/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia) Healthcare (/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia) Homelessness (/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia) Languages (/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia) Religion (/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia) Refugees (/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia) Women (/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia) LGBT rights (/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia) Symbols (/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia) Anthem (/wiki/Indonesia_Raya) Costume (/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia) Emblem (/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia) Historical (/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia) Subdivision (/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia) Faunal emblems (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems) Flag (/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia) Subdivision (/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia) Floral emblems (/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems) Motto (/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika) Nusantara (/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)) Personification (/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi) Songs (/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia) Index (/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles) Category (/wiki/Category:Indonesia) Portal (/wiki/Portal:Indonesia) Gallery (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia) Atlas (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65cd9779b7‐pw4mj Cached time: 20240722082729 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.326 seconds Real time usage: 0.490 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1184/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 112849/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13305/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 23/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 33916/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2718781/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 355.145 1 -total 29.55% 104.959 1 Template:Islamic_culture 28.65% 101.751 1 Template:Sidebar 25.29% 89.809 1 Template:Indonesia_topics 24.26% 86.156 1 Template:Country_topics 17.49% 62.117 1 Template:Infobox_clothing_type 16.87% 59.904 1 Template:Infobox 10.25% 36.396 3 Template:Navbox 10.14% 36.005 1 Template:Distinguish 10.12% 35.940 1 Template:Folk_costume Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32966400-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722082729 and revision id 1025908916. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kupiah&oldid=1025908916 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kupiah&oldid=1025908916) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Culture of Aceh (/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Aceh) History of Asian clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_Asian_clothing)
|
A minaudière from 1938 A minaudière is a women's fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) , generally considered a jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) piece, intended to substitute for an evening bag (/wiki/Evening_bag) . A case with compartments, it allows storage for several items in a small space, such as a makeup compact, lipstick, watch, reading glasses, or keys. [1] (#cite_note-Cariou-1) The minaudière appeared during the 1930s. Its invention is attributed to Charles Arpels, of Van Cleef & Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_%26_Arpels) , but many jewellers and haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) designers have created their own models. Description [ edit ] Generally metal plated and oblong, sized small enough to be held within the hand, a minaudière is a dainty accessory. The materials used to make it are most frequently rigid, with a metallic finish such as gold or silver. [2] (#cite_note-2) The exterior may be detailed with precious or semi-precious stones, or decorated with lacquer or mother of pearl. However, textile designs also exist, with cloth overlaying a frame or flexible and supple, using velour, silk or brocade fabric, embroidered or not. Some minaudières include a lanyard (/wiki/Lanyard) or chain to place over the wrist. Other designs have a satin or velour pouch to hold the minaudière. [1] (#cite_note-Cariou-1) The interior can reveal the ingenuity of the designer. A minaudière may contain several small compartments, carefully designed to organize the owner's personal items for maximum utility. According to fashion journalist Lloyd Boston, a minaudière constitutes an "essential" part of an evening wardrobe, a small object with no limit to its usefulness, and a "fabulous character". [3] (#cite_note-3) Invention [ edit ] According to press articles of the time [4] (#cite_note-4) the minaudière was invented by Van Cleef & Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_%26_Arpels) in 1934. Charles Arpels was inspired by watching Florence Gould (/wiki/Florence_Gould) , third wife of philanthropist Frank Jay Gould (/wiki/Frank_Jay_Gould) , toss several small, loose makeup items into a tin box. [1] (#cite_note-Cariou-1) The word "minaudière" was a French term for a coquettish woman, from the word "minauder" (to flirt or simper). [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Étui (/wiki/%C3%89tui) Compact (/wiki/Compact_(cosmetics)) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Catherine Cariou, « La Minaudière de Van Cleef & Arpels », Paris Joaillerie , 5 mars 2007, lire en ligne (http://www.paris-joaillerie.com/paris-joaillerie/grand-ecrin/la-minaudiere-de-van-cleef-arpels.html) (page consultée le 16 juin 2011) ^ (#cite_ref-2) Certaines minaudières sont toutefois fabriquées en matériaux moins onéreux tels l'argent ou le styptor, alliage d'argent et d'étain créé dans les années trente par Van Cleef & Arpels. Cf. Jean-Jacques Richard, L'Histoire des Van Cleef et des Arpels , Books on demand, 2010. ^ (#cite_ref-3) (in English) Lloyd Boston, The Style Checklist : The Ultimate Wardrobe Essentials for You , p. 189, Atria Books, 2010, lire en ligne (https://books.google.com/books?id=UUIWEc_UF4IC&pg=PA189) (page consultée le 16 juin 2011) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Non signé, « Le plus beau présent de Paris : la Minaudière », blog L'Histoire des Van Cleef et des Arpels de Paris , lire en ligne (http://histoiredesvancleefetdesarpels.blogspot.com/2011/02/la-minaudiere-de-van-cleef-de-paris-en.html) (page consultée le 16 juin 2011) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Speake, Jennifer (/wiki/Jennifer_Speake) ; LaFlaur, Mark, eds. (2002). "Minaudière". The Oxford essential dictionary of foreign terms in English . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-989157-3 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 818944730 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818944730) . Look up minaudière (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/minaudi%C3%A8re) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. v t e Bags (/wiki/Bag) and flexible containers (/wiki/Container) Carried Bayong (/wiki/Bayong) Bindle (/wiki/Bindle) Briefcase (/wiki/Briefcase) Bugout bag (/wiki/Bugout_bag) Dillybag (/wiki/Dillybag) Dromedary bag (/wiki/Dromedary_bag) Flight bag (/wiki/Flight_bag) Gaji bag (/wiki/Gaji_bag) Grocery bag (/wiki/Grocery_bag) Hambiliya (/wiki/Hambiliya) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Haversack (/wiki/Haversack) Laundry bag (/wiki/Red-white-blue_bag) Medical bag (/wiki/Medical_bag) Money bag (/wiki/Money_bag) Nuclear briefcase (/wiki/Nuclear_briefcase) Plastic shopping bag (/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag) Red box (government) (/wiki/Red_box_(government)) Reticule (/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)) Reusable shopping bag (/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag) Shell purse (/wiki/Shell_purse) Shopping bag (/wiki/Shopping_bag) String bag (/wiki/String_bag) Survival bag (/wiki/Survival_bag) Swag (/wiki/Swag_(bedroll)) Tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) Tucker bag (/wiki/Tucker_bag) Worn Backpack (/wiki/Backpack) ( Canoe pack (/wiki/Canoe_pack) , Duluth pack (/wiki/Duluth_pack) ) Bandolier bag (/wiki/Bandolier_bag) Bivouac sack (/wiki/Bivouac_shelter) Book bag (/wiki/Book_bag) Fanny pack (/wiki/Fanny_pack) Golf bag (/wiki/Golf_bag) Lightweight Rucksack (/wiki/Lightweight_Rucksack) Medicine bag (/wiki/Medicine_bag) Messenger bag (/wiki/Messenger_bag) Pack basket (/wiki/Pack_basket) Pasiking (/wiki/Pasiking) Randoseru (/wiki/Randoseru) Sabretache (/wiki/Sabretache) Satchel (/wiki/Satchel) Sporran (/wiki/Sporran) Takiding (/wiki/Takiding) Luggage (/wiki/Baggage) Bug-out bag (/wiki/Bug-out_bag) Carpet bag (/wiki/Carpet_bag) Diaper bag (/wiki/Diaper_bag) Diplomatic bag / pouch (/wiki/Diplomatic_bag) Duffel bag (/wiki/Duffel_bag) Garment bag (/wiki/Garment_bag) Gig bag (/wiki/Gig_bag) Gladstone bag (/wiki/Gladstone_bag) Hobo bag (/wiki/Hobo_bag) Holdall (/wiki/Holdall) Nomadic bag (/wiki/Nomadic_bag) Norfolk case (/wiki/Norfolk_cases) Portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau_(luggage)) Saddlebag (/wiki/Saddlebag) Suitcase (/wiki/Suitcase) Toiletry bag (/wiki/Toiletry_bag) Train case (/wiki/Train_case) Travel pack (/wiki/Travel_pack) Trunk (/wiki/Trunk_(luggage)) Postal Catcher pouch (/wiki/Catcher_pouch) Mail bag (/wiki/Mail_bag) Mail pouch (/wiki/Mail_pouch) Mail sack (/wiki/Mail_sack) Mail satchel (/wiki/Mail_satchel) Mochila (/wiki/Pony_Express_mochila) Padded envelope (/wiki/Padded_envelope) Portmanteau (/wiki/Portmanteau_(mail)) Containers Antistatic bag (/wiki/Antistatic_bag) Bag-in-box (/wiki/Bag-in-box) Bin bag (/wiki/Bin_bag) Biodegradable bag (/wiki/Biodegradable_bag) Bota bag (/wiki/Bota_bag) Coffee bag (/wiki/Coffee_bag) Flexible intermediate bulk container (/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container) Boil-in-bag (/wiki/Boil-in-bag) Fuel bladder (/wiki/Fuel_bladder) Mashk (/wiki/Mashk) Milk bag (/wiki/Milk_bag) Packet (container) (/wiki/Packet_(container)) Paper bag (/wiki/Paper_bag) Paper sack (/wiki/Paper_sack) Parfleche (/wiki/Parfleche) Pastry bag (/wiki/Pastry_bag) Pipe bag (/wiki/Pipe_bag) Plastic bag (/wiki/Plastic_bag) Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags (/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags) Reusable shopping bag (/wiki/Reusable_shopping_bag) Sachet (/wiki/Sachet) Security bag (/wiki/Security_bag) Shopping bag (/wiki/Shopping_bag) Stand-up pouch (/wiki/Stand-up_pouch) Thermal bag (/wiki/Thermal_bag) Tobacco pouch (/wiki/Tobacco_pouch) Trash bag (/wiki/Trash_bag) Wineskin (/wiki/Wineskin) Zipper storage bag (/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag) Purses/handbags (/wiki/Handbag) Bayong (/wiki/Bayong) Birkin bag (/wiki/Birkin_bag) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Evening bag (/wiki/Evening_bag) Gaji bag (/wiki/Gaji_bag) Gucci Diana (/wiki/Gucci_Diana) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) It bag (/wiki/It_bag) Kelly bag (/wiki/Kelly_bag) Kinchaku (/wiki/Kinchaku) Lady Dior (/wiki/Lady_Dior) Messenger bag (/wiki/Messenger_bag) Minaudière Money bag (/wiki/Money_bag) Reticule (/wiki/Reticule_(handbag)) Tote bag (/wiki/Tote_bag) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Wristlet (/wiki/Handbag#Types_of_handbags) Other Body bag (/wiki/Body_bag) Burn bag (/wiki/Burn_bag) Cowboy bedroll (/wiki/Cowboy_bedroll) Doggy bag (/wiki/Doggy_bag) Dry bag (/wiki/Dry_bag) Electronic flight bag (/wiki/Electronic_flight_bag) Feedbag (/wiki/Feedbag) Flour sack (/wiki/Flour_sack) Gamow bag (/wiki/Gamow_bag) Gunny sack (/wiki/Gunny_sack) Poop bag (/wiki/Poop_bag) Sandbag (/wiki/Sandbag) Schultüte (/wiki/Schult%C3%BCte) Showbag (/wiki/Showbag) Sickness bag (/wiki/Sickness_bag) Sleeping bag (/wiki/Sleeping_bag) Stuff sack (/wiki/Stuff_sack) Throw bag (/wiki/Throw_bag) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐qzbzb Cached time: 20240720202834 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.322 seconds Real time usage: 0.417 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 419/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20527/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 220/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17538/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.241/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12494347/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 347.674 1 -total 56.59% 196.746 1 Template:Reflist 28.44% 98.887 1 Template:In_lang 27.33% 95.004 1 Template:Bags 26.64% 92.632 1 Template:Navbox 22.74% 79.058 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia 10.48% 36.441 1 Template:Portal 5.52% 19.180 1 Template:Wiktionary 5.07% 17.617 1 Template:Sister_project 4.61% 16.011 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32973457-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720202834 and revision id 1185135151. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minaudière&oldid=1185135151 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minaudière&oldid=1185135151) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Bags (/wiki/Category:Bags) Jewellery (/wiki/Category:Jewellery) 1930s introductions (/wiki/Category:1930s_introductions)
|
Standardized outfits worn by students of South Korean schools Jin Jeong-seon, female model, wearing a school uniform of Hallim Arts High School Almost all South Korean (/wiki/South_Korea) secondary students wear a prescribed school uniform (/wiki/School_uniform) , gyobok ( Korean (/wiki/Korean_language) : 교복 ; Hanja (/wiki/Hanja) : 校服 ). The majority of elementary schools (/wiki/Elementary_schools) except some private elementary schools (/wiki/Private_school) do not have uniforms; however, the uniform is strictly enforced from the start of middle school (/wiki/Middle_school) and up. A typical South Korean uniform usually consists of a shirt (/wiki/Shirt) , blazer (/wiki/Blazer) and tie (/wiki/Necktie) , with skirts (/wiki/Skirts) for girls and trousers (/wiki/Trousers) for boys. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) More recently, the uniform is often worn by celebrities (/wiki/Celebrity) who target the younger, teen audience to sell entertainment products. [2] (#cite_note-Uniform_Report-2) The school uniform and school setting is frequently used as a venue (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/venue) for romance (/wiki/Romance_(love)) . As a result, the uniform has become something akin to an expression of fashion (/wiki/Fashion) among students. [3] (#cite_note-Han_Uniform-3) History [ edit ] The Encyclopedia of Korean Culture divides the history of school uniforms into six parts: the 1800s-1910, 1910–1945, 1945–1968, 1968–1982, 1982–1985, 1986-current. While the first instances of school uniforms were shown in schools established in the late Goryeo (/wiki/Goryeo) period, a general influence is attributed to Confucius students from the Joseon (/wiki/Joseon) period. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) Late 19th and early 20th century [ edit ] The first school uniform in South Korea is from the Ewha Girl's University, now known as Ewha Womans University (/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University) . The uniform was designated in 1886. The uniform consisted of a red jeogori (/wiki/Jeogori) and skirt (/wiki/Skirt) made of cotton (/wiki/Cotton) . The hair was braided swept-back with a knot. Clothing designed as a veil was used as an outdoor uniform. A heavier version of the clothing was used during the winter. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) Since the tradition was to wear different colored uniforms, the same red-colored uniform became a matter of curiosity. [4] (#cite_note-Kocca_Uniform-4) The first boys' school uniform in South Korea originates from the boys' school Paichai Hakdang established by Henry Appenzeller (/wiki/Henry_Appenzeller) . The uniform was created in 1898. The uniform heavily resembled the Japanese school uniform, consisting of red color bands wrapped around the sleeves, pants, and hat. Some scholars argue that the tradition of Korean school uniforms began with this uniform. Hansung Middle School, which was established in 1904, used a black durumagi (/wiki/Durumagi) with a black belt and a hat with the words 'Hansung' for a uniform. [5] (#cite_note-Doopedia_Uniform-5) In 1907, the first 'Yangjang' uniform was created in the Sookmyung Women's University (/wiki/Sookmyung_Women%27s_University) . The uniform consisted of a purple serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) one-piece clothing with a pink bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) and heels. [4] (#cite_note-Kocca_Uniform-4) The uniform had a strong impact on Korean culture. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) 20th century [ edit ] After the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910 (/wiki/Japan-Korea_Treaty_of_1910) , the school uniforms were widely implemented. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) This movement was heavily influenced by Western missionaries and was centered around girls-only schools. In general, Jeogori was elongated while the skirt was shortened. The previously diverse colors in school uniforms became less and less diverse, with most uniforms becoming shades of black and white. In the 1920s, most of the girl uniforms came to have the 'white top black bottom' policy. However, schools differentiated their uniforms from others by means such as wave patterns and skirt lengths. Because the skirts were getting shorter, schools implemented an official policy concerning the length of the skirt. However, the skirt lengths kept decreasing. Also in the 1920s, P.E. uniforms were introduced. There were many types of P.E. uniforms, but it mostly consisted of a shirt and bloomers (/wiki/Bloomers_(clothing)) . [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) [4] (#cite_note-Kocca_Uniform-4) In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan (/wiki/Empire_of_Japan) , which ruled over Korea, implemented a policy to unify the girls' uniforms as 'yangjang.' The change in policy is attributed to both a growing awareness of Western culture and a movement by Japan to get rid of hanbok (/wiki/Hanbok) . The most widespread school uniform for girls was a white blouse (/wiki/Blouse) with a brown skirt, and a sailor suit (/wiki/Sailor_suit) uniform in the winter. However, a few schools still maintained the hanbok uniform. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) [4] (#cite_note-Kocca_Uniform-4) [5] (#cite_note-Doopedia_Uniform-5) In the late 1930s to the 1940s, students were forced to wear workwear (/wiki/Workwear) . This was due to the beginning of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) and Japan's involvement in the war. The uniform was dubbed ' monpe (/wiki/Monpe) (몸빼, munbae ).' Some schools avoided this policy by designating other pants as uniforms. Other schools such as ChungShim Women's School refused to comply with the policy and wore hanbok. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) [4] (#cite_note-Kocca_Uniform-4) [5] (#cite_note-Doopedia_Uniform-5) With the completion of the Korean independence movement (/wiki/Korean_independence_movement) and the independence of Korea, the workwear uniform was discarded. [4] (#cite_note-Kocca_Uniform-4) Until the 1960s, uniform pants were still worn as the official uniform. The uniforms were generally black or dark brown. [5] (#cite_note-Doopedia_Uniform-5) In 1968, the government established the 'Middle School Equalization Policy.' The Middle School uniforms were standardized at this time. The summer uniform was established as a white 'Wing-collar' blouse and the winter uniform as black or dark brown clothing. This policy was maintained until 1982. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) From 1983 to 1985, school uniforms were briefly abolished due to a 'free school uniform policy.' The policy was established to diminish the senses of oppression and alienation while encouraging individualism (/wiki/Individualism) . This policy was removed in 1986 when schools were allowed to mandate uniforms again. Since then, the number of schools mandating uniforms had been increasing. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) Current [ edit ] Uniform of Cheonan Girls' High School (/wiki/Cheonan_Girls%27_High_School) Schools are currently not compelled to institute school uniforms (/wiki/School_uniform) . However, according to the Ministry of Education (South Korea) (/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(South_Korea)) , 96.4% of female students are wearing uniforms. To combat temperature (/wiki/Temperature) , sexual harassment (/wiki/Sexual_harassment) , and traditional sexual discrimination (/wiki/Sexual_discrimination) , the Ministry of Education (South Korea) has been encouraging the usage of pants as school uniforms, as of 2000. [1] (#cite_note-EncyKorea_Uniform-1) Components [ edit ] A typical Korean school uniform for a boy usually includes a jacket, a long-sleeved collared white shirt, a tie, dress trousers, and outerwear for the Winter (/wiki/Winter) season. A girl's Korean school uniform generally consists of a bow, a collared white shirt with sleeves, a vest, a pleated skirt and outerwear for the winter, and white socks. Nail polish (/wiki/Nail_polish) and make-up were generally not allowed until many municipal education departments (/wiki/Municipality) enacted 'Student's rights acts' (/wiki/Student_rights) which include freedom of uniform and freedom of hair style (/wiki/Hairstyle) . [6] (#cite_note-6) See also [ edit ] South Korea portal (/wiki/Portal:South_Korea) Schools portal (/wiki/Portal:Schools) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Wikimedia Commons has media related to School uniforms of South Korea (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:School_uniforms_of_South_Korea) . School uniforms (/wiki/School_uniforms) South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "교복" (http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0005480) . Academy of Korean Studies (/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies) . Retrieved October 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Uniform_Report_2-0) "[브리핑]학부모 교육비 줄이기 TF팀 활동 보고" (http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=123&oid=155&aid=0000001649) . NAVER Corp . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Han_Uniform_3-0) "조끼와 운동화 끈 색깔은 맞춰 주는 센스" (http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/specialsection/esc_section/321459.html) . The Hankyoreh (/wiki/The_Hankyoreh) . November 12, 2008 . Retrieved October 10, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "교복 변천사" (http://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE003&cp_code=cp0423&index_id=cp04230046&content_id=cp042300460001&print=Y) . Korea Creative Contents Agency . Retrieved October 9, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "교복[校服]" (http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000717270) . Doosan Corporation . Retrieved October 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Jeon, Junhyeong (January 26, 2012). "서울시교육청, 오늘 학생인권조례 공포(Seoul city education office declares Student's rights act today" (http://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0103_201201260258014540) . v t e School uniforms Afghanistan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1) Albania (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1) Algeria (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1) Andorra (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1) Angola (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1) Antigua and Barbuda (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentina (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1) Armenia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1) Australia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1) Austria (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1) Azerbaijan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1) Bahamas (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1) Bahrain (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1) Bangladesh (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1) Barbados (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1) Belarus (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1) Belgium (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1) Belize (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1) Benin (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1) Bhutan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1) Bolivia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1) Bosnia and Herzegovina (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1) Botswana (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1) Brazil (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1) Brunei (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1) Bulgaria (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1) Burkina Faso (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1) Burundi (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1) Cambodia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1) Cameroon (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1) Canada (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1) Cape Verde (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1) Central African Republic (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1) Chad (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1) Chile (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1) China (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_China) Colombia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1) Comoros (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1) Costa Rica (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1) Croatia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1) Cuba (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1) Cyprus (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1) Czech Republic (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1) Democratic Republic of the Congo (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1) Denmark (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1) Djibouti (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1) Dominica (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1) Dominican Republic (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1) East Timor (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1) Ecuador (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1) Egypt (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1) El Salvador (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1) Equatorial Guinea (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1) Eritrea (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1) Estonia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1) Eswatini (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1) Ethiopia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1) Federated States of Micronesia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1) Fiji (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1) Finland (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1) France (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1) Gabon (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1) Gambia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1) Georgia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1) Germany (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1) Ghana (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1) Greece (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1) Grenada (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1) Guatemala (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1) Guinea (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1) Guinea-Bissau (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1) Guyana (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1) Haiti (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1) Honduras (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1) Hungary (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1) Iceland (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1) India (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1) Indonesia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1) Iran (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1) Iraq (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1) Ireland (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1) Israel (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1) Italy (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1) Ivory Coast (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1) Jamaica (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1) Japan (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Japan) Jordan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1) Kazakhstan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1) Kenya (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1) Kiribati (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1) Kosovo (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1) Kuwait (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1) Kyrgyzstan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1) Laos (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1) Latvia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1) Lebanon (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1) Lesotho (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1) Liberia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1) Libya (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1) Liechtenstein (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1) Lithuania (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1) Luxembourg (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1) Madagascar (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1) Malawi (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1) Malaysia (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Malaysia) Maldives (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1) Mali (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1) Malta (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1) Marshall Islands (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) Mauritania (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1) Mauritius (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1) Moldova (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1) Monaco (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1) Mongolia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1) Montenegro (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1) Morocco (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1) Mozambique (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1) Myanmar (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Myanmar) Namibia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1) Nauru (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1) Nepal (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1) Netherlands (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1) New Zealand (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1) Nicaragua (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1) Niger (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1) Nigeria (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1) North Korea (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1) North Macedonia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1) Norway (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1) Oman (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1) Pakistan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1) Palau (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1) Palestine (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1) Panama (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1) Papua New Guinea (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1) Paraguay (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1) Peru (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1) Philippines (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1) Poland (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1) Portugal (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1) Qatar (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1) Republic of the Congo (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1) Romania (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1) Russia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1) Rwanda (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Kitts and Nevis (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Lucia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1) Samoa (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1) San Marino (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1) Saudi Arabia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1) Senegal (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1) Serbia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1) Seychelles (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1) Sierra Leone (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1) Singapore (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1) Slovakia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1) Slovenia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1) Solomon Islands (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1) Somalia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1) South Africa (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1) South Korea South Sudan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1) Spain (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1) Sri Lanka (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Sri_Lanka) Sudan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1) Suriname (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1) Sweden (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1) Switzerland (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1) Syria (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1) São Tomé and Príncipe (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1) Taiwan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1) Tajikistan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1) Tanzania (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1) Thailand (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Thailand) Togo (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1) Tonga (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1) Trinidad and Tobago (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1) Tunisia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1) Turkey (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1) Turkmenistan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1) Tuvalu (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1) Uganda (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Uganda&action=edit&redlink=1) Ukraine (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1) United Arab Emirates (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1) United Kingdom (/wiki/School_uniforms_in_the_United_Kingdom) United States (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1) Uruguay (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1) Uzbekistan (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1) Vanuatu (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1) Vatican City (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Vatican_City&action=edit&redlink=1) Venezuela (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1) Vietnam (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1) Western Sahara (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Western_Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1) Yemen (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1) Zambia (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1) Zimbabwe (/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐hfn8x Cached time: 20240721191943 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.382 seconds Real time usage: 1.266 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 926/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 40394/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1427/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36675/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.256/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15901746/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 500.461 1 -total 24.91% 124.653 1 Template:Short_description 23.05% 115.381 1 Template:Ko-hhrm 19.80% 99.086 1 Template:Reflist 17.97% 89.948 2 Template:Lang 16.89% 84.510 6 Template:Cite_web 15.82% 79.196 4 Template:Main_other 15.54% 77.767 1 Template:World_topic 15.43% 77.231 1 Template:SDcat 7.83% 39.177 1 Template:Commons_category Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33576830-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721191943 and revision id 1211005853. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_South_Korea&oldid=1211005853 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_uniforms_in_South_Korea&oldid=1211005853) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Education in South Korea (/wiki/Category:Education_in_South_Korea) School uniform (/wiki/Category:School_uniform) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from October 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2023) Articles containing Korean-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata)
|
Textile fibres (/wiki/Fiber) or textile fibers (see spelling differences (/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re,_-er) ) can be created from many natural sources (animal hair or fur, cocoons as with silk worm cocoons), as well as semisynthetic methods that use naturally occurring polymers, and synthetic methods that use polymer-based materials, and even minerals such as metals to make foils and wires. The consumer protection (/wiki/Consumer_protection) laws requires that fibre content be provided on content labels. Common textile fibres used in global fashion today include: [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Animal-based fibres [ edit ] Fibre Source Attribute Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Alpaca Soft, warmth, lightweight Angora wool (/wiki/Angora_wool) Angora rabbit Softness, blends well with other fibres Azlon (/wiki/Azlon) Synthetic Soft, silky, hygroscopic, also known as Aralac Byssus (/wiki/Byssus) Pinna nobilis (/wiki/Pinna_nobilis) Warmth, lightweight Camel hair (/wiki/Camel_hair) Arabian ña (/w/index.php?title=Arabian_%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1) / Guanaco (/wiki/Guanaco) / South America camelid varieties Softness, warmth Cashmere wool (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Indian cashmere goat Softness Chiengora (/wiki/Chiengora) Dog Fluffy, lightweight Lambswool (/wiki/Lambswool) Sheep Softness, elasticity, warmth Llama (/wiki/Llama) Llama Lightweight, insulating Mohair wool (/wiki/Mohair) Angora goat Dyes well, lightweight Qiviut (/wiki/Qiviut) Muskoxen (/wiki/Muskoxen) Softness, warmth Rabbit (/wiki/Rabbit_hair) Rabbits Softness Silk (/wiki/Silk) Silk worm (Bombyx mori) Smooth, strong fabric finish with high shine Eri silk (/wiki/Eri_silk) Silk worm (Samia cynthia) Smooth, strong fabric finish with high shine Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Golden Orb-weaver Spider (Nephila inaurata madagascariensis); transgenic silk worm; transgenic yeast Ultra-strong, golden, smooth fabric finish with high shine Vicuña (/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a) Vicuña Expensive, luxurious, soft Wool (/wiki/Wool) Sheep Warmth Yak fiber (/wiki/Yak_fiber) Wild Yak Heavy, warmth Plant-based fibres (cellulosic fibres) [ edit ] Fibre Source Attribute Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) Abaca plant Thin, lightweight Acetate (/wiki/Acetate_rayon) Wood Pulp Lustrous, thermoplastic Bamboo (/wiki/Bamboo) Grass pulp Lightweight, pliable fibre Banana (/wiki/Banana) Banana plant pseudostem/leaves Warm, thick, durable Kapok (/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra) Pentandra tree Fluffy, soft and lightweight Coir (/wiki/Coir) Coconut Strength, durability Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Shrub Lightweight, absorbent Flax (/wiki/Flax) Herbaceous plant Lightweight, absorbent, used to make linen (/wiki/Linen) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Cannabis Strength, durability Jute (/wiki/Jute) Vegetable plant in linden family Strength, durability Kenaf (/wiki/Kenaf) Hibiscus cannabinus Rough Lyocell (/wiki/Lyocell) Eucalyptus Tree Soft, lightweight, absorbent Modal (/wiki/Modal_(textile)) Beech tree Softness, lightweight Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Pineapple leaf Soft, lightweight Raffia (/wiki/Raffia) Raffia palm (/wiki/Raffia_palm) Carpet/rough Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Flowering plant in nettle family Heavy, tough Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Wood Pulp Soft, lightweight, absorbent Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Agave sisalana Strength, durability Soy protein Tofu-manufacturing waste Wooly, lightweight Other plant-based fibers: Bast fibre (/wiki/Bast_fibre) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Esparto (/wiki/Esparto) Fique (/wiki/Fique) Papyrus (/wiki/Papyrus) Straw (/wiki/Straw) Mineral-based fibres [ edit ] Fibre Source Attribute Asbestos Cloth asbestos (/wiki/Asbestos) Fire-resistance, light weight, carcinogenic (/wiki/Carcinogenic) Glass, Fibreglass (/wiki/Fibreglass) Mixed silicates (/wiki/Silicate) Fire-resistance, futuristic appearance in some Foil (/w/index.php?title=Prodoil_(metal)&action=edit&redlink=1) , fibres, wire Basalt fiber (/wiki/Basalt_fiber) Copper (/wiki/Copper) Gold (/wiki/Gold) Steel (/wiki/Steel) Synthetic fibres [ edit ] Fibre Source Attribute Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Petroleum Products Lightweight, warm, dries quickly Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Aramids Very strong Modacrylic (/wiki/Modacrylic) Petroleum Products Lightweight, warm, dries quickly Nomex (/wiki/Nomex) Aramids Chemical, electrical, and flame resistant Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Petroleum Products Durable, strong, lightweight, dries quickly Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Petroleum Products Durable, strong, lightweight, dries quickly Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Petroleum Products Elastic, strong, lightweight Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Regenerated cellulose Weak when wet See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Fibre (/wiki/Fiber) Textile (/wiki/Textile) Textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Textile manufacturing terminology (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_terminology) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Units of textile measurement (/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Calderin, Jay (2009). Form, Fit, Fashion . Rockport. pp. 116–7. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59253-541-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "BBC GCSE Bitesize: Types of Fibre" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/textiles/fibresrev1.shtml) . BBC . Retrieved November 9, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "FiberSource: The Manufactured Fiber Industry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100405073442/http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/olefin.htm) . FiberSource. Archived from the original (http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/olefin.htm) on April 5, 2010 . Retrieved November 10, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Ricklin, Beda. "List of all existing fibers" (http://www.swicofil.com/products.html) . Swicofil . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐6f5ccb59c8‐hmdcw Cached time: 20240623180507 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.211 seconds Real time usage: 0.564 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 476/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7081/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 272/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15869/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.125/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4064761/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 460.700 1 -total 48.16% 221.864 1 Template:Reflist 45.96% 211.754 1 Template:Short_description 40.42% 186.199 1 Template:Cite_book 34.05% 156.886 2 Template:Pagetype 7.06% 32.528 3 Template:Main_other 6.51% 30.009 1 Template:SDcat 5.12% 23.589 1 Template:Portal 3.29% 15.144 3 Template:Cite_web 1.15% 5.276 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33692932-0!canonical and timestamp 20240623180507 and revision id 1205449214. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_textile_fibres&oldid=1205449214 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_textile_fibres&oldid=1205449214) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
|
For the definition of 'textiles', see textile (/wiki/Textile) . Fabrics in this list include fabrics that are woven, braided or knitted from textile fibres (/wiki/Fibre) . Contents A (#A) B (#B) C (#C) D (#D) E (#E) F (#F) G (#G) H (#H) I (#I) J (#J) K (#K) L (#L) M (#M) N (#N) O (#O) P (#P) Q (#Q) R (#R) S (#S) T (#T) U (#U) V (#V) W (#W) X (#X) Y (#Y) Z (#Z) A [ edit ] Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Alençon lace (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Antique satin (/wiki/Antique_satin) Argentan lace (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella lace (/wiki/Argentella) Angelina fibre B [ edit ] Bafta cloth (/wiki/Bafta_cloth) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Battenberg lace (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline silk (/wiki/Bengaline_silk) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Bouclé (/wiki/Boucl%C3%A9) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Broderie Anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_Anglaise) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Burano lace (/wiki/Burano_lace) Buratto lace (/wiki/Buratto) Burlap (/wiki/Burlap) C [ edit ] C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico_(textile)) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Camel's hair (/wiki/Camel%27s_hair) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Carrickmacross lace (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Chantilly lace (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Chiengora (/wiki/Chiengora) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Crash (fabric) (/wiki/Crash_(fabric)) Crêpe (textile) (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Crêpe de Chine (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_de_Chine) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Crochet (/wiki/Crochet) D [ edit ] Damask (/wiki/Damask) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Dobby (/wiki/Dobby_(cloth)) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dotted Swiss (/wiki/Dotted_Swiss_(Fabric)) Double cloth (/wiki/Double_cloth) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Dupioni silk (/wiki/Dupioni) Dungarees (/wiki/Dungaree_(fabric)) Dyneema (/wiki/Dyneema) E [ edit ] Ecosil (/w/index.php?title=Ecosil&action=edit&redlink=1) Elastane (/wiki/Elastane) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Etamine (/wiki/Etamine) F [ edit ] Faux fur (/wiki/Faux_fur) Faux leather (/wiki/Faux_leather) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Filet/Lacis lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Fishnet (/wiki/Fishnet) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Flannelette (/wiki/Flannelette) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) G [ edit ] Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) H [ edit ] Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris Tweed (/wiki/Harris_Tweed) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himro (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Holland cloth (/wiki/Holland_cloth) Hollie Point lace (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Houndstooth check (/wiki/Houndstooth_check) I [ edit ] Intarsia (/wiki/Intarsia_(knitting)) Interlock Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) J [ edit ] Jacquard knit (/wiki/Jacquard_knit) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) K [ edit ] Knit (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) L [ edit ] Lace (/wiki/Lace) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Lantana (/wiki/Lantana_(fabric)) Lanon (/wiki/Lanon) Lawn cloth (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Leather (/wiki/Leather) Leatherette (/wiki/Leatherette) Limerick lace (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Lycra (/wiki/Lycra) M [ edit ] Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Matelassé (/wiki/Matelass%C3%A9) Melton (/wiki/Melton_(cloth)) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Monk's cloth (/wiki/Monk%27s_cloth) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Mouflon (/wiki/Mouflon) Mousseline (/wiki/Muslin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) N [ edit ] Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Neoprene (/wiki/Neoprene) Net (/wiki/Net_(textile)) O [ edit ] Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) P [ edit ] Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Panné velvet (/wiki/Pann%C3%A9_velvet) Peau de Soie (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Piqué (/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)) Pleated linen (/wiki/Pleated_linen) Plissé (/wiki/Pliss%C3%A9) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Point de France lace (/wiki/Point_de_France) Point de Gaze lace (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Point de Venise lace (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Punto in Aria lace (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Q [ edit ] quilting fabric R [ edit ] Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Reticella lace (/wiki/Reticella) Rib knit (/wiki/Rib_knit) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) S [ edit ] Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Sailcloth (/wiki/Sailcloth) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Shantung (/wiki/Shantung_(fabric)) Sharkskin (/wiki/Sharkskin) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Stockinette (/wiki/Stockinette) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Suede (/wiki/Suede) Surah (/wiki/Twill) Swanskin cloth (/wiki/Swanskin_cloth) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) T [ edit ] Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tambour lace (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tapestry (/wiki/Tapestry) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Teneriffe lace (/wiki/Teneriffe_lace) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Tricot (/wiki/Tricot_(fabric)) Terry velour (/wiki/Terry_velour) Tulle netting (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed_(cloth)) Twill (/wiki/Twill) U [ edit ] Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) V [ edit ] Velour (/wiki/Velour) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Venetian Lace (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) (PVC) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) W [ edit ] Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Worsted wool (/wiki/Worsted_wool) Y [ edit ] Youghal lace (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Z [ edit ] Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of textile fibres (/wiki/List_of_textile_fibres) Technical textiles (/wiki/Technical_textiles) Textile (/wiki/Textile) Textile manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) v t e Fabric (/wiki/Textile) Types Woven (/wiki/Woven_fabric) Abacá cloth (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles) (Medriñaque) Aertex (/wiki/Aertex) Armazine (/wiki/Armazine) Almerían silk (/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk) Barathea (/wiki/Barathea) Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Batiste (/wiki/Batiste) Bedford cord (/wiki/Bedford_cord) Bengaline (/wiki/Bengaline) Beta cloth (/wiki/Beta_cloth) Bombazine (/wiki/Bombazine) Brilliantine (/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)) Broadcloth (/wiki/Broadcloth) Buckram (/wiki/Buckram) Bunting (/wiki/Bunting_(textile)) Burlap (/wiki/Hessian_fabric) Byrd Cloth (/wiki/Byrd_Cloth) C change (/wiki/C_change) Calico (/wiki/Calico) Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Canvas (/wiki/Canvas) Chambray (/wiki/Cambric) Capilene (/wiki/Capilene) Cedar bark textile (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Challis (/wiki/Challis_(fabric)) Char cloth (/wiki/Char_cloth) Charmeuse (/wiki/Charmeuse) Charvet (/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)) Cheesecloth (/wiki/Cheesecloth) Chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Chintz (/wiki/Chintz) Cloqué (/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9) Cloth of gold (/wiki/Cloth_of_gold) Cordura (/wiki/Cordura) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Cotton duck (/wiki/Cotton_duck) Coutil (/wiki/Coutil) Crêpe (/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)) Cretonne (/wiki/Cretonne) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Dimity (/wiki/Dimity) Donegal tweed (/wiki/Donegal_tweed) Dornix (/wiki/Dornix) Dowlas (/wiki/Dowlas) Drill (/wiki/Drill_(fabric)) Drugget (/wiki/Drugget) Eolienne (/wiki/Eolienne) Flannel (/wiki/Flannel) Foulard (/wiki/Foulard) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Gabardine (/wiki/Gabardine) Gauze (/wiki/Gauze) Gazar (/wiki/Gazar) Georgette (/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)) Ghalamkar (/wiki/Ghalamkar) Gingham (/wiki/Gingham) Grenadine (/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)) Grenfell Cloth (/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth) Grosgrain (/wiki/Grosgrain) Habutai (/wiki/Habutai) Haircloth (/wiki/Haircloth) Harris tweed (/wiki/Harris_tweed) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Himroo (/wiki/Himroo) Hodden (/wiki/Hodden) Irish linen (/wiki/Irish_linen) Jamdani (/wiki/Jamdani) Kerseymere (/wiki/Kerseymere) Khādī (/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB) Khaki drill (/wiki/Khaki_drill) Kijōka-bashōfu (/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu) Kente cloth (/wiki/Kente_cloth) Lamé (/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)) Lawn (/wiki/Lawn_cloth) Linsey-woolsey (/wiki/Linsey-woolsey) Loden (/wiki/Loden_cape) Longcloth (/wiki/Longcloth) Mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Madapollam (/wiki/Madapollam) Madras (/wiki/Madras_(cloth)) Moleskin (/wiki/Moleskin) Muslin (/wiki/Muslin) Nainsook (/wiki/Nainsook) Nankeen (/wiki/Nankeen) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Oilskin (/wiki/Oilskin) Organdy (/wiki/Organdy) Organza (/wiki/Organza) Osnaburg (/wiki/Osnaburg) Ottoman (/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)) Oxford (/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)) Paduasoy (/wiki/Paduasoy) Percale (/wiki/Percale) Perpetuana (/wiki/Perpetuana) Pongee (/wiki/Pongee) Poplin (/wiki/Poplin) Rakematiz (/wiki/Rakematiz) Rayadillo (/wiki/Rayadillo) Rep (/wiki/Rep_(fabric)) Ripstop (/wiki/Ripstop) Russell cord (/wiki/Russell_cord) Saga Nishiki (/wiki/Saga_Nishiki) Samite (/wiki/Samite) Sateen (/wiki/Sateen) Satin (/wiki/Satin) Saye (/wiki/Saye) Scarlet (/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)) Seerhand muslin (/wiki/Seerhand_muslin) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Sendal (/wiki/Sendal) Serge (/wiki/Serge_(fabric)) Scrim (/wiki/Scrim_(material)) Shot silk (/wiki/Shot_silk) Stuff (/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)) Taffeta (/wiki/Taffeta) Tais (/wiki/Tais) Tartan (/wiki/Tartan) Ticking (/wiki/Ticking) Toile (/wiki/Toile) Tucuyo (/wiki/Tucuyo) Tweed (/wiki/Tweed) Twill (/wiki/Twill) Ultrasuede (/wiki/Ultrasuede) Vegetable flannel (/wiki/Vegetable_flannel) Ventile (/wiki/Ventile) Vinyl coated polyester (/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester) Viyella (/wiki/Viyella) Voile (/wiki/Voile) Wadmal (/wiki/Wadmal) Waffle (/wiki/Waffle_fabric) Wigan (/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)) Whipcord (/wiki/Whipcord) Zephyr (/wiki/Zephyr_cloth) Zorbeez (/wiki/Zorbeez) Figured woven Brocade (/wiki/Brocade) Camlet (/wiki/Camlet) Damask (/wiki/Damask) Lampas (/wiki/Lampas) Songket (/wiki/Songket) Rinzu (/wiki/Rinzu) Pile woven (/wiki/Pile_(textile)) Baize (/wiki/Baize) Chenille (/wiki/Chenille_fabric) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Crimplene (/wiki/Crimplene) Fustian (/wiki/Fustian) Mockado (/wiki/Mockado) Moquette (/wiki/Moquette) Plush (/wiki/Plush) Polar fleece (/wiki/Polar_fleece) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) Velours du Kasaï (/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF) Velvet (/wiki/Velvet) Velveteen (/wiki/Velveteen) Zibeline (/wiki/Zibeline) Nonwoven (/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric) Felt (/wiki/Felt) Cedar bark (/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile) Knitted (/wiki/Knitted_fabric) Boiled wool (/wiki/Boiled_wool) Coolmax (/wiki/Coolmax) Machine knitting (/wiki/Knitting_machine) Milliskin (/wiki/Milliskin) Jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)) Velour (/wiki/Velour) Netted (/wiki/Net_(textile)) Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Carbon fibers (/wiki/Carbon_fibers) Lace (/wiki/Lace) Mesh (/wiki/Mesh) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Ninon (/wiki/Ninon) Tulle (/wiki/Tulle_netting) Technical (/wiki/Technical_textile) Ballistic nylon (/wiki/Ballistic_nylon) Ban-Lon (/wiki/Ban-Lon) Conductive textile (/wiki/Conductive_textile) Darlexx (/wiki/Darlexx) E-textiles (/wiki/E-textiles) Gannex (/wiki/Gannex) Gore-Tex (/wiki/Gore-Tex) Lenticular fabric (/wiki/Lenticular_fabric) Silnylon (/wiki/Silnylon) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Stub-tex (/wiki/Stub-tex) SympaTex (/wiki/SympaTex) Windstopper (/wiki/Windstopper) Patterns Argyle (/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)) Bizarre silk (/wiki/Bizarre_silk) Check (/wiki/Check_(pattern)) Chiné (/wiki/Warp_printing) Glen plaid (/wiki/Glen_plaid) Herringbone (/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)) Houndstooth (/wiki/Houndstooth) Kelsch (/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace) Paisley (/wiki/Paisley_(design)) Pinstripes (/wiki/Pinstripes) Polka dot (/wiki/Polka_dot) Shweshwe (/wiki/Shweshwe) Tartan or plaid (/wiki/Tartan) Tattersall (/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)) Textile fibers (/wiki/Fiber) Abacá (/wiki/Abac%C3%A1) (Manila hemp) Acrylic (/wiki/Acrylic_fiber) Alpaca (/wiki/Alpaca_fiber) Angora (/wiki/Angora_wool) Bashō (/wiki/Musa_basjoo) Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool) Coir (/wiki/Coir) Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) Eisengarn (/wiki/Eisengarn) Hemp (/wiki/Hemp) Jute (/wiki/Jute) Kevlar (/wiki/Kevlar) Linen (/wiki/Linen) Mohair (/wiki/Mohair) Nylon (/wiki/Nylon) Microfiber (/wiki/Microfiber) Olefin (/wiki/Olefin_fiber) Pashmina (/wiki/Pashmina) Polyester (/wiki/Polyester) Piña (/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a) Ramie (/wiki/Ramie) Rayon (/wiki/Rayon) Sea silk (/wiki/Sea_silk) Silk (/wiki/Silk) Sisal (/wiki/Sisal) Spandex (/wiki/Spandex) Spider silk (/wiki/Spider_silk) Wool (/wiki/Wool) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Androsia (/wiki/Androsia) Batik (/wiki/Batik) Beetling (/wiki/Beetling) Bingata (/wiki/Bingata) Bògòlanfini (/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini) Burnout (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Calendering (/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)) Decatising (/wiki/Decatising) Devoré (/wiki/Devor%C3%A9) Finishing (/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)) Fulling (/wiki/Fulling) Heatsetting (/wiki/Heatsetting) Indienne (/wiki/Indienne) Kasuri (/wiki/Kasuri) Katazome (/wiki/Katazome) Mercerization (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Moire (/wiki/Moire_(fabric)) Nap (/wiki/Nap_(textile)) Parchmentising (/wiki/Parchmentising) Rogan printing (/wiki/Rogan_printing) Rōketsuzome (/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome) Roller printing (/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles) Sanforization (/wiki/Sanforization) Tenterhook (/wiki/Tenterhook) Textile printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) Tsutsugaki (/wiki/Tsutsugaki) Warp printing (/wiki/Warp_printing) Waxed cotton (/wiki/Waxed_cotton) Woodblock printing (/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles) Yūzen (/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen) Fabric mills Carlo Barbera (/wiki/Carlo_Barbera) Cerruti (/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti) Dormeuil (/wiki/Dormeuil) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Holland & Sherry (/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry) Larusmiani (/wiki/Larusmiani) Loro Piana (/wiki/Loro_Piana) Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Reda (/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)) Scabal (/wiki/Scabal) Vitale Barberis Canonico (/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico) Zegna (/wiki/Zegna) Manufacturing industry Design (/wiki/Textile_design) Manufacturing (/wiki/Textile_manufacturing) Performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) Preservation (/wiki/Textile_preservation) Recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Terminology (/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing) Related Dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) Fiber (/wiki/Fiber) History of textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of silk (/wiki/History_of_silk) Knitting (/wiki/Knitting) Pandy (/wiki/Fulling_mill) Shrinkage (/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)) Swatches and strike-offs (/wiki/Textile_sample) Synthetic fabric (/wiki/Synthetic_fabric) Weaving (/wiki/Weaving) Yarn (/wiki/Yarn) References [ edit ] NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐2c5mq Cached time: 20240712172737 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.342 seconds Real time usage: 0.431 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1527/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32915/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1434/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15801/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.148/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15494682/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 322.632 1 -total 43.21% 139.406 1 Template:Fabric 26.11% 84.239 7 Template:Transl 19.65% 63.392 1 Template:Short_description 16.96% 54.713 1 Template:Compact_ToC 13.59% 43.837 1 Template:Flatlist 10.83% 34.955 2 Template:Pagetype 7.32% 23.611 1 Template:For 4.98% 16.060 1 Template:Portal 4.58% 14.771 9 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33693701-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712172737 and revision id 1224175117. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fabrics&oldid=1224175117 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fabrics&oldid=1224175117) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Textiles (/wiki/Category:Textiles) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) Clothing-related lists (/wiki/Category:Clothing-related_lists) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
|
Stirrup pants designed as sportswear. Stirrup pants or stirrup leggings are a type of close-fitting women's pants that taper at the ankle, similar to leggings, except that the material extends to a band, or strap, that is worn under the arch of the foot to hold the pant leg in place. The band of material is often elasticized to prevent the material around the foot from tearing. Stirrup pants were originally sportswear for women, and remain sportswear for horse riding and skiing. However, they have come in and out of fashion during the 20th and early 21st centuries, peaking in popularity as street fashion during the 1980s to the mid 1990s . History [ edit ] Stirrup pants were first worn as jodhpurs for horse riders. The purpose of the strap under the foot was to hold the pant legs in place in the boots of the rider. As ladies moved away from riding sidesaddle, they began wearing riding breeches in the 1920s in a similar style to those worn by men. By 1934, Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) as riding pants with foot straps were being advertised in the United States mail order catalogue for Sears (/wiki/Sears) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Horse riding breeches are still made with an elastic foot strap in some designs. Stirrup pants for skiing were introduced at the 1936 Winter Olympic Games (/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympic_Games) in Germany. [2] (#cite_note-2) Stirrup stretch pants were a mainstay of ski wear for both men and women during most of the 1960s and part of the 1970s. In the 1960s this style was used for women's and girls' stirrup pants. They were popular for several years as shown in clothing catalogs of the day, such as J.C.Penney, Sears, and Montgomery Ward. Stirrup pants became a popular casual fashion for all ages of women from kids to teens to college age and up in Europe and America from the mid-1980s to the mid to late 1990s. In 1985, Linda Pender wrote in Cincinnati Magazine that stirrup pants were "being touted as the wardrobe basic of the year, and every body is buying them". On the one hand, the style was promoted as being "easy to wear" and giving "most figures a long, lean line"; on the other hand, a salesclerk pointed out to Pender that the style was not flattering unless the wearer was "slim and fit". [3] (#cite_note-3) They would be worn with an oversized shirt, sweatshirt or sweater and slouch socks (/wiki/Slouch_socks) worn over them with casual sneakers such as Keds (/wiki/Keds) , athletic sneakers or boat shoes (/wiki/Boat_shoe) . And it was just as popular to wear the stirrup pants with pantyhose or tights under the stirrup pants with the oversized tops and ballet flats making the pantyhose or tights visible at the foot up to the a little above the ankle area. This was worn as workwear and non workwear alike. For a time there was even denim stirrup pants and dress pants with stirrups. Leggings in general became fashionable streetwear during the 1980s, as did sweatshirts especially oversized style, leg warmers, slouch socks, leotards, body suits and other items that originated in sports and dance studios. [4] (#cite_note-4) See also [ edit ] Sports portal (/wiki/Portal:Sports) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Sportswear (activewear) (/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Trouser clips (/wiki/Trouser_clips) Capri pants (/wiki/Capri_pants) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Blum, Stella (1986). Everyday Fashions of the Thirties As Pictured in Sears Catalogs . Dover Publications. p. 62. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-25108-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Hewitt, Valerie; Ann Kellogg & Lynn Payne (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History, 1900 to the Present: Volume 1, 1900-1949 . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 218. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33395-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Pender, Linda (October 1985). "Cruel Pants: The unkindest cut of all". Cincinnati Magazine . p. 22. ^ (#cite_ref-4) Condra, Jill. Ed. (2007). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History: Volume 3, 1801 to the Present . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-313-33665-2 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐576747d895‐8fkv9 Cached time: 20240626190040 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.132 seconds Real time usage: 0.173 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 251/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7182/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 77/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 16091/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.086/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3568638/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 147.579 1 -total 74.58% 110.063 1 Template:Reflist 58.44% 86.249 3 Template:Cite_book 25.31% 37.353 1 Template:Portal 4.38% 6.465 1 Template:Cite_news 1.12% 1.646 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33719120-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626190040 and revision id 1193843031. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stirrup_pants&oldid=1193843031 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stirrup_pants&oldid=1193843031) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Sportswear (/wiki/Category:Sportswear) Trousers and shorts (/wiki/Category:Trousers_and_shorts)
|
Reuse of cotton fabric The cotton recycling symbol. Cotton (/wiki/Cotton) History (/wiki/History_of_cotton) Terminology Cash crop (/wiki/Cash_crop) Commodity (/wiki/Commodity) Cottonopolis (/wiki/Cottonopolis) Cotton Belt (/wiki/Cotton_Belt_(region)) Cotton diplomacy (/wiki/Cotton_diplomacy) King Cotton (/wiki/King_Cotton) Types (/wiki/Cotton#Types_of_cotton) Gossypium hirsutum (/wiki/Gossypium_hirsutum) Gossypium barbadense (/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense) Gossypium arboreum (/wiki/Gossypium_arboreum) Gossypium herbaceum (/wiki/Gossypium_herbaceum) Production Cotton-spinning machinery (/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery) Cotton gin (/wiki/Cotton_gin) Cotton mill (/wiki/Cotton_mill) Cotton picker (/wiki/Cotton_picker) Cotton recycling Mercerised cotton (/wiki/Mercerised_cotton) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Spinning jenny (/wiki/Spinning_jenny) Spinning mule (/wiki/Spinning_mule) Spinning wheel (/wiki/Spinning_wheel) Water frame (/wiki/Water_frame) Fabric Cambric (/wiki/Cambric) Chino (/wiki/Chino_cloth) Corduroy (/wiki/Corduroy) Denim (/wiki/Denim) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Terrycloth (/wiki/Terrycloth) v t e Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) on Clothing and the environment Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Key issues Cotton industry (/wiki/Cotton_industry) Ecological footprint (/wiki/Ecological_footprint) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) Fur trade (/wiki/Fur_trade) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Impact investing (/wiki/Impact_investing) Microplastics (/wiki/Microplastics) Textile performance (/wiki/Textile_performance) By type Cashmere (/wiki/Cashmere_wool#Criticism_of_industry) Fur farming (/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_fur_farming) Leather (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_leather) Sustainability Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Biodegradable athletic footwear (/wiki/Biodegradable_athletic_footwear) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Cotton recycling Environmental design (/wiki/Environmental_design) Environmental impact design (/wiki/Environmental_impact_design) Green textile (/wiki/Green_textile) Public interest design (/wiki/Public_interest_design) Organic cotton (/wiki/Organic_cotton) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Socially responsible investing (/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing) Sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) Advertising (/wiki/Sustainable_advertising) Design (/wiki/Sustainable_design) Fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Industries (/wiki/Sustainable_industries) Market (/wiki/Sustainable_market) Procurement (/wiki/Sustainable_procurement) Transport (/wiki/Sustainable_transport) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Sustainability of vintage fashion (/wiki/Environmental_sustainability_of_vintage_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) Related Business ethics (/wiki/Business_ethics) Green marketing (/wiki/Green_marketing) RiverBlue (/wiki/RiverBlue) The True Cost (/wiki/The_True_Cost) Environmental record of Nike (/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Environmental_record) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Laundry wastewater (/wiki/Laundry_wastewater) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) v t e Cotton recycling is the process of converting cotton fabric into fibers that can be reused into other textile products. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) Recycled (/wiki/Recycled) cotton (/wiki/Cotton) is primarily made from pre-consumer cotton which is excess textile waste from clothing production. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) It is less commonly made from post-consumer cotton which is discarded textile waste from consumers such as second hand clothing. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) The recycling process includes assessing the quality of cotton fibers through systematics collection, manually sorting the materials, and undergoing a mechanical or chemical process to break down the textile fabric into reusable fibers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) In the mechanical process, fabrics are torn into individual fibers through a machine, and in the chemical process, the fabrics's chemical properties are broken down through chemical reaction processes such as Lyocell process and dissolution in ionic liquids. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) The mechanical process is the primary way to recycle textiles because the chemical process is not commercially used. [5] (#cite_note-5) Recycled cotton is less durable than virgin cotton due to the shorter length of recycled cotton fibers which result from mechanical recycling. As a result, recycled cotton requires the addition of additional materials such as polyester to improve durability. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) Therefore, recycled cotton is often used in products that do not require high-quality cotton fibers such as casual clothing and home building materials. [3] (#cite_note-:4-3) [6] (#cite_note-:11-6) Harvesting raw cotton is a resource intensive process that uses a lot of water, energy, and chemicals. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) Cotton recycling mitigates wastage and can be a more sustainable alternative to disposal because products can be made out of existing textiles instead of raw materials, therefore, reducing the resources required to harvest raw cotton. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) However, there are costs associated with cotton recycling, such as the risk of problem shifting and the impact of transporting collected materials which could exceed its intended benefits. [8] (#cite_note-:12-8) Researchers and governments are looking for new technologies and industrial management solutions to improve the social impact of the collection processes for recycled cotton. [9] (#cite_note-:10-9) Raw material [ edit ] Cotton bolls on the cotton plant (/wiki/Cotton_plant) ready for harvesting and processing into cotton yarn and fabric. Composition of Starting Material [ edit ] Pre-Consumer Cotton [ edit ] Pre-consumer (/wiki/Pre-consumer_recycling) cotton waste is excess textile waste that is collected during the production of yarn, fabrics, and textile products such as selvage from weaving and fabric remnants from factory cutting rooms. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) The majority of recycled cotton is made from pre-consumer cotton, such as fabric scraps, because it is more likely that the scraps have not undergone the mixing of materials and color dyes and do not have to be heavily sorted before recycling. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) Post-Consumer Cotton [ edit ] Post-consumer (/wiki/Post-consumer) cotton is textile waste that is collected after consumers have discarded the finished products, such as used apparel and household items. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) Post-consumer cotton which is made with many color shades and fabric blends is labor-intensive to recycle because the different materials have to be separated before recycling. [1] (#cite_note-:9-1) Post-consumer cotton can be recycled, but the recycled cotton made from post-consumer cotton is likely of much lower quality than virgin cotton. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Collection of Materials [ edit ] Methods for collecting recycled materials can be categorized into the following initiatives: internet-based recycling, brand-led recycling, and government-led recycling. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Internet-based recycling relies on the internet to create a channel of communication between people who would like to recycle clothing waste and groups who are collecting clothing waste. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Brand-led recycling occurs when fashion brands create self-led programs to support recycling or oversee clothing recycling. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Government-led recycling refers to policies, laws, and regulations implemented by governments that promote the recycling of waste-clothes. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Sorting of Materials [ edit ] After pre-consumer and post-consumer textile products are collected, the textile products are manually sorted into reusable and disposal groups. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) The sorting process is labor-intensive because there can be up to 350 subcategories that reusable textiles can be manually sorted into. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) One approach to combat the low efficiency of manual sorting is Near Infrared Spectroscopy (/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy) (NIRS) which automates the recognition and sorting process of textiles. [10] (#cite_note-10) NIRS analyzer identifies the corresponding group for textile by sensing the coating and finishing of the textile. [11] (#cite_note-:5-11) Quality Assessment [ edit ] In order for cotton waste to be recycled into high-quality products, the quality of the cotton waste should not jeopardize the quality of the resulting product. [12] (#cite_note-Béchir_Mohamed_Béchir_2018-12) While there is no specific index for the quality assessment of recycled cotton, a variety of quality indexes have been applied to determine how suitable cotton waste fibers are for recycling. [13] (#cite_note-Mahamude_Harun_Kadirgama_et_al_2021-13) Common indexes to measure the quality of cotton fiber are Fiber Quality Index (FQI) and Spinning Consistency Index (SCI). [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) FQI relates the tenacity, mean length, and fineness of cotton fibers while SCI considers properties such as the upper half mean length, uniformity, and fiber color to determine the spinnability of cotton. [12] (#cite_note-Béchir_Mohamed_Béchir_2018-12) [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) A standardized instrument to obtain data regarding the various properties of cotton waste is the Uster HVI machine. [13] (#cite_note-Mahamude_Harun_Kadirgama_et_al_2021-13) Process [ edit ] Mechanical Recycling [ edit ] Mechanical recycling is the process of shredding textile fabric into fibers, which are then spun back into yarn without the use of chemicals. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) When cotton is mechanically recycled, it usually produces a shorter fiber length, which can affect the final quality of the end textile. [15] (#cite_note-15) Often, recycled cotton is blended with carrier fibers, like virgin or organic cotton, or polyester, to create a higher-quality output. Typically, a recycled fiber content of 20% is used when producing recycled ring yarn, even though some recent advancements in the sector have allowed that number to go up to 40% without compromising quality, as announced by the partnership of Recover (/wiki/Recover_Textile_Systems) , Rieter (/wiki/Rieter) and Polopiqué. [16] (#cite_note-16) Prior to recycling, the textile fabrics must be sorted by composition, and then by color to avoid redyeing. The mechanical process of producing post-consumer recycled cotton begins by removing all non-textile elements, such as zippers and buttons. [17] (#cite_note-17) Then, the materials are cut into smaller pieces, suitable for subsequent shredding. A Garnett machine is used for this process, which is a machine equipped with rollers and cylinders covered with metal pins that rotate to open up the textile structure and release the fibers. [2] (#cite_note-:0-2) Certain types of bio-composite materials could be made of post-consumer cotton waste. [18] (#cite_note-18) Shredded cotton fibers from post-consumer textile waste are used as reinforcement fillers for various plastics in automotive and nuclear applications [19] (#cite_note-19) and in general for various commercial applications. [20] (#cite_note-20) Chemical Recycling [ edit ] Chemical recycling is the process of solubilizing textile wastes in chemicals to cause chemical reactions that produce recycled fibers. [21] (#cite_note-21) Chemical reactions dissolve the polymers that make up fibers, therefore do not reduce fiber length but instead fully regenerate the fiber. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) This process overcomes the issue of fibers being shortened by mechanical recycling, but its scale of use is limited to research experiments and studies such as Eco Circle (Teijin), Worn Again, Evrnu, Re:NewCell, and Ioncell. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) An outdated method mixes cellulose fiber (cotton) with carbon disulfide (/wiki/Carbon_disulfide) , dissolves the product in caustic soda (/wiki/Caustic_Soda) , and spins it with sulfuric acid (/wiki/Sulfuric_acid) and mineral salt to produce a fiber different from cotton called viscose rayon (/wiki/Viscose_rayon) . [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) This method has been shown to be environmentally hazardous and is prohibited. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) One of the most commercialized examples of chemical textile recycling is the conversion of cotton to viscose. This recycling works by depolymerizing the pure cotton fabric into a pulp which is then converted to viscose in a process similar to that made from wood pulp. [22] (#cite_note-22) Lyocell Process [ edit ] The lyocell process is the method of dissolving cellulose (cotton) in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide ( NMMO (/wiki/NMMO) ) to form a solution that has hydrogen bonds (NMMO• H 2 O ). [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) The solution is then spun in a water bath, resulting in pure, reusable cellulosic fibers. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) The lyocell process could recover 99% of its solvent and produces minimal and non-toxic waste, and is labeled by the United Nations and the cotton recycling industry as Environmentally Improved Textile Products (EITP). [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Dissolving in Ionic Liquids [ edit ] Another method dissolves cellulose in ionic liquids such as 1,3,-dibutylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) to produce regenerated fibers. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) While this method, like the lyocell process, could recover almost all of its solvent, its hazardous impacts to the aqueous ecology is still being researched. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Potential Impacts [ edit ] Assessment Standard [ edit ] The environmental impact of cotton recycling can be examined using the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) (/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment) . [23] (#cite_note-:8-23) Recycled vs. Organic Cotton Fibers [ edit ] The production of organic cotton can have detrimental environmental impacts due to the amount of water, land, chemicals, and emissions used to create it. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) Approximately 2.6% of global water use can be attributed to the production of cotton. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) Cotton cultivation is also responsible for about 11% of global pesticide consumption. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) During the spinning phase of virgin cotton production, large amounts of electricity are consumed which can lead to increased CO (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) 2 emissions (/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions) and acidification potential. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) In order to give organic cotton an artificial color, the dyeing phase of cotton production consumes a vast amount of water, energy, and chemicals. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) The plants required to dye cotton can potentially lead to the contamination of oceans. [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) Since cotton recycling avoids cotton cultivation, spinning, and dyeing, it reduces the negative environmental impacts of producing organic cotton by minimizing of the use of water, fertilizers (/wiki/Fertilizer) , and pesticides (/wiki/Pesticide) . [7] (#cite_note-:7-7) For example, using 1000 kg of recycled cotton instead of organic cotton can save 0.5 ha of agricultural land, prevent 6600 kg CO 2 eq of emissions from entering the atmosphere, and conserve 2783 m 3 of irrigation water. [24] (#cite_note-24) Concerns [ edit ] The benefits of cotton recycling can be undermined due to the risk of problem shifting which occurs when one benefit is achieved in a particular region, but that benefit creates a detriment to another region. [8] (#cite_note-:12-8) For instance, an increase in cotton recycling in the UK minimized the environmental impacts of virgin cotton production in the US, but also increased the use of energy in the UK. [8] (#cite_note-:12-8) Cotton recycling also requires transportation to move waste fibers between consumers, brands, collection facilities, and sorting facilities. [8] (#cite_note-:12-8) If the products developed from cotton waste require replacement after an insufficient period of time due to poor quality or lack of consumer contentment, then the environmental impact of transportation may surpass the benefits of avoiding cotton cultivation. [8] (#cite_note-:12-8) Limitations [ edit ] Technical Difficulties [ edit ] Modern textiles often include materials other than cotton such as plastic, dye, and other fabrics which can make it difficult to separate the cotton for recycling. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Social Difficulties [ edit ] Currently, the most common collection methods are organized based on online platforms provided by brands, and government. [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) Though these methods are available, many consumers still choose to throw away their clothes and less than 10% of the population considers online clothing recycling platforms as part of their buying preferences. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) Significant research has been done to increase the popularity of online clothing recycling. [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-:23-28) Brand-led Recycling [ edit ] Fashion brands offer programs to recycle clothes after consumption or oversee the recycling process. [28] (#cite_note-:23-28) Consumers can drop off their old clothing at the store and the store will send these clothes to be recycled. [28] (#cite_note-:23-28) The company offers incentives through promotions or discounts to persuade consumers to recycle through the firm's website, social media, and in-store advertising. [28] (#cite_note-:23-28) A US clothing brand called American Eagle promoted their recycling program on their blog on April 1, 2019, by stating “Bring in your old pair of jeans to recycle and get $10 off, a new pair”. [29] (#cite_note-29) [30] (#cite_note-30) Based on the case studies of clothing brands, the recycling advertisement could be paradoxical since promoting customers to recycle actually encourages them to consume more, thus not helping to reduce pollution. [31] (#cite_note-31) Research on the clothing product and global warming relationship shows that adopting sustainable recycle habits does not make the production of new cloth to be eco-friendly because producing new fabric generates more than half of the total carbon dioxide emission related to garments. [32] (#cite_note-32) To resolve the dilemma, brand-led recycling is trying to find a balance between consumer incentives and educational purposes of sustainability. [33] (#cite_note-:2-33) Future Policies and Laws [ edit ] Effective cotton recycling is likely only possible through government policy making and multiple countries have set up policies to promote cotton recycling. [28] (#cite_note-:23-28) In 2023, the European Union plans to publish a revision of the Waste Framework Directive (/wiki/Waste_framework_directive) , which is hoped will provide clearer guidance to improve the current fabric recycling system by implementing commonly shared standards in material collections and classification. [28] (#cite_note-:23-28) [34] (#cite_note-34) [33] (#cite_note-:2-33) Also, non-EU countries including Britain, Japan, the United States, China, and Korea have also released laws and policies about wasted cotton material and the corresponding recycling guidance. [35] (#cite_note-35) [36] (#cite_note-36) [37] (#cite_note-37) See also [ edit ] Cotton paper (/wiki/Cotton_paper) Textile recycling (/wiki/Textile_recycling) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Recycled Cotton" (https://www.cottonworks.com/en/topics/sustainability/cotton-sustainability/recycled-cotton) . CottonWorks™ . Retrieved 2022-04-09 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Piribauer, Benjamin; Bartl, Andreas (2019). "Textile recycling processes, state of the art and current developments: A mini review" (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X18819277) . Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy . 37 (2): 112–119. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2019WMR....37..112P (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019WMR....37..112P) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0734242X18819277 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X18819277) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 30632932 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30632932) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 58602444 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58602444) . ^ Jump up to: a b c Yuksekkaya, Mehmet Emin; Celep, Gizem; Dogan, Gamze; Tercan, Mevlut; Urhan, Basak (2016). "A Comparative Study of Physical Properties of Yarns and Fabrics Produced from Virgin and Recycled Fibers". Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics . 11 (2): 155892501601100. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/155892501601100209 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F155892501601100209) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 42946005 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42946005) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Gordon, S.; Hsieh, Y. L. (2006-12-22). Cotton: Science and Technology . Woodhead Publishing. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84569-248-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Palme, Anna (2016). Recycling of Cotton Textiles: Characterization, Pretreatment, and Purification (Thesis). ProQuest (/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)) 2394920195 (https://search.proquest.com/docview/2394920195) . ^ (#cite_ref-:11_6-0) Chang, Y.; Chen, H.-L.; Francis, S. (1 March 1999). "Market Applications for Recycled Postconsumer Fibers". Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal . 27 (3): 320–340. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/1077727X9902700303 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077727X9902700303) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Esteve-Turrillas, F.A.; de la Guardia, M. (January 2017). "Environmental impact of Recover cotton in textile industry". Resources, Conservation and Recycling . 116 : 107–115. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.09.034 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2016.09.034) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sandin, Gustav; Peters, Greg M. (May 2018). "Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling – A review" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.02.266) . Journal of Cleaner Production . 184 : 353–365. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.266 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2018.02.266) . ^ (#cite_ref-:10_9-0) Press, Frank (1978). "Toward New National Policies To Increase Industrial Innovation". Research Management . 21 (4): 10–13. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00345334.1978.11756485 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00345334.1978.11756485) . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Du, Wenqian; Zheng, Jiahui; Li, Wenxia; Liu, Zhengdong; Wang, Huaping; Han, Xi (May 2022). "Efficient Recognition and Automatic Sorting Technology of Waste Textiles Based on Online Near infrared Spectroscopy and Convolutional Neural Network". Resources, Conservation and Recycling . 180 : 106157. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106157 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106157) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 245874109 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245874109) . ^ (#cite_ref-:5_11-0) Cura, Kirsti; Rintala, Niko; Kamppuri, Taina; Saarimäki, Eetta; Heikkilä, Pirjo (2021). "Textile Recognition and Sorting for Recycling at an Automated Line Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frecycling6010011) . Recycling . 6 (1): 11. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/recycling6010011 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frecycling6010011) . ^ Jump up to: a b Béchir, Wanassi; Mohamed, Ben Hassen; Béchir, Azouz (2018). "Industrial cotton waste: Recycling, reclaimed fiber behavior and quality prediction of its blend" (https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/451241) . Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon . ^ Jump up to: a b Mahamude, A S F; Harun, W S W; Kadirgama, K; Ramasamy, D; Farhana, K (February 2021). "Cotton waste research follows the effect of pre-treatment and the observation of physical appearance" (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1078%2F1%2F012014) . IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering . 1078 (1): 012014. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021MS&E.1078a2014M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MS&E.1078a2014M) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1088/1757-899X/1078/1/012014 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F1078%2F1%2F012014) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 234038573 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234038573) . ^ Jump up to: a b Majumdar, A.; Majumdar, P.; Sarkar, B. (June 2005). "Determination of the technological value of cotton fiber: A comparative study of the traditional and multiple-criteria decision-making approaches" (https://www.autexrj.com/cms/zalaczone_pliki/1-05-2.pdf) (PDF) . AUTEX Research Journal . 5 (2). S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 716793 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:716793) . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Cattermole, Amanda (2019-06-10). "Fiber recycling using mechanical and chemical processes" (https://www.cattermoleconsulting.com/fiber-recycling-using-mechanical-and-chemical-processes/) . Cattermole Consulting Inc . Retrieved 2022-08-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Fine ring spun yarns with 40% recycled content" (https://www.innovationintextiles.com/fibres-yarns-fabrics/) . www.innovationintextiles.com . Retrieved 2023-11-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Yurtaslan, Özge; Altun Kurtoğlu, Şule; Yılmaz, Demet (23 November 2022). "Closed-loop Mechanical Recycling Opportunities in Industrial Cotton Wastes". Journal of Natural Fibers . 19 (15): 11802–11817. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/15440478.2022.2044961 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15440478.2022.2044961) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 247241577 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247241577) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Hussain A, Podgursky V, Goljandin D, Antonov M, Viljus M, Krasnou I (June 2023). "Sustainable fabrication of polypropylene-postconsumer cotton composite materials: circularity, characterization, mechanical testing, and tribology" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589234723000301) . Materials Today Sustainability . 22 . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.mtsust.2023.100344 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mtsust.2023.100344) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 256761822 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256761822) . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Hussain A, Podgursky V, Goljandin D, Antonov M, Sergejev F, Krasnou I (August 2023). "Circular Production, Designing, and Mechanical Testing of Polypropylene-Based Reinforced Composite Materials: Statistical Analysis for Potential Automotive and Nuclear Applications" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10458085) . Polymers . 15 (16): 3410. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/polym15163410 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym15163410) . PMC (/wiki/PMC_(identifier)) 10458085 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10458085) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 37631467 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631467) . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Hussain A, Podgursky V, Goljandin D, Abbas M, Krasnou I (July 2023). "Experimental mechanics analysis of recycled polypropylene-cotton composites for commercial applications" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542504822000501) . Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research . 6 (3): 226–238. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.aiepr.2022.11.001 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aiepr.2022.11.001) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 253365826 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253365826) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Asaadi, Shirin; Hummel, Michael; Hellsten, Sanna; Härkäsalmi, Tiina; Ma, Yibo; Michud, Anne; Sixta, Herbert (23 November 2016). "Renewable High-Performance Fibers from the Chemical Recycling of Cotton Waste Utilizing an Ionic Liquid". ChemSusChem . 9 (22): 3250–3258. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1002/cssc.201600680 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcssc.201600680) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27796085 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27796085) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Textile Recycling: The Chemical Recycling Process of Textiles" (https://www.onlineclothingstudy.com/2020/08/textile-recycling-chemical-recycling.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-:8_23-0) Moazzem, Shadia; Wang, Lijing; Daver, Fugen; Crossin, Enda (March 2021). "Environmental impact of discarded apparel landfilling and recycling". Resources, Conservation and Recycling . 166 : 105338. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105338 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.105338) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 230553805 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230553805) . ^ (#cite_ref-24) Liu, Yun; Huang, Haihong; Zhu, Libin; Zhang, Cheng; Ren, Feiyue; Liu, Zhifeng (October 2020). "Could the recycled yarns substitute for the virgin cotton yarns: a comparative LCA". The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment . 25 (10): 2050–2062. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/s11367-020-01815-8 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11367-020-01815-8) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 221345948 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221345948) . ^ (#cite_ref-25) Zhang, Ling; Wu, Tong; Liu, Siru; Jiang, Songyan; Wu, Huijun; Yang, Jiameng (December 2020). "Consumers' clothing disposal behaviors in Nanjing, China". Journal of Cleaner Production . 276 : 123184. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123184 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2020.123184) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 225461817 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225461817) . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Grębosz-Krawczyk, Magdalena; Siuda, Dagna (1 December 2019). "Attitudes of Young European Consumers Toward Recycling Campaigns of Textile Companies" (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Faut-2018-0057) . Autex Research Journal . 19 (4): 394–399. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1515/aut-2018-0057 (https://doi.org/10.1515%2Faut-2018-0057) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 139331133 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:139331133) . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Zhou, Jieyu; Jiang, Peng; Yang, Jin; Liu, Xiao (March 2021). "Designing a smart incentive-based recycling system for household recyclable waste". Waste Management . 123 : 142–153. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021WaMan.123..142Z (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WaMan.123..142Z) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.030 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2021.01.030) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 33582401 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33582401) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 231928140 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231928140) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Xie, Xiufen; Hong, Yan; Zeng, Xianyi; Dai, Xiaoqun; Wagner, Melissa (2021). "A Systematic Literature Review for the Recycling and Reuse of Wasted Clothing" (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu132413732) . Sustainability . 13 (24): 13732. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.3390/su132413732 (https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu132413732) . ^ (#cite_ref-29) Lascity, Myles Ethan; Cairns, Maryann R. (31 July 2020). "Complicated Green Advertising: Understanding the Promotion of Clothing Recycling Efforts" (https://doi.org/10.16997%2Fwpcc.384) . Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture . 15 (2): 44–62. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.16997/wpcc.384 (https://doi.org/10.16997%2Fwpcc.384) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 225350681 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225350681) . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "Recycle Your Old Jeans & Get $10 Off a New Pair!" (https://blog.ae.com/2022/04/06/recycle-your-old-jeans-get-10-off-a-new-pair/) . #AEJeans . 2022-04-06 . Retrieved 2022-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) Hepburn, Sharon J. (November 2013). "In Patagonia (Clothing): A Complicated Greenness". Fashion Theory . 17 (5): 623–645. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2752/175174113X13718320331035 (https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175174113X13718320331035) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 146452174 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146452174) . ^ (#cite_ref-32) Levänen, Jarkko; Uusitalo, Ville; Härri, Anna; Kareinen, Elisa; Linnanen, Lassi (1 May 2021). "Innovative recycling or extended use? Comparing the global warming potential of different ownership and end-of-life scenarios for textiles" (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fabfac3) . Environmental Research Letters . 16 (5): 054069. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2021ERL....16e4069L (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16e4069L) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1088/1748-9326/abfac3 (https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fabfac3) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 235289414 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235289414) . ^ Jump up to: a b "Waste Framework Directive" (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/waste-framework-directive_en) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2022-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Payne, A. (2015). "Open- and closed-loop recycling of textile and apparel products". Handbook of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Textiles and Clothing . pp. 103–123. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/B978-0-08-100169-1.00006-X (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100169-1.00006-X) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-08-100169-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Salemdeeb, Ramy; Al-Tabbaa, Abir; Reynolds, Christian (October 2016). "The UK waste input–output table: Linking waste generation to the UK economy" (http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105894/13/Re_Main_Document.pdf) (PDF) . Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy . 34 (10): 1089–1094. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 2016WMR....34.1089S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016WMR....34.1089S) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0734242X16658545 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X16658545) . PMID (/wiki/PMID_(identifier)) 27443295 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27443295) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 23454704 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23454704) . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Reinhart, Debra R. (May 1993). "A Review of Recent Studies On the Sources of Hazardous Compounds Emitted From Solid Waste Landfills: a U.S. Experience". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy . 11 (3): 257–268. Bibcode (/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)) : 1993WMR....11..257R (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993WMR....11..257R) . doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1177/0734242X9301100307 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734242X9301100307) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 111357734 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111357734) . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Qu, Shen; Guo, Yuhua; Ma, Zijie; Chen, Wei-Qiang; Liu, Jianguo; Liu, Gang; Wang, Yutao; Xu, Ming (May 2019). "Implications of China's foreign waste ban on the global circular economy". Resources, Conservation and Recycling . 144 : 252–255. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2019.01.004) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 116844310 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116844310) . External links [ edit ] Go Green. Get Recycled Cottons and More. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130822232124/http://www.accpl.in/verticals.html) Further reading [ edit ] Sowerbutts, Eli (1883) The Cotton Waste Dealers' Directory; being a complete list of waste dealers, and of all other trades connected therewith . Manchester: Heywood and Son v t e Recycling (/wiki/Recycling) Materials (/wiki/Recycling_by_material) Aluminium (/wiki/Aluminium_recycling) Asphalt (/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling) Concrete (/wiki/Concrete_recycling) Copper (/wiki/Copper#Recycling) Cotton Energy (/wiki/Energy_recycling) Glass (/wiki/Glass_recycling) Gypsum (/wiki/Gypsum_recycling) Paper (/wiki/Paper_recycling) Plastic (/wiki/Plastic_recycling) Refrigerant (/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation) Scrap (/wiki/Scrap) Timber (/wiki/Timber_recycling) Cooking oil (/wiki/Yellow_grease) Water (/wiki/Reclaimed_water) Products (/wiki/Recycling_by_product) Appliances (/wiki/Appliance_recycling) Automotive oil (/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling) Batteries (/wiki/Battery_recycling) Bottles (/wiki/Bottle_recycling) PET bottles (/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling) Computers (/wiki/Computer_recycling) Drugs (/wiki/Drug_recycling) Fluorescent lamps (/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling) Lumber (/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber) Mobile phones (/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling) Paint (/wiki/Paint_recycling) Ships (/wiki/Ship_disposal) Textiles (/wiki/Textile_recycling) Tires (/wiki/Tire_recycling) Vehicles (/wiki/Vehicle_recycling) Apparatus Bins (/wiki/Recycling_bin) Blue bags (/wiki/Blue_bag) Blue boxes (/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system) Codes (/wiki/Recycling_codes) Collection (/wiki/Kerbside_collection) Materials recovery facility (/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility) Waste sorting (/wiki/Waste_sorting) Countries Rate by country (/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country) Australia (/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia) Brazil (/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil) Canada (/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada) Ireland (/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland) Israel (/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel) Japan (/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan) Malaysia (/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia) The Netherlands (/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands) Switzerland (/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling) Taiwan (/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan) United Kingdom (/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom) Northern Ireland (/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland) United States (/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States) Concepts Circular economy (/wiki/Circular_economy) Dematerialization (/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)) Downcycling (/wiki/Downcycling) Durable good (/wiki/Durable_good) Eco-industrial park (/wiki/Eco-industrial_park) Ecological design (/wiki/Ecological_design) Extended producer responsibility (/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility) Green economy (/wiki/Green_economy) Industrial ecology (/wiki/Industrial_ecology) Industrial metabolism (/wiki/Industrial_metabolism) Interchangeable parts (/wiki/Interchangeable_parts) Land recycling (/wiki/Land_recycling) Material flow analysis (/wiki/Material_flow_analysis) Precycling (/wiki/Precycling) Product stewardship (/wiki/Product_stewardship) Recycling (ecological) (/wiki/Nutrient_cycle) Refill (campaign) (/wiki/Refill_(campaign)) Repairability (/wiki/Repairability) Resource recovery (/wiki/Resource_recovery) Reusable packaging (/wiki/Reusable_packaging) Reuse of bottles (/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles) Reuse of human excreta (/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta) Repurposing (/wiki/Repurposing) Reuse (/wiki/Reuse) Right to repair (/wiki/Right_to_repair) Symbol (/wiki/Recycling_symbol) ( Green Dot (/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)) ) Upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) Urban lumberjacking (/wiki/Dumpster_diving) Waste hierarchy (/wiki/Waste_hierarchy) Waste minimisation (/wiki/Waste_minimisation) Waste picking (/wiki/Waste_picker) Wishcycling (/wiki/Wishcycling) Zero waste (/wiki/Zero_waste) See also Cogeneration (/wiki/Cogeneration) Composting (/wiki/Compost) Container-deposit legislation (/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation) Dumpster diving (/wiki/Dumpster_diving) Ethical consumerism (/wiki/Ethical_consumerism) Freeganism (/wiki/Freeganism) Reverse vending machine (/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine) Simple living (/wiki/Simple_living) Waste (/wiki/Waste) Waste-to-energy (/wiki/Waste-to-energy) Waste collection (/wiki/Waste_collection) Waste management law (/wiki/Waste_management_law) Waste management (/wiki/Waste_management) Environment portal (/wiki/Portal:Environment) Category (/wiki/Category:Recycling) by country (/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country) by material (/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material) by product (/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product) organizations (/wiki/Category:Recycling_organizations) Index (/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles) Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐7mtsr Cached time: 20240720152322 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.753 seconds Real time usage: 0.977 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2867/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 120845/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 824/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 194629/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.435/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6499076/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 791.477 1 -total 50.67% 401.043 1 Template:Reflist 25.00% 197.847 28 Template:Cite_journal 18.80% 148.787 1 Template:Cotton_sidebar 18.50% 146.395 1 Template:Sidebar 14.64% 115.841 6 Template:Cite_web 11.27% 89.178 1 Template:Short_description 6.66% 52.728 2 Template:Pagetype 5.76% 45.601 1 Template:Recycling 5.41% 42.802 1 Template:Navbox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33736529-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720152322 and revision id 1235672665. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_recycling&oldid=1235672665 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_recycling&oldid=1235672665) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Recycling by material (/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material) Cotton (/wiki/Category:Cotton) Clothing and the environment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_and_the_environment) Water conservation (/wiki/Category:Water_conservation) Cotton production (/wiki/Category:Cotton_production) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description with empty Wikidata description (/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description)
|
Biannual fashion week in Berlin, Germany Escada Sport show opening look at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Berlin Season Spring/Summer 2013 Berlin Fashion Week 2013 Berlin Fashion Week ( Berliner Modewoche ) is a fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) held twice annually (in January and July) in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) . Since its establishment in July 2007 it has gained great international attention for its many creative young designers who are flourishing in the fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) of Berlin. [1] (#cite_note-1) Since July 2011, the event has taken place part in front of the Brandenburg Gate (/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate) . Mercedes-Benz (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz) is the main sponsor of the fashion week. Young fashion [ edit ] Since the Spring/Summer 2012 season, Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week features young international talents in an exclusive show in cooperation with Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Fashion entrepreneurs (/wiki/Entrepreneur) can vie in the Start your Fashion Business competition. Another important event for young designers is the Designer for Tomorrow Award , which is held every summer season. A jury, which famous designer Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) belongs to, chooses a winner who will be able to present his own show in the next winter season. Another specialty is the Berlin U-Bahn (/wiki/Berlin_U-Bahn) fashion show, that takes place in a chartered train of the U5 line (/wiki/U5_(Berlin_U-Bahn)) . Fashion fairs [ edit ] Different trade fairs are an essential part of the Berlin Fashion Week, such as Bread & Butter (/wiki/Bread_%26_Butter_(tradeshow)) , Premium Fair , Bright Tradeshow , (capsule) , Show&Order , PanoramaBerlin and The Gallery Berlin . Widely publicly available are the showfloors at Mercedes-Benz showfloor , Showfloor Berlin , Lavera Showfloor , GREENshowroom and Ethical Fashion Show . StyleNite [ edit ] The StyleNite (/wiki/Stylenite) by Berlin-based designer Michael Michalsky (/wiki/Michael_Michalsky) takes place at the Berlin Fashion Show and became globally famous for its unusual performances of different art disciplines combined with state-of-the-art fashion. Musicians like Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , Hurts (/wiki/Hurts_(duo)) , Alphaville (/wiki/Alphaville_(band)) and Icona Pop (/wiki/Icona_Pop) performed at StyleNites. Michalsky also chooses non-mainstream ways when it comes to selecting the models, as he also appointed disabled models like Mario Galla (with a leg prosthesis) or models aged above 60 like Eveline Hall . The famed female model Toni Garrn (/wiki/Toni_Garrn) is part of every show. Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) at StyleNite (/wiki/StyleNite) , July 2008 (1st performance outside USA) StyleNite stage in January 2012 See also [ edit ] German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan Fashion Week (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) New York Fashion Week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Shanghai Fashion Week (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Jakarta Fashion Week (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen Fashion Week (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Berlin as a fashion capital: the improbable rise" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844) . Fashion United UK . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Fashion Week (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berlin_Fashion_Week) . Official website Fashion Week Berlin (https://fashionweek.berlin/en/index.html) Official website Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Berlin (https://www.mercedes-benz.de/passengercars/about-us/mbfw.html) Official YouTube channel of Berlin Fashion Week (https://www.youtube.com/user/berlinfashionweek) Highlights of Berlin Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2014 (https://web.archive.org/web/20141031230134/http://www.vs-world.net/2013/07/highlights-berlin-fashion-week-spring-summer-2014/) (includes catwalk videos) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/235287294) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/7693775-6) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐wwhqz Cached time: 20240720190052 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.286 seconds Real time usage: 0.483 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 528/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19208/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 864/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20501/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.196/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4191138/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 433.588 1 -total 27.11% 117.566 1 Template:Commons_category 26.61% 115.358 1 Template:Sister_project 26.19% 113.573 1 Template:Side_box 23.26% 100.859 1 Template:Reflist 22.94% 99.468 1 Template:Fashion_weeks 21.87% 94.811 2 Template:If_then_show 21.57% 93.505 1 Template:Navbox 20.16% 87.417 1 Template:Cite_web 17.62% 76.377 1 Template:Short_description Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33787815-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720190052 and revision id 1232193356. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Fashion_Week&oldid=1232193356 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Fashion_Week&oldid=1232193356) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Germany (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Germany) 2007 establishments in Germany (/wiki/Category:2007_establishments_in_Germany) Recurring events established in 2007 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2007) German fashion (/wiki/Category:German_fashion) Annual events in Berlin (/wiki/Category:Annual_events_in_Berlin) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with GND identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers)
|
American fashion designer Tracy Reese Born ( 1964-02-12 ) February 12, 1964 (age 60) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) Nationality American Education Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) Labels Tracy Reese Plenty Frock! Tracy Reese Black Label Tracy Reese designs, 2008. Regina King (/wiki/Regina_King) in Tracy Reese (2010) Tracy Reese (born February 12, 1964) is an American fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) who specializes in women's ready-to-wear clothing (/wiki/Clothing) , accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessories) , and home fashions such as linens. She is a board member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) , having been inducted in 2007. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Reese is originally from Detroit (/wiki/Detroit) , Michigan (/wiki/Michigan) , and graduated from Cass Technical High School (/wiki/Cass_Technical_High_School) . She recalls making clothing from scratch while growing up, alongside her mother, while they worked sitting side by side at their own sewing machines. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1982, she moved to New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) to pursue her education at Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) . After graduating with an accelerated degree in 1984, Reese worked under Martine Sitbon (/wiki/Martine_Sitbon) at the firm Arlequin. She worked at several top fashion design houses, and eventually became head of the Women's Portfolio for Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) [3] (#cite_note-3) before launching her own label. Tracy Reese label [ edit ] The Tracy Reese fashion label was launched in New York City in 1998. The Tracy Reese label produces both ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) and resort wear. Plenty (2000) and Frock! (2006) were launched as mass market lines at a more affordable price range. Plenty has a focus on home fashions. Tracy Reese Black Label launched in 2009. [4] (#cite_note-4) Tracy Reese designs are noted for their femininity and retro-influenced style; the textiles themselves make use of bright colors, elaborate graphic patterns, and a playful use of bohemian touches. [5] (#cite_note-5) Clothing and home fashions by Tracy Reese's design lines are carried by retailers such as Bloomingdale's (/wiki/Bloomingdale%27s) , Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) , Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , Anthropologie (/wiki/Anthropologie) , Modcloth (/wiki/Modcloth) , and Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) . The Tracy Reese flagship store in New York City opened in 2006. In a New York Times interview on the occasion of the store's five-year anniversary, Reese expressed optimism about current trends continuing to support her design vision: We love pretty, we like beautiful, flattering, color! That’s what people come here for. There was a moment when big stores weren’t into that but our customer always was, and she was coming here". [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2011, a second exclusive Tracy Reese store opened, this one in Tokyo. [7] (#cite_note-7) Reese has a number of celebrity clients, including First Lady Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) , who wore Tracy Reese dresses during a First Family (/wiki/First_Family) visit to Hawaii in 2011/2012, [8] (#cite_note-8) at a ceremony in 2013 commemorating the 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech, [9] (#cite_note-9) and on other occasions. The First Lady also wore a custom-made Tracy Reese dress for her 2012 DNC Convention speech. [10] (#cite_note-10) Collaborations [ edit ] Reese has several collaborations underway as of 2011, which include: [11] (#cite_note-11) Tracy Reese for HUE hosiery (Fall 2007 to Present); Tracy Reese for Sally Hansen (Fall 2007 to Present); Plenty by Tracy Reese for Keds (Spring 2009 to Present). Tracy Reese by Jamberry (February 2016 through August 2016) United Airlines worldwide uniform renewal program (2018–Present; deferred in 2020) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Bing, Bonnie (November 14, 2011). "Designer stays true to her distinctive look" (http://www.kansas.com/2011/11/14/2102562/designer-stays-true-to-her-distinctive.html) . Wichita Eagle . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Johnson, Eunice W. (February 2006). "Behind the Seams". Ebony . Vol. 61, no. 4. p. 89. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0012-9011 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Tracy Reese" (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/tracy_reese) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Tracy Reese -- Designer Fashion Label" (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/tracyreese/) . New York Magazine, New York Media LLC . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Bing, Bonnie (November 14, 2011). "Designer stays true to her distinctive look" (http://www.kansas.com/2011/11/14/2102562/designer-stays-true-to-her-distinctive.html) . Wichita Eagle . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Oliver, Simone S. (June 9, 2011). "Tracy Reese Celebrates Five Years in the Meatpacking District" (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/09/tracy-reese-celebrates-five-years-in-the-flatiron-district/) . New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Edelson, Sharon (February 14, 2011). "Tracy Reese Opens in Tokyo" (http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/designer-luxury/tracy-reese-opens-in-tokyo-3484996) . Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Scenes from Hawaii, Part II - Home - MRS.O - Follow the Fashion and Style of First Lady Michelle Obama" (http://mrs-o.com/newdata/2012/1/3/scenes-from-hawaii-part-ii.html) . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Mitzeliotis, Katrina (2013-08-28). "Michelle Obama Stuns For The March On Washington Anniversary" (https://hollywoodlife.com/2013/08/28/michelle-obama-march-on-washington-dress-pics-tracy-reese/) . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "2012 Democratic Convention: Michelle Obama's Tracy Reese Dress Steals Spotlight" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2012-democratic-convention-michelle-obamas-tracy-reese-dress-steals-spotlight-368069) . The Hollywood Reporter . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Tracy Reese -- Designer Fashion Label" (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/tracyreese/) . New York Magazine, New York Media LLC . Retrieved November 22, 2011 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tracy Reese (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tracy_Reese) . Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/310520948) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8Mj69c7w3qW7pqjtqcP) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014085151) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐wmpln Cached time: 20240720215024 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.399 seconds Real time usage: 0.762 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2243/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29312/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2749/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 48959/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.263/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6887532/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 483.051 1 -total 29.42% 142.099 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 26.65% 128.747 1 Template:Reflist 18.51% 89.389 4 Template:Cite_news 16.68% 80.597 1 Template:Authority_control 13.72% 66.267 1 Template:Short_description 8.93% 43.148 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.48% 36.114 1 Template:Commons_category 7.35% 35.506 2 Template:Pagetype 7.19% 34.716 18 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33839249-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720215024 and revision id 1166052088. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracy_Reese&oldid=1166052088 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracy_Reese&oldid=1166052088) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1964 births (/wiki/Category:1964_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) African-American designers (/wiki/Category:African-American_designers) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) American women fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_women_fashion_designers) Artists from Detroit (/wiki/Category:Artists_from_Detroit) Parsons School of Design alumni (/wiki/Category:Parsons_School_of_Design_alumni) American fashion businesspeople (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_businesspeople) African-American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:African-American_fashion_designers) The New School alumni (/wiki/Category:The_New_School_alumni) 21st-century African-American people (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_people) 21st-century African-American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_African-American_women) 20th-century African-American people (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_people) 20th-century African-American women (/wiki/Category:20th-century_African-American_women) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers)
|
Brazilian fashion designer Carlos Miele A Carlos Miele label design in 2011 Born Manaus (/wiki/Manaus) , Amazonas (/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)) , Brazil Nationality Brazilian-Italian Education Fundação Getulio Vargas (/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Getulio_Vargas) (FGV) Labels Carlos Miele Miele Carlos Miele is a Brazilian fashion designer. His labels sell in more than 30 countries worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-1) He specializes in women's ready-to-wear collections. He established his own label, Carlos Miele, in 2002, and a second label, Miele, in 2006. [2] (#cite_note-2) Carlos Miele is based in São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo) , Brazil. Background [ edit ] Carlos Miele is a self-trained clothing designer, and began his design career creston bc "creating performance art and crafting installations for museums and exhibit venues around the globe". [3] (#cite_note-3) In addition to clothing design, he remains interested in cinema and architecture. The first flagship Carlos Miele shop in New York City was designed by architect Hani Rashid (/wiki/Hani_Rashid) , and was the New York City entry to the International Architecture Biennale of São Paulo (/wiki/International_Architecture_Biennale_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Despite his interest in many facets of design, he pursued business studies at the Fundação Getulio Vargas (/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Getulio_Vargas) (FGV), an elite Latin American institution. [5] (#cite_note-5) Miele has dual Brazilian and Italian citizenship; he is the grandson of Italian immigrants to Brazil. [6] (#cite_note-6) Carlos Miele label [ edit ] The Carlos Miele label was established in 2002. In 2006, the label Miele was established to offer women's ready-to-wear designs in a more casual style and at a somewhat lower price range than the Carlos Miele label. [7] (#cite_note-7) Carlos Miele also produces a line of premium denim. Carlos Miele designs play with unexpected results that come from mixing technology and traditional handcrafted design. His designs are also influenced by Brazilian artisan creations, and his clothing frequently features traditional Brazilian elements supplied by regional artisan cooperatives. [8] (#cite_note-8) Miele in fact works with artisans in Brazil's favelas and indigenous communities to ensure fair trade (/wiki/Fair_trade) practises and fair wages for the artisans. [9] (#cite_note-9) He has been noted for a "flair for dramatic presentations", [10] (#cite_note-10) with sensual flowing and clinging fabrics being characteristic. Suzy Menkes (/wiki/Suzy_Menkes) noted the emphasis on blending technology with elemental nature themes in the designs of several shows during the 2012 Spring-Summer shows in New York City; Miele commented, "I see a dialogue between artificial and natural, modified beauty and organic, technology and life". [11] (#cite_note-11) Carlos Miele signature clothing is sold in more than 30 countries; as of 2011, there are Carlos Miele flagship stores in New York City, Paris and São Paulo. [12] (#cite_note-12) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Brazil portal (/wiki/Portal:Brazil) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Michault, Jessica (9 November 2011). "Carlos Miele — Fashion and Art" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/10/fashion/10iht-rcarlos.html) . November 9, 2011 . New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Carlos Miele -- Fashion Designer Label" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111101123430/http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/carlosmiele/) . New York Fashion (New York Media LLC). Archived from the original (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/carlosmiele/) on November 1, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Michault, Jessica (9 November 2011). "Carlos Miele — Fashion and Art" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/10/fashion/10iht-rcarlos.html) . November 9, 2011 . New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Carlos Miele" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111124142314/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) on November 24, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Carlos Miele" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111124142314/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) on November 24, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Carlos Miele" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111124142314/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) on November 24, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Carlos Miele -- Fashion Designer Label" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111101123430/http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/carlosmiele/) . New York Fashion (New York Media LLC). Archived from the original (http://nymag.com/fashion/fashionshows/designers/bios/carlosmiele/) on November 1, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Carlos Miele" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111124142314/http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) . Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week. Archived from the original (http://www.mbfashionweek.com/designers/carlos_miele) on November 24, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Steele, Valerie (2010). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Berg. p. 472. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84788-563-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Moussavian, Anahita (12 September 2011). "Carlos Miele" (http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/fashion/fashion_week/carlos_miele_Y0NnbwUwRPe6YDKmZwnrFP) . September 12, 2011 . New York Post . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Menkes, Suzy (13 September 2011). "The Runway Dialogue: Artificial vs. Natural" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/fashion/carlos-miele-carolina-herrera-and-marc-by-marc-jacobs-focus-on-blending-inspirations.html) . New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Michault, Jessica (9 November 2011). "Carlos Miele — Fashion and Art" (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/10/fashion/10iht-rcarlos.html) . November 9, 2011 . New York Times . Retrieved November 23, 2011 . External links [ edit ] Carlos Miele (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/carlos-miele/) at FMD (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International FAST (http://id.worldcat.org/fast/487778/) ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000044758666) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/71070192) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv4QgtYRKGPmM6FGvvHC) National United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002113556) Other SNAC (https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62j7gzz) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5f85d49c4f‐44sml Cached time: 20240722082522 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.498 seconds Real time usage: 0.984 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2096/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29589/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1516/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51568/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.308/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6847790/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 615.353 1 -total 37.81% 232.656 1 Template:Reflist 27.18% 167.249 4 Template:Cite_news 23.09% 142.074 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 15.22% 93.632 1 Template:Authority_control 14.75% 90.745 1 Template:Short_description 8.08% 49.718 2 Template:Pagetype 7.09% 43.647 16 Template:Main_other 6.27% 38.588 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 6.03% 37.078 7 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33848698-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722082522 and revision id 1230354444. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Miele&oldid=1230354444 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Miele&oldid=1230354444) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Brazilian fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_fashion_designers) High fashion brands (/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) Brazilian people of Italian descent (/wiki/Category:Brazilian_people_of_Italian_descent) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Articles with FAST identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers) Articles with ISNI identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers) Articles with VIAF identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers) Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_WorldCat_Entities_identifiers) Articles with LCCN identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers) Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers) Year of birth missing (living people) (/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people))
|
Miniature fashion display Théâtre de la Mode exhibit of doll-like mannequins wearing 1946 French couture clothing and accessories. Théâtre de la Mode (Theatre of Fashion) was a 1945–1946 touring exhibit of fashion mannequins created at approximately 1/3 the size of human scale, and crafted by top Paris fashion designers.It was created to raise funds for war survivors and to help revive the French fashion industry in the aftermath of World War II. While raising funds, Théâtre de la Mode was also meant to showcase the work of Parisian couturiers. The original Théâtre de la Mode exhibit toured Europe and then the United States, and is now part of the permanent collections of the Maryhill Museum of Art (/wiki/Maryhill_Museum_of_Art) in Washington state (/wiki/Washington_(state)) in the United States. In addition to its fundraising and industry revival goals, the Théâtre de la Mode exhibit played a significant role in promoting French fashion internationally. The miniature mannequins and exquisite designs showcased the creativity and craftsmanship of Parisian couturiers, attracting attention and admiration from fashion enthusiasts worldwide. The exhibit's subsequent journey to the United States helped solidify the global influence of French fashion and contributed to the post-war cultural exchange between Europe and America. [1] (#cite_note-Maryhillweb-1) Origins [ edit ] The French fashion industry (/wiki/French_fashion) was an important economic and cultural force in Paris when World War II began. There were 70 registered couture houses (/wiki/Haute_couture) in Paris, and many other smaller designers. The war had a severe impact on the industry. Couturiers and buyers fled occupied France or closed their businesses. Clothing businesses that struggled to remain open had to deal with extreme shortages of cloth, thread, and other sewing supplies. The occupying Germans (/wiki/German_occupation_of_France_during_World_War_II) intended to displace Paris with Berlin as a centre of European fashion design. The Nazi regime planned to turn Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) and Vienna (/wiki/Vienna) into the centres of European couture, with head offices there and an official administration, introducing subsidies for German clothing makers, and demanding that important people in the French fashion industry be sent to Germany to establish a dressmaking school there. [2] (#cite_note-Kawamura45-2) Couture's place in France's economy was key to this plan: an exported dress made by one of France's leading couturiers was said to be worth "ten tonnes of coal", and a litre of fine French perfume was worth "two tonnes of petrol". [3] (#cite_note-Kawamura46-3) French fashion was also not only important economically, it was a vital part of France's national cultural identity. French designers resisted the Nazi regime's plans; Lucien Lelong (/wiki/Lucien_Lelong) , president of the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne , proclaimed, 'It is in Paris or it is nowhere'. [4] (#cite_note-4) A worker from Reboux, one of Paris's largest milliners (/wiki/Milliner) , later said of the attitude of the fashion industry during the German occupation: We wore large hats to raise our spirits. Felt gave out, so we made them out of chiffon. Chiffon was no more. All right, take straw. No more straw? Very well, braided paper.... Hats have been a sort of contest between French imagination and German regulation.... We wouldn't look shabby and worn out; after all, we were Parisiennes . [3] (#cite_note-Kawamura46-3) After Paris was liberated, the idea for a miniature theatre of fashion came from Robert Ricci, son of couturier Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(designer)) . All materials were in short supply at the end of World War II, and Ricci proposed using miniature mannequins, or fashion dolls (/wiki/Fashion_doll) , to address the need to conserve textiles, leather, fur, fibers, and so on. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) The mannequins were 27.5 inches (700 mm) tall, fabricated of wire. Some 60 Paris couturiers amongst them Nina Ricci (/wiki/Nina_Ricci_(designer)) , Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) , Germaine Lecomte (/wiki/Germaine_Lecomte) , Mad Carpentier (/wiki/Mad_Carpentier) , Martial & Armand, Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) , Philippe & Gaston (/wiki/Philippe_%26_Gaston) , Madeleine Vramant (/wiki/Madeleine_Vramant) , Jeanne Lanvin (/wiki/Jeanne_Lanvin) , Marie-Louise Bruyère (/wiki/Marie-Louise_Bruy%C3%A8re) and Pierre Balmain (/wiki/Pierre_Balmain) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) joined and volunteered their scrap materials and labour to create miniature clothes in new styles for the exhibit. Milliners created miniature hats, hairstylists gave the mannequins individual coiffures, and jewellers such as Van Cleef and Arpels (/wiki/Van_Cleef_and_Arpels) and Cartier (/wiki/Cartier_SA) contributed small necklaces and accessories. Some seamstresses even crafted miniature undergarments to go under the couture designs. Seamstresses carried their sewing machines (/wiki/Sewing_machine) around with them to complete work on the Théâtre de la Mode during Paris's post-War electricity shortages. [9] (#cite_note-HsuSeattle-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Historian Lorraine McConaghy points out the level of detail in the clothing: The meticulous attention to details is so striking ... The buttons really button. The zippers really zip. The handbags have little stuff – little wallets, little compacts – inside them. [9] (#cite_note-HsuSeattle-9) Once work was completed on the Théâtre de la Mode , it became a touring exhibition of 237 doll-size figurines in 15 elaborate artist-created sets. [11] (#cite_note-11) It opened at the Louvre (/wiki/Louvre) in Paris on 28 March 1945, and was enormously popular, drawing 100,000 visitors and raising a million francs for war relief. With the success of the exhibit in Paris, the Théâtre de la Mode went on a tour of Europe, with shows in London, Leeds, Barcelona, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Vienna. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) To promote the exhibit abroad, a French government official wrote to the Ambassador of France in Britain: "France has little, alas to export, but she has her appreciation of beautiful things and the skill of her couture houses". [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) After touring Europe in 1945, the mannequins were outfitted with new clothes designed for the 1946 season and the exhibition traveled to the United States, where it was displayed in New York City and San Francisco in 1946. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [9] (#cite_note-HsuSeattle-9) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) After the final show, the mannequins were left behind in San Francisco, while the jewellery was returned to Paris. [5] (#cite_note-Kawamura47-5) [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) Restoration and later tours [ edit ] Tribute to René Clair: I Married a Witch , Jean Cocteau (/wiki/Jean_Cocteau) (1945), a restored set design for the Théâtre de la Mode. The Maryhill Museum of Art (/wiki/Maryhill_Museum_of_Art) in the United States acquired the mannequins in 1952 through a donation by art patron Alma de Bretteville Spreckels (/wiki/Alma_de_Bretteville_Spreckels) . The original sets accompanying the dolls, which had been crafted by such artists as Christian Bérard (/wiki/Christian_B%C3%A9rard) , Jean Saint-Martin (/w/index.php?title=Jean_Saint-Martin&action=edit&redlink=1) , Georges Wakhevitch (/wiki/Georges_Wakhevitch) and Jean Cocteau (/wiki/Jean_Cocteau) , were lost before the Maryhill acquired the exhibit. In 1988, Paris's Musée de la Mode et du Textile (/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Mode_et_du_Textile) undertook an extensive restoration of the mannequins and painstakingly recreated the sets. [12] (#cite_note-Phoenix2011-12) The Théâtre de la Mode still exhibits at the Maryhill Museum of Art by rotating selections from the complete series of mannequins and sets. Parts of the Théâtre de la Mode also tour art and fashion museums throughout the United States and worldwide. [1] (#cite_note-Maryhillweb-1) Impact on fashion, art, and culture [ edit ] The art and aesthetics of Théâtre de la Mode have had lasting influence on the worlds of fashion, contemporary art, and design. In the late 1980s, the designer BillyBoy* (/wiki/BillyBoy*) organized an exhibition tour Le Nouveau Théâtre de la Mode (New Theatre of Fashion) sponsored by Mattel (/wiki/Mattel) with Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) dolls dressed by contemporary fashion designers. Town & Country (/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)) magazine reports that seminal fashion designer Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) likely contributed design work to Théâtre de la Mode , and that Dior's Couture Collection was influenced by the display. [13] (#cite_note-13) The Bold Doll reports that Robert Tonner, founder of the Tonner Doll Company (/wiki/Tonner_Doll_Company) , received design inspiration in Théâtre de la Mode when creating a wide-ranging collection of contemporary dolls; these include a limited series of dolls featuring delicate embroidery and beading for FAO Schwarz (/wiki/FAO_Schwarz) in 2001, and a doll wearing a short dance dress for the 2003 Paris Fashion Doll Festival. [14] (#cite_note-14) The Barry Art Museum’s 2021 exhibition Karen LaMonte: Théâtre de la Mode highlights sculptures created by American artist Karen LaMonte (/wiki/Karen_LaMonte) and inspired by the original wire doll display. Works include LaMonte’s Études , miniature sculptures that depict elegant evening dresses with the wearer absent. LaMonte’s works are displayed on sets built by the Old Dominion University (/wiki/Old_Dominion_University) Theater Department alongside several of the original French figurines on loan from the Maryhill Museum (/wiki/Maryhill_Museum_of_Art) . [15] (#cite_note-15) W magazine writes that, in 2020, fashion designer Maria Grazia Chiuri (/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Chiuri) presented Dior's haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) line in a miniature display inspired by Théâtre de la Mode. [16] (#cite_note-16) See also [ edit ] Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) France portal (/wiki/Portal:France) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) External links [ edit ] "Théâtre de la Mode photographs at the Maryhill Museum of Art" (http://www.maryhillmuseum.org/theatre-de-la-mode) . References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Théâtre de la Mode (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Mode) . ^ a b "Exhibits: Théâtre de la Mode" (http://www.maryhillmuseum.org/exhibits.html#theatre) . Maryhill Art Museum . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kawamura45_2-0) Kawamura, Yuniya (2004). The Japanese revolution in Paris fashion . Berg. p. 45. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-815-3 . ^ a b Kawamura, Yuniya (2004). The Japanese revolution in Paris fashion . Berg. p. 46. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-815-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Post-War & the Théâtre de la Mode" (http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1486_couture/postWar.php) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ a b c d e Kawamura, Yuniya (2004). The Japanese revolution in Paris fashion . Berg. p. 47. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-85973-815-3 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Staff writer (6 June 2011). "Théâtre de la Mode Dolls displaying the latest fashion from 1940s Paris" (http://thecuttingclass.com/post/6244480288/theatre-de-la-mode) . The Cutting Classe . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Brain, Denise. "Théâtre de la Mode, part IV: The Fashion Designers" (http://denisebrain.blogspot.fr/2010/04/theatre-de-la-mode-part-iv-fashion.html) . Denise Brain . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Staff writer. "1892 Doll" (http://metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/159255?=&imgno=0&tabname=label) . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . ^ a b c Hsu, Judy Chia Hui (16 March 2006). "MOHAI exhibit spotlights tiny fashion treasures from war-torn Paris" (http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/living/2002867665_mohaifash16.html) . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Charles-Roux, Edmonde & Susan Train (1991). Théâtre de la mode . Rizzoli in cooperation with the Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 56. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8478-1340-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Théâtre de la Mode : fashion dolls : the survival of haute couture . Charles-Roux, Edmonde,, Lottman, Herbert R.,, Garfinkel, Stanley,, Gasc, Nadine,, Schafroth, Colleen,, Long-Schleif, Betty (Second revised ed.). Portland, Oregon. 2002. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0935278567 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 50680983 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50680983) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) ) CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ a b c d e "Théâtre de la Mode" (http://www.phxart.org/exhibition/TheatredelaMode.php) . Phoenix Art Museum. 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hosken, Olivia (14 July 2020). "The Secret History of the Dolls That Inspired Dior's Couture Collection" (https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a33299889/dior-couture-2020-theatre-de-la-mode/) . Town & Country . Retrieved 8 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Théâtre de la Mode" (https://thebolddoll.com/vintage/theatre-de-la-mode/) . The Bold Doll . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Karen LaMonte: Théâtre de la Mode" (https://barryartmuseum.odu.edu/exhibition/karen-lamonte/) . Barry Art Museum . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Dior Opens Paris Couture Week With a Dreamy, Experimental Short Film" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/dior-opens-paris-couture-week-with-a-dreamy-experimental-short-film) . W Magazine . 6 July 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2021 . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐xwckf Cached time: 20240720182421 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.503 seconds Real time usage: 0.748 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1388/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32985/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1767/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 65566/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.332/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 26205031/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 683.071 1 -total 25.74% 175.837 1 Template:Lang 21.62% 147.669 11 Template:Cite_web 19.49% 133.136 1 Template:Short_description 15.28% 104.407 1 Template:Reflist 10.99% 75.067 6 Template:Main_other 10.59% 72.337 1 Template:SDcat 9.63% 65.813 1 Template:Commons_category 9.28% 63.373 1 Template:Sister_project 8.91% 60.891 1 Template:Side_box Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33878252-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182421 and revision id 1211533353. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Théâtre_de_la_Mode&oldid=1211533353 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Théâtre_de_la_Mode&oldid=1211533353) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) French fashion (/wiki/Category:French_fashion) 1940s in France (/wiki/Category:1940s_in_France) Fashion dolls (/wiki/Category:Fashion_dolls) Art exhibitions in the United States (/wiki/Category:Art_exhibitions_in_the_United_States) Art exhibitions in France (/wiki/Category:Art_exhibitions_in_France) Fashion exhibitions (/wiki/Category:Fashion_exhibitions) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher) CS1 maint: others (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from February 2021 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2021) Articles containing French-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text) Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata)
|
Lacemaking tradition and intangible cultural heritage of Croatia Lacemaking in Croatia UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) Lace from Pag Country Croatia (/wiki/Croatia) Reference 00245 (https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00245) Region Europe and North America (/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/ENA) Inscription history Inscription 2009 (4th session) List (/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity) Representative Lacemaking in Croatia ( Croatian (/wiki/Croatian_language) : Čipkarstvo u Hrvatskoj ) is a tradition dating back to the Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance) when lacemaking began spreading throughout the Mediterranean (/wiki/Mediterranean) [1] (#cite_note-lace-1) and continental Europe (/wiki/Europe) . Throughout the years, Croatian lace has become notable for its unique patterns and designs. In 2009, UNESCO (/wiki/UNESCO) recognised lacemaking in Croatia as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Today in Croatia, there are several centres of lacemaking tradition, most notably the Adriatic (/wiki/Adriatic_Sea) towns of Pag (/wiki/Pag_(town)) and Hvar (/wiki/Hvar_(town)) , the northern town of Lepoglava (/wiki/Lepoglava) , and the Sveta Marija (/wiki/Sveta_Marija) village in the Međimurje County (/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County) . Lace from Sveta Marija (/wiki/Sveta_Marija) Notable lace [ edit ] Pag Cathedral with local lace Pag: needle lace [ edit ] Main article: Pag lace (/wiki/Pag_lace) Pag lace is made by needle-point (/wiki/Needle_lace) and consists of spider web pattern embellishments and numerous geometrical motifs. The finished product is very firm, and unlike other Croatian laces, can be washed. Lace in Pag (/wiki/Pag_(town)) is still made today in the traditional fashion from centuries ago, and a school has opened to keep the lacemaking tradition alive. [3] (#cite_note-3) Lepoglava: bobbin lace [ edit ] Lace from Lepoglava Lepoglava lace is a closely worked bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) , with its structure consisting of a combination of stylized geometric, floral, and animal motifs and patterns. A flax or cotton thread is used, always in the color white, and comes in various shapes and sizes. Lacemaking in Lepoglava (/wiki/Lepoglava) began production in the late 19th century, reaching its "Golden Age" between the two World Wars. [4] (#cite_note-4) During this time, the lace won many competitions at international exhibitions: in Paris (/wiki/Paris) 1937 it won a gold medal, and two years later it won a bronze in Berlin (/wiki/Berlin) . [5] (#cite_note-5) This era was one of great prosperity for Lepoglava lace. An international lace festival is held in Lepoglava every year in September in honour of the town's lacemaking culture. [6] (#cite_note-6) Hvar: agave or aloe lace [ edit ] Hvar lace is unique in that the thread is collected from the aloe leaves of agave (/wiki/Agave) plants that grow on the island. [7] (#cite_note-7) The leaves are picked at a certain time of the year and are then specially processed to produce a thin, white thread. The Benedictine nuns in the town of Hvar (/wiki/Hvar_(city)) are the only ones who make the Hvar lace, which is also called "aloe lace". [8] (#cite_note-8) See also [ edit ] List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Croatia (/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Croatia) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-lace_1-0) "Lacemaking in Croatia; DOCUMENTS: Nomination for inscription on the Representative List in 2009" (http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00245) . UNESCO. 2009-09-28 . Retrieved 2011-11-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "UNESCO - Lacemaking in Croatia" (http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00245) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) HGK: Pag lace (http://www2.hgk.hr/znakovi/izvorno/Paska_cipka.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005107/http://www2.hgk.hr/znakovi/izvorno/Paska_cipka.asp) 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-4) Miroslav Gašparović & Marina Bagarić: Hidden treasure of the Museum of Arts and Crafts, Zagreb (/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_and_Crafts,_Zagreb) : selection from the museum holdings to mark the 125th anniversary of MUO. Zagreb, 2005. p211 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Povijest čipke (http://www.lepoglava-info.hr/festival-cipke/ocipki.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111108125215/http://www.lepoglava-info.hr/festival-cipke/ocipki.asp) 2011-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-6) 15th International Lace Festival, Lepoglava 2011 (http://www.lepoglava-info.hr/festival-cipke/lepoglavalace.asp) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111205160743/http://www.lepoglava-info.hr/festival-cipke/lepoglavalace.asp) 2011-12-05 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-7) United States Institute for Theatre Technology. "TD & T" , Volume 43, Issues 2-4, 2007. ^ (#cite_ref-8) The Lace from Hvar (http://www.lacecorner.com/hvar/history.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010429/http://www.lacecorner.com/hvar/history.aspx) 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) External links [ edit ] Lacemaking in Croatia (Video) (http://www.kultura.hr/eng/Multimedia/Video/UNESCO-Representative-List-of-the-Intangible-Cultural-Heritage-of-Humanity/Lacemaking-in-Croatia) at kultura.hr, Croatian Cultural Heritage project, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Croatia)) Lacemaking in Croatia: UNESCO (http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011&RL=00245) v t e UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Croatia (/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Croatia) Festival of Saint Blaise (/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise,_the_patron_of_Dubrovnik) Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale (/wiki/Istrian_scale) Klapa (/wiki/Klapa) multipart singing of Dalmatia, southern Croatia Lacemaking in Croatia Gingerbread craft (/wiki/Licitar) from Northern Croatia Međimurska popevka (/wiki/Me%C4%91imurska_popevka) , a folksong from Međimurje Nijemo kolo (/wiki/Nijemo_kolo) , silent circle dance of the Dalmatian hinterland Bećarac (/wiki/Be%C4%87arac) singing and playing from Eastern Croatia Sinjska alka (/wiki/Sinjska_alka) , a knights’ tournament in Sinj Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (/wiki/Spring_procession_of_Ljelje/Kraljice) (queens) from Gorjani Traditional manufacturing of children’s wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje (/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje) Procession Za križen (/wiki/Za_kri%C5%BEen) (‘following the cross’) on the island of Hvar Annual carnival bell ringers’ pageant (/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari) from the Kastav area Festivity of Saint Tryphon and the Kolo (/wiki/Kolo_(dance)) (chain dance) of Saint Tryphon, traditions of Croats from Boka Kotorska (Bay of Kotor) who live in the Republic of Croatia Shared Mediterranean diet (/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine) Art of dry stone (/wiki/Dry_stone) walling, knowledge and techniques Transhumance (/wiki/Transhumance) , the seasonal droving of livestock Lipizzan (/wiki/Lipizzan) horse breeding traditions Falconry (/wiki/Falconry) , a living human heritage Need of Urgent Safeguarding Ojkanje (/wiki/Ojkanje) singing Good Safeguarding Practices Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum Tocatì, a shared programme for the safeguarding of traditional games and sports v t e Lace (/wiki/Lace) types Needle lace (/wiki/Needle_lace) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Punto in Aria (/wiki/Punto_in_Aria) Point de Venise (/wiki/Point_de_Venise) Point de France (/wiki/Point_de_France) Alençon (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) Aemilia Ars (/w/index.php?title=Aemilia_Ars&action=edit&redlink=1) Argentan (/wiki/Argentan_lace) Argentella (/wiki/Argentella) Armenian (/wiki/Armenian_needlelace) Burano (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merletto%20di%20Burano) Halas lace (/wiki/Halas_lace) Hedebo embroidery (/wiki/Hedebo_embroidery) Hollie Point (/wiki/Hollie_Point) Nallıhan (/wiki/Nall%C4%B1han_silk_needlelace) Point de Gaze (/wiki/Point_de_Gaze) Kenmare Lace (/wiki/Kenmare_lace) Ñandutí (/wiki/%C3%91andut%C3%AD) Oya (/wiki/Oya_(lace)) Pag (/wiki/Pag_lace) Puncetto Valsesiano (/w/index.php?title=Puncetto_Valsesiano&action=edit&redlink=1) Tenerife (/wiki/Tenerife_lace) Youghal (/wiki/Youghal_lace) Embroidery (/wiki/Embroidery) Buratto (/wiki/Buratto) Filet lace (/wiki/Filet_lace) Reticella (/wiki/Reticella) Limerick (/wiki/Limerick_lace) Needlerun net (/wiki/Needlerun_net) Tambour (/wiki/Tambour_lace) Cutwork (/wiki/Cutwork) Broderie anglaise (/wiki/Broderie_anglaise) Carrickmacross (/wiki/Carrickmacross_lace) Lefkara lace (/wiki/Lefkara_lace) Saba lace (/wiki/Saba_lace) Bobbin lace (/wiki/Bobbin_lace) Mesh grounds (/wiki/Mesh_grounded_bobbin_lace) Torchon (/wiki/Torchon_lace) Freehand (/wiki/Freehand_lace) Arras (/wiki/Arras_lace) Bayeux (/wiki/Bayeux_lace) Beeralu (/w/index.php?title=Beeralu&action=edit&redlink=1) Blonde (/wiki/Blonde_lace) Bucks point (/wiki/Bucks_point_lace) Chantilly (/wiki/Chantilly_lace) Chefoo (/w/index.php?title=Chefoo_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Cogne (/wiki/Cogne_lace) Tønder (/wiki/T%C3%B8nder_lace) Beveren (/wiki/Beveren_lace) Lille (/wiki/Lille_lace) Binche (/wiki/Binche_lace) Flanders (/wiki/Flanders_lace) Paris (/wiki/Paris_lace) Valenciennes (/wiki/Valenciennes_lace) Antwerp (/wiki/Antwerp_lace) Mechlin (/wiki/Mechlin_lace) Ipswich (/wiki/Ipswich_lace) 's Gravenmoer (/w/index.php?title=%27s_Gravenmoer_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Mundillo (/wiki/Mundillo) Guipure (/wiki/Guipure) Greek (/wiki/Greek_lace) Genoese (/wiki/Genoese_lace) Bedfordshire (/wiki/Bedfordshire_lace) Cluny (/wiki/Cluny_lace) Dentelle du Puy (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentelle_du_Puy) Liptov (/wiki/Liptov) Maltese (/wiki/Maltese_lace) Yak lace (/wiki/Yak_lace) Part laces (/wiki/Part_lace) Honiton (/wiki/Honiton_lace) Bruges (/wiki/Bruges_lace) Brussels (/wiki/Brussels_lace) Rosaline (/wiki/Rosaline_lace) Point d'Angleterre (/wiki/Brussels_lace#Point_d'Angleterre) Tape (/wiki/Bobbin_tape_lace) Cantù (/w/index.php?title=Cant%C3%B9_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Milanese (/wiki/Milanese_bobbin_lace) Hinojosa (/w/index.php?title=Hinojosa_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Russian (/wiki/Russian_lace) Idrija (/wiki/Idrija_lace) Schneeberg (/wiki/Schneeberg_lace) Peasant (/w/index.php?title=Peasant_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Tape lace (/wiki/Tape_lace) Mezzopunto (/w/index.php?title=Mezzopunto&action=edit&redlink=1) Princess (/wiki/Princess_lace) Renaissance (/wiki/Renaissance_lace) Battenberg (/wiki/Battenberg_lace) Romanian point (/wiki/Romanian_point_lace) Branscombe (/wiki/Branscombe_lace) Crocheted lace (/wiki/Crocheted_lace) Broomstick lace (/wiki/Broomstick_lace) Irish crochet (/wiki/Irish_lace) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin_lace) Filet crochet (/wiki/Filet_crochet) Orvieto lace (/w/index.php?title=Orvieto_lace&action=edit&redlink=1) Machine (/wiki/Lace_machine) -made lace Bobbinet (/wiki/Bobbinet) Leavers (/wiki/Leavers_machine) Pusher (/wiki/Pusher_machine) Barmen (/wiki/Barmen_lace_machine) Curtain Machine (/wiki/Nottingham_lace_curtain_machine) Chemical (/wiki/Chemical_lace) Raschel (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Stocking Frame (/wiki/Stocking_frame) Warp Knit (/wiki/Warp_knitting) Other handmade laces Metal laces (/wiki/Metal_lace) Lace knitting (/wiki/Lace_knitting) Macramé (/wiki/Macram%C3%A9) Tatting (/wiki/Tatting) Punto a groppo (/wiki/Punto_a_groppo) Sprang (/wiki/Sprang) Liturgical lace (/wiki/Liturgical_lace) Media related to Lace (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lace) at Wikimedia Commons Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐fdg2k Cached time: 20240719061634 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.449 seconds Real time usage: 0.844 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 950/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47705/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 954/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28935/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.315/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13366128/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 506.858 1 -total 23.82% 120.736 1 Template:Lang-hr 23.17% 117.414 4 Template:Navbox 22.15% 112.253 1 Template:Reflist 17.77% 90.094 1 Template:Short_description 17.32% 87.796 1 Template:Intangible_heritage_of_Croatia 16.93% 85.794 2 Template:Cite_web 8.38% 42.495 1 Template:Infobox_intangible_heritage 7.98% 40.427 4 Template:Main_other 7.68% 38.928 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:33896126-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719061634 and revision id 1227431921. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacemaking_in_Croatia&oldid=1227431921 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lacemaking_in_Croatia&oldid=1227431921) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Lace (/wiki/Category:Lace) Textile arts of Croatia (/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_Croatia) Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (/wiki/Category:Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Articles containing Croatian-language text (/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Croatian-language_text)
|
Award ANDAM Awarded for Fashion Sponsored by French Ministry of Culture (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)) , Defi Mode Location Paris Country France (/wiki/France) First awarded 1989 Website www (http://www.andam.fr) .andam (http://www.andam.fr) .fr (http://www.andam.fr) ANDAM is a French fashion award established in 1989 by Nathalie Dufour as a joint venture between the French Ministry of Culture (/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)) and the Defi Mode fashion organisation. It has been recognised as a benchmark for designers, fashion professionals, and members of the international press, [1] (#cite_note-elleuk-1) and as a pathway for young designers hoping to enter the Paris Fashion Week (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) . [2] (#cite_note-voguelesnoms-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) The awards were originally restricted to Europeans living in France, but entry was extended to international candidates in 2005. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2011, a new First Collection Prize was introduced, providing a €60,000 grant to a French fashion company. In 2012, the value of the global awards was increased to €290,000, [5] (#cite_note-5) with a €60 000 L'Express Style prize being introduced. [2] (#cite_note-voguelesnoms-2) In 2018, the value of the global awards reached €430 000 with four prizes: the Grand Prix, the Creative Brand Prize, the Accessories Prize, and the Innovation Prize for designers, entrepreneur or start-ups willing to develop a project in France. The Innovation Prize recognises creative, innovative and technological solutions in the field of fashion design, production and distribution to develop an accountable and transparent fashion, taking into account economic, environmental and social issues. [2] (#cite_note-voguelesnoms-2) In the same year, Guillaume Houzé replaced Pierre Bergé as the president of the awards. [6] (#cite_note-galerieslafayette-6) [7] (#cite_note-bhv-7) Notable events [ edit ] 1989: Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) is the first winner. 1994: Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) win the fellowship. 1995: Christophe Lemaire wins the competition, going on to become artistic director for Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s_International) . 1998: Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) wins, going on to collaborate with Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) . 2000: Lutz Huelle (/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Huelle&action=edit&redlink=1) wins, going on to be Artistic Director for Jesús del Pozo (/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_del_Pozo) and working for Max Mara (/wiki/Max_Mara) and Brioni (brand) (/wiki/Brioni_(brand)) as well as being artistic director for his namesake brand Lutz Huelle (/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Huelle&action=edit&redlink=1) . He is also, since 2021, responsible for the Fashion Design Department at HEAD (/wiki/HEAD_Geneva) in Geneva. 2003: Anne-Valérie Hash wins, going on to work with Galeries Lafayette (/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette) . 2005: ANDAM opens its competition to international candidates not residing in France allowing Bernhard Willhelm (/wiki/Bernhard_Willhelm) to win the prize. Felipe Oliveira Baptista (/wiki/Felipe_Oliveira_Baptista) , former artistic director for Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste_(company)) , collaborates with LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) and Beams (/wiki/Beams_(brand)) (Japon). 2007: Bruno Pieters (/wiki/Bruno_Pieters) is financed by Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) and Fondation Pierre Bergé - Yves Saint Laurent. 2008: ANDAM creates a single international award totaling €150,000. Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) is the fellowship winner of this new edition. 2009: Creation of a second prize, the Young Fashion Designer Award, won by Ligia Diaz. Longchamp (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) collaborate with Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Bless and Charles Anastase, previous ANDAM winners. [8] (#cite_note-8) ANDAM celebrates its 20th anniversary. 2010: ANDAM organizes its first “fashion dinner” hosted by the French Minister of Culture, rue de Valois, surrounded by the major actors of the contemporary fashion scene. [9] (#cite_note-9) 2011: ANDAM awards Anthony Vaccarello (/wiki/Anthony_Vaccarello) with a €200,000 endowment, allowing him to create his French structure. The First Collection Award is introduced with Yiqing Yin (/wiki/Yiqing_Yin) winning a €60,000 endowment. [10] (#cite_note-10) 2012: ANDAM awards Julien David with a €230,000 endowment and Pièce d'Anarchive with a €60,000 grant. 2013: ANDAM awards Alexandre Mattiussi with a €250,000 endowment and Christine Phung (/wiki/Christine_Phung) with €75,000 and the First Collection Prize. [11] (#cite_note-11) 2014: ANDAM awards Iris Van Herpen with a €250,000 endowment and Sébastien Meyer with €75,000 and the First Collection Prize [12] (#cite_note-12) 2015: ANDAM awards Stéphane Ashpool with a €250,-00 endowment, the First Collection Prize Léa Peckre with €100,000 endowment and Accessories Prize Charlotte Chesnais with €50,000 endowment [13] (#cite_note-13) 2016: ANDAM awards Wanda Nylon with a €250,000 endowment, the First Collection Prize Atlein with €100,000 endowment and Accessories Prize Tomasini Paris with €50,000 endowment [14] (#cite_note-14) 2017: ANDAM awards Y/Project with a €250,000 endowment, AVOC with €100,000 First Collection Prize endowment, Ana Khouri with €50,000 Accessories Prize endowment and Euveka with €30,000 Innovation Prizeendowment [15] (#cite_note-15) 2018: ANDAM awards Atlein with a €250,000 endowment, the First Collection Prize Ludovic de Saint Sernin with €100,000 endowment, Accessories Prize D’Heygère with €50,000 endowment and Innovation Prize Colorifix with €30,000 endowment [16] (#cite_note-16) Fellowship winners [ edit ] 1989 Olivier Guillemin, Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) , Frédéric Molenac, Bridget Yorke 1990 Hélène Népomiatzi (31 Février), Franck-Joseph Bastille, Christophe Lemaire, Mariot Chanet (E2), Roelli Testu 1991 Jean Colonna, Véronique Leroy, José Lévy, Pascal Marais, Hervé Van Der Straeten 1992 Mahmoud Akram, Marie-Cécile Grossmann, Marthe Lagache, Jean Touitou (/wiki/Jean_Touitou) ( A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) ), Jft Yun 1993 Agathe Gonnet, Sami Tillouche 1994 Marc Le Bihan, Véronique Leroy, Viktor & Rolf (/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf) , Bridget Yorke 1995 Adeline André (/wiki/Adeline_Andr%C3%A9) , François-Marie Ascencio et Hélène Frain, Christophe Lemaire, Fred Sathal 1996 Lisa Astorino, Viviane Cazeneuve, Udo Edling, Cyd Jouny, Xuly Bët (/wiki/Xuly_B%C3%ABt) 1997 Shinichiro Arakawa, Elsa Esturgie, Erik Halley, Rodolphe Menudier (/wiki/Rodolphe_Menudier) , Darja Richter, Gilles Rosier 1998 Isabelle Ballu, Jerôme Dreyfuss, Sandrine Léonard, Benoît Méléard, Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Gaspard Yurkievich 1999 Bless, Pascal Humbert, Dorothée Perret, Jean-François Pinto, Carrie Rossman, Patrick Van Ommeslaeghe 2000 Alexandre & Matthieu, Lutz Huelle, Vincent Rubin, Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) , Andre Walker (/wiki/Andre_Walker_(designer)) 2001 Carel & Rubio, Vava Dudu et Fabrice Lorrain, Erik Halley, Laurent Mercier, Yukie Otsuki, Goran Y Pejkoski 2002 Sébastien D. Rodriguez, Dragovan, Thomas Engel Hart, Lutz Huelle, Tom Van Lingen 2003 Alexandre & Matthieu, Anne Valérie Hash (/wiki/Anne_Val%C3%A9rie_Hash) , Yvan Mispelaere, Felipe Oliveira Baptista (/wiki/Felipe_Oliveira_Baptista) , Vicente Rey, Yazbukey 2004 Charles Anastase, Bless 2005 Felipe Oliveira Baptista (/wiki/Felipe_Oliveira_Baptista) , Cathy Pill (/wiki/Cathy_Pill) , Marie Seguy, Bernhard Willhelm (/wiki/Bernhard_Willhelm) , Yazbukey 2006 Natalia Brilli, Jens Laugesen, Christian Wijnants 2007 Commuun, Richard Nicoll, Bruno Pieters (/wiki/Bruno_Pieters) , Toga 2008 Gareth Pugh (/wiki/Gareth_Pugh) 2009 Giles Deacon (/wiki/Giles_Deacon) , Ligia Dias 2010 Hakaan Yildirim 2011 Anthony Vaccarello (/wiki/Anthony_Vaccarello) , Yiqing Yin 2012 Julien David, Pièce d'Anarchive 2013 AMI, Christine Phung 2014 Iris Van Herpen, Coperni 2015 Stéphane Ashpool, Léa Peckre, Charlotte Chesnais 2016 Wanda Nylon, Atlein, Tomasini Paris 2017 Y/Project, AVOC, Ana Khouri, Euveka 2018 Atlein, Ludovic de Saint Sernin, D’Heygère, Colorifix See also [ edit ] List of fashion awards (/wiki/List_of_fashion_awards) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-elleuk_1-0) "Thomas Tait Talks Andam" (http://www.elleuk.com/fashion/news/thomas-tait-talks-andam) . Elle Magazine (/wiki/Elle_Magazine) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Les Noms Des Finalistes de Landam 2018 Grand Prix" (https://www.vogue.fr/mode/news-mode/diaporama/les-noms-des-finalistes-de-landam-2018-grand-prix-eckhaus-latta-a-cold-wall-atlein/50968) . Vogue Magazine (/wiki/Vogue_Magazine) . 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Prêt-à-Porter Spring 2012 Yiqing Yin (http://susantabak.com/articles/prt-porter-spring-2012-yiqing-yin) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111004091652/http://susantabak.com/articles/prt-porter-spring-2012-yiqing-yin) October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , A Susan Tabak article ^ (#cite_ref-4) "ANDAM 2012 | i-D Online" (http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120819164534/http://i-donline.com/2012/07/andam-2012/) . Archived from the original (http://i-donline.com/2012/07/andam-2012/) on 2012-08-19 . Retrieved 2012-12-19 . , A Michael Kowalinski article ^ (#cite_ref-5) [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20120709054506/http://www.style.com/stylefile/2012/07/julien-david-takes-the-andam/) , A Nicole Phelps article about 2012 ANDAM winners ^ (#cite_ref-galerieslafayette_6-0) "Galeries Lafayette" (https://www.galerieslafayette.com) . galerieslafayette.com . ^ (#cite_ref-bhv_7-0) "Le BHV Marais" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220408081052/https://www.bhv.fr/) . bhv.fr . Archived from the original (http://www.bhv.fr) on 2022-04-08 . Retrieved 2022-06-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Longchamp celebrates the 20th anniversary of ANDAM (http://www.thefashionspot.com/runway-news/news/21377-longchamp-celebrates-the-20th-anniversary-of-andam) , The Fashion Spot article ^ (#cite_ref-9) Le dîner de l'ANDAM (http://www.vogue.fr/sorties/on-y-etait/diaporama/le-diner-de-l-andam/6173/image/442208) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111108060635/http://www.vogue.fr/sorties/on-y-etait/diaporama/le-diner-de-l-andam/6173/image/442208) 2011-11-08 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , a Vogue Paris report about the ANDAM dinner ^ (#cite_ref-10) Speech ofFrédéric Mitterrand, French Minister of Culture, on the occasion of the ANDAM Fashion Award 2011 ceremony (http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Espace-Presse/Discours/Discours-de-Frederic-Mitterrand-ministre-de-la-Culture-et-de-la-Communication-prononce-a-l-occasion-de-la-remise-du-prix-de-l-ANDAM) Archived (https://archive.today/20130924192315/http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Espace-Presse/Discours/Discours-de-Frederic-Mitterrand-ministre-de-la-Culture-et-de-la-Communication-prononce-a-l-occasion-de-la-remise-du-prix-de-l-ANDAM) September 24, 2013, at archive.today (/wiki/Archive.today) , French Minister of Culture official website ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Fashion & Style Tips - Farfetch Fashion Feed" (http://www.style.com/peopleparties/parties/scoop/fashionweek-100413_ANDAM_Party/) . ^ (#cite_ref-12) http://en.vogue.fr/fashion/fashion-news/diaporama/the-winners-of-andam-2014/19430 (http://en.vogue.fr/fashion/fashion-news/diaporama/the-winners-of-andam-2014/19430) [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-13) "And the ANDAM Winners Are…" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/andam-2015-winners) . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "ANDAM Fashion Award 2016" (https://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-talents/contest-opportunities/2016/07/07/andam-fashion-award-winners-atlein-wanda-nylon-tomasini-paris/) . 7 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Y/Project Wins ANDAM Award" (https://www.vogue.com/article/andam-prize-2017-y-project-wins) . 30 June 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Atlein is the winner of the ANDAM award 2018" (https://en.vogue.fr/fashion/fashion-news/story/atlein-is-the-winner-of-the-andam-award-2018/2904#3-3) . 29 June 2018. External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.andam.fr) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5cff68b999‐ccknl Cached time: 20240709022730 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.278 seconds Real time usage: 0.380 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1634/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 21625/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1502/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41443/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.164/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5362120/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 348.136 1 -total 49.02% 170.667 1 Template:Reflist 41.34% 143.906 1 Template:Infobox_award 23.63% 82.248 2 Template:Cite_news 20.27% 70.577 1 Template:Infobox 15.07% 52.458 1 Template:Short_description 9.06% 31.557 1 Template:Dead_link 8.34% 29.027 2 Template:Pagetype 7.28% 25.346 1 Template:Fix 7.11% 24.743 8 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34214847-0!canonical and timestamp 20240709022730 and revision id 1215436018. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANDAM&oldid=1215436018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANDAM&oldid=1215436018) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links) Webarchive template archiveis links (/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links) All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from June 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2020) Articles with permanently dead external links (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata)
|
American model Yvette Prieto Born ( 1978-03-26 ) March 26, 1978 (age 46) Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) Nationality Cuban, American Occupation Model (/wiki/Model_(person)) Height 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) Spouse Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) ( m. 2013) Children 2 Yvette Prieto (born March 26, 1978) is a Cuban-American model. [1] (#cite_note-1) She has modeled for designer Alexander Wang (/wiki/Alexander_Wang_(designer)) [2] (#cite_note-Access_Hollywood-2) and appeared in the documentary Cuba: An Island Apart as herself. Early life [ edit ] Yvette Prieto was born on March 26, 1978, in Cuba (/wiki/Cuba) to Carlos and Maria Prieto. [3] (#cite_note-3) She grew up in Miami, Florida (/wiki/Miami,_Florida) . [4] (#cite_note-4) Personal life [ edit ] Yvette dated Julio Iglesias Jr. (/wiki/Julio_Iglesias_Jr.) in the early 2000s. [5] (#cite_note-People-5) In addition to modeling, she worked for her parents' company, at a hospital, and in real estate. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Yvette met basketball (/wiki/Basketball) legend Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) while at a Miami nightclub in 2008. [8] (#cite_note-People_meeting-8) They moved in together in 2009 [5] (#cite_note-People-5) and were engaged over Christmas in 2011. [9] (#cite_note-WCNC-9) Prieto married Jordan on April 27, 2013, at the Episcopal Church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea (/wiki/Bethesda-by-the-Sea) . [8] (#cite_note-People_meeting-8) Her wedding gown was designed by J'Aton Couture (/wiki/J%27Aton_Couture) ; [5] (#cite_note-People-5) celebrities Usher (/wiki/Usher_(musician)) and Robin Thicke (/wiki/Robin_Thicke) sang at the reception. [5] (#cite_note-People-5) She gave birth to twin daughters on February 9, 2014. [2] (#cite_note-Access_Hollywood-2) Yvette is stepmother to Jordan's three children from his previous marriage to Juanita Vanoy. [5] (#cite_note-People-5) Yvette's brother, Carlos Prieto, runs a sneaker store in Miami. [10] (#cite_note-10) See also [ edit ] Florida portal (/wiki/Portal:Florida) Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) List of Cuban Americans (/wiki/List_of_Cuban_Americans) List of people from Miami (/wiki/List_of_people_from_Miami) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Michael Jordan engaged to model Prieto" (https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/7401056/charlotte-bobcats-owner-michael-jordan-engaged-model-yvette-prieto) . ESPN Article . ESPN / Associated Press. December 29, 2011 . Retrieved May 12, 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Yvette Prieto Jordan: 5 Things To Know About Michael Jordan's Wife & Baby Mama" (http://www.accesshollywood.com/articles/yvette-prieto-jordan-5-things-to-know-about-michael-jordans-wife-baby-mama-143434/) . Access Hollywood. February 12, 2014 . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Genovario, Kevin (March 8, 2013). "Yvette Prieto: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know" (https://heavy.com/entertainment/2013/03/michael-jordan-marriage-yvette-prieto/) . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 9, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Chase, Chris (March 8, 2013). "Yvette Prieto is Michael Jordan's fiancee: Who is she?" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/gameon/2013/03/08/yvette-prieto-michael-jordan/1973755/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Retrieved February 6, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Billups, Andrea. "Yvette Prieto: 5 Things to Know About Michael Jordan's New Wife" (http://people.com/celebrity/yvette-prieto-married-michael-jordan-5-things-about-former-model/) . People . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Thompson, Wright. "OTL: Michael Jordan Has Not Left The Building" (http://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story?_slug_=michael-jordan-not-left-building&page=Michael-Jordan&redirected=true) . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 4, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Julio Iglesias Jr. e Yvette Prieto, dos enamorados en Miami" (https://www.hola.com/anteriores/2001/11/07/ho2988s1/) . www.hola.com (in Spanish). November 7, 2001 . Retrieved December 4, 2021 . ^ Jump up to: a b Garcia, Jennifer. "Michael Jordan Marries Model Yvette Prieto" (http://people.com/celebrity/michael-jordan-marries-yvette-prieto-in-florida/) . People . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-WCNC_9-0) Troop, Caleb. "Bobcats owner Michael Jordan is engaged" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130721032828/http://www.wcnc.com/sports/Report-Michael-Jordan-is-engaged-136377268.html) . WCNC. Archived from the original (http://www.wcnc.com/sports/Report-Michael-Jordan-is-engaged-136377268.html) on July 21, 2013 . Retrieved July 12, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Michael Jordan Celebrates Brother-in-Law Carlos Prieto's Wedding with Custom Concord Lows - SneakerNews.com" (https://sneakernews.com/2014/12/03/michael-jordan-celebrates-brother-law-carlos-prietos-wedding-custom-concord-lows/) . Sneaker News . December 4, 2014 . Retrieved May 3, 2020 . v t e Michael Jordan (/wiki/Michael_Jordan) Achievements (/wiki/List_of_career_achievements_by_Michael_Jordan) Main The Shot (/wiki/The_Shot) Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals (/wiki/Game_6_of_the_1998_NBA_Finals) 1982 NCAA Championship Game (/wiki/1982_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Championship_Game) Air Jordan (/wiki/Air_Jordan) ( Jumpman (/wiki/Jumpman_(logo)) ) Jordan Rules (/wiki/Jordan_Rules) Flu Game shoes (/wiki/Flu_Game_shoes) Last Dance shoes (/wiki/Last_Dance_shoes) Family James R. Jordan Sr. (/wiki/James_R._Jordan_Sr.) (father) Larry Jordan (/wiki/Larry_Jordan_(basketball)) (brother) Jeffrey Jordan (/wiki/Jeffrey_Jordan) (son) Marcus Jordan (/wiki/Marcus_Jordan) (son) Yvette Prieto (wife) Rakeem Christmas (/wiki/Rakeem_Christmas) (son-in-law) Books The Jordan Rules (/wiki/The_Jordan_Rules_(book)) (1992) When Nothing Else Matters (/wiki/When_Nothing_Else_Matters) (2004) Film and television ProStars (/wiki/ProStars) (1991) Space Jam (/wiki/Space_Jam) (1996) Michael Jordan: An American Hero (/wiki/Michael_Jordan:_An_American_Hero) (1999) Michael Jordan to the Max (/wiki/Michael_Jordan_to_the_Max) (2000) Like Mike (/wiki/Like_Mike) (2002) Like Mike 2: Streetball (/wiki/Like_Mike_2:_Streetball) (2006) The Last Dance (/wiki/The_Last_Dance_(miniseries)) (2020) Air (/wiki/Air_(2023_American_film)) (2023) Video games Jordan vs. Bird: One on One (/wiki/Jordan_vs._Bird:_One_on_One) (1988) Michael Jordan in Flight (/wiki/Michael_Jordan_in_Flight) (1993) Michael Jordan: Chaos in the Windy City (/wiki/Michael_Jordan:_Chaos_in_the_Windy_City) (1994) Space Jam (/wiki/Space_Jam_(video_game)) (1996) NBA 2K11 (/wiki/NBA_2K11) (2010) NBA 2K12 (/wiki/NBA_2K12) (2011) NBA 2K16 (/wiki/NBA_2K16) (2015) NBA 2K23 (/wiki/NBA_2K23) (2022) Other Michael Jordan statue (/wiki/Michael_Jordan_statue) Michael Jordan's Restaurant (/wiki/Michael_Jordan%27s_Restaurant) Michael Jordan's Steak House (/wiki/Michael_Jordan%27s_Steak_House) Michael Jackson (/wiki/Michael_Jackson) 's " Jam (/wiki/Jam_(Michael_Jackson_song)) " (1992) " Be Like Mike (/wiki/Be_Like_Mike) " (1992) " Second Generation (/wiki/Second_Generation_(advertisement)) " (2006) Buckethead (/wiki/Buckethead) 's " Jordan (/wiki/Jordan_(Buckethead_composition)) " (2009) Crying Jordan (/wiki/Crying_Jordan) 23XI Racing (/wiki/23XI_Racing) Category (/wiki/Category:Michael_Jordan) This biography article about a United States model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yvette_Prieto&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐g7dpl Cached time: 20240719204614 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.464 seconds Real time usage: 0.605 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2625/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41811/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3075/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 53711/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.306/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10265683/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 562.503 1 -total 38.11% 214.381 1 Template:Infobox_person 23.12% 130.027 1 Template:Reflist 19.08% 107.318 9 Template:Cite_web 14.89% 83.783 1 Template:Michael_Jordan 14.55% 81.838 1 Template:Navbox 12.15% 68.349 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text 10.19% 57.306 1 Template:Short_description 8.56% 48.156 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.17% 45.930 1 Template:Marriage Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34220827-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204614 and revision id 1235190667. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yvette_Prieto&oldid=1235190667 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yvette_Prieto&oldid=1235190667) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1979 births (/wiki/Category:1979_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American female models (/wiki/Category:American_female_models) 21st-century American women (/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women) American model stubs (/wiki/Category:American_model_stubs) Hidden categories: CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) (/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from November 2020 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2020) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles)
|
This article does not cite (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) any sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fiji_Fashion_Week) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence) . Find sources: "Fiji Fashion Week" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fiji+Fashion+Week%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fiji+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fiji+Fashion+Week%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fiji+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fiji+Fashion+Week%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fiji+Fashion+Week%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Fiji Fashion Week (FJFW) is run by Fashion Week (Fiji) Limited (FWL) a limited liability company incorporated in the Republic of Fiji (/wiki/Fiji) in January, 2009. History [ edit ] Fiji’s first ever Fashion Week was between the 4 to 6 December 2008 at the Hilton Hotel (/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts) in Denarau (/wiki/Denarau) . Fiji Fashion Week was founded by Donna Whippy. It is now currently run and managed by television presenter journalist and socialite Ellen Whippy-Knight. Knight took over from Ms Donna in 2009 and currently still manages FJFW 14 years on.. The 2009 event was then held between 3–6 December at Albert Park (/wiki/Albert_Park_(Suva)) in Suva (/wiki/Suva) . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.fijifashionweek.com.fj) v t e Fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) By location "Big four" New York (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week) London (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) Milan (/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week) Paris (/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week) Others Amsterdam (/wiki/Amsterdam_Fashion_Week) Australia (/wiki/Australian_Fashion_Week) Boston (/wiki/Boston_Fashion_Week) Brisbane (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Festival_Brisbane) Berlin (/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Fashion_Week) Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen_Fashion_Week) Detroit (/wiki/Detroit_Fashion_Week) India (/wiki/India_Fashion_Week) Jakarta (/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week) Kuala Lumpur (/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Fashion_Week) Lagos (/wiki/Lagos_Fashion_Week) Lahore and Karachi (/wiki/PFDC_Sunsilk_Fashion_Week) Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Fashion_Week) Madrid (/wiki/Madrid_Fashion_Week) Malta (/w/index.php?title=Malta_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Mexico City (/wiki/Fashion_Week_Mexico_City) Miami (/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Fashion_Week_Miami) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand_Fashion_Week) Ottawa (/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week) Port Harcourt, Nigeria (/wiki/Port_Harcourt_International_Fashion_Week) Rio de Janeiro (/wiki/Rio_Fashion_Week) São Paulo (/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week) Sibiu, Romania (/wiki/Feeric_Fashion_Week) Singapore (/wiki/Singapore_Fashion_Week) Shanghai (/wiki/Shanghai_Fashion_Week) Shenzhen (/w/index.php?title=Shenzhen_Fashion_Week&action=edit&redlink=1) Tbilisi (/wiki/Tbilisi_Fashion_Week) Toronto (/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week) Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week) Yangon, Myanmar (/wiki/Myanmar_International_Fashion_Week) See also List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐bt28b Cached time: 20240713005107 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.194 seconds Real time usage: 0.286 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 314/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20589/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 308/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 9794/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.132/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1670871/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 252.574 1 -total 39.71% 100.302 1 Template:Big_4_Fashion_Weeks 36.98% 93.407 1 Template:Navbox 28.29% 71.462 1 Template:Unreferenced 27.34% 69.066 1 Template:Ambox 17.32% 43.758 1 Template:Official_website 14.55% 36.750 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates 5.49% 13.855 1 Template:Find_sources_mainspace 4.69% 11.843 1 Template:DMCA 4.38% 11.073 1 Template:Portal-inline Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34523419-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713005107 and revision id 1080345106. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiji_Fashion_Week&oldid=1080345106 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiji_Fashion_Week&oldid=1080345106) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion events in Fiji (/wiki/Category:Fashion_events_in_Fiji) Recurring events established in 2008 (/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_2008) 2008 establishments in Fiji (/wiki/Category:2008_establishments_in_Fiji) Fashion weeks (/wiki/Category:Fashion_weeks) Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from August 2018 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2018) Articles lacking sources from February 2012 (/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_sources_from_February_2012) All articles lacking sources (/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_sources)
|
2003 film Imelda Directed by Ramona S. Diaz (/wiki/Ramona_Diaz) Produced by Ramona S. Diaz Kyra Sedgwick (/wiki/Kyra_Sedgwick) Meredith Bagby Valerie Stadler Starring Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) Imee Marcos (/wiki/Imee_Marcos) Bongbong Marcos (/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) Cinematography Ferne Pearlstein (/wiki/Ferne_Pearlstein) Edited by Leah Marino Music by Bob Aves Grace Nono (/wiki/Grace_Nono) Production company Big Swing Productions Distributed by Unitel Pictures (/wiki/Unitel_Pictures) Release date November 23, 2003 ( 2003-11-23 ) ( Amsterdam (/wiki/International_Documentary_Film_Festival_Amsterdam) ) Running time 103 minutes Countries Philippines United States Languages Filipino English Box office US$500,992 (worldwide) Imelda is a 2003 documentary film (/wiki/Documentary_film) co-produced and directed by Ramona S. Diaz (/wiki/Ramona_Diaz) about the life of Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) , former First Lady of the Philippines (/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines) . Beginning with her childhood, the film documents her marriage to future President of the Philippines (/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) Ferdinand Marcos (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) , her rule under the dictatorship, her exile in Hawaii (/wiki/Hawaii) and her eventual return to the Philippines. Reviews were largely favorable and it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award (Documentary) (/wiki/List_of_Sundance_Film_Festival_award_winners#2004) at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival (/wiki/2004_Sundance_Film_Festival) . Imelda outsold Spider-Man 2 (/wiki/Spider-Man_2) in the Philippines, but only took US$200,992 at the US box office with an additional US$300,000 worldwide. Reviews from critics are favorable with a 94% fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) and a 69/100 from Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Synopsis [ edit ] Diaz followed Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) , the former First Lady of the Philippines (/wiki/First_Spouse_of_the_Philippines) , for a month and interviewed her daughter Imee (/wiki/Imee_Marcos) and her son Ferdinand Jr. (/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) [1] (#cite_note-Threat-1) The film incorporates third party interviews and archive material; it recounts Imelda's life, including her marriage to her husband, Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) . [2] (#cite_note-boston-globe-2) Discussing the Marcos presidency, Imelda falsely claims that there were no human rights abuses in her country (/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines) ; [2] (#cite_note-boston-globe-2) she says that her husband abolished Congress (/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines) and declared martial law (/wiki/Martial_law_in_the_Philippines) in 1972 to protect democracy. [1] (#cite_note-Threat-1) She says that she took 3,000 pairs of shoes with her when she went into exile, and justifies her extravagant clothing by saying that it "inspired the poor to dress better". [1] (#cite_note-Threat-1) She also says that she had enormous museums and theaters constructed to enrich the lives of Filipinos. [1] (#cite_note-Threat-1) Imelda says in one vignette that she had met United States Army General (/wiki/General_of_the_Army) Douglas MacArthur (/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur) during his landing in Tacloban (/wiki/Tacloban) at the end of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) , and that McArthur insisted that she should perform for the composer Irving Berlin (/wiki/Irving_Berlin) , She sang " God Bless the Philippines (/wiki/God_Bless_America) " and when Berlin asked her why she sang the lyrics incorrectly she said, "what's the difference between America and the Philippines?" [3] (#cite_note-SF-3) The assassination attempt on Imelda and the assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. (/wiki/Assassination_of_Benigno_Aquino_Jr.) are featured in the film. [4] (#cite_note-Washington-4) Footage from parties held by the Marcos couple, including one during which actor George Hamilton (/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)) sang "I can't give you anything but love, Imelda", are also used in the film. [3] (#cite_note-SF-3) Release and reception [ edit ] Imelda Marcos in 2006 Imelda had its world premiere at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (/wiki/International_Documentary_Film_Festival_Amsterdam) and its North American premiere in the documentary competition of the 2004 Sundance Film Festival (/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival) , where it won the Excellence in Cinematography Award Documentary (/wiki/List_of_Sundance_Film_Festival_award_winners#2004) . [5] (#cite_note-Keen2004-5) The film was also screened at the Maryland Film Festival (/wiki/Maryland_Film_Festival) in Baltimore (/wiki/Baltimore) . American actor and producer Kyra Sedgwick (/wiki/Kyra_Sedgwick) and her production company, Big Swing Productions, produced the film along with American writer, publisher and producer Meredith Bagby and Valerie Stadler. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-Radio-7) Critical reviews were mostly favorable. [8] (#cite_note-Canoe-8) [2] (#cite_note-boston-globe-2) [9] (#cite_note-Phoenix-9) [10] (#cite_note-CSM-10) The film has a 94% fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) and a 69/100 from Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . [11] (#cite_note-Rotten-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) The website Film Threat (/wiki/Film_Threat) commended the film's treatment of the subject's flaws because it "allows her to describe them herself"; [1] (#cite_note-Threat-1) TV Guide (/wiki/TV_Guide) called Imelda "an entertaining storyteller". [13] (#cite_note-TV-13) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) said the film is "a devastating portrait" and equates the theme of Imelda with that of delusion and power. [14] (#cite_note-NY_Times-14) The San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) said it was "spellbinding". [3] (#cite_note-SF-3) Both the Chronicle and Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) consider the film balanced and even-handed. [3] (#cite_note-SF-3) [15] (#cite_note-Variety-15) Variety said that Imelda—who has been accustomed to public attention since her teenage years, was convinced that her charm and charisma would create a more favorable impression in the film than might otherwise be expected. It said that "her defenses of her husband and his regime are obviously filled with rationalizations and obfuscations". [15] (#cite_note-Variety-15) Other reviewers were more scathing, [1] (#cite_note-Threat-1) or note her distorted reality and the many contradictions with which she lives. [3] (#cite_note-SF-3) [15] (#cite_note-Variety-15) The film took US$200,992 at the box office in the United States. [16] (#cite_note-BoxOfficeMojo-16) Outside the US, the film received box office revenue of US$300,000 . [17] (#cite_note-17) In the United States, the film was shown on Public Broadcasting Service (/wiki/PBS) (PBS) as part of its documentary television series Independent Lens (/wiki/Independent_Lens) on May 10, 2005. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Philippine release [ edit ] The film was scheduled to be screened in the 2004 Cinemanila film festival (/wiki/Cinemanila_International_Film_Festival) [20] (#cite_note-philstar-imelda-loses-20) and on Philippine theaters in July 7, 2004, five days after Imelda Marcos's 75th birthday. [21] (#cite_note-philstar-makati-issues-tro-21) On June 16, Marcos filed suit against the distributor of the film to block its distribution. [22] (#cite_note-latimes-marcos-sues-22) Marcos contends that she was never informed that the interviews would be used in a documentary and never gave permission for the footage to be used in a commercial film. In a statement, she says: [22] (#cite_note-latimes-marcos-sues-22) All our lives, President Ferdinand Marcos and I were deeply committed to God, country and the Filipino people, but we are portrayed by the unauthorized 'Imelda' documentary with malice, inaccuracy and innuendos. Marcos obtained a temporary restraining order (/wiki/Temporary_restraining_order) on June 25 to stop the film's release [21] (#cite_note-philstar-makati-issues-tro-21) but the petition to ban the film was denied on July 12, when the court stated that, contrary to her claims, Marcos had signed a document permitting the release of the film. [23] (#cite_note-23) The restraining order lapsed the following day, and it was able to be shown in the film festival which was extended from July 12 to July 20 to accommodate other films that were not shown during its original schedule, besides Imelda . [24] (#cite_note-24) [20] (#cite_note-philstar-imelda-loses-20) When the injunction was canceled and the film was released, it earned more than Spider-Man 2 (/wiki/Spider-Man_2) and was considered a smash hit. [2] (#cite_note-boston-globe-2) The film was premiered on television through TV5 (/wiki/TV5_(Philippine_TV_network)) on February 24, 2009 and later re-aired on GMA News TV (/wiki/GMA_News_TV) on October 5, 2014. [25] (#cite_note-25) [26] (#cite_note-26) On February 1, 2022, the film's director Ramona Diaz made the film available for streaming online on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube) . [27] (#cite_note-27) [28] (#cite_note-28) See also [ edit ] Batas Militar (/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)) - a 1997 television documentary film about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos The Kingmaker (/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)) - a 2019 documentary film directed by Lauren Greenfield List of banned films (/wiki/List_of_banned_films#Philippines) List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos (/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Vonder Haar, Pete (January 28, 2004). "Imelda" (https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/imelda/) . Film Threat (/wiki/Film_Threat) . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Burr, Ty (August 6, 2004). "A walk in the shoes of Imelda Marcos" (https://archive.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2004/08/06/a_walk_in_the_shoes_of_imelda_marcos/) . The Boston Globe (/wiki/The_Boston_Globe) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20221229190856/http://archive.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2004/08/06/a_walk_in_the_shoes_of_imelda_marcos/) from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stein, Ruthe (June 11, 2004). "FILM CLIPS / Also opening today" (https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/FILM-CLIPS-Also-opening-today-2714685.php) . San Francisco Chronicle (/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle) . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Washington_4-0) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20171211163424/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51840-2004Jul15.html) 'Imelda': Don't Cry for Her" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171211163424/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51840-2004Jul15.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . July 16, 2004. Archived from the original (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51840-2004Jul15.html) on December 11, 2017 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Keen2004_5-0) Keen, Adam (October 1, 2004). Film Review 2004–2005: The Definitive Film Yearbook . Reynolds & Hearn. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781903111871 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Berger, Laura (December 14, 2018). "Kyra Sedgwick Launches Production Company, Announces Film and TV Slate" (https://womenandhollywood.com/kyra-sedgwick-launches-production-company-announces-film-and-tv-slate/) . WomenAndHollywood.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220214171540/https://womenandhollywood.com/kyra-sedgwick-launches-production-company-announces-film-and-tv-slate/) from the original on February 14, 2022 . Retrieved February 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Radio_7-0) "Imelda (2003)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220214171537/https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-0pyq5x/imelda/) . Radio Times . Archived from the original (https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-0pyq5x/imelda/) on February 14, 2022 . Retrieved February 14, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Canoe_8-0) Kirkland, Bruce (December 1, 2004). "Walk in her shoes" (https://archive.today/20140108154738/http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Reviews/I/Imelda/2004/10/01/753227.html) . Canoe.ca . Archived from the original on January 8, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . {{ cite news (/wiki/Template:Cite_news) }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) ) ^ (#cite_ref-Phoenix_9-0) Keough, Peter (August 2004). "Imelda" (https://bostonphoenix.com/boston/movies/trailers/documents/04031643.asp) . Boston Phoenix (/wiki/Boston_Phoenix) . Archived (http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/movies/trailers/documents/04031643.asp) from the original on March 31, 2013 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-CSM_10-0) "Movie guide" (https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0618/p14s01-almo.html) . Christian Science Monitor (/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor) . June 18, 2004. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0882-7729 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729) . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rotten_11-0) "Imelda" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140108133132/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/imelda/reviews/) . Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) . Archived from the original (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/imelda/reviews/) on January 8, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Imelda" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140422184551/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/imelda/critic-reviews) . Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) . Archived from the original (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/imelda/critic-reviews) on April 22, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-TV_13-0) "Imelda" (https://www.tvguide.com/movies/imelda/review/2000022953/) . TV Guide (/wiki/TV_Guide) . January 8, 2014 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-NY_Times_14-0) Holden, Stephen (June 9, 2004). "For a Regal Pariah, Despite It All, the Shoe Is Never on the Other Foot]" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181109235007/http://movies2.nytimes.com/2004/06/09/movies/09MARC.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1389171396-%2F7gkQ6VPu8tcFczLldDQ5g) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived from the original (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/09/movies/film-review-for-regal-pariah-despite-it-all-shoe-never-other-foot.html) on November 9, 2018 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b c McCarthy, Todd (March 18, 2004). "Imelda" (https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/imelda-2-1200534445/) . Variety . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-BoxOfficeMojo_16-0) "Imelda" (https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1348175361/weekend/) . Box Office Mojo (/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131030072650/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=imelda.htm) from the original on October 30, 2013 . Retrieved January 8, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Imelda" (http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Imelda) . The Numbers (/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)) . Nash Information Services. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140227190550/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Imelda) from the original on February 27, 2014 . Retrieved February 20, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Imelda - About the Documentary" (https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/imelda/) . Independent Lens . PBS. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220629015125/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/imelda/) from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved June 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Imelda" (https://itvs.org/films/imelda) . Independent Television Service (/wiki/Independent_Television_Service) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220808105532/https://itvs.org/films/imelda) from the original on August 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 29, 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Dizon, Nikko (July 14, 2004). "Imelda loses legal battle to block screening of film" (https://www.philstar.com/metro/2004/07/14/257474/imelda-loses-legal-battle-block-screening-film) . Philstar.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230225074231/https://www.philstar.com/metro/2004/07/14/257474/imelda-loses-legal-battle-block-screening-film) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Macairan, Evelyn. "Makati RTC issues TRO vs Imelda biopic" (https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2004/06/25/255241/makati-rtc-issues-tro-vs-imelda-biopic) . Philstar.com . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230225074244/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2004/06/25/255241/makati-rtc-issues-tro-vs-imelda-biopic) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b Paddock, Richard C.; Munoz, Lorenza (June 16, 2004). "Marcos' Widow Sues Over 'Imelda' (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-16-fg-imelda16-story.html) " (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-16-fg-imelda16-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230225074231/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-16-fg-imelda16-story.html) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Imelda Marcos can't stop film" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jul-13-et-quick13.3-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . July 13, 2004. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230225074230/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jul-13-et-quick13.3-story.html) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Cinemanila: Films you almost failed to see" (https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2004/07/03/256145/cinemanila-films-you-almost-failed-see) . Philstar.com . July 3, 2004. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230225074229/https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2004/07/03/256145/cinemanila-films-you-almost-failed-see) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Docu on Imelda Marcos airs on TV5 tonight, Feb 24" (https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/3447/docu-on-imelda-marcos-airs-on-tv5-tonight-feb-24) . Philippine Entertainment Portal . February 24, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220629014622/https://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/3447/docu-on-imelda-marcos-airs-on-tv5-tonight-feb-24) from the original on June 29, 2022 . Retrieved June 29, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) " (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/381733/newstv/newstvspecials/imelda-documentary-by-ramona-diaz-airs-on-gma-news-tv) 'Imelda' documentary by Ramona Diaz airs on GMA News TV" (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/381733/newstv/newstvspecials/imelda-documentary-by-ramona-diaz-airs-on-gma-news-tv) . GMA News Online (/wiki/GMA_News_and_Public_Affairs) . October 1, 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141106080321/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/381733/newstv/newstvspecials/imelda-documentary-by-ramona-diaz-airs-on-gma-news-tv) from the original on November 6, 2014 . Retrieved June 22, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Licsi, Ayie. "Here's where you can watch Ramona Diaz's award-winning Sundance film 'Imelda' (https://philstarlife.com/geeky/333344-where-to-watch-ramona-diaz-imelda) " (https://philstarlife.com/geeky/333344-where-to-watch-ramona-diaz-imelda) . Philstar Life . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230225074247/https://philstarlife.com/geeky/333344-where-to-watch-ramona-diaz-imelda) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 25, 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Imelda (Documentary film). CineDiaz. 2003. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220622060040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBS7A_-bnwA) from the original on June 22, 2022 . Retrieved June 22, 2022 – via YouTube. External links [ edit ] Imelda at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) Imelda at AllMovie (/wiki/AllMovie) Imelda at Rotten Tomatoes (/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes) Imelda (https://www.metacritic.com/movie/imelda) at Metacritic (/wiki/Metacritic) Imelda at Box Office Mojo (/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo) Imelda on YouTube (/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Film (/wiki/Portal:Film) Philippines (/wiki/Portal:Philippines) Politics (/wiki/Portal:Politics) v t e Ferdinand (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) and Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Imelda_Marcos) 10th (/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines) President of the Philippines (/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines) and 10th First Lady of the Philippines (/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_Philippines) Family Josefa Edralin & Mariano Marcos (/wiki/Mariano_Marcos) and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents) Imee (/wiki/Imee_Marcos) , Bongbong (/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos) , Irene (/wiki/Irene_Marcos-Araneta) & Aimee (/wiki/Aimee_Marcos) (children) Pacifico Marcos (/wiki/Pacifico_Marcos) , Pio Marcos and Quirino Lizardo (relatives) Education University of the Philippines (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines) and U.P. College of Law (/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Law) (Ferdinand) St. Paul's College of Tacloban (/wiki/Divine_Word_University_of_Tacloban) and Philippine Women's University (/wiki/Philippine_Women%27s_University) (Imelda) Political career Pi Gamma Mu (/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Mu) Military career (/wiki/Military_career_of_Ferdinand_Marcos) Nacionalista Party (/wiki/Nacionalista_Party) 2nd district of Ilocos Norte (1949–1959) (/wiki/Ilocos_Norte%27s_2nd_congressional_district) President of the Senate of the Philippines (/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines) Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan) Marcos propaganda (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality) Presidency (1965–1986) Vietnam War (/wiki/Vietnam_War) Moro conflict (/wiki/Moro_conflict) Sabah claim (/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute) Operation Merdeka and Jabidah massacre (/wiki/Jabidah_massacre) Establishment of the MNLF (/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front) Manili massacre (/wiki/Manili_massacre) 1976 Tripoli Agreement (/wiki/1976_Tripoli_Agreement) Pata Island massacre (/wiki/Pata_Island_massacre) ASEAN Declaration (/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration) Communist Party of the Philippines (/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines) New People's Army (/wiki/New_People%27s_Army) Communist armed conflicts (/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines) 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis (/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis) First Quarter Storm (/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm) 1971 constitutional convention (/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_of_1971) Plaza Miranda bombing (/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing) Proclamation No. 1081 (/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081) New Society (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos#Bagong_Lipunan_(New_Society)) Rolex 12 (/wiki/Rolex_12) Integrated Reorganization Plan (https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/09/24/presidential-decree-no-1-s-1972/) 1973 constitution (/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines) Palimbang massacre (/wiki/Palimbang_massacre) Green Revolution (/wiki/Green_Revolution) Thrilla in Manila (/wiki/Thrilla_in_Manila) Metro Manila (/wiki/Metro_Manila) Tictapul massacre (/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines#Tictapul) Creation of the Municipality of Kalayaan (/wiki/Kalayaan,_Palawan#Presidential_Decree_1596) Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa (/wiki/Isang_Bansa,_Isang_Diwa) Assassination of Ninoy Aquino (/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino) 1980s debt crisis (/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines#Debt-driven_growth,_1970-1983) Binondo Central Bank (/wiki/Binondo_Central_Bank) Negros famine (/wiki/Negros_famine) Escalante massacre (/wiki/Escalante_massacre) Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship (/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)) Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship (/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship) NAMFREL (/wiki/National_Citizens%27_Movement_for_Free_Elections) People Power Revolution (/wiki/People_Power_Revolution) Post-presidency 1st district of Leyte (1995–1998) (/wiki/Leyte%27s_1st_congressional_district) Operation Big Bird (/wiki/Operation_Big_Bird) Burial (/wiki/Burial_of_Ferdinand_Marcos) Historical distortion (/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos) Solid North (/wiki/Solid_North) Kleptocracy (/wiki/Kleptocracy) Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family (/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family) Marcos mansions (/wiki/Marcos_mansions) Marcos jewels (/wiki/Marcos_jewels) Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family (/wiki/Overseas_landholdings_of_the_Marcos_family) Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal (/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal) Coco Levy Fund scam (/wiki/Coco_Levy_Fund_scam) Golden Buddha theft (/wiki/Rogelio_Roxas) BNPP kickbacks (/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Controversy) Controversies Human rights abuses (/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship) Fake war claims and fake medals (/wiki/Military_career_of_Ferdinand_Marcos) Cronies (/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos) Edifice complex (/wiki/Edifice_complex) Cult of personality (/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality) Death of Alfie Anido (/wiki/Alfie_Anido) Affair with Dovie Beams (/wiki/Dovie_Beams) Murder of Archimedes Trajano (/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano) Manila Film Center disaster (/wiki/Manila_Film_Center#1981_construction_deaths) Elections 1949 (/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election) 1963 (/wiki/1963_Philippine_Senate_election) 1965 (/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election) 1967 (/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election) 1969 (/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election) 1970 (/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election) 1971 (/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election) 1973 (Jan) (/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite) 1973 (Jul) (/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum) 1975 (KB) (/wiki/1975_Philippine_Kabataang_Barangay_elections) 1975 (SB) (/wiki/1975_Philippine_Sangguniang_Bayan_elections) 1975 (/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum) 1976 (/wiki/1976_Philippine_martial_law_referendum_and_constitutional_plebiscite) 1977 (/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum) 1978 (/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election) 1979 (SP) (/wiki/1979_Sangguniang_Pampook_elections) 1980 (KB) (/wiki/1980_Philippine_Kabataang_Barangay_elections) 1981 (Apr) (/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite) 1981 (Jun) (/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum) 1982 (B) (/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections) 1984 parliamentary (/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election) 1984 plebiscite (/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite) 1986 (/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election) 1992 (/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election) 1995 (/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election) 1998 (/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election) 2010 (/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election) 2013 (/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election) 2016 (/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election) Bongbong Marcos vice presidential campaign (/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_2016_presidential_campaign) 2019 (/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election) 2022 (/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election) Bongbong Marcos presidential campaign (/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos_2022_presidential_campaign) Cultural depictions Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story) (/wiki/Iginuhit_ng_Tadhana_(The_Ferdinand_E._Marcos_Story)) Kumander Dante (/wiki/Kumander_Dante_(film)) A Dangerous Life (/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life) Batas Militar (/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)) Chavit (/wiki/Chavit_(film)) Here Lies Love (/wiki/Here_Lies_Love) The Kingmaker (/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)) Maid in Malacañang (/wiki/Maid_in_Malaca%C3%B1ang) Martyr or Murderer (/wiki/Martyr_or_Murderer) ← Diosdado Macapagal (/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal) Corazon Aquino → (/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) Category (/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_Marcos) v t e Ramona S. Diaz (/wiki/Ramona_Diaz) filmography Imelda (2003) Don't Stop Believin': Everyman's Journey (/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_Believin%27:_Everyman%27s_Journey) (2012) A Thousand Cuts (/wiki/A_Thousand_Cuts) (2020) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65cd9779b7‐sx46l Cached time: 20240722092524 Cache expiry: 3600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.631 seconds Real time usage: 0.849 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3949/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 106251/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9493/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 32/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 129991/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.411/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6915489/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 767.617 1 -total 31.03% 238.208 1 Template:Infobox_film 31.00% 237.993 16 Template:Main_other 25.33% 194.448 1 Template:Reflist 23.30% 178.856 1 Template:Infobox_film/short_description 22.28% 171.037 1 Template:Short_description 16.32% 125.247 17 Template:Cite_web 14.12% 108.355 1 Template:IMDb_title 14.09% 108.190 2 Template:Country2nationality 13.77% 105.707 2 Template:ISO_3166_code Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34961693-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722092524 and revision id 1213322410. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imelda_(film)&oldid=1213322410 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imelda_(film)&oldid=1213322410) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2003 films (/wiki/Category:2003_films) Documentary films about women in politics (/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_women_in_politics) Cultural depictions of Ferdinand Marcos (/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Ferdinand_Marcos) Filipino-language films (/wiki/Category:Filipino-language_films) Films directed by Ramona S. Diaz (/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Ramona_S._Diaz) Films shot in the Philippines (/wiki/Category:Films_shot_in_the_Philippines) Imelda Marcos (/wiki/Category:Imelda_Marcos) Philippine biographical films (/wiki/Category:Philippine_biographical_films) Philippine documentary films (/wiki/Category:Philippine_documentary_films) Sundance Film Festival award-winning films (/wiki/Category:Sundance_Film_Festival_award-winning_films) 2000s Tagalog-language films (/wiki/Category:2000s_Tagalog-language_films) 2000s English-language films (/wiki/Category:2000s_English-language_films) Unitel Pictures films (/wiki/Category:Unitel_Pictures_films) Hidden categories: CS1 maint: unfit URL (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL) Good articles (/wiki/Category:Good_articles) Use Philippine English from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_Philippine_English_from_January_2023) All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English (/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Philippine_English) Use mdy dates from January 2023 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2023) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Template film date with 1 release date (/wiki/Category:Template_film_date_with_1_release_date) Rotten Tomatoes ID same as Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Rotten_Tomatoes_ID_same_as_Wikidata) Rotten Tomatoes template using name parameter (/wiki/Category:Rotten_Tomatoes_template_using_name_parameter)
|
American fashion designer For the Chilean town, see María Pinto (/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Pinto) . Maria Pinto Maria Pinto logo Born 1957 (age 66–67) Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) , USA Nationality American (/wiki/Americans) Education Palatine High School (/wiki/Palatine_High_School) School of the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago) Parson's School of Design (/wiki/Parson%27s_School_of_Design) Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) Occupation Fashion designer Awards Best of Fashion Award, Chicago Magazine (/wiki/Chicago_Magazine) (2000) Gold Coast Fashion Award (1998) Legend of Fashion Award, School of the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago) (2009) Women of Achievement Award, Anti-Defamation League (/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League) (2009) Website www (https://www.m2057.com/) .m2057 (https://www.m2057.com/) .com (https://www.m2057.com/) Maria V. Pinto (born 1957) is a fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) from Chicago (/wiki/Chicago) , Illinois (/wiki/Illinois) . She has designed clothing for Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) , the Joffrey Ballet (/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet) , Marcia Gay Harden (/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden) , and Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) . Early life [ edit ] Maria Pinto was born in the South Side of Chicago (/wiki/South_Side_of_Chicago) , Illinois, near Chinatown (/wiki/Chinatown,_Chicago) . [1] (#cite_note-Coburn-1) She and her twin brother are the youngest of seven children. [2] (#cite_note-Critchell-2) [3] (#cite_note-Taylor-3) Her parents, Constantino and Virginia Pinto, are a sanitation worker (/wiki/Sanitation_worker) and a caterer (/wiki/Caterer) , respectively. When she was still young, her family moved to the suburbs of Chicago (/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area) . [4] (#cite_note-Newsmakers-4) When Pinto was 10, she started reading a neighbor's copies of Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . [5] (#cite_note-Branch-5) In eighth grade, she started sewing her own clothes after getting a sewing machine. [2] (#cite_note-Critchell-2) [5] (#cite_note-Branch-5) She attended Palatine High School (/wiki/Palatine_High_School) , [6] (#cite_note-Little-6) where she sold clothes to her friends at the age of 15, [5] (#cite_note-Branch-5) [7] (#cite_note-Berkus-7) and eventually sewed her own prom (/wiki/Prom) dress from a Halston (/wiki/Halston) pattern. [8] (#cite_note-Moore-8) Pinto began working in her mom's West Dundee (/wiki/West_Dundee) Italian restaurant when it opened in 1975. When the restaurant closed four years later, Pinto's older brother Silvio opened a restaurant in the River North (/wiki/River_North) neighborhood, and she became a partner there. That restaurant also closed, in 1987, and Silvio died of cancer a year later. She went to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago) in 1987 when she was 30 and graduated from there in 1990 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts (/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts) degree, focusing in fashion. She then went to New York and attended Parson's School of Design (/wiki/Parson%27s_School_of_Design) and the Fashion Institute of Technology (/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Technology) , where she also worked as an assistant to Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) . [4] (#cite_note-Newsmakers-4) Career [ edit ] Michelle and Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) fist bump with Michelle in a dress by Pinto She started her first business, Maria V. Pinto Designs, in her apartment with a $20,000 loan from a friend [9] (#cite_note-Chandler2004-9) in 1991. Her collection was sold at, among others, Neiman Marcus (/wiki/Neiman_Marcus) , [10] (#cite_note-Chandler1998-10) Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) , Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) , Takashimaya (/wiki/Takashimaya) , and Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) . [8] (#cite_note-Moore-8) [11] (#cite_note-Norwood-11) She closed her Michigan Avenue (/wiki/Michigan_Avenue_(Chicago)) [10] (#cite_note-Chandler1998-10) shop in January 2002 because of embezzlement (/wiki/Embezzlement) by a bookkeeper [12] (#cite_note-DonahueSomething-12) and the economic downturn after the September 11 attacks (/wiki/September_11_attacks) . [13] (#cite_note-Wilson2008-13) She also spent six months recovering from peritonitis (/wiki/Peritonitis) after laparoscopic surgery (/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery) [1] (#cite_note-Coburn-1) but reopened in late 2004 after spending some time oil painting (/wiki/Oil_painting) . [14] (#cite_note-Wilson2007-14) [15] (#cite_note-BourneVoom-15) Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) wore a long, cognac-colored leather skirt of Pinto's for the 2007 premiere of The Great Debaters (/wiki/The_Great_Debaters) . [13] (#cite_note-Wilson2008-13) [16] (#cite_note-BourneLooks-16) : slide 6 Maria Pinto designed costumes for two Joffrey Ballet (/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet) ballets, the pas de deux (/wiki/Pas_de_deux) Ruth, Ricordi Per Due in 2002 [17] (#cite_note-Smith-17) and Age of Innocence in 2008. [18] (#cite_note-Perez-18) [19] (#cite_note-Johnson2010-19) On August 12, 2009, she opened a retail boutique in Chicago's West Loop (/wiki/Near_West_Side,_Chicago) . [20] (#cite_note-Saulny-20) She held a kick-off party for 350 guests to benefit the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Chicago) 's women's board. [21] (#cite_note-Zwecker2008-21) That year, she also was invited to become a member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America (/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America) . [4] (#cite_note-Newsmakers-4) She was selected out of 100 as one of eight to present a design for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences) Oscars (/wiki/Oscars) preview fashion show on February 9, 2009. The fashion show's winner had their design worn by the presenter or a nominee at the 81st Academy Awards (/wiki/81st_Academy_Awards) in Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , as well as being able to attend the Oscars. [8] (#cite_note-Moore-8) [22] (#cite_note-Zwecker2009-22) After an online poll, [23] (#cite_note-WSJOscars-23) a dress by another Chicago-based designer, Sam Kori George, was chosen. [24] (#cite_note-OscarsPR-24) Pinto's boutique in the Near West Side, Chicago (/wiki/Near_West_Side,_Chicago) (It closed in 2010.) In spring 2009, actress Brooke Shields (/wiki/Brooke_Shields) wore a bustier (/wiki/Bustier) and pants that Pinto had designed to a Tupperware (/wiki/Tupperware) event. [16] (#cite_note-BourneLooks-16) : slide 8 Actress Marcia Gay Harden (/wiki/Marcia_Gay_Harden) wore a Pinto dress to the August premiere of The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler (/wiki/The_Courageous_Heart_of_Irena_Sendler) . [16] (#cite_note-BourneLooks-16) : slide 7 The next month, television host Nancy O'Dell (/wiki/Nancy_O%27Dell) wore one of her minidresses (/wiki/Minidress) as co-host of the Jerry Lewis Telethon (/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_Telethon) . [16] (#cite_note-BourneLooks-16) : slide 9 [25] (#cite_note-Romolini-25) : slide 10 The same month, she presented a runway show at New York Fashion week (/wiki/New_York_Fashion_week) . [4] (#cite_note-Newsmakers-4) In February 2010, she closed her Chicago boutique. [26] (#cite_note-Rousseau2010-26) [27] (#cite_note-Zwecker2010-27) The Great Recession (/wiki/Great_Recession) caused an economic downturn that hurt the fashion industry—particularly a high-end label like Pinto, whose pieces cost hundreds to thousands of dollars. [28] (#cite_note-DonahueClose-28) However, she announced that she planned to return to the business, saying, "I'm here. I just need to take a break. I will be in fashion for sure but in some new facet. I think the whole industry is changing". [29] (#cite_note-Gutierrez-29) [30] (#cite_note-WindyCityLive-30) In "Fashion and the Field Museum Collection: Maria Pinto", an exhibit at Chicago's Field Museum (/wiki/Field_Museum) from September 14, 2012 to June 16, 2013, [31] (#cite_note-Rousseau2012-31) Pinto matched eight of her designs with twenty-five of the museum's artifacts. [32] (#cite_note-Johnson2012-32) [33] (#cite_note-Prossnitz-33) [34] (#cite_note-Nusser-34) In December 2012, about sixty students from Palatine High School and other surrounding high schools went on a special trip to meet Pinto and see the exhibit. [35] (#cite_note-D211-35) Pinto had previously invited Palatine High School fashion students to visit and tour her boutique in January 2010. [36] (#cite_note-Sotonoff-36) On August 31, 2013, Pinto announced on her blog [37] (#cite_note-PintoM2057-37) that she plans to launch a new collection, called M2057, with the crowdfunding (/wiki/Crowdfunding) website Kickstarter (/wiki/Kickstarter) . She offered garments such as dresses, jackets, scarves, a shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) , and a wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) for ordering through Kickstarter. [38] (#cite_note-Rousseau2013-38) [39] (#cite_note-Kapos-39) They range in price from $75 to $250, much cheaper than her $500–1,000 previous dresses. [40] (#cite_note-HuffingtonPost-40) She exceeded her goal, to raise $250,000 before October 14, 2013, by obtaining $272,523 in funds from 624 different backers. [41] (#cite_note-Kickstarter-41) [42] (#cite_note-Barr-42) The "2057" part of the collection's name refers to the year in which she would turn 100 years old. [43] (#cite_note-Nguyen-43) [44] (#cite_note-Wilson2013-44) Since the Kickstarter campaign, she sells the line through both an e-commerce site and a retail store in Chicago near her old boutique. [45] (#cite_note-Yotka-45) The clothes are intended to be versatile and low-maintenance, as they resist wrinkling when folded and are machine-washable. [46] (#cite_note-DonahueLook-46) Michelle Obama [ edit ] George W. Bush (/wiki/George_W._Bush) , Laura Bush (/wiki/Laura_Bush) , Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) , and Barack Obama (/wiki/Barack_Obama) at the White House (/wiki/White_House) in 2008 One of her clients is former First Lady (/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States) Michelle Obama (/wiki/Michelle_Obama) . A client of Pinto's referred Obama to her in 2004. [47] (#cite_note-Tomer-47) Obama wore a white gown designed by Maria Pinto to Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_Legends_Ball) in May 2005. [26] (#cite_note-Rousseau2010-26) When Ebony magazine photographed the Obamas, calling them "the Hottest Couple in America," Michelle was wearing pants made by Pinto. [48] (#cite_note-Norment-48) [49] (#cite_note-Schwartz-49) On June 3, 2008, Obama wore a Pinto dress to a campaign speech in St. Paul, Minnesota (/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota) , where she and her husband (/wiki/Barack_Obama) exchanged a fist bump (/wiki/Fist_bump) that became known as "the fist bump heard 'round the world." [5] (#cite_note-Branch-5) [20] (#cite_note-Saulny-20) [50] (#cite_note-Argetsinger-50) On August 25 of that year, Michelle Obama wore a teal dress from Pinto to the 2008 Democratic National Convention (/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention) . [20] (#cite_note-Saulny-20) Obama wore an orange sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) designed by Pinto for a visit to the White House (/wiki/White_House) with George (/wiki/George_W._Bush) and Laura Bush (/wiki/Laura_Bush) shortly after the election (/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election) . [20] (#cite_note-Saulny-20) [51] (#cite_note-DonahueChange-51) Michelle Obama was on the cover of Parade (/wiki/Parade_(magazine)) magazine in June 2014 wearing a dress from the M2057 collection. [52] (#cite_note-Hennen-52) On October 8, 2014, she invited Pinto to attend her Celebration of Design event at the White House. [53] (#cite_note-DonahueRoad-53) Awards [ edit ] Pinto has won numerous awards, including the Gold Coast Fashion Award in 1998, Chicago Magazine (/wiki/Chicago_Magazine) ' s Best of Fashion Award in 2000, the Legend of Fashion Award from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago) , and the Anti-Defamation League (/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League) 's Women of Achievement Award, both in 2009. [54] (#cite_note-ABC-54) See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Coburn, Marcia Froelke (March 2008). "Dressing to Thrill" (https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2008/Dressing-to-Thrill/) . Chicago . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120202003228/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/March-2008/Dressing-to-Thrill/) from the original on February 2, 2012 . Retrieved April 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Critchell, Samantha (January 15, 2009). "A Michelle Obama favorite, designer Maria Pinto favors art over trends" (http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/A-Michelle-Obama-favorite-designer-Maria-Pinto-1297597.php) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer (/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer) . Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131016025837/http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/A-Michelle-Obama-favorite-designer-Maria-Pinto-1297597.php) from the original on October 16, 2013 . Retrieved October 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Taylor_3-0) Taylor, Bill (August 22, 2008). "The woman behind that purple dress" (https://www.thestar.com/life/fashion_style/2008/08/22/the_woman_behind_that_purple_dress.html) . Toronto Star (/wiki/Toronto_Star) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194637/http://www.thestar.com/life/fashion_style/2008/08/22/the_woman_behind_that_purple_dress.html) from the original on October 20, 2013 . Retrieved April 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Maria Pinto" (http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?documentId=GALE%7CK1618005288) . Newsmakers . Detroit: Gale (/wiki/Gale_(publisher)) . 2010 . Retrieved February 8, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Branch, Shelly (June 21, 2008). "Fashion Campaign" (https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB121400121295793087) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071326/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB121400121295793087) from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved February 21, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Little_6-0) Little, Rebecca (October 2008). "Shopper: Maria Pinto" (http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/October-2008/Shopper-Maria-Pinto/) . Chicago (/wiki/Chicago_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100525193737/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/October-2008/Shopper-Maria-Pinto/) from the original on May 25, 2010 . Retrieved February 29, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Berkus_7-0) Berkus, Nate; Pinto, Maria (January 21, 2009). Fashion Designer Maria Pinto . Oprah Radio (/wiki/Oprah_Radio) . Retrieved July 9, 2013 . [ dead link ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, Booth (February 15, 2009). "Maria Pinto, Michelle Obama's designer, hopes for Hollywood fame" (http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/15/image/ig-maria15) . Los Angeles Times (/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131002040355/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/15/image/ig-maria15) from the original on October 2, 2013 . Retrieved January 26, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Chandler2004_9-0) Chandler, Susan (August 22, 2004). "Shaping her future, again" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-08-22/business/0408210351_1_roller-coaster-sewing-machines-maria-pinto) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151025055124/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-08-22/business/0408210351_1_roller-coaster-sewing-machines-maria-pinto) from the original on October 25, 2015 . Retrieved March 16, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: a b Chandler, Susan (June 27, 1998). "Premier Designer At Home In Chicago" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-06-27/business/9806270186_1_art-institute-retailers-chicago) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071326/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1998-06-27/business/9806270186_1_art-institute-retailers-chicago) from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 16, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Norwood_11-0) Norwood, Mandi (2009). Michelle Style: Celebrating the First Lady of Fashion . New York: HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . pp. 195–196. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-06-183691-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-DonahueSomething_12-0) Donahue, Wendy (October 19, 2008). "Something about Maria Pinto" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-10-19/entertainment/0810100195_1_michelle-obama-design-maria-pinto) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071326/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-10-19/entertainment/0810100195_1_michelle-obama-design-maria-pinto) from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Beth (March 11, 2008). "Pinto Builds on Obama Link, Plans Chicago Store" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/pinto-builds-on-obama-link-plans-chicago-store-462195?full=true) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071328/http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/pinto-builds-on-obama-link-plans-chicago-store-462195/?full=true) from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved December 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wilson2007_14-0) Wilson, Eric (October 20, 2004). "Maria Pinto Returns to Ready to Wear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610085816/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123494331.html) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-123494331.html) on June 10, 2014 . Retrieved December 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-BourneVoom_15-0) Bourne, Leah (October 9, 2009). "Maria Pinto's Style: Va-va-voom Meets The Board Room" (https://www.forbes.com/2009/10/09/maria-pinto-michelle-obama-fashion-forbes-woman-style-designer.html) . Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110830140929/http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/09/maria-pinto-michelle-obama-fashion-forbes-woman-style-designer.html) from the original on August 30, 2011 . Retrieved March 1, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Bourne, Leah (October 9, 2009). "Seven Best Looks of Maria Pinto" (https://www.forbes.com/2009/10/09/maria-pinto-michelle-obama-fashion-forbes-woman-style-oprah-winfrey_slide.html) . Forbes . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040132/http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/09/maria-pinto-michelle-obama-fashion-forbes-woman-style-oprah-winfrey_slide.html) from the original on January 6, 2014 . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Smith_17-0) Smith, Sid (April 25, 2003). "Joffrey's 'I/DNA' mythic and puzzling" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-04-25/news/0304250127_1_willy-shives-domingo-rubio-death-penalty) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071327/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-04-25/news/0304250127_1_willy-shives-domingo-rubio-death-penalty) from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved May 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Perez_18-0) Perez, Guillermo (April 2010). "Joffrey Ballet" (http://dancemagazine.com/reviews/Joffrey_Ballet/) . Dance Magazine (/wiki/Dance_Magazine) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160922184207/http://dancemagazine.com/reviews/Joffrey_Ballet/) from the original on September 22, 2016 . Retrieved June 16, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Johnson2010_19-0) Johnson, Elsa; Lucas, Victor (August 30, 2010). "Preview: Death & Ballet: Joffrey w/ The Cleveland Orchestra" (http://www.joffrey.org/news/preview-death-ballet-joffrey-w-cleveland-orchestra) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101124053335/http://joffrey.org/news/preview-death-ballet-joffrey-w-cleveland-orchestra) from the original on November 24, 2010 . Retrieved March 3, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Saulny, Susan (August 13, 2008). "An Obama Fashion Bump" (https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/14/fashion/14ROW.html) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120229123237/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/14/fashion/14ROW.html) from the original on February 29, 2012 . Retrieved February 8, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Zwecker2008_21-0) Zwecker, Bill (August 19, 2008). "Madge's tribute 'forced' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610172616/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-122AA1A8176161D0.html) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610172616/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-122AA1A8176161D0.html) . Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-122AA1A8176161D0.html) on June 10, 2014 . Retrieved December 22, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Zwecker2009_22-0) Zwecker, Bill (January 27, 2009). "After inauguration snub, on to the Oscars (maybe)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140610085818/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-125FC1CEC6D8B368.html) . Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-125FC1CEC6D8B368.html) on June 10, 2014 . Retrieved December 17, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-WSJOscars_23-0) "Maria Pinto Explores Curves; Eyes Academy Awards" (https://blogs.wsj.com/runway/2009/02/14/maria-pinto-explores-curves-eyes-academy-awards/) . The Wall Street Journal (/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal) . February 14, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131217043548/http://blogs.wsj.com/runway/2009/02/14/maria-pinto-explores-curves-eyes-academy-awards/) from the original on December 17, 2013 . Retrieved December 17, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-OscarsPR_24-0) "America Voted: Sam Kori George Wins 'Oscars(R) Designer Challenge' (https://web.archive.org/web/20131217051325/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/23/idUS22211%2B23-Feb-2009%2BPRN20090223) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20131217051325/https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/23/idUS22211%2B23-Feb-2009%2BPRN20090223) . Reuters (/wiki/Reuters) (Press release). February 22, 2009. Archived from the original (https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/23/idUS22211+23-Feb-2009+PRN20090223) on December 17, 2013 . Retrieved December 17, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Romolini_25-0) Romolini, Jennifer (March 19, 2010). "RIP Maria Pinto clothes: Favorite Michelle Obama designer closes her doors, cites 'economic challenges' (https://web.archive.org/web/20140415022941/https://shine.yahoo.com/photos/rip-maria-pinto-clothes-favorite-slideshow-013400610/) " (https://web.archive.org/web/20140415022941/https://shine.yahoo.com/photos/rip-maria-pinto-clothes-favorite-slideshow-013400610/) . Yahoo! Shine (/wiki/Yahoo!_Shine) . Archived from the original (https://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/fashion/rip-maria-pinto-clothes-favorite-michelle-obama-designer-closes-her-doors-cites-quot-economic-challenges-quot-1186328.html) on April 15, 2014 . Retrieved December 19, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Rousseau, Caryn (March 18, 2010). "Capital culture: Maria Pinto, designer favored by Michelle Obama, set to close Chicago store" (https://archive.today/20130907143755/http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/style/88431627.html?page=all) . Star Tribune (/wiki/Star_Tribune) . Associated Press. Archived from the original (http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/style/88431627.html?page=all) on September 7, 2013 . Retrieved June 22, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Zwecker2010_27-0) Zwecker, Bill (February 14, 2010). "Chicago-based designer Maria Pinto hangs it up" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100218091026/http://www.suntimes.com/business/2047493%2CCST-NWS-pinto14.article) . Chicago Sun-Times (/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times) . Archived from the original (http://www.suntimes.com/business/2047493,CST-NWS-pinto14.article) on February 18, 2010 . Retrieved October 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-DonahueClose_28-0) Donahue, Wendy (March 12, 2010). "Maria Pinto to close West Loop boutique" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-xpm-2010-03-12-ct-biz-0313-maria-pinto-20100312-1-story.html) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Retrieved October 12, 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-Gutierrez_29-0) Gutierrez, Theresa (March 15, 2010). "Designer Maria Pinto going out of business" (http://abc7chicago.com/archive/7331767/) . ABC 7 News (/wiki/WLS-TV) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529232658/http://abc7chicago.com/archive/7331767/) from the original on May 29, 2014 . Retrieved December 19, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-WindyCityLive_30-0) Chicago Fashion Designer, Maria Pinto! . Windy City Live . September 14, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130930132559/http://windycitylive.com/episodes/Chicago-Fashion-Designer--Maria-Pinto-/8810741) from the original on September 30, 2013 . Retrieved July 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rousseau2012_31-0) Rousseau, Caryn (September 14, 2012). "Fashion designer Pinto teams with Chicago museum" (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/fashion-designer-pinto-teams-chicago-museum) . Associated Press (/wiki/Associated_Press) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031933/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/fashion-designer-pinto-teams-chicago-museum) from the original on January 6, 2014 . Retrieved July 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Johnson2012_32-0) Johnson, Steve (September 19, 2012). "Designer Maria Pinto creates chic fashion boutique in Field Museum collection" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-19/entertainment/ct-ent-0920-museum-field-costumes-20120919_1_field-museum-collection-shorts-exhibit) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130614093831/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-09-19/entertainment/ct-ent-0920-museum-field-costumes-20120919_1_field-museum-collection-shorts-exhibit) from the original on June 14, 2013 . Retrieved October 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Prossnitz_33-0) Prossnitz, Linsay (September 13, 2012). "Fashion and The Field Museum Collection: Maria Pinto" (http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2012/09/13/fashion-and-field-museum-collection-maria-pinto) . wttw (/wiki/Wttw) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121023094429/http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2012/09/13/fashion-and-field-museum-collection-maria-pinto) from the original on October 23, 2012 . Retrieved October 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Nusser_34-0) Nusser, Madeline (September 12, 2012). "Fashion mash-up: Maria Pinto finds inspiration in Field Museum artifacts" (http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/15107553-421/fashion-mash-up-maria-pinto-finds-inspiration-in-field-museum-artifacts.html) . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131016024802/http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/15107553-421/fashion-mash-up-maria-pinto-finds-inspiration-in-field-museum-artifacts.html) from the original on October 16, 2013 . Retrieved October 30, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-D211_35-0) "District 211 Fashion Students Meet Famous Designer Maria Pinto, Tour Exhibit" (http://d211post.org/district-211-fashion-students-meet-famous-designer-maria-pinto-tour-exhibit/) . D211 (/wiki/Township_High_School_District_211) Post. December 10, 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130103101832/http://d211post.org/district-211-fashion-students-meet-famous-designer-maria-pinto-tour-exhibit/) from the original on January 3, 2013 . Retrieved July 9, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sotonoff_36-0) Sotonoff, Jamie (January 21, 2010). "Palatine High alum one of country's hottest fashion designers" (http://prev.dailyherald.com/story/?id=351778) . Daily Herald (/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131218154921/http://prev.dailyherald.com/story/?id=351778) from the original on December 18, 2013 . Retrieved December 16, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-PintoM2057_37-0) Pinto, Maria (August 31, 2013). "Introducing M2057 by Maria Pinto" (http://www.m2057.com/blogs/m2057-pages/10986265-introducing-m2057-by-maria-pinto) . M2057. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234153/http://www.m2057.com/blogs/m2057-pages/10986265-introducing-m2057-by-maria-pinto) from the original on May 29, 2014 . Retrieved September 2, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Rousseau2013_38-0) Rousseau, Caryn (September 2, 2013). "Maria Pinto launches new collection on Kickstarter" (http://bigstory.ap.org/article/maria-pinto-launches-new-collection-kickstarter) . Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130905102415/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/maria-pinto-launches-new-collection-kickstarter) from the original on September 5, 2013 . Retrieved September 2, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kapos_39-0) Kapos, Shia (September 5, 2013). "Maria Pinto is back, this time on Kickstarter" (http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20130905/BLOGS03/130909919/maria-pinto-is-back-this-time-on-kickstarter) . Crain's Chicago Business (/wiki/Crain%27s_Chicago_Business) . Retrieved September 7, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-HuffingtonPost_40-0) "Maria Pinto Kickstarter Will Relaunch Beloved Fashion Brand" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/03/maria-pinto-kickstarter_n_3856672.html) . Huffington Post (/wiki/Huffington_Post) . September 3, 2013. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130911164407/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/03/maria-pinto-kickstarter_n_3856672.html) from the original on September 11, 2013 . Retrieved September 7, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kickstarter_41-0) "M2057 by Maria Pinto: Urban Chic Fashion Collection" (http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/m2057/m2057-by-maria-pinto-urban-chic-fashion-collection) . Kickstarter (/wiki/Kickstarter) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130903073332/http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/m2057/m2057-by-maria-pinto-urban-chic-fashion-collection) from the original on September 3, 2013 . Retrieved September 2, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Barr_42-0) Barr, Alistair (October 13, 2013). "Designer Pinto gets $250,000 'kickstart' for new label" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/12/maria-pinto-kickstarter/2973227/) . USA Today (/wiki/USA_Today) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131016151421/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/10/12/maria-pinto-kickstarter/2973227/) from the original on October 16, 2013 . Retrieved October 14, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Nguyen_43-0) Nguyen, Diana (November 26, 2013). "10 Kick-Ass Women Inspiring Us Now" (https://www.refinery29.com/2013/11/57964/powerful-chicago-women#slide-2) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131128082859/http://www.refinery29.com/2013/11/57964/powerful-chicago-women#slide-2) from the original on November 28, 2013 . Retrieved November 28, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Wilson2013_44-0) Wilson, Eric (September 1, 2013). "Maria Pinto Makes Another Run" (http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/maria-pinto-makes-another-run/) . The New York Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131217072757/http://runway.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/maria-pinto-makes-another-run/) from the original on December 17, 2013 . Retrieved September 2, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Yotka_45-0) Yotka, Steff (July 28, 2016). "A Favorite Designer of Michelle Obama's Is Back With a New Line" (http://www.vogue.com/13462407/maria-pinto-new-m2057-collection/) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160730154121/http://www.vogue.com/13462407/maria-pinto-new-m2057-collection/) from the original on July 30, 2016 . Retrieved July 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-DonahueLook_46-0) Donahue, Wendy (November 12, 2015). "First look: Maria Pinto's new M2057 storefront" (http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/style/ct-sun-1115-maria-pinto-20151112-story.html) . Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160816164159/http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/style/ct-sun-1115-maria-pinto-20151112-story.html) from the original on August 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 30, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-Tomer_47-0) Tomer, Mary (2009). Mrs. O: The Face of Fashion Democracy . New York: Hatchet Book Group. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59995-312-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-Norment_48-0) Norment, Lynn (February 2007). "The Hottest Couple in America". Ebony (/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)) . 62 (4). ^ (#cite_ref-Schwartz_49-0) Schwartz, Tracy (April 24, 2007). "Designing for the stars" (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-24/news/0704240439_1_fashion-map-michelle-obama-stylists) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150613075601/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-24/news/0704240439_1_fashion-map-michelle-obama-stylists) from the original on June 13, 2015 . Retrieved August 25, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Argetsinger_50-0) Argetsinger, Amy; Roberts, Roxanne (June 5, 2008). "The Fist Couple: Giving a Big Bump to Authenticity" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/04/AR2008060404521.html) . The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120509054624/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/04/AR2008060404521.html) from the original on May 9, 2012 . Retrieved March 4, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-DonahueChange_51-0) Donahue, Wendy (November 11, 2008). "Change – back to a Maria Pinto" (http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-talk-dressnov11-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160203071327/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-talk-dressnov11-story.html) from the original on February 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-Hennen_52-0) Hennen, Chloé (February 25, 2016). "Get Dressed Like FLOTUS at Maria Pinto's M2057 Pop-Up Shop in SF This Week" (http://www.7x7.com/get-dressed-like-flotus-at-maria-pintos-m2057-pop-up-shop-in-sf-this-w-1787322627.html) . 7x7 (/wiki/7x7_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160816015600/http://www.7x7.com/get-dressed-like-flotus-at-maria-pintos-m2057-pop-up-shop-in-sf-this-w-1787322627.html) from the original on August 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 29, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-DonahueRoad_53-0) Donahue, Wendy (October 8, 2014). "Maria Pinto once again on road to White House" (http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/sc-fash-maria-pinto-1013-20141008-story.html) . Chicago Tribune . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141008153914/http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/sc-fash-maria-pinto-1013-20141008-story.html) from the original on October 8, 2014 . Retrieved October 9, 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-ABC_54-0) "Chicago Designer Maria Pinto" (https://abc7chicago.com/archive/6773429/) . ABC 7 News (/wiki/WLS-TV) . April 22, 2009. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140530001206/http://abc7chicago.com/archive/6773429/) from the original on May 30, 2014 . Retrieved June 7, 2012 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.m2057.com/) Maria Pinto (http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/maria-pinto) at the Chicago Tribune (/wiki/Chicago_Tribune) Fashion and the Field Museum Collection (https://web.archive.org/web/20130814220148/http://mariapinto.fieldmuseum.org/) Portals (/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals) : Fashion (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Biography (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Chicago (/wiki/Portal:Chicago) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐zf7rw Cached time: 20240719203629 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.890 seconds Real time usage: 1.527 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6053/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 121145/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5936/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 217646/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.513/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8229541/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1213.898 1 -total 53.26% 646.539 1 Template:Reflist 16.88% 204.892 39 Template:Cite_news 16.28% 197.655 1 Template:Cite_magazine 15.76% 191.263 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 14.54% 176.472 1 Template:Short_description 11.82% 143.532 22 Template:Main_other 8.71% 105.671 1 Template:SDcat 7.46% 90.514 1 Template:Dead_link 7.19% 87.247 1 Template:Fix Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:34966158-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719203629 and revision id 1178188409. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Pinto_(fashion_designer)&oldid=1178188409 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Pinto_(fashion_designer)&oldid=1178188409) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1957 births (/wiki/Category:1957_births) Living people (/wiki/Category:Living_people) American fashion designers (/wiki/Category:American_fashion_designers) School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni (/wiki/Category:School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago_alumni) Parsons School of Design alumni (/wiki/Category:Parsons_School_of_Design_alumni) Fashion Institute of Technology alumni (/wiki/Category:Fashion_Institute_of_Technology_alumni) Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links) Articles with dead external links from February 2015 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2015) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Use mdy dates from January 2014 (/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2014) Articles with hCards (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia (/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia)
|
Publication's editorial supervisor of its fashion department A fashion editor is a person that supervises the process of creating, developing and presenting content for the fashion department of a magazine (/wiki/Magazine) , Web site (/wiki/Web_site) , newspaper (/wiki/Newspaper) or television program (/wiki/Television_program) . The work of a fashion editor can be quite varied and may hold several responsibilities. Typical work includes supervising other editors and writers, writing or editing articles themselves, formulating and styling fashion photo shoots, choosing photos for publication, choosing fashion items and trends for publication, researching trends in the fashion industry and networking with industry professionals including photographers, designers and public relations professionals. [ citation needed ] Notable fashion editors [ edit ] This is a list of notable fashion editors . Name Publication Country Title Years Website Solange d'Ayen (/wiki/Solange_d%27Ayen) [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_France) France fashion editor 1920s-1940s www.vogue.com (http://www.vogue.com) Diana Vreeland (/wiki/Diana_Vreeland) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) United States editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) 1963-1971 www.vogue.com (http://www.vogue.com) Anna Wintour (/wiki/Anna_Wintour) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) United States editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) 1988-current www.vogue.com (http://www.vogue.com) Grace Coddington (/wiki/Grace_Coddington) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) United States creative director (/wiki/Creative_director) 1988-current www.vogue.com (http://www.vogue.com) Giovanna Battaglia Engelbert (/wiki/Giovanna_Battaglia_Engelbert) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) Japan fashion editor present www.vogue.co.jp (http://www.vogue.co.jp/) Glenda Bailey (/wiki/Glenda_Bailey) Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) United States editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) 2001-current www.harpersbazaar.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20111228080044/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/) Roberta Myers (/wiki/Roberta_Myers) Elle (magazine) (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) United States editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) 2007-2017 www.elle.com (http://www.elle.com) Amy Astley (/wiki/Amy_Astley) Teen Vogue (/wiki/Teen_Vogue) United States editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) 2002-2016 www.teenvogue.com (http://www.teenvogue.com) Alexandra Shulman (/wiki/Alexandra_Shulman) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) United Kingdom editor-in-chief (/wiki/Editor-in-chief) 1992-2017 www.vogue.co.uk (https://www.vogue.co.uk/) Babs Simpson (/wiki/Babs_Simpson) [3] (#cite_note-3) Vogue (magazine) (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) United States fashion editor 1947-1972 www.vogue.com (http://www.vogue.com) Patricia Peterson (/wiki/Patricia_Peterson) [4] (#cite_note-4) The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) United States fashion editor 1957-1977 www.nytimes.com (http://www.nytimes.com) See also [ edit ] Fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Paccaud, Emmanuelle (19 February 2023). "La presse magazine comme espace médiatique transatlantique | Pratiques éditoriales et représentations des rédacteurs en chef de Vogue et Vanity Fair (1914-1942)" (https://journals.openedition.org/belphegor/4179) . Belphégor. Littérature Populaire et Culture Médiatique (in French) (19–2). doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.4000/belphegor.4179 (https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbelphegor.4179) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 246101666 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246101666) . Solange d'Ayen, rédactrice de mode pour Vogue français depuis la fin des années 1920 ^ (#cite_ref-2) d'Ayen, Solange (15 October 1940). "Letter from France" (https://archive.vogue.com/issue/19401015) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . pp. 114–115. This is a letter from the Duchesse d'Ayen, fashion editor of French Vogue, who is temporarily living in Unoccupied France. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Bowles, Hamish (7 January 2019). "Babs Simpson, a Former Vogue Editor Who Collaborated With Irving Penn, Has Died at 105" (https://www.vogue.com/article/babs-simpson-vogue-editor-obituary) . Vogue . Retrieved 2020-01-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Roberts, Sam (August 2, 2017). "Gösta Peterson, Barrier-Breaking Fashion Photographer, Dies at 94" (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/arts/gosta-peterson-barrier-breaking-fashion-photographer-dies-at-94.html) . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2023-10-07 . v t e Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) articles Index of fashion articles (/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles) General Environmental impact of fashion (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion accessory (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Fashion design (/wiki/Fashion_design) Fashion design copyright (/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright) Fashion matrix (/wiki/Fashion_matrix) Fashion museum (/wiki/Fashion_museum) Fashion plate (/wiki/Fashion_plate) Fashion tourism (/wiki/Fashion_tourism) Semiotics of fashion (/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) History of clothing and textiles (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) History of Western fashion (/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion) History of fashion design (/wiki/History_of_fashion_design) Timeline of clothing and textiles technology (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) 19th century (/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion) 21st century (/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion) Events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) Fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) Industry (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Awards (/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards) Clothing industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Designer clothing (/wiki/Designer_clothing) Digital fashion (/wiki/Digital_fashion) Fashion blog (/wiki/Fashion_blog) Fashion capital (/wiki/Fashion_capital) Fashion entrepreneur (/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur) Fashion editor Fashion forecasting (/wiki/Fashion_forecasting) Fashion illustration (/wiki/Fashion_illustration) Fashion influencer (/wiki/Fashion_influencer) Fashion journalism (/wiki/Fashion_journalism) Fashion law (/wiki/Fashion_law) Fashion photography (/wiki/Fashion_photography) Fashion merchandising (/wiki/Fashion_merchandising) Fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) in China (/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China) Red carpet fashion (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) Social media in the fashion industry (/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry) Sweatshop (/wiki/Sweatshop) Trickle-up fashion (/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion) Traditional clothing Ceremonial (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) Court (/wiki/Court_dress) Diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) Full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) Mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) Service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) Combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Western dress codes (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) Morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) Black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) Black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Evening gown (/wiki/Evening_gown) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Suit (/wiki/Suit) Cocktail dress (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) Christian (/wiki/Christian_clothing) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing) Islamic (/wiki/Islamic_fashion) Modest fashion (/wiki/Modest_fashion) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Smart casual (/wiki/Smart_casual) British country clothing (/wiki/British_country_clothing) Business casual (/wiki/Business_casual) Chic (/wiki/Chic) Cruise collection (/wiki/Cruise_collection) Preppy (/wiki/Preppy) Ivy League (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Mod (/wiki/Mod_(subculture)) Sloane Ranger (/wiki/Sloane_Ranger) Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Young fogey (/wiki/Young_fogey) Street fashion (/wiki/Street_fashion) Streetwear (/wiki/Streetwear) Hip hop (/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion) Hippie (/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion) Hipster (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) Athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) Gorpcore (/wiki/Gorpcore) Sportswear fashion (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) Surfwear (/wiki/Surfwear) Ghetto fabulous (/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Vintage fashion (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Alternative (/wiki/Alternative_fashion) Androgyny (/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion) Bohemian (/wiki/Bohemian_style) Emo (/wiki/Emo) Fetish (/wiki/Fetish_fashion) Gothic (/wiki/Gothic_fashion) Lolita (/wiki/Lolita_fashion) Queer (/wiki/Queer_fashion) Skinhead (/wiki/Skinhead) Steampunk (/wiki/Steampunk_fashion) Thrift store chic (/wiki/Thrift_store_chic) Rocker (/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)) Greaser (/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)) Glam (/wiki/Glam_rock) Grunge (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) Heavy metal (/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion) Punk (/wiki/Punk_fashion) Skate (/wiki/Skate_punk) Rockabilly (/wiki/Rockabilly) By country American fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States) Canadian fashion (/wiki/Canadian_fashion) Chinese fashion (/wiki/Chinese_fashion) Filipino fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines) French fashion (/wiki/French_fashion) German fashion (/wiki/German_fashion) Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_India) Iranian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran) Israeli fashion (/wiki/Israeli_fashion) Italian fashion (/wiki/Italian_fashion) History (/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion) Japanese fashion (/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion) Nigerian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria) Russian fashion (/wiki/Russian_fashion) South Korean fashion (/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea) Swedish fashion (/wiki/Swedish_fashion) Thai fashion (/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing) Vietnamese clothing (/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing) Fashion activism (/wiki/Fashion_activism) Anti-fashion (/wiki/Anti-fashion) Anti-sweatshop movement (/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement) Circular fashion (/wiki/Circular_fashion) Sustainable fashion (/wiki/Sustainable_fashion) Slow fashion (/wiki/Slow_fashion) Trashion (/wiki/Trashion) Zero-waste fashion (/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion) See also Ballet and fashion (/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion) Capsule wardrobe (/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe) Chinoiserie in fashion (/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) Undress (/wiki/Undress_code) Music and fashion (/wiki/Music_and_fashion) Fashion victim (/wiki/Fashion_victim) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gqd74 Cached time: 20240714053131 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.304 seconds Real time usage: 0.450 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 769/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42891/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1294/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 24464/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.192/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4494649/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 341.315 1 -total 36.57% 124.832 1 Template:Reflist 28.52% 97.355 3 Template:Navbox 28.41% 96.966 1 Template:Fashion 26.75% 91.317 1 Template:Cite_journal 20.95% 71.503 1 Template:Short_description 13.09% 44.694 1 Template:Citation_needed 11.60% 39.601 2 Template:Pagetype 10.54% 35.967 1 Template:Fix 7.22% 24.630 2 Template:Category_handler Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35151347-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714053131 and revision id 1192037003. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_editor&oldid=1192037003 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_editor&oldid=1192037003) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion editors (/wiki/Category:Fashion_editors) Fashion occupations (/wiki/Category:Fashion_occupations) Mass media occupations (/wiki/Category:Mass_media_occupations) Editors by type (/wiki/Category:Editors_by_type) Hidden categories: CS1 French-language sources (fr) (/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)) Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All articles with unsourced statements (/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements) Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020 (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020)
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.