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Look up Kerchief (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kerchief) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kerchiefs (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kerchiefs) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐b88vq Cached time: 20240720181240 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.071 seconds Real time usage: 0.099 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 248/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4303/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 362/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2404/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.038/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1011534/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 88.970 1 -total 92.15% 81.982 2 Template:Sister_project 89.53% 79.651 2 Template:Side_box 52.43% 46.651 1 Template:Commonscat 47.38% 42.152 1 Template:Wiktionary 42.11% 37.463 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60083751-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720181240 and revision id 924605186. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Kerchiefs" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . G Gaung baung (/wiki/Gaung_baung) K Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) M Maria Clara gown (/wiki/Maria_Clara_gown) P Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kerchiefs&oldid=924605186 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Kerchiefs&oldid=924605186) " Category (/wiki/Help:Category) : Headgear (/wiki/Category:Headgear) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) |
An essential aspect of the aesthetic properties of clothing Model in a designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) gown reflecting the current fashion trend (/wiki/Fashion_trend) at an Haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) fashion show (/wiki/Fashion_show) , Paris, 2011 The transformative power of clothes, the impact of changes in colors and style. A video on social expression through dress. Color is an essential aspect of the aesthetic properties of clothing. The color of clothing (/wiki/Clothing) has a significant impact on one's appearance. Our clothes communicate about us and reveal our social and economic standing. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Significance [ edit ] Color (/wiki/Color) is a visual characteristic (/wiki/Visual_perception) that is described by terms like red (/wiki/Red) , orange (/wiki/Orange_(colour)) , yellow (/wiki/Yellow) , green (/wiki/Green) , blue (/wiki/Blue) , purple (/wiki/Purple) etc. Typically, it is the color of an object that attracts the most attention. [6] (#cite_note-6) Color is one of the primary properties that is noticed when a consumer makes a decision to buy a dress. The colors are distinctive and distinguishable; we frequently refer to clothing by its color, for instance, a "blue shirt." [7] (#cite_note-7) Self decoration [ edit ] Decoration of self is prevalent in societies, and self-decoration is a fundamental characteristic of humans. Decorative values of clothing are regarded as "primary if not the most primary." [8] (#cite_note-8) Hence, as a decorative element, color plays a critical part in meeting the necessary criterion. Aesthetic comfort [ edit ] Colors create aesthetic comfort when combined with fabric construction, the finish of the clothing material, garment fitting, style, and fashion compatibility. All these elements collectively contribute to satisfying our visual perception. [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) [4] (#cite_note-:1-4) [5] (#cite_note-:2-5) Symbolic representations [ edit ] Preah Pithu T Monks - Siem Reap Historically, different societies have set their own restrictions and norms for different clothing. For example, during the Tudor period (/wiki/Tudor_period) , the crimson red color was not allowed in the ranks below the “knights of the garter.” (/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter) [9] (#cite_note-9) During the Renaissance era, the significance of clothing color increased, with specific colors reserved for the upper class and royalty. Sumptuary laws were created in medieval Europe, which restricted the wearing of expensive colors such as purple, obtained from seashells of the Mediterranean to the nobility. [10] (#cite_note-10) Colors of clothing have specific associations with certain types of clothing styles and symbolize cultural beliefs. Blue, for example, is closely associated with denim (/wiki/Denim) . [11] (#cite_note-11) The Saffron (/wiki/Saffron_(color)) color is considered sacred in Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism) , and Buddhism (/wiki/Buddhism) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Tekhelet in Judaism (/wiki/Tekhelet_in_Judaism) is the holiest color of Judaism. It is a blue or violet dye. The color green (/wiki/Green) ( Arabic (/wiki/Arabic_language) : أخضر , romanized (/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic) : 'akhḍar ) has a number of traditional associations in Islam (/wiki/Islam) . In the Quran (/wiki/Quran) , it is associated with paradise (/wiki/Islamic_paradise) . Social significance [ edit ] Colors have social, cultural and political significance. Clothing colors also discriminates. In the past, some societies and cultures have adopted unconventional fashion trends. Pink (/wiki/Pink) and blue (/wiki/Blue) , for example, have a gender stereotype. Gender stereotypes can be seen not only on the color of clothing, but also regarding clothing being genderly classified.Such as jeans for men, hence skirts for women. These gender stereotypes also classified by colors such as pink for women, hence blue for men. [13] (#cite_note-13) In Hinduism, for example, widows are required to wear white, and in contrast to this Brides in western cultures wear white wedding gowns. In Christianity, the color black is associated with mourning. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Identity [ edit ] US President George W. Bush and Laura Bush attend funeral services Friday, April 8, 2005, for the late Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square. Clothing color represents the identity of political parties, sports teams, and various professions. The Bharatiya Janata Party (/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party) uses the saffron (/wiki/Saffron_(color)) color (/wiki/Political_colour) in their promotional activities. [16] (#cite_note-16) Cricket whites (/wiki/Cricket_whites) is a type of white colored uniform worn in the sports (/wiki/Sport) of cricket (/wiki/Cricket) . A white coat (/wiki/White_coat) is a smock (/wiki/Smock-frock) worn by professionals in the medical (/wiki/Medicine) field or by those involved in laboratory (/wiki/Laboratory) work. There are various terms denoting groups of working individuals based on the colors of their collars (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)) worn at work. (See: Designation of workers by collar color (/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color) ) White-collar worker (/wiki/White-collar_worker) is a social class; person who performs intellectual labor. Blue-collar worker (/wiki/Blue-collar_worker) is a working-class person who performs manual labor. Pink-collar worker (/wiki/Pink-collar_worker) is someone working in the care-oriented career field or in fields historically considered to be women’s work (/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_work) . This may include jobs in the beauty industry (/wiki/Beauty_industry) , nursing (/wiki/Nursing) , social work (/wiki/Social_work) , teaching (/wiki/Teaching) , secretarial work (/wiki/Secretarial_work) , or child care (/wiki/Child_care) . Uniform [ edit ] Main article: Uniform (/wiki/Uniform) A uniform depicts the use of a similar color of clothing in a group, organization, or profession. School uniform [ edit ] Main article: School uniform (/wiki/School_uniform) A school uniform is a standardized outfit worn by students (/wiki/Student) of an educational institution. Military uniform [ edit ] Russian Ground Forces (/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces) officers during the 2019 Moscow Victory Day Parade (/wiki/2019_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade) in full dress uniform. Main article: Military uniform (/wiki/Military_uniform) A standardized dress worn by military personnel and paramilitary groups of various nations. Political uniform [ edit ] Main article: Political uniform (/wiki/Political_uniform) A political uniform is distinctive clothing worn by members of a political movement. Sportswear [ edit ] Main article: Sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear) A Standardized sportswear may also function as a uniform for sports teams. In team sports, opposing teams is usually identified by their clothing colors, while individual team members can be identified by the back number on their shirt. Dress or Garments by color names [ edit ] Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy (/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy) White tie (/wiki/White_tie) Little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Black_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) White dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/White_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) Marilyn Monroe's pink dress (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe%27s_pink_dress) Black dress of Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Black_dress_of_Rita_Hayworth) Fashion [ edit ] Chanel's Timeless Little Black Dress Modeled, 2011 Color of clothing is a key factor in capturing people's attention and persuading them to purchase a product. [17] (#cite_note-17) Quotes [ edit ] To me, clothing is a form of self-expression. There are hints about who you are in what you wear — Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) [18] (#cite_note-18) : 472 The best color in the whole world, is the one that looks good, on you. — Coco Chanel (/wiki/Coco_Chanel) [19] (#cite_note-19) Psychology [ edit ] Psychologists (/wiki/Psychologist) believe that the color of our clothing influences our stress levels and moods. Color enhances a person's experience of their surroundings. [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Literature [ edit ] Main article: Saffron (color) (/wiki/Saffron_(color)) The color saffron is associated with the goddess of dawn (/wiki/Dawn) ( Eos (/wiki/Eos) in Greek mythology and Aurora (/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)) in Roman mythology) in classical (/wiki/Classics) literature: Cymon and Iphigeneia (/wiki/Iphigeneia) c. 1884 by Frederic Leighton (/wiki/Frederic_Leighton,_1st_Baron_Leighton) - saffron suffuses the canvas at sunrise (/wiki/Sunrise) Homer (/wiki/Homer) 's Iliad (/wiki/Iliad) : [22] (#cite_note-22) Now when Dawn in robe of saffron was hastening from the streams of Okeanos (/wiki/Oceanus) , to bring light to mortals and immortals, Thetis (/wiki/Thetis) reached the ships with the armor (/wiki/Armor) that the god had given her. (19.1) Virgil (/wiki/Virgil) 's Aeneid (/wiki/Aeneid) : [23] (#cite_note-23) Aurora now had left her saffron bed, And beams of early light the heav'ns o'erspread, When, from a tow'r, the queen, with wakeful eyes, Saw day point upward from the rosy (/wiki/Rose_(colour)) skies. Value addition [ edit ] Greige goods (/wiki/Greige_goods) have limited shades ranging from offwhite to white, colors add value to the products. Application of color involves many textile arts (/wiki/Textile_arts) such as dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) , printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) , painting (/wiki/Painting) , etc. [24] (#cite_note-24) Royal blue (/wiki/Royal_blue) dye is one of the costliest dye to obtain the Royal blue hues (/wiki/Hue) . [25] (#cite_note-25) Different colors have different cost because of longer and shorter dye cycles. [26] (#cite_note-26) Application [ edit ] Colors can be applied to textiles in a variety of ways, the most common of which are dyeing (/wiki/Dyeing) and printing (/wiki/Textile_printing) . Dyeing is a uniform color application, whereas in printing, color is applied in certain patterns. Coloring has a set of procedures. Seasons and colors [ edit ] Retailers (/wiki/Retail) and buyers (/wiki/Procurement) design the merchandise (/wiki/Merchandising) as per the seasonal forecast. (/wiki/Forecasting) [27] (#cite_note-27) Primarily, there are four seasons: spring (/wiki/Spring_(season)) , summer (/wiki/Summer) , autumn (/wiki/Autumn) and winter (/wiki/Winter) . Some fast fashion (/wiki/Fast_fashion) brands, like Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , have more than four seasonal changes on their shelves. [28] (#cite_note-28) [29] (#cite_note-29) There are professional organizations that forecast colors, such as the Color Marketing Group (/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group) , Color Association of the United States (/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States) , and International Colour Authority (/wiki/International_Colour_Authority) . Color matching systems [ edit ] Pantone (/wiki/Pantone) is a standardized color reproduction system that conveys colors through color matching systems. These standards can be used by manufacturers all over the world. [30] (#cite_note-30) Production [ edit ] Textile dyeing mills use color standards in physical and digital forms for the reproduction of these colors. Physical color standards are cut pieces of reference colors, whereas digital color standards are known as "QTX files" (Spectral data), which is a more efficient method. [31] (#cite_note-31) When working with color matching and quality control software (/wiki/Spectrophotometry) , it is possible to import a QTX file. With regard to color, a QTX file is simply a text file containing reflectance measurements for the color in question. [32] (#cite_note-32) Measurement (Delta-E) [ edit ] Color is a subjective (/wiki/Subjectivity) visual perception that varies between individuals. There are spectrophotometers (/wiki/Spectrophotometry) that can objectively (/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)) compare spectral values and colors. Though colors are viewed visually and digitally, both depend on the customer's requirements. [33] (#cite_note-33) [34] (#cite_note-34) Delta E (dE-CMC) expresses the difference between the original standard and the reproduction. Further information: Color difference (/wiki/Color_difference) Alternative technologies for color application [ edit ] In Morpho (/wiki/Morpho_(genus)) butterflies such as Morpho helena the brilliant colors are produced by intricate firtree-shaped microstructures too small for optical microscopes. Structural coloration [ edit ] Microstructures that interfere (/wiki/Wave_interference) with the light cause structural coloration. Some examples of structural coloration include bird feathers and butterfly wings. (see: Iridescence (/wiki/Iridescence) ) Nano (/wiki/Nanotechnology) coating (of microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light (/wiki/Visible_light) ) in textiles for biomimetics (/wiki/Biomimetics) is the new method of structural coloration (/wiki/Structural_coloration) without dyes (/wiki/Dye) . [35] (#cite_note-35) In structural coloration, interference effects are used to create colors instead of using pigments or dyes. [36] (#cite_note-36) Gallery [ edit ] UEFA Euro 2012 (/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012) match between Netherlands (/wiki/Netherland) and Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) . Two teams in different colored uniform. White dress of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/White_dress_of_Marilyn_Monroe) Photo of Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , posing while filming The Seven Year Itch on the streets of New York. A Sadhu (/wiki/Sadhu) in orange dress Magdalena Frąckowiak (/wiki/Magdalena_Fr%C4%85ckowiak) wearing a cherry colored gown. Enlisted sailors of the United States Navy (/wiki/United_States_Navy) in Full Dress Whites during a retirement ceremony. a shocking pink (/wiki/Shocking_pink) dress. Marilyn Monroe's pink dress (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe%27s_pink_dress) Members of the United States Coast Guard (/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard) in Full Dress Blue during a change of command ceremony at Coast Guard Base Kodiak (/wiki/Coast_Guard_Base_Kodiak) . 1400–1500 in European fashion (/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion) Models (/wiki/Model_(person)) at an event in UK, wearing (from left to right)- shorts (/wiki/Shorts) , trousers (/wiki/Trousers) , mini skirt (/wiki/Mini_skirt) . See also [ edit ] Color analysis (art) (/wiki/Color_analysis_(art)) Clothing laws by country (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) Color appearance model (/wiki/Color_appearance_model) Colour fastness (/wiki/Colour_fastness) Court dress (/wiki/Court_dress) Dress code (/wiki/Dress_code) International Commission on Illumination (/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination) Political color (/wiki/Political_color) Textile sample (/wiki/Textile_sample) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b "Aesthetic Comfort - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/aesthetic-comfort) . www.sciencedirect.com . Retrieved 2021-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Richmond, Virginia P.; McCroskey, James C.; Hickson, Mark (2008). Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations . Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. p. 37. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-205-48669-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "What do you first notice about anyone?" (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/O-zone/what-do-you-first-notice-about-anyone/) . Times of India Blog . 2018-12-23 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ Jump up to: a b Faiers, Jonathan; Bulgarella, Mary Westerman (2016-11-17). Colors in Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-7369-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b Weber, Jeanette (1990). Clothing: Fashion, Fabrics, Construction . Glencoe Publishing Company. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-02-640161-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Maycock, Mark M. (1896). A Class-book of Color: Including Color Definitions, Color Scaling, and the Harmony of Colors . Milton Bradley. p. 47. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Steele, Valerie (2015-08-01). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 159. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-6470-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Tortora, Phyllis G. (1998). Survey of historic costume : a history of Western dress . Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. p. 1. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-56367-142-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "A Point of View: The power of wearing red" (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29240820) . BBC News . 2014-09-19 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Kodžoman, Duje (2019-06-10). "The psychology of clothing: meaning of Colors, Body Image and Gender Expression in Fashion" (https://www.tlr-journal.com/tlr-2019-22/) . Textile & Leather Review . 2 (2): 90–103. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.31881/TLR.2019.22 (https://doi.org/10.31881%2FTLR.2019.22) . S2CID (/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)) 150755649 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150755649) . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Why blue jeans are going green" (https://www.bbc.com/news/business-48851820) . BBC News . 2019-07-03 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Sen, Ragini; Wagner, Wolfgang; Howarth, Caroline (2013-09-30). Secularism and Religion in Multi-faith Societies: The Case of India . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 38. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-319-01922-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Hammond, Claudia. "The 'pink vs blue' gender myth" (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20141117-the-pink-vs-blue-gender-myth) . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) The Indian Journal of Social Work . Department of Publications, Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1986. p. 67. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Ferguson, George; Ferguson, George Wells (1961). Signs & Symbols in Christian Art . Oxford University Press. p. 151. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-19-501432-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "BJP workers distribute saffron shawls, light 93 lamps on Atal Bihari Vajpayee's birthday" (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-workers-distribute-saffron-shawls-light-93-lamps-on-atal-bihari-vajpayees-birthday-4998482/) . The Indian Express . 2017-12-25 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Steele, Valerie (2015-08-01). The Berg Companion to Fashion . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 159. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-6470-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Fleet, David; Pajdla, Tomas; Schiele, Bernt; Tuytelaars, Tinne (2014-08-13). Computer Vision -- ECCV 2014: 13th European Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I . Springer. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-319-10590-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "47 of the Best Coco Chanel Quotes About Fashion, Life & Luxury!" (https://stylishlyme.com/stylish-life/coco-chanel-quotes/) . Stylishly Me . 2018-08-24 . Retrieved 2021-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Color Psychology: What Colors Should You Wear and Why" (https://www.scienceofpeople.com/color-psychology/) . Science of People . 2013-12-16 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Clothing, Little River (2019-06-25). "Dress Your Mood with Color in Clothing" (https://littleriverclothing.com/dress-your-mood-with-color-the-relationship-between-color-preferences-clothing/) . Little River Clothing . Retrieved 2021-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Next Page. "The Iliad - Free Online Book" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100316151549/http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php) . Publicliterature.org . Archived from the original (http://publicliterature.org/books/iliad/xaa.php) on 2010-03-16 . Retrieved 2016-02-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) The Aeneid by Virgil - Free Ebook . 1995-03-01 . Retrieved 2016-02-27 – via Gutenberg.org. ^ (#cite_ref-24) "Textile - Dyeing and printing" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile) . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Why blue is the costliest colour" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/apr/17/colour-blue-rich-divine-ancient-egyptians-virgin-mary) . The Guardian . 2015-04-17 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Lewis, David M.; Rippon, John A. (2013-05-20). The Coloration of Wool and Other Keratin Fibres . John Wiley & Sons. p. 120. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-118-62510-1 . ^ (#cite_ref-27) Jacobs, Bel. "What will fashion be like 20 years from now?" (https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190410-what-will-fashion-be-like-20-years-from-now) . www.bbc.com . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) Jackson, Tim; Shaw, David (2004-09-20). The Fashion Handbook . Routledge. p. 49. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-134-52112-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "ZARA: Achieving the "Fast" in Fast Fashion through Analytics" (https://digital.hbs.edu/platform-digit/submission/zara-achieving-the-fast-in-fast-fashion-through-analytics/) . Digital Innovation and Transformation . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) "CMYK, RGB & Pantone for Print Marketing" (https://www.ballantine.com/the-differences-between-rgb-cmyk-and-pantone-colors/) . Ballantine . 2018-08-29 . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-31) AATCC Review . American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. 2005. p. 13. In the meantime , many retailers and their mills communicate with job files or qtx files to exchange spectral reflectance data . Spectral data may be emailed or shared via color communication systems ^ (#cite_ref-32) "QTX Files - CSI Wiki" (https://ecolorworld.com/wiki/qtx-files-3/) . Retrieved 2021-07-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "colour - The perception of colour" (https://www.britannica.com/science/color) . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) Elert, Glenn. "Color" (https://physics.info/color/) . The Physics Hypertextbook . Retrieved 2021-06-26 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Shao, J.; Liu, G.; Zhou, L. (2016-01-01). "Biomimetic nanocoatings for structural coloration of textiles" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081002636000125) . Active Coatings for Smart Textiles . Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: 269–299. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1016/B978-0-08-100263-6.00012-5 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-100263-6.00012-5) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780081002636 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) Structural colour under the microscope! Feathers, beetles and butterflie!! , retrieved 2021-07-04 v t e Color (/wiki/Color) topics Color science (/wiki/Color_science) Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum (/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum) Light (/wiki/Light) Rainbow (/wiki/Rainbow) Visible (/wiki/Visible_spectrum) Spectral colors (/wiki/Spectral_color) Chromophore (/wiki/Chromophore) Structural coloration (/wiki/Structural_coloration) Animal coloration (/wiki/Animal_coloration) Color of chemicals (/wiki/Color_of_chemicals) Water (/wiki/Color_of_water) Spectral power distribution (/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution) Colorimetry (/wiki/Colorimetry) Color perception (/wiki/Color_vision) Chromesthesia (/wiki/Chromesthesia) Sonochromatism (/wiki/Sonochromatism) Color blindness (/wiki/Color_blindness) Achromatopsia (/wiki/Achromatopsia) Dichromacy (/wiki/Dichromacy) Color calibration (/wiki/Color_calibration) Color constancy (/wiki/Color_constancy) Color task (/wiki/Color_task) Color code (/wiki/Color_code) Color temperature (/wiki/Color_temperature) Color vision test (/wiki/Color_vision_test) Evolution of color vision (/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision) Impossible colors (/wiki/Impossible_color) Metamerism (/wiki/Metamerism_(color)) Opponent process (/wiki/Opponent_process) Afterimage (/wiki/Afterimage) Unique hues (/wiki/Unique_hues) Tetrachromacy (/wiki/Tetrachromacy) The dress (/wiki/The_dress) Color psychology (/wiki/Color_psychology) Color symbolism (/wiki/Color_symbolism) Color preferences (/wiki/Color_preferences) Lüscher color test (/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test) Kruithof curve (/wiki/Kruithof_curve) Political color (/wiki/Political_colour) National colors (/wiki/National_colours) Chromophobia (/wiki/Chromophobia) Chromotherapy (/wiki/Chromotherapy) Color reproduction (/wiki/Color_reproduction) Color photography (/wiki/Color_photography) Color balance (/wiki/Color_balance) Color cast (/wiki/Colour_cast) Digital image processing (/wiki/Digital_image_processing) Color management 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Indian photographer Prabuddha Dasgupta Born Prabuddha Dasgupta ( 1956-09-21 ) 21 September 1956 [1] (#cite_note-1) Kolkata (/wiki/Kolkata) , West Bengal, India Died 12 August 2012 (2012-08-12) (aged 55) Alibaug (/wiki/Alibaug) , Maharashtra, India Nationality Indian Occupation Photographer Years active 1975–2012 Spouse Tania Sethi Partner Lakshmi Menon (/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(model)) (2000–2012) Children 2 daughters with wife Parent Prodosh Dasgupta (/wiki/Prodosh_Dasgupta) (father) Website prabuddhadasgupta (http://prabuddhadasgupta.com) .com (http://prabuddhadasgupta.com) Prabuddha Dasgupta (21 September 1956 – 12 August 2012) was an Indian fashion (/wiki/Fashion_photographer) and fine-art photographer (/wiki/Fine-art_photography) . [2] (#cite_note-hr-2) Known for his black and white imagery, he worked as a fashion photographer for more than three decades. [3] (#cite_note-ht17-3) His books included Women (1996), a collection of portraits and nudes of urban Indian women. [4] (#cite_note-cnn-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Biography [ edit ] Early life and background [ edit ] Prabuddha Dasgupta was born in Kolkata (/wiki/Kolkata) in September 1956. His father was, Prodosh Das Gupta, a sculptor [3] (#cite_note-ht17-3) and curator of the National Gallery of Modern Art (/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Modern_Art) (NGMA), Delhi from 1957 to 1970; the family stayed within the premises. [6] (#cite_note-6) In the 1970s, his father moved to Nizamuddin West (/wiki/Nizamuddin_West) , an artists' colony in Delhi, where he stayed for most of his career. [7] (#cite_note-pablo-7) He graduated in History from Hindu College, University of Delhi (/wiki/Hindu_College,_University_of_Delhi) (1973–1975). [8] (#cite_note-htsep13-8) Career [ edit ] Dasgupta started his career as copywriter with the advertising agency Everest, before turning to photography full-time in the late 1980s. [3] (#cite_note-ht17-3) [8] (#cite_note-htsep13-8) During his career as a commercial photographer, which took off with a campaign for Blue Lagoon Jeans, [9] (#cite_note-9) Dasgupta worked with the first generation of Indian supermodels: Madhu Sapre (/wiki/Madhu_Sapre) , Feroze Gujral (/wiki/Feroze_Gujral) , Shyamolie Verma and Mehr Jesia (/wiki/Mehr_Jesia) . According to historian, William Dalrymple (/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)) , with whom he worked on his book Edge of Faith, " Rohit Khosla (/wiki/Rohit_Khosla) and Rohit Bal (/wiki/Rohit_Bal) , along with Dasgupta, invented glamour in India." [8] (#cite_note-htsep13-8) A self-taught photographer, he received the Yves Saint Laurent grant for photography in 1991, [10] (#cite_note-ht-10) for his photograph of model Feroze Gujral, shot for designer Suneet Varma (/wiki/Suneet_Varma) . [8] (#cite_note-htsep13-8) [11] (#cite_note-mint12-11) He shot the first advertisements of KamaSutra condoms (/wiki/KamaSutra_condoms) in 1991, with models Pooja Bedi (/wiki/Pooja_Bedi) and Marc Robinson (/wiki/Marc_Robinson) , which not only became popular, but also turned KS into India's top-selling condom brand. [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-autogenerated4-13) Another ad campaign he shot, was for 'Tuff Shoes' in 1995, which featured models, Milind Soman (/wiki/Milind_Soman) and Madhu Sapre. [2] (#cite_note-hr-2) [7] (#cite_note-pablo-7) Dasgupta worked for Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar and GQ. He published several art books of his photographs, including Women (1996), [3] (#cite_note-ht17-3) [14] (#cite_note-it-14) Ladakh (2000) with landscapes of Ladakh (/wiki/Ladakh) , [10] (#cite_note-ht-10) and his 2009 book Edge of Faith authored by William Dalrymple (/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)) , with portraits of the Catholic community in Goa (/wiki/Goa) , was published in 2009. [11] (#cite_note-mint12-11) [15] (#cite_note-15) His work has been internationally exhibited, in solo and group shows and is held in the collections at Museo Ken Damy, Brescia (Italy) and Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milan. [14] (#cite_note-it-14) [16] (#cite_note-16) His first personal show titled, Longing was held in New York in 2007, and was reviewed by The Paris Review (/wiki/The_Paris_Review) . [17] (#cite_note-17) During his career he also mentored "a generation" of photographers, including Tarun Khiwal (/wiki/Tarun_Khiwal) and Bharat Sikka, who assisted him in the 1990s. [11] (#cite_note-mint12-11) In his later years, Dasgupta moved to Goa (/wiki/Goa) . [3] (#cite_note-ht17-3) He died in Alibaug (/wiki/Alibaug) near Mumbai, following a heart attack on the way to the airport, after a fashion shoot in Alibaug, age 55. [4] (#cite_note-cnn-4) [10] (#cite_note-ht-10) A memorial meeting in his honour was held on 25 August 2013 at NGMA, New Delhi, wherein tributes were paid by Mira Nair (/wiki/Mira_Nair) , Raghu Rai (/wiki/Raghu_Rai) and Dayanita Singh (/wiki/Dayanita_Singh) ; the gathering ended with an audio-visual montage of his works. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) As a tribute to him, the theme of the 2nd Delhi Photo Festival (/wiki/Delhi_Photo_Festival) (2013) was chosen as "Grace", inspired by a talk Dasgupta gave at the 1st edition of the festival in 2011, "I want to have a long string of images, held together by grace, because grace is that undefineable, non-rational, non-linear word that I am looking for…" [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Personal life [ edit ] Dasgupta was married to Tania Sethi, a graphic designer who was also his life-long creative collaborator, and with whom he had two daughters. [22] (#cite_note-22) From 2000 till his death, he was in a relationship with Lakshmi Menon (/wiki/Lakshmi_Menon_(model)) . [23] (#cite_note-23) Books [ edit ] Women. Viking, 1996. Ladakh, Viking, 2000. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0670892106 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670892106) . Edge of Faith, with William Dalrymple, Seagull Books, 2009. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1906497311 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1906497311) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "NGMA, Memorial Meeting Poster" (https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151098619404351&set=o.464067376946763&type=1&relevant_count=1) . NGMA. August 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ a b "Indian Fashion Photographer Prabuddha Dasgupta Dies at 58" (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/indian-fashion-photographer-prabuddha-dasgupta-361279) . The Hollywood Reporter (/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter) . 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ a b c d e Rochelle Pinto (14 August 2012). "He painted in black and white- Prabuddha Dasgupta" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120816164722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Art/He-painted-in-black-and-white-Prabuddha-Dasgupta/Article1-913417.aspx) . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Art/He-painted-in-black-and-white-Prabuddha-Dasgupta/Article1-913417.aspx) on 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . . ^ a b "Noted photographer Prabuddha Dasgupta passes away" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120813231240/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/noted-photographer-prabuddha-dasgupta-passes-away/281621-8-66.html) . CNN-IBN (/wiki/CNN-IBN) . Archived from the original (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/noted-photographer-prabuddha-dasgupta-passes-away/281621-8-66.html) on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Dasgupta 'elevated fashion images to art' (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3766221.ece) " (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3766221.ece) . The Hindu (/wiki/The_Hindu) . 14 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . The 58-year-old lensman suffered heart attack. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Aveek Sen (14 August 2012). "Obituary: Prabuddha Dasgupta" (https://archive.today/20130203121421/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120814/jsp/opinion/story_15854292.jsp%23.UC3ZlaCdOSr) . The Telegraph . Archived from the original (http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120814/jsp/opinion/story_15854292.jsp#.UC3ZlaCdOSr) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ a b Pablo Bartholomew (13 August 2012). "The death of a man so young, in the prime of his life" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120816153125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/The-death-of-a-man-so-young-in-the-prime-of-his-life/Article1-912693.aspx) . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/The-death-of-a-man-so-young-in-the-prime-of-his-life/Article1-912693.aspx) on 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ a b c d Aasheesh Sharma (21 September 2013). "Memories of a master" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130930061621/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Memories-of-a-master/Article1-1125196.aspx) . Hindustan Times. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Memories-of-a-master/Article1-1125196.aspx) on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Shefalee Vasudev (14 August 2012). "Retouch Me Not" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/retouch-me-not/987870/0) . Indian Express . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ a b c "Prabuddha, a master lensman (Obituary)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120816153348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Prabuddha-a-master-lensman/Article1-912569.aspx) . Hindustan Times (/wiki/Hindustan_Times) , Mumbai . 12 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/Prabuddha-a-master-lensman/Article1-912569.aspx) on 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ a b c "Tribute: The silent frame" (http://www.livemint.com/2012/08/16212139/The-silent-frame.html) . Mint (/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)) . 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Bhaichand Patel (2012). Bollywoods Top 20 Superstars of Indian Cinema . Penguin Books India. p. 201. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0670085729 . ^ (#cite_ref-autogenerated4_13-0) "KamaSutra's creative foreplay" (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/kamasutra8217s-creative-foreplay/127873/) . Business Standard. 2 November 2003. ^ a b "Rest in peace Prabuddha Dasgupta, says fashion world" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/rest-in-peace-prabuddha-dasgupta-says-fashion-world/1/212985.html) . India Today. 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) Dalrymple, Prabuddha Dasgupta ; essay by William (2009). Edge of faith . London: Seagull Books. p. 140. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1906497316 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Fashion photographer Prabuddha Dasgupta dead" (https://archive.today/20130103145034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/people/33181919_1_urban-indian-women-controversial-collection-fashion-photographer) . The Times of India (/wiki/The_Times_of_India) . 13 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/people/33181919_1_urban-indian-women-controversial-collection-fashion-photographer) on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Curated by Geoff Dyer: Prabuddha Dasgupta" (http://www.theparisreview.org/art-photography/6138/prabuddha-dasgupta-geoff-dyer) . Paris Review. 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Mira Nair, Raghu Rai pay tribute to Prabuddha Dasgupta" (https://archive.today/20130126052203/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mira-nair-raghu-rai-pay-tribute-to-prabuddha/285949-8-66.html) . CNN-IBN (/wiki/CNN-IBN) . 27 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mira-nair-raghu-rai-pay-tribute-to-prabuddha/285949-8-66.html) on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Remembering an extraordinary visionary" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article3823904.ece) . The Hindu . 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "2013 theme" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061010/http://www.delhiphotofestival.com/delhi_photo_festival_2013/theme.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.delhiphotofestival.com/delhi_photo_festival_2013/theme.html) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Khurana, Tushar. "Making the Frame" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/making-the-frame/article4569291.ece) . The Hindu . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Sita Wadhwani (21 August 2012). "Prabuddha Dasgupta: Vogue Retrospective" (http://www.vogue.in/content/prabuddha-dasgupta-vogue-retrospective) . Vogue India . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) " (https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/i-don-t-fit-into-the-indian-fashion-scene-that-s-obsessed-with-white-skin-says-supermodel-lakshmi-menon/story-KTnAG986lwpRA3zMYQxTYN.html) "I don't fit into the Indian fashion scene that's obsessed with white skin" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/i-don-t-fit-into-the-indian-fashion-scene-that-s-obsessed-with-white-skin-says-supermodel-lakshmi-menon/story-KTnAG986lwpRA3zMYQxTYN.html) " (https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/i-don-t-fit-into-the-indian-fashion-scene-that-s-obsessed-with-white-skin-says-supermodel-lakshmi-menon/story-KTnAG986lwpRA3zMYQxTYN.html) . Hindustan Times . 30 May 2016. Indians don't go easy on relationships between an older married man and a single young woman, especially if they dare to bare. The hypocrisy of our society makes relationships controversial and vulgar. So much was written and much more whispered. But love seldom cares and neither did Lakshmi and Prabuddha, who looked after his wife and children while simultaneously sharing his special relationship with Lakshmi. General references [ edit ] "Profile of Prabuddha Dasgupta on SaffronArt.com" (http://www.saffronart.com/artist/artistprofile.aspx?artistid=2629) "Profile of Prabuddha Dasgupta on Artfacts.net" (http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/prabuddha-dasgupta-174372/profile.html) External links [ edit ] Prabuddha Dasgupta (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0348486/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) "Selection of Prabuddha Dasgupta's photographs of Indian women" (http://idiva.com/photogallery-style-beauty/prabuddha-dasguptas-best-shots/14860) "Interview with Prabuddha Dasgupta (http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/01/slide-show-1-prabuddha-dasgupta-interview.htm) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000116608051) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/65603927) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxGCPRyMYBQPG9qdyKh3) National Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1043810927) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89235176) Artists Photographers' Identities (https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/390780) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/079825583) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐bdcc7b545‐schn5 Cached time: 20240715183413 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.430 seconds Real time usage: 0.591 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3439/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55951/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2484/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 99453/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.269/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7403859/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 547.580 1 -total 27.74% 151.887 1 Template:Reflist 23.15% 126.792 1 Template:Infobox_person 14.93% 81.735 1 Template:Authority_control 14.56% 79.713 1 Template:Short_description 12.49% 68.385 8 Template:Cite_web 9.17% 50.224 13 Template:Cite_news 8.70% 47.618 2 Template:ISBN 8.69% 47.573 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 7.92% 43.375 21 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36709936-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715183413 and revision id 1233828378. 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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Starfish_(fashion_label)) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Starfish_(fashion_label)) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article is an orphan (/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan) , as no other articles link to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Starfish_(fashion_label)&namespace=0) . Please introduce links (/wiki/Help:Link) to this page from related articles (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Starfish+%28fashion+label%29&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Starfish+%28fashion+label%29) ; try the Find link tool (https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Starfish_(fashion_label)) for suggestions. 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Find sources: "Starfish" fashion label (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Starfish%22+fashion+label) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Starfish%22+fashion+label+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Starfish%22+fashion+label&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Starfish%22+fashion+label+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Starfish%22+fashion+label) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Starfish%22+fashion+label&acc=on&wc=on) ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Starfish was a New Zealand fashion label (/wiki/Fashion_label) created by Laurie Foon in 1993. [1] (#cite_note-1) Core values (/wiki/Value_system) for the label included eco-friendly (/wiki/Eco-friendly) and sustainable (/wiki/Sustainability) practices, as well as community mindedness. [2] (#cite_note-2) The label was called Jive Junkies from 1991 to 1993, and garments were sold at Wellington's Wakefield Market. Due to the success of Jive Junkies, the Starfish boutique (/wiki/Boutique) was opened in Willis Street (/wiki/Willis_Street) in 1993. [3] (#cite_note-3) A second Starfish shop was subsequently opened in Auckland. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 2007, Starfish was awarded the NZ Sustainable Business (/wiki/Sustainable_business) Award. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hughes, Helena; Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Starfish, 'Urban progression' collection, 1998" (https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/44306/starfish-urban-progression-collection-1998) . teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Telling stories through fashion: A history of eco-friendly Starfish" (http://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2017/02/28/telling-stories-through-fashion-a-history-of-eco-friendly-starfish/) . blog.tepapa.govt.nz . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Hammonds, Lucy; Lloyd Jenkins, Douglas; Regnault, Claire (2010). The Dress Circle . New Zealand: Random House New Zealand. p. 300. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781869621810 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Starfish Brief" (http://www.spatialdesign.info/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/StarfishBrief.pdf) (PDF) . www.spatialdesign.info . 23 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Sustainable Award For Starfish" (http://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/the-dominion-post/20071101/282677567932762) . The Post (/wiki/The_Post_(New_Zealand_newspaper)) . 1 November 2007. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235753/http://www.pressreader.com/new-zealand/the-dominion-post/20071101/282677567932762) from the original on 16 September 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 – via PressReader (/wiki/PressReader) . 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Tracey Neuls is a shoe designer; founder of TN29 and the eponymous Tracey Neuls labels. Neuls produced her first commercial collection in 2000 after winning the New Generation Prize at London Fashion Week. [1] (#cite_note-1) Neuls has a shop in Marylebone Lane (/wiki/Marylebone_Lane) , [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) London – listed in 2012 as one of Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) ' s London Top 100 [4] (#cite_note-4) – which was followed by a second in Redchurch Street in 2011. [5] (#cite_note-5) Neuls was shortlisted for the Drapers Footwear and Accessories Award 2013 (Footwear Designer of the Year category) [6] (#cite_note-6) and in 2012 was named one of the Time Out (/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)) / The Hospital Club (/wiki/The_Hospital_Club) 's Culture 100. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 2014 her BIKE GEEK design was short listed as one of the Design Museum's Designs of the Year [8] (#cite_note-8) Shoes designed by Neuls are referenced in the Peter James (/wiki/Peter_James_(writer)) novel Dead Like You [9] (#cite_note-9) and the Judy Astley (/wiki/Judy_Astley) novel The Look of Love . [10] (#cite_note-10) Collaborations [ edit ] Neuls has collaborated with many creative individuals and groups over the past 15 years. Tokyobike [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) Art Car Boot Fair [13] (#cite_note-13) Tord Boontje (/wiki/Tord_Boontje) [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) Fabergé (/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9) Big Egg Hunt [16] (#cite_note-16) LE GUN [17] (#cite_note-17) Faudet-Harrison [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) The Museum Of Everything [20] (#cite_note-20) Nicola Yeoman [21] (#cite_note-21) Nina Saunders & Sanderson (/wiki/Arthur_Sanderson_%26_Sons) [22] (#cite_note-22) [23] (#cite_note-23) [24] (#cite_note-24) Moroso [25] (#cite_note-25) Tim Ellis [26] (#cite_note-26) Design Is Simply Complex [27] (#cite_note-27) The Wapping Project [28] (#cite_note-28) Brompton Shop & Show [29] (#cite_note-29) Elaine Avila [30] (#cite_note-30) Retrouvius [31] (#cite_note-31) Boo Ritson [32] (#cite_note-32) [33] (#cite_note-33) External links [ edit ] Tracey Neuls official site (http://www.traceyneuls.com) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Previous NEWGEN Recipients" (http://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/content/1432/Previous-Recipients) . British Fashion Council. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sarah, Johnstone (2007). London . Lonely Planet. p. 76. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1740597478 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Tracey Neuls" (http://www.londontown.com/LondonInformation/Shopping/Tracey_Neuls/1e02/) . LondonTown . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Time Out Guides Ltd (2012). Time Out London Top 100 . Random House. p. 38. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1407012169 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Quinn, Ben. "Redchurch Street reborn as designer shopping draw on London's grittier side" (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jan/23/redchurch-street-fashion-shopping-london) . The Guardian . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Shortlist 2013" (http://www.drapersfootwearaccessories.com/558729) . Drapers. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The h.Club 100: the winners" (http://www.timeout.com/london/things-to-do/the-h-club-100-the-winners-4) . Time Out. ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Designs of the Year 2014" (http://designmuseum.org/exhibitions/2014/designs-of-the-year-2014) . Design Museum . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Designed by Tracey Neuls BIKE GEEK is a hybrid of a dress shoe and a casual shoe with the performance of sportswear. It is designed to be simple, easy and suitable for all occasions. The sole is a hard wearing, one piece, rubber unit which gives shock absorption and endures many walking or biking miles, and a reflective half moon 'cat eye' tab makes the wearer safely visible at night. ^ (#cite_ref-9) James, Peter (14 Oct 2010). Dead Like You . UK: Pan Macmillan. p. 40 (https://archive.org/details/deadlikeyou0000jame/page/40) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0230752365 . She was holding up a Tracey Neuls TN_29 Homage button shoe. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Astley, Judy (2012). The Look of Love (reprint ed.). Random House. p. 374. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0552773298 . They're by Tracey Neuls, darling. Canadian designer. Two-tone with a spotted heel isn't for everyone, but you can carry it off ^ (#cite_ref-11) "London Design Festival – touring LDF on a Tokyobike" (http://www.designweek.co.uk/whats-on/london-design-festival-touring-ldf-on-a-tokyobike/3037230.article) . Design Week . Centaur Communications Ltd . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Tracey Neuls for tokyobike" (http://www.shoreditchdesigntriangle.com/past-events/sdt-2013/tokyobike/) . shoreditchdesigntriangle.com . Shoreditch Design Triangle. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Artists" (http://www.artcarbootfair.com/artists) . artcarbootfair.com . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Squirrel Shoes and Oak Leaf Frills" (http://tordboontje.com/projects/other-products/squirrel-shoes/) . tordboontje.com . Tord Boontje Studio . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Tracey Neuls and Tord Boontje" (https://londondesignfestival.tumblr.com/post/31743557477/tracey-neuls-and-tord-boontje) . london design festival . london design festival . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "The Big Egg Hunt" (http://www.worldphoto.org/competitions/the-big-egg-hunt-contest/) . worldphoto.org . World Photography Organisation (WPO) . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . White egg with a peep hole into the egg, inside has a vibrant red colour scheme. ^ (#cite_ref-17) "The Annual: December" (http://www.creativereview.co.uk/back-issues/creative-review/2012/the-annual-2012/december) . Creative Review . The Annual 2012. December 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Furniture for Tracey Neuls Eastside by Faudet-Harrison" (http://www.dezeen.com/2011/09/22/furniture-for-tracey-neuls-eastside-by-faudet-harrison/) . dezeen . dezeen . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "TRACEY NEULS" (http://www.faudet-harrison.com/furniture/tracey-neuls/) . Faudet–Harrison . Faudet–Harrison Ltd . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "The Museum of Everything" (http://www.selfridges.com/en/StaticPage/aboutMuseumOfEverything/) . Selfridges . Selfridges & Co . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . plus fashion collaborations with Tracey Neuls and Clements Ribeiro ^ (#cite_ref-21) Pizzey, Cassandra. "Home by Tracey Neuls and Nicola Yeoman" (http://www.frameweb.com/news/home) . FrameWeb . Frame Publishers . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Most Curious" (http://www.craftmatters.org/crafts-magazine/news/view/2010/most-curious?from=/crafts-magazine/news/list/2010/10) . Crafts Magazine . The Crafts Council . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "Fabric group Sanderson has collaborated with shoe designer Tracey Neuls and artist Nina Saunders" (http://www.designweek.co.uk/fabric-group-sanderson-has-collaborated-with-shoe-designer-tracey-neuls-and-artist-nina-saunders/3010098.article) . Design Week . Centaur Communications Ltd . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-24) LAWTON, FRAN. "VERY SANDERSON: 150 YEARS OF ENGLISH DECORATION" (http://blog.artsthread.com/2010/05/very-sanderson-150-years-of-english-decoration/) . Arts Thread . ARTS THREAD . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Neuls continues this playful and unexpected use of Sanderson fabrics with a series of bespoke and sculptural shoes. ^ (#cite_ref-25) "Clerkenwell mix" (http://www.designweek.co.uk/clerkenwell-mix/3013375.article) . Design Week . Centaur Communications Ltd . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Tracey Neuls is collaborating with Moroso designers Tord Boontje and Patricia Urquiola to create limited-edition shoes for the festival ^ (#cite_ref-26) Ellis, Tim. "About Ellisinwonderland" (http://cargocollective.com/ellisinwonderland/About-Ellisinwonderland) . CargoCollective . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . In 2010, he was commissioned by Tracey Neuls to write and illustrate a winter folk tale mural for her boutique store. ^ (#cite_ref-27) Edwards, Rachel. "Design Is Simply Complex" (http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/4534/1/design-is-simply-complex) . DazedDigital . Dazed+Confused . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-28) "Tracey Neuls exhibits along Antwerp designers" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/news/columns/tracey-neuls-exhibits-along-antwerp-designers) . FashionUnited . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-29) "Shop&Show by Tracey Neuls" (http://www.dezeen.com/2009/02/16/shopshow-by-tracey-neuls/) . Dezeen Magazine . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-30) Nestruck, J Kelly (September 21, 2007). "If the venue fits, wear it!" (http://elaineavila.com/Quality_files/LondonPerformanceReview.pdf) (PDF) . National Post . ^ (#cite_ref-31) "Retrouvius" (http://www.traceyneuls.com/about/projects/retrouvius/) . Tracey Neuls . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Boo Ritson "Heels" (detail) 2006" (http://www.traceyneuls.com/wp-content/archive_images/blog_1.jpg) . Tracey Neuls . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Tracey Neuls Gallery" (http://www.artrabbit.com/venues/venue/3350/tracey_neuls_gallery) . ArtRabbit . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . The shops interiors are also used as a gallery space and have been transformed many times for collaborations with artists including Boo Ritsen, Nina Saunders and Tim Ellis and LE GUN. 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British clothing designer London Tradition Ltd Company type Private (/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares) Industry Design (/wiki/Fashion_design) and manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) Founded January 2001 ; 23 years ago ( 2001-01 ) Founder Mamun Chowdhury (/wiki/Mamun_Chowdhury) Rob Huson Headquarters Homerton (/wiki/Homerton) London (/wiki/London) , E9 (/wiki/E_postcode_area) United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Owner Mamun Chowdhury Rob Huson Number of employees 100 Website www (http://www.londontradition.com) .londontradition (http://www.londontradition.com) .com (http://www.londontradition.com) London Tradition Ltd is a clothing (/wiki/Clothing) designer (/wiki/Fashion_design) and manufacturer (/wiki/Manufacturing) , specialising in traditional British duffle coats (/wiki/Duffle_coat) , pea coats (/wiki/Pea_coat) and trench coats (/wiki/Trench_coat) . The company was founded in January 2001 by Mamun Chowdhury (/wiki/Mamun_Chowdhury) and Rob Huson, is based in London (/wiki/London) , England (/wiki/England) , and has around 100 employees. History [ edit ] Duffle coat worn by the Royal Navy during the Second World War In January 2001, [1] (#cite_note-exporttojapan-1) Mamun Chowdhury (/wiki/Mamun_Chowdhury) and Rob Huson set up London Tradition. The company operates from a factory [2] (#cite_note-theguardian-2) and design studio [3] (#cite_note-telegraphindia-3) in Hackney Wick (/wiki/Hackney_Wick) near the Olympic park (/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park) , [2] (#cite_note-theguardian-2) designing and manufacturing luxury duffle coats (/wiki/Duffle_coat) [4] (#cite_note-fashionunited-4) for export. [2] (#cite_note-theguardian-2) [1] (#cite_note-exporttojapan-1) The company designs clothing that is manufactured in the UK. [3] (#cite_note-telegraphindia-3) Export [ edit ] The company now exports 30,000 to 35,000 coats a year, [2] (#cite_note-theguardian-2) 90% of its output is outside of the UK, [3] (#cite_note-telegraphindia-3) it exports to 12 markets, including the Asia Pacific region, Europe, [4] (#cite_note-fashionunited-4) Japan, Germany, Italy, [3] (#cite_note-telegraphindia-3) France, Austria, Netherlands and Spain. [1] (#cite_note-exporttojapan-1) It has seen overseas sales rise by 865% between 2007 and 2013. [2] (#cite_note-theguardian-2) Awards and recognition [ edit ] London Tradition was twice awarded a Queen's Awards for Enterprise (/wiki/Queen%27s_Awards_for_Enterprise) for International Trade (/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Award_for_Enterprise:_International_Trade_(Export)_(2014)) in recognition of its business performance: once in July 2014 and again in April 2020. [5] (#cite_note-bbc-5) [6] (#cite_note-bbwhoswho14-6) The citation of the 2014 award noted he company's success in having "taken British outerwear - including the humble duffle coat - and transformed them into a luxury heritage brand for an international market." [1] (#cite_note-exporttojapan-1) See also [ edit ] Business and economics portal (/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics) Business of British Bangladeshis (/wiki/Business_of_British_Bangladeshis) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "Luxury Heritage Brand Big In Japan" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141101025940/http://exporttojapan.co.uk/case-studies/luxury-heritage-brand-big-in-japan) . Export to Japan . 21 April 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.exporttojapan.co.uk/case-studies/luxury-heritage-brand-big-in-japan) on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ^ a b c d e Tran, Mark (3 October 2014). "Duffel coat dreams: Bangladeshi man's mission to sell Britishness abroad" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/oct/03/duffle-coats-bangladeshi-selling-britishness) . The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ^ a b c d "International Trade Award for British Heritage Company Exporting Luxury Heritage Duffle Coats to Asia Pacific and Europe" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141101020351/https://www.telegraphindia.com/pressrelease/prnw/prna_852_1402285_0.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)) . Calcutta. 21 April 2014. Archived from the original (http://www.telegraphindia.com/pressrelease/prnw/prna_852_1402285_0.html) on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ^ a b "Fashion businesses celebrate Queen's Awards for international trade" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141101082002/http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/fashion-businesses-celebrate-queens-awards-for-international-trade-2014042120822) . Fashion United . 21 April 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/fashion-businesses-celebrate-queens-awards-for-international-trade-2014042120822) on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-bbc_5-0) "Duffle coat company gets top award from Queen" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-27121385) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . London. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-bbwhoswho14_6-0) Karim, Mohammed Abdul; Karim, Shahadoth (November 2014). British Bangladeshi Who's Who (PDF) . British Bangla Media Group. p. 12 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.londontradition.com/) London Tradition (https://x.com/LondonTradition) on X (/wiki/X_(social_network)) London Tradition (https://www.facebook.com/pages/London-Tradition-LTD/194851707235372) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) Plus Size Clothing (https://plussizeqtpie.com/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐78789c78f5‐97qvp Cached time: 20240701043524 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.368 seconds Real time usage: 0.706 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2173/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25255/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2637/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28360/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.198/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4971331/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 437.887 1 -total 33.14% 145.105 1 Template:Reflist 29.15% 127.627 1 Template:Infobox_company 26.65% 116.693 1 Template:Infobox 26.57% 116.325 5 Template:Cite_news 18.32% 80.200 1 Template:Short_description 10.58% 46.348 2 Template:Pagetype 5.43% 23.779 1 Template:Twitter 5.17% 22.647 11 Template:Main_other 4.25% 18.598 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44267033-0!canonical and timestamp 20240701043524 and revision id 1227015738. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Tradition&oldid=1227015738 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Tradition&oldid=1227015738) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing companies established in 2001 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2001) 2001 establishments in England (/wiki/Category:2001_establishments_in_England) Clothing manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Clothing_manufacturers) Manufacturing companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_London) Privately held companies based in London (/wiki/Category:Privately_held_companies_based_in_London) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) Use dmy dates from April 2022 (/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022) Facebook ID not in Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Facebook_ID_not_in_Wikidata) |
Fashion event in Colombo The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for events (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(events)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Colombo Fashion Week" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Colombo+Fashion+Week%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Colombo Fashion Week Genre Clothing and fashion exhibitions Frequency Semiannual Location(s) Colombo (/wiki/Colombo) , Sri Lanka Inaugurated 2003 Organised by CFW Holdings Pvt. Ltd Website http://www.colombofashionweek.com (http://www.colombofashionweek.com) Colombo Fashion Week (CFW), is a semiannual fashion show held in Colombo, Sri Lanka, with spring/summer (February – March) and Swim Wear in autumn (September – October); Swim Week Colombo . It was created in 2003 by Ajai Vir Singh. [1] (#cite_note-1) It is organised by CFW Holdings and sponsored by HSBC. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) It is known for being one of the few fashion weeks in Asia (/wiki/Asia) that has lasted over ten years. It aims to serve as a hub for South Asian fashion. Where designers from neighbouring countries like Pakistan (/wiki/Pakistan) , Bangladesh (/wiki/Bangladesh) and India (/wiki/India) take part. Locations [ edit ] CFW has been held at the Hilton Colombo (/wiki/Hilton_Colombo) for most of its lifespan. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) More recently it was held at Shangri-La Colombo (/wiki/Shangri-La_Colombo) , [10] (#cite_note-10) and also Port City Colombo (/wiki/Colombo_Port_City) . [ citation needed ] Swim Week Colombo [ edit ] Swim Week Colombo is the first and most premiere platform in Asia for swimwear fashion, facilitating a responsible ecosystem from Manufacturing, to Designing to Retail. Presenting Sri Lanka's best swimwear designers; regional and international, and promoting fusion with local crafts. It is sponsored by OLU Water. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) [13] (#cite_note-13) It also seeks to facilitate a global platform for swimwear, thereby positioning Sri Lanka as swimwear capital of the world. Promoting Sri Lanka as a high-quality production destination, as Sri Lanka has some of the world's best production facilities. [14] (#cite_note-14) [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) Attendance [ edit ] Admission to shows at Colombo Fashion week is by invitation only, with specific events included. Awards [ edit ] CFW gives three awards; Lifetime Achievement Award, Gen-Next award and the Face of CFW award to deserving individuals. [22] (#cite_note-22) See also [ edit ] Fashion week (/wiki/Fashion_week) List of fashion events (/wiki/List_of_fashion_events) List of fashion designers (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Italian Award for High-Potential Emerging Designer at Colombo Fashion Week | Daily FT" (https://www.ft.lk/lifestyle/Italian-Award-for-High-Potential-Emerging-Designer-at-Colombo-Fashion-Week/8-730830) . www.ft.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "CFW aims to revive collapsing fashion industry through Olu Swim Week '21 | Daily FT" (https://www.ft.lk/front-page/CFW-aims-to-revive-collapsing-fashion-industry-through-Olu-Swim-Week--21/44-725104) . www.ft.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "HSBC Colombo Fashion Week 2022 - Other | Daily Mirror" (https://www.dailymirror.lk/weekend-online/other/HSBC-Colombo-Fashion-Week-2022/438-231920) . www.dailymirror.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "HSBC Colombo Fashion Week 2021 kicks off" (http://www.themorning.lk/hsbc-colombo-fashion-week-2021-kicks-off/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . March 28, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Nadeera, Dilshan. "Styles, trends and designers at Colombo Fashion Week" (http://island.lk/styles-trends-and-designers-at-colombo-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "COLOMBO FASHION WEEK" (https://lmd.lk/colombo-fashion-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "BUSINESS TODAY -Hilton to host HSBC Colombo Fashion Week" (https://www.businesstoday.lk/article.php?article=2133) . www.businesstoday.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Colombo Fashion Week Day 1" (https://www.timesonline.lk/features/colombo-fashion-week-day-1/5-1041023) . Times Online . ^ (#cite_ref-9) " (http://www.themorning.lk/hsbc-colombo-fashion-week-commences-on-18-march/) 'Responsibility in Fashion' this year's theme for HSBC Colombo Fashion Week" (http://www.themorning.lk/hsbc-colombo-fashion-week-commences-on-18-march/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . March 4, 2020. ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Life Online - Sri Lanka's Latest Lifestyle Food Factor Fashion & Beauty Updates-life.lk" (https://www.life.lk/249/cfw-2019) . www.life.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "olu Swim Week Colombo - Life | Daily Mirror" (https://www.dailymirror.lk/life/olu-Swim-Week-Colombo/243-223485) . www.dailymirror.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Swim Week Colombo at a glance" (https://www.timesonline.lk/features/swim-week-colombo-at-a-glance/5-1004991) . Times Online . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Top international designers on show at Swim Week" (https://colombogazette.com/2016/06/25/top-international-designers-on-show-at-swim-week-colombo/) . June 25, 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "CFW Presents OLU SWIM WEEK" (https://ceylontoday.lk/news/cfw-presents-olu-swim-week) . CeylonToday . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Swim Week Colombo 2021 Archives" (https://www.lankabusinessnews.com/tag/swim-week-colombo-2021/) . Lanka Business News . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "Olu Swim Week Colombo: Luxury resortwear edit" (http://www.themorning.lk/olu-swim-week-colombo-luxury-resortwear-edit/) . The Morning - Sri Lanka News . October 31, 2021. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Nadeera, Dilshan. "Olu Swim Week" (http://island.lk/olu-swim-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Hi Online" (https://www.hi.lk/8/hi-Events/243) . www.hi.lk . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Nations Trust Bank American Express Becomes the Fashion Card at Swim Week Colombo 2021 for 5th Consecutive Time - Nations Trust Bank" (https://www.nationstrust.com/media-releases/corporate/nations-trust-bank-american-express-becomes-the-fashion-card-at-swim-week-colombo-2021-for-5th-consecutive-time) . www.nationstrust.com . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Perera, Tharindu. "CFW PRESENTS OLU SWIM WEEK" (https://lmd.lk/cfw-presents-olu-swim-week/) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) "SWIM WEEK COLOMBO SWIM WALL" (https://www.swimweekcalendar.com/global-calendar/swim-week-colombo-swim-wall) . SWIM WEEK CALENDAR . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "Bridging the gap: Colombo Fashion Week brings together designers from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/colombo-fashion-week-brings-together-designers-from-india-pakistan-bangladesh-india-today/1/260950.html) . indiatoday.intoday.in . April 6, 2013 . 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American shoe company Steven Madden, Ltd. Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) Nasdaq (/wiki/Nasdaq) : SHOO (https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/shoo) S&P 600 (/wiki/S%26P_600) component Industry Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) & accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Founded 1990 ; 34 years ago ( 1990 ) Founder Steve Madden (/wiki/Steve_Madden) Headquarters 52-16 Barnett Ave. Long Island City, New York City (/wiki/Long_Island_City,_New_York_City) , U.S. Number of locations 255 (2023) Key people Steve Madden (Creative & Design Chief) Edward Rosenfeld ( CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) Products Shoes (/wiki/Shoe) & accessories Revenue US$1.98 billion (2023) Operating income (/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes) US$213.2 million (2023) Net income (/wiki/Net_income) US$171.5 million (2023) Total assets (/wiki/Asset) US$1.35 billion (2023) Number of employees ≈ 4,200 (2024) Website stevemadden (http://stevemadden.com) .com (http://stevemadden.com) Footnotes / references [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) Steven Madden, Ltd. is a publicly traded company (/wiki/Public_company) that designs and markets shoes and fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) . Based in Long Island City (/wiki/Long_Island_City) , New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , the company's brands (/wiki/Brand) include Dolce Vita, Betsey Johnson, Blondo, Greats, BB Dakota and Mad Love. Steve Madden is also a licensee of various brands, including Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) and Superga (/wiki/Superga_(brand)) . [2] (#cite_note-CompanyProfile-2) History [ edit ] A pair of dress-casual Maddens Businessman Steve Madden (/wiki/Steve_Madden) started the company with $1,100 in 1990 by selling shoes out of the trunk of his car to small Manhattan stores, where their chunky platform look attracted clothing designers, such as Betsey Johnson (/wiki/Betsey_Johnson) , who used them in their fashion shows. [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-IDCH-4) Steven Madden, Ltd. was incorporated (/wiki/Incorporation_(business)) in New York on July 9, 1990, and reincorporated under the same name in Delaware (/wiki/Delaware) in November 1998. [2] (#cite_note-CompanyProfile-2) The company went public in 1993, underwritten through Stratton Oakmont (/wiki/Stratton_Oakmont) . [4] (#cite_note-IDCH-4) The company reported net sales (/wiki/Net_sales) of US$1.98 billion for 2023. [1] (#cite_note-10-K-1) Awards and honors [ edit ] Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) Company of the Year Award (2001, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2017) [5] (#cite_note-5) Footwear News Reader's Choice: Best Performing Wholesaler Award (2011) [6] (#cite_note-6) NASDAQ (/wiki/NASDAQ) Honors Steve Madden & 20 Year Anniversary (June 2010) [7] (#cite_note-7) Nordstrom (/wiki/Nordstrom) "Partners in Excellence" Award (May 2010) [8] (#cite_note-8) AAFA (/wiki/American_Apparel_and_Footwear_Association) American Image Awards: Brand of the Year (2010) [9] (#cite_note-9) Footwear News Milestone Issue (February 2010) [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ a b "Form 10-K" (https://investor.stevemadden.com/static-files/7c0fcae3-ab57-4d9a-80f6-5f4af3f19d21) (PDF) . Steven Madden, Ltd. March 4, 2024 . Retrieved 2024-06-19 . ^ a b "Company Profile" (https://investor.stevemadden.com/company-profile) . Steven Madden Ltd . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210421100448/https://investor.stevemadden.com/company-profile) from the original on 2021-04-21 . Retrieved 2022-06-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "About Steve Madden" (https://www.stevemadden.com/pages/about-steve-madden) . Steve Madden . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220526174637/https://www.stevemadden.com/pages/about-steve-madden) from the original on 2022-05-26 . Retrieved 2022-06-23 . ^ a b Grant, Tina (February 12, 2001). International Directory of Company Histories . Vol. 37. Detroit, Michigan: St. James Press (/wiki/St._James_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-55862-442-9 . OL (/wiki/OL_(identifier)) 8607072M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8607072M) – via Funding Universe. ^ (#cite_ref-5) Abel, Katie (2020-10-26). "The Ultimate Shoe Celebration: FNAA Winners From 1986 to 2019" (https://footwearnews.com/2020/influencers/power-players/footwear-news-achievement-awards-fnaa-past-winners-1203069635/) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211110084138/https://footwearnews.com/2020/influencers/power-players/footwear-news-achievement-awards-fnaa-past-winners-1203069635/) from the original on 2021-11-10 . Retrieved 2022-06-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bell, Jennie (2011-12-19). "Readers' Choice: Best & Worst of 2011" (https://footwearnews.com/2011/business/news/readers-choice-best-worst-of-2011-139977/) . Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160502072248/https://footwearnews.com/2011/business/news/readers-choice-best-worst-of-2011-139977/) from the original on 2016-05-02 . Retrieved 2022-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Nasdaq, Inc. (June 14, 2010). "Steven Madden, Ltd. (SHOO) Chief Executive Officer to Ring the NASDAQ Stock Market Closing Bell" (https://web.archive.org/web/20210518131153/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2010/06/14/423145/194251/en/UPDATE-Steven-Madden-Ltd-SHOO-Chief-Executive-Officer-to-Ring-the-NASDAQ-Stock-Market-Closing-Bell.html) . GlobeNewswire . Archived from the original (http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2010/06/14/423145/194251/en/UPDATE-Steven-Madden-Ltd-SHOO-Chief-Executive-Officer-to-Ring-the-NASDAQ-Stock-Market-Closing-Bell.html) on 2021-05-18 . Retrieved 2022-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Martinez, Amy (2010-05-18). "Nordstrom rewards shareholders with higher dividend" (https://www.seattletimes.com/business/nordstrom-rewards-shareholders-with-higher-dividend/) . The Seattle Times (/wiki/The_Seattle_Times) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160311070332/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/nordstrom-rewards-shareholders-with-higher-dividend/) from the original on 2016-03-11 . Retrieved 2022-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "The AAFA American Image Awards to Honor Li & Fung; Steve Madden; John Bartlett; Fern Mallis; GAP Inc.; Shopbop.com; Bob & Suzanne Wright" (https://www.prunderground.com/the-aafa-american-image-awards-to-honor-li-fung-steve-madden-john-bartlett-fern-mallis-gap-inc-shopbop-com-bob-suzanne-wright/002646/) . PRUnderground . April 12, 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025648/https://www.prunderground.com/the-aafa-american-image-awards-to-honor-li-fung-steve-madden-john-bartlett-fern-mallis-gap-inc-shopbop-com-bob-suzanne-wright/002646/) from the original on 2020-11-09 . Retrieved 2022-06-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "EBay's Apparel Push: New Selling Formats, More Brands in Wings" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140101014244/http://www.wwd.com/wwd-publications/footwear-news/2010-02-22/) . WWD (/wiki/Footwear_News) . 2010-02-22. Archived from the original (https://wwd.com/wwd-publications/wwd/2010-02-22-2107875/) on 2014-01-01 . Retrieved 2022-06-23 . External links [ edit ] Business data for Steve Madden, Ltd.: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/SHOO:US) Google (https://www.google.com/finance/quote/Nasdaq:SHOO) Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/SHOO.OQ) SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=SHOO) Yahoo! 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< User talk:Mrnehalislam63 (/wiki/User_talk:Mrnehalislam63) Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) NA‑class Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) This page is within the scope of WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion (/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Fashion) and see a list of open tasks. Fashion Wikipedia:WikiProject Fashion Template:WikiProject Fashion fashion articles NA (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) This page does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment (/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment) scale. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐rvr54 Cached time: 20240722171033 Cache expiry: 864000 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] DiscussionTools time usage: 0.005 seconds CPU time usage: 0.102 seconds Real time usage: 0.193 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 119/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4712/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4867/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.074/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1238643/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 174.744 1 -total 100.00% 174.744 1 Template:WikiProject_Fashion 1.31% 2.287 1 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:73400366-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722171033 and revision id 1147007209. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mrnehalislam63/sandbox&oldid=1147007209 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mrnehalislam63/sandbox&oldid=1147007209) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : NA-Class fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-Class_fashion_articles) NA-importance fashion articles (/wiki/Category:NA-importance_fashion_articles) Hidden category: WikiProject banners without banner shells (/wiki/Category:WikiProject_banners_without_banner_shells) |
Windproof Smocks are clothing (/wiki/Clothing) . They usually come with hoods (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) and matching trousers (/wiki/Trousers) worn as over garments to prevent cold air, and in some cases water, passing through. Examples [ edit ] A garment with a similar appearance and colours to the Denison Smock (/wiki/Denison_smock) , in lighter-weight denim, the 1942 Pattern Smock, Windproof, was also commonly issued to scouts and snipers in infantry battalions, from 1943, but most notably the SAS (/wiki/Special_Air_Service) / SBS (/wiki/Special_Boat_Service) / SOE (/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive) and Commando (/wiki/Commando) squads. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "SAS Windproof". It was not designed much for parachuting (/wiki/Parachuting) , and lacked a crotch flap, having a drawstring (/wiki/Drawstring) hem instead. The most distinctive point of difference between 'Windproofs' and the Denison smock are that the former are hooded. A matching set of over-trousers was produced to complement the smock. Both items were screen printed (/wiki/Screen-printed) with colour-fast (/wiki/Colour_fastness) pigments in a bold splinter design, with colours similar to that of the Denison. Variations of the 'Windproof' have been the basic Special Forces smock until the present, with several alternative colours seen over the years - white (or at least natural cotton) for LRDG's desert use; olive green; black; and, in now very rare later issues of the Smock, Windproof, 1963 Pattern, the Disruptive Pattern Material (/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material) (DPM) introduced in the late 1960s. The current issue Windproof Smock is in the latest MTP camouflage design. The camouflage pattern of the " SAS (/wiki/Special_Air_Service) Windproof" was used as the basis of the post World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) Belgian Paratrooper (/wiki/Light_Brigade_(Belgium)) Smock with very similar overtrousers. DPM Windproof Smock [ edit ] Soldier of the 2nd Battalion Yorkshire Regiment wearing Smock Windproof DPM and trousers, temperate pattern. The Smock, Windproof, DPM' (or, DPM Windproof Smock ) was issued alongside the standard DPM (/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material) Combat Jackets by the British Army (/wiki/British_Army) . The Special Air Service (/wiki/Special_Air_Service) Regiment was the first unit to adopt its own design of DPM Windproof Smock which it wore in preference to the 68 Pattern (/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material#The_1968_Pattern_range—first_general_use) and later combat jackets. Aside from being made from a windproof material, it differed from the standard combat jackets in being cut to fit more loosely, allowing it to fit over other layers of clothing more easily, and in having an integral hood. Where the standard jackets were closed by a full-length zipper, covered by a buttoned flap, and buttoned cuffs, the windproof smock used velcro to close the flap over the zipper and to fasten the cuffs. The buttons fitted to the Windproof Smock (on the four, expanding front pockets, and the small arm pocket for the First Field Dressing) were all of an overlarge type, to ease use by cold or gloved fingers. Later, a similar DPM Windproof smock was introduced (the Smock, Windproof, Arctic ), this was primarily issued to Royal Marine Commandos and Army units assigned to the AMF(L) (/wiki/AMF(L)) for arctic warfare (/wiki/Arctic_warfare) . This differed from the Smock, Windproof, DPM in that it had button-on rank tabs on the chest and back, as well as a wire 'stiffener' for the hood. The general issue Combat Soldier 95 combat jacket followed this pattern, but omitting the rank tab on the back which tended to snag on rucksacks, camouflage netting and so forth. 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Brazilian fashion model (born 1997) Aira Ferreira Born Aira Ferreira ( 1997-04-21 ) 21 April 1997 (age 27) Fortaleza (/wiki/Fortaleza) , Brazil (/wiki/Brazil) Occupation Model Years active 2017–present Modeling information Height 5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown< Agency Supreme Management (New York, Paris) Elo Management (São Paulo) Wide Models (Fortaleza) Women Direct (/wiki/Women_Management) (Milan) View Management (Barcelona) Elite Model Management (/wiki/Elite_Model_Management) (London) 20 Model Management (Cape Town) Model Management (Hamburg) Freedom Models (Los Angeles) [1] (#cite_note-1) Aira Ferreira (born April 21, 1997) is a Brazilian fashion model. Career [ edit ] Ferreira debuted at Alberta Ferretti in 2016. The next year she walked for Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) , Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) , JW Anderson (/wiki/JW_Anderson) , Roland Mouret (/wiki/Roland_Mouret) , Missoni (/wiki/Missoni) , Versace (/wiki/Versace) , Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) , Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) , Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) , Coach New York (/wiki/Coach_New_York) , Elie Saab (/wiki/Elie_Saab) , Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) , Giambattista Valli (/wiki/Giambattista_Valli) , Victoria Beckham (/wiki/Victoria_Beckham) , Brandon Maxwell (/wiki/Brandon_Maxwell) , Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) , Erdem (/wiki/Erdem_Moral%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu) , Azzedine Alaïa (/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa) , Zara (/wiki/Zara_(retailer)) , and Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Ferreira appeared in an Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) Italia editorial in June 2019. [5] (#cite_note-5) Ferreira has modeled in advertising campaigns for brands including Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , Calvin Klein Collection (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_Collection) , and Prabal Gurung (/wiki/Prabal_Gurung) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Ferreira was also cast in campaigns for Prada (/wiki/Prada) . [7] (#cite_note-7) Ferreira currently ranks as a "Money Girl" on models.com. [8] (#cite_note-8) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Aira Ferreira - Model" (https://models.com/models/aira-ferreira) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Latina Models Slayed at Tom Ford's NYFW Show" (https://people.com/chica/tom-ford-nyfw-spring-2018-latinas-runway-joan-smalls-lineisy-montero-mica-arganaraz-hiandra-martinez/?slide=5907020#5907020) . www.people.com . Retrieved September 7, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Meet the Breakout Models Who Ruled Fall 2017's Runways in New York, Milan, and Paris" (https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/fall-2017-top-new-runway-models) . Vogue . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "the fall/winter 17 new faces who rocked our world" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_us/article/mbvanv/the-fallwinter-17-new-faces-who-rocked-our-world) . i-D . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Michael Sanders Flashes Aira Ferreira in 'Black Hole Sun' for Elle Italia July 2019" (https://www.anneofcarversville.com/style-photos/2019/7/26/aira-ferreira-michael-sanders-elle-italia) . www.anneofcarversville.com . Retrieved July 27, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Okwodu, Janelle (February 16, 2017). "7 Things About Aira Ferreira, the Brazilian Bombshell Who's Ruling New York Fashion Week" (http://www.vogue.com/article/new-york-fashion-week-fall-2017-ready-to-wear-aira-ferreira-brazilian-model) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 2017-05-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Prada Fall 2017's Model Cast – Vogue" (https://www.vogue.com/article/milan-fashion-week-ready-to-wear-fall-2017-prada-model-cast) . www.vogue.com . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Model Girls" (https://models.com/rankings/ui/MoneyGirls/24598#24598) . models.com . Brazilian export Aira Ferreira offers flawless, luxe looks and that kind of guaranteed gorgeousness made her a no brainer for Dior and Zara when planning their F/W campaigns. What's more, Ferreira is a perfect fit for the glossies: her Harper's Brazil solo cover and editorials in Vogue Japan, India and Mexico make that evident. External links [ edit ] models.com bio (https://models.com/models/aira-ferreira/) This biographical article about a Brazilian model is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Companies portal (/wiki/Portal:Companies) 1980s portal (/wiki/Portal:1980s) 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 2003 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2003) 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2009) 2012 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2012) 2015 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2015) 2017 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_2017) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐8494f79557‐x7p4g Cached time: 20240718183112 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.222 seconds Real time usage: 0.335 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 65/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3612/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 103/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.182/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1500141/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 313.806 1 -total 81.08% 254.419 1 Template:Navseasoncats 18.88% 59.255 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:44813081-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718183112 and revision id 1047252778. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Clothing companies disestablished in 1982" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Black Manufacturing Company (/wiki/Black_Manufacturing_Company) K Kendall & Sons (/wiki/Kendall_%26_Sons) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_1982&oldid=1047252778 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_1982&oldid=1047252778) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Companies disestablished in 1982 (/wiki/Category:Companies_disestablished_in_1982) Clothing companies by year of disestablishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_disestablishment) Clothing companies disestablished in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_disestablished_in_the_20th_century) Hidden category: Category series navigation using skip-gaps parameter (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_using_skip-gaps_parameter) |
A loose jacket with side laps reaching to the knee. Samare was an outer garment of ladies in the 17th century. It was a loose jacket (/wiki/Jacket) with extra frills (/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)) hung down to the knees in the style of a gown (/wiki/Gown) . It was worn with a petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) As per Randle Holme (/wiki/Randle_Holme) , it was a long- skirted (/wiki/Skirt) jacket (/wiki/Jacket) with four separate tails falling to knee-length. [3] (#cite_note-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Freeman, Ruth Sunderlin (1978). Cavalcade of Dolls: Basic Source Book for Collectors . Century House Publishing Company. p. 301. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-87282-001-2 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) McClellan, Elisabeth (1906). Historic Dress, 1607-1800: With an Introductory Chapter on Dress in the Spanish and French Settlements in Florida and Louisiana . Lane. p. 133. ^ (#cite_ref-3) Earle, Alice Morse (2018-09-21). Two Centuries of Costume in America: Volume 1 . BoD – Books on Demand. p. 105. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-7340-5485-3 . v t e Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) History (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Industry (/wiki/Clothing_industry) Technology (/wiki/Clothing_technology) Terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Timeline (/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Beret (/wiki/Beret) Cap (/wiki/Cap) baseball (/wiki/Baseball_cap) flat (/wiki/Flat_cap) knit (/wiki/Knit_cap) Hat (/wiki/Hat) boater (/wiki/Boater) bowler (/wiki/Bowler_hat) fedora (/wiki/Fedora) homburg (/wiki/Homburg_hat) top (/wiki/Top_hat) Helmet (/wiki/Helmet) Hood (/wiki/Hood_(headgear)) Kerchief (/wiki/Kerchief) Mask (/wiki/Mask) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Veil (/wiki/Veil) Neckwear (/wiki/Neckwear) Bands (/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)) Choker (/wiki/Choker) Clerical collar (/wiki/Clerical_collar) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Neckerchief (/wiki/Neckerchief) Neck gaiter (/wiki/Neck_gaiter) Necktie (/wiki/Necktie) ascot (/wiki/Ascot_tie) bolo (/wiki/Bolo_tie) bow (/wiki/Bow_tie) kipper (/wiki/Kipper_tie) school (/wiki/School_tie) stock (/wiki/Stock_tie) Scarf (/wiki/Scarf) Tippet (/wiki/Tippet) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) cache-cœur (/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur) crop top (/wiki/Crop_top) halterneck (/wiki/Halterneck) tube top (/wiki/Tube_top) Cycling (/wiki/Cycling_jersey) Kurta (/wiki/Kurta) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) Shirt (/wiki/Shirt) dress (/wiki/Dress_shirt) Henley (/wiki/Henley_shirt) polo (/wiki/Polo_shirt) sleeveless (/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt) T (/wiki/T-shirt) Sweater (/wiki/Sweater) cardigan (/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)) guernsey (/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)) hoodie (/wiki/Hoodie) jersey (/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)) polo neck (/wiki/Polo_neck) shrug (/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)) sweater vest (/wiki/Sweater_vest) twinset (/wiki/Twinset) Waistcoat (/wiki/Waistcoat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Bell-bottoms (/wiki/Bell-bottoms) Bondage (/wiki/Bondage_pants) Capri (/wiki/Capri_pants) Cargo (/wiki/Cargo_pants) Chaps (/wiki/Chaps) Formal (/wiki/Formal_trousers) Go-to-hell (/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants) High water (/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)) Lowrise (/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)) Jeans (/wiki/Jeans) Jodhpurs (/wiki/Jodhpurs) Overalls (/wiki/Overalls) Palazzo (/wiki/Palazzo_pants) Parachute (/wiki/Parachute_pants) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Phat (/wiki/Phat_pants) Shorts (/wiki/Shorts) Bermuda (/wiki/Bermuda_shorts) dycling (/wiki/Cycling_shorts) dolphin (/wiki/Dolphin_shorts) gym (/wiki/Gym_shorts) hotpants (/wiki/Hotpants) running (/wiki/Running_shorts) Slim-fit (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) Sweatpants (/wiki/Sweatpants) Windpants (/wiki/Windpants) Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) Suits (/wiki/Suit) and uniforms (/wiki/Uniform) Ceremonial dress (/wiki/Ceremonial_dress) academic (/wiki/Academic_dress) court (/wiki/Court_dress) diplomatic (/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform) Folk (/wiki/Folk_costume) Jodhpuri (/wiki/Jodhpuri) Jumpsuit (/wiki/Jumpsuit) Military (/wiki/Military_uniform) full (/wiki/Full_dress_uniform) mess (/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform) service (/wiki/Service_dress_uniform) sailor (/wiki/Sailor_suit) combat (/wiki/Combat_uniform) Pantsuit (/wiki/Pantsuit) Religious (/wiki/Religious_clothing) cassock (/wiki/Cassock) clerical (/wiki/Clerical_clothing) vestment (/wiki/Vestment) School (/wiki/School_uniform) Prison (/wiki/Prison_uniform) Workwear (/wiki/Workwear) boilersuit (/wiki/Boilersuit) cleanroom (/wiki/Cleanroom_suit) hazmat (/wiki/Hazmat_suit) space (/wiki/Space_suit) scrubs (/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) and gowns (/wiki/Gown) Formal, semi- formal, informal Backless (/wiki/Backless_dress) Bouffant gown (/wiki/Bouffant_gown) Coatdress (/wiki/Coatdress) Cocktail (/wiki/Cocktail_dress) little black (/wiki/Little_black_dress) Evening (/wiki/Evening_gown) ball gown (/wiki/Ball_gown) debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Plain (/wiki/Plain_dress) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_dress) Princess line (/wiki/Princess_line) Strapless (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Wedding (/wiki/Wedding_dress) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Casual House (/wiki/House_dress) Jumper (/wiki/Jumper_(dress)) Romper suit (/wiki/Romper_suit) Sheath (/wiki/Sheath_dress) Shirtdress (/wiki/Shirtdress) Slip (/wiki/Slip_dress) Sundress (/wiki/Sundress) Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) A-line (/wiki/A-line_(clothing)) Ballerina (/wiki/Ballerina_skirt) Denim (/wiki/Denim_skirt) Men's (/wiki/Men%27s_skirts) Miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) Pencil (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Prairie (/wiki/Prairie_skirt) Rah-rah (/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt) Sarong (/wiki/Sarong) Skort (/wiki/Skort) Tutu (/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)) Wrap (/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)) Underwear (/wiki/Underwear) and lingerie (/wiki/Lingerie) Top Bra (/wiki/Bra) Camisole (/wiki/Camisole) Undershirt (/wiki/Undershirt) Bottom Diaper (/wiki/Diaper) Training pants (/wiki/Training_pants) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Panties (/wiki/Panties) Plastic pants (/wiki/Plastic_pants) Slip (/wiki/Slip_(clothing)) Thong (/wiki/Thong) Underpants (/wiki/Underpants) boxer briefs (/wiki/Boxer_briefs) boxer shorts (/wiki/Boxer_shorts) briefs (/wiki/Briefs) Full Bodysuit, adult (/wiki/Bodysuit) Bodysuit, infant (/wiki/Infant_bodysuit) Long underwear (/wiki/Long_underwear) See-through (/wiki/See-through_clothing) Teddy (/wiki/Teddy_(garment)) Coats (/wiki/Coat) and outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Overcoats (/wiki/Overcoat) Car (/wiki/Car_coat) Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield_coat) Covert (/wiki/Covert_coat) Duffel (/wiki/Duffel_coat) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) British Warm (/wiki/British_Warm) Guards Coat (/wiki/Guards_Coat) Greca (/wiki/Greca_(clothing)) Over-frock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Riding (/wiki/Riding_coat) shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Trench (/wiki/Trench_coat) Ulster (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) opera (/wiki/Opera_cloak) Paletot (/wiki/Paletot) Pea (/wiki/Pea_coat) Polo (/wiki/Polo_coat) Raincoat (/wiki/Raincoat) Mackintosh (/wiki/Mackintosh) Suit coats Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) bekishe (/wiki/Bekishe) rekel (/wiki/Rekel) Mess jacket (/wiki/Mess_jacket) Suit jacket (/wiki/Suit_jacket) Blazer (/wiki/Blazer) smoking (/wiki/Smoking_jacket) sports (/wiki/Sport_coat) Teba (/wiki/Teba_jacket) Tailcoat (/wiki/Tailcoat) dress (/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat) morning (/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat) Other Apron (/wiki/Apron) pinafore (/wiki/Pinafore) Blouson (/wiki/Blouson) Cagoule (/wiki/Cagoule) Cape (/wiki/Cape) ferraiolo (/wiki/Ferraiolo) Inverness (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Mantle (/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)) monastic (/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)) royal (/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)) mozzetta (/wiki/Mozzetta) pellegrina (/wiki/Pellegrina) Coatee (/wiki/Coatee) Cut-off (/wiki/Cut-off) Gilet (/wiki/Gilet) Jacket (/wiki/Jacket) down (/wiki/Down_jacket) flight (/wiki/Flight_jacket) goggle (/wiki/Goggle_jacket) Harrington (/wiki/Harrington_jacket) leather (/wiki/Leather_jacket) mackinaw (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) safari (/wiki/Safari_jacket) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)) Lab coat (/wiki/White_coat) Parka (/wiki/Parka) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Robe (/wiki/Robe) bathrobe (/wiki/Bathrobe) dressing gown (/wiki/Dressing_gown) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Ski suit (/wiki/Ski_suit) Sleeved blanket (/wiki/Sleeved_blanket) Windbreaker (/wiki/Windbreaker) Nightwear (/wiki/Nightwear) Babydoll (/wiki/Babydoll) Babygrow (/wiki/Babygrow) Blanket sleeper (/wiki/Blanket_sleeper) Negligee (/wiki/Negligee) Nightgown (/wiki/Nightgown) Nightshirt (/wiki/Nightshirt) Pajamas (/wiki/Pajamas) Swimwear (/wiki/Swimsuit) Bikini (/wiki/Bikini) Burkini (/wiki/Burkini) Boardshorts (/wiki/Boardshorts) Dry suit (/wiki/Dry_suit) Monokini (/wiki/Monokini) One-piece (/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit) Rash guard (/wiki/Rash_guard) Sling (/wiki/Sling_swimsuit) Square leg suit (/wiki/Square_leg_suit) Swim briefs (/wiki/Swim_briefs) Swim diaper (/wiki/Swim_diaper) Trunks (/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)) Wetsuit (/wiki/Wetsuit) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Boot (/wiki/Boot) Court shoe (/wiki/Court_shoe) Dress boot (/wiki/Dress_boot) Dress shoe (/wiki/Dress_shoe) Flip-flops (/wiki/Flip-flops) Sandal (/wiki/Sandal) Shoe (/wiki/Shoe) Slipper (/wiki/Slipper) Sneaker (/wiki/Sneaker) Legwear (/wiki/Hosiery) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) Tights (/wiki/Tights) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Belt (/wiki/Belt_(clothing)) Boutonnière (/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re) Coin purse (/wiki/Coin_purse) Cufflink (/wiki/Cufflink) Cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) Gaiters (/wiki/Gaiters) Glasses (/wiki/Glasses) Gloves (/wiki/Glove) Headband (/wiki/Headband) Handbag (/wiki/Handbag) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) Livery (/wiki/Livery) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Pocket protector (/wiki/Pocket_protector) Pocket watch (/wiki/Pocket_watch) Sash (/wiki/Sash) Spats (/wiki/Spats_(footwear)) Sunglasses (/wiki/Sunglasses) Suspenders (/wiki/Suspenders) Umbrella (/wiki/Umbrella) Wallet (/wiki/Wallet) Watch (/wiki/Watch) Dress codes (/wiki/Dress_code) Western (/wiki/Western_dress_codes) Formal (/wiki/Formal_wear) morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) white tie (/wiki/White_tie) Semi-formal (/wiki/Semi-formal_wear) black lounge suit (/wiki/Black_lounge_suit) black tie (/wiki/Black_tie) Informal (/wiki/Informal_wear) Casual (/wiki/Casual_wear) Related Clothing fetish (/wiki/Clothing_fetish) Clothing swap (/wiki/Clothing_swap) Costume (/wiki/Costume) creature suit (/wiki/Creature_suit) Halloween costume (/wiki/Halloween_costume) Cross-dressing (/wiki/Cross-dressing) Environmental impact (/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) made-to-measure (/wiki/Made-to-measure) ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) Fur clothing (/wiki/Fur_clothing) types (/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur) Fursuit (/wiki/Fursuit) Global trade of secondhand clothing (/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing) Laws (/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country) List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Reconstructed clothing (/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing) Right to clothing (/wiki/Right_to_clothing) Vintage clothing (/wiki/Vintage_clothing) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) v t e Historical clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length (/wiki/Suit) Abolla (/wiki/Abolla) Banyan (/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)) Brunswick (/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)) Court dress (Empire of Japan) (/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan) Chiton (/wiki/Chiton_(costume)) Frock (/wiki/Frock) Frock coat (/wiki/Frock_coat) Hanfu (/wiki/Hanfu) Justacorps (/wiki/Justacorps) Paenula (/wiki/Paenula) Peplos (/wiki/Peplos) Stola (/wiki/Stola) Toga (/wiki/Toga) Tunic (/wiki/Tunic) Xout lao (/wiki/Xout_lao) Tops (/wiki/Top_(clothing)) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bedgown (/wiki/Bedgown) Bodice (/wiki/Bodice) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Peascod belly (/wiki/Peascod_belly) Poet shirt (/wiki/Poet_shirt) Sbai (/wiki/Sbai) Suea pat (/wiki/Suea_pat) Trousers (/wiki/Trousers) Braccae (/wiki/Braccae) Breeches (/wiki/Breeches) Sompot Chong Kben (/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben) Culottes (/wiki/Culottes) Harem (/wiki/Harem_pants) Knickerbockers (/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Saragüells (/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1) [ ca (https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells) ] Skirts (/wiki/Skirt) Hobble (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) Poodle (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Safeguard (/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)) Sompot (/wiki/Sompot) Sinh (/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)) Train (/wiki/Train_(clothing)) Dresses (/wiki/Dress) Bliaut (/wiki/Bliaut) Close-bodied gown (/wiki/Close-bodied_gown) Debutante (/wiki/Debutante_dress) Gown (/wiki/Gown) Kirtle (/wiki/Kirtle) Mantua (/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)) Polonaise (/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)) Robe de cour (/wiki/Robe_de_cour) Sack-back gown (/wiki/Sack-back_gown) Sailor (/wiki/Sailor_dress) Tea gown (/wiki/Tea_gown) Zaju chuishao fu (/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu) Outerwear (/wiki/List_of_outerwear) Capote (/wiki/Capote_(garment)) Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Caraco (/wiki/Caraco) Cardinal cloak (/wiki/Cardinal_cloak) Chamail (/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)) Chlamys (/wiki/Chlamys) Cloak (/wiki/Cloak) Kinsale cloak (/wiki/Kinsale_cloak) Dolman (/wiki/Dolman) Doublet (/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)) Duster (/wiki/Duster_(clothing)) Exomis (/wiki/Exomis) Greatcoat (/wiki/Greatcoat) Himation (/wiki/Himation) Houppelande (/wiki/Houppelande) Inverness cape (/wiki/Inverness_cape) Jerkin (/wiki/Jerkin) Kandys (/wiki/Kandys) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Nadiri (/wiki/Nadiri) Norfolk jacket (/wiki/Norfolk_jacket) Overfrock (/wiki/Over-frock_coat) Pañuelo (/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo) Palla (/wiki/Palla_(garment)) Pallium (/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)) Pelisse (/wiki/Pelisse) Poncho (/wiki/Poncho) Shadbelly (/wiki/Shadbelly) Shawl (/wiki/Shawl) Galway shawl (/wiki/Galway_shawl) Kullu (/wiki/Kullu_shawl) Smock-frock (/wiki/Smock-frock) Spencer (/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)) Surcoat (/wiki/Surcoat) Surtout (/wiki/Surtout) Ulster coat (/wiki/Ulster_coat) Visite (/wiki/Visite) Witzchoura (/wiki/Witzchoura) Underwear (/wiki/Undergarment) Basque (/wiki/Basque_(clothing)) Bustle (/wiki/Bustle) Chausses (/wiki/Chausses) Chemise (/wiki/Chemise) Codpiece (/wiki/Codpiece) Corselet (/wiki/Corselet) Corset (/wiki/Corset) Waist cincher (/wiki/Waist_cincher) Dickey (/wiki/Dickey_(garment)) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Hoop skirt (/wiki/Hoop_skirt) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) Farthingale (/wiki/Farthingale) Pannier (/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)) Hose (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) Liberty bodice (/wiki/Liberty_bodice) Loincloth (/wiki/Loincloth) Open drawers (/wiki/Open_drawers) Pantalettes (/wiki/Pantalettes) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) Peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) Pettipants (/wiki/Pettipants) Union suit (/wiki/Union_suit) Yếm (/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm) Headwear (/wiki/Headgear) Anthony Eden (/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat) Apex (/wiki/Apex_(headdress)) Arakhchin (/wiki/Arakhchin) Attifet (/wiki/Attifet) Aviator (/wiki/Aviator_hat) Ba tầm (/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m) Bergère (/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat) Blessed hat (/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat) Bonnet (/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)) Capotain (/wiki/Capotain) Caubeen (/wiki/Caubeen) Cavalier (/wiki/Cavalier_hat) Coif (/wiki/Coif) Coonskin (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Cornette (/wiki/Cornette) Dunce (/wiki/Dunce_cap) Fillet (/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)) French hood (/wiki/French_hood) Fontange (/wiki/Fontange) Futou (/wiki/Futou) Gable hood (/wiki/Gable_hood) Hennin (/wiki/Hennin) Jeongjagwan (/wiki/Jeongjagwan) Jewish (/wiki/Jewish_hat) Kausia (/wiki/Kausia) Kokoshnik (/wiki/Kokoshnik) Llawt'u (/wiki/Llawt%27u) Malahai (/wiki/Malahai) Matron's badge (/wiki/Matron%27s_badge) Miner's (/wiki/Miner%27s_cap) Mob (/wiki/Mobcap) Modius (/wiki/Modius_(headdress)) Monmouth (/wiki/Monmouth_cap) Mooskappe (/wiki/Mooskappe) Motoring hood (/wiki/Motoring_hood) Mounteere (/wiki/Mounteere_Cap) Nemes (/wiki/Nemes) Nightcap (/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)) Ochipok (/wiki/Ochipok) Pahlavi (/wiki/Pahlavi_hat) Petasos (/wiki/Petasos) Phrygian (/wiki/Phrygian_cap) Pileus (/wiki/Pileus_(hat)) Printer's (/wiki/Printer%27s_hat) Pudding (/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap) Qeleshe (/wiki/Qeleshe) Qing (/wiki/Qing_official_headwear) Salakot (/wiki/Salakot) Snood (/wiki/Snood_(headgear)) Smoking (/wiki/Smoking_cap) Tainia (/wiki/Tainia_(costume)) Taranga (/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)) Welsh Wig (/wiki/Welsh_Wig) Wimple (/wiki/Wimple) Footwear (/wiki/Footwear) Buskins (/wiki/Buskin) Calcei (/wiki/Calcei) Caligae (/wiki/Caligae) Carbatina (/wiki/Carbatina) Chinese styles (/wiki/Hanfu_footwear) Chopines (/wiki/Chopine) Duckbills (/wiki/Duckbill_shoe) Episcopal sandals (/wiki/Episcopal_sandals) Hessian (/wiki/Hessian_(boot)) Lotus shoes (/wiki/Lotus_shoes) Manchu platform shoes (/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes) Pampooties (/wiki/Pampootie) Pattens (/wiki/Patten_(shoe)) Pigaches (/wiki/Pigache) Poulaines (/wiki/Poulaine) Socci (/wiki/Socci) Tiger-head shoes (/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes) Turnshoes (/wiki/Turnshoe) Accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Ascot tie (/wiki/Ascot_tie) Belt hook (/wiki/Belt_hook) Cointoise (/wiki/Cointoise) Cravat (early) (/wiki/Cravat_(early)) Hairpin (/wiki/Hairpin) Hatpin (/wiki/Hatpin) Jabot (/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)) Lavallière (/wiki/Pussy_bow) Muff (/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)) Oes (/wiki/Oes) Partlet (/wiki/Partlet) Perfumed gloves (/wiki/Perfumed_gloves) Ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) Shoe buckle (/wiki/Shoe_buckle) Visard (/wiki/Visard) Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Look up samare (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/samare) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This article about the history of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing) is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samare&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐6m6sk Cached time: 20240720182445 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.378 seconds Real time usage: 0.504 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 995/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 91937/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1181/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 36194/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.181/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4430829/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 358.652 1 -total 39.85% 142.933 7 Template:Navbox 32.43% 116.298 1 Template:Reflist 30.41% 109.073 1 Template:Clothing 27.61% 99.025 3 Template:Cite_book 20.41% 73.201 1 Template:Short_description 11.23% 40.292 2 Template:Pagetype 8.71% 31.235 1 Template:Flatlist 5.78% 20.729 1 Template:Wiktionary 5.65% 20.256 4 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:67645517-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720182445 and revision id 1231712510. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samare&oldid=1231712510 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samare&oldid=1231712510) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Skirts (/wiki/Category:Skirts) History of clothing (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing) History of clothing (Western fashion) (/wiki/Category:History_of_clothing_(Western_fashion)) 17th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) Cultural history stubs (/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_stubs) Clothing stubs (/wiki/Category:Clothing_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐5cd556f5fd‐j5bcs Cached time: 20240627070416 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.003 seconds Real time usage: 0.006 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21585447-0!canonical and timestamp 20240627070416 and revision id 734321045. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. S Shoe companies (/wiki/Category:Shoe_companies) (4 C, 8 P) Shoemaking (/wiki/Category:Shoemaking) (4 C, 22 P) Pages in category "Shoe business" The following 8 pages are in this category, out of 8 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Argentina — Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear (/wiki/Argentina_%E2%80%94_Safeguard_Measures_on_Imports_of_Footwear) John B. Atkinson (/wiki/John_B._Atkinson) H Haines Shoe House (/wiki/Haines_Shoe_House) Mahlon Haines (/wiki/Mahlon_Haines) I International Shoe Co. v. Washington (/wiki/International_Shoe_Co._v._Washington) J Jennifer Jankel (/wiki/Jennifer_Jankel) K Julius Krause Store Building (/wiki/Julius_Krause_Store_Building) S Shoe-fitting fluoroscope (/wiki/Shoe-fitting_fluoroscope) Media in category "Shoe business" This category contains only the following file. Haines hand fan.jpg (/wiki/File:Haines_hand_fan.jpg) 3,024 × 4,032; 2.01 MB esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shoe_business&oldid=734321045 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Shoe_business&oldid=734321045) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Shoes (/wiki/Category:Shoes) Clothing industry (/wiki/Category:Clothing_industry) |
1879 1880 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1880) 1881 1882 1883 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1883) 1884 1885 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1885) 1886 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1886) 1887 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1887) 1888 1889 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1889) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7cd59cdcfb‐wg29f Cached time: 20240718073448 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.081 seconds Real time usage: 0.181 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 42/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1962/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 19/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.063/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933349/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 174.623 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 174.623 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56069007-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718073448 and revision id 974950904. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1884" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Alden Shoe Company (/wiki/Alden_Shoe_Company) H Hanro (/wiki/Hanro) P Peacocks (clothing) (/wiki/Peacocks_(clothing)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1884&oldid=974950904 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1884&oldid=974950904) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1880s fashion (/wiki/Category:1880s_fashion) Design companies established in 1884 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1884) Manufacturing companies established in 1884 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1884) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Clothing companies established in the 19th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_19th_century) |
Illustrations of uniforms worn by Union and Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uniforms of the American Civil War (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uniforms_of_the_American_Civil_War) . This article covers military uniforms during the American Civil War (/wiki/American_Civil_War) (1861–1865). During the years 1860–1865 there were three distinct types of uniform in use by the United States Armed Forces (/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces) . Styles used were traditional similar to those used in the Napoleonic Wars, a regimental dress such as used during the American Revolutionary War (/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War) and a specialist dress similar to those worn by Lancers (/wiki/Lancers) and Hussars (/wiki/Hussars) or an ethnic dress such as kilts (/wiki/Kilts) . [1] (#cite_note-Katcher,_Philip._Volstad,_Ron.-1) With shortages in 1861 the federal government issued a regulation pattern uniform for all state regiments. [2] (#cite_note-Spencer,_John_D.-2) Confederacy [ edit ] At the onset of the war the Confederate States Army (/wiki/Confederate_States_Army) uniforms were highly varied as the majority were made at home. Between 1861 and 1862 the quartermaster department issued some uniforms but there were severe shortages. [3] (#cite_note-Taschek,_Karen.-3) See also [ edit ] Uniform of the Union Army (/wiki/Uniform_of_the_Union_Army) Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces (/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Confederate_States_Armed_Forces) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-Katcher,_Philip._Volstad,_Ron._1-0) Katcher pp3 ^ (#cite_ref-Spencer,_John_D._2-0) Spencer pp14 ^ (#cite_ref-Taschek,_Karen._3-0) Taschek pp26 Bibliography [ edit ] Katcher, Philip. Volstad, Ron. (1986) American Civil War armies: Volunteer militia Osprey ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-85045-679-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-679-0) Spencer, John D. (2006) The American Civil War in the Indian Territory Osprey ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-84603-000-0 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-000-0) Emerson, William K. (1996) Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms University of Oklahoma Press ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8061-2622-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2622-7) Taschek, Karen. (2006) The Civil War Chelsea House ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-60413-381-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-381-3) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐7s8s8 Cached time: 20240720165926 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.160 seconds Real time usage: 0.217 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1238/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 7478/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1443/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13872/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.082/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2104152/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 195.282 1 -total 38.87% 75.912 1 Template:Short_description 28.56% 55.778 4 Template:ISBN 22.31% 43.564 4 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 21.19% 41.385 2 Template:Pagetype 20.53% 40.095 1 Template:Commons_category 19.37% 37.829 1 Template:Sister_project 18.51% 36.153 1 Template:Side_box 10.50% 20.509 7 Template:Main_other 9.09% 17.749 1 Template:SDcat Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:32372211-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165926 and revision id 1187806623. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniforms_of_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1187806623 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniforms_of_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=1187806623) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1860s fashion (/wiki/Category:1860s_fashion) Military equipment of the American Civil War (/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_the_American_Civil_War) United States military uniforms (/wiki/Category:United_States_military_uniforms) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description is different from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata) Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) |
US WWII-era navy flight jacket This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/G-1_military_flight_jacket) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "G-1 military flight jacket" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22G-1+military+flight+jacket%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22G-1+military+flight+jacket%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22G-1+military+flight+jacket%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22G-1+military+flight+jacket%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22G-1+military+flight+jacket%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22G-1+military+flight+jacket%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Navy G-1 flight jacket The "G-1" military flight jacket is the commonly accepted name for the fur-lined-collar World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) -era leather flight jacket (/wiki/Flight_jacket) of the United States Navy (/wiki/United_States_Navy) , Marine Corps (/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps) , and Coast Guard (/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard) . A similar jacket used by the United States Army Air Corps (/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps) / United States Army Air Forces (/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces) was usually called the A-2 jacket (/wiki/A-2_jacket) . Usage [ edit ] The G-1 remains a current uniform-issue item in naval aviation for officer and enlisted aviation personnel on flying status in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard ( i.e., Naval Aviator (/wiki/Naval_Aviator) , Naval Flight Officer (/wiki/Naval_Flight_Officer) , Naval Flight Surgeon, Naval Aircrewman, etc.) and was featured as the leather flight jacket worn by Tom Cruise (/wiki/Tom_Cruise) in the film Top Gun (/wiki/Top_Gun) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Development prior to 1947 [ edit ] The G1 jacket can trace its history back to the M-422 jacket, which was brought into use by the U.S. Navy (/wiki/U.S._Navy) in the 1930s, originally standardized by the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics on 28th March 1940. The lengthening of the sleeves by one inch, the internal bi-swing elastic increased from 3/4 inch to 1 inch, and 7 lines of stitches added to the collar to add rigidity, warranted the change of spec to M-422A on the 1st October 1941. [2] (#cite_note-2) This jacket shared the double button pocket design and the mouton fur collar of later designs, but was a bulkier cut which was also longer in the body [3] (#cite_note-3) and normally had a salmon red lining. [4] (#cite_note-4) VB-3 Pilots in 1942. Some of whom are wearing M422A jackets. In 1942 the M-422A jacket, was replaced by the US Navy by the visually similar AN-6552/AN-J-3A (the latter sometimes being made in horsehide) in an attempt to streamline production between the services as a war economy measure. The AN-J-3 (an AN-6552 without a fur collar and made in horsehide) also replaced the Army Air Forces A-2 jacket (/wiki/A-2_jacket) , although it was not widely issued. There was also a light weight AN-6551/AN-J-2 and a heavy weight AN-6553/ANJ-4 with the latter being the only one widely adopted by the USAAF. The M422A jackets and their Second World War compatriots are not commonly seen with patches beyond name, qualification, and service on the left breast. By exception there is sometimes a single squadron badge on the right breast, but not to the level seen on the post war jackets. Since 1947 [ edit ] In 1947, the US Navy introduced the first G1 jacket which can be correctly named as such: the 55-J-14 jacket. The 55-J-14 was called the G1 on its specification label. It shared the hallmarks of the original M422 jacket, but was shorter in the body so that it didn't bunch up when aircrew were sat down. This was the jacket more commonly seen during the Korean War. It retained the USN stamp in white lettering on the back of the collar from the M422a, and was the only G1 to do so. Pilots aboard the USS Leyte, 1950. Wearing 55-J-14 jackets. The MIL-J-7823(AER) which was introduced in 1950 is the ancestor of the G1 still issued today. This was the first to have USN stamped on the wind flap. This jacket evolved through to the D model (which was the last to have a black specification label) before the introduction of the E model in 1971. The E deviated by allowing synthetic materials to be used in the collar, and stamped cowhide rather than goatskin to be used in the outer. [5] (#cite_note-5) After the Second World War, it became common for G1 jackets to be adorned with patches earned during a pilot's career. Patches include types of aircraft flown, milestones in carrier landings or total flying hours, and deployments or cruises carried out on certain ships. For a very brief period from 1979 until early 1981, issuance of the G-1 to new USN, USMC, and USCG flight crew personnel ( i.e., officer flight students and newly designated enlisted Naval Aircrewman) was discontinued as a budgetary economy action, with those personnel being issued summer weight green Nomex flight jackets identical to those issued to their U.S. Air Force (/wiki/U.S._Air_Force) counterparts. Replacement of worn-out G-1 jackets for extant Naval Aviation personnel was also discontinued during this period. This action was reversed by Secretary of the Navy action in early 1981, and those USN, USMC, and USCG flight-crew personnel who had not received G-1 jackets were issued one retroactively. Modifications to USN, USMC, and USCG uniform regulations in the 1990s reduced the type and number of permissible insignia on the G-1, but concurrently permitted wear of the G-1 jacket off base with service uniforms. Commercial exploitation [ edit ] Commercial versions of the jacket have been available on the consumer market. Official military suppliers which also sold similar spec jackets to the public include Cockpit USA, Cooper Sportswear, Orchard M/C, Brill Bros, Schott, and Excelled. After the success of the 1986 film Top Gun (/wiki/Top_Gun) , shopping-mall leather stores carried a variety of G-1 variants. These are new production and come in goatskin and cowhide varieties stamped USN, USCG, or USMC. Jackets are offered by many companies for the civilian market, including US Authentic Mfg. Co., Lost Worlds, Gibson and Barnes, Eastman, US Wings and Bill Kelso Mfg. Specifications [ edit ] The military specifications under which the naval flight jackets were made, in the order of latest to earliest, are MIL-J-7823E (AS) 1971 MIL-J-7823D (WP) 1966 MIL-J-7823C (WEP) 1962 MIL-J-7823B (WEP) 1960 MIL-J-7823A (AER) 1959 MIL-J-7823 (AER) 1950 55-J-14 (AER) 1947 AN-J3A 1943 AN-6552 1943 M-422A 1941 M-422 1940 The first Navy designation of "G-1" came under the 55-J-14 specification. Manufacturers [ edit ] The makers of the Navy's jackets of the above specifications, in rough chronological order from the current supplier to pre-WWII include: PHARR BRAND NAME APPAREL SP0100-04-D-4247-0001 MIL-J-7823E(AS) EXCELLED SHEEPSKIN & LEATHER COAT CO. SP0 100-04-4119 MIL-J-7823E(AS) EXCELLED SHEEPSKIN & LEATHER COAT CO. SPO 100-99-D-5076-0001 MIL-J-7823E(AS) SCHOTT BROS., INC. SPO100-98-C-5015 MIL-J-7823E(AS) COOPER SPORTSWEAR MFG. CO., INC SPO-100-96-C-4015 MIL-J-7823E COOPER SPORTSWEAR MFG. CO., INC SPO-100-95-M-SH82 MIL-J-7823E COOPER SPORTSWEAR MFG. CO. INC DLA100-92-C-0454 MIL-J-7823E(AS) COOPER SPORTSWEAR MFG. CO., INC DLA100-91-C-0323 MIL-J-7823E(AS) COOPER SPORTSWEAR MFG. CO., INC DLA100-89-C-0480 MIL-J-7823E(AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DLA100-87-C-0739 ORCHARD M/C DIST. INC. DLA100-86-C-0481 MIL-J-7823E(AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DLA100-86-C-0451 MIL-J-7823E (AS) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR, INC. DLA100-84-C-0771 MIL-J-7823E (AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DLA100-82-C-0564 MIL-J-7823E (AS) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR, INC. DSA100-77-C-1518 MIL-J-7823E (AS) FERGUSON OF OKLAHOMA DSA100-76-C-1788 MIL-J-7823E(AS) IMPERIAL LEATHER & SPORTSWEAR INC. DSA100-76-C-1788 MIL-J-7823E(AS) IMPERIAL LEATHER & SPORTSWEAR INC. DSA100-76-C-0375 MIL - J 7823E(AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA100-75-C-0332 MIL-J-7823E (AS) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA100-75-C-0331 MIL-J-7823E(AS) IMPERIAL FASHIONS, INC. DSA100-74-0162 MIL-J-7823E(AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA-73-C-0035 MIL-J-7823E (AS) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA100-73-C-0034 MIL-J-7823E(AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA-72-C1138 MIL-J-7823E (AS) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA100-72-C-0060 MIL-J-7823E(AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA 100-71-C-1343 MIL-J-7823E (AS) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG.CO. DSA100-71-C-0535 MIL-J-7823D(WP) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA 100-71-C-0141 MIL-J-7823C(WP) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR, INC. NONE ON TAG MIL-J-7823E (AS) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA 100-70-C-0484 MIL-J-7823D(WP) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA100-70-C-0483 MIL-J-7823D(WP) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA 100-70-C-0475 MIL-J-7823D(WP) THE MARTIN LANE CO., INC. DSA 100-69-C-1545 MIL-J-7823D (WP) BRILL BROS., INC. DSA 100-68-C-1805 MIL-J-7823D (WP) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA 100-68-C-0759 MIL-J-7823D (WP) THE MARTIN LANE CO., INC. DSA 100-68-C-0099 MIL-J-7823D (WP) GREGORY SPORTSWEAR INC. CONTRACT NO. DSA 100-67-C-3929 SPEC.MIL-J-7823D(WEP) GREGORY SPORTSWEAR INC. CONTRACT NO. DSA 100-67-C-3928 SPEC.MIL-J-7823D(WEP) RALPH EDWARDS SPRTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-5366 SPEC.MIL-J-7823D (WEP) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. DSA 100-67-C-1095 SPEC.MIL-J-7823D(WEP) IRVIN B. FOSTER SPTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-8826 SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) IRVIN B. FOSTER SPTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-8825 SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) IRVIN B. FOSTER SPTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO. DSA-10003081 SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) IRVIN B. FOSTER SPTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO. DSA-100-598 SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) RALPH EDWARDS SPRTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-4342-64-C SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) RALPH EDWARDS SPRTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-9365 SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-3271-64-C SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) W/E STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG. CORP. CONTRACT NO. DSA 100-599 SPEC.MIL-J-7823C (WEP) IRVIN B. FOSTER SPTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-2071-63-C SPEC.MIL-J-7823B(WEP) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO.DSA- -1040-63-C SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823B(WEP) IRVIN B. FOSTER SPTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO. DSA-1-435-C-62 SPEC.MIL-J-7823B(WEP) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO. QM(CTM) 10276-C-61 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823B(WEP) IRVIN B.FOSTER&SONS SPORTSWEAR CO., INC. CONTRACT NO. DA 36-243-QM(CTM)8834-C-61 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823A(AER) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO. QM(CTM)8833C-61 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823A(AER) BREIER OF AMSTERDAM, INC. QM(CTM)6837-C-60 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823(AER) CALIFORNIA SPORTSWEAR COMPANY CONTRACT #QM(CTM)4771-E-60 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) CAGLECO SPORTSWEAR CONT QM(CTM)-144-O.I.-2515-E-57 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) CAGLECO SPORTSWEAR CONTRACT NO N383-39321A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) CAGLECO SPORTSWEAR CONTRACT NO N383-28657A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) CAGLECO SPORTSWEAR CONTRACT NO N383s-14722A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) CAGLECO SPORTSWEAR CONTRACT NO N383s-9211A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) J.A.DUBOW SPORTING GOODS CORP. CONTRACT NO. N383S-4833A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) J.A.DUBOW SPORTING GOODS CORP. CONTRACT NO. N383S-4765A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) L.W. FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO, INC. CONTRACT N383-22356A SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823(AER) & AMEND. #2 L.W. FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO., INC. CONTRACT NO.DA-36-243-QM(CTM)2312 SPECIFICATION NO. MIL-J-7823(AER) L.W.FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO., INC CONTRACT NO. DA-36-243-QM(CTM)2134 SPECIFICATION NO. MIL-J-7823(AER) L.W.FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO., INC CONTRACT NO.N383s-74471 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823(AER) MONARCH MFG. CO. CONTRACT NO. N383s-80667 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) RALPH EDWARDS SPORTSWEAR CONTRACT NO. QM.(CTM)-2313 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823 (AER) WERBER SPORTSWEAR, INC. CONTRACT NO.383S-88886 SPECIFICATION MIL-J-7823(AER) A. PRITZKER & SONS, INC. CONTRACT NO.N383S-69537 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) AVIATORS CLOTHING CO., INC. CONTRACT NO. N-383s-22111 SPEC. 55J14(AER) B.-G. INC. CONTRACT NO. 383s-25923 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) BURJAC SPORTSWEAR INC. CONTRACT No N383s-5299 SPECIFICATION 55J14 (AER) L.W.FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO. INC. CONTRACT NO.N-383s-96273 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) L.W.FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO. INC. CONTRACT NO. N383s-13120 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) L.W.FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO. INC. CONTRACT NO. N383s-20445 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG.CO. LYNN, MASS. CONTRACT NO. N383S-39943 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) STAR SPORTSWEAR MFG.CO. LYNN, MASS. CONTRACT NO. N383S-51863 SPEC. 55J14 (AER) BURJAC SPORTSWEAR INC. CONTRACT #N288s-24369 SPECIFICATION AN-J3A BURJAC SPORTSWEAR INC. CONTRACT #N288s-24368 SPECIFICATION AN-J3A L.W.FOSTER SPORTSWEAR CO.INC. CONT. NO. N383s1035 AN-J-3a MONARCH MFG.CO. MILWAUKEE CONTRACT NO. N288s-20570 SPECIFICATION AN-J-3A MONARCH MFG. CO. MILWAUKEE CONTRACT NO. N288S-28665 SPECIFICATION AN-J-3A ARNOFF MFG. COMPANY CONTRACT NO. N288 S-24248 TYPE AN-J-3A WILLIS AND GEIGER INC. CONTRACT-N288s-35805 SPEC. AN-J-3A AMERICAN SPORTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO.N288s-28628 AN 6552 AMERICAN SPORTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO.N288s-23627 AN 6552 AMERICAN SPORTSWEAR CO. CONTRACT NO.N288s-24332 AN 6552 BOGEN & TENENBAUM CONTRACT NO. N 288s32281 AN 6552-42 BOGEN & TENENBAUM Contract No. N 288s24333 AN 6552-40 WILLIS AND GEIGER INC. CONTRACT -N288S32357 AN 6552-38 WILLIS AND GEIGER INC. CONTRACT -N288S28628 AN 6552-40 H.& L.BLOCK CONTRACT NO.N288s-20559 AN 6552 EDMUND T.CHURCH CO. INC. CONTRACT No. NXs-5133 SPECIFICATION M - 422 A FRIED, OSTERMAN CO. CONTRACT NO. 1405-A SPECIFICATION M - 422 A FRIED, OSTERMAN CO. CONTRACT NO. 1406 EXT.A SPECIFICATION M - 422 A GORDON & FERGUSON CO. CONTRACT NO. 88860 SPECIFICATION M 422A GORDON & FERGUSON CO. CONTRACT NO. NXs.416-A SPECIFICATION M-422 A GORDON & FERGUSON CO. CONTRACT NO. NXs.416 SPECIFICATION M-422 A H.&L. BLOCK CONTRACT No. Nxsa-5134 SPECIFICATION M-422a WILLIS AND GEIGER INC. CONTRACT-Nos.290A SPECIFICATION M 422A WILLIS AND GEIGER INC. CONTRACT-N Xs-290 SPECIFICATION M 422a WILLIS AND GEIGER INC. CONTRACT-No. S-74892 SPECIFICATION M 422 Monarch Mfg. Company CONTRACT-No. 79633 SPECIFICATION M-422 See also [ edit ] Aviation portal (/wiki/Portal:Aviation) Flight jacket (/wiki/Flight_jacket) A-2 jacket (/wiki/A-2_jacket) MA-1 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-1_bomber_jacket) MA-2 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-2_bomber_jacket) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kirkland, Justin (July 23, 2019). "Top Gun: Maverick Features a Big Change to Tom Cruise's Iconic Jacket" (https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a28479683/top-gun-maverick-jacket-flag-controversy-tom-cruise/) . www.esquire.com . Esquire Magazine . Retrieved June 18, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Eastman :: M-422A" (https://www.eastmanleather.com/usn-eastman-jackets/181-eastman-m-422a.html) . Eastman Leather Clothing . Retrieved 2022-05-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Flight Jacket History" (https://www.avileather.com/flight-jacket-history/) . AVI LEATHER . Retrieved 2022-05-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "M-422A Flight Jacket (NXs. 416)" (https://www.avileather.com/product/m-422a-flight-jacket-nxs416/) . AVI LEATHER . Retrieved 2022-05-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "MIL-J-7823 E JACKETS FLYERS INTERMEDIATE TYPE G-1" (http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-J/MIL-J-7823E_9437/) . everyspec.com . Retrieved 2022-05-31 . 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French fashion house (born 1984) Velvet evening dress based on a North African robe, [1] (#cite_note-met-1) Babani, c.1925 Japanese kimono retailed by Babani, 1921. ( IMA (/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art) ) Babani , founded in Paris in 1894 [2] (#cite_note-sorolla-2) by Vitaldi Babani , was a fashion house based on the Boulevard Haussmann (/wiki/Boulevard_Haussmann) specialising in imported exotic goods, including artworks and handicrafts (/wiki/Handicraft) , and from the 1910s onwards, original garments inspired by their imported merchandise. [3] (#cite_note-kyoto-3) The business closed in 1940. [3] (#cite_note-kyoto-3) Fashion [ edit ] Vitaldi Babani was born in the Middle East, the source of some of his [her? 1] (#cite_note-her?-6) wares. [3] (#cite_note-kyoto-3) In the beginning Babani's merchandise consisted of objets d'art (/wiki/Objets_d%27art) in bronze and ivory, furniture, rugs, embroideries and silks imported from China, Japan, India, and Turkey, which were sold from the establishment at 98 Boulevard Haussmann and from an additional shop at no. 65, Rue d'Anjou, Paris. [2] (#cite_note-sorolla-2) In the first decade of the 20th century, it became very fashionable for Western women to wear Japanese nagajubans (/wiki/Nagajuban) (the robes worn underneath a traditional kimono (/wiki/Kimono) ) for a peignoir (/wiki/Peignoir) , and Babani, through a series of advertisements in Le Figaro-Madame (/wiki/Le_Figaro) , successfully established himself as the foremost retailer of such so-called robes japonaises . [6] (#cite_note-Fukai-7) In addition to these, Babani, along with Paul Poiret (/wiki/Paul_Poiret) , had a license to retail textiles and garments by the Venice-based designer Fortuny (/wiki/Mariano_Fortuny_(designer)) , including his famous pleated silk Delphos gowns (/wiki/Delphos_gown) . [7] (#cite_note-delphos-8) Babani also imported textiles from the London department store Liberty & Co. (/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)) [3] (#cite_note-kyoto-3) From about 1919, when Vitaldi's fashion-designer son Maurice joined the business, the label began to focus more on clothing and produced garments which were heavily influenced by their imported merchandise. [1] (#cite_note-met-1) Maurice Babani's designs tended to be explicitly based upon their sources, such as a dress reproducing a North African embroidered robe, but using silk velvet rather than the woollen textile of the original. [1] (#cite_note-met-1) It is thought that Babani owned embroidery workshops in Constantinople (/wiki/Constantinople) and Kyoto (/wiki/Kyoto) , where some of the textiles in their garments would have been produced. [3] (#cite_note-kyoto-3) Notable clients included the Spanish artist Joaquín Sorolla (/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla) , who while in Paris in September 1913, ordered two kimonos from Babani. [2] (#cite_note-sorolla-2) The actress Eleonora Duse (/wiki/Eleonora_Duse) bought a number of Fortuny garments there, [7] (#cite_note-delphos-8) and Katharine Hepburn (/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn) wore a white crushed velvet Babani dress with antique gold embroidery for her 1928 wedding to Ludlow Ogden Smith. [8] (#cite_note-9) [9] (#cite_note-10) Perfumes [ edit ] In 1919, Maurice Babani was the second French couturier, after Poiret, to launch a perfume house, and the first to create exclusive marketing names for his perfumes. [10] (#cite_note-perfume-11) [11] (#cite_note-12) [12] (#cite_note-beaulieu-13) His fragrances featured exotic names such as Afghani (1920), Abdulla (1926), Yashmak (1924), and Sousuki (1928) and came in distinctive black and gold packaging. [10] (#cite_note-perfume-11) In 1924, Elizabeth Arden (/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden) tried exclusively marketing six Babani scents to American women as a "wardrobe of perfumes". [13] (#cite_note-arden-14) Despite Arden's publicity drive, Babani lacked sufficient recognition in the United States to make the venture succeed. [13] (#cite_note-arden-14) References [ edit ] ^ a b c Martin, Richard; Koda, Harold (1994). Orientalism : visions of the East in Western dress . New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 62. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0870997335 . ^ a b c González Asenjo, Elvira (2012). Fortuny vistiendo a Clotilde (PDF) (in Spanish). Spain: Museo Sorolla. pp. 21–22 . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . ^ a b c d e Fukai, Akiko (2002). Fashion : the collection of the Kyoto Costume Institute : a history from the 18th to the 20th century . Köln [etc.]: Taschen. p. 712. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3822812064 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Cunningham, Patricia A. (2003). Reforming women's fashion, 1850-1920 : politics, health, and art . Kent: Kent State University Press. p. 215. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780873387422 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Osma, Guillermo de (1994). Fortuny : the life and work of Mariano Fortuny (2nd pbk. ed.). New York: Rizzoli. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780847817955 . ^ (#cite_ref-Fukai_7-0) Fukai, Akiko. "Japonism in Fashion" (http://www.kci.or.jp/research/dresstudy/pdf/e_Fukai_Japonism_in_Fashion.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ a b "Delphos dress by Mariano Fortuny, retailed by Babani" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O362552/delphos-dress-mariano-fortuny/.) . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Hepburn, Katharine (1996). Me : stories of my life (1st Ballantine Books trade ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0345410092 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Kate's Treasures: An Auction Uncovers Katharine Hepburn's Rich Life" (http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20149735,00.html) . The People (Vol 61, No. 13) . April 5, 2004 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . ^ a b Groom, Nigel (1997). The new perfume handbook (2. ed.). London [u.a.]: Blackie Acad. & Professional. p. 23. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0751404039 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Mazzeo, Tilar J. (2010). The secret of Chanel No. 5 : the intimate history of the world's most famous perfume (1st ed.). New York: Harper. p. 27. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780061791017 . ^ (#cite_ref-beaulieu_13-0) Beaulieu, Denyse (2012). The Perfume Lover: A Personal Story of Scent . UK: HarperCollins. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780007411832 . ^ a b Woodhead, Lindy (2004). War paint : Madame Helena Rubinstein and Miss Elizabeth Arden : their lives, their times, their rivalry . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780471487784 . Notes ^ (#cite_ref-her?_6-0) There is some confusion as to whether Vitaldi Babani was male or female. Some sources refer to either Madame Babani [4] (#cite_note-4) or Mademoiselle Babani. [5] (#cite_note-5) Most sources cited refer to Vitaldi Babani as "he". 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See also: Category:Actresses from West Bengal (/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_West_Bengal) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐75854f7f49‐gzwcz Cached time: 20240722035609 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.026 seconds Real time usage: 0.038 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 24/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 368/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 7/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 326/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.011/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 626411/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 32.705 1 -total 100.00% 32.705 1 Template:See_also_cat 16.52% 5.402 1 Template:Category_see_also/Category_pair_check Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55837904-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722035609 and revision id 827796495. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has only the following subcategory. K Female models from Kolkata (/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Kolkata) (31 P) Pages in category "Female models from West Bengal" The following 9 pages are in this category, out of 9 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Neha Amandeep (/wiki/Neha_Amandeep) B Chandana Banerjee (/wiki/Chandana_Banerjee) Rohini Banerjee (/wiki/Rohini_Banerjee) C Mahima Chaudhry (/wiki/Mahima_Chaudhry) K Hasleen Kaur (/wiki/Hasleen_Kaur) M Iris Maity (/wiki/Iris_Maity) N Prema Narayan (/wiki/Prema_Narayan) R Kuljeet Randhawa (/wiki/Kuljeet_Randhawa) S Niruta Singh (/wiki/Niruta_Singh) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_West_Bengal&oldid=827796495 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Female_models_from_West_Bengal&oldid=827796495) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Indian female models by state or union territory (/wiki/Category:Indian_female_models_by_state_or_union_territory) Models from West Bengal (/wiki/Category:Models_from_West_Bengal) Women from West Bengal by occupation (/wiki/Category:Women_from_West_Bengal_by_occupation) |
British businessman (1961–2023) Marc Worth Born March 1961 Nottingham (/wiki/Nottingham) , England Died 13 January 2023 (aged 61) Occupation Businessman Spouse Hilda Worth Children 4 Marcus Daniel Worth (March 1961 – 13 January 2023) was a British businessman. He was the co-founder of Worth Global Style Network (/wiki/WGSN_(trend_forecasting)) , a fashion trend-forecaster, and Stylus. [1] (#cite_note-1) Early life [ edit ] Marcus Daniel Worth was born in March 1961, [2] (#cite_note-2) in Nottingham (/wiki/Nottingham) , England. [3] (#cite_note-STRL-3) [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) He has an elder brother, Julian Worth (/w/index.php?title=Julian_Worth&action=edit&redlink=1) . [3] (#cite_note-STRL-3) He received three O Levels (/wiki/O_Levels) and left school at the age of sixteen. [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) Career [ edit ] Worth started his career by working for the family business, Heat-Seal Textiles (/w/index.php?title=Heat-Seal_Textiles&action=edit&redlink=1) , with his brother Julian. [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) With his brother Julian, Worth was the co-founder of World Global Style Network (/wiki/World_Global_Style_Network) , a fashion trend-forecaster, in 1997. [5] (#cite_note-guardianmill-5) [6] (#cite_note-telegraphive-6) [7] (#cite_note-ft-7) WGSN quickly grew into a global player with hundreds of staff situated in offices around the world. They sold it to Emap (/wiki/Emap) for £140 million in 2005. [6] (#cite_note-telegraphive-6) [7] (#cite_note-ft-7) Worth acquired the fashion label Ossie Clark (/wiki/Ossie_Clark) in 2007. [7] (#cite_note-ft-7) He launched a new collection at the 2008 London Fashion Week (/wiki/London_Fashion_Week) , but sold it eighteen months later, after losing £4 million. [7] (#cite_note-ft-7) Worth wrote articles for Forbes (/wiki/Forbes) . [8] (#cite_note-forbescontrib-8) In 2019, Worth launched Stylus, an innovation research and advisory firm helping businesses process global consumer lifestyle, product and engagement insights. [9] (#cite_note-stylus.com-9) Philanthropy [ edit ] Worth was the chairman of the British-Israel Chamber of Commerce. [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) He was on the board of UK Israel Business (/wiki/UK_Israel_Business) , [10] (#cite_note-ukisraelbusiness-10) and on the board of governors of the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design (/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Design) in Ramat Gan (/wiki/Ramat_Gan) , Israel. [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) [11] (#cite_note-shenkar-11) With his wife, Worth made charitable contributions to the Hampstead Theatre (/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre) . [12] (#cite_note-currentpatrons-12) They have also donated to the Conservative Party, including to the MPs Mike Freer, [13] (#cite_note-13) Richard Harrington [14] (#cite_note-14) and Michael Gove. [15] (#cite_note-15) Personal life and death [ edit ] Worth met his wife Hilda when she was nineteen years old. [16] (#cite_note-observerhilda-16) She serves as co-Chair of the Jewish Women's Aid (/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Women%27s_Aid&action=edit&redlink=1) , a Jewish non-profit organisation which tackles domestic violence (/wiki/Domestic_violence) , and Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Friends of Israel (/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel) . [17] (#cite_note-jewishwomen-17) [18] (#cite_note-aboutcfi-18) They had four children, Patti, Max, Henry and Louis. [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) They attended the Hampstead Synagogue (/wiki/Hampstead_Synagogue) . [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) They resided in Hampstead Garden Suburb (/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb) , north London, and had a home in Herzliya (/wiki/Herzliya) , Israel. [4] (#cite_note-jcventure-4) Worth died from a heart attack on 13 January 2023, at the age of 61. [19] (#cite_note-19) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "About Me: Website" (http://marcworth.co.uk/about-me/) . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Marcus Daniel WORTH - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)" (https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/yLWpkRSGK2d3kPxYTrXfQKWjss0/appointments) . beta.companieshouse.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday Times Rich List". The Sunday Times . No. 78. 26 April 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Krieger, Candice (24 February 2011). "The £4m venture that's 'Worth' it" (http://www.thejc.com/business/business-features/45639/the-%C2%A34m-venture-thats-worth-it) . The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-guardianmill_5-0) Milmo, Dan (15 October 2005). "Emap makes millionaires of brothers who built cyberspace catwalk" (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/oct/15/business.onlinesupplement) . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Christopher (10 August 2014). "I've created a monster for an industry of idiots, says WSGN founder Marc Worth" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11022182/WGSN-has-killed-imaginative-design-claims-founder.html) . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Moules, Jonathan (30 September 2011). "My liquidity moment: Marc Worth" (https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b890964c-e39a-11e0-8990-00144feabdc0.html) . Financial Times . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-forbescontrib_8-0) "Marc Worth" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/marcworth/) . Forbes . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-stylus.com_9-0) http://www.stylus.com/About (http://www.stylus.com/About) About} ^ (#cite_ref-ukisraelbusiness_10-0) "Board of Directors" (http://www.ukisraelbusiness.co.uk/#!board/c21oh) . UK Israel Business . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-shenkar_11-0) "Board of Governors Meeting 2015: May 31 – June 2" (https://shenkar.org/news/board-of-governors-2015/) . Shenkar College of Engineering and Design . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-currentpatrons_12-0) "Current Patrons" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150929054750/http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/support-us-/our-supporters/current-patrons/) . Hampstead Theatre . Archived from the original (http://www.hampsteadtheatre.com/support-us-/our-supporters/current-patrons/) on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "TheyWorkForYou" (https://www.theyworkforyou.com/regmem/?p=24934) . TheyWorkForYou . Retrieved 2 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "TheyWorkForYou" (https://www.theyworkforyou.com/regmem/?f=2017-07-07) . TheyWorkForYou . Retrieved 2 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Search - The Electoral Commission" (http://search.electoralcommission.org.uk/?currentPage=1&rows=30&query=Hilda%20Worth&sort=AcceptedDate&order=desc&tab=1&open=filter&et=rd&isIrishSourceYes=false&isIrishSourceNo=true&date=Reported&from=&to=&quarters=2021Q1234&quarters=2020Q1234&quarters=2019Q1234&quarters=2018Q1234&quarters=2017Q1234&quarters=2016Q1234&quarters=2015Q1234&quarters=2014Q1234&quarters=2013Q1234&quarters=2012Q1234&quarters=2011Q1234&quarters=2010Q1234&quarters=2009Q1234&quarters=2008Q1234&quarters=2007Q1234&quarters=2006Q1234&quarters=2005Q1234&quarters=2004Q1234&quarters=2003Q1234&quarters=2002Q1234&quarters=2001Q1234&prePoll=true&postPoll=true&donorStatus=individual&donorStatus=tradeunion&donorStatus=company&donorStatus=unincorporatedassociation&donorStatus=publicfund&donorStatus=other&donorStatus=registeredpoliticalparty&donorStatus=friendlysociety&donorStatus=trust&donorStatus=limitedliabilitypartnership&donorStatus=impermissibledonor&donorStatus=na&donorStatus=unidentifiabledonor&donorStatus=buildingsociety®ister=none®ister=gb®ister=ni&optCols=IsAggregation) . search.electoralcommission.org.uk . Retrieved 2 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-observerhilda_16-0) Hill, Amelia (28 April 2002). "A tale of two sisters: women in one family who chose different approaches to motherhood" (http://observer.theguardian.com/focus/story/0,,706370,00.html) . The Observer . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-jewishwomen_17-0) Worth, Hilda (16 September 2015). "A Glimpse into the Life of…. Hilda Worth, Jewish Women's Aid" (http://www.thejlc.org/2015/09/a-glimpse-into-the-life-of-hilda-worth-jewish-womens-aid/) . Jewish Women's Aid . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-aboutcfi_18-0) "DIRECTORS OF CFI LTD" (https://cfoi.co.uk/aboutcfi/) . Conservative Friends of Israel . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) Halliday, Sandra (16 January 2023). "WGSN and Stylus founder Marc Worth dies" (https://au.fashionnetwork.com/news/Wgsn-and-stylus-founder-marc-worth-dies,1476114.html#fashion-week-milan-zegna) . FashionNetwork . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . 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Swedish model and actress Erika Linder Linder in 2014 Born Erika Anette Linder Jervemyr ( 1990-05-11 ) 11 May 1990 (age 34) Sundbyberg (/wiki/Sundbyberg_Municipality) , Sweden [3] (#cite_note-ratsit-3) Occupation(s) Model, actress Years active 2011–present Modeling information Height 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) [1] (#cite_note-next-1) Hair color Blonde [1] (#cite_note-next-1) Eye color Blue [1] (#cite_note-next-1) Agency Next Model Management (/wiki/Next_Model_Management) (New York, Paris, London, Los Angeles) UNIQUE DENMARK (Copenhagen) MIKAs (Stockholm) [2] (#cite_note-2) Erika Anette Linder Jervemyr (born 11 May 1990) [3] (#cite_note-ratsit-3) is a Swedish (/wiki/Swedish_people) model and actress. She is a model who models both male and female clothing. In 2016, she starred in the film Below Her Mouth (/wiki/Below_Her_Mouth) . Early life [ edit ] Linder was born in Sundbyberg (/wiki/Sundbyberg_Municipality) , Stockholm County (/wiki/Stockholm_County) , Sweden. [3] (#cite_note-ratsit-3) She was scouted to be a model at a concert when she was 14 years old but declined the offer. [4] (#cite_note-w-4) [5] (#cite_note-galore-5) She studied law in high school and language for one year at university, and played football until she was 19. [6] (#cite_note-6) Career [ edit ] In 2011, Linder portrayed a young Leonardo DiCaprio (/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio) for the Candy (/wiki/Luis_Venegas_(publisher)) magazine as her first modeling job. [4] (#cite_note-w-4) [5] (#cite_note-galore-5) In subsequent years, Linder has modeled masculine, feminine and unisex looks for Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) and other houses and publications. [4] (#cite_note-w-4) [7] (#cite_note-afterellen1-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2013, she appeared in the lyric video for Katy Perry (/wiki/Katy_Perry) 's song " Unconditionally (/wiki/Unconditionally) ". [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2014, she played a male and a female part in an advertising campaign for Sweden's JC Jeans Company. [10] (#cite_note-10) In 2015, she appeared in the music video for the Of Monsters and Men (/wiki/Of_Monsters_and_Men) song " Empire (/wiki/Empire_(Of_Monsters_and_Men_song)) ". [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2016, Linder made her acting debut in the Canadian lesbian drama film Below Her Mouth (/wiki/Below_Her_Mouth) in a starring role. [12] (#cite_note-12) In the movie, directed by April Mullen (/wiki/April_Mullen) , she portrayed a lesbian woman working as a roofer in Canada. [13] (#cite_note-13) Personal life [ edit ] After starting her modeling career, Linder moved to Los Angeles. [5] (#cite_note-galore-5) [7] (#cite_note-afterellen1-7) She is a lesbian. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Erika Linder" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190725083622/https://www.nextmanagement.com/los-angeles/profile/erika-linder) . Next Management (/wiki/Next_Management) . Archived from the original (http://www.nextmanagement.com/los-angeles/profile/erika-linder) on 25 July 2019 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Erika Linder - Model" (https://models.com/models/erika-linder) . ^ Jump up to: a b c "Erika Linder Jervemyr" (https://www.ratsit.se/19900511-Erika_Anette_Linder_Jervemyr_Sundbyberg/wVK60SgG1C5PKUS2psJ5Zr4w12OUslW7ritMHGzX6JA) . Ratsit (in Swedish) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Petrarca, Emilia (30 June 2016). "Five Years After Her Breakout Moment, Model Erika Linder Opens Up" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/erika-linder-model-louis-vuitton) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Galore Girl (18 September 2014). "Erika Linder: The Model Who Isn't Scared to Dive In" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023536/https://galoremag.com/erika-linder-the-model-who-isnt-scared-to-dive-in/) . Galore . Archived from the original (https://galoremag.com/erika-linder-the-model-who-isnt-scared-to-dive-in/) on 3 April 2019 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Rosholm, Johan (27 February 2017). "Flickan med tv ansikten" (http://www.dn.se/sthlm/flickan-med-tva-ansikten/) . Dagens Nyheter (/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter) (in Swedish) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bendix, Trish (24 April 2015). "The Real Erika Linder: The Woman Behind the Supermodel in a Suit (Part One)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170509194604/http://www.afterellen.com/entertainment/428061-real-erika-linder-woman-behind-supermodel-suit-part-one) . AfterEllen (/wiki/AfterEllen) . p. 1. Archived from the original (http://www.afterellen.com/entertainment/428061-real-erika-linder-woman-behind-supermodel-suit-part-one) on 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Misener, Jessica (28 March 2012). "Andrej Pejic Dons Womenswear, Wrestles With Female Model (EXCLUSIVE PHOTOS)" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/28/andrej-pejic-erika-linder_n_1385863.html) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Katy Perry's 'Unconditionally' Lyric Video Could Be A Real Music Video" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191229150737/https://www.vibe.com/2013/10/katy-perrys-unconditionally-lyric-video-could-be-real-music-video) . Vibe (/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)) . 20 October 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.vibe.com/2013/10/katy-perrys-unconditionally-lyric-video-could-be-real-music-video/) on 29 December 2019 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Bazilian, Emma (28 February 2014). "Ad of the Day: Erika Linder Is Him and Her in Mesmerizing Campaign for Crocker Jeans" (http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/ad-day-erika-linder-him-and-her-mesmerizing-campaign-crocker-jeans-156024/) . Adweek (/wiki/Adweek) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Taylor Bennett, Kim (6 August 2015). "Of Monsters and Men's Video for "Empire" Is Magical and Totally 'Harold and Maude' (https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/rmj3wa/of-monsters-and-men-empire) " (https://noisey.vice.com/en_us/article/rmj3wa/of-monsters-and-men-empire) . Noisey . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Murthi, Vikram (31 August 2016). " (http://www.indiewire.com/2016/08/tiff-2016-below-her-mouth-trailer-poster-april-mullen-erika-linder-toronto-film-festival-1201721945/) 'Below Her Mouth' Exclusive Trailer: Two Women Embark On A Sudden And Steamy Romance" (http://www.indiewire.com/2016/08/tiff-2016-below-her-mouth-trailer-poster-april-mullen-erika-linder-toronto-film-festival-1201721945/) . Indiewire (/wiki/Indiewire) . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Truth is the warmest colour in Below Her Mouth" (https://www.straight.com/movies/866701/truth-warmest-colour-below-her-mouth) . The Georgia Straight . 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Bendix, Trish (24 April 2015). "The Real Erika Linder: The Woman Behind the Supermodel in a Suit (Part One)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170509213304/http://www.afterellen.com/entertainment/428061-real-erika-linder-woman-behind-supermodel-suit-part-one/2) . AfterEllen (/wiki/AfterEllen) . p. 2. Archived from the original (http://www.afterellen.com/entertainment/428061-real-erika-linder-woman-behind-supermodel-suit-part-one/2) on 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . External links [ edit ] Erika Linder (https://www.instagram.com/richiephoenix/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Erika Linder (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7621162/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐jh4pj Cached time: 20240712133522 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.421 seconds Real time usage: 0.541 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2864/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38511/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3672/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57275/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.285/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10231316/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 501.954 1 -total 41.31% 207.363 1 Template:Infobox_model 31.94% 160.316 1 Template:Reflist 18.54% 93.073 4 Template:Cite_web 12.39% 62.207 1 Template:Short_description 9.34% 46.866 1 Template:Infobox 9.16% 46.003 10 Template:Cite_news 7.54% 37.838 2 Template:Pagetype 7.05% 35.381 1 Template:Height 6.78% 34.043 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:54161344-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712133522 and revision id 1221149253. 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Trousers with versatile modifications This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tactical_pants) or discuss these issues on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:Tactical_pants) . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tactical_pants) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 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( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Tactical pants are trousers with versatile modifications intended for everyday workwear for civil defense (/wiki/Civil_defense) , emergency medical technicians (/wiki/Emergency_medical_technicians) , fire service (/wiki/Fire_service) professionals, plainclothes law enforcement (/wiki/Plainclothes_law_enforcement) officers (e.g. FBI (/wiki/FBI) agents, undercover special police (/wiki/Special_police) such as SWAT (/wiki/SWAT) ), security guards (/wiki/Security_guards) , intelligence agencies (/wiki/Intelligence_agencies) and military (/wiki/Military) / paramilitary (/wiki/Paramilitary) personnel (particularly private contractors (/wiki/Private_military_company) ). They are closely related to cargo pants (/wiki/Cargo_pants) but are typically solid in color. [ citation needed ] Tactical pants were originally worn by mountain climbers as more durable outdoor apparel, but are now available in different styles. Various styles use arrangements such as lower leg straps (/wiki/Leggings) for stealth, additional pockets for stowage, and are reinforced with bar tacks (/wiki/Bar_tack) , gussets (/wiki/Gussets) , knee pad inserts (/wiki/Knee_pad) and certain brands (/wiki/Brands) are coated with Teflon (/wiki/Teflon) . [1] (#cite_note-1) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Rasch, J. (1965). "Die thermischen Zersetzungsprodukte zweier PolytetrafluorÄthylene (Teflon-1 und Teflon-6) und eines PolyfluorÄthylpropylens (Teflon-100)" (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00512217) . Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie . 208 (3): 213–214. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/bf00512217 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00512217) . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0016-1152 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-1152) . 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English socialite (1907–1972) Lady Mary Bridget Parsons Lady Mary Bridget Parsons (27 October 1907 – 26 January 1972) was an English socialite, part of the Bright Young Things (/wiki/Bright_Young_Things) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Biography [ edit ] Lady Mary Bridget Parsons was born on 27 October 1907, the daughter of William Parsons, 5th Earl of Rosse (/wiki/William_Parsons,_5th_Earl_of_Rosse) and Frances Lois Lister-Kaye, Viscountess de Vesci of Abbey Leix. [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-Mosley-3) In the 1920s she was part of the wild crowd known as the Bright Young Things (/wiki/Bright_Young_Things) . Jeremy Hutchinson (/wiki/Jeremy_Hutchinson,_Baron_Hutchinson_of_Lullington) defended her on a drink driving charge ( Deborah Mitford (/wiki/Deborah_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire) and her husband, Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire (/wiki/Andrew_Cavendish,_11th_Duke_of_Devonshire) were passengers). A police officer standing guard outside the German Embassy arrested her and locked her in the embassy building, but she was seen to sway as she got into the taxi that had been called. Hutchinson persuaded the court that Parsons' uncertainty on her feet was caused by her high heels and tight evening dress. Photographs following the verdict show her being led out of court by John Betjeman (/wiki/John_Betjeman) , who apparently said to her "A wonderful show! This way, Bridget, old girl!". [4] (#cite_note-4) She has been credited with her brother Michael to have introduced the Charleston in Mayfair ballrooms. [5] (#cite_note-5) For a time in the 1930s, she had an affair with Sacheverell Sitwell (/wiki/Sacheverell_Sitwell) . [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) She was friend with Clarissa Eden (/wiki/Clarissa_Eden) , who said "I have never had women friends with whom I exchanged confidences, except perhaps now in old age and retrospectively. My friendship with Bridget was based on her being exceptionally intelligent and knowledgeable and, being older, more sophisticated. She was also extremely beautiful and had been loved by many, but either through fastidiousness or lack of passion seemed never to have responded." [8] (#cite_note-8) Daphne Fielding (/wiki/Daphne_Fielding) wrote in her memoirs that Bridget Parsons had an affair with Prince George, Duke of Kent (/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent) . [9] (#cite_note-9) James Lees-Milne (/wiki/James_Lees-Milne) , who, at school loved two boys, Tom Mitford (/wiki/Tom_Mitford) and Desmond Parsons (/wiki/Desmond_Parsons) (both died very young), afterwards became infatuated with their sisters who reminded him of them, Diana Mitford (/wiki/Diana_Mitford) and Bridget Parsons. [10] (#cite_note-10) In November 1935 a portrait of Lady Mary Bridget Parsons by Cecil Beaton (/wiki/Cecil_Beaton) appeared on Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . [11] (#cite_note-11) She was Beaton's friend, and frequented his house, Ashcombe, together with Diana Cavendish (/w/index.php?title=Diana_Cavendish&action=edit&redlink=1) , Tony Herbert (/wiki/Tony_Herbert) , Tilly Losch (/wiki/Tilly_Losch) , Teresa Jungman (/wiki/Teresa_Jungman) , Elizabeth Smith [ who? ] , Lady Caroline Paget (/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Paget) , David Herbert (/wiki/David_Herbert) . [12] (#cite_note-12) Other friends included: Randolph Churchill (/wiki/Randolph_Churchill) and Tanis Guinness (/w/index.php?title=Tanis_Guinness&action=edit&redlink=1) . [13] (#cite_note-13) She was friends with Cynthia Gladwyn (/wiki/Cynthia_Gladwyn) , who wrote in her diaries: "It is curious to look back on those nights when Bridget Parsons and I used to sit on the staircase, wrapped in rugs, trying to talk about trivialities while the great thunder of the Blitzes raged and the whole building shook and the lights dipped. One didn't know for sure which crashes were our guns and which were bombs. Then at last the All Clear would sound and we'd go back to our beds." [14] (#cite_note-14) She lived at Womersley Park, Womersley, West Yorkshire, England. [15] (#cite_note-red1st-15) She was on the board of the Zoological Society. [16] (#cite_note-16) She was friends with Patrick Leigh Fermor (/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor) , who visited often Birr Castle (/wiki/Birr_Castle) , her family castle. [17] (#cite_note-17) She died unmarried on 26 January 1972 [18] (#cite_note-18) and is buried at St. Martin's Churchyard, Womersley, with her mother, Frances Lois Lister-Kaye, Viscountess de Vesci of Abbey Leix. [15] (#cite_note-red1st-15) [3] (#cite_note-Mosley-3) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Amusing Turns Brighten Coming-of-Age Party - 16 Jul 1927, Sat • Page 33" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6009910/lady_bridget_parsons_one_of_the/) . The Winnipeg Tribune : 33. 1927 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "In British News of the Week - 04 Aug 1928, Sat • Page 24" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6009739/lady_mary_bridget_parsons/) . The Winnipeg Tribune : 24. 1928 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003 ^ (#cite_ref-4) Grant, Thomas (2015). Jeremy Hutchinson's Case Histories: From Lady Chatterley's Lover to Howard Marks . Hachette UK. p. 32. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781444799743 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Taylor, D J (2010). Bright Young People: The Rise and Fall of a Generation 1918-1940 . Random House. p. 22. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781409020639 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Bradford, Sarah (1993). Sacheverell Sitwell: splendours and miseries . Sinclair-Stevenson. p. 224. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781856191609 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Zita James" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1511193/Zita-James.html) . The Telegraph . 2006 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Eden, Clarissa (2008). Clarissa Eden: A Memoir - From Churchill To Eden . Hachette UK. p. 107. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780297856320 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Fielding, Daphne Vivian (1968). Those Remarkable Cunards: Emerald and Nancy . Atheneum. p. 103 (https://archive.org/details/thoseremarkablec00fiel/page/103) . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Lees-Milne, James; Bloch, Michael (2011). Diaries, 1971-1983 . Hachette UK. p. 6. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781848547100 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Vogue - November 1935 - Lady Mary Bridget Parsons" (http://www.allposters.co.uk/-sp/Vogue-November-1935-Lady-Mary-Bridget-Parsons-Posters_i8707133_.htm) . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) de Courcy, Anne (2012). 1939: The Last Season . Hachette UK. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781780225777 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) Leslie, Anita (1985). Randolph: The Biography of Winston Churchill's Son . Beaufort Books. p. 117 (https://archive.org/details/randolphbiograph00lesl/page/117) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780825302848 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Gladwyn, Cynthia (1995). The diaries of Cynthia Gladwyn . Constable. p. 41. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780094731301 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Mary Bridget Parsons" (https://www.red1st.com/axholme/getperson.php?personID=I7098333554&tree=Axholme) . red1st . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Powell, Anthony (2015). Journals 1982 . Random House. p. 70. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781473535459 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Cooper, Artemis (2012). Patrick Leigh Fermor: An Adventure . Hachette UK. p. 125. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781848546707 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Hughes, Stefan (2012). Catchers of the Light: The Forgotten Lives of the Men and Women Who First Photographed the Heavens . ArtDeCiel Publishing. p. 1109. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781620509616 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . 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American plus-size model (born 1988) Jennie Runk Born ( 1988-11-02 ) November 2, 1988 (age 35) Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) , United States Occupation Fashion model (/wiki/Fashion_model) [3] (#cite_note-GlamandCurvy-3) Modeling information Height 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) [1] (#cite_note-Ford_profile-1) Hair color Light Brown Eye color Blue [1] (#cite_note-Ford_profile-1) Agency Jag Models, [2] (#cite_note-ABCNEWSJag-2) Ford Models, [1] (#cite_note-Ford_profile-1) Mother Model Management (mother agency) Jennie Runk (born November 2, 1988) is an American (/wiki/US) plus-size model (/wiki/Plus-size_model) . She is best known for appearing in H&M (/wiki/H%26M) 's Summer 2013 beachwear campaign, which was featured on the front page of H&M's United States (/wiki/United_States) website in late April 2013. [4] (#cite_note-Sauers-4) [5] (#cite_note-WSJ-Jervell-5) [6] (#cite_note-BBC-6) [7] (#cite_note-subtly-7) Early life [ edit ] Jennie Runk was born in Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) and later moved to Chesterfield (/wiki/Chesterfield,_Missouri) , Missouri (/wiki/Missouri) . Runk became a Girl Scout (/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA) at age 5. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) As a teenager, she was involved with her high school drama program and worked as a Girl Scout leader. Her family rescued and fostered dogs. [9] (#cite_note-CosmoInt-9) She volunteered for the cat adoption center for Open Door Animal Sanctuary at Petsmart in Chesterfield, Missouri. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) Runk graduated from Parkway West High School (/wiki/Parkway_West_High_School_(Ballwin,_Missouri)) in 2007. She graduated from Stephens College (/wiki/Stephens_College) with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in creative writing (/wiki/Creative_writing) in 2011. [3] (#cite_note-GlamandCurvy-3) Career [ edit ] Runk was discovered in 2003 at 14 in a PetSmart (/wiki/PetSmart) in Chesterfield, Missouri by Mary Clarke of Mother Model Management while she was volunteering for the cat adoption department. [9] (#cite_note-CosmoInt-9) [10] (#cite_note-STLT_matters-10) At the time, she was a size 8, in between straight size and plus-size modeling. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) The Clarkes told her she needed to either lose weight or gain weight to model. She chose to gain between 10 and 20 lb (4.5 and 9.1 kg) to a size 10–12 to become a plus-size model. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) [10] (#cite_note-STLT_matters-10) [11] (#cite_note-11) She has appeared on Good Morning America (/wiki/Good_Morning_America) and was profiled by Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . [9] (#cite_note-CosmoInt-9) She initially signed with New York (/wiki/New_York_City) agency Wilhelmina Models (/wiki/Wilhelmina_Models) in March 2004. [12] (#cite_note-12) She later switched to Ford Models (/wiki/Ford_Models) . [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) Runk starting modeling full-time in 2011 after she moved to New York City. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) Her first major editorial was Body Language in US Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) ' s April 2005 Shape issue, which was photographed by Steven Meisel. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) In addition she appeared twice in Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , most notably (in November 2009) nude with six other plus-size models including Ashley Graham (/wiki/Ashley_Graham_(model)) , Crystal Renn (/wiki/Crystal_Renn) and Lizzie Miller (/wiki/Lizzie_Miller) . [13] (#cite_note-every-13) Other editorials include Cosmo Girl (/wiki/Cosmo_Girl) in February 2006, Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) in October 2007, and several Seventeen (/wiki/Seventeen_(American_magazine)) editorials. [3] (#cite_note-GlamandCurvy-3) [10] (#cite_note-STLT_matters-10) Runk was also interviewed by Vogue Italia ' s Vogue Curvy. [3] (#cite_note-GlamandCurvy-3) Her beachwear appearance in H&M's Summer 2013 campaign was featured on the front page of H&M's US website in late April 2013 and received extensive media coverage and spread rapidly through blogs and social media. [5] (#cite_note-WSJ-Jervell-5) [6] (#cite_note-BBC-6) [7] (#cite_note-subtly-7) [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) As a result of the coverage, Runk wrote an op-ed (/wiki/Op-ed) piece for BBC on size diversity in fashion and her experiences as a model in May 2013. [6] (#cite_note-BBC-6) Runk has modeled for many plus size retailers, including two Marina Rinaldi (/wiki/Marina_Rinaldi) campaigns in 2012. [14] (#cite_note-vogue12-14) [15] (#cite_note-TruthFashionMMFW12-15) Jennie has also walked in several Elena Miro (/wiki/Elena_Miro) runway shows. Personal life [ edit ] Runk lives in New York City. She owns a one-eyed cat, Jasmine. [8] (#cite_note-buzzfi-8) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Jennie" (http://models.fordmodels.com/models/11/talents/9154) . fordmodels.com . Ford Models . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-ABCNEWSJag_2-0) Chang, Juju. "Jag Model Agency Pledges to Feature 'Real Women' (https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/lifestyle/2013/08/jag-model-agency-pledges-to-feature-real-women/) " (https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/lifestyle/2013/08/jag-model-agency-pledges-to-feature-real-women/) . abcnews.com . Retrieved October 29, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jennie Runk" (http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-curvy/glam-and-curvy/2013/02/jennie-runk) . vogue.it . Conde Nast Publications . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-Sauers_4-0) Sauers, Jenna (April 29, 2013). "H&M Shows Collection On Plus-Size Model, Doesn't Make a Big Deal Of It" (http://jezebel.com/h-m-shows-collection-on-plus-size-model-doesnt-make-a-484765381) . jezebel.com . Gawker Media . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Jervell, Ellen (May 1, 2013). "H&M Makes a 'Brilliant' Move and Embraces the Curves" (https://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2013/05/01/hm-makes-a-brilliant-move-and-embraces-the-curves) . blogs.wsj.com . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Runk, Jennie (May 14, 2013). "Jennie Runk: My life as a 'plus-size' model" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22508670) . BBC . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b Stampler, Laura (April 30, 2013). "H&M Subtly Used A Plus-Sized Model For Its Swimsuit Collection" (http://www.businessinsider.com/jennie-runk-plus-sized-model-for-hm-swimwear-2013-4) . Business Insider . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Rees, Alex (May 29, 2013). "Jennie Runk Talks Body Confidence And Her "Plus-Size" Label" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/alexrees/top-model-jennie-runk-talks-body-confidence-and-those-pesky) . Buzzfeed.com . ^ Jump up to: a b c Breslaw, Anna (June 5, 2013). "Jennie Runk, H&M's First Plus-Size Swimsuit Model, Will Make You Love Yourself" (http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/jennie-runk-hm-model-interview) . cosmopolitan.com . Hearst Corporation (/wiki/Hearst_Corporation) . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Bass, Debra (September 17, 2009). "For model, size matters Jennie Runk added weight to become a plus-sized fashion model" (http://www.stltoday.com/news/for-model-size-matters-jennie-runk-added-weight-to-become/article_c9b7ba68-4a7e-5b14-8e63-12e35b383c5b.html) . stltoday.com . St. Louis Today . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Plus-Size Model Jennie Runk Says She Chose to Gain Weight" (http://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/abc-blogs/plus-size-model-jennie-runk-says-she-chose-123150052.html) . gma.yahoo.com . ABC News . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Jones Townsel, Lisa (March 31, 2005). "No matter what size" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141024171907/http://business.highbeam.com/435553/article-1G1-131066046/no-matter-size) . highbeam.com . St Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original (http://business.highbeam.com/435553/article-1G1-131066046/no-matter-size) on October 24, 2014 . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-every_13-0) Field, Genevieve (October 2009). "These Bodies are Beautiful at Every Size" (http://www.glamour.com/health-fitness/2009/10/these-bodies-are-beautiful-at-every-size) . glamour.com . Conde Nast Publications . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue12_14-0) "Marina Rinaldi Campaign, Spring/Summer 2012" (http://www.vogue.it/en/vogue-curvy/curvy-news/2012/01/marina-rinaldi-pe-2012) . vogue.it . Conde Nast Publications . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-TruthFashionMMFW12_15-0) "Marina Rinaldi for Fall/Winter 2012" (https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035255/http://www.truthandfashion.com/editorials/marina-rinaldi-for-fallwinter-2012) . Archived from the original (http://www.truthandfashion.com/editorials/marina-rinaldi-for-fallwinter-2012) on October 12, 2013 . Retrieved June 18, 2013 . 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The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jewellery (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewellery) . Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewellery) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐h4p2r Cached time: 20240720175217 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.156 seconds Real time usage: 0.224 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 474/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26464/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2884/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5668/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.060/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1407719/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 202.286 1 -total 35.97% 72.771 1 Template:Commons_category 34.47% 69.724 1 Template:Sister_project 33.36% 67.473 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 33.23% 67.227 1 Template:Side_box 31.47% 63.659 2 Template:Category_other 29.60% 59.871 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 25.96% 52.511 1 Template:Category_TOC 22.42% 45.344 2 Template:If_then_show 20.59% 41.659 1 Template:TOC_top Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:805647-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720175217 and revision id 1217153022. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 20 subcategories, out of 20 total. Types of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Types_of_jewellery) (12 C, 79 P) A Ancient Roman jewellery (/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_jewellery) (2 C, 12 P) C Jewellery collectors (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_collectors) (17 P) Jewellery companies (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_companies) (2 C, 8 P) Jewellery components (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_components) (1 C, 36 P) D Jewellery designers (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_designers) (1 C, 24 P) Jewellery districts (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_districts) (28 P) F Films about jewellery (/wiki/Category:Films_about_jewellery) (9 P) H Hardstone carving (/wiki/Category:Hardstone_carving) (8 C, 54 P) Hoards of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Hoards_of_jewellery) (3 C, 29 P) I Indigenous jewelry of the Americas (/wiki/Category:Indigenous_jewelry_of_the_Americas) (2 C, 2 P) Individual items of jewellery (/wiki/Category:Individual_items_of_jewellery) (12 C, 22 P) Jewellery industry (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_industry) (6 C) J Jewellers (/wiki/Category:Jewellers) (6 C, 11 P) M Jewellery making (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_making) (3 C, 70 P) Jewellery museums (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_museums) (2 C, 29 P) O Jewellery organizations (/wiki/Category:Jewellery_organizations) (2 C, 6 P) R Regalia (/wiki/Category:Regalia) (15 C, 55 P) S Scottish jewellery (/wiki/Category:Scottish_jewellery) (8 P) T Jewel thieves (/wiki/Category:Jewel_thieves) (23 P) Pages in category "Jewellery" The following 93 pages are in this category, out of 93 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Genital jewellery (/wiki/Genital_jewellery) Jewellery (/wiki/Jewellery) List of jewellery types (/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types) A Agadez Cross (/wiki/Agadez_Cross) All That Glitters: Britain's Next Jewellery Star (/wiki/All_That_Glitters:_Britain%27s_Next_Jewellery_Star) Anglo-Saxon brooches (/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches) Architectonic jewellery (/wiki/Architectonic_jewellery) Arm ring (/wiki/Arm_ring) Art in bronze and brass (/wiki/Art_in_bronze_and_brass) Assay office (/wiki/Assay_office) B Bag charm (/wiki/Bag_charm) Bangle (/wiki/Bangle) Beetlewing (/wiki/Beetlewing) Jewellery of the Berber cultures (/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures) Berlin iron jewellery (/wiki/Berlin_iron_jewellery) Bezel (jewellery) (/wiki/Bezel_(jewellery)) Bijou (jewellery) (/wiki/Bijou_(jewellery)) Bling-bling (/wiki/Bling-bling) Boule de Genève (/wiki/Boule_de_Gen%C3%A8ve) Breast milk jewelry (/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry) C Cap hook (/wiki/Cap_hook) Catacomb saints (/wiki/Catacomb_saints) Chain (/wiki/Chain) Cut steel jewellery (/wiki/Cut_steel_jewellery) D Dabene Treasure (/wiki/Dabene_Treasure) Dacian bracelets (/wiki/Dacian_bracelets) Dress hook (/wiki/Dress_hook) E Earring (/wiki/Earring) Etched carnelian beads (/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads) F Fauxbergé (/wiki/Fauxberg%C3%A9) G Gemology (/wiki/Gemology) Giga Pearl (/wiki/Giga_Pearl) Moritz Glik (/wiki/Moritz_Glik) Glyptology (/wiki/Glyptology) Gold plating (/wiki/Gold_plating) Gold wreaths from Thrace (/wiki/Gold_wreaths_from_Thrace) Gourmette (/wiki/Gourmette) Granulation (jewellery) (/wiki/Granulation_(jewellery)) H Hair stick (/wiki/Hair_stick) Handmade jewelry (/wiki/Handmade_jewelry) Hardstone carving (/wiki/Hardstone_carving) Herring earring (/wiki/Herring_earring) History of jewellery in Ukraine (/wiki/History_of_jewellery_in_Ukraine) I Indo-Pacific beads (/wiki/Indo-Pacific_beads) List of Iranian artifacts abroad (/wiki/List_of_Iranian_artifacts_abroad) J Jewelers in Ming China (/wiki/Jewelers_in_Ming_China) Jewellery cleaning (/wiki/Jewellery_cleaning) Jewellery design (/wiki/Jewellery_design) Jewellery Quarter (/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter) Jewellery store (/wiki/Jewellery_store) Jewelry Television (/wiki/Jewelry_Television) Jewels of Anne of Denmark (/wiki/Jewels_of_Anne_of_Denmark) Jewels of Arbella Stuart (/wiki/Jewels_of_Arbella_Stuart) Jewels of Diana, Princess of Wales (/wiki/Jewels_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales) Jewels of Mary I of England (/wiki/Jewels_of_Mary_I_of_England) Jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots (/wiki/Jewels_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots) Jewels of the Swedish royal family (/wiki/Jewels_of_the_Swedish_royal_family) Jewels! The Glitter of the Russian Court (/wiki/Jewels!_The_Glitter_of_the_Russian_Court) Joyas de pasar (/wiki/Joyas_de_pasar) K Kazaziye (/wiki/Kazaziye) Khmer jewellery (/wiki/Khmer_jewellery) L Lakh Mazar (/wiki/Lakh_Mazar) Lentoid (/wiki/Lentoid) Live insect jewelry (/wiki/Live_insect_jewelry) Lock ring (/wiki/Lock_ring) M Marcos jewels (/wiki/Marcos_jewels) Medieval jewelry (/wiki/Medieval_jewelry) Minaudière (/wiki/Minaudi%C3%A8re) N Nameplate necklace (/wiki/Nameplate_necklace) National Jeweler (/wiki/National_Jeweler) Niello (/wiki/Niello) O Oorijzer (/wiki/Oorijzer) Ornament (magazine) (/wiki/Ornament_(magazine)) P Jewellery in the Pacific (/wiki/Jewellery_in_the_Pacific) Parfilage (/wiki/Parfilage) Parure (/wiki/Parure) Persian Jewels (/wiki/Persian_Jewels) S Schatzkammer (/wiki/Schatzkammer) Scottish jewellery (/wiki/Scottish_jewellery) Scytho-Siberian art (/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_art) Society of Bead Researchers (/wiki/Society_of_Bead_Researchers) Soviet jewelry (/wiki/Soviet_jewelry) Stanhope (optical bijou) (/wiki/Stanhope_(optical_bijou)) Sterling silver (/wiki/Sterling_silver) Suffrage jewellery (/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery) T Touchstone (assaying tool) (/wiki/Touchstone_(assaying_tool)) Trilogy ring (/wiki/Trilogy_ring) Turkmen jewelry (/wiki/Turkmen_jewelry) V Victorian jewellery (/wiki/Victorian_jewellery) W Waist beads (/wiki/Waist_beads) Watch strap (/wiki/Watch_strap) Wire sculpture (/wiki/Wire_sculpture) World Gold Council (/wiki/World_Gold_Council) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&oldid=1217153022 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Jewellery&oldid=1217153022) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Fashion accessories (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessories) Human appearance (/wiki/Category:Human_appearance) Visual arts media (/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_media) Softlines (retail) (/wiki/Category:Softlines_(retail)) Ornaments (/wiki/Category:Ornaments) Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 101–200 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_101%E2%80%93200_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC) |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to High fashion brands (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:High_fashion_brands) . High fashion (/wiki/High_fashion) clothing brands (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands) — brands currently showing at one of the world's four major fashion weeks (/wiki/Fashion_week) , in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , Milan (/wiki/Milan) , London (/wiki/London) , and New York (/wiki/New_York_City) . 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 15 subcategories, out of 15 total. Haute couture (/wiki/Category:Haute_couture) (7 C, 64 P) A Armani (/wiki/Category:Armani) (4 P) C Chanel (/wiki/Category:Chanel) (3 C, 11 P, 2 F) D Dior (/wiki/Category:Dior) (2 C, 10 P) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Category:Dolce_%26_Gabbana) (4 P) F Fendi (/wiki/Category:Fendi) (4 P) G Gucci (/wiki/Category:Gucci) (2 C, 7 P) H Hermès (/wiki/Category:Herm%C3%A8s) (6 P) M Max Mara (/wiki/Category:Max_Mara) (3 P) P Prada (/wiki/Category:Prada) (14 P) Puig (/wiki/Category:Puig) (9 P) S Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Category:Salvatore_Ferragamo) (6 P) V Valentino (fashion house) (/wiki/Category:Valentino_(fashion_house)) (6 P) Versace (/wiki/Category:Versace) (22 P) Y Yves Saint Laurent (brand) (/wiki/Category:Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) (13 P) Pages in category "High fashion brands" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 424 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:High_fashion_brands&pagefrom=Joseph+%28fashion+brand%29#mw-pages) ) A A.P.C. (/wiki/A.P.C.) Aadnevik (/wiki/Aadnevik) Reem Acra (/wiki/Reem_Acra) Agnès b. (/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_b.) Aimé Leon Dore (/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Leon_Dore) Akris (/wiki/Akris) Azzedine Alaïa (/wiki/Azzedine_Ala%C3%AFa) Reem Alasadi (/wiki/Reem_Alasadi) Alexander McQueen (fashion house) (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(fashion_house)) Alfred Dunhill Limited (/wiki/Alfred_Dunhill_Limited) Charlie Allen (designer) (/wiki/Charlie_Allen_(designer)) Ally Capellino (/wiki/Ally_Capellino) AlphaTauri (fashion brand) (/wiki/AlphaTauri_(fashion_brand)) Alter és Kiss (/wiki/Alter_%C3%A9s_Kiss) Anderson & Sheppard (/wiki/Anderson_%26_Sheppard) André Laug (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Laug) Andrés Sardá (/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Sard%C3%A1) Andrew Marc (/wiki/Andrew_Marc) Anna Valentine (/wiki/Anna_Valentine) Anne Fontaine (brand) (/wiki/Anne_Fontaine_(brand)) Aquascutum (/wiki/Aquascutum) Armani (/wiki/Armani) Askov Finlayson (/wiki/Askov_Finlayson) Aspinal of London (/wiki/Aspinal_of_London) Asprey (/wiki/Asprey) Dominique Aurientis (/wiki/Dominique_Aurientis) Laila Aziz (/wiki/Laila_Aziz) B Badgley Mischka (/wiki/Badgley_Mischka) Baldinini (/wiki/Baldinini) Balenciaga (/wiki/Balenciaga) Bally (fashion house) (/wiki/Bally_(fashion_house)) Balmain (fashion house) (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) Neil Barrett (fashion designer) (/wiki/Neil_Barrett_(fashion_designer)) Belle & Bunty (/wiki/Belle_%26_Bunty) Bellville Sassoon (/wiki/Bellville_Sassoon) Belvest (/wiki/Belvest) Benson & Clegg (/wiki/Benson_%26_Clegg) Berluti (/wiki/Berluti) Beulah London (/wiki/Beulah_London) Dirk Bikkembergs (/wiki/Dirk_Bikkembergs) Bill Blass Group (/wiki/Bill_Blass_Group) Bionda Castana (/wiki/Bionda_Castana) Manolo Blahnik (/wiki/Manolo_Blahnik) Ozwald Boateng (/wiki/Ozwald_Boateng) BodyMap (/wiki/BodyMap) Boglioli (/wiki/Boglioli) Bonia (fashion) (/wiki/Bonia_(fashion)) Bontoni (/wiki/Bontoni) Borsalino (/wiki/Borsalino) Hugo Boss (/wiki/Hugo_Boss) Bottega Giotti (/wiki/Bottega_Giotti) Bottega Veneta (/wiki/Bottega_Veneta) Boué Soeurs (/wiki/Bou%C3%A9_Soeurs) Tony Bowls (/wiki/Tony_Bowls) BP Studio (/wiki/BP_Studio) Braccialini (/wiki/Braccialini) Veronique Branquinho (/wiki/Veronique_Branquinho) Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) Brioni (brand) (/wiki/Brioni_(brand)) Brora (retailer) (/wiki/Brora_(retailer)) Thom Browne (/wiki/Thom_Browne) Brunello Cucinelli (brand) (/wiki/Brunello_Cucinelli_(brand)) Bulgari (/wiki/Bulgari) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) C Nigel Cabourn (/wiki/Nigel_Cabourn) Cacharel (/wiki/Cacharel) Calibre (menswear) (/wiki/Calibre_(menswear)) Calvin Klein (fashion house) (/wiki/Calvin_Klein_(fashion_house)) Camilla and Marc (/wiki/Camilla_and_Marc) Camisería Burgos (/wiki/Camiser%C3%ADa_Burgos) Canada Goose (clothing) (/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)) Caraceni (company) (/wiki/Caraceni_(company)) Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) Jane Carr (fashion designer) (/wiki/Jane_Carr_(fashion_designer)) Carrera y Carrera (/wiki/Carrera_y_Carrera) Cartier (jeweler) (/wiki/Cartier_(jeweler)) Dean and Dan Caten (/wiki/Dean_and_Dan_Caten) Celine (brand) (/wiki/Celine_(brand)) Cerruti 1881 (/wiki/Cerruti_1881) Cesare Attolini (/wiki/Cesare_Attolini) Hussein Chalayan (/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Charlotte Olympia (/wiki/Charlotte_Olympia) Charvet Place Vendôme (/wiki/Charvet_Place_Vend%C3%B4me) List of Charvet customers (/wiki/List_of_Charvet_customers) The Chelsea Cobbler (/wiki/The_Chelsea_Cobbler) Childrensalon (/wiki/Childrensalon) Chloé (/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9) Matthew Christopher (/wiki/Matthew_Christopher) Chrome Hearts (/wiki/Chrome_Hearts) Cividini (/wiki/Cividini) Telfar Clemens (/wiki/Telfar_Clemens) Clements Ribeiro (/wiki/Clements_Ribeiro) Colcci (/wiki/Colcci) Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) Common Projects (/wiki/Common_Projects) Jasper Conran (/wiki/Jasper_Conran) Cornelia James (company) (/wiki/Cornelia_James_(company)) Corneliani (/wiki/Corneliani) Victor Costa (/wiki/Victor_Costa) Costello Tagliapietra (/wiki/Costello_Tagliapietra) Crolla (/wiki/Crolla) CuteCircuit (/wiki/CuteCircuit) Cutler and Gross (/wiki/Cutler_and_Gross) Cyma Watches (/wiki/Cyma_Watches) D Wendy Dagworthy (/wiki/Wendy_Dagworthy) The Daily Edited (/wiki/The_Daily_Edited) DAKS (/wiki/DAKS) Damiani (jewelry company) (/wiki/Damiani_(jewelry_company)) Kostio de War (/wiki/Kostio_de_War) Dege & Skinner (/wiki/Dege_%26_Skinner) Alessandro Dell'Acqua (/wiki/Alessandro_Dell%27Acqua) Ann Demeulemeester (/wiki/Ann_Demeulemeester) Dior (/wiki/Dior) Dior Homme (/wiki/Dior_Homme) Dolce & Gabbana (/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana) Drake's (haberdashers) (/wiki/Drake%27s_(haberdashers)) Duvelleroy (/wiki/Duvelleroy) E E. Marinella (/wiki/E._Marinella) E. Thomas (/wiki/E._Thomas) Ed Meier (/wiki/Ed_Meier) Benoît-Pierre Emery (/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt-Pierre_Emery) Enfants Riches Déprimés (/wiki/Enfants_Riches_D%C3%A9prim%C3%A9s) Equipment (clothing brand) (/wiki/Equipment_(clothing_brand)) Ermanno Scervino (/wiki/Ermanno_Scervino) Escada (/wiki/Escada) Etro (/wiki/Etro) Extè (/wiki/Ext%C3%A8) F Façonnable (/wiki/Fa%C3%A7onnable) By Far (/wiki/By_Far) Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) Gianfranco Ferré (/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9) Finnigans (/wiki/Finnigans) Fiorucci (/wiki/Fiorucci) Flamingo Park Frock Salon (/wiki/Flamingo_Park_Frock_Salon) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Fossil Group (/wiki/Fossil_Group) Franck Sorbier (/wiki/Franck_Sorbier) Fratelli Piacenza (/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza) Frey Wille (/wiki/Frey_Wille) Frost French (/wiki/Frost_French) Holly Fulton (/wiki/Holly_Fulton) Fumarel (/wiki/Fumarel) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Fyodor Golan (/wiki/Fyodor_Golan) G Katie Gallagher (/wiki/Katie_Gallagher) John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) Galt & Bro. (/wiki/Galt_%26_Bro.) Gattinoni (/wiki/Gattinoni) Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) Genny (/wiki/Genny) Georgine (brand) (/wiki/Georgine_(brand)) Giada (brand) (/wiki/Giada_(brand)) Gieves & Hawkes (/wiki/Gieves_%26_Hawkes) Giusto Manetti Battiloro (/wiki/Giusto_Manetti_Battiloro) Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) Barbara í Gongini (/wiki/Barbara_%C3%AD_Gongini) Gottex (/wiki/Gottex) Goyard (/wiki/Goyard) Gravati (/wiki/Gravati) Great Greenland Furhouse (/wiki/Great_Greenland_Furhouse) Gucci (/wiki/Gucci) H H.J. Cave & Sons (/wiki/H.J._Cave_%26_Sons) Hackett (clothing brand) (/wiki/Hackett_(clothing_brand)) Haerfest (/wiki/Haerfest) Kevan Hall (/wiki/Kevan_Hall) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Tim Hamilton (designer) (/wiki/Tim_Hamilton_(designer)) Hardy Amies (fashion house) (/wiki/Hardy_Amies_(fashion_house)) Haus Alkire (/wiki/Haus_Alkire) Heavy Eco (/wiki/Heavy_Eco) Daniel Hechter (/wiki/Daniel_Hechter) Heir (singer) (/wiki/Heir_(singer)) Helmut Lang (fashion brand) (/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)) Alexandre Herchcovitch (/wiki/Alexandre_Herchcovitch) Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera) Hield (/wiki/Hield) Sherri Hill (/wiki/Sherri_Hill) Georges Hobeika (/wiki/Georges_Hobeika) Holzweiler (/wiki/Holzweiler) Hong Kong tailors (/wiki/Hong_Kong_tailors) House of Flora (/wiki/House_of_Flora) House of Thurn (/wiki/House_of_Thurn) H. Huntsman & Sons (/wiki/H._Huntsman_%26_Sons) I Iceberg (fashion house) (/wiki/Iceberg_(fashion_house)) Roksanda Ilinčić (/wiki/Roksanda_Ilin%C4%8Di%C4%87) IRFĒ (/wiki/IRF%C4%92) Isaia (/wiki/Isaia) Rufat Ismayil (/wiki/Rufat_Ismayil) J J'Aton Couture (/wiki/J%27Aton_Couture) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Cedric Jacquemyn (/wiki/Cedric_Jacquemyn) Bouchra Jarrar (/wiki/Bouchra_Jarrar) Kerby Jean-Raymond (/wiki/Kerby_Jean-Raymond) James Jebbia (/wiki/James_Jebbia) Jil Sander (brand) (/wiki/Jil_Sander_(brand)) Jimmy Choo (fashion house) (/wiki/Jimmy_Choo_(fashion_house)) John Varvatos (company) (/wiki/John_Varvatos_(company)) Herbert Johnson (hatters) (/wiki/Herbert_Johnson_(hatters)) (previous page) ( next page (/w/index.php?title=Category:High_fashion_brands&pagefrom=Joseph+%28fashion+brand%29#mw-pages) ) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:High_fashion_brands&oldid=1219008877 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:High_fashion_brands&oldid=1219008877) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing brands by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_by_type) Fashion industry (/wiki/Category:Fashion_industry) Luxury brands (/wiki/Category:Luxury_brands) Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 301–600 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_301%E2%80%93600_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC) |
Aspect of women's cultural history Thousands of years of history provide evidence of the differing fashions, cultural norms, and artistic depictions regarding cleavage (/wiki/Cleavage_(breasts)) and clothes that accentuate or flaunt cleavage. From the absolute modesty of the 16th century, to the Merveilleuses (/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses) Directoire (/wiki/French_Directory) dresses with their transparency, the décolleté has followed the times and is much more than a simple fashion effect. A décolleté is the part of the throat that is exposed, but also the cut of a bodice that exposes the neck, the shoulders, and sometimes the chest. During Antiquity, several symbols clashed: the freedom of the non-erotic body (Egypt or Crete) clashed with modesty and reserve (Greco-Roman society). The fashion of the Roman tunic will influence Merovingian (/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty) and Carolingian (/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty) fashion. [1] (#cite_note-1) Antiquity [ edit ] 3rd millennium BC [ edit ] Ancient cleavage Princess Nofret (/wiki/Nofret) (27th century BC) of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) Minoan snake goddess (/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines) (17th century BC) In 2600 BC, princess Nofret (/wiki/Nofret) of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt (/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt) was depicted wearing a V-neck (/wiki/V-neck) gown with a plunging neckline that exposed ample cleavage that was further emphasized by an elaborate necklace and prominently protruding nipples. [2] (#cite_note-olson-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) 2nd millennium BC [ edit ] In ancient Minoan culture (/wiki/Minoan_culture) , women wore clothes that complemented slim waists and full breasts. One of the better-known features of ancient Minoan fashion is breast exposure; women wore tops that could be arranged to completely cover or expose their breasts, with bodices to accentuate their cleavage. [4] (#cite_note-rodcast-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In 1600 BC, snake goddess (/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines) figurines with open dress-fronts revealing entire breasts, were sculpted in Minos (/wiki/Minos) . [2] (#cite_note-olson-2) By that time, Cretan women in Knossos (/wiki/Knossos) were wearing ornamental fitted bodices with open cleavage, sometimes with a peplum (/wiki/Peplos) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Another set of Minoan figurines from 1500 BC show women in bare-bosomed corsets. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Ancient Greek women adorned their cleavage with a long pendant necklace called a kathema . [9] (#cite_note-9) The ancient Greek goddess Hera (/wiki/Hera) is described in the Iliad (/wiki/Iliad) to have worn something like an early version of a push-up bra festooned with "brooches of gold" and "a hundred tassels" to increase her cleavage to divert Zeus (/wiki/Zeus) from the Trojan War (/wiki/Trojan_War) . [10] (#cite_note-divide-10) Women in Greek and Roman civilizations had at times used breastbands like taenia in Rome to enhance smaller busts but more often, women of the masculine Greco-Roman world, where unisex clothes were often preferred, used breastbands like apodesmes in Greece, and fascia or mamillare in Rome to suppress their breasts. Among these mamillare was a particularly strict leather corset for suppressing women with big busts. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-EloVau-12) 1st millennium BC [ edit ] Wearing a garment to support the breasts may date back to ancient Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) . [13] (#cite_note-HISTORY-13) Women wore an apodesmos , [14] (#cite_note-14) later stēthodesmē , [15] (#cite_note-15) mastodesmos [16] (#cite_note-16) and mastodeton , [17] (#cite_note-17) all meaning "breast-band", a band of wool or linen that was wrapped across the breasts and tied or pinned at the back. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) Roman women wore breast-bands during sport, such as those shown on the Coronation of the Winner mosaic (also known as the "Bikini mosaic"). A silver coin that was found in South Arabia in the 3rd century BC shows a buxom foreign ruler with much décolletage and an elaborate coiffure (/wiki/Coiffure) . [20] (#cite_note-20) Rabbi Aha b. Raba (/wiki/Aha_b._Raba) (circa 5th century) and Nathan the Babylonian (/wiki/Nathan_the_Babylonian) (circa 2nd century) measured the appropriate size of the cleavage as "of one hand-breadth (/wiki/Hand-breadth) between a woman's breasts". This was not cleavage shown, but rather, cleavage larger than a hand-breadth was considered to be a birth defect. Tzniut (/wiki/Tzniut) prohibits any cleavage from showing. [21] (#cite_note-21) In The Golden Ass (/wiki/The_Golden_Ass) , the only Roman novel to survive in its entirety, [22] (#cite_note-Evans2005-22) Photis, a major female character, is described as sporting significant cleavage and perfumed nipples. [23] (#cite_note-23) Medieval [ edit ] 4th-5th centuries [ edit ] Courtiers in China during Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) (circa 706), when the décolletage was quite liberal. [24] (#cite_note-Hins-24) 2014 Chinese TV series The Empress of China (/wiki/The_Empress_of_China) was briefly pulled off-air for showing the abundance of cleavage in Tang courts. [25] (#cite_note-Empress-25) According to Islamic exegesis (/wiki/Exegesis) , women of pre-Islamic jahiliyyah (/wiki/Jahiliyyah) (ignorance) era often wore clothes that exposed their neck, shoulders and upper part of their bosoms to draw attention to their beauty. [26] (#cite_note-26) [27] (#cite_note-Moghissi-27) Imru' al-Qais (/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais) , the most well known of pre-Islamic Arab poets, wrote in Mu'allaqat (/wiki/Mu%27allaqat) , a set of seven poems, "Their vests openings are wide above their delicate breasts" and "her breast as smooth and shining as mirrors" (translation by Paul Smith, The seven Golden Odes of Arabia; the Mu'allaqat , New Humanity Books, 2008). [28] (#cite_note-28) 7th-9th centuries [ edit ] During the Tang dynasty (/wiki/Tang_dynasty) (7th to 9th centuries), women in China were increasingly freer than before and by the mid-Tang, their décolleté dresses became quite liberated. [29] (#cite_note-29) The Tang women inherited the traditional ruqun (/wiki/Ruqun) gown and modified it by opening up the collar to expose their cleavage, which had previously been unimaginable. [30] (#cite_note-30) Rather than the conservative garments worn by earlier Chinese women, women of the Tang era deliberately emphasized their cleavage. [24] (#cite_note-Hins-24) The popular style of the era was long gowns of soft fabrics that were cut with a pronounced décolletage and very wide sleeves, or a décolleté knee-length gown that was worn over a skirt. [31] (#cite_note-31) Chinese clothes from the period had a profound influence on the Japanese kimono (/wiki/Kimono) . [32] (#cite_note-32) 10th-11th centuries [ edit ] Between the 11th and 16th centuries, the prevailing décolleté clothes of women of Punjab (/wiki/Punjab) , Gujarat (/wiki/Gujarat) and Rajasthan (/wiki/Rajasthan) in India were replaced with covered bosoms and long veils as the region increasingly came under foreign control. [33] (#cite_note-33) During this period, elaborate, opulent courtly dresses with wide décolletage became popular in the Italian maritime states Venice (/wiki/Republic_of_Venice) , Genoa (/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa) and Florence (/wiki/Republic_of_Florence) . [34] (#cite_note-MaryBig-34) After the Black Death (/wiki/Black_Death) , women started taking more liberty in clothing, including drawing attention to the breasts. [35] (#cite_note-35) 12th-13th centuries [ edit ] Until the 13th century, the Christian West was still not cleavage friendly. But, beginning in France, a change in attitude started to appear by the 14th century, [36] (#cite_note-CFors-36) when necklines were lowered, clothes were tightened and breasts were once again flaunted. [37] (#cite_note-histoire_mode-37) Décolleté gowns were introduced in the 15th century. [38] (#cite_note-38) In a breast-rating system that was invented at the time, the highest rating was given to breasts that were "small, white, round like apples, hard, firm, and wide apart". [36] (#cite_note-CFors-36) Women started squeezing the breasts and applying make-up to make their cleavage more attractive; [39] (#cite_note-39) cleavage was termed the "smile of the bustline" by contemporaneous Belgian chronicler Jean Froissart (/wiki/Jean_Froissart) . [40] (#cite_note-40) A contemporaneous French courtesy manual La Clef d'Amors advised, "If you have a beautiful chest and a beautiful neck do not cover them up but your dress should be low cut so that everyone can gaze and gape after them". Contemporaneous poet Eustache Deschamps (/wiki/Eustache_Deschamps) advised "a wide-open neckline and a tight dress with slits through which the breasts and the throat could be more visible". Sewing two pouches into one's dress "into which the breasts are squeezed so that the nipples arc thrust upwards" was suggested as well. [36] (#cite_note-CFors-36) The French Catholic Church, however, tried to discourage the flaunting of cleavage. It banned the cleavage, which it referred to as "the gates of hell", and demanded that the opening on woman's bodices be laced. French priest Oliver Maillard (/wiki/Oliver_Maillard) said women who exposed their breasts would be "strung up in hell by their utters". Monarchs like Charles VII of France (/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France) ignored the church. It was common for women in his court to wear bodices through which their breasts, cleavage and nipples could be seen. [36] (#cite_note-CFors-36) In 1450, Agnès Sorel (/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Sorel) , mistress to Charles VII, started a fashion trend when she wore deep, low, square décolleté gowns with fully bared breasts in the French court. [37] (#cite_note-histoire_mode-37) Early modern [ edit ] The royal connection Henrietta Maria of France (/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France) , queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland and wife of king Charles I (/wiki/Charles_I_of_England) , by Anthony van Dyck (/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck) (circa 1630s) Anne of Austria (/wiki/Anne_of_Austria) , Queen of France, was an early 17th century fashion icon wearing dresses that showcased her cleavage [41] (#cite_note-41) [42] (#cite_note-42) Agnès Sorel (/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Sorel) Across Europe, décolletage was often a feature of the dress of the late Middle Ages; this continued through the Victorian period (/wiki/Victorian_period) . Gowns that exposed a woman's neck and the top of her chest were very common and uncontroversial in Europe from at least the 14th century until the mid-19th century. Ball gowns and evening gowns especially had low, square décolletage that was designed to display and emphasize cleavage. [43] (#cite_note-Gernsheimpp-43) [44] (#cite_note-DesmondMorris-44) In many European societies between the Renaissance and the 19th century, wearing low-cut dresses that exposed breasts was more acceptable than it is in the early 21st century; bared female legs, ankles and shoulders were considered to be more risqué than exposed breasts. [45] (#cite_note-45) [46] (#cite_note-46) [47] (#cite_note-47) In aristocratic and upper-class circles, the display of breasts was at times regarded as a status symbol (/wiki/Status_symbol) ; a sign of beauty, wealth and social position. [48] (#cite_note-48) The bared breast invoked associations with nude sculptures of classical Greece (/wiki/Ancient_Greece) that influenced the art, sculpture and architecture of the period. [49] (#cite_note-Nigel_Llewellyn_1660-49) Fragments of linen textiles found at Lengberg Castle (/wiki/Lengberg_Castle) in East Tyrol (/wiki/East_Tyrol) in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had cups made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two shoulder straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage. [50] (#cite_note-50) [51] (#cite_note-51) From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the corset (/wiki/Corset) , which pushed the breasts upwards. In the later 19th century, clothing designers began experimenting with alternatives, splitting the corset into multiple parts: a girdle (/wiki/Girdle) -like restraining device for the lower torso, and devices that suspended the breasts from the shoulder to the upper torso. [13] (#cite_note-HISTORY-13) 16th century [ edit ] A tale of two paintings La Bohémienne (/wiki/The_Gypsy_Girl_(Hals)) (c. 1628) by Dutch Golden Age (/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting) painter Frans Hals (/wiki/Frans_Hals) , [52] (#cite_note-52) who re-painted it after the initial public exhibition to make the cleavage more daring. [53] (#cite_note-53) Detail of Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) (1884) by John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) , whose cleavage caused enough controversy for Sargent to re-paint and make the cleavage less daring. [54] (#cite_note-54) In mid-16th-century Turkey, during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent) , respectability regulations allowed "respectable" women to wear fashionable dresses with exposed cleavage; this privilege was denied to "prostitutes" so they cannot draw attention to their livelihoods. [55] (#cite_note-55) The entari (/w/index.php?title=Entari&action=edit&redlink=1) , a popular women's garment of the Ottoman Empire (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) , resembled the corseted bodice of Europe without the corset; its narrow top and narrow, long, plunging décolletage exposed a generous cleavage. [56] (#cite_note-56) [57] (#cite_note-57) Around this time, cleavage-revealing gambaz (/w/index.php?title=Gambaz&action=edit&redlink=1) gowns became accepted among married women in the Levant (/wiki/Levant) , where bosoms were regarded as a sign of maternity. [58] (#cite_note-58) In Safavid (/wiki/Safavid_dynasty) -era Iran, the exaggeratedly décolleté woman in art represented European woman. [59] (#cite_note-59) In 16th-century India, during the Mughal Empire (/wiki/Mughal_Empire) , Hindu women started emulating their conquerors by covering their shoulders and breasts, [60] (#cite_note-60) though in contemporaneous paintings, women of Mughal palaces were often portrayed wearing Rajput (/wiki/Rajput) -style cholis (/wiki/Choli) [61] (#cite_note-61) and breast jewelry. [62] (#cite_note-62) Mughal paintings (/wiki/Mughal_painting) often portrayed women with extraordinarily daring décolletage. [63] (#cite_note-63) Contemporaneous Rajput paintings (/wiki/Rajput_painting) often depict women wearing semi-transparent cholis that cover only the upper part of their breasts. [64] (#cite_note-64) In the 16th century, when Spanish conquistadors (/wiki/Conquistador) colonized the Inca Empire (/wiki/Inca_Empire) , traditional cleavage-revealing and colorful Inca dresses were replaced by high necks and covered bosoms. [65] (#cite_note-65) In European societies during the 16th century, women's fashions with exposed breasts were common across the class spectrum. Anne of Brittany (/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany) has been painted wearing a dress with a square neckline. Low, square décolleté styles were popular in 17th-century England; Queen Mary II (/wiki/Mary_II_of_England) and Henrietta Maria (/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France) , wife of Charles I of England (/wiki/Charles_I_of_England) , were depicted with widely bared breasts. Architect Inigo Jones (/wiki/Inigo_Jones) designed a masque (/wiki/Masque) costume for Henrietta Maria (/wiki/Henrietta_Maria) that widely revealed both of her breasts. [49] (#cite_note-Nigel_Llewellyn_1660-49) [66] (#cite_note-Jackson-66) Cleavage-enhancing corsets, which used whalebone (/wiki/Whalebone) and other stiff materials to create a desired silhouette—a fashion that was also adopted by men for their coats—were introduced in the mid-16th century. [67] (#cite_note-67) [68] (#cite_note-68) 17th century [ edit ] Cleavage in the East Empress (/wiki/Padshah_Begum) Nur Jahan (/wiki/Nur_Jahan) (1577-1645) of the Mughal Empire (/wiki/Mughal_Empire) . Nur Jahan and queen Jodha Bai (/wiki/Mariam-uz-Zamani) are seen painted in décolleté cloths [69] (#cite_note-69) [70] (#cite_note-70) Rajput painting (/wiki/Rajput_painting) of Chitrashala Dancer from Bundi (/wiki/Bundi) (circa 1640s) showing exposed underboob (#underboob) , which remained banned by laws and policies as late as 2020 in places from the US to Thailand [71] (#cite_note-Bussel-71) [72] (#cite_note-Parker-72) [73] (#cite_note-Spara-73) [74] (#cite_note-Thai-74) Turkish Woman (circa 1730) by Jean Baptiste Vanmour (/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Vanmour) , an expatriate in Ottoman Turkey (/wiki/Ottoman_Empire) during the Tulip Era (/wiki/Tulip_Era) Throughout the 16th century, shoulder straps stayed on the shoulders but as the 17th century progressed, they moved down the shoulders and across the top of the arms, and by the mid-17th century, the oval neckline of the period became commonplace. By the end of the century, necklines at the front of women's garments started to drop even lower. [75] (#cite_note-75) During the extreme décolletage of the Elizabethan era (/wiki/Elizabethan_era) , necklines were often decorated with frills and strings of pearls, and were sometimes covered with tuckers and partlets (/wiki/Partlet) (called a tasselo in Italy [76] (#cite_note-76) and la modiste in France). [77] (#cite_note-77) [78] (#cite_note-78) [79] (#cite_note-79) Late Elizabethan corsets, with their rigid, suppressive fronts, manipulated a woman's figure into a flat, cylindrical silhouette (/wiki/Silhouette#Fashion_and_fitness) with a deep cleavage. [80] (#cite_note-80) Contemporaneous French fashion, including the Spanish-style high neckline and face-framing ruff (/wiki/Ruff_(clothing)) , started to gain popularity in Italy replacing the Medici (/wiki/House_of_Medici) -style décolletage. [34] (#cite_note-MaryBig-34) Around 1610, flat collars started replacing neck trims, allowing provocative cleavage that was sometimes covered with a handkerchief. [81] (#cite_note-81) During the Georgian era (/wiki/Georgian_era) , pendants became popular as décolletage decoration. [82] (#cite_note-82) Anne of Austria (/wiki/Anne_of_Austria) , along with female members of her court, was known for wearing very tight bodices (/wiki/Bodice) and corsets (/wiki/Corset) that forced breasts together to make deeper cleavage, very low necklines that exposed breasts almost in entirety above the areolae, and pendants lying on the cleavage to highlight it. [2] (#cite_note-olson-2) After the French Revolution (/wiki/French_Revolution) décolletage become larger at the front and reduced at the back. [83] (#cite_note-83) During the fashions of 1795–1820 (/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_fashion) , many women wore dresses that bared necks, bosoms and shoulders. [2] (#cite_note-olson-2) Increasingly, the amount of décolletage became a major difference between day-wear and formal gowns. [84] (#cite_note-84) Cleavage was not without controversy. In 1713, British newspaper The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) complained about women mostly eschewing the tucker, and letting their necks and the tops of their breasts remain uncovered. English poet and essayist Joseph Addison (/wiki/Joseph_Addison) complained about décolletage so extreme "the neck of a fine woman at present take in almost half the body". Publications advised women against "unmasking their beauties". 18th-century news correspondents wrote that "otherwise polite, genteel women looked like common prostitutes". [85] (#cite_note-TRob-85) In Edo period (/wiki/Edo_period) Japan there is very little emphasis on breasts in the erotic Shunga (/wiki/Shunga) art, as men were less interested in the breasts. [86] (#cite_note-86) 19th century Japanese society was rather shocked by the décolletage of western women. [87] (#cite_note-87) During the French Enlightenment (/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment) , there was a debate about whether female breasts were merely a sensual enticement or a natural gift to be offered from mother to child. Not all women in France wore the open-neck style without modifications; a self-portrait by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (/wiki/Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Labille-Guiard) (France, 1785) shows the painter in a fashionable décolleté dress while her pupils have their bosoms accessorized with gauzy handkerchiefs. [85] (#cite_note-TRob-85) Nearly a century later, also in France, a man from the provinces who attended a court ball at the Tuileries (/wiki/Tuileries) in Paris in 1855 was disgusted by the décolleté dresses and is said to have said; "I haven't seen anything like that since I was weaned!". [88] (#cite_note-Gernsheim,_Alison_page_43-88) In 1890, the first breast augmentation was performed using an injection of liquid paraffin (/wiki/Liquid_paraffin_(drug)) . [89] (#cite_note-Weinz-89) Late modern [ edit ] The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this section (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cleavage&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_cleavage#Eurocentricism) , or create a new section, as appropriate. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 18th century [ edit ] Cleavage in the West Hannah Fry, daughter of Reverend Thomas Fry (/wiki/Thomas_Fry_(priest,_born_1775)) , wearing a dress with Bertha neckline (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)#Collar_styles) by Andrew Geddes (/wiki/Andrew_Geddes_(artist)) (1838) Detail of Das Korsett (1774) by William Hogarth (/wiki/William_Hogarth) , which is also seen as a commentary on male intrusion [90] (#cite_note-90) By the end of the 18th century in Continental Europe (/wiki/Continental_Europe) , cleavage-enhancing corsets grew more dramatic, pushing the breasts upward. [91] (#cite_note-91) The tight lacing of corsets worn in the 19th and early 20th centuries emphasized both cleavage and the size of the bust and hips. Evening gowns and ball gowns were especially designed to display and emphasize the décolletage. [43] (#cite_note-Gernsheimpp-43) [44] (#cite_note-DesmondMorris-44) Elaborate necklaces decorated the décolletage at parties and balls by 1849. [92] (#cite_note-92) There was also a trend of wearing camisole (/wiki/Camisole) -like clothes and whale-bone corsets that gave the wearer a bust without a separation or any cleavage. [93] (#cite_note-93) Despite the contemporaneous popularity of décolletage dresses, complete exposure of breasts in portraits was limited to two groups of women; the scandalous (mistresses and prostitutes), and the pure (breastfeeding mothers and queens). [85] (#cite_note-TRob-85) In North America, the Gilded Age (/wiki/Gilded_Age) saw women adorning their cleavage with flowers attached to clothes and carefully placed jewelry. [94] (#cite_note-94) 19th century [ edit ] During the Victorian period (/wiki/Victorian_era) of the mid-to-late 19th century, social attitudes required women to cover their bosoms in public. High collars were the norm for ordinary wear. Towards the end of this period, the full collar was in fashion, though some décolleté dresses were worn on formal occasions. [88] (#cite_note-Gernsheim,_Alison_page_43-88) For that purpose, the Bertha neckline (/wiki/Collar_(clothing)#Collar_styles) , which lay below the shoulders and was often trimmed with three to six inches (7.6 to 15.2 cm) of lace or other decorative material, became popular with upper and middle-class women but it was socially unacceptable for working-class women to expose that much skin. [95] (#cite_note-AO-95) Multiple pearl necklaces were worn to cover the décolletage. [96] (#cite_note-96) Along with the Bertha neckline, straps were removed from corsets and shawls were made essential. [95] (#cite_note-AO-95) In France, Belle Époque (/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque) time photographs often featured Chinese fans to draw attention to the exposed cleavage. [97] (#cite_note-97) Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) , an 1884 painting by John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) of American-born Parisian socialite Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau (/wiki/Virginie_Am%C3%A9lie_Avegno_Gautreau) , [98] (#cite_note-Elaine_Kilmurray_1998,_p._114-98) was heavily criticized for depicting her in a sleek black dress displaying what was considered scandalous cleavage and with her right shoulder strap having fallen off her shoulder. The controversy was so great Sargent reworked the painting to move the shoulder strap from her upper arm to her shoulder. Sargent left Paris for London in 1884. [99] (#cite_note-Fairbrother_2001_139,_Note_4-99) [100] (#cite_note-100) John Dudgeon (/wiki/John_Dudgeon) , a Scottish missionary in China in the late 19th century, appreciated the Chinese non-décolleté fashion as a protection for the "abdomin and chest". [101] (#cite_note-101) 1900–1910s [ edit ] Italian soprano (/wiki/Soprano) Lina Cavalieri (/wiki/Lina_Cavalieri) , known for her décolletage as much as her talent, [102] (#cite_note-102) at the turn of the 20th century. She was portrayed in her biopic The World's Most Beautiful Woman (/wiki/The_World%27s_Most_Beautiful_Woman) by Gina Lollobrigida (/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida) , the Italian actress engaged in a "cleavage war" with her archrival Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) . [103] (#cite_note-103) [104] (#cite_note-104) By 1904, necklines of evening attire were lowered, exposing the shoulders, sometimes without straps but the neckline still ended above the cleavage. [105] (#cite_note-105) Clergymen all over the world were shocked when dresses with modest round or V-shaped necklines became fashionable around 1913. In the German Empire (/wiki/German_Empire) , Roman Catholic bishops issued a pastoral letter attacking the new fashions. [106] (#cite_note-106) In the Edwardian era (/wiki/Edwardian_era) , extreme uplift with no hint of cleavage was as common as a bow-fronted look that was also popular. [107] (#cite_note-107) In 1908, a single rubber pad or a "bust form" was worn inside the front of the bodice to make cleavage virtually undetectable. [108] (#cite_note-108) The word " cleavage (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleavage) " was first used in the early 19th century in geology (/wiki/Geology) and mineralogy (/wiki/Mineralogy) to mean the tendency of crystals, minerals and rocks to split along definite planes. By the mid-19th century, it was generally used to mean splitting along a line of division into two or more parts. [109] (#cite_note-etymo-109) [110] (#cite_note-MeWe-110) 1920s–1930s [ edit ] The Flapper (/wiki/Flapper) generation of 1920s flattened their chests to adopt the fashionable "boy-girl" look by either bandaging their breasts or by using bust flatteners. [111] (#cite_note-Komar-111) Corsets started to go out of fashion by 1917, when metal was needed to make tanks and munitions for World War I [112] (#cite_note-JForbes-112) and due to the vogue for boyish figures. [113] (#cite_note-JFields-113) In New Zealand, the early appearance of décolleté clothes in 1914 was soon superseded by the "flat" fashion. [114] (#cite_note-114) Breast suppression prevailed in the Western world so much the U.S. physician Lillian Farrar attributed "virginal atrophic prolapsed breasts" to the fashion imperatives of the time. [115] (#cite_note-115) In 1920, paraffin was replaced for breast augmentation with fatty tissue taken from the abdomen and buttocks. [89] (#cite_note-Weinz-89) Frustrated with the whalebone corset, New York socialite Mary Phelps Jacob (better known as Caresse Crosby (/wiki/Caresse_Crosby) ) created the first brassière from two handkerchiefs and some ribbon to show off her cleavage. [112] (#cite_note-JForbes-112) [116] (#cite_note-Deccan-116) [117] (#cite_note-MKetch-117) In 1914, Jacob patented the garment as "the backless brassiere"; after making a few hundred garments, she sold the patent to The Warner Brothers Corset Company (/wiki/Warner_Brothers_Corset_Company) for US$1,500. In the next 30 years, Warner Brothers made more than US$15 million from Jacob's design. [117] (#cite_note-MKetch-117) During the next century, the brassière industry went through many ups and downs, often influenced by the demand for cleavage. [118] (#cite_note-HillRuby-118) With a return to more womanly figures in the 1930s, corsetry maintained a strong demand, even at the height of the Great Depression (/wiki/Great_Depression) . [113] (#cite_note-JFields-113) From the 1920s to the 1940s, corset manufacturers constantly tried training young women to use corsets [119] (#cite_note-119) but fashions became more restrained in terms of décolletage while exposure of the leg became more accepted in Western societies during World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) and remained so for nearly half a century. [120] (#cite_note-120) In the Republic of China (/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)) in the early 20th century, qipao (/wiki/Qipao) , a dress that shows the legs but no cleavage, became so popular many Chinese women consider it as their national dress. [121] (#cite_note-121) [122] (#cite_note-122) Male cleavage (also known as "heavage"), a result of low necklines or unbuttoned shirts, has been a movie trend since the 1920s. Douglas Fairbanks (/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks) revealed his chest in films including The Thief of Bagdad (/wiki/The_Thief_of_Bagdad_(1924_film)) (1924) and The Iron Mask (/wiki/The_Iron_Mask) (1929), and Errol Flynn (/wiki/Errol_Flynn) showed his male cleavage in movies like The Adventures of Robin Hood (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood) (1938). [123] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-123) 1940s [ edit ] Movie connection Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) actress Begum Para (/wiki/Begum_Para) became the first Indian actress on Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) (December 31, 1951). [124] (#cite_note-124) The photo feature by James Burke (/w/index.php?title=James_Burke_(photographer)&action=edit&redlink=1) made her into Indian movie industry's first " pin-up girl (/wiki/Pin-up_girl) " [125] (#cite_note-125) Her photos were also popular among US soldiers in the Korean War (/wiki/Korean_War) . [126] (#cite_note-126) Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) actress Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) , in Some Like It Hot (/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot) (1959). She once said, "The trouble with censors is that they worry if a girl has cleavage. They ought to worry if she hasn't any." [127] (#cite_note-127) She was voted a cleavage queen 50 years after her death. [128] (#cite_note-128) In the 1940s, a substantial amount of fabric in the center of brassières created a separation of breasts rather than a pushed-together cleavage. [129] (#cite_note-129) In 1947, Frederick Mellinger of Frederick's of Hollywood (/wiki/Frederick%27s_of_Hollywood) created the first padded brassière followed a year later by an early push-up version dubbed "The Rising Star". [112] (#cite_note-JForbes-112) [116] (#cite_note-Deccan-116) In that decade, Christian Dior (/wiki/Christian_Dior) introduced a " new look (/wiki/New_Look_(style_of_clothing)) " that included elastic corsets, pads and shaping girdles to widen hips, cinch waists and lift breasts. [130] (#cite_note-130) Under the Motion Picture Production Code (/wiki/Motion_Picture_Production_Code) , which was in effect in the U.S. between 1934 and 1968, the depiction of excessive cleavage was not permitted. [131] (#cite_note-Time-131) [132] (#cite_note-Slide-132) Many female actors defied those standards; other celebrities, performers and models followed suit and the public was not far behind. Low-cut styles of various depths were common. [133] (#cite_note-Pelling-133) In the post-war period, cleavage became a defining emblem; according to writer Peter Lewis; "The bust, bosom or cleavage was in the Fifties the apotheosis of erogenous zones. The breasts were the apples of all eyes." [134] (#cite_note-134) Around this time, the American word "cleavage" started to be used to define the space between the breasts. [135] (#cite_note-ACart-135) In the 1940s, Joseph Breen (/wiki/Joseph_Breen) , head of the U.S. Production Code Administration (/wiki/Production_Code_Administration) (PCA), applied the term to breasts in reference to actress Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) 's costumes and poses in the 1941 movie The Outlaw (/wiki/The_Outlaw) . The term was also applied in the evaluation of the British films The Wicked Lady (/wiki/The_Wicked_Lady) (1945), starring Margaret Lockwood (/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood) and Patricia Roc (/wiki/Patricia_Roc) ; Bedelia (/wiki/Bedelia_(film)) (1946), also starring Lockwood; and Pink String and Sealing Wax (/wiki/Pink_String_and_Sealing_Wax) (1945), starring Googie Withers (/wiki/Googie_Withers) . This use of the term was first covered in a Time article titled "Cleavage & the Code" on August 5, 1946, as a " Johnston Office (/wiki/Eric_Johnston) (the popular name for Motion Picture Association of America (/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America) (MPAA) office at the time [136] (#cite_note-136) ) trade term for the shadowed depression dividing an actress' bosom into two distinct sections." [109] (#cite_note-etymo-109) [131] (#cite_note-Time-131) [137] (#cite_note-Dunk-137) [132] (#cite_note-Slide-132) The word "cleavage" is made of the root verb "cleave" (to split, from Old English (/wiki/Old_English) clifian and Middle English (/wiki/Middle_English) clevien ("cleft" in past tense) and the suffix age (meaning "the state of" or "the act of"). [110] (#cite_note-MeWe-110) [138] (#cite_note-138) Development of the underwire bra started in the 1930s, [139] (#cite_note-Napoleon-139) though it did not gain widespread popularity until the 1950s, when the end of World War II (/wiki/World_War_II) freed metal for domestic use. [140] (#cite_note-Kanner-140) [141] (#cite_note-Seigel-141) Aviator and filmmaker Howard Hughes (/wiki/Howard_Hughes) ' overemphasizing of Russell's cleavage prompted the MPAA to take actions against the film and use the term "cleavage" in association with breasts. [109] (#cite_note-etymo-109) [131] (#cite_note-Time-131) [142] (#cite_note-FloW-142) Hughes and Russell are considered pioneers of exaggerated cleavage in movies. [143] (#cite_note-143) For the film Hughes designed a prototype for an underwire bra to give Russell "five and one-quarter inches" long cleavage. [10] (#cite_note-divide-10) Contrary to many media reports afterward, Russell did not wear the bra during filming; according to her 1988 autobiography, she said the bra was so uncomfortable that she secretly discarded it. [144] (#cite_note-144) [145] (#cite_note-145) She wrote that the "ridiculous" contraption hurt so much that she wore it for only a few minutes, and instead wore her own bra. To prevent Hughes from noticing, Russell padded the cups with tissue and tightened the shoulder straps before returning to the set. She later said "I never wore it in The Outlaw , and he never knew. He wasn't going to take my clothes off to check if I had it on. I just told him I did." [146] (#cite_note-146) The famed bra ended up in a Hollywood museum—a false witness to the push-up myth. [147] (#cite_note-147) Margaret Lockwood (/wiki/Margaret_Lockwood) became one of the biggest star of British films in the 1940s as audiences were scandalized by her decolletage that was quite mild by later standards. [148] (#cite_note-148) In the 1940s, a club called "Faye Emerson Plunging Neckline Club of Brooklyn" was founded as a tribute to American actress Faye Emerson (/wiki/Faye_Emerson) . [149] (#cite_note-149) Gina Lollobrigida (/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida) raised eyebrows with her famous low-cut dress in 1960. [133] (#cite_note-Pelling-133) Hollywood (/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States) actress Helen Talbot (/wiki/Helen_Talbot) said that she was expected to wear falsies while shooting in the 1940s. [150] (#cite_note-150) At least one British film, The Wicked Lady (/wiki/The_Wicked_Lady) , had to be partially reshot due to period costumes that were deemed overly revealing. [131] (#cite_note-Time-131) [132] (#cite_note-Slide-132) In 1953, Hollywood film The French Line (/wiki/The_French_Line) was found objectionable under the Hays Code (/wiki/Hays_Code) because of Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) 's "breast shots in bathtub, cleavage and breast exposure" while some of her décolleté gowns were thought "intentionally designed to give a bosom peep-show (/wiki/Peep_show) effect beyond even extreme decolletage." [151] (#cite_note-151) Early contemporary [ edit ] The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this section (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cleavage&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_cleavage#Eurocentricism) , or create a new section, as appropriate. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 1950s [ edit ] The unbuttoned 1970s Italian actors Claudia Marsani (https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Marsani) (1975), on the left, and Alessandro Momo (/wiki/Alessandro_Momo) (1974), on the right, sporting the unbuttoned shirt look popular in the western world in 1970s According to an urban American woman, during the 1950s, "At night our shoulders were naked, our breasts half-bare". [152] (#cite_note-MJohns-152) Dramatic necklaces that emphasized the cleavage became popular at balls and parties in France. [153] (#cite_note-153) In the U.S., television shows tried to mask exposed cleavage with tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) [154] (#cite_note-154) and even sketches, illustrations and short stories in Reader's Digest (/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest) and Saturday Evening Post (/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post) depicted women with tiny waists, big buttocks and ample cleavage. [152] (#cite_note-MJohns-152) In this decade, Hollywood and the fashion industry successfully promoted large, cloven bustlines and falsies (/wiki/Falsies) , [133] (#cite_note-Pelling-133) the brassière industry started experimenting with the half-cup bra (/wiki/Demi-bra) (also known as demi-cup or shelf bra) to facilitate décolletage. [118] (#cite_note-HillRuby-118) Polyvinyl (/wiki/Polyvinyl) sacs were often the preferred implant to augment breasts into a fuller, more projected appearance. [89] (#cite_note-Weinz-89) Despite these developments, open presentation of cleavage was mostly limited to well-endowed female actors like Lana Turner (/wiki/Lana_Turner) , Marilyn Monroe (/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe) (who was attributed with the revelation America's "mammary madness" by journalist Marjorie Rosen (/wiki/Marjorie_Rosen) [155] (#cite_note-155) ), Rita Hayworth (/wiki/Rita_Hayworth) , Jane Russell (/wiki/Jane_Russell) , Brigitte Bardot (/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot) , Jayne Mansfield (/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield) and Sophia Loren (/wiki/Sophia_Loren) , who were as celebrated for their cleavage as for their beauty. While these movie stars significantly influenced the appearance of women's busts in this decade, the stylish 1950s sweaters were a safer substitute for many women. [133] (#cite_note-Pelling-133) [156] (#cite_note-156) [135] (#cite_note-ACart-135) Lingerie manufacturer Berlei (/wiki/Berlei) launched the "Hollywood Maxwell" brassière, claiming it to be a "favourite of film stars". [135] (#cite_note-ACart-135) 1960s [ edit ] Modern augmentation mammaplasty (/wiki/Breast_augmentation) began when Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow developed the first silicone gel (/wiki/Silicone_gel) -filled breast prosthesis (/wiki/Breast_prosthesis) with Dow Corning Corporation (/wiki/Dow_Corning_Corporation) , and the first implanting operation took place the following year. [89] (#cite_note-Weinz-89) In the late 1960s, attention began to shift from the large bust to the trim lower torso, reasserting the need to diet, especially as new clothing fashions—brief, sheer, and close fitting—prohibited heavy reliance on foundation lingerie. Legs were comparatively less emphasized as elements of beauty. [157] (#cite_note-157) Décolleté dresses were sighted in modern Palestine region (/wiki/Palestine_(region)) only after establishment of the state of Israel (/wiki/Israel) . [158] (#cite_note-158) In the 1960s, driven by second-wave feminism (/wiki/Second-wave_feminism) , liberal politics (/wiki/Liberal_politics) and the free love (/wiki/Free_love) movement, a bra burning (/wiki/Bra_burning) movement arose to protest against—among various patriarchal imperatives—constructed cleavage and disciplined breasts. Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)) and U.S. designer Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) experimented with a bra-less look on the runway (/wiki/Runway_(fashion)) . [133] (#cite_note-Pelling-133) [111] (#cite_note-Komar-111) The increasingly casual styles of the 1960s led to a bra-less look when women who were unwilling to give up bras turned to soft bras that did not lift and "were as light and discreet as possible" but still provided support. [159] (#cite_note-159) [160] (#cite_note-160) In post revolution China (/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution) , zhongshan zhuang (/wiki/Zhongshan_zhuang) or the Mao suit became the prescribed cloth for both men and women, hiding the breasts completely. [161] (#cite_note-161) In fall 1963 and spring 1964 the Western fashion trends were dominated by plunging necklines, while the movie goers were charmed by movies like Tom Jones (/wiki/Tom_Jones_(1963_film)) that portrayed "aggressive cleavages". Lingerie and shapewear manfucturers like Warner Brothers, Gossard (/wiki/Gossard_Limited) , Formfit (/wiki/Formfit) , and Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) took the opportunity to market plunge bras. [162] (#cite_note-Up144-162) From the 1960s, changes in fashion leaned towards increased displays of cleavage in films and television; Jane Russell and Elizabeth Taylor (/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor) were the biggest stars who led the fashion. [163] (#cite_note-163) In everyday life, low-cut dress styles became common, even for casual wear. [164] (#cite_note-164) Lingerie and shapewear manufacturers like Warner Brothers, Gossard (/wiki/Gossard_Limited) , Formfit (/wiki/Formfit) and Bali (/wiki/Bali_(lingerie)) took the opportunity to market plunge bras (#Corsetry_and_bras) with a lower gore (/wiki/Gore_(fabrics)) that was suitable for low-cut styles. [162] (#cite_note-Up144-162) The aesthetic of male cleavage continued into the 1950s and 1960s with movie stars like Marlon Brando (/wiki/Marlon_Brando) , who also displayed his chest in The Adventures of Robin Hood (/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood) , and Sean Connery (/wiki/Sean_Connery) in his many James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) movies. The fashion tapered out since the 1970s, which according to fashion historian Robert Bryan, was "the golden age of male chest hair", epitomized by John Travolta (/wiki/John_Travolta) in Saturday Night Fever (/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever) (1977). [123] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-123) 1970s [ edit ] In the early 1970s, it became common to leave top buttons on shirts and blouses open to display pectoral muscles (/wiki/Pectoral_muscles) and cleavage. [165] (#cite_note-165) Daring women and men of all ages wore tailored, buttoned-down shirts that were open from the breast-point to the navel in a " groovy (/wiki/Groovy) " style, with pendants, beads or medallions dangling on the chest, displaying a firm body achieved through exercise. [166] (#cite_note-166) [167] (#cite_note-167) The most important article of clothing in a woman's 1970s wardrobe were a man-tailored blazer and shirt, as women continued to appropriate traditionally male clothing for their own fashions. [168] (#cite_note-168) [169] (#cite_note-169) [170] (#cite_note-170) Throughout the 1970s, more men unbuttoned their shirts (#Male_and_transgender_cleavage) as both men and women took an anti-fashion approach to clothing and the rise of the leisure wear, and adopted comfortable, unisex styles. [171] (#cite_note-Victor_Bondi_page_199-171) [172] (#cite_note-Rodney_P._Carlisle_page_24-172) [173] (#cite_note-Valerie_Steele_page_213-173) As a new masculine style evolved, gay men adopted a traditionally masculine or working-class style with "half-unbuttoned shirt above the sweaty chest" and tight jeans (/wiki/Jeans) , rejecting the idea male homosexuals want to be female. [174] (#cite_note-Jim_Elledge_page_254-174) [175] (#cite_note-Joseph_P._Goodwin_page_18-175) This look was also popular with celebrities like Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) and Burt Reynolds (/wiki/Burt_Reynolds) in the 1970s, and Harry Styles (/wiki/Harry_Styles) , Jude Law (/wiki/Jude_Law) , Simon Cowell (/wiki/Simon_Cowell) and Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) in the 2010s. [176] (#cite_note-Saten-176) [177] (#cite_note-Ode-177) Throughout the 1970s, more men unbuttoned their shirts (#Male_and_transgender_cleavage) as both men and women took an anti-fashion approach to clothing and the rise of the leisure wear, and adopted comfortable, unisex styles. [171] (#cite_note-Victor_Bondi_page_199-171) [172] (#cite_note-Rodney_P._Carlisle_page_24-172) [173] (#cite_note-Valerie_Steele_page_213-173) 1980s [ edit ] During the 1980s, deep, plunging cleavage became more common and less risqué as the popularity of work-outs (/wiki/Work-out) and masculine shoulder-padded blazers increased. [111] (#cite_note-Komar-111) In 1985, designer Vivienne Westwood (/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood) re-introduced the corset as a trendy way to enhance cleavage. [178] (#cite_note-178) It was followed in 1989 by Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) , who dressed Madonna (/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)) in a pink corset. Soon, Westwood introduced an elastic-sided variant that worked as a balcony to push up the cleavage. [179] (#cite_note-179) 1990s [ edit ] Drivers of trend Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) (1975) Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) (2014) The push-up bra and exaggerated cleavage became popular in the 1990s. In 1992, the bra and girdle industry in America posted sales of over US$1 billion. [118] (#cite_note-HillRuby-118) The Wonderbra (/wiki/Wonderbra) brand, which had existed elsewhere, entered the U.S. market in 1994 with a newly designed, cleavage-enhancing bra. [180] (#cite_note-180) [181] (#cite_note-181) [182] (#cite_note-SStall-182) Driven by a controversial advertising campaign that featured model Eva Herzigova (/wiki/Eva_Herzigova) 's cleavage, one Wonderbra was sold every 15 seconds shortly after the brand's launch, leading to first-year sales of US$120 million. [182] (#cite_note-SStall-182) [183] (#cite_note-183) [184] (#cite_note-184) The hypersexualized styles of Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) became a " zeitgeist (/wiki/Zeitgeist) " in the 1990s. [185] (#cite_note-SethS-185) By 2013, Victoria's Secret had captured one-third of the women's underwear market in the U.S. [185] (#cite_note-SethS-185) In the early 1990s, Sara Lee Corporation (/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation) —then owner of the Wonderbra and Playtex (/wiki/Playtex) brands—along with UK lingerie manufacturer Gossard (/wiki/Gossard_Limited) , introduced a bra for Asian women who, according to Sara Lee, are "less buxom [and have] narrower shoulders". [186] (#cite_note-186) Traditional brands like Maidenform (/wiki/Maidenform) produced similar styles. [187] (#cite_note-187) In its February 1999 issue, American men's magazine Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) ran a widely criticized cover story titled "Triumph of Cleavage Culture". [188] (#cite_note-188) Lingerie manufacturers controlled and constructed the mandatory bustline of the 1990s. [189] (#cite_note-189) In their heyday, Wonderbra sponsored a National Cleavage Day (/wiki/National_Cleavage_Day) in South Africa (/wiki/South_Africa) every year, [190] (#cite_note-WONDERBRA-190) [191] (#cite_note-IOLTSDJFYC-191) and the webcast (/wiki/Webcast) of the Victoria's Secret show became one of Internet's biggest events. [192] (#cite_note-Sanders2003-192) By 2001, the event was being aired on network television with 12 million viewers for the first broadcast. Other lingerie manufacturers like Frederick's of Hollywood and Agent Provocateur also joined the competition by that time, [193] (#cite_note-Krueger-193) with the former introducing a design called Hollywood Extreme Cleavage Bra that helped give the impression of a spherical cleavage like augmented breasts that was popularized by stars like Pamela Anderson (/wiki/Pamela_Anderson) . [194] (#cite_note-194) In the late-20th-century India, cleavage became a staple point of attraction in Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) movies. [195] (#cite_note-195) By the 2010s, Indian men and women wearing décolleté clothes were seen as fashion statements and not, as in the past, as a sign of desperation. [196] (#cite_note-196) At the same time, onscreen cleavage waned as a point of attraction as cleavage-revealing clothes became more commonplace. [197] (#cite_note-197) Both male and female respondents to a 2006 study conducted in Mumbai (/wiki/Mumbai) , [198] (#cite_note-millionaireRoleModel-198) [199] (#cite_note-199) young people believe that women wearing cleavage revealing filmi (movie-like) clothes may be more prone to become victims of sexual violence (/wiki/Sexual_violence) . [200] (#cite_note-200) In India, male cleavage became popular with Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) movie stars Salman Khan (/wiki/Salman_Khan) (who was named "the king of cleavage" by The Economic Times (/wiki/The_Economic_Times) [201] (#cite_note-201) ), Shekhar Suman (/wiki/Shekhar_Suman) in the 1990s, and Shahid Kapoor (/wiki/Shahid_Kapoor) and Akshay Kumar (/wiki/Akshay_Kumar) in the 2000s. [202] (#cite_note-Sabhar-202) [203] (#cite_note-203) [204] (#cite_note-204) Many male K-pop (/wiki/K-pop) stars are also known for their cleavage. [205] (#cite_note-205) [ unreliable source? ] Late contemporary [ edit ] The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias) of the subject . You may improve this section (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cleavage&action=edit) , discuss the issue on the talk page (/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_cleavage#Eurocentricism) , or create a new section, as appropriate. ( March 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) 2000s [ edit ] Corsets then and now Corset (/wiki/Corset) , 1808 Corset, 2010 Underwire bras (/wiki/Underwire_bra) , the most popular cleavage-boosting lingerie, accounted for 60% of the UK bra market in 2000. [206] (#cite_note-206) and 70% in 2005. [207] (#cite_note-207) About 70% of women who wear bras wear a steel underwire bra according to underwear manufacturer S&S Industries of New York in 2009. [208] (#cite_note-Goo-208) In 2001, 70% (350 million) of the bras sold in the U.S. were underwire bras. [209] (#cite_note-Tucek-209) [208] (#cite_note-Goo-208) As of 2005, underwire bras were the fastest-growing segment of the market. [210] (#cite_note-Mintel-210) Corsets also experienced a resurgence in the 2010s; this trend was driven by photographs on social media. According to fashion historian Valerie Steele (/wiki/Valerie_Steele) , "The corset did not so much disappear as become internalised through diet, exercise and plastic surgery". [211] (#cite_note-Saner-211) By the turn of the 21st century, some of the attention given to cleavage and breasts started to shift to buttocks, especially in the media, [212] (#cite_note-212) while corsetry returned to mainstream fashion. [211] (#cite_note-Saner-211) According to dietician Rebecca Scritchfield, the resurgent popularity of corsets is driven by "the picture on Instagram of somebody with a tiny waist and giant boobs". [211] (#cite_note-Saner-211) British actress Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , who had her breasts digitally enlarged on the U.S. versions of the poster for Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest) and King Arthur (/wiki/King_Arthur_(2004_film)) , said that women are "not actually allowed to be on a [magazine] cover in the US without at least a C cup because it turns people off." [213] (#cite_note-213) At the same time alternatives to décolletage, which were often still called cleavages, emerged from Western cleavage culture. [214] (#cite_note-214) By the early 2000s, " sideboob" (also known as "side cleavage" and "sidewinders" [215] (#cite_note-Dun-215) [216] (#cite_note-lot-216) )—the exposure of the side of the breast—had become popular; one writer called it the "new cleavage". [71] (#cite_note-Bussel-71) [216] (#cite_note-lot-216) [217] (#cite_note-217) [218] (#cite_note-IFox-218) Gabriele Hackworthy, fashion director at Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) , declared, "The look is unlikely to fade fast, with Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) and Roberto Cavalli (/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli) both pushing the silhouette next season." [218] (#cite_note-IFox-218) The term was included in the Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) by 2014. [71] (#cite_note-Bussel-71) The term was included in the Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) by 2014. [71] (#cite_note-Bussel-71) In 2008, Armand Limnander (/wiki/Armand_Limnander) wrote in The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) the " underboob" (also known as "bottom cleavage" and "reverse cleavage" [215] (#cite_note-Dun-215) [216] (#cite_note-lot-216) ) was "a newly fetishized anatomical zone where the lower part of the breast meets the torso, popularized by 80s rock chicks in cutoff tank tops". [219] (#cite_note-219) It was further popularized by dancer-singer Teyana Taylor (/wiki/Teyana_Taylor) in the music video for Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) 's 2016 song " Fade (/wiki/Fade_(Kanye_West_song)) ". [220] (#cite_note-220) Supermodels, including Bella Hadid (/wiki/Bella_Hadid) , Gigi Hadid (/wiki/Gigi_Hadid) , and Kendall Jenner (/wiki/Kendall_Jenner) (who reportedly said, "underboob is my thing"), contributed to the trend, [221] (#cite_note-Rodulfo-221) which has appeared at beaches, on the red carpet (/wiki/Red_carpet) , and in social media posts. [222] (#cite_note-Puente-222) Fashion writer Maria Puente said in summer 2017, "cleavage is so old-fashioned and sideboobs are so over", [222] (#cite_note-Puente-222) while Kristina Rodulfo of Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) proposed that "underboob is the new sideboob." [222] (#cite_note-Puente-222) [221] (#cite_note-Rodulfo-221) In 2009, Slovenian lingerie manufacturer Lisca (/wiki/Lisca_(company)) introduced a high-tech "Smart Memory Bra" that was supposed to push breasts further when its wearer becomes sexually aroused. [223] (#cite_note-223) [224] (#cite_note-Ntw-224) 2010s [ edit ] Other "cleavages" Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) actress Alia Bhatt (/wiki/Alia_Bhatt) wearing a sideboob (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sideboob) gown Cosplayer (/wiki/Cosplay) dressing as Yoko Littner (/wiki/Yoko_Littner) in an underboob (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underboob) bikini top Male cleavage came back into style in the 2010s, especially among hipsters (/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)) and Hispanic and Latino Americans (/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) . [123] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-123) [176] (#cite_note-Saten-176) [177] (#cite_note-Ode-177) Fashion entrepreneur Harvey Paulvin said a men's V-neck (/wiki/V-neck) should be between "two to four inches from the collar". [225] (#cite_note-225) Some men groom their chest hair to improve the male cleavage look (sometimes known as " manscaping (/wiki/Manscaping) "). [226] (#cite_note-226) [123] (#cite_note-WSJSmith-123) [176] (#cite_note-Saten-176) [177] (#cite_note-Ode-177) [202] (#cite_note-Sabhar-202) Many still considered the look inappropriate for most situations. [202] (#cite_note-Sabhar-202) [227] (#cite_note-227) In the 2010s and early 2020s, particularly during the COVID-19 lockdowns (/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns) , cleavage-enhancing bras began to decline in popularity. [228] (#cite_note-228) [229] (#cite_note-229) Bralettes (/wiki/Bralette) and soft bras gained market share at the expense of underwire and padded bras, [230] (#cite_note-230) sometimes also serving as outerwear. [231] (#cite_note-Dyett-231) Some bralettes have plunging designs, light padding or bottom support. [232] (#cite_note-232) In November 2016, the UK version of fashion magazine Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) said "Cleavage is over"; this statement was widely criticized. [233] (#cite_note-233) Soft bras and sideboobs became popular over prominent cleavages. Soft bras consisted 30% of online retailer Net-a-Porter (/wiki/Net-a-Porter) 's bra sales by 2016. [234] (#cite_note-234) "Leisurée", a line of soft brassières that was inspired by contemporary athleisure (/wiki/Athleisure) style, was launched in 2016 and grew 300% year-on-year over the next two years. [235] (#cite_note-235) In 2017, the sales of cleavage-boosting bras fell by 45% while at Marks & Spencer (/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer) , sales of wire-free bras grew by 40%. [236] (#cite_note-236) Jess Cartner-Morley (/wiki/Jess_Cartner-Morley) , fashion editor of The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , reported in 2018 many women were dressing without bras, producing a less-dramatic cleavage, which she called "quiet cleavage". [237] (#cite_note-237) According to Sarah Shotton, creative director of Agent Provocateur (/wiki/Agent_Provocateur) , "Now it's about the athletic body, health and wellbeing" rather than the male gaze (/wiki/Male_gaze) . [238] (#cite_note-238) According to lingerie designer Araks Yeramyan, "It was #MeToo (#MeToo) that catapulted the bralette movement into what it is today". [231] (#cite_note-Dyett-231) During the COVID-19 lockdowns, CNBC (/wiki/CNBC) reported a drop of 12% in bra sales across 100 retailers while YouTubers (/wiki/YouTuber) made tutorials on re-purposing bras as face masks; this trend was sometimes called a "lockdown liberation". [85] (#cite_note-TRob-85) Despite a long history, display of cleavage can still be controversial. [239] (#cite_note-239) UK women's magazine Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) in 2017 and Indian newspaper Mid-Day (/wiki/Mid-Day) in 2019 reported " cleavage shaming (/wiki/Slut-shaming) " was commonplace in news and social media. [240] (#cite_note-240) [241] (#cite_note-241) Female Bollywood (/wiki/Bollywood) actors Disha Patani (/wiki/Disha_Patani) , Deepika Padukone (/wiki/Deepika_Padukone) , Priyanka Chopra (/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra) , Nargis Fakhri (/wiki/Nargis_Fakhri) and others were trolled and shamed for wearing cleavage-baring outfits in social and new media, including newspaper Times of India (/wiki/Times_of_India) . [242] (#cite_note-242) Extraordinary attention was generated when politicians Angela Merkel (/wiki/Angela_Merkel) , Hillary Clinton (/wiki/Hillary_Clinton) and Jacqui Smith (/wiki/Jacqui_Smith) wore cleavage-revealing outfits even from media outlets The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) and The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . [243] (#cite_note-spiegel-243) [244] (#cite_note-Deutsche_Welle-244) [245] (#cite_note-245) As late as the 2010s, reports from Langley, British Columbia (/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(city)) , Shreveport, Louisiana (/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana) , Louisville, Kentucky (/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky) , Reno, Nevada (/wiki/Reno,_Nevada) , Rockford, Illinois (/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois) , Houston, Texas (/wiki/Houston) , Thunder Bay, Canada (/wiki/Thunder_Bay) , Kerikeri, New Zealand (/wiki/Kerikeri) and elsewhere showed female students, especially non-white students, had been expelled and banned from schools, and punished for wearing dresses that reveal cleavage and legs. [246] (#cite_note-246) At the same time, there also has been reports of passengers of airlines, including Southwest Airlines (/wiki/Southwest_Airlines) , Spirit Airlines (/wiki/Spirit_Airlines) and EasyJet (/wiki/EasyJet) , were instructed against and evicted for showing "too much cleavage". [247] (#cite_note-247) In 2014, a television series called The Empress of China (/wiki/The_Empress_of_China) was taken off-air in China days after its premier because of too much cleavage; the show was aired again after much censorship. [25] (#cite_note-Empress-25) In the next year, organizers of ChinaJoy (/wiki/ChinaJoy) , the largest gaming and digital entertainment exhibition held in China, [248] (#cite_note-248) levied a fine of US$800 on women who revealed "more than two centimeters of cleavage". [249] (#cite_note-249) Public display of sideboob and underboob are legally regulated in some U.S. counties (/wiki/County_(United_States)) , [71] (#cite_note-Bussel-71) and both were banned by CBS (/wiki/CBS) , which said "bare sides or under curvature of the breasts is also problematic" at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards (/wiki/55th_Annual_Grammy_Awards) in 2013. [72] (#cite_note-Parker-72) Underboob was banned in Springfield, Missouri (/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri) in 2015 after a Free the Nipple (/wiki/Free_the_Nipple) rally. [73] (#cite_note-Spara-73) [250] (#cite_note-250) In 2016, Thailand banned selfies showing underboob with punishments of up to five years in jail. [74] (#cite_note-Thai-74) The video game-streaming platform Twitch (/wiki/Twitch_(service)) banned underboobs and prescribed a permissible amount of cleavage in 2020. [251] (#cite_note-251) [ unreliable source? ] References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "MODE - Histoire et composantes" (https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/mode-histoire-et-composantes/) . Encyclopædia Universalis (in French) . Retrieved 2022-11-04 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d James S. Olson, Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History , page 324, JHU Press, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8018-8064-3 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8064-3) ^ (#cite_ref-3) Alessandro Bongioanni and Maria Sole Croce, The Treasures of Ancient Egypt from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo , page 79, Rizzoli, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780789309860 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789309860) , Quote: "Nofret is wrapped in a shawl that resembles archaic models and leaves visible the shoulders of her dress. Her pale yellow face is framed by a heavy two-part wig softened by a charming floral diadem. The prominent forms of the woman emerge voluptuously but discreetly from behind the light material that covers her and create a pleasant contrast with the lean, flaunted physique of her husband; the contrast is further emphasized by the elaborate necklace that adorns her décolleté compared to Rahotep's sober choker." ^ (#cite_ref-rodcast_4-0) Rodney Castleden, Minoans: Life in Bronze Age Crete , page 13, Routledge, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781134880645 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134880645) ^ (#cite_ref-5) Barbara Sher Tinsley, Reconstructing Western Civilization: Irreverent Essays on Antiquity , page 111, Susquehanna University Press, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781575910956 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575910956) ^ (#cite_ref-6) Mary Ellen Snodgrass, World Clothing and Fashion , page 284, Routledge, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317451679 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451679) ^ (#cite_ref-7) Daniel Delis Hill, As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising , page 144, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896726161 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896726161) ^ (#cite_ref-8) Arthur Cotterell, The Minoan World , page 163, Scribner, 1980, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780684166674 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684166674) ^ (#cite_ref-9) Gordon L. Fain, Ancient Greek Epigrams , page 113, University of California Press, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520265790 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520265790) ^ Jump up to: a b Daphne Merkin, " The Great Divide (https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/style/tmagazine/TW1792179.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0) ", New York Times , August 28, 2005 ^ (#cite_ref-11) Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Glenys Davies, Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z , page 23, Routledge, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781134589166 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134589166) ^ (#cite_ref-EloVau_12-0) Elodie Piveteau and Philippe Vaurès, Underdressed , page2 104, 110, Silverback Books, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782752801500 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782752801500) ^ Jump up to: a b Wells, Jacquelyn. "The History of Lingerie [INFOGRAPHIC]" (http://blog.herroom.com/infographic/history-lingerie-infographic/) . HerRoom. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140219022053/http://blog.herroom.com/infographic/history-lingerie-infographic/) from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) ἀπόδεσμος (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=exact&lookup=a%29po%2Fdesmos&lang=greek) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-15) στηθοδέσμη (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsthqode%2Fsmh) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140716230402/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsthqode%2Fsmh) 16 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-16) μαστόδεσμος (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdesmos) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140718002742/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdesmos) 18 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-17) μαστόδετον (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdeton) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140716221456/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dmasto%2Fdeton) 16 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ (#cite_ref-18) Leoty, Ernest (1893). Le Corset à travers les âges (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Corset_%C3%A0_travers_les_%C3%A2ges) [ The Corset Through the Ages ] (in French). Paris: Paul Ollendorf. p. 9 – via Wikisource. ^ (#cite_ref-19) "The Figure and Corsets. Mataura Ensign (New Zealand) November 11, 1887" (http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18871111.1.2&e=-------10--1----0-all) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151103190025/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18871111.1.2&e=-------10--1----0-all) from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Peter Wald, Yemen , page 283, Pallas Athene, 1996, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781873429112 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873429112) ^ (#cite_ref-21) Leonard J. Swidler, Women in Judaism: The Status of Women in Formative Judaism , page 160, Scarecrow Press, 1976, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810809048 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810809048) ^ (#cite_ref-Evans2005_22-0) James Evans (2005). Arts and Humanities Through the Eras . Thomson/Gale. p. 78. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-7876-5699-7 . The "Golden Ass", the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety ^ (#cite_ref-23) Cueva, Edmund; et al. (2019). Re-Wiring The Ancient Novel . Vol. 1. Barkhuis. p. 339. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789492444691 . ^ Jump up to: a b Bret Hinsch, Women in Tang China , page 149, Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781538134900 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538134900) ^ Jump up to: a b Amy Qin, A Historical Drama Shows Too Much Cleavage for China's Censors (https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/02/a-historical-drama-shows-too-much-cleavage-for-chinas-censors/) , Sinosphere, The New York Times , 2015-01-02 Xinhua, TV show 'The Empress of China' returns (http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2015-01/04/content_34467817.htm) , China.org, 2015-01-04 This Culture Has Not Yet Been Rated (https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/media/culture-has-not-yet-been-rated) , China File, 2015-01-13 ^ (#cite_ref-26) L.S. Cahill and M.A. Farley, Embodiment, Morality, and Medicine , page 47, Springer Science & Business Media, 1995, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780792333425 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792333425) Reina Lewis and Sara Mills, Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader , page 589, aylor & Francis, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780415942751 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415942751) ^ (#cite_ref-Moghissi_27-0) Moghissi, Haideh "Women and Islam: Social conditions, obstacles and prospects" Taylor & Francis, 2004, p. 77-79. ^ (#cite_ref-28) Sayed Nadeem Jaffri, Gender Relations of Pre-Islamic Arabs (https://historyofislam.org/1-7-gender-relations-of-pre-islamic-arabs/) , History of Islam, 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-29) Cho-yun Hsu, China: A New Cultural History , page 220, Columbia University Press, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231528184 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231528184) ^ (#cite_ref-30) Mei Hua, Chinese Clothing , page 27, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521186896 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521186896) ^ (#cite_ref-31) Valerie Steele, Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion (volume 1), page 263, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780684313955 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684313955) ^ (#cite_ref-32) Mei Hua, Chinese Clothing , page 4, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521186896 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521186896) ^ (#cite_ref-33) Pooja Khurana, Introduction to Fashion Technology , page 12, Firewall Media, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788131801901 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131801901) ^ Jump up to: a b Marybelle S. Bigelow and Kay Kushino, Fashion in History: Western Dress, Prehistoric to Present , page 147, Burgess Publishing Company, 1979, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780808728009 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780808728009) ^ (#cite_ref-35) Fred Harding, Breast Cancer: Cause, Prevention, Cure , page 100, Tekline Publishing, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780955422102 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955422102) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Carl Fors, Hens: Why Women Are Different , page 308, Infinity Publishing, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780741429544 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780741429544) ^ Jump up to: a b Monique Canellas-Zimmer, Histoires de mode , Les Dossiers d'Aquitaine – 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782846221191 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846221191) . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Dress", The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (Part 3, Volume 5), page 1027, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1980, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780852293607 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852293607) ^ (#cite_ref-39) Fred Harding, Breast Cancer: Cause, Prevention, Cure , page 109, Tekline Publishing, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780955422102 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955422102) ^ (#cite_ref-40) Elodie Piveteau and Philippe Vaurès, Underdressed , page 124, Silverback Books, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9782752801500 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782752801500) ^ (#cite_ref-41) James S. Olson, Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History , page 24, JHU Press, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780801880643 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801880643) ^ (#cite_ref-42) Fred Harding, Breast Cancer: Cause, Prevention, Cure , page 110, Tekline Publishing, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780955422102 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955422102) ^ Jump up to: a b Gernsheim, Alison. Victorian and Edwardian Fashion. A Photographic Survey . pp. 25-26, 43, 53, 63, Dover Publications, Mineola, N.Y., 1981 (Reprint of 1963 edition). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24205-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24205-6) ^ Jump up to: a b Desmond Morris. The Naked Woman. A Study of the Female Body , p. 156. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2004. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-312-33853-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-33853-8) . ^ (#cite_ref-45) Cunnington, C. Willett (/wiki/C._Willett_Cunnington) and Cunnington, Phillis E. (/wiki/Phillis_E._Cunnington) The History of Underclothes . London: Faber & Faber, 1981. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-27124-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-27124-8) ^ (#cite_ref-46) C. Willett & Phillis Cunnington (1981). The History of Underclothes . London: Faber & Faber (/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-486-27124-8 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Terry Breverton (/wiki/Terry_Breverton) , Everything You Ever Wanted to know about the Tudors but were afraid to ask , page 186, Amberley Publishing Limited, 2014, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4456-3845-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-3845-4) ^ (#cite_ref-48) "French Caricature" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100601211316/http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/caricatures/fr6-wetnursing.cfm) . University of Virginia Health System. Archived from the original (http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/artifacts/caricatures/fr6-wetnursing.cfm) on 2010-06-01 . Retrieved 2010-01-13 . ^ Jump up to: a b Gent, Lucy and Llewellyn, Nigel (eds.) Renaissance Bodies: The Human Figure in English Culture c. 1540–1660 . London: Reaktion Books, 1990 ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Medieval Bras Discovered at Austrian Castle" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/medieval-bras-discovered-austrian-castle) . The Guardian . Associated Press. 18 July 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131017224851/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/18/medieval-bras-discovered-austrian-castle) from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) Jahn, George (19 July 2012). "600-Year-Old Linen Bras Found in Austrian Castle" (https://news.yahoo.com/600-old-linen-bras-found-austrian-castle-192408678.html) . Yahoo! News . Associated Press. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222209/http://news.yahoo.com/600-old-linen-bras-found-austrian-castle-192408678.html) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) Seymour Slive, Frans Hals: Catalogue , page 38, Phaidon, 1970 ^ (#cite_ref-53) Seymour Slive, Frans Hals (volume 2), page 93, Phaidon, 1970, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780714814445 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714814445) ^ (#cite_ref-54) The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Volume 63), page 347, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781588394552 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588394552) ^ (#cite_ref-55) Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789 , page 546, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780684312057 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684312057) ^ (#cite_ref-56) Charlotte A. Jirousek, Ottoman Dress and Design in the West , page 179, Indiana University Press, 2019, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780253042194 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253042194) ^ (#cite_ref-57) Jennifer M. Scarce, Women's Costume of the Near and Middle East , page 60, Routledge, 2014, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781136783852 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136783852) ^ (#cite_ref-58) Margaret Clark Keatinge, Costumes of the Levant , page 7, Khayat's College Book Cooperative, 1955 ^ (#cite_ref-59) Layla Diba and Maryam Ekhtiar, Royal Persian Paintings: the Qajar Epoch 1785-1925 , page 77, Brooklyn Museum of Art, 1998, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781860642555 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860642555) ^ (#cite_ref-60) Lois May Burger, A Study of Change in Dress as Related to Social and Political Conditions in an Area of North India , page 41, Cornell University, 1963 ^ (#cite_ref-61) Indian History Congress Proceedings (Volume 27), page 274, Indian History Congress, 1967 ^ (#cite_ref-62) Abraham Eraly, The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age , page 141, Penguin Books India, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780143102625 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143102625) ^ (#cite_ref-63) J.M. Rogers, Myth and ceremony in Islamic painting , page 30, British Museum, 1978 ^ (#cite_ref-64) Joachim Bautze, Indian Miniature Paintings, C. 1590-c. 1850 , page 8, Little Arts, 1987, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789072085023 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789072085023) ^ (#cite_ref-65) Joyce E. Salisbury (/wiki/Joyce_E._Salisbury) , The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life: 15th and 16th centuries , pages 229-230, Greenwood Press, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313325441 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313325441) ^ (#cite_ref-Jackson_66-0) "Historian Reveals Janet Jackson's 'Accidental' Exposing of Her Breast was the Height of Fashion in the 1600s" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040803155530/http://www.newsandevents.warwick.ac.uk/index.cfm?page=pressrelease&id=1858) . University of Warwick (/wiki/University_of_Warwick) . 5 May 2004. Archived from the original (http://www.newsandevents.warwick.ac.uk/index.cfm?page=pressrelease&id=1858) on 3 August 2004. ^ (#cite_ref-67) Condra, Jill (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, p. 152, Greenwood Publishing GrouP. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-313-33664-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33664-4) ^ (#cite_ref-68) Alexander Fury, Can a Corset Be Feminist? (https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/t-magazine/fashion/corset-history-feminism.html?auth=login-google) , The New York Times Style Magazine , 2016-11-25 ^ (#cite_ref-69) Michal Kobialka, Of Borders and Thresholds: Theatre History, Practice, and Theory , page 81, University of Minnesota Press, 1999, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780816630905 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816630905) ^ (#cite_ref-70) Shahzad Z. Najmuddin, Armenia : a Resumé : with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India , page 17, Trafford Publishing, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781412040396 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412040396) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rachel Kramer Bussel, "Our sideboob obsession: The dangerous curve of 'cleavage's more unassuming cousin (https://www.salon.com/2015/11/06/our_sideboob_obsession_the_dangerous_curve_of_cleavages_more_unassuming_cousin/) ' " (https://www.salon.com/2015/11/06/our_sideboob_obsession_the_dangerous_curve_of_cleavages_more_unassuming_cousin/) , Salon, 2015-11-07 ^ Jump up to: a b Suzi Parker, "With CBS breast ban, the Grammy Awards take a leap back in time" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2013/02/10/with-cbs-breast-ban-the-grammy-awards-take-a-leap-back-in-time/) , The Washington Post , 2013-02-13 ^ Jump up to: a b Grace Sparapani, The Small Town Banning the Underboob, but Totally Chill With Public Boners (https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d7aqpw/the-small-town-banning-the-underboob-but-totally-chill-with-public-boners) , Vice, 2015-09-24 ^ Jump up to: a b Reuters, Thailand warns women who post 'underboob' photos face five years in jail (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/16/thailand-warns-underboob-trend-breaks-computer-laws) , The Guardian , 2015-03-16 ^ (#cite_ref-75) Norah Waugh, Corsets and Crinolines , pages 19-21, Routledge, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781135874025 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135874025) ^ (#cite_ref-76) Rosana Pistolese, History of Fashions Through Art , page 146, Crochet, 1983, ASIN B0007B33KG ^ (#cite_ref-77) J. Anderson Black and Madge Garland, A History of Fashion , page 380, Morrow, 1975, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780688028930 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780688028930) ^ (#cite_ref-78) Elizabeth J. Lewandowski, The Complete Costume Dictionary , page 299, Scarecrow Press, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810840041 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810840041) ^ (#cite_ref-79) Marie-Louise d'Otrange Mastai, Jewelry , page 85, Cooper-Hewitt Museum, 1981 ^ (#cite_ref-80) S Ashdown, Sizing in Clothing page 313, Elsevier, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845692582 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845692582) ^ (#cite_ref-81) Marybelle S. Bigelow and Kay Kushino, Fashion in History: Western Dress, Prehistoric to Present , page 179, Burgess Publishing Company, 1979, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780808728009 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780808728009) ^ (#cite_ref-82) Miller, Anna M. (2012). Illustrated Guide to Jewelry Appraising: Antique, Period, and Modern . Springer Science+Business Media (/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media) . p. 70. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781461597179 . ^ (#cite_ref-83) Pillai, S. Devadas (1997). Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary . Popular Prakashan (/wiki/Popular_Prakashan) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9788171548071 . ^ (#cite_ref-84) Marybelle S. Bigelow and Kay Kushino, Fashion in History: Western Dress, Prehistoric to Present , page 239, Burgess Publishing Company, 1979, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780808728009 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780808728009) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Tracy E. Robey, There Was Never a Time When Western Society Wasn't Weird About Cleavage (https://www.racked.com/2017/12/21/16738658/cleavage-history) , Racked, 2017-12-21 ^ (#cite_ref-86) Jessica Kozuka, " How Times Change: Japanese Men in Edo Period Not Interested in Breasts (https://soranews24.com/2013/04/18/how-times-change-japanese-men-in-edo-period-not-interested-in-breasts-nsfw/) , SoraNews24, 2013-04-18 ^ (#cite_ref-87) Luis Frois, The First European Description of Japan, 1585 , page 52, Routledge, 2014, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781317917816 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317917816) ^ Jump up to: a b Gernsheim, Alison. Victorian and Edwardian Fashion. A Photographic Survey . page 43, Dover Publications, Mineola, N.Y., 1981 (Reprint of 1963 edition). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24205-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24205-6) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Jeffrey Weinzweig, Plastic Surgery Secrets , page 441, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780323085908 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323085908) ^ (#cite_ref-90) Alfred Pfoser, Kristina Pfoser and Gerhard Renner, Schnitzlers "Reigen": Der Skandal , page 15, Fischer, 1993, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783596108947 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783596108947) ^ (#cite_ref-91) Spooner, Catherine (2004). Fashioning Gothic Bodies , p. 28, Manchester University Press, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-7190-6401-5 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6401-5) ^ (#cite_ref-92) Blanche Payne, Geitel Winakor and Jane Farrell-Beck, The History of Costume: From Ancient Mesopotamia Through the Twentieth Century , page 491, HarperCollins, 1992, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780060471415 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060471415) ^ (#cite_ref-93) Elizabeth Ewing, Fashion in Underwear: From Babylon to Bikini Briefs , page 61, Courier Corporation, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486476490 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486476490) ^ (#cite_ref-94) Greg King, A Season of Splendor: The Court of Mrs. Astor in Gilded Age New York , page 229, Wiley, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780470185698 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470185698) ^ Jump up to: a b AO, The Iconic Women's Fashion of the Victorian Times (https://historythings.com/iconic-fashion-victorian-times/) , History Things, 2020-05-31 ^ (#cite_ref-96) Nancy J. Armstrong, Victorian Jewelry , page 135, Macmillan, 1976, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780025032200 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780025032200) ^ (#cite_ref-97) Kyunghee Pyun and Aida Yuen Wong, Fashion, Identity, and Power in Modern Asia , page 201, Springer, 2018, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9783319971995 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319971995) ^ (#cite_ref-Elaine_Kilmurray_1998,_p._114_98-0) Richard Ormand and Elaine Kilmurray, Sargent: The Early Portraits , New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998, p. 114, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-300-07245-7 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07245-7) ^ (#cite_ref-Fairbrother_2001_139,_Note_4_99-0) Fairbrother, Trevor (2001). John Singer Sargent: The Sensualist . p. 139, Note 4. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-300-08744-4 . ^ (#cite_ref-100) "Sargent's Portraits" (http://www.humanitiesweb.org/human.php?s=g&p=a&a=i&ID=424) , an article including a mention of the scandal caused by the portrayal of cleavage in John Singer Sargent (/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent) 's " Portrait of Madame X (/wiki/Portrait_of_Madame_X) ". ^ (#cite_ref-101) Ruth Rogaski, Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China , page 101, University of California Press, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520240018 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520240018) ^ (#cite_ref-102) Paul Fryer and Olga Usova, Lina Cavalieri: The Life of Opera's Greatest Beauty, 1874-1944 , page 79, McFarland, 2014, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786480654 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786480654) ^ (#cite_ref-103) Robert Richard Kiss, The Most Beautiful Women in History , page 206, Mediacom, 2012, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9789638747310 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789638747310) ^ (#cite_ref-104) AFP, Émeutes et guerres de décolletés: les actrices qui ont mis le feu à Cannes (https://www.7sur7.be/home/emeutes-et-guerres-de-decolletes-les-actrices-qui-ont-mis-le-feu-a-cannes~a2d3c760/?) , 7sur7, 2017-05-16 ^ (#cite_ref-105) Kathleen Mabel La Barre, Reference Book of Women's Vintage Clothing, 1900-1909 , page 34, La Barre Books, 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780967703503 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780967703503) ^ (#cite_ref-106) Gernsheim, Alison. Victorian and Edwardian Fashion. A Photographic Survey . page 94, Dover Publications, Mineola, N.Y., 1981 (Reprint of 1963 edition). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-486-24205-6 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24205-6) ^ (#cite_ref-107) Elizabeth Ewing, Fashion in Underwear: From Babylon to Bikini Briefs , page 79, Courier Corporation, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780486476490 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486476490) ^ (#cite_ref-108) Sherrie A. Inness (1998). Delinquents and Debutantes: Twentieth-century American Girls' Cultures , p. 117, New York University Press, 1998, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8147-3765-1 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3765-1) ^ Jump up to: a b c Cleavage (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cleavage) , Etymology Online ^ Jump up to: a b cleavage (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cleavage) , Merriam-Webster Dictionary cleavage (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cleavage) , Cambridge Dictionary ^ Jump up to: a b c Marlen Komar, The Evolution Of Cleavage "Ideals" (https://www.bustle.com/articles/136569-the-evolution-of-cleavage-ideals-because-boobies-are-complicated-things-photos) , Bustle, 2016-01-20 ^ Jump up to: a b c Jihan Forbes, A Brief History Of The Bra (https://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a15269/history-of-the-bra/) , Elle , 2013-11-13 ^ Jump up to: a b Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality , page 75, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520223691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223691) ^ (#cite_ref-114) Sandra Coney, Standing in the Sunshine: A History of New Zealand Women Since They Won the Vote , page 115, Viking, 1993, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780670846283 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670846283) ^ (#cite_ref-115) Nora Jacobson, Cleavage: Technology, Controversy, and the Ironies of the Man-made Breast , page 56, Rutgers University Press, 2000, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780813527154 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813527154) ^ Jump up to: a b " 100 years of everyone's favourite undergarment (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141104/lifestyle-health-and-wellbeing/article/100-years-everyones-favourite-undergarment) ", Deccan Chronicle , 2019-03-30. ^ Jump up to: a b Misha Ketchell, "The story of … the bra" (https://theconversation.com/the-story-of-the-bra-32169) , The Converstation , 2014-11-05 ^ Jump up to: a b c Kevin Hillstrom and Mary K. Ruby, Encyclopedia of American Industries: Manufacturing industries , page 258, Gale Research, 1994, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810389984 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810389984) ^ (#cite_ref-119) Jill Fields, An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie, and Sexuality , page 71, University of California Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520223691 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520223691) ^ (#cite_ref-120) Johnson, Kim K.P.; Torntore, Susan J. and Eicher, Joanne Bubolz (/wiki/Joanne_Eicher) (2003). Fashion foundations , p. 716, Berg Publishers. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-85973-619-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-619-X) ^ (#cite_ref-121) Jacques Hébert and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Two Innocents in Red China , page 144, Oxford University Press, 1968, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780196341019 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196341019) ^ (#cite_ref-122) Jianhua Zhao, The Chinese Fashion Industry: An Ethnographic Approach , page 164, A&C Black, 2013, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780857853028 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857853028) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Ray A. Smith, More Men Have Something They Want to Get Off Their Chests - Their Shirts (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125980303001573939) , Wall Street Journal , 2009-12-04 ^ (#cite_ref-124) Naresh Kumar Jain, Muslims in India: A Biographical Dictionary (volume 1), page 130, Manohar, 1979 ^ (#cite_ref-125) या अॅक्टरच्या आईने 50\'s मध्ये केले होते BOLD फोटोशूट, दिलीप कुमारच्या भावाच्या होत्या पत्नी (https://www.bhaskar.com/news/actress-begum-para-glamorous-photoshoot-for-life-magazine-5959009.html) , Bhashkar , 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-126) Shishir Krishna Sharma, Pin-up Girl Begum Para (https://www.cinemaazi.com/feature/pin-up-girl-begum-para) , CinemaAzi, 2020-03-25 ^ (#cite_ref-127) Marilyn Monroe and Roger G. Taylor, Marilyn Monroe in her own words , page 42, Delilah/Putnam, 1983, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780399410147 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780399410147) ^ (#cite_ref-128) "Marilyn Monroe voted cleavage queen" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/marilyn-monroe-voted-cleavage-queen/story-qEPf2ikn20fCeQ7eRgY4PJ.html) , Hindustan Times ^ (#cite_ref-129) Debbie Wells, 1940's Style Guide , page 33, CreateSpace, 2011, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781460916889 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781460916889) ^ (#cite_ref-130) Robert Sickels and Robert J. Sickels, The 1940s , page 88, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313312991 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313312991) ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Cleavage & the Code" (August 5, 1946). Time . Vol. 48, (6). p. 98. ^ Jump up to: a b c Slide, Anthony. (1998). Banned in the U.S.A.: British Films in the United States and Their Censorship, 1933-1960 . Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781860642548 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860642548) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rowan Pelling, 100 years of the bra - a girl's best friend (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10357764/100-years-of-the-bra-a-girls-best-friend.html) , The Telegraph , 2013-10-06 ^ (#cite_ref-134) Caroline Cox, Seduction: A Celebration of Sensual Style (Volume 10), page 119, Mitchell Beazley, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781845332143 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845332143) ^ Jump up to: a b c Alison Carter, Underwear, the Fashion History , page 113, Drama Book Publishers, 1992, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896761209 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896761209) ^ (#cite_ref-136) Ruth A. Inglis, " Need for Voluntary Self-Regulation (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1026154?seq=1) ", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Volume 254), page 153, November 1947, JSTOR ^ (#cite_ref-Dunk_137-0) Leslie Dunkling, When Romeo Met Juliet , page 55, Trafford Publishing, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781412055437 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412055437) ^ (#cite_ref-138) cleave (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cleave) , Merriam-Webster -age (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/age) , Merriam-Webster ^ (#cite_ref-Napoleon_139-0) Napoleon, Anthony (2003). "Wardrobe" (https://books.google.com/books?id=AyJLqNcfM3IC&q=history+underwire+bra&pg=PA130) . Awakening Beauty: An Illustrated Look at Mankind's Love and Hatred of Beauty (Illustrated ed.). Virtual Bookworm Publishing. pp. 31, 130–131. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-58939-378-3 . Retrieved 2009-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-Kanner_140-0) Kanner, Bernice (1983-12-12). "The Bra's not for Burning" (https://books.google.com/books?id=KdgBAAAAMBAJ&q=history+underwire+bra+1938&pg=RA1-PA29) . New York Magazine . Vol. 16, no. 49. pp. 26–30. ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0028-7369 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7369) . Retrieved 2009-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-Seigel_141-0) Seigel, Jessica (2004-02-13). "The Cups Runneth Over" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/13/opinion/the-cups-runneth-over.html?pagewanted=all) . The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) . Retrieved 2013-05-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-FloW_142-0) Florence Waters, Jane Russell: the poster controversy that made a star (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8354765/Jane-Russell-the-poster-controversy-that-made-a-star.html) , The Telegraph , 2011-03-01 ^ (#cite_ref-143) Murray Schumach, The Face On The Cutting Room Floor , page 61, Da Capo Press, 1964, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780306706035 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306706035) ^ (#cite_ref-144) "Jane Russell" (http://www.economist.com/node/18329456?story_id=18329456) . The Economist . March 12, 2011. p. 101. ^ (#cite_ref-145) "Jane Russell" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/celebrity-obituaries/8354053/Jane-Russell.html) . March 1, 2011 . Retrieved December 30, 2011 . A joke at that time was that 'Culture is the ability to describe Jane Russell without moving your hands.' ^ (#cite_ref-146) Tiffin, George (2015-09-30). A Star is Born: The Moment an Actress becomes an Icon . Head of Zeus. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-78185-936-0 . He wasn't going to take my clothes off to check if I had it on. I just told him I did." ^ (#cite_ref-147) Jessica Seigel (February 13, 2004). "The Cups Runneth Over" (https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/13/opinion/13SEIG.html?ex=1392094800&en=3ccbbda0c86fb91f&ei=5007) . New York Times . Retrieved October 5, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-148) David Quinlan, The Film Lover's Companion: An A to Z Guide to 2,000 Stars and the Movies They Made , page 294, Carol Publishing Group, 1997, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780806518923 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806518923) ^ (#cite_ref-149) Guy LeBow, Watch Your Cleavage, Check Your Zipper! , page 123, SP Books, 1994, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781561712847 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561712847) ^ (#cite_ref-150) Magers, Boyd; Fitzgerald, Michael G. (/wiki/Michael_G._Fitzgerald) (2004). Westerns Women: Interviews with 50 Leading Ladies of Movie and Television . McFarland (/wiki/McFarland_Press) . p. 238. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780786420285 . ^ (#cite_ref-151) Doherty, Thomas (2007). Hollywood's Censor: Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration . New York: Columbia University Press (/wiki/Columbia_University_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-231-14358-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b Michael Johns, Moment of Grace: The American City in the 1950s , page 21, University of California Press, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780520243309 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520243309) ^ (#cite_ref-153) Sally Everitt and David Joseph Lancaster, Christie's Twentieth-century Jewelry , page 81, Watson-Guptill, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780823006403 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823006403) ^ (#cite_ref-154) Robert Pondillo, America's First Network TV Censor , page 88, Southern Illinois University Press, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780809385744 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809385744) ^ (#cite_ref-155) Rachel Moseley, Fashioning Film Stars: Dress, Culture, Identity , page 58, Bloomsbury Academic, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781844570676 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844570676) ^ (#cite_ref-156) Don J. Dampier, Finding the Fifties , page 238, DJ Discovery Press, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780977055807 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780977055807) ^ (#cite_ref-157) Mazur, Allan (1986). "U.S. trends in feminine beauty and overadaptation". Journal of Sex Research . 22 (3). Pennsylvania: Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (/wiki/Society_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Sexuality) : 281–303. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1080/00224498609551309 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224498609551309) . ^ (#cite_ref-158) Baruch Kimmerling, Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies , page 6, Columbia University Press, 2008, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780231512497 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231512497) ^ (#cite_ref-159) Sara Pendergast, Tom Pendergast and Sarah Hermsen, Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear Through the Ages (Volume 4), page 672, UXL, 2004, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780787654214 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780787654214) ^ (#cite_ref-160) Emily Caroline Martin-Hondros, The Female Body in America: Oppressive Embodiments, Options for Resistance (Volume 1), page 50, Michigan State University. American Studies, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781109245721 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781109245721) ^ (#cite_ref-161) Jianhua Zhao, The Chinese Fashion Industry: An Ethnographic Approach , page 1, A&C Black, 2013, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847889355 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847889355) ^ Jump up to: a b Jane Farrell-Beck and Colleen Gau, Uplift: The Bra in America , page 144, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780812218350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812218350) ^ (#cite_ref-163) Patricia Baker, Fashions of a Decade , page 51, Infobase Publishing, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4381-1891-8 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1891-8) ^ (#cite_ref-164) Wayne Koestenbaum (2000). Cleavage: essays on sex, stars, and aesthetics , page 125, Ballantine Books, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-345-43460-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-43460-9) ^ (#cite_ref-165) Daniel Delis Hill, As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising , page 110, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780896726161 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896726161) ^ (#cite_ref-166) Sam Binkley, Getting Loose: Lifestyle Consumption in the 1970s , page 69, Duke University Press, 2007, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780822389514 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822389514) ^ (#cite_ref-167) Amy T. Peterson and Ann T. Kellogg, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present , page 209, Greenwood Press, 2008, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313334177 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313334177) ^ (#cite_ref-168) Caroline Rennolds Milbank, New York Fashion: The Evolution of American Style page 242, Abrams, 1989, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810913882 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810913882) ^ (#cite_ref-169) Betty Luther Hillman, Dressing for the Culture Wars: Style and the Politics of Self-Presentation in the 1960s and 1970s , page 153, University of Nebraska Press, 2015, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780803269750 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803269750) ^ (#cite_ref-170) Stephen Feinstein, The 1970s from Watergate to Disco , page 14, Enslow, 2006, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780766026377 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766026377) ^ Jump up to: a b Victor Bondi, American Decades: 1970-1979 , page 199, Gale Research, 1995, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780810388826 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810388826) ^ Jump up to: a b Rodney P. Carlisle, Handbook to Life in America (Volume 9), page 24, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781438127002 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438127002) ^ Jump up to: a b Valerie Steele, Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion (Volume 3), page 213, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780684313979 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684313979) ^ (#cite_ref-Jim_Elledge_page_254_174-0) Jim Elledge, Queers in American Popular Culture (Volume 1), page 254, Praeger, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780313354571 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313354571) ^ (#cite_ref-Joseph_P._Goodwin_page_18_175-0) Joseph P. 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(https://www.elle.com/fashion/celebrity-style/news/a39802/celebrity-underboob-trend/) , Elle , 2016-10-05 ^ Jump up to: a b c Maria Puente, How the 'underboob' trend is taking over red carpets and social media (https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/how-the-underboob-trend-is-taking-over-red-carpets-and-social-media-20170526-gwdj3c.html) , Sydney Morning Herald , 2017-05-26 ^ (#cite_ref-223) Mark Wilson, Bra Boosts Cleavage When Women Desire Intercourse (https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2009/05/bra_boosts_cleavage_when_women_desire_intercourse-2/) , Gizmodo, 2009-05-15 Miguel Kramer, New bra lifts breasts when woman gets aroused (https://hypescience.com/novo-sutia-levanta-os-seios-quando-a-mulher-fica-excitada/) , HypeScience, 2009-05-20 Mandolina, Smart Memory Bra by Lisca (https://www.the-lingerie-post.com/2009/10/smart-memory-bra-by-lisca/) , The Lingerie Post, 2009-10-13 ^ (#cite_ref-Ntw_224-0) Thango Ntwasa, Bye bye bra? 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(https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/december-vogue-whatever-happened-to-the-cleavage) , Vogue , 2016-11-02 Carla Herreria Russo, Vogue UK Asks If 'Cleavage Is Over,' Forgetting Some Women Just Have Big Boobs (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vogue-cleavage-is-over_n_581a837ce4b0c43e6c1dfcbe) , Huffpost , 2016-11-07 Diana Falzone, Vogue blasted for declaring cleavage is out of style (https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/vogue-blasted-for-declaring-cleavage-is-out-of-style) , Fox News, 2016-11-03 ^ (#cite_ref-234) Rebecca Reid, The cleavage is dead, according to Vogue (https://metro.co.uk/2016/11/02/cleavage-is-dead-according-to-vogue-6229485/) , Metro , 2016-11-02 ^ (#cite_ref-235) Rina Raphael, Wireless Generation: Why Sports Bras And Bralettes Are Disrupting Women's Underwear (https://www.fastcompany.com/3061469/wireless-generation-why-sports-bras-bralettes-are-disrupting-women) , Fast Company, 2016-07-02 Theresa King, This fledgling lingerie company is growing by 300%, crushing the mighty Victoria's Secret (https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/03/how-a-fledgling-lingerie-company-is-crushing-victoria-secret.html) , CNBC, 2018-11-03 Vivienne Decker, Move Over Victoria's Secret, Lively Redefines The Intimates Category With Leisurée (https://www.forbes.com/sites/viviennedecker/2016/07/26/move-over-victorias-secret-lively-redefines-the-intimates-category-with-leisuree/#7ed8bfb311c4) , Forbes , 2016-07-26 Tamim Alnuweiri, The Brand That Pioneered "Leisurée" Is Now Upgrading Nursing Bras (https://www.wellandgood.com/lively-nursing-collection/) , Well+Good, 2017-10-27 Catherine LeClair, Lively founder reveals how she coined the term 'leisurée' (https://www.businessinsider.com/lively-ceo-coined-term-leisuree-to-get-through-male-investors-2020-8) , Business Insider , 2020-08-13 Ilana Kaplan, How 'leisuree' grew from the athleisure movement (https://www.glossy.co/fashion/how-leisuree-grew-from-the-athleisure-movement) , Glossy, 2019-07-10 ^ (#cite_ref-236) Harriet Walker, Push-up bras prove a bad fit for women in era of #MeToo (https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/push-up-bras-prove-a-bad-fit-for-women-in-era-of-metoo-fgfn627px) , The Times , 2018-10-27 ^ (#cite_ref-237) Jess Cartner-Morley, How the push-up bra fell flat: the rise of quiet cleavage (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/nov/14/how-the-push-up-bra-fell-flat-the-rise-of-quiet-cleavage) , The Guardian , 2018-11-14 ^ (#cite_ref-238) Kate Finnigan, Soft focus: the new lingerie evolution (https://www.ft.com/content/69ef346e-6ccf-451b-bee2-03bdf4b77a02) , financial Times , 2020-07-08 ^ (#cite_ref-239) Lashonda Stinson, "Cleavage seems to be spilling over into everyday fashion" (https://www.ocala.com/article/LK/20070803/News/604237854/OS) , Ocala.com, 2007-08-03 ^ (#cite_ref-240) Kayleigh Dray, Susanna Reid's absolutely flawless response to "cleavage-shaming" headlines (https://www.stylist.co.uk/people/susanna-reid-good-morning-britain-cleavage-shaming-piers-morgan-dress-boobs-breasts/34669) , Stylist ^ (#cite_ref-241) Shweta Shiware, To Show And Tell (https://www.mid-day.com/articles/to-show-and-tell/22063165) , Mid Day , 2019-11-10 ^ (#cite_ref-242) DNA Web Team, Not just Priyanka Chopra, here are other actresses who were dragged into controversy over a little cleavage-show (https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-not-just-priyanka-chopra-here-are-other-actresses-who-were-dragged-into-controversy-over-a-little-cleavage-show-2586853) , DNA , 2018-02-10 News Desk, Disha Patani, Deepika Padukone and now Priyanka Chopra has courted cleavage controversies (https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/disha-patani-deepika-padukone-and-now-priyanka-chopra-has-courted-cleavage-controversies) , Asianet Newsable, 31, Mar 2018 Express Web Desk, Disha Patani's epic answer to slut shaming, says her idea of 'Indian girl' is different (https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-slut-shamin-4540354/) , The Indian Express , 2017-02-23 Piyasree Dasgupta, Dear TOI, it's 2014: Slut-shaming Deepika Padukone over her cleavage is so passe (https://www.firstpost.com/living/dear-toi-its-2014-slut-shaming-deepika-padukone-over-her-cleavage-is-so-passe-1724023.html) , First Post , 2014-10-23 News Desk, Priyanka Chopra looks super hot in bold dress, but Twitteratti can't stop laughing (https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050518/priyanka-chopra-dress-blazer-trolled-twitter-cut-out-breast-funny-meme.html) , Deccan Chronicle , 2018-05-05 ^ (#cite_ref-spiegel_243-0) "Merkel 'Surprised' by Attention to Low-cut Dress" (http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,547512,00.html) . Spiegel Online . 15 April 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-Deutsche_Welle_244-0) "Angela Merkel Raises Eyebrows with Cleavage Display" (http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3269347,00.html) . Deutsche Welle. 15 April 2008. ^ (#cite_ref-245) Barbara Palmer and Dennis Simon, Breaking the Political Glass Ceiling: Women and Congressional Elections , page 138, Routledge, 2010, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781135891756 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135891756) ^ (#cite_ref-246) Samantha Schmidt, Black girls say D.C. school dress codes unfairly target them. Now they're speaking up (https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/09/05/black-girls-say-dc-school-dress-codes-unfairly-target-them-now-theyre-speaking-up/) , The Washington Post , 2019-09-05 Candince Norwood, Dress Coded (https://www.governing.com/topics/education/gov-dress-codes.html) , Governing.com, September 2019 Bell, S., and Austin, I. "Student's challenge of dress code not over yet: Too much cleavage: 15-year-old allowed back after sent home in revealing top". National Post , p. A4, June 1, 1999 Julie Dolan, After teens turned away from dance, Louisville school updates dress code (https://www.wlky.com/article/after-teens-turned-away-from-dance-louisville-school-updates-dress-code/30282038#) , WLKY, 2019-12-19 Alyssa Newcomb, Principal asked to see pics of prom dresses to avoid 'excess cleavage or skin (https://www.today.com/style/principal-asked-see-pics-prom-dresses-avoid-excess-cleavage-or-t175612) , Today.com, 2020-03-10 Nadra Nittle, A high school's dress code for parents sparked backlash. The principal is standing by it (https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2019/5/7/18532416/james-madison-high-school-dress-code) , Vox , 2019-03-07 Gary Rinne, CORRECTION: Lakehead school board drafts more specific dress code (https://www.tbnewswatch.com/local-news/lakehead-school-board-drafts-more-specific-dress-code-2341321) , The News Watch, 2020-03-11 Melanie Earley, Strict dress code at Kerikeri High School ball sees dresses above ankle banned (https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/114056991/strict-dress-code-at-kerikeri-high-school-ball-sees-dresses-above-ankle-banned) , Stuff, 2019-07-07 ^ (#cite_ref-247) Catherine Traywick, Southwest Airlines to Women: Stow Your Tray Tables… and Your Cleavage? (https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/06/18/southwest-airlines-to-women-stow-your-tray-tables-and-your-cleavage/) , Time , 2012-06-18 AP, Travelers Are Getting Really Steamed Over Airline Dress Codes (https://www.businessinsider.com/airlines-ban-passengers-over-clothing-2012-8) , Business Insider , 2012-08-27 Jessa Schroeder, Woman who claimed she was kicked off Spirit Airlines flight for displaying too much cleavage speaks out: 'I feel awful' (https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/woman-claimed-kicked-flight-cleavage-speaks-article-1.2964233) , Daily News , 2017-02-04 Daisy Phillipson, EasyJet Passenger Kicked Off Flight For 'Showing Too Much Cleavage' (https://www.ladbible.com/community/news-easyjet-passenger-kicked-off-flight-for-showing-too-much-cleavage-20190630) , LADBible, 2019-06-30 Michael Gebicki, The rules of what you can and can't wear on a plane (https://www.traveller.com.au/the-rules-of-what-you-can-and-cant-wear-on-a-plane-h1iq96) , Traveller, 2019-10-10 ^ (#cite_ref-248) "ChinaJoy, China's biggest gaming expo attracts foreign investors" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120314205300/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/chinese-online-gaming-lures-more-foreign-faces-901300?quicktabs_2=2) . CNN International. Archived from the original (http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/chinese-online-gaming-lures-more-foreign-faces-901300?quicktabs_2=2) on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . "Online games in China: A hundred million happy geeks - But please, no sex or subversion" (http://www.economist.com/node/16744132?story_id=16744132&fsrc=rss) . The Economist (/wiki/The_Economist) . 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . snowball (2010-08-08). "2010 ChinaJoy Shows Direction of China's Gaming Industry in the Next 10 Years" (http://www.chinadecoded.com/2010/08/08/2010-chinajoy-shows-direction-of-china%E2%80%99s-gaming-industry-in-the-next-10-years/) . China Decoded . Retrieved 2012-11-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-249) Shen Lu and Katie Hunt, China cracks down on cleavage at cosplay convention (https://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/22/asia/chinajoy-cleavage-crackdown/index.html) , CNN, 2015-05-22 ^ (#cite_ref-250) Elizabeth Nolan Brown, Underboob Banned in Springfield, Missouri, After Rally Seeking to 'Free the Nipple' (https://reason.com/2015/09/30/underboob-ban-in-missouri/) , Reason, 2015-09-30 ^ (#cite_ref-251) The Sun, Twitch bans 'bums and underboob' but says 'cleavage is allowed' (https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/twitch-bans-bums-and-underboob-but-says-cleavage-is-allowed/news-story/b7663fe18f3f4c23b488965ca2fb58cd) , News.com.au, 2020-04-13 NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐l5ncl Cached time: 20240710154946 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.830 seconds Real time usage: 1.983 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 31163/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 213580/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 19070/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 26/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 613056/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.818/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17212302/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1686.415 1 -total 64.38% 1085.728 1 Template:Reflist 35.03% 590.668 124 Template:ISBN 17.79% 300.023 124 Template:Catalog_lookup_link 11.40% 192.261 13 Template:Cite_web 6.71% 113.216 1 Template:Transl 6.23% 105.131 372 Template:Yesno-no 5.81% 98.024 1 Template:Short_description 5.61% 94.611 496 Template:Yesno 4.74% 79.969 14 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65217527-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710154946 and revision id 1225751137. 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English fashion designer Peter Russell Peter Russell at work in 1944. source: IWM (/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum) Born Thomas Christmas Russell 1886 ( 1886 ) Cawston, Norfolk (/wiki/Cawston,_Norfolk) , England Died 1966 (aged 99–100) Folkestone, England Occupation Fashion designer Peter Russell black dinner frock, produced during wartime and photographed by the Ministry of Information to promote the idea that utility could be incorporated into even high fashion. source: IWM Peter Russell (1886–1966) was a London-based English fashion designer and a founder member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (/wiki/Incorporated_Society_of_London_Fashion_Designers) . Running a major couture house from the 1930s to the early 1950s, he has been described as a: "designer of beautiful, jauntily sophisticated women's suits". [1] (#cite_note-The_Atlantic,_Schwartz-1) Background [ edit ] Russell did not reveal much about his early life, although an article in The Sydney Morning Herald (/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald) of 1953 states that before embarking on a career in fashion he was a horse rancher in Saskatchewan (/wiki/Saskatchewan) , Canada (/wiki/Canada) , a rubber planter in Malaya (/wiki/Malaysia) and a farmer in Norfolk (/wiki/Norfolk) , England (/wiki/England) . [2] (#cite_note-SMH-2) An article in the 1948 edition of Shopping placed his background in rural Norfolk and revealed he had served in the Royal Field Artillery (/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery) in World War I (/wiki/World_War_I) before being injured. [3] (#cite_note-Shopping-3) The article also stated that he first developed his design skills while working in Malaysia, initially by assisting the wife of a fellow rubber planter in creating a gown for the government house ball. [3] (#cite_note-Shopping-3) Researchers for the Victoria and Albert Museum (/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum) have confirmed much of the above, and clarified that Russell was born Thomas Christmas Russell in Cawston, Norfolk (/wiki/Cawston,_Norfolk) in 1886, Russell moved to Canada in 1909 where he worked as a farmhand. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) In 1913 he was back in England, working for the costumiers Henry Reece Ltd, in Marylebone (/wiki/Marylebone) , London. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) Following his war service, and a short-lived marriage to Caroline Hilda Onions in 1918 (annulled in 1919), Russell moved to Malaya. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) By 1930, having assumed the name Peter, Russell had set himself up as a London dressmaker titled 'Peter Russell of Peter's Studio.' [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) He relocated to Bruton Street (/wiki/Bruton_Street) the following year, and by 1934, 'Peter Russell Limited' also had a salon in Paris. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) London career [ edit ] Peter Russell's first establishment was based at 82 Park Road, London. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) He relocated to 1 Bruton Street in 1931. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) [5] (#cite_note-SMH_women-5) In 1937 he moved again to 2 Carlos Place, Mayfair (/wiki/Mayfair) – one of the most fashionable quarters of London. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) [6] (#cite_note-Indie_Pick-6) Russell specialised in sporty suits and simple gowns. [6] (#cite_note-Indie_Pick-6) His chief assistant, Scottish-born Isa Macdonald, had studied at Chelsea School of Art (/wiki/Chelsea_School_of_Art) and over time rose to become business manager and director – The Sydney Morning Herald described her as a key player, saying: "Miss Macdonald dominates the House of Peter Russell". [5] (#cite_note-SMH_women-5) The house also employed Michael Sherard (/wiki/Michael_Sherard) – who would later set up his own successful couture house – as an assistant before the war (/wiki/World_War_II) . [6] (#cite_note-Indie_Pick-6) Russell's love of outdoor pursuits and his former career as a rancher and farmer made him a distinctive character in the London high fashion scene and he cut a rather stern Edwardian (/wiki/Edwardian_fashion) figure in the 1950s portrait by Norman Parkinson (/wiki/Norman_Parkinson) now held by the National Portrait Gallery (/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London) . His passion was hunting (/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom) and he has also been described as "macho". [6] (#cite_note-Indie_Pick-6) [7] (#cite_note-SMH_31253-7) He caused something of a stir, especially in Australia, for advocating a return to Edwardian-style dress for men in the early 1950s. It was advice he took himself, wearing stovepipe trousers (/wiki/Slim-fit_pants) , red cummerbund (/wiki/Cummerbund) and matching carnation for one of his fashion shows in Melbourne. [8] (#cite_note-Cairns-8) The opera singer Ruth Vincent (/wiki/Ruth_Vincent) defected to Norman Hartnell (/wiki/Norman_Hartnell) because of Russell's "uneven temper". [6] (#cite_note-Indie_Pick-6) Nonetheless, his attention to detail meant his client list was said to include royalty and London's best-dressed women and many stores across the Commonwealth (/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations) would buy Peter Russell collections unseen. He always dyed fabrics to his own specifications, often supervised the weaving and would create custom-dyed accessories to match. [8] (#cite_note-Cairns-8) Self-taught, his working style – as profiled in Shopping – was to come up with an idea and then design between ten and 20 sketches to fine tune it. At his twice-yearly fashion shows, he was described as marching up and down the showroom providing a running commentary: "turning the girls this way and that if necessary, and generally explaining down to the last button just what goes to make a Peter Russell model. He practically never stops talking, but his monologue is refreshing, interesting and ceaselessly patterned with that indestructible self-assurance of the super-craftsman." [9] (#cite_note-Shopping,_Brice-9) Brand hallmarks [ edit ] Russell believed in functional elegance. He was compared to Edward Molyneux (/wiki/Edward_Molyneux) for his ability to design elegant and practical clothes. He avoided grand ballgowns, favouring instead separates and suits as well as afternoon dresses and pieces for what he termed "diners out" (these outfits would be suitable for afternoon and cocktail parties as well as theatre visits). [10] (#cite_note-Melbourne_Age_10149-10) He could be dismissive of fashion trends, saying in 1953: "Dior's short hemline is a stunt – most women want simple, elegant clothes with just a touch of intrigue". [11] (#cite_note-Adelaide_70953-11) IncSoc and wartime activities [ edit ] Russell played a major role in promoting London couturiers. He was among the founder members of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers (IncSoc) in 1942. [12] (#cite_note-Great_Fashion_Designers_Polan-12) He supported fashion's role in the war effort, championing utility (/wiki/Utility_clothing) principles and featuring in morale-boosting promotional photographs issued by the Ministry of Information (/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)) . Although the couture industry was forced to alter both the quantity and the lavishness of fabrics used, it appears Russell heartily approved of the results of wartime rationing of fabrics. In a letter to the director general of the Board of Trade (/wiki/Board_of_Trade) he suggested that it had made a vast improvement to fashion because it had taught people about discipline in dress and helped them appreciate simplicity. [13] (#cite_note-Utility_Attfield-13) After the war, Russell continued his involvement with IncSoc and the promotion of British couture. In common with fellow members, one of his outfits was included in a fashion show sequence in the 1949 film Maytime in Mayfair (/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair) . [14] (#cite_note-BFI_Maytime-14) One of his last commitments, in March 1953, was to be photographed with the so-called "big ten" designers (by this time numbering eleven) for a lavish feature in Life (/wiki/Life_(magazine)) magazine about the preparations for the coronation (/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II) of Queen Elizabeth (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . [15] (#cite_note-Life_Greene-15) Move to Australia [ edit ] Russell began his association with Australia in the late 1940s, when he was invited to show his collection at upmarket Melbourne department store Georges (/wiki/David_Jones_Limited) , with some lines also being produced in Australia under his supervision by the store. [10] (#cite_note-Melbourne_Age_10149-10) The same store then invited him to design a line of coronation gowns, suitable for Australian women to wear for the forthcoming coronation and subsequent royal tour of Australia. [16] (#cite_note-Unstitched_English-16) In July 1953, Russell finalised the sale of his business to Michael Donnellan (/wiki/Michael_Donnellan_(fashion_designer)) in order to relocate to Melbourne. [17] (#cite_note-SMH_0653-17) He was moving from fashion design to a fashion advisory role – working with a clothing firm that made wool and silk fabrics and lingerie. [7] (#cite_note-SMH_31253-7) Russell was in his mid-60s in 1953 and told the Australian press he was looking forward to: "a little time to think and to enjoy life". [8] (#cite_note-Cairns-8) It was also announced he would settle in the suburb of Ivanhoe, Victoria (/wiki/Ivanhoe,_Victoria) in a Spanish style villa where he would be in close proximity to both the mills he was advising and also the Lilydale and Melbourne hunts. [7] (#cite_note-SMH_31253-7) However, after moving out in August, Russell returned to Britain in November, at which point he seems to have retired. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) Russell died in Folkestone (/wiki/Folkestone) in 1966. [4] (#cite_note-vam-4) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-The_Atlantic,_Schwartz_1-0) Schwartz, Benjamin (December 2005). "Passion in Fashion" (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/12/passion-in-fashion/304384/) . The Atlantic . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-SMH_2-0) staff (16 August 1953). " (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19530816&id=S_NjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hboDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3214,2412336) "New Look" for men" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19530816&id=S_NjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hboDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3214,2412336) . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ a b Brice, Jonathan. "Peter Russell" (http://sheepandchick.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=Peter+Russell) . sheepandchick.blogspot.co.uk . Shopping, August 1948, reproduced Sheep and Chick blogspot . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ehrman, Edwina; de la Haye, Amy, eds. (2015). London Couture 1923-1975: British Luxury . London: V & A Publishing. p. 315. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781851778508 . ^ a b staff (20 January 1952). "Women behind 'big ten' London designers" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19520120&id=1KITAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SK8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7259,2341354) . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ a b c d e Pick, Michael (1 February 1999). "Obituary: Michael Sherard" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-michael-sherard-1067998.html) . The Independent . Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-michael-sherard-1067998.html) from the original on 2022-05-26 . Retrieved 12 August 2014 . ^ a b c staff (3 December 1953). "Peter Russell to be fashion adviser here" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18399418) . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ a b c staff (12 November 1953). "Women's World with Peter Russell" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42822682/3084489?zoomLevel=3) . Cairns Post . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Shopping,_Brice_9-0) Brice, Jonathan. "Peter Russell" (http://sheepandchick.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=Peter+Russell) . sheepandchick.blogspot.co.uk . Shopping, August 1948, reproduced Sheep and Chick blogspot . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ a b staff (10 January 1949). "Silhouettes for autumn" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19490119&id=7bETAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ub0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7212,1178757) . The Age . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Adelaide_70953_11-0) staff (7 September 1953). "Melbourne Letter" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48922897) . The Advertiser . Adelaide, SA . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Great_Fashion_Designers_Polan_12-0) Polan, Brenda; Tredre, Roger (2009). The Great Fashion Designers . Oxford: Berg. p. 73 (https://archive.org/details/greatfashiondesi0000pola/page/73) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781847882288 . ^ (#cite_ref-Utility_Attfield_13-0) Attfield, Judy (1999). Utility Reassessed: The Role of Ethics in the Practice of Design . Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 125. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0719052777 . ^ (#cite_ref-BFI_Maytime_14-0) "Maytime in Mayfair (1949)" (http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/516661/credits.html) . screenonline.org.uk . British Film Institute . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-Life_Greene_15-0) Greene, Milton; staff writer (30 March 1953). "Britain dresses up for the Queen" (https://books.google.com/books?id=CUIEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Peter+Russell+Fashion+Designer+%2B+hunting&pg=PA118) . Life . ^ (#cite_ref-Unstitched_English_16-0) English, Bonnie; Pomazan, Liliana (2010). Australian Fashion Unstitched: the last 60 years . Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780521756495 . ^ (#cite_ref-SMH_0653_17-0) staff (25 June 1953). "Top-flight designer coming to Australia" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18373284/1061373?zoomLevel=3) . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . External links [ edit ] Peter Russell portrait at National Portrait Gallery (http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw82741/Peter-Russell-with-two-fashion-models) Profile and examples of designs, from Sheepandchick blog (http://sheepandchick.blogspot.co.uk/search?q=Peter+Russell) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58f48cc867‐b6v4s Cached time: 20240625071618 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.590 seconds Real time usage: 1.304 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2570/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 34063/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1847/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 68539/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.366/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6349597/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 671.266 1 -total 40.53% 272.093 1 Template:Infobox_fashion_designer 38.87% 260.931 1 Template:Reflist 26.23% 176.047 10 Template:Cite_news 13.44% 90.242 1 Template:Short_description 12.60% 84.592 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 8.11% 54.448 1 Template:Birth_year 7.56% 50.774 16 Template:Main_other 7.27% 48.812 2 Template:Pagetype 6.22% 41.755 1 Template:Wikidata_image Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43564205-0!canonical and timestamp 20240625071618 and revision id 1210096465. 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Submission declined on 21 May 2024 by Jlwoodwa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jlwoodwa) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:Jlwoodwa) ). This submission is not adequately supported by reliable sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:RS) . Reliable sources are required so that information can be verified (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . If you need help with referencing, please see Referencing for beginners (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) and Citing sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources) . This submission's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) —that is, they do not show significant coverage (not just passing mentions) about the subject in published , reliable , secondary sources that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the subject (see the guidelines on the notability of people (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) ). 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22Actress+Aferenni+Richardson%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:Actress_Aferenni_Richardson) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:Actress_Aferenni_Richardson&defaults=y) Declined by Jlwoodwa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jlwoodwa) 2 months ago. Last edited by Jlwoodwa (/wiki/User:Jlwoodwa) 2 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:DesignerWoman77&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. Formerly known as Anna Richardson Aferenni Richardson Started acting professionally in 2009. Aferenni Richardson moved to Los Angeles CA and started working on many different television shows, commercials, and music videos. Aferenni Richardson started landing speaking roles in independent feature films around 2013. Aferenni Richardson worked on independent films such as Jengo Hooper, Flavor of Love, and is currently scheduled to start filming a new independent feature film in 2025 titled “Without Troposphere” a suspense drama. Aferenni Richardson is coming off of hiatus after 10 years of not pursuing acting due to a near death accident that almost took her life in May of 2016. In addition to acting Aferenni Richardson is a prolific designer that is responsible for some of the most sought after clothing design trends in street wear clothing & accessories, high end fashion and more. Aferenni Richardson created the clothing brand Bronze & Bone in 2014 which is a brand she created for as she puts it “For the Rockstar In You.” she also helped create the clothing line FK Valentines Day. A clothing brand specifically created for those of us that can not stand Valentines Day. These lines are officially scheduled to launch officially in 2025. Aferenni Richardson is also a fine arts artist and has creates art for the public and her artwork can be view in different art galleries. References [ edit ] https://m.imdb.com/name/nm5313177/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk (https://m.imdb.com/name/nm5313177/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐774689c5cd‐gksx6 Cached time: 20240722050853 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user] CPU time usage: 0.289 seconds Real time usage: 0.389 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1286/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 85813/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6726/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6502/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.131/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2441698/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 353.467 1 -total 89.87% 317.676 1 Template:AFC_submission 85.51% 302.248 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 83.16% 293.940 1 Template:Ombox 39.26% 138.763 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 38.33% 135.482 4 Template:Hidden 13.31% 47.048 1 Template:Find_sources 8.51% 30.091 1 Template:Columns-list 6.66% 23.528 1 Template:Find_general_sources 6.24% 22.061 4 Template:Hidden_begin Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76975996-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722050853 and revision id 1224876053. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Actress_Aferenni_Richardson&oldid=1224876053 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Actress_Aferenni_Richardson&oldid=1224876053) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : AfC submissions by date/20 May 2024 (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_by_date/20_May_2024) Draft articles on biographies (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_biographies) Draft articles on fashion (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_fashion) AfC submissions on living persons (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_on_living_persons) Hidden categories: AfC submissions declined as lacking reliable third-party sources (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_declined_as_lacking_reliable_third-party_sources) AfC submissions declined as a non-notable biography (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_declined_as_a_non-notable_biography) Declined AfC submissions (/wiki/Category:Declined_AfC_submissions) |
Brazilian artist The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(people)) . Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources (/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources) that are independent (/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources) of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged (/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging) , redirected (/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect) , or deleted (/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy) . Find sources: "Amanda Maciel Antunes" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Amanda+Maciel+Antunes%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Amanda+Maciel+Antunes%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Amanda+Maciel+Antunes%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Amanda+Maciel+Antunes%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Amanda+Maciel+Antunes%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Amanda+Maciel+Antunes%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Amanda Maciel Antunes is an LA based multidisciplinary artist working in painting, costuming, performance, writing, and installation art. She was born and raised in the countryside of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Antunes was born in Sorocaba (/wiki/Sorocaba) , Brazil, and grew up in Salto de Pirapora (/wiki/Salto_de_Pirapora) , São Paulo. After living in São Paulo in the early 2000s, she relocated to the east coast of the United States (/wiki/East_coast_of_the_United_States) , where she launched a career in costume design (/wiki/Costume_design) and founded an arts and culture magazine called Spirited. She has designed costumes for the stage, including for the award-winning production of The Flick with Annie Baker and Hollywood's debut of Possum Carcass, with David Bucci. She has also designed and made costumes for musicians, including Katie Chastain's dress in "Snowshow", directed by Nathan Johnson, and Icelandic artist Kristín Björk Kristjánsdóttir (/w/index.php?title=Krist%C3%ADn_Bj%C3%B6rk_Kristj%C3%A1nsd%C3%B3ttir&action=edit&redlink=1) . [1] (#cite_note-1) [2] (#cite_note-2) Her recent exhibitions include: Solo Exhibit Skeleton Women (LA Artwalk), Midnight Roses (Nous Tous Gallery Chinatown LA), Don Quixote (Montserrat DTLA), Autopsicografia (Moon Huts LA) and she is currently working on two proposed installations and experimental performances in Los Angeles and Reykjavik, respectively. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Cate McQuaid (October 5, 2013). "Amanda Antunes: Collaborating across disciplines" (https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2013/10/05/amanda-antunes-collaborating-across-disciplines/1kNenFukfxZRT43m7WN1vJ/story.html) . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 11, 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Usuaria do tumblr em destaque Amanda Maciel" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140715032741/http://equipebrasil.tumblr.com/post/44056116868/usuaria-do-tumblr-em-destaque-amanda-maciel) . Archived from the original (https://equipebrasil.tumblr.com/post/44056116868/usuaria-do-tumblr-em-destaque-amanda-maciel) on July 15, 2014 . Retrieved March 17, 2015 . This article about a Brazilian artist is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Australian fashion house Flamingo Park Frock Salon in Strand Arcade (/wiki/The_Strand_Arcade) , Sydney, was the fashion label and retail outlet established by the creative partnership of Australian artists and designers Jenny Kee (/wiki/Jenny_Kee) and Linda Jackson (/wiki/Linda_Jackson_(designer)) . [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) After meeting at an art exhibition opening at the Bonython Gallery in Sydney in 1973, they established their fashion empire which consisted of the 'frock salon' and regular performances of the Flamingo Follies [2] (#cite_note-2) fashion parade. The salon operated in the Strand Arcade from 1973 until 1992. Clients were invited to 'step into paradise' and an 'explosion of shape and colour'. [3] (#cite_note-3) The Strand Arcade was home to a number of other fashion and beauty shops and Flamingo Park was seen as the 'go to' fashion store by many international visitors including David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) , Joni Mitchell (/wiki/Joni_Mitchell) , Rudolph Nureyev (/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev) , Monty Python (/wiki/Monty_Python) comic Eric Idle (/wiki/Eric_Idle) and Mick Jagger (/wiki/Mick_Jagger) . Other high-profile customers included Glenda Jackson (/wiki/Glenda_Jackson) , Susannah York (/wiki/Susannah_York) , Cheech and Chong (/wiki/Cheech_%26_Chong) , Robert Hughes (/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)) , Marcia Hines (/wiki/Marcia_Hines) , Kate Fitzpatrick (/wiki/Kate_Fitzpatrick) , Jacki Weaver (/wiki/Jacki_Weaver) and Alida Chase. [4] (#cite_note-4) Kee was recognised for her innovative designs in knitwear, although the actual hand knitting was carried out by Jan Ayres while Jackson mastered patchwork and applique techniques, favouring tafetta (/wiki/Taffeta) , crêpe de Chine , chiffon (/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)) and georgette. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The duo were adamant that they would maintain the quality of the fashions they produced, so prices consistently matched the amount of work that went into creating their unique designs, and there was no franchising or mass production. [5] (#cite_note-:1-5) They were an interesting partnership who loved to travel and gathered together the many exotic influences gathered in their travel. They were described as being 'compatible, yet with totally opposite personalities'. Kee was described as 'extroverted and effervescent', while Jackson was seen as 'quiet and ethereal'. They managed to ignore outside influences in their designs and created something that was seen as being uniquely Australian. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1977 Flamingo Park won an Australian Lyrebird Award in the creative fashion category of 'The Innovators'. [8] (#cite_note-8) The Flamingo Park duo had created a purple silk taffeta fantasy dress. [9] (#cite_note-9) In 2018 Kee and Jackson were made Officers of the Order of Australia (/wiki/Order_of_Australia) for their services to Australia's fashion industry. [ citation needed ] In 2019, the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney staged the Step Into Paradise [1] (#cite_note-:0-1) exhibition of the designs and fashions of Kee and Jackson and within the exhibition recreated the 're-imagined' salon that had been Flamingo Park. [10] (#cite_note-10) References [ edit ] ^ a b Quee, Tracey Sernack-Chee. "Step into Paradise review: from koala jumpers to the Sydney Olympics, Jenny Kee and Linda Jackson defined Australian fashion" (https://theconversation.com/step-into-paradise-review-from-koala-jumpers-to-the-sydney-olympics-jenny-kee-and-linda-jackson-defined-australian-fashion-124985) . The Conversation . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Jones, Glynis (2019-10-14). "How Jenny Kee and Linda Jackson invented Australiana high fashion – in pictures" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2019/oct/15/how-jenny-kee-and-linda-jackson-invented-australiana-high-fashion-in-pictures) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "STRAND ARCADE lives again" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57840482) . Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982) . 1977-10-05. p. 26 . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Vol. 099 No. 5053 (16 Apr 1977)" (https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1541333225) . Trove . Retrieved 2020-08-14 . ^ a b "THE ENGLISH DISCOVER AUSTRALIAN FASHION-AT LAST!" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55456577) . Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982) . 1980-04-02. p. 2 . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Vol. 099 No. 5121 (15 Aug 1978)" (https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1606057918) . Trove . Retrieved 2020-08-14 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "HAD YOU EVER THOUGHT OF WEARING LUNA PARK?" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51772979) . Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982) . 1980-11-05. p. 2 . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "LIFE STYLE" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110855935) . Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995) . 1977-07-21. p. 15 . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "AUSTRALIA HONOUR ITS TOP DESIGNER" (http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55477426) . Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982) . 1977-07-27. p. 14 . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Powerhouse Unveils Jenny Kee and Linda Jackson: Step Into Paradise" (https://maas.museum/media-story/powerhouse-unveils-jenny-kee-and-linda-jackson-step-into-paradise/) . Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2020-08-13 . External links [ edit ] National Gallery of Victoria (https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/8980/) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) : Artists Victoria (https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/8980/) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐gxnc2 Cached time: 20240714010301 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.288 seconds Real time usage: 0.394 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 819/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 20640/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1013/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41505/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.205/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5292829/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 371.290 1 -total 38.81% 144.105 1 Template:Reflist 27.96% 103.799 1 Template:Authority_control 26.88% 99.818 4 Template:Cite_web 20.34% 75.526 1 Template:Short_description 11.68% 43.383 2 Template:Pagetype 11.14% 41.359 1 Template:Citation_needed 9.59% 35.624 1 Template:Fix 6.38% 23.684 2 Template:Category_handler 6.28% 23.315 6 Template:Cite_news Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:64866791-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714010301 and revision id 1108081261. 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Temporary swelling distortion of the forehead Television coordinator La Carmina (/wiki/La_Carmina) between two bagel head recipients Bagel head is a type of body modification (/wiki/Body_modification) pioneered in Canada. [1] (#cite_note-thestar1-1) It is a temporary (6- to 24-hour) swelling distortion of the forehead created by a saline drip and often shaped to resemble a bagel (/wiki/Bagel) or donut (/wiki/Donut) . In 2012, after appearing on a National Geographic (/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)) TV special, this practice became the subject of sensationalism (/wiki/Sensationalism) as news outlets worldwide misleadingly declared it a "Japan trend". [2] (#cite_note-japantimes1-2) Origins [ edit ] The bagel head procedure was first done in Canada by Jerome Abramovitch in 1999 and was taken to Japan in 2007 by Keroppy Maeda. [1] (#cite_note-thestar1-1) [3] (#cite_note-vice1-3) Since that time, he performs it approximately 10 times a year at special occasions such as underground fetish (/wiki/Sexual_fetishism) parties. The procedure involves the subject taking a 300–400 cc (/wiki/Cubic_centimetre) medical-grade (/wiki/Medical-grade) saline injection to the mid-forehead over a period of two hours, which is then often given a depression in the center, leading to the "bagel head" name. According to Maeda, "The body absorbs it over time so by the next morning it just goes back to normal". [2] (#cite_note-japantimes1-2) Sensationalism [ edit ] The procedure was documented in an episode of the National Geographic Channel's Taboo (/wiki/Taboo_(2002_TV_series)) series, arranged and coordinated by TV fixing company La Carmina and the Pirates (/wiki/La_Carmina) . Shortly after, the story was picked up by international media outlets, including HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) , [4] (#cite_note-huffpo1-4) CNN (/wiki/CNN) , [5] (#cite_note-cnn1-5) and Mashable (/wiki/Mashable) , [6] (#cite_note-mash1-6) in stories that spun the process off as a wacky new Japanese trend – when, in the words of La Carmina, "It is not a trend even among the most hardcore body modification types. It's expensive. It takes specialized equipment. Most Japanese people don't even know about it." [2] (#cite_note-japantimes1-2) [7] (#cite_note-7) The story's spread came as a surprise to Japanese media outlets, including Excite News (/wiki/Excite_(web_portal)) , where one reporter declared, "Having never heard of 'bagel head' I was as surprised as anyone to see these pictures of young people. A perfectly cute forehead transformed by a grotesque swelling. It looks quite like a space alien. I shudder to think, but according to news sites all over, this is Japan's latest trend?" [2] (#cite_note-japantimes1-2) The overblown coverage has confused many Japanese – who had not previously seen or heard of the practice outside of international media. [8] (#cite_note-vancouver1-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) Safety concerns [ edit ] Amidst the widespread media coverage were reports of potential health concerns regarding the process. Omar Ibrahimi, a dermatologist with experience performing saline injections during cosmetic procedures, states that using a saline solution that is too concentrated (hypertonic) could lead to extreme dehydration. Additionally, non-sterile saline solution could potentially lead to a bacterial or fungal infection. [10] (#cite_note-10) However, Maeda uses medical-grade saline in his practice. Ibrahimi was additionally concerned that repeated injections could lead to the forehead skin sagging, which Maeda says does not happen no matter how many times it is performed. [1] (#cite_note-thestar1-1) [11] (#cite_note-11) The safety of this procedure was also discussed on an episode of The Doctors (/wiki/The_Doctors_(2008_TV_series)) . [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ a b c De Giorgio, Lorianna (2012-09-16). " (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/10/16/bagel_head_body_modification_has_roots_in_canada.html) 'Bagel head' body modification has roots in Canada" (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/10/16/bagel_head_body_modification_has_roots_in_canada.html) . Toronto Star . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152629/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/10/16/bagel_head_body_modification_has_roots_in_canada.html) from the original on 2015-04-02 . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ a b c d Milner, Rebecca (2012-09-29). "Bagel head trend is a big distortion" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/09/29/lifestyle/bagel-head-trend-is-a-big-distortion/) . The Japan Times . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104041924/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/09/29/lifestyle/bagel-head-trend-is-a-big-distortion/) from the original on 2022-01-04 . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-vice1_3-0) Clifton, Jamie (2011-08-28). "Japanese Bagelheads" (https://www.vice.com/en/article/gqkw34/japanese-bagelheads-wtf) . VICE. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104041925/https://www.vice.com/en/article/gqkw34/japanese-bagelheads-wtf) from the original on 2022-01-04 . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-huffpo1_4-0) Misener, Jessica (2012-09-26). " (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bagel-head-forehead-injections-japan-saline_n_1916188) 'Bagel Head' Saline Forehead Injections: Japan's Hot New Beauty Trend? (VIDEO)" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bagel-head-forehead-injections-japan-saline_n_1916188) . HuffPost. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104041924/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bagel-head-forehead-injections-japan-saline_n_1916188) from the original on 2022-01-04 . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-cnn1_5-0) Cooper, Anderson (2012-09-27). "RidicuList: Bagel heads" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150412034235/http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/27/ridiculist-bagel-heads/) . Anderson Cooper 360 . CNN. Archived from the original (http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/27/ridiculist-bagel-heads/) on 2015-04-12 . Retrieved 2012-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-mash1_6-0) Wills, Amanda (2012-09-27). "Bagel Foreheads Are the Scariest New Trend in Japan" (http://mashable.com/2012/09/27/bagel-heads/) . Mashable.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121101084814/http://mashable.com/2012/09/27/bagel-heads/) from the original on 2012-11-01 . Retrieved 2012-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) La Carmina (2012-10-01). "Bagel Head Trend in Japan? The truth on Japanese Bagelheads forehead inflation, National Geographic Taboo" (https://www.lacarmina.com/blog/2012/10/bagel-head-trend-japan-truth-japanese-bagelheads-website-saline-forehead-inflation-donut-taboo/) . LaCarmina. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240103154549/https://lacarmina.com/blog/2012/10/bagel-head-trend-japan-truth-japanese-bagelheads-website-saline-forehead-inflation-donut-taboo/) from the original on 2024-01-03 . Retrieved 2012-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-vancouver1_8-0) Uechi, Jenny (2012-09-27). "Japanese confused by worldwide 'bagel head' trend" (https://www.vancouverobserver.com/blogs/tmi/japanese-confused-worldwide-bagel-head-trend) . The Vancouver Observer . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121006115404/http://www.vancouverobserver.com/blogs/tmi/japanese-confused-worldwide-bagel-head-trend) from the original on 2012-10-06 . Retrieved 2012-10-17 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Ke Alaka'i - BYU-Hawaii Student News Lab - "Bagel Heads" become Japanese beauty trend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015145317/http://kealakai.byuh.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5308&Itemid=195) . Kealakai.byuh.edu. 2012-10-12. Archived from the original (http://kealakai.byuh.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5308&Itemid=195) on 2012-10-15 . Retrieved 2012-11-10 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Wolchover, Natalie (Sep 28, 2012). "Being A 'Bagel Head' Is All The Rage In Tokyo" (https://www.businessinsider.com/is-the-bagel-head-trend-dangerous-2012-9) . Business Insider. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230327181059/https://www.businessinsider.com/is-the-bagel-head-trend-dangerous-2012-9) from the original on 27 March 2023 . Retrieved 25 February 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "La Carmina: Japanese Bagel Heads: Dangerous? Trendy? Not. (VIDEO)" (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bagel-head-myths_b_2080111) . HuffPost. 2012-11-06. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104041926/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/bagel-head-myths_b_2080111) from the original on 2022-01-04 . Retrieved 2022-01-03 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "The Doctors TV Show - Show Synopsis - Health Dilemmas CAUGHT on TAPE!" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121027140142/http://www.thedoctorstv.com/main/show_synopsis/1178?section=synopsis) . Thedoctorstv.com. Archived from the original (http://www.thedoctorstv.com/main/show_synopsis/1178?section=synopsis) on 2012-10-27 . Retrieved 2012-10-27 . 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Rendering was triggered because: api-parse esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagel_head&oldid=1219672754 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagel_head&oldid=1219672754) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Body modification (/wiki/Category:Body_modification) Body art (/wiki/Category:Body_art) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) |
South African retail clothing group The Foschini Group Company type Public (/wiki/Public_company) Traded as (/wiki/Ticker_symbol) JSE (/wiki/JSE_Limited) : TFG (https://www.jse.co.za/search?keys=TFG&f%5B0%5D=instrument_type%3A853) Industry Retail Founded 1924 Headquarters Parow East (/wiki/Parow,_Cape_Town) , Western Cape (/wiki/Western_Cape) , South Africa Number of locations 2468 across 24 countries Area served Africa, UK, Australia Key people Michael Lewis (/wiki/Michael_Lewis_(businessman)) (chairman) Anthony Thunström ( Chief executive officer (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) ) [1] (#cite_note-1) Revenue R (/wiki/South_African_rand) 34.1 billion [2] (#cite_note-ar-2) Number of employees 29,121 (2019) [2] (#cite_note-ar-2) Subsidiaries (/wiki/Subsidiary) Phase Eight (/wiki/Phase_Eight) Whistles (/wiki/Whistles_(company)) Retail Apparel Group (/wiki/Retail_Apparel_Group) Markham Sportscene Totalsports Foschini Fabiani Hi @home Donna Duesouth Escapes Exact Foschini For Beauty MyTFGworld Archive Store the FIX Jet Coricraft Bash Website www (http://www.tfglimited.co.za) .tfglimited (http://www.tfglimited.co.za) .co (http://www.tfglimited.co.za) .za (http://www.tfglimited.co.za) TFG Limited , also known as The Foschini Group (pronounced as "Voesjienie" in Afrikaans), is a South African JSE (/wiki/Johannesburg_Stock_Exchange) listed retail clothing group, which trades under various brands and has more than 3,000 stores within its portfolio. [3] (#cite_note-MW-3) It is headquartered in Parow East (/wiki/Parow,_Cape_Town) near Cape Town (/wiki/Cape_Town) . In 2015, the company acquired the British apparel chain Phase Eight (/wiki/Phase_Eight) [4] (#cite_note-4) [5] (#cite_note-theguardian-5) from TowerBrook Capital Partners (/wiki/TowerBrook_Capital_Partners) , then valued at £300 million. [6] (#cite_note-6) In March 2016, TFG acquired the British chain Whistles (/wiki/Whistles_(company)) with its 46 retail shops. [5] (#cite_note-theguardian-5) In 2017, the company acquired Australian retail company Retail Apparel Group (/wiki/Retail_Apparel_Group) from Navis Capital Partners. [7] (#cite_note-7) In March 2020, TFG announced that, during the on-going COVID-19 pandemic (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa) , the company would cease to pay rents for its retail locations during the resultant lockdowns in South Africa (/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#section_South_Africa) . [3] (#cite_note-MW-3) [8] (#cite_note-BCSA-8) During the course of 2020, TFG acquired the chain of Jet stores from a failing Edcon (/wiki/Edcon) , further expanding their footprint as a retail conglomerate. On 5 October 2021, it was reported that TymeBank (/wiki/TymeBank) would open approximately 600 banking service kiosks in TFG retail outlets in 2022. [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Through a series of investments, TFG has increased its manufacturing capacity in South Africa. By November 2021, it was producing almost three quarters of its apparel locally. [11] (#cite_note-11) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "TFG CFO Anthony Thunström now CEO" (https://cfo.co.za/article/tfg-cfo-anthony-thunstrom-now-ceo) . CFO South Africa . 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 March 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Annual Report 2019" (https://tfglimited.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Integrated-Annual-Report-2019.pdf) (PDF) . Retrieved 22 June 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Naidoo, Lauren (30 March 2020). "TFG insists it won't pay April rent due to lockdown" (https://www.moneyweb.co.za/news/companies-and-deals/tfg-insists-it-wont-pay-april-rent-due-to-lockdown/) . moneyweb.com . Retrieved 6 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Roberts, Lauretta (7 March 2016). "Jigsaw and Whistles "in sale talks" (http://www.theindustrylondon.com/jigsaw-and-whistles-in-sale-talks/) " (http://www.theindustrylondon.com/jigsaw-and-whistles-in-sale-talks/) . The Industry . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b Farrell, Sean; Butler, Sarah (24 March 2016). "Whistles bought by South Africa's Foschini Group | Business | The Guardian" (https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/mar/24/whistles-bought-by-south-africas-foschini-group) . The Guardian . theguardian.com . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Armstrong, Ashley (15 January 2015). "Phase Eight sold to South African retailer Phase Eight sold for £238m" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11349347/Phase-Eight-sold-to-South-African-retailer.html) . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "The Foschini Group snaps up IPO hopeful RAG for $302m" (https://www.afr.com/companies/retail/the-foschini-groups-snaps-up-ipo-hopeful-rag-for-302m-20170525-gwd5oj) . Australian Financial Review . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-BCSA_8-0) Mahlangu, Kagiso (7 May 2020). "Big standoff between retailers and landlords looms" (https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/567/203655.html) . bizcommunity.com . Retrieved 6 June 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Theunissen, Garth (5 October 2021). "TymeBank to roll out 600 kiosks at TFG stores" (https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/financial-services/2021-10-05-tymebank-to-roll-out-600-kiosks-at-tfg-stores/) . BusinessLIVE . Retrieved 4 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Theunissen, Garth (5 October 2021). "TymeBank to roll out 600 kiosks at TFG stores" (http://www.ornico.co.za/editorialstream/OwnMediaAttachments/2021_10_06_5182019.pdf) (PDF) . BusinessLIVE . Retrieved 4 November 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Shevel, Adele (18 November 2021). "TFG's mission to buy local, and make local" (https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/money-and-investing/2021-11-18-tfgs-mission-to-buy-local-and-make-local/) . BusinessLIVE . Retrieved 22 November 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.tfg.co.za/home) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐hf7b2 Cached time: 20240715020312 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.263 seconds Real time usage: 0.348 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1998/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 35871/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3723/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 43538/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.153/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6326889/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 325.879 1 -total 39.88% 129.973 1 Template:Reflist 33.37% 108.730 1 Template:Infobox_company 30.55% 99.546 1 Template:Infobox 29.77% 97.013 8 Template:Cite_web 19.26% 62.772 1 Template:Short_description 10.41% 33.915 2 Template:Pagetype 6.12% 19.946 9 Template:Main_other 5.24% 17.081 1 Template:SDcat 4.48% 14.585 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:49930405-0!canonical and timestamp 20240715020312 and revision id 1226464799. 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Orlebar Brown Industry Fashion Founded 2007 Founder Adam Brown and Julia Simpson-Orlebar Headquarters UK, London Products Clothing Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Chanel (/wiki/Chanel) Website www (https://www.orlebarbrown.com) .orlebarbrown (https://www.orlebarbrown.com) .com (https://www.orlebarbrown.com) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement (/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion) . Please help improve it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlebar_Brown&action=edit) by removing promotional content (/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam) and inappropriate external links (/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest) , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( July 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Orlebar Brown is a British clothing (/wiki/Clothing) brand specializing in tailored men's swim shorts. The company was founded by photographer Adam Brown in March 2007. Orlebar Brown is directed by Brown and CEO (/wiki/Chief_executive_officer) Paul Donoghue. It is based in West London (/wiki/West_London) and employs over 50 people. Products [ edit ] Orlebar Brown specializes in men's swim shorts based on the 17-piece pattern of a pair of traditional men's suit trousers. They feature a four-part shaped waistband, zip fly closure and side fasteners. [1] (#cite_note-EQ-1) The Italian zippers on the fly and the back pocket are applied by hand, although the pocket itself and darts are machine applied. [1] (#cite_note-EQ-1) While Orlebar Brown is best known for its swimwear, 55 percent of the company's sales are from its other products [2] (#cite_note-splash-2) with the company offering a selection of rash guards (/wiki/Rash_guards) , shorts (/wiki/Shorts) , polo shirts, long and short sleeve shirts, jumpers, sweatshirts and waterproof shoes. [3] (#cite_note-3) In 2018, Orlebar Brown introduced Summer Sport, a capsule collection featuring technical fabrics, designed to equip customers for summer activities such as beach volleyball and surfing. The campaign was fronted by Jeremy Jauncey, founder of Beautiful Destinations. The company has an app, #SnapShorts, which allows customers to design their own swim shorts by uploading a photograph. Their design can be made into a bespoke pair of shorts or shared on social media. [4] (#cite_note-telegraph2015-4) History [ edit ] In summer 2006, Adam Brown had the idea for Orlebar Brown on holiday in India and decided to partner with an old acquaintance, Julia Simpson-Orlebar, to launch the brand. [5] (#cite_note-TS-5) The Orlebar Brown website (/wiki/Website) officially launched in March 2007, selling to 105 countries. [1] (#cite_note-EQ-1) [6] (#cite_note-Piper-6) Julia Simpson-Orlebar left the business amicably in 2008, but she remains a shareholder. [5] (#cite_note-TS-5) In 2011, the Orlebar Brown US website was launched, expanding their horizons internationally. Today, 30 percent of their business comes from the US. [2] (#cite_note-splash-2) In August 2013, Orlebar Brown raised £8 million (US$12.4 million) from private-equity firm Piper, in exchange for a minority stake [7] (#cite_note-BOF-7) and appointed Paul Donoghue as global commercial director. [8] (#cite_note-8) In 2014, the business made £12m, up from £7m the year before. [1] (#cite_note-EQ-1) The brand expects to reach £20 million (about US$28.8 million) in revenue in 2016. [7] (#cite_note-BOF-7) In September 2018, it was announced that Chanel had acquired the company with Adam Brown retaining his role as creative director. [9] (#cite_note-9) Online and offline presence [ edit ] Physical shops [ edit ] Orlebar Brown opened their first shop on Ledbury Road in Notting Hill (/wiki/Notting_Hill) , London in 2011. [10] (#cite_note-10) They now have shops in Notting Hill, Mayfair, Canary Wharf, [11] (#cite_note-FU-11) Wimbledon, Sloane Avenue (/wiki/Sloane_Avenue) , Harrods and Bicester Village. [12] (#cite_note-CO-12) Orlebar Brown also has a physical international presence with shops in Cannes (/wiki/Cannes) and St Tropez (/wiki/St_Tropez) in France (/wiki/France) , Mykonos (/wiki/Mykonos) in Greece (/wiki/Greece) , Soho (/wiki/Soho) and East Hampton (/wiki/East_Hampton_(town),_New_York) [13] (#cite_note-13) in New York City (/wiki/New_York_City) , Miami (/wiki/Miami) and Palm Beach (/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida) , Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) , Noosa (/wiki/Noosa) , Bondi Beach (/wiki/Bondi_Beach) and Brisbane (/wiki/Brisbane) in Australia (/wiki/Australia) , Kuwait (/wiki/Kuwait) and Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) . As well as multiple physical shops [14] (#cite_note-14) and an online presence, Orlebar Brown also has over 300 wholesale accounts, including Selfridges, Bergdorf Goodman (/wiki/Bergdorf_Goodman) and Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) [1] (#cite_note-EQ-1) and franchises around the world [7] (#cite_note-BOF-7) Infrastructure [ edit ] Orlebar Brown's headquarters and offices are located in West London. In 2013, they appointed Torque, a logistics company, to manage all of their European distribution. [15] (#cite_note-BI-15) Orlebar Brown operates a 550,000 square feet distribution center in Wortley, Leeds (/wiki/Wortley,_Leeds) . [15] (#cite_note-BI-15) Orlebar Brown's swim shorts are made in Portugal by the factory Petratex, where they pass through a minimum of 12-stage manufacturing process. [1] (#cite_note-EQ-1) Celebrity endorsement and collaborations [ edit ] Daniel Craig (/wiki/Daniel_Craig) wore Orlebar Brown sky blue 'Setter' shorts in the role of James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) in the 2012 film Skyfall (/wiki/Skyfall) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) Various celebrities have been seen wearing Orlebar Brown swim shorts, including Jay-Z (/wiki/Jay-Z) , Hugh Jackman (/wiki/Hugh_Jackman) , Sir Paul McCartney, David Gandy (/wiki/David_Gandy) , [4] (#cite_note-telegraph2015-4) Cristiano Ronaldo (/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo) , Johannes Huebl and Gary Lineker (/wiki/Gary_Lineker) [18] (#cite_note-18) In March 2018, Orlebar Brown collaborated with Australian Formula 1 (/wiki/Formula_1) racing driver Daniel Ricciardo (/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo) for a collection of limited-edition swim shorts. [19] (#cite_note-19) In July 2018, Orlebar Brown partnered with EON Productions (/wiki/EON_Productions) for an exclusive collection of four swim shorts using iconic poster art from the James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) films Dr. No (/wiki/Dr._No_(film)) , Thunderball (/wiki/Thunderball_(film)) , You Only Live Twice (/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)) and Live And Let Die (/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)) . [20] (#cite_note-20) [21] (#cite_note-21) In June 2024, Orlebar Brown collaborated with La Double J for a summer collection consisting of "34 genderless—a first for both luxury brands—pieces." [22] (#cite_note-22) References [ edit ] ^ a b c d e f Luke Leitch (25 April 2015) Inside The Luxury Swim Shorts Boom (http://www.esquire.co.uk/style/news/a8215/splashing-out-the-luxury-swim-shorts-boom) , Esquire . Retrieved 2016-10-24. ^ a b "Making a splash: Orlebar Brown founder talks bagginess, Stateside growth and being laughed at" (http://www.cityam.com/221926/making-splash) . CityAM . 9 August 2015 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Verano deportivo y con estilo" (http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/after-office/verano-deportivo-y-con-estilo.html) . www.elfinanciero.com.mx . 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ a b Stephen Doig (16 May 2015) Summer's best swim trunks (https://web.archive.org/web/20150526200124/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/mens-style/71552/best-mens-swim-trunks.html) , The Telegraph . Retrieved 2016-10-24. ^ a b Orlebar Brown: Forget board shorts — here is swimwear to make a real splash (https://www.standard.co.uk/business/markets/orlebar-brown-forget-board-shorts-here-is-swimwear-to-make-a-real-splash-9056025.html) , Evening Standard , 13 January 2014. Retrieved 2016-10-24. ^ (#cite_ref-Piper_6-0) "News: Piper Invests £8M in Orlebar Brown" (http://www.piper.co.uk/news/piper-invests-8m-in-fast-growing-luxury-menswear-brand-orlebar-brown) . Piper.co.uk . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130825064306/http://www.piper.co.uk/news/piper-invests-8m-in-fast-growing-luxury-menswear-brand-orlebar-brown) from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ a b c Why Orlebar Brown Turned to Franchising (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/orlebar-brown-expands-franchising) , The Business of Fashion , 2016 ^ (#cite_ref-8) Orlebar Brown seeks overseas expansion (http://www.drapersonline.com/news/orlebar-brown-seeks-overseas-expansion/5050962.fullarticle) , Drapers Online , 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-9) Chanel Acquires Orlebar Brown (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/chanel-acquires-orlebar-brown) , The Business of Fashion , 2018 ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Orlebar Brown to open London flagship store" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/orlebar-brown-to-open-london-flagship-store-2012040914485) . Fashion United . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120626212158/https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/orlebar-brown-to-open-london-flagship-store-2012040914485) from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-FU_11-0) "Orlebar Brown opens biggest UK store" (https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/design/orlebar-brown-opens-biggest-uk-store-2013103018882) . Fashion United . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131229044343/https://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/design/orlebar-brown-opens-biggest-uk-store-2013103018882) from the original on 29 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-CO_12-0) "Bicester Village unveils 30 new retail units" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/bicester-village-unveils-30-new-retail-units/7026623.article) . Drapers (/wiki/Drapers_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Where to Find Heidi Klein's Fashions and Orlebar Brown's Swim Shorts" (http://hamptons-magazine.com/heidi-klein-and-orlebar-brown-open-in-hamptons) . Hamptons (/wiki/Hamptons_(magazine)) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160810102912/http://hamptons-magazine.com/heidi-klein-and-orlebar-brown-open-in-hamptons) from the original on 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Popping up everywhere (https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21670044-amid-great-migration-online-few-e-retailers-open-real-world-outposts-popping-up-everywhere) , The Economist , 2015 ^ a b Torque wins European distribution deal with Orlebar Brown (http://www.thebusinessdesk.com/yorkshire/news/513730-torque-wins-european-distribution-deal-with-orlebar-brown.html) , The Business Desk , 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-16) Orlebar Brown stirred by 007 effect (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/businessclub/sales/10856744/Orlebar-Brown-stirred-by-007-effect.html) , The Telegraph , 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-17) Baker, Lindsay (6 November 2013). "Online retailers move into High Streets" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24728406) . BBC News . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) The swimwear designer on surfers and Savile Row (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324787004578494800224961378) , The Wall Street Journal , 2013 ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Daniel Ricciardo Has Dropped A New Line Of Swim Shorts With Orlebar Brown" (https://www.gq.com.au/style/news/daniel-ricciardo-has-dropped-a-new-line-of-swim-shorts-with-orlebar-brown/image-gallery/8bdaddab0ebf5e2e4e7dbdc3fc655ec3) . gq.com.au . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180502213544/https://www.gq.com.au/style/news/daniel-ricciardo-has-dropped-a-new-line-of-swim-shorts-with-orlebar-brown/image-gallery/8bdaddab0ebf5e2e4e7dbdc3fc655ec3) from the original on 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) James Bond Swim Shorts: Orlebar Brown collaboration unveiled (http://www.007.com/james-bond-swim-shorts/) ^ (#cite_ref-21) "Orlebar Brown Just Turned Your Favorite James Bond Movies Into Swim Trunks" (https://www.esquire.com/style/mens-fashion/a22038038/orlebar-brown-james-bond-bulldog-swim-trunks/) . Esquire (/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)) . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Shatzman, Celia. "Orlebar Brown And La DoubleJ Team Up On A Genderless Summer Fashion Collection" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/celiashatzman/2024/06/04/orlebar-brown-and-la-doublej-team-up-on-a-genderless-summer-fashion-collection/) . Forbes . Retrieved 2024-07-06 . External links [ edit ] Official website (https://www.orlebarbrown.com) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6457fbf49b‐jmpb4 Cached time: 20240708075947 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.312 seconds Real time usage: 0.386 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1677/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29996/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 777/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 51383/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.192/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5572374/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 343.024 1 -total 44.10% 151.280 1 Template:Reflist 33.44% 114.721 1 Template:Infobox_company 30.61% 105.013 1 Template:Infobox 29.96% 102.755 5 Template:Cite_web 16.26% 55.762 1 Template:Advert 14.59% 50.055 1 Template:Ambox 7.55% 25.884 6 Template:Cite_news 3.09% 10.594 1 Template:Url 2.86% 9.810 1 Template:Comma_separated_entries Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:50334463-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708075947 and revision id 1233282863. 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Red Versace dress of Cindy Crawford Designer Versace (/wiki/Versace) Year 1991 ( 1991 ) Type Red plunge dress The red Versace dress of Cindy Crawford is the red plunge Versace (/wiki/Versace) dress worn by Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) at the 63rd Academy Awards (/wiki/63rd_Academy_Awards) on March 25, 1991. The dress worn by the model and designed by Versace was a long evening dress in red, with straps and plunging neckline. [1] (#cite_note-Gross1995-1) The model, accompanied by her boyfriend of the time, the actor Richard Gere (/wiki/Richard_Gere) , presented the Oscar for Best Set Design along with Susan Sarandon (/wiki/Susan_Sarandon) . [2] (#cite_note-2) The Oscar red carpet of 1991 represents the first official occasion where Gere and Crawford were shown together as a couple. Reception [ edit ] The dress had a major influence on fashion, and many copies and fakes of the dress were produced. [3] (#cite_note-3) The dress and the fame which Crawford generated also raised the profile of Gere at the time. [1] (#cite_note-Gross1995-1) Variety (/wiki/Variety_(magazine)) 's Complete Book of Oscar Fashion said "Cindy Crawford lives up to the term "supermodel" in this chili-pepper hot Versace gown. She and handsome hubby-to-be Richard Gere could have been the hottest couple at the awards show." [4] (#cite_note-Chace2003-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) In a poll by Debenhams (/wiki/Debenhams) published in The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) the dress was voted the 12th greatest red carpet gown of all time. [6] (#cite_note-Telegraph08-6) Another survey conducted in 2010 by the site offerssupermarket.co.uk positioned the dress of Crawford in tenth place of the most memorable clothing of the last fifty years, chosen by 44% of voters. [7] (#cite_note-7) The online magazine News & Celebrity Style Now put the red Versace gown among the ten best ever appeared on the red carpet at the Oscars. See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] ^ a b Gross, Michael (May 1995). Model: the ugly business of beautiful women . W. Morrow. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-688-12659-9 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Style File - Cindy Crawford" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/celebrity-photos/090902-style-file--cindy-crawford/gallery/galleryimage.aspx?adTag=PeopleAndParties_Article&gid=1025&source=ILGallery&imageno=5) . Vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Un' epoca nel segno di Versace" (http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1992/novembre/06/epoca_nel_segno_Versace_co_0_9211067246.shtml) . Corriere della Sera . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-Chace2003_4-0) Chace, Reeve (October 2003). The Complete Book of Oscar Fashion: Variety's 75 Years of Glamour on the Red Carpet . Reed Press. p. 141. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-59429-001-5 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Alex, Paul. "rapstylecheck" (https://rapstylecheck.com) . ^ (#cite_ref-Telegraph08_6-0) Urmee Khan (9 October 2008). "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . London . Retrieved 24 May 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Alexander, Hilary (19 May 2010). "Online poll announces the top ten most iconic dresses of the past fifty years" (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG7740201/Online-poll-announces-the-top-ten-most-iconic-dresses-of-the-past-fifty-years.html) . The Telegraph (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) . London . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . v t e Notable red carpet outfits (/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion) 1950s White floral Givenchy dress (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) ( Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn) , 1954) 1990s Red Versace dress ( Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Cindy_Crawford) , 1991) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Elizabeth_Hurley) ( Elizabeth Hurley (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hurley) , 1994) Lavender Prada dress (/wiki/Lavender_Prada_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 1995) American Express Gold card dress (/wiki/American_Express_Gold_card_dress_of_Lizzy_Gardiner) ( Lizzy Gardiner (/wiki/Lizzy_Gardiner) , 1995) Chartreuse Dior dress (/wiki/Chartreuse_Dior_dress_of_Nicole_Kidman) ( Nicole Kidman (/wiki/Nicole_Kidman) , 1997) Pink Ralph Lauren dress (/wiki/Pink_Ralph_Lauren_dress_of_Gwyneth_Paltrow) ( Gwyneth Paltrow (/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow) , 1999) 2000s Early Green Versace dress (/wiki/Green_Versace_dress_of_Jennifer_Lopez) ( Jennifer Lopez (/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez) , 2000) Crimson Alberta Ferretti dress (/wiki/Crimson_Alberta_Ferretti_dress_of_Uma_Thurman) ( Uma Thurman (/wiki/Uma_Thurman) , 2000) Black and white Valentino dress (/wiki/Black_and_white_Valentino_dress_of_Julia_Roberts) ( Julia Roberts (/wiki/Julia_Roberts) , 2001) Swan dress (/wiki/Swan_dress) ( Björk (/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk) , 2001) Elie Saab net dress (/wiki/Elie_Saab_net_dress_of_Halle_Berry) ( Halle Berry (/wiki/Halle_Berry) , 2002) Red Ben de Lisi dress (/wiki/Red_Ben_de_Lisi_dress_of_Kate_Winslet) ( Kate Winslet (/wiki/Kate_Winslet) , 2002) Red Tarvydas dress (/wiki/Red_Tarvydas_dress_of_Rebecca_Twigley) ( Rebecca Twigley (/wiki/Rebecca_Judd) , 2004) White Marc Bouwer dress (/wiki/White_Marc_Bouwer_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2004) Late Navy blue Guy Laroche dress (/wiki/Navy_blue_Guy_Laroche_dress_of_Hilary_Swank) ( Hilary Swank (/wiki/Hilary_Swank) , 2005) Yellow Valentino dress (/wiki/Yellow_Valentino_dress_of_Cate_Blanchett) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2005) Plum Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Plum_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Keira_Knightley) ( Keira Knightley (/wiki/Keira_Knightley) , 2006) Saffron Vera Wang dress (/wiki/Saffron_Vera_Wang_dress_of_Michelle_Williams) ( Michelle Williams (/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(actress)) , 2006) Pink feathered Versace dress (/wiki/Pink_feathered_Versace_dress_of_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) ( Penélope Cruz (/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz) , 2007) Swarovski crystal mesh Armani dress (/wiki/Swarovski_crystal_mesh_Armani_Priv%C3%A9_gown) ( Cate Blanchett (/wiki/Cate_Blanchett) , 2007) Ivory Jean Paul Gaultier dress (/wiki/Ivory_Jean_Paul_Gaultier_dress_of_Marion_Cotillard) ( Marion Cotillard (/wiki/Marion_Cotillard) , 2008) 2010s Meat dress (/wiki/Meat_dress_of_Lady_Gaga) ( Lady Gaga (/wiki/Lady_Gaga) , 2010) Black Versace dress (/wiki/Black_Versace_dress_of_Angelina_Jolie) ( Angelina Jolie (/wiki/Angelina_Jolie) , 2012) Blue Prada dress (/wiki/Blue_Prada_dress_of_Lupita_Nyong%27o) ( Lupita Nyong'o (/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o) , 2014) Black Christian Siriano tuxedo gown (/wiki/Black_Christian_Siriano_gown_of_Billy_Porter) ( Billy Porter (/wiki/Billy_Porter_(actor)) , 2019) 2020s Autograph suit (/wiki/Autograph_suit_of_Sandy_Powell) ( Sandy Powell (/wiki/Sandy_Powell_(costume_designer)) , 2020) Other notable dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) Category (/wiki/Category:Outfits_worn_at_the_Academy_Awards_ceremonies) This clothing (/wiki/Clothing) -related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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(Redirected from Cool Pose (/w/index.php?title=Cool_Pose&redirect=no) ) Attitude, behavior, appearance, or style which is generally admired "Coolness" redirects here. For the reciprocal of temperature, see thermodynamic beta (/wiki/Thermodynamic_beta) . Look up cool (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cool) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Coolness , or being cool , is an aesthetic (/wiki/Aesthetics) of attitude (/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)) , behavior, comportment, appearance, and style that is generally admired. Because of the varied and changing interpretation of what is considered cool , as well as its subjective nature, the word has no single meaning. For most, coolness is associated with exemplifying composure and self-control (/wiki/Self-control) . [1] (#cite_note-1) When used in conversation, it is often as an expression of admiration (/wiki/Admiration) or approval, and can be used when referencing both people and items of interest. Although commonly regarded as slang (/wiki/Slang) , cool is widely used among disparate social groups and has endured in usage for generations. Overview A timeline of cool , adapted from Dick Pountain and David Robins, Cool Rules: Anatomy of an Attitude There is no objective expression of coolness, as it varies wildly within cultures, ideologies, interests, and individuals. One consistent aspect, however, is that being cool is widely seen as desirable. [2] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Although there is no single concept nor objective manifestation or expression of coolness, coolness as a trait can be considered from a few different angles. As a behavioral characteristic The sum and substance of coolness is a self-conscious (/wiki/Self-consciousness) confidence in overall behavior, which entails a set of specific behavioral (/wiki/Behavior) characteristics that is firmly anchored in symbology (/wiki/Symbol) , a set of discernible bodily movements (/wiki/Body_language) , postures (/wiki/Posture_(psychology)) , facial expressions (/wiki/Facial_expression) , and voice (/wiki/Human_voice) modulations that are acquired and take on strategic social value within certain contexts. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) Cool was once an attitude fostered by rebels and underdogs (/wiki/Underdog) —such as slaves, prisoners, bikers (/wiki/Motorcycle_club) , political dissidents, etc.—for whom open rebellion invited punishment, so they hid defiance behind a wall of ironic (/wiki/Irony) detachment, distancing that defiance from the source of authority rather than directly confronting it. [5] (#cite_note-5) In general, coolness is a trait based on the inference that a cultural object (e.g., a person or brand) is autonomous (/wiki/Autonomy) ; that is, the person or brand is not constrained by the norms (/wiki/Social_norm) , expectations, or beliefs of others. [2] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-2) As a state of being Cool is also used for describing a general state of calmness and well-being, or similarly, a transcendent, internal state of peace and serenity. [6] (#cite_note-Aesthetic-6) It can also refer to an absence of conflict, a state of harmony and balance, as in "the land is cool," or as in a "cool [spiritual] heart." Such meanings, according to Thompson, are African in origin. Cool is related in this sense to both social control and transcendental balance. [6] (#cite_note-Aesthetic-6) Cool can similarly be used to describe composure and an absence of excitement or agitation in a person, especially in times of stress (as expressed in the idiom (/wiki/Idiom) keep one's cool ). The word can also express agreement or consent, as in the phrase, "I'm cool with that." As an ideal The word cool may refer to an attitude widely adopted by artists and intellectuals, who aided its insertion into popular culture (/wiki/Popular_culture) . This concept was idealized by teenagers, became sought by product marketing (/wiki/Product_marketing) firms, and has even been used as a shield against racial oppression or political persecution, seen by many as a source of constant cultural information. To many, being cool has become a global phenomenon. [7] (#cite_note-coolhunt-7) Concepts of coolness have existed for centuries in several cultures. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) As fashion A Bengali (/wiki/Bengalis) man sporting sunglasses, which fit the concept of cool in fashion. In terms of fashion, the concept of cool has transformed from the 1960s to the 1990s by becoming integrated in the dominant fabric of fashion culture. America's mass production of "ready-to-wear" fashion in the 1940s (/wiki/1940s) and 1950s (/wiki/1950s) established specific conventional outfits as markers of one's unchanging social role in society. Subcultures such as hippies (/wiki/Hippie) felt repressed by the dominating conservative and conformist ideology of the 1940s and 1950s and rebelled. According to Dick Pountain's definition of cool , hippies' fashionable dress can be seen as cool because of its prominent deviation from the standard uniformity and mass production of clothing created by the "totalitarian" system of fashion. [9] (#cite_note-Pountain_2000-9) Hippie-inspired fashion included various styles featuring bold colors, such as the "Trippy Hippie," the "Fantasy Hippie," the "Retro Hippie", the "Ethnic Hippie", and the "Craft Hippie". [10] (#cite_note-10) Additionally, according to strain theory (/wiki/Strain_theory_(sociology)) , the hand production of hippie fashion made their clothing cool all on its own. Handmade clothing passively rebelled against consumerism (/wiki/Consumerism) by allowing hippies to reject that lifestyle, which in turn made them cool . As a result of their disengagement with the establishment, the scope of self-critique was limited because their "mask" filtered negative thoughts of worthlessness, fostering the opportunity for self-worth (/wiki/Self-esteem) . [9] (#cite_note-Pountain_2000-9) Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the 21st century, the concept of dressing cool left the minority and entered the mainstream, making it a dominant ideology. Cool entered the mainstream as the hippie rebels of the late 1960s became the senior executives of business sectors, such as the fashion industry. Since they grew up with cool and maintained the same values, they knew its rules and thus knew how to accurately market and produce such clothing. [9] (#cite_note-Pountain_2000-9) However, once cool became the dominant ideology in the 21st century, its definition changed to not one of rebellion but of one attempting to hide their insecurities in a confident manner. The grunge fashion (/wiki/Grunge_fashion) style of the 1990s and 21st century allowed people who felt financially insecure about their lifestyle to pretend to "fit in" by wearing a unique piece of clothing, but one that was polished. For example, unlike the hippie style that clearly diverges from the norm, through Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) ' combined "fashion-grunge" style of "a little preppie (/wiki/Preppy) , a little grunge and a little couture", he produces not only a bold statement, but one that is mysterious and awkward, creating an ambiguous perception of what the wearer's internal feelings are. [11] (#cite_note-11) As an epithet While slang terms are usually short-lived coinages and figures of speech, cool is an especially ubiquitous slang word, most notably among young people. As well as being understood throughout the English-speaking world, the word has even entered the vocabulary of several languages outside English, and several languages have their own words for the concept. In this sense, cool is used as a general positive epithet (/wiki/Epithet) or interjection, which can have a range of related adjectival meanings (/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)) . Regions One of the essential characteristics of cool is its mutability—what is considered cool changes over time and varies among cultures and generations. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) Africa and the African diaspora Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_Culture) bronze head sculpture from the city of Ife (/wiki/Ife) , Nigeria (/wiki/Nigeria) c. 12th century A.D Author Robert Farris Thompson (/wiki/Robert_Farris_Thompson) , professor of art history (/wiki/History_of_art) at Yale University (/wiki/Yale_University) , suggests that Itutu (/wiki/Itutu) , which he translates as "mystic coolness", [12] (#cite_note-12) is one of three pillars of a religious philosophy created in the 15th century [13] (#cite_note-13) by Yoruba (/wiki/Yoruba_people) and Igbo (/wiki/Igbo_people) civilizations of West Africa. Cool , or Itutu , contained meanings of conciliation and gentleness of character, generosity, grace, and the ability to defuse fights and disputes. It was also associated with physical beauty. In Yoruba culture, Itutu is connected to water. This also gives it a connotation related to temperature. [14] (#cite_note-art-14) Thompson also cites a definition of cool from the Gola (/wiki/Gola_(ethnic_group)) people of Liberia (/wiki/Liberia) , who define it as the ability to be mentally calm or detached, in an otherworldly fashion, from one's circumstances, to be nonchalant in situations where emotionalism or eagerness would be natural and expected. [6] (#cite_note-Aesthetic-6) Joseph M. Murphy writes that cool is also closely associated with the deity Òsun (/wiki/Oshun) of the Yoruba religion (/wiki/Yoruba_religion) . [15] (#cite_note-15) Thompson acknowledges similarities between African and European cool in shared notions of self-control and imperturbability. [14] (#cite_note-art-14) However, he finds the cultural value of cool in Africa, which influenced the African diaspora (/wiki/African_diaspora) , to be different from that held by Europeans, who use the term primarily as the ability to remain calm under stress. According to Thompson, there is significant weight, meaning, and spirituality attached to coolness in traditional African cultures, something which Thompson argues is absent from coolness in the Western context: The telling point is that the "mask" of coolness is worn not only in time of stress, but also of pleasure, in fields of expressive performance and the dance. Struck by the re-occurrence of this vital notion elsewhere in tropical Africa and in the Pan-American (/wiki/Americas) African Diaspora (/wiki/African_Diaspora) , I have come to term the attitude "an aesthetic of the cool" in the sense of a deeply and completely motivated, consciously artistic, interweaving of elements serious and pleasurable, of responsibility and play. [16] (#cite_note-16) African Americans Ronald Perry writes that many words and expressions have passed from African-American Vernacular English (/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English) into Standard English (/wiki/Standard_English) slang, including the contemporary meaning of the word cool . [17] (#cite_note-17) The definition, meaning "something fashionable", is said to have been popularized in jazz (/wiki/Jazz) circles by tenor saxophonist Lester Young (/wiki/Lester_Young) . [18] (#cite_note-18) This predominantly black (/wiki/Black_people) jazz scene in the U.S., as well as expatriate musicians in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , helped popularize notions of cool in the U.S. in the 1940s, giving birth to "Bohemian" or beatnik (/wiki/Beatnik) culture. [7] (#cite_note-coolhunt-7) Shortly thereafter, a style of jazz called cool jazz (/wiki/Cool_jazz) appeared on the music scene, emphasizing a restrained, laid-back solo style. [19] (#cite_note-19) Notions of cool as an expression of inner self in a Taoist (/wiki/Tao) sense, equilibrium, self-possession, and an absence of conflict are commonly understood in African-American contexts well. Expressions such as "Don't blow your cool", or later, "chill out", and the use of "chill" as a general characterization of inner contentment or restful repose, all have their origins in African-American Vernacular English. [20] (#cite_note-20) As Ted Gioia wrote in A History of Cool Jazz in 100 Tracks : When the air in the smoke-filled nightclubs of that era became unbreathable, windows and doors were opened to allow some 'cool air' in from the outside to help clear away the suffocating air. By analogy, the slow and smooth jazz style that was typical for that late-night scene came to be called "cool." [21] (#cite_note-21) He continued, "The goal [of cool jazz] was always the same: to lower the temperature of the music and bring out different qualities in jazz." [22] (#cite_note-22) Marlene Kim Connor connects cool and the post-war African-American experience in her book What is Cool?: Understanding Black Manhood in America . Connor writes that cool is the silent and knowing rejection of racist oppression, a self-dignified expression of masculinity developed by black men that were denied mainstream expressions of manhood. She writes that mainstream perception of cool is narrow and distorted, with coolness often perceived merely as style or arrogance rather than a way to achieve respect. [23] (#cite_note-23) Designer Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) has said that "the history of cool in America is the history of African-American culture (/wiki/African-American_culture) ". [24] (#cite_note-Klein_2000_pg._73-4-24) Among black men in America, coolness, which may have its roots in slavery as an ironic submission and concealed subversion (as in an article by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein (/wiki/Thorsten_Botz-Bornstein) ), [25] (#cite_note-25) is enacted at times in order to create a powerful appearance, a type of performance frequently maintained for the sake of a social audience. [26] (#cite_note-26) Cool pose Malcolm X (/wiki/Malcolm_X) "embodied essential elements of cool". [27] (#cite_note-Cool_Politics-27) Cool , though an amorphous quality—more mystique than material—is a pervasive element in urban black male culture. [27] (#cite_note-Cool_Politics-27) Majors and Billson address what they term the "cool pose" in their study and argue that it helps black men counter stress caused by social oppression, rejection and racism (/wiki/Racism) . They also contend that it furnishes the black male with a sense of control, strength, confidence and stability and helps him deal with the closed doors and negative messages of the "generalized other". They also believe that attaining black manhood is filled with pitfalls of discrimination, negative self-image, guilt, shame, and fear. [28] (#cite_note-28) The "cool pose" may be a factor in discrimination in education, contributing to achievement gaps in test scores (/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States) . In a 2004 study, researchers found that teachers perceived students with African-American culture-related movement styles, referred to as the "cool pose", as lower in achievement, higher in aggression, and more likely to need special education (/wiki/Special_education_in_the_United_States) services than students with standard movement styles, irrespective of race or other academic indicators. [29] (#cite_note-29) The issue of stereotyping and discrimination with respect to the "cool pose" raises complex questions of assimilation (/wiki/Cultural_assimilation) and accommodation of different cultural values. Jason W. Osborne identifies the "cool pose" as one of the factors in black underachievement. [30] (#cite_note-30) Robin D. G. Kelley (/wiki/Robin_Kelley) criticizes calls for assimilation and sublimation of black culture, including the "cool pose". He argues that media and academics have unfairly demonized these aspects of black culture. At the same time, through their sustained fascination with blacks as "exotic" others, appropriated aspects of the "cool pose" into the broader popular culture. [31] (#cite_note-31) George Elliott Clarke (/wiki/George_Elliott_Clarke) writes that Malcolm X (/wiki/Malcolm_X) , like Miles Davis (/wiki/Miles_Davis) , embodies essential elements of coolness. As an icon, Malcolm X inspires a complex mixture of both fear and fascination in broader American culture, much like the "cool pose" itself. [27] (#cite_note-Cool_Politics-27) Bongani Madando considers film icon Sidney Poitier (/wiki/Sidney_Poitier) as one who embodies coolness on-screen. [32] (#cite_note-32) East Asia Further information: Cool Japan (/wiki/Cool_Japan) Prof. Paul Waley (/wiki/Paul_Waley) considers Tokyo one of the world's "capitals of cool". In Japan, synonyms of cool could be iki and sui , referring to traditional aesthetic ideals among commoners that developed in Edo-period (/wiki/Edo_period) Japan. Some tend to immediately connect the aesthetic of coolness in Japan to samurai (/wiki/Samurai) , but this is historically inaccurate. In fact, in many art forms including rakugo (/wiki/Rakugo) , samurai from the countryside were often depicted as the target of ridicule by the average commoner in the civilized Edo period. Some argue that the ethic of the samurai caste (/wiki/Caste) in Japan (/wiki/Japan) and warrior castes in India and East Asia all resemble what it means to be "cool". [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) The samurai-themed works of film director Akira Kurosawa (/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa) are among the most praised of the genre, influencing many filmmakers across the world with his techniques and storytelling. Notable works of his include Seven Samurai (/wiki/Seven_Samurai) , Yojimbo (/wiki/Yojimbo) , and The Hidden Fortress (/wiki/The_Hidden_Fortress) , the last being one of the primary inspirations for George Lucas (/wiki/George_Lucas) 's Star Wars (/wiki/Star_Wars) (which also borrows a number of aspects from the samurai, for example the Jedi Knights (/wiki/Jedi) of the series). Samurai have been presented as cool in many modern Japanese movies such as Samurai Fiction (/wiki/Samurai_Fiction) , Kagemusha (/wiki/Kagemusha) , [33] (#cite_note-33) and Yojimbo . [34] (#cite_note-34) In The Art of War (/wiki/The_Art_of_War) , a Chinese military treatise written during the 6th century BC, general Sun Tzu (/wiki/Sun_Tzu) , a member of the landless Chinese aristocracy, wrote in Chapter XII: Profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely; this will cool the King's courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission. Asian countries have developed a tradition on their own to explore types of modern "cool" or "ambiguous" aesthetics. In a Time Asia (/wiki/Time_Asia) article, "The Birth of Cool", author Hannah Beech (/wiki/Hannah_Beech) describes Asian coolness as "a revolution in taste led by style gurus who are redefining Chinese craftsmanship in everything from architecture and film to clothing and cuisine" and as a modern aesthetic inspired both by Ming (/wiki/Ming_dynasty) -era minimalism and a strenuous attention to detail. [35] (#cite_note-35) Paul Waley (/wiki/Paul_Waley) , professor of Human Geography at the University of Leeds, considers Tokyo (/wiki/Tokyo) , along with New York (/wiki/New_York_City) , London (/wiki/London) , and Paris (/wiki/Paris) , to be one of the world's "capitals of cool", [36] (#cite_note-36) and The Washington Post (/wiki/The_Washington_Post) 's Anthony Faiola called Tokyo "Japan's Empire of Cool" and Japan "the coolest nation on Earth": Analysts are marveling at the breadth of a recent explosion in cultural exports, and many argue that the international embrace of Japan's pop culture, film, food, style and arts is second only to that of the United States. Business leaders and government officials are now referring to Japan's 'gross national cool' as a new engine for economic growth and societal buoyancy. [37] (#cite_note-37) The term "gross national cool" was coined by journalist Douglas McGray. In a June/July 2002 article in Foreign Policy (/wiki/Foreign_Policy) magazine, [38] (#cite_note-38) he argued that as Japan's economic juggernaut took a wrong turn into a 10-year slump (/wiki/Lost_Decades) , and with military power made impossible by a pacifist constitution, the nation had quietly emerged as a cultural powerhouse: "From pop music (/wiki/J-pop) to consumer electronics (/wiki/Consumer_electronics) , architecture to fashion, and food to art, Japan has far greater cultural influence now than it did in the 1980s, when it was an economic superpower." [39] (#cite_note-39) The notion of Asian "cool" applied to Asian consumer electronics is borrowed from the cultural media theorist Eric McLuhan (/wiki/Eric_McLuhan) , who described "cool" or "cold" media as stimulating participants to complete auditive or visual media content, in sharp contrast to "hot" media that degrades the viewer to a merely passive or non-interactive receiver. Europe Aristocratic and artistic cool Mona Lisa (/wiki/Mona_Lisa) , or La Gioconda (La Joconde), by Leonardo da Vinci (/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci) expresses sprezzatura (/wiki/Sprezzatura) , an "aristocratic cool". [40] (#cite_note-high-40) "Aristocratic cool," known as sprezzatura (/wiki/Sprezzatura) , has existed in Europe for centuries, particularly when relating to frank amorality or illicit pleasures behind closed doors; [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) Raphael's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione (/wiki/Portrait_of_Baldassare_Castiglione) and Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (/wiki/Mona_Lisa) are classic examples of sprezzatura . [40] (#cite_note-high-40) The sprezzatura of the Mona Lisa is seen in both her smile and the positioning of her hands. Both the smile and hands are intended to convey her grandeur, self-confidence, and societal position. [41] (#cite_note-41) Literally translating to "disdain and detachment", sprezzatura is the art of refraining from the appearance of trying to present oneself in a particular way. In reality, of course, tremendous exertion went into pretending not to bother or care. English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (/wiki/William_Shakespeare) used "cool" in several of his works to describe composure and absence of emotion. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) In A Midsummer Night's Dream (/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream) , written around 1595 or 1596, he contrasts the shaping fantasies of lovers and madmen with "cool reason", [42] (#cite_note-42) in Hamlet (/wiki/Hamlet) he wrote "O gentle son, upon the heat and flame of thy distemper, sprinkle cool patience", [43] (#cite_note-43) and the antagonist Iago in Othello (/wiki/Othello) is musing about "reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts." [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) [44] (#cite_note-44) The cool "Anatolian smile" of Turkey (/wiki/Turkey) is used to mask emotions. A similar "mask" of coolness is worn in both times of stress and pleasure in American and African communities. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) In The Diary of a Nobody (/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Nobody) , coolness is used as a criticism: "Upon my word, Gowing's coolness surpasses all belief." European inter-war cool The key themes of modern European coolness were forged by avant-garde artists who achieved prominence in the aftermath of the First World War, most notably Dadaists (/wiki/Dada) , such as key Dada figures Arthur Cravan (/wiki/Arthur_Cravan) and Marcel Duchamp (/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp) , and the left-wing milieu of the Weimar Republic (/wiki/Weimar_Republic) . The goal of such groups was often self-consciously revolutionary, a determination to scandalize the bourgeoisie (/wiki/Bourgeoisie) by mocking their culture, sexuality, and political moderation. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) Bertolt Brecht (/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht) , both a committed Communist and a philandering cynic, stands as the archetype of this inter-war cool. Brecht projected his cool attitude to life onto his most famous character Macheath or "Mackie Messer" (Mack the knife) in The Threepenny Opera (/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera) . Mackie, the nonchalant, smooth-talking gangster who is an expert with a switchblade (/wiki/Switchblade) , personifies the bitter-sweet strain of cool; Puritanism and sentimentality are both anathema to the cool character. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) During the turbulent inter-war years, coolness was a privilege reserved for bohemian milieus like Brecht's. Cool irony and hedonism (/wiki/Hedonism) remained the province of cabaret (/wiki/Cabaret) artistes, ostentatious gangsters, and rich socialites. The luxuries depicted in Evelyn Waugh (/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh) 's Brideshead Revisited (/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited) and Christopher Isherwood (/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood) 's Goodbye to Berlin (/wiki/Goodbye_to_Berlin) traced the outlines of a new cool. Peter Stearns (/wiki/Peter_Stearns) , a professor of history at George Mason University (/wiki/George_Mason_University) , suggests that the seeds of a cool outlook had been sown among this inter-war generation. [45] (#cite_note-45) Post–World War II cool The Second World War brought the populations of Britain, Germany, and France into intimate contact with Americans and their culture. WWII also brought hundreds of thousands of GIs (/wiki/G.I.) , whose relaxed, easy-going manner was seen by young people of the time as embodying liberation. To be cool or hip meant "hanging out", pursuing sexual liaisons, displaying a level of narcissistic (/wiki/Narcissism) self-absorption, and expressing a desire to escape all ideological causes. From the late 1940s onward, this popular culture influenced young people all over the world, to the dismay of the ruling paternalistic elites. The French intelligentsia were outraged, while the British educated classes displayed a haughty indifference that displayed traces of an older aristocratic cool . [46] (#cite_note-46) Eastern European cool What it meant to be "cool" resonated behind the Iron Curtain, where it offered relief from the earnestness of socialist propaganda and socialist realism in art. In the Polish (/wiki/Poland) industrial city Łódź (/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA) , jazz, the "forbidden music", served Polish youth of the 1950s much as it had served its African-American creators, both as personal diversion and subterranean resistance to what they saw as a stultifying official culture. Some clubs featured live jazz performances, and their smoky, sexually charged atmosphere carried a message for which the Puritanical values and monumental art of Marxist officialdom were an ideal foil. [47] (#cite_note-47) Arriving in Poland via France, America, and England, Polish coolness stimulated the film talents of a generation of artists, including Andrzej Wajda (/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda) , Roman Polanski (/wiki/Roman_Polanski) , and other graduates of the National Film School in Łódź (/wiki/National_Film_School_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA) , as well as the novelist Jerzy Kosinski (/wiki/Jerzy_Kosinski) , in whose clinical prose cool tends towards the sadistic. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) In Prague (/wiki/Prague) , the capital of Bohemia, cool flourished in the faded Art Deco (/wiki/Art_Deco) splendor of the Café Slavia (/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Slavia) , which was part of the dissident underground called itself the "Jazz Section", following the crushing of the Prague Spring (/wiki/Prague_Spring) by Soviet tanks in 1968. [8] (#cite_note-Pountain-8) Theories As a positive trait According to this theory, coolness is a subjective, dynamic, socially-constructed trait, such that it is subjective. People perceive things (e.g., other people, products or brands) to be cool based on an inference of "autonomy". That is, something is perceived to be cool when it follows its own motivations. However, this theory proposes that the level of autonomy that leads to coolness is constrained. An inappropriate level of autonomy that opposes a legitimate norm does not lead to perceptions of coolness. The level of autonomy considered appropriate is influenced by different variables for each individual. For example, people who think that societal institutions and authority are unjust or repressive equate coolness with higher levels of autonomy than those who are less critical of social norms and authority. [2] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-2) As social distinction According to this theory, coolness is a relative concept. In other words, cool exists only in comparison with things considered less cool. For example, in the book The Rebel Sell (/wiki/The_Rebel_Sell) , cool is created out of a need for status and distinction. This creates a situation analogous to an arms race (/wiki/Arms_race) , in which cool is perpetuated by a collective action (/wiki/Collective_action) problem in society. [48] (#cite_note-rebel-48) As an elusive essence According to this theory, cool is a real, but unknowable property. Cool , like "good", is a property that exists but can only be sought after. In the New Yorker (/wiki/The_New_Yorker) article, "The Coolhunt", [49] (#cite_note-49) cool is given three characteristics: "The act of discovering what's cool is what causes cool to move on". "Cool cannot be manufactured, only observed". "[Cool] can only be observed by those who are themselves cool". As a marketing device See also: Planned obsolescence (/wiki/Planned_obsolescence) and Cultural appropriation (/wiki/Cultural_appropriation) [Cool is] a heavily manipulative corporate ethos. — Kalle Lasn (/wiki/Kalle_Lasn) Over the past decade, young black men in American inner cities have been the market most aggressively mined by brandmasters as a source of borrowed 'meaning' and identity. .. The truth is that the 'got to be cool' rhetoric of the global brands is, more often than not, an indirect way of saying 'got to be black.' — Designer Christian Lacroix (/wiki/Christian_Lacroix) [24] (#cite_note-Klein_2000_pg._73-4-24) According to the theory of using coolness as a marketing device, cool can be exploited as a manufactured and empty idea imposed on cultures at large through a top-down process by sellers of popular culture who capitalize on trends and subcultures most often created by youths. [50] (#cite_note-50) These include record company executives, fashion companies, and merchandisers. Furthermore, "cool has become the central ideology of consumer capitalism (/wiki/Consumer_capitalism) ", [51] (#cite_note-51) resulting in the selling of coolness. This drives many young people and adults to attempt to "fit into" the mainstream and adhere to trends in order to purchase products and/or brands that make them appear cool. The concept of cool was often used in this way to market menthol cigarettes (/wiki/Menthol_cigarette) to African Americans in the 1960s. In 2004, over 70% of African American smokers preferred menthol cigarettes compared to 30% of white smokers. This unique social phenomenon was principally occasioned by the tobacco industry's manipulation of the burgeoning segregated urban black consumer market in cities at that time. According to Fast Company (/wiki/Fast_Company) magazine, some large companies have started " outsourcing (/wiki/Outsourcing) cool"—paying other "smaller, more-limber, closer-to-the-ground outsider" companies to help them keep up with customers' rapidly changing tastes and demands. Definitions "If status is about standing, cool is about standing free." [52] (#cite_note-52) – Grant McCracken (/wiki/Grant_McCracken) "Cool is a knowledge, a way of life." [53] (#cite_note-53) – Lewis MacAdams (/wiki/Lewis_MacAdams) "Cool is an age-specific phenomenon, defined as the central behavioural trait of teenagerhood." [54] (#cite_note-54) "Coolness is the proper way you represent yourself to a human being." [55] (#cite_note-55) – Robert Farris Thompson In the novel Spook Country (/wiki/Spook_Country) by William Gibson (/wiki/William_Gibson) , one character equates cool with a sense of exclusivity: "'Secrets,' said the Bigend (/wiki/Bigend) beside her, 'are the very root of cool.'" [56] (#cite_note-56) In the novel Lords and Ladies (/wiki/Lords_and_Ladies_(novel)) by Terry Pratchett (/wiki/Terry_Pratchett) , the "Monks of Cool" are mentioned. In their passing-out test, a novice must select the "coolest" garment from a room full of clothes. The correct answer is "Hey, whatever I select", suggesting that cool is primarily an attitude of self-assurance. [57] (#cite_note-57) "Coolness is a subjective and dynamic, socially constructed positive trait attributed to cultural objects (people, brands, products, trends, etc.) inferred to appropriately autonomous." [2] (#cite_note-ReferenceA-2) See also African aesthetic (/wiki/African_aesthetic) Avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) Based (/wiki/Based) Cool Britannia (/wiki/Cool_Britannia) Cool jazz (/wiki/Cool_jazz) Fad (/wiki/Fad) Jihad Cool (/wiki/Jihad_Cool) Square (slang) (/wiki/Square_(slang)) References ^ (#cite_ref-1) "cool" definition, Oxford English Dictionary (/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary) . ^ a b c d Warren & Campbell, "What Makes Things Cool? How Autonomy Influences Perceived Coolness". Article by Caleb Warren and Margaret C. Campbell (/wiki/Margaret_C._Campbell) ; Journal of Consumer Research , Vol. 41, August 2014 ^ (#cite_ref-3) Kerner, Noah and Gene Pressman (2007), Chasing Cool: Standing out in Today's Cluttered Marketplace , New York: Atria. ^ a b Danesi, Marcel (1994). Cool – The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence . Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press (/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-8020-7483-6 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Pountain, Dick; Robbins, David (2000). Cool Rules . London, England: Reaktion Books (/wiki/Reaktion_Books) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1-86189-071-0 . ^ a b c Thompson, Robert Farris (Autumn 1973). "An Aesthetic of the Cool" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334749) . African Arts (/wiki/African_Arts_(journal)) . 7 (1). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press (/wiki/MIT_Press) : 40–43, 64–67, 89–91. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/3334749 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3334749) . JSTOR (/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)) 3334749 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3334749) . ^ a b Coolhunting With Aristotle Welcome to the Hunt . by Nick Southgate, Cogent ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pountain, Dick; Robins, David (2000). Cool Rules: Anatomy of an Attitude . Reaktion Book Ltd. ^ a b c Pountain, Dick (2000). Cool Rules: Anatomy of an Attitude . London: Reaktion. ^ (#cite_ref-10) Whitley, Lauren D. (2013). Hippie Chic . Boston: MFA Publications. ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Marc Jacobs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140719161512/http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Marc_Jacobs) . Voguepedia. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Marc_Jacobs) on 2014-07-19 . Retrieved 2014-04-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Flash of the Spirit, Random House 1984, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-394-72369-4 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-72369-4) ^ (#cite_ref-13) The Benin Empire (http://www.westafricaarticles.info/Article/The-Benin-Empire/221) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070928080859/http://www.westafricaarticles.info/Article/The-Benin-Empire/221) 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ a b Robert Farris Thompson, African Art in Motion , New York, 1979 ^ (#cite_ref-15) Murphy, Joseph, M. and Sanford, Mei-Mei. Òsun Across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas , p. 2. ^ (#cite_ref-16) Thompson, Robert Farris. African Arts . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "African-American English" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212702/http://www.utp.edu.co/~chumanas/revistas/revistas/rev31/african.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.utp.edu.co/~chumanas/revistas/revistas/rev31/african.htm) on 2007-09-27 . Retrieved 2007-02-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Cool – Online Etymology Dictionary (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=cool) ^ (#cite_ref-19) Hill, Donald R. (2005). "Music of the African Diaspora in the Americas" (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-29904-4_36) . Encyclopedia of Diasporas . pp. 363–373. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_36 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-29904-4_36) . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-306-48321-9 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) Margaret Lee, "Out of the Hood and into the News: Borrowed Black Verbal Expressions in a Mainstream Newspaper" (conference paper, University of Georgia, October 1998); cited in Rickford and Rickford, Spoken Soul , 98. ^ (#cite_ref-21) Marcel Danesi, Cool – The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence , University of Toronto Press, 1994, p. 37. ^ (#cite_ref-22) Gioia, Ted. "A History of Cool Jazz in 100 Tracks" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151021131326/http://www.jazz.com/) . jazz . Archived from the original (http://www.jazz.com) on 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Conner, Marlene Kim (1995). What Is Cool? Understanding Black Manhood in America . New York: Crown Publishers. Book profile, Education Resources Information Center U.S. Department of Education (http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED392855&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8013ae79) , Retrieved on 03-01-2007. ^ a b Klein (2000), pp. 73–4. The Christian Lacroix quote is from "Off the Street...", Vogue , April 1994, 337. ^ (#cite_ref-25) Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten (2010). "What Does it Mean to Be Cool?" (https://philosophynow.org/issues/80/What_Does_It_Mean_To_Be_Cool) . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-26) Majors, Richard (1992). Cool Pose: The Dilemma of Black Manhood in America . p. 4. ^ a b c Cool Politics: Styles of Honour in Malcolm X and Miles Davis (http://english.chass.ncsu.edu/jouvert/v2i1/CLARKE.HTM) ^ (#cite_ref-28) Boddie, Jacquelyn Lynette. "Exploring the turn-around Phenomenon Experienced by African American Urban Male Adolescents in High School" (http://www.uwp.edu/academic/criminal.justice/aframsch1to3.pdf) . Retrieved on 02-26-2007. ^ (#cite_ref-29) The Effects of African American Movement Styles on Teachers' Perceptions and Reactions Journal article by Scott T. Bridgest, Audrey Davis Mccray, La Vonne I. Neal, Gwendolyn Webb-Johnson; Journal of Special Education , Vol. 37, 2003 ^ (#cite_ref-30) Jason W. Osborne, "Unraveling Underachievement among African American Boys from an Identification with Academics Perspective", The Journal of Negro Education , Vol. 68, No. 4 (Autumn 1999), pp. 555–565. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.2307/2668154 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2668154) ^ (#cite_ref-31) Robin D. G. Kelley, Yo' Mama's Disfunktional!: Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America . ^ (#cite_ref-32) "Sidney Poitier: Stone cold when 'cool' was not even a factor" (https://mg.co.za/friday/2022-01-14-sidney-poitier-when-cool-was-not-even-a-factor/) . The Mail & Guardian . 2022-01-14 . Retrieved 2022-12-24 . ^ (#cite_ref-33) "Kagemusha" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080426064529/http://www.olivefilms.com/Samurai_Classics.21/Criterion_Collection.6/kagemushadvd.1206.html) . Olive Films. Archived from the original (http://www.olivefilms.com/Samurai_Classics.21/Criterion_Collection.6/kagemushadvd.1206.html) on 2008-04-26 . Retrieved 2008-11-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-34) "Apollo Movie Guide's Review of Yojimbo" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080106202954/http://apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=1511) . Apolloguide.com. Archived from the original (http://apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=1511) on 2008-01-06 . Retrieved 2008-11-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-35) Beech, Hannah (2002-11-11). "The Next Cultural Revolution | The Birth of Cool" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071224180436/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/china_cul_rev/trendintro.html) . Time Asia (/wiki/Time_Asia) . Archived from the original (http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/china_cul_rev/trendintro.html) on 2007-12-24 . Retrieved 2008-11-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-36) "GLOCOM Platform – Books & Journals – Journal Abstracts" (http://www.glocom.org/books_and_journals/journal_abstracts/20070122_ja_s265/index.html) . Glocom.org . Retrieved 2008-11-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-37) Faiola, Anthony (2003-12-27). "Japan's Empire of Cool" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051637/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A33261-2003Dec26) . The Washington Post . Archived from the original (https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A33261-2003Dec26) on 2011-06-29 . Retrieved 2008-11-27 . ^ (#cite_ref-38) Japan Society (http://www.japansociety.org/web_docs/grossnationalcool.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20061003154021/http://www.japansociety.org/web_docs/grossnationalcool.pdf) October 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-39) "Metropolis Tokyo Feature – Pop star" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080610124048/http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/519/feature.asp) . Metropolis.co.jp. Archived from the original (http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/519/feature.asp) on 2008-06-10 . Retrieved 2008-11-27 . ^ a b The High Museum Campaign reaches $130 Million Goal (http://www.high.org/uploadedFiles/overview/newsroom/LouvreAtlantaReleaseFINAL(2).pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060930220032/http://www.high.org/uploadedFiles/overview/newsroom/LouvreAtlantaReleaseFINAL%282%29.pdf) September 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-41) Sample text for Becoming Mona Lisa : the making of a global icon / Donald Sassoon. (https://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/har051/2001024956.html) ^ (#cite_ref-42) William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream , Act V, Scene 1. ^ (#cite_ref-43) William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark , The Harvard Classics, 1909–14. Act III Scene IV ^ (#cite_ref-44) William Shakespeare, Othello , Act 1 ^ (#cite_ref-45) Peter N. Stearns, American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-Century Emotional Style (History of Emotion), New York University Press, 1994. ^ (#cite_ref-46) Herbert Gold, Bohemia: Digging the Roots of Cool, Touchstone Books; Reprint edition 1994 ^ (#cite_ref-47) James P. Sloan, Jerzy Kosinski: A Biography , Diane Pub. Co., 1996 ^ (#cite_ref-rebel_48-0) Heath, Joseph and Potter, Andrew. The Rebel Sell (/wiki/The_Rebel_Sell) . Harper Perennial, 2004. ^ (#cite_ref-49) The Coolhunt (http://gladwell.com/the-coolhunt/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003058/http://gladwell.com/the-coolhunt/) 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) ^ (#cite_ref-50) "Merchants Of Cool" (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/etc/synopsis.html) . Frontline (/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)) . Retrieved 2018-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-51) woden (2016-01-25). "What's in a Word? Telling Your Story with the Right Voice" (https://medium.com/@wodenworks/what-s-in-a-word-telling-your-story-with-the-right-voice-e0d8caf80f50) . Medium . Retrieved 2018-04-11 . ^ (#cite_ref-52) McCracken, Grant (2009). Chief Culture Officer . P.71: Basic Books. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-465-02204-5 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: location ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location) ) ^ (#cite_ref-53) "Interview with the Author of (http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&pid=406072&agid=8) Birth of the Cool , Lewis MacAdams (http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?sid=33&pid=406072&agid=8) ". SimonSays.com, Simon & Schuster. Retrieved on 02-27-2007. ^ (#cite_ref-54) Marcel Dansei, Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence , p. 1. ^ (#cite_ref-55) Thompson, Robert Farris. Flash of the Spirit . New York: Vintage Books, 1983, p. 13. ^ (#cite_ref-56) Gibson, William. Spook Country , Viking, 2007, p. 106. ^ (#cite_ref-57) Terry Pratchett, Lords and Ladies , Corgi, 2005, p. 244. Further reading Alan Liu (2004). The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information . University of Chicago Press (/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press) Lewis MacAdams (/wiki/Lewis_MacAdams) (2001). Birth of the Cool: Beat, Bebop, and the American Avant-Garde . New York: Free Press (/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)) . Ted Gioia (/wiki/Ted_Gioia) (2009). The Birth (and Death) of the Cool . Speck Press/Fulcrum Publishing. Dick Pountain and David Robins (/wiki/David_Robins) (2000). Cool Rules: Anatomy of an Attitude . Reaktion Books (/wiki/Reaktion_Books) . Peter Stearns (/wiki/Peter_Stearns) (1994). American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-Century Emotional Style . New York University (/wiki/New_York_University) Books. John Leland (/wiki/John_Leland_(journalist)) (2004). Hip: The History . Ecco Press (/wiki/Ecco_Press) Jeffries, Michael P. (2011). Thug Life : Race, Gender, and the Meaning of Hip-Hop . University of Chicago Press (/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press) Dinerstein, Joel (2017). The Origins of Cool in Postwar America . 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British artist and model Kesewa Aboah Born Kesewa Arbell Lavinia Aboah May 1994 (age 30) Westminster, London, England [2] (#cite_note-2) Nationality British (/wiki/British_people) Alma mater School of Visual Arts (/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts) Parent Camilla Lowther (/wiki/Camilla_Lowther) (mother) Relatives Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) (sister) Modelling information Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Hair colour Brown Eye colour Brown Agency DNA Models (/w/index.php?title=DNA_Models&action=edit&redlink=1) (New York) VIVA Model Management (/wiki/VIVA_Model_Management) (Paris, Barcelona, London) (mother agency) [1] (#cite_note-1) Kesewa Arbell Lavinia Aboah (born May 1994) is a British artist and model. [3] (#cite_note--Elle--3) Early life and family [ edit ] Aboah was born in London, England, to Charles Aboah, a Ghanaian (/wiki/Ghana) location scout in the fashion industry and former barrister clerk, and Camilla Lowther (/wiki/Camilla_Lowther) , a British fashion businesswoman and talent manager. Her maternal grandmother was an American from California, named Lavinia ( née (/wiki/N%C3%A9e) Joyce). [4] (#cite_note-herald-4) [5] (#cite_note-Tel-5) The Lowther family are members of the British nobility (/wiki/British_nobility) , headed by the Earl of Lonsdale (/wiki/Earl_of_Lonsdale) . [6] (#cite_note-6) Aboah's maternal great-grandfather was Anthony Lowther, Viscount Lowther (/wiki/Anthony_Lowther,_Viscount_Lowther) , the son of Lancelot Lowther, 6th Earl of Lonsdale (/wiki/Lancelot_Lowther,_6th_Earl_of_Lonsdale) . She is a grandniece of James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale (/wiki/James_Lowther,_7th_Earl_of_Lonsdale) . [4] (#cite_note-herald-4) Through her father, she is related to the Ghanaian politician William Kwasi Aboah (/wiki/William_Kwasi_Aboah) . Aboah is the younger sister of fashion model and activist Adwoa Aboah (/wiki/Adwoa_Aboah) and a second cousin of fashion model Matilda Lowther (/wiki/Matilda_Lowther) . [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) Aboah was educated at Millfield (/wiki/Millfield) , a boarding school in Somerset (/wiki/Somerset) , and later obtained an art degree from the School of Visual Arts (/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts) in New York City. [9] (#cite_note-match-9) [10] (#cite_note-elle-10) [3] (#cite_note--Elle--3) Career [ edit ] Modelling [ edit ] Aboah is signed with VIVA Model Management (/wiki/VIVA_Model_Management) and DNA Models. [9] (#cite_note-match-9) She had her first modelling job when she was six years old, modelling for the brand Jigsaw. [5] (#cite_note-Tel-5) She has modelled in advertisement campaigns for Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen) and Miu Miu (/wiki/Miu_Miu) . [9] (#cite_note-match-9) In 2010 Aboah and her sister were featured in an advertisement campaign for H&M (/wiki/H%26M) . [11] (#cite_note-11) In 2017 she walked the runway for Coach New York (/wiki/Coach_New_York) 's AW17 fashion show. [12] (#cite_note-12) In September 2018, Aboah, alongside her sister, Adwoa, and her cousin, Alewya Demmisse (/wiki/Alewya_Demmisse) , were photographed by Mario Sorrenti (/wiki/Mario_Sorrenti) as the faces of MANGO (/wiki/Mango_(retailer)) 's AW18 campaign TOGETHER . [13] (#cite_note-refinery-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) She has been featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , The Telegraph Magazine (/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph) , Love (/wiki/Love_(magazine)) , [15] (#cite_note-15) and i-D (/wiki/I-D) and has modelled for Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) , Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) , and Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) . [16] (#cite_note-16) [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) She was photographed alongside Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) for Love magazine's LOVE 18 . [20] (#cite_note-20) In November 2018, Aboah was featured in ASAP Rocky (/wiki/ASAP_Rocky) 's music video for the song " Sundress (/wiki/Sundress_(song)) ". [21] (#cite_note-21) In February 2019, she walked the runway for Simone Rocha (/wiki/Simone_Rocha) 's Fall 2019 fashion show. [10] (#cite_note-elle-10) In September 2019, Aboah was the face of Links of London (/wiki/Links_of_London) 's Brutalist campaign. [22] (#cite_note-links-22) Art [ edit ] Pierre Lagrange (/wiki/Pierre_Lagrange) , who was already acquainted with the Aboah family, was introduced to Aboah's artwork via social media. He commissioned her to create a canvas of work for H. Huntsman & Sons (/wiki/H._Huntsman_%26_Sons) . Her finished work, titled The Joy in Dancing With My Sisters , was then created into a bespoke jacket design for the brand. She was commissioned to create a second piece for Huntsman's display window, which she titled All The Women And Me . [23] (#cite_note-23) Aboah completed an artist's residency in Ísafjörður (/wiki/%C3%8Dsafj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur) , Iceland before starting another residency in Mexico (/wiki/Mexico) . [24] (#cite_note-24) [22] (#cite_note-links-22) See also [ edit ] Black British nobility (/wiki/Black_British_nobility) , the class that Aboah belongs to. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Kesewa Aboah - Model" (https://models.com/models/kesewa-aboah) . models.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Kesewa Aboah - Births & Baptisms [1] - Genes Reunited" (https://www.genesreunited.co.uk/search/results?sourcecategory=birthsutf002c%20marriages%20utf0026%20deaths&collection=births%20utf0026%20baptisms&firstname=kesewa&lastname=aboah®ion=great%20britain) . ^ Jump up to: a b Jansen, Charlotte (6 April 2023). "Kesewa Aboah On Modelling, Body Printing And The Freedom Of Making Mistakes" (https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/a43517597/kesewa-aboah-modelling/) . ELLE . ^ Jump up to: a b "Woman with great literary mind" (http://www.cwherald.com/a/archive/woman-with-great-literary-mind.167321.html) . Cumberland and Westmorland Herald (/wiki/Cumberland_and_Westmorland_Herald) . 11 January 2003 . Retrieved 29 December 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b Calkin, Jessamy (6 September 2019). "Model, artist, muse: meet Kesewa Aboah, the youngest member of fashion's most fabulous family" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/model-artist-muse-meet-kesewa-aboah-youngest-member-fashions/) . telegraph.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cowell, Alan (16 July 2014). "For Sale, English Mountain and Title of Lord, $3 Million. (There's a Catch.)" (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/17/world/europe/for-sale-english-mountain-and-title-of-lord-3-million-theres-a-catch.html) . New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Weinstock, Tish (27 August 2014). "best friends adwoa, alewya, jazzy, gala and kesewa invite team i-d for a night on the town!" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/bjz8pa/best-friends-adwoa-alewya-jazzy-and-kesewa-invite-team-i-d-for-a-night-on-the-town) . vice.com . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Teller, Juergen (23 November 2017). " (http://system-magazine.com/the-aboah-family/) '... and none of us have changed.' (http://system-magazine.com/the-aboah-family/) " (http://system-magazine.com/the-aboah-family/) . system-magazine.com . ^ Jump up to: a b c Muysers, Marie-Cybèle (March 2019). "My Fashion Life: Kesewa Aboah SS19" (https://www.matchesfashion.com/womens/the-style-report/2019/03/the-artistic-style-issue/my-fashion-life-kesewa-aboah-interview-ss19) . matchesfashion.com . ^ Jump up to: a b Krentcil, Faran (17 February 2019). "Simone Rocha Casts Anti-Instagram Influencers for Her Fall 2019 Runway Show" (https://www.elle.com/fashion/g26374380/simone-rocha-fall-2019-runway-cast/) . ELLE . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Bennett, Elizabeth (20 February 2017). "Meet The Model Of The Moment: Adwoa Aboah" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/news/adwoa-aboah/) . Grazia . ^ (#cite_ref-12) Fearon, Faye (28 June 2017). "Naomie Harris & the Aboah sisters are the faces of Miu Miu" (https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/36547/1/naomie-harris-adwoa-kesewa-aboah-sisters-miu-miu-aw17-campaign) . Dazed . ^ (#cite_ref-refinery_13-0) Gil, Natalie (11 September 2018). "Adwoa Aboah Enlists The Help Of Her Sister For Mango's New Campaign" (https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/2018/09/209543/adwoa-aboah-mango) . refinery29.com . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "In bed with Miu Miu: Adwoa and Kesewa Aboah and Alewya Demmisse set up bed on the Champs Elysees E" (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/video/in-bed-with-miu-miu-adwoa-and-kesewa-aboah-and-alewya-demmisse-set-up-bed-on-the-champs-elysees) . thelovemagazine.co.uk . 11 July 2016. ^ (#cite_ref-15) Flynn, Paul (17 March 2019). "Sharna Osborne shoots Kesewa Aboah and Mariacarla Boscono and turns freeze-frames into stunning fashion photos" (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/article/sharna-osborne-shoots-kesewa-aboah-and-mariacarla-boscono-and-turns-freeze-frames-into-stunning-) . LOVE . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Bystander (9 June 2018). "Adwoa Aboah and Sonny Hall's Burberry Pre-Collection party" (https://www.tatler.com/gallery/adwoa-aboah-sonny-hall-burberry-pre-collection-party) . Tatler . ^ (#cite_ref-17) "Michael Wildes to Represent Well-Known Fashion Model Kesewa Aboah in Her U.S. Immigration Matters" (https://www.wildeslaw.com/news-events/in-the-news/michael-wildes-to-represent-well-known-fashion-model-kesewa-aboah-in-her-u-s-immigration-matters-2) . Wildes & Weinberg, P.C . 20 March 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Kesewa Aboah" (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Kesewa_Aboah/) . FashionModelDirectory.com . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Buzz white for Telegraph Magazine with Kesewa Aboah" (https://fashioneditorials.com/buzz-white-for-telegraph-magazine-with-kesewa-aboah/) . 10 September 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-20) Dalzell, Emma (26 July 2017). "Catch the behind-the-scenes antics of Kate Moss and Kesewa Aboah from LOVE 18" (https://www.thelovemagazine.co.uk/video/catch-the-behind-the-scenes-antics-of-kate-moss-and-kesewa-aboah-from-love-18) . thelovemagazine.co.uk . ^ (#cite_ref-21) DeMarco, Nicole (21 November 2018). "watch a$ap rocky's vibrant new 'sundress' video directed by frank lebon" (https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/mbybjv/watch-asap-rocky-new-sundress-video-frank-lebon) . vice.com . ^ Jump up to: a b "Meet Kesewa Aboah, star of our new Brutalist campaign" (https://www.linksoflondon.com/gb-en/post?cid=brutalist-kesewa-interview) . linksoflondon.com . ^ (#cite_ref-23) "The Art of Bespoke with Kesewa Aboah" (https://www.huntsmansavilerow.com/art-bespoke-kesewa-aboah/) . Huntsman . 2 October 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-24) Aboah, Kesewa (8 April 2019). "An adventurous, artistic guide to Iceland" (https://www.stylist.co.uk/travel/iceland-best-things-to-do-see-northern-lights-hot-springs-penis-museum/260491) . Stylist . External links [ edit ] Kesewa Aboah (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm10311530/) at IMDb (/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐rdw2j Cached time: 20240712135742 Cache expiry: 1677739 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.389 seconds Real time usage: 0.522 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3141/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 48791/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3686/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 90840/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.251/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 9438248/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 493.905 1 -total 37.08% 183.146 1 Template:Infobox_model 36.70% 181.257 1 Template:Reflist 29.32% 144.808 22 Template:Cite_web 13.39% 66.112 1 Template:Short_description 7.42% 36.647 1 Template:Infobox 6.77% 33.439 2 Template:Pagetype 6.62% 32.683 1 Template:Height 6.02% 29.740 1 Template:Convert 5.26% 26.001 21 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62692374-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712135742 and revision id 1222458704. 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French fashion designer (1924 - 2008) Dominique Maurice Toubeix [1] (#cite_note-1) (24 September 1924 – 16 July 2008), usually known as Dominic Toubeix or simply Dominic , was a French fashion designer who worked for some time in New York in the 1960s. Early life and career [ edit ] Toubeix was born in Paris, [2] (#cite_note-unt-2) on 24 September 1924. He trained in the couture industry, first for Marcel Rochas (/wiki/Marcel_Rochas) , and then as an assistant to Antonio del Castillo (/wiki/Antonio_Castillo_(costume_designer)) whilst he was heading the house of Lanvin (/wiki/Lanvin) . [3] (#cite_note-sheppard-3) Toubeix worked with Castillo for ten years. [4] (#cite_note-morcoty-4) After Castillo was let go by Lanvin in 1962, Toubeix protested what he saw as his mentor's unfair treatment by throwing a rock through the window of the Lanvin establishment on the Rue d'Boissy Anglais, for which he spent a night in police custody. [3] (#cite_note-sheppard-3) After this, Toubeix went to New York. New York career [ edit ] In 1963, Toubeix became a partner in the firm of Matty Talmack (/w/index.php?title=Matty_Talmack&action=edit&redlink=1) , which was founded in 1949. [2] (#cite_note-unt-2) He was not just head designer, but vice-president and secretary as well, and Matty Talmack commented "He says in clothes exactly what I think about fashion." [3] (#cite_note-sheppard-3) Whilst in New York, he was mainly known by his first name, and as "Dominic of Matty Talmack" he won the 1966 Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) following a vote by 62 fashion editors. [4] (#cite_note-morcoty-4) [5] (#cite_note-vlw-5) In 1967, Dominic Toubeix, Chester Weinberg (/wiki/Chester_Weinberg) and Luba Marks (/wiki/Luba_Marks) were noted as being "three fast-rising young ready-to-wear designers" who championed the midi-length dress as an alternative to the miniskirt (/wiki/Miniskirt) in American fashion. [6] (#cite_note-6) In 1970, Dominic was designing for the New York branch of Dior (/wiki/Dior) when he was abruptly sacked by the Dior New York president, Henry Sherman, but was swiftly reinstated by Jacques Rouet from the Paris company, who sacked Sherman and assured Dominic of his indefinite contract. [7] (#cite_note-7) In 1973, Dominic was creating coats for a New York firm called Originalia. [8] (#cite_note-8) Later career [ edit ] By July 1974, Toubeix was back in Paris and presenting a couture collection of luxurious separates under the name of his former mentor, Castillo. [9] (#cite_note-berm-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Death [ edit ] Toubeix died in Paimbœuf (/wiki/Paimb%C5%93uf) on 16 July 2008, at the age of 83. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-12) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "New designers spark fall shows" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122007371/new-designers-spark-fall-shows/) . New Rochelle, New York: The Standard-Star. 20 July 1973. p. 19 . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Culottes Dress by Dominic at Matty Talmack" (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503777/) . UNT Digital Library . University of North Texas. 1960 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c Sheppard, Eugenia (/wiki/Eugenia_Sheppard) (8 July 1966). "Unrebellious Designer Wins" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jul-08-1966-3270670/) . Burlington Daily Times News . Retrieved 16 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Bernadine (3 October 1966). "Coty Awards Given" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-oct-03-1966-3270673/) . Phoenix Arizona Republic . New York Times News Service . Retrieved 16 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-vlw_5-0) Warren, Virginia Lee (30 June 1966). "Coty Jury Votes Winnie to Dominic" (https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/30/archives/coty-jury-votes-winnie-to-dominic.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Fashion: Next, the Maxiskirt?" (https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,843749,00.html) . Time . 12 May 1967 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "7th Avenue Near Chaos of 1929" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-jul-21-1970-3270692/) . newspaperarchive.com . No. Lima News. WNS. 21 June 1970 . Retrieved 16 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Morris, Bernadine (8 May 1973). "Sweaters that look like coats, dresses, suits, take over field" (https://newspaperarchive.com/other-articles-clipping-may-08-1973-3270667/) . Hutchinson News . Retrieved 16 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-berm_9-0) Morris, Bernadine (26 July 1974). "Courreges's Fun Belies Uncertainty of Couture" (https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/26/archives/courregess-fun-belies-uncertainty-of-couture-blouses-for-250.html) . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Mont-Servan, Nathalie (20 July 1974). "L'hiver en haute couture : la " belle urbaine " (https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1974/07/20/l-hiver-en-haute-couture-la-belle-urbaine_2517316_1819218.html) " (https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1974/07/20/l-hiver-en-haute-couture-la-belle-urbaine_2517316_1819218.html) . Le Monde (in French) . Retrieved 16 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Maurice Toubeix" (https://deces.matchid.io/id/RaJeXstqQ0FS) . MatchID . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Dominique M. Toubeix" (https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/83960454:3693?tid=&pid=&queryId=00ffe413ae84943ca255f74b0ddb2578&_phsrc=Dqh5726&_phstart=successSource) . U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935–2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2023 . 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American fashion designer Adri, photographed by Barbara Walz (/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Walz&action=edit&redlink=1) in 1978 Adrienne Steckling-Coen (1934-2006), known as Adri , was an American fashion designer whose label, Adri , was particularly successful in the 1970s-1980s. Born Mary Adrienne Steckling on November 7, 1934, in St. Joseph, Missouri (/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri) , Adri studied at the St. Louis School of Fine Arts (/wiki/St._Louis_School_of_Fine_Arts) . [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) After winning the opportunity to be a guest editor for Mademoiselle' (/wiki/Mademoiselle_(magazine)) s College Issue in 1955, she decided to move to the Parsons School of Design (/wiki/Parsons_School_of_Design) from where she graduated in 1958. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) [2] (#cite_note-ency-2) Whilst at Parsons, Steckling met Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) , who would heavily inspire her early design work. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) She worked as a fashion assistant for Oleg Cassini (/wiki/Oleg_Cassini) , Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) (who taught her to celebrate femininity), and also for Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) of B.H. Wragge (who taught her tailoring and the value of separates-dressing) before launching her own business, Adri Designs Inc., in 1966. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) [2] (#cite_note-ency-2) Other labels she launched include Collectors Items and Clothes Circuit . [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) Like her mentor, McCardell, Adri dedicated herself to designing for the modern, "unequivocally contemporary" woman. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) While her work was subsequently described as sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) (an industry term describing easy-styled relaxed dressing, rather than literally sporting clothing), Adri told Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) just before her 1966 debut that her work was not sportswear, but clothes for women with active lifestyles. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) She was known for her trousers and culotte skirt (/wiki/Culottes) designs, and focused on classic mix-and-match separates so that her customers could collect various garments over the years to assemble into personalized ensembles. [2] (#cite_note-ency-2) In 1971 the Smithsonian Institution (/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution) held an exhibition titled "Innovative Contemporary Fashion: Adri and McCardell." [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) In 1982 she was awarded the Coty Award (/wiki/Coty_Award) for womenswear design. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) [3] (#cite_note-mcdowell-3) Soon after winning the Coty, she launched a menswear line. [2] (#cite_note-ency-2) From the mid-1980s into the 1990s, she provided designs to Vogue Patterns to enable home dressmakers to create Adri garments themselves. [2] (#cite_note-ency-2) In 1976, Adri opened Adri Studio Limited on Seventh Avenue (/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_(Manhattan)) to make designer sportswear. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) It was still in business in 2006, operating out of Adri's loft to cater to private clients and individual orders, rather than wholesale manufacture. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) Adri died at home on 5 November 2006 of Parkinson's disease (/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease) , two days short of her 72nd birthday. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) Former colleagues, such as her assistant Nadia Abdella, and the company's former chief executive officer, Jeanne Atkinson, recalled her as both iconoclastic and a "real purist" as well as consistently elegant, and she remained working to the end. [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) She married Fabio Coen in 1982, and had two sons who survived her. [2] (#cite_note-ency-2) [1] (#cite_note-wwd-1) Her archives are held by the Parsons New School of Design. [4] (#cite_note-4) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stephenson, Lauren Benet (7 November 2006). "Obituary: Adrienne Steckling-Coen, Sportswear Designer, 71" (https://wwd.com/business-news/human-resources/obituary-adrienne-steckling-coen-sportswear-designer-71-517662/) . WWD . Retrieved 3 June 2022 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Duzinkiewicz Baker, Therese; Reisman, Jessica. "Adri" (https://www.encyclopedia.com/fashion/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/adri) . www.encyclopedia.com . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-mcdowell_3-0) McDowell, Colin (1984). McDowell's Directory of Twentieth Century Fashion . Frederick Muller. pp. 299–301. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0-584-11070-7 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Adri, 1934-2006" (https://findingaids.archives.newschool.edu/agents/people/1061) . The New School Archives & Special Collections . The New School . Retrieved 4 June 2022 . v t e American sportswear (/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)) 20th century sportswear designers Adri Bill Atkinson (/wiki/Bill_Atkinson_(designer)) Louella Ballerino (/wiki/Louella_Ballerino) Jhane Barnes (/wiki/Jhane_Barnes) Geoffrey Beene (/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene) Tom Brigance (/wiki/Tom_Brigance) Donald Brooks (/wiki/Donald_Brooks) Stephen Burrows (/wiki/Stephen_Burrows_(designer)) Jeanne Campbell (/wiki/Jeanne_S._Campbell) Bonnie Cashin (/wiki/Bonnie_Cashin) Kenneth Cole (/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_(designer)) Liz Claiborne (/wiki/Liz_Claiborne) Perry Ellis (/wiki/Perry_Ellis) Anne Fogarty (/wiki/Anne_Fogarty) Tom Ford (/wiki/Tom_Ford) Rudi Gernreich (/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich) Halston (/wiki/Halston) Elizabeth Hawes (/wiki/Elizabeth_Hawes) Tommy Hilfiger (/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger) Marc Jacobs (/wiki/Marc_Jacobs) Norma Kamali (/wiki/Norma_Kamali) Donna Karan (/wiki/Donna_Karan) Muriel King (/wiki/Muriel_King) Anne Klein (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) Calvin Klein (/wiki/Calvin_Klein) Michael Kors (/wiki/Michael_Kors) Ralph Lauren (/wiki/Ralph_Lauren) Tina Leser (/wiki/Tina_Leser) Vera Maxwell (/wiki/Vera_Maxwell) Claire McCardell (/wiki/Claire_McCardell) Isaac Mizrahi (/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi) Clare Potter (/wiki/Clare_Potter) Clovis Ruffin (/wiki/Clovis_Ruffin) Giorgio di Sant' Angelo (/wiki/Giorgio_di_Sant%27_Angelo) Carolyn Schnurer (/wiki/Carolyn_Schnurer) Diane von Fürstenberg (/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg) Vera Wang (/wiki/Vera_Wang) John Weitz (/wiki/John_Weitz) Emily Wilkens (/wiki/Emily_Wilkens) Sydney Wragge (/wiki/Sydney_Wragge) Zoran (/wiki/Zoran_(designer)) 21st century sportswear designers Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) Mary Ping (/wiki/Mary_Ping) Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) Proenza Schouler (/wiki/Proenza_Schouler) Behnaz Sarafpour (/wiki/Behnaz_Sarafpour) Notable designs Popover (dress) (/wiki/Popover_(dress)) Wrap dress (/wiki/Wrap_dress) Other associated people Richard Martin (/wiki/Richard_Martin_(curator)) Dorothy Shaver (/wiki/Dorothy_Shaver) See also The American Look (/wiki/American_Look_(fashion_movement)) Clothing terminology (/wiki/Clothing_terminology) Fashion (/wiki/Fashion) History of clothing (/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐85f5b4c5d4‐d2dk8 Cached time: 20240712182511 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.339 seconds Real time usage: 0.460 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 558/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17798/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 432/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26258/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.218/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4191955/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 390.913 1 -total 40.40% 157.929 1 Template:Reflist 30.22% 118.118 1 Template:American_sportswear 29.85% 116.678 1 Template:Cite_news 29.62% 115.784 1 Template:Navbox 26.03% 101.749 1 Template:Short_description 12.70% 49.643 2 Template:Pagetype 9.37% 36.633 3 Template:Main_other 8.71% 34.032 1 Template:SDcat 3.05% 11.918 2 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:70940665-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712182511 and revision id 1154577340. 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British journalist "Sally Hughes" redirects here. Not to be confused with Sally Hughes-Schrader (/wiki/Sally_Hughes-Schrader) . Sali Hughes (born 21 February 1975) is a Welsh journalist, writer and broadcaster. She is The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) ' s resident beauty columnist. Early life and education [ edit ] Hughes was born on 21 February [1] (#cite_note-1) 1975 [2] (#cite_note-DF-2) and grew up in Blackwood, Caerphilly (/wiki/Blackwood,_Caerphilly) . Her father worked in politics for the Labour Party (/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)) and her mother worked for a local education authority. [3] (#cite_note-3) She has three brothers, [4] (#cite_note-4) and attended Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni (/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Cwm_Rhymni) , a comprehensive school. [5] (#cite_note-5) She initially worked as an assistant to make-up artist Lynne Easton (/w/index.php?title=Lynne_Easton&action=edit&redlink=1) for two years while looking for work experience at magazines. This included working on photo shoots with George Michael (/wiki/George_Michael) and Pet Shop Boys (/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys) , and television commercials. [2] (#cite_note-DF-2) [6] (#cite_note-MU-6) Career [ edit ] Journalism [ edit ] Hughes's first job in journalism was as a staff writer for the men's lifestyle magazine Loaded (/wiki/Loaded_(magazine)) in the mid-1990s. [7] (#cite_note-7) She then wrote features and opinion columns for various publications as a freelancer including Grazia (/wiki/Grazia) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) , The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , Glamour (/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)) , Stylist (/wiki/Stylist_(magazine)) , Shortlist (/wiki/ShortList_(magazine)) , and Cosmopolitan (/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)) . [9] (#cite_note-WIH-9) Since January 2011, she has been The Guardian ' s resident beauty columnist, featuring weekly in its Saturday magazine and online video tutorials. [10] (#cite_note-10) [11] (#cite_note-Profile-11) She also appears weekly on BBC Radio 5 Live (/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live) . [11] (#cite_note-Profile-11) Hughes presented an edition of the BBC Radio 4 programme File on 4 (/wiki/File_on_4) in October 2020 about her experiences as a victim of abusive comments from internet trolls (/wiki/Internet_troll) . [12] (#cite_note-BBCOct6-12) Writer [ edit ] Hughes' first book, Pretty Honest was released on 25 September 2014. It was a beauty handbook and was published by the 4th Estate division of HarperCollins (/wiki/HarperCollins) . [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) Two years later she released her second book Pretty Iconic which was about influential beauty products. [15] (#cite_note-15) [16] (#cite_note-16) In 2019, Hughes' third book Our Rainbow Queen by Penguin (/wiki/Penguin_Books) was released. It was about the fashion trends of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Elizabeth_II) . [17] (#cite_note-17) [18] (#cite_note-18) Her fourth book, Everything is Washable and Other Life Lessons , published by Harper Collins (/wiki/HarperCollins) UK, was released in September 2022. [19] (#cite_note-19) Personal life [ edit ] Hughes married comedy writer Daniel Maier (/wiki/Daniel_Maier) in October 2017. [20] (#cite_note-20) They live in Brighton (/wiki/Brighton) with her two sons from a previous marriage. [9] (#cite_note-WIH-9) [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) In 2018, she co-founded Beauty Banks, a charity that provides those living in poverty with basic daily hygiene essentials and personal care items. [23] (#cite_note-23) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) @salihughes (21 February 2020). "Just celebrated my birthday by showing my kids The Man With Two Brains for the first time. #AnointyNointy" (https://x.com/salihughes/status/1230904918237679618) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ Jump up to: a b Liberman, Berry (1 May 2015). "Sali Hughes is pretty honest" (https://www.dumbofeather.com/conversations/sali-hughes-pretty-honest/) . Dumbo Feather . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Butter, Susannah (23 October 2014). "Beauty and the blog: make-up guru Sali Hughes on why you can be feminine and feminist" (https://www.standard.co.uk/beauty/makeup/beauty-and-the-blog-make-up-guru-sali-hughes-on-why-you-can-be-feminine-and-feminist-9812904.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Evans, Pippa (17 October 2014). "When Biscuit Met Sali" (http://standardissuemagazine.com/health/biscuit-met-sali-2/) . Standard Issue . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) @salihughes (18 March 2019). "On the much tweeted about subject of upbringing / success and perceived privilege, but on a cheerier note: Who is the most famous or successful person who went to your school? My answer is Aaron Ramsey, who my husband tells me is a massive, massive deal" (https://x.com/salihughes/status/1107629717530857474) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-MU_6-0) Darling, Annika (29 August 2018). " (https://makeupmag.com/pretty-iconic-the-book-for-make-up-nerds/) 'Pretty Iconic': The Book for Make-up Nerds" (https://makeupmag.com/pretty-iconic-the-book-for-make-up-nerds/) . Make-Up Artist . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Gilchrist, Hannah (30 January 2012). "Sali Hughes Red Chat" (https://www.redonline.co.uk/red-women/red-chat/a509566/sali-hughes-live-red-chat/) . Red . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) Hughes, Sali (2 October 2014). "Nine Truths Every 20-Something Needs To Know About Beauty" (https://graziadaily.co.uk/beauty-hair/hair/nine-truths-every-20-something-needs-know-beauty/) . Grazia . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sali Hughes" (https://wih.web.ox.ac.uk/people/sali-hughes) . Women in the Humanities . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "Sali Hughes on beauty" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/series/sali-hughes-beauty?page=28) . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Sali Hughes" (https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sali-hughes) . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-BBCOct6_12-0) "Sali Hughes: I met the woman who trolled me online" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54421632) . BBC News (/wiki/BBC_News) . 6 October 2020 . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) " (https://www.4thestate.co.uk/2014/09/if-its-on-my-face-its-because-sali-recommended-it-caitlin-moran-pretty-honest-is-out-today/) 'If it's on my face, it's because Sali recommended it.' Caitlin Moran. Pretty Honest is out today" (https://www.4thestate.co.uk/2014/09/if-its-on-my-face-its-because-sali-recommended-it-caitlin-moran-pretty-honest-is-out-today/) . 4th Estate. 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) Hughes, Sali (13 September 2014). "Sali Hughes: the essential guide to staying ahead of the beauty game" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2014/sep/13/sali-hughes-beauty-adventures-in-skin-trade) . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "Cover Reveal: Pretty Iconic by Sali Hughes" (https://www.4thestate.co.uk/2016/08/cover-reveal-pretty-iconic-by-sali-hughes/) . 4th Estate. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) Maldonado, Veronica (17 September 2017). "Book Review: Pretty Iconic" (http://www.fashionstudiesjournal.org/reviews-2/2017/9/3/5eyw15mw4bnia2o9dzpt52q168glj2) . The Fashion Studies Journal . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-17) Hughes, Sali (21 April 2020). "Our rainbow queen! Why Queen Elizabeth II is the undisputed British style icon" (https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/sali-hughes-our-rainbow-queen) . Glamour . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) Vanderhoof, Erin (5 November 2019). "Can We Tell What the Queen Is Thinking Through Her Outfits?" (https://www.vanityfair.com/style/photos/2019/11/our-rainbow-queen-sali-hughes-interview) . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Everything is Washable and Other Life Lessons" (https://harpercollins.co.uk/products/everything-is-washable-and-other-life-lessons-sali-hughes) . HarperCollins Publishers UK . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) @danielmaier (8 October 2017). "Marriage achievement: Complete" (https://x.com/danielmaier/status/916941918973583360) ( Tweet (/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)) ) . Retrieved 6 October 2020 – via Twitter (/wiki/Twitter) . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Hughes, Sali (21 December 2012). "My first Christmas… without my children" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/dec/21/christmas-without-children-post-divorce) . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) Hughes, Sali (28 May 2011). "Call that a job? Beauty writer Sali Hughes and sons Marvin, 6, and Arthur, 3" (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/may/28/sali-hughes-beauty-sons-parenting) . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Hughes, Sali (6 October 2018). "Sali Hughes on Beauty Banks: 'A schoolchild thanked us for shower gel' (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/oct/06/beauty-banks-help-people-too-poor-to-buy-toothpaste-tampons-sali-hughes) " (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2018/oct/06/beauty-banks-help-people-too-poor-to-buy-toothpaste-tampons-sali-hughes) . The Guardian . ISSN (/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)) 0261-3077 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077) . Retrieved 20 September 2019 . External links [ edit ] 4th Estate Publishers (http://www.4thestate.co.uk/author/sali-hughes) RCW Literary Agency (http://www.rcwlitagency.com/authors/hughes-sali) Beauty Banks (https://www.beautybanks.org.uk) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000443800040) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/311828116) National Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p382657365) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐65687cfdb7‐sddtw Cached time: 20240622200031 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.379 seconds Real time usage: 0.793 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1269/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 42888/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 556/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 89164/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.278/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6237715/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 763.887 1 -total 37.28% 284.796 1 Template:Short_description 30.22% 230.866 4 Template:Main_other 29.90% 228.382 1 Template:SDcat 28.32% 216.303 1 Template:Reflist 27.46% 209.743 1 Template:Authority_control 13.81% 105.490 3 Template:Cite_tweet 7.59% 58.014 14 Template:Cite_news 5.43% 41.460 2 Template:Pagetype 3.60% 27.510 6 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:36387882-0!canonical and timestamp 20240622200031 and revision id 1219619878. 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American journalist Harry-dele Hallmark (August 30, 1867, in Pensacola, Florida (/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida) [1] (#cite_note-Marquis-1) — August 1, 1932 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania) ), [2] (#cite_note-NYTObit-2) who wrote under the name "Anne Rittenhouse" , was the fashion editor (/wiki/Fashion_editor) of The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) for several decades. [1] (#cite_note-Marquis-1) CNN (/wiki/CNN) has called her "legendary". [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) Early life [ edit ] Hallmark was born in Pensacola, Florida, to Harrison P. Hallmark and Adele MacAllister Hallmark; [1] (#cite_note-Marquis-1) her name is a combination of theirs. [2] (#cite_note-NYTObit-2) After her parents' deaths when she was still "very young", she moved to Augusta, Georgia (/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia) . [2] (#cite_note-NYTObit-2) Professional career [ edit ] After entering journalism as the society editor (/wiki/Society_reporting) for the Augusta Chronicle (/wiki/Augusta_Chronicle) , Hallmark moved to Philadelphia, where she edited the Philadelphia Press (/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Press) and the Philadelphia Public Ledger (/wiki/Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)) . [2] (#cite_note-NYTObit-2) She joined the McClure Newspaper Syndicate (/wiki/McClure_Newspaper_Syndicate) as an assistant editor, [1] (#cite_note-Marquis-1) and eventually wrote the daily fashion column "What the Well-Dressed Woman is Wearing" (also referred to as "What Well-Dressed Women are Wearing", and simply "Well-Dressed Women" and "The Well-Dressed Woman"), which appeared in over 100 newspapers, [3] (#cite_note-CNN-3) including the Shanghai Evening Post (/wiki/Shanghai_Evening_Post) . [4] (#cite_note-Barlow-4) Her work was also published in Ladies' Home Journal (/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal) and the Saturday Evening Post (/wiki/Saturday_Evening_Post) . [1] (#cite_note-Marquis-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Marquis Who's Who , p. 482, 1902 edition, via archive.org (/wiki/Archive.org) ^ Jump up to: a b c d Anne Rittenhouse, fashion writer, dies (https://www.nytimes.com/1932/08/02/archives/anne-rittenhouse-fashion-writer-dies-in-private-life-she-was-miss.html) , at The New York Times (/wiki/The_New_York_Times) ; published August 1, 1932 ^ Jump up to: a b What women wore to work in 1912 vs. now (Hint: Not much has changed) (https://money.cnn.com/2017/08/16/pf/womens-workwear-history/index.html) , by Julia Carpenter, at CNN Money (/wiki/CNN_Money) ; published August 16, 2017; retrieved September 2, 2020 ^ (#cite_ref-Barlow_4-0) History and the Border (https://dx.doi.org//10.1353/jowh.2006.0031) , by Tani E. Barlow, in Journal of Women's History (/wiki/Journal_of_Women%27s_History) , Vol. 18, Iss. 2, (Summer 2006) External links [ edit ] Transcript of Rittenhouse testifying before the United States Congress as an expert on fashion (https://books.google.com/books?id=ig8VAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22ann+rittenhouse%22+fashion&pg=RA1-PA153) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐75759f6667‐f2r6m Cached time: 20240708120046 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.099 seconds Real time usage: 0.140 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 321/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1287/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 380/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4286/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.030/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1098270/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 118.689 1 -total 72.35% 85.873 1 Template:Short_description 38.67% 45.897 2 Template:Pagetype 20.38% 24.184 1 Template:Reflist 18.77% 22.278 3 Template:Main_other 16.35% 19.410 1 Template:SDcat 2.70% 3.200 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:65197914-0!canonical and timestamp 20240708120046 and revision id 1163807306. 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Three examples of Harvard regalia. Clockwise from top, these are for a Law School professional doctorate, a Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Ph.D., and a Divinity School master's degree. The color of the crows-foot lapel emblem represents the school granting the degree. Note that the Law School gown is black, since it is for a professional doctorate, while the Ph.D. gown is crimson. As the oldest college (/wiki/College) in the United States (/wiki/United_States) , Harvard University (/wiki/Harvard_University) has a long tradition of academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) . Harvard gown facings bear crow's-feet emblems near the yoke, a symbol unique to Harvard, made from flat braid in colours distinctive of the wearer's qualification or degree. Crow's-feet are double for earned degrees, and triple for honorary degrees. [1] (#cite_note-harvardmag-1) History of Harvard academic dress [ edit ] According to the Laws of Harvard College of 1807: Every Candidate for either Degree shall attend the public procession, on Commencement Day, to and from the College. And every Candidate for a first degree shall be clothed in a black gown, or in a coat of blue grey, a dark blue, or a black color; and no one shall wear any silk nightgown, on said day, nor any gold or silver lace, cord, or edging upon his hat, waistcoat, or any other part of his clothing, in the College, or town of Cambridge. And any Candidate for his Degree, who shall neglect such attendance, without sufficient reason, to be allowed by the President, or shall be habited contrary to this regulation, shall not be admitted to his Degree that year. Most universities in the United States follow to varying degrees a uniform code, first published in 1895. Harvard University chose not to participate in the Intercollegiate Commission on the matter in 1893, though Harvard did finally conform partially to the academic costume code. In 1897 the Harvard Corporation (/wiki/Harvard_Corporation) suggested that all Harvard hoods be lined in crimson, however, due to the then presiding President Eliot's dislike of academic dress, this was in fact not adopted until 1902. In 1955 the Harvard Doctoral gown was voted and approved by the Corporation. [2] (#cite_note-2) In 1822, the crow's-feet emblem was adopted for undergraduates' dress. The regalia [ edit ] Rear view of a Harvard doctoral gown and hood. Note the lack of velvet trim on the hood, which is a common feature of the hoods of other universities in the United States that follow the ICC. Rear view of four Harvard master's gowns and hoods. The master's hood is the same shape as the doctor's hood, but is slightly shorter. Gowns [ edit ] Bachelor's degree (/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree) candidates wear a gown of black cloth, with facings of the same material cut in the bachelor's shape as described by the American Council on Education (/wiki/American_Council_on_Education) intercollegiate Academic Costume Code , that is, black worsted stuff with pointed sleeves. The master's (/wiki/Master%27s_degree) gown is of the Intercollegiate Code master's pattern, which is black silk, or worsted stuff, with long closed sleeves. The doctoral (/wiki/Doctorate) gown is either crimson or black silk, with facings continuing around the yoke in black velvet. The sleeves are trimmed with three black velvet bars with pointed ends, and crow's feet befitting the subject. The crimson doctoral gown is used for research doctorates (which at Harvard are the Ph.D. (/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy) , Sc.D. (/wiki/Doctor_of_Science) , S.J.D. (/wiki/Doctor_of_Juridical_Science) , Th.D. (/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology) , Ed.D. (/wiki/Doctor_of_Education) , and DrPH (/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health) ), while professional doctoral degrees such as the J.D. (/wiki/Juris_Doctor) and M.D. (/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine) use a gown which is all black. [3] (#cite_note-3) Contemporary gowns are not silk, but polyester. Also the "crimson" usually purchased by new Ph.D.s is closer to a cherry red. Those gowns dating from the 1970s often now appear as pink. The gowns all have a crow's-feet emblem on the front, which is a "double crow's-feet" for earned degrees, and a "triple crow's-feet" for honorary degrees (a tradition which, having been abandoned beginning in the 1980s, was restored in 2017). [4] (#cite_note-4) This is derived from the use of similar emblems to denote class standing on undergraduate gowns in the early nineteenth century. [5] (#cite_note-5) The Harvard regalia deviates from the Intercollegiate Code's standards in that the color of the degree is shown on the crow's-feet emblem instead of on the hood trimming, and the color refers to the school granting the degree rather than the subject of the degree itself. The colors are: [1] (#cite_note-harvardmag-1) White for the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (/wiki/Harvard_Faculty_of_Arts_and_Sciences) (including the Extension School (/wiki/Harvard_Extension_School) ), except for Ph.D. degrees which are dark blue Orange/gold for the Engineering School (/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences) Medium gray or drab for the Business School (/wiki/Harvard_Business_School) Lilac for the School of Dental Medicine (/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine) Brown for the Graduate School of Design (/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Design) Scarlet for the Divinity School (/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School) Light blue for the Graduate School of Education (/wiki/Harvard_Graduate_School_of_Education) Peacock blue for the Kennedy School of Government (/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_School_of_Government) Purple for the Law School (/wiki/Harvard_Law_School) Salmon pink for the School of Public Health (/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health) Green for the Medical School (/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School) The colors themselves mostly follow the Intercollegiate Code's standards, with the exception of the Business School, Design School, and arguably the Engineering School. The gown of the President of Harvard University is a form of Puritan (/wiki/Puritan) clerical dress rather than an academic robe. It is worn open over a matching waistcoat. Members of the University Council, not doctors, or holding no degree from this University, are authorized to wear the doctor's gown with double crow's-feet of the color of the department to which they belong. Hoods [ edit ] All graduates' hoods are black lined with crimson silk, and are cut in the Edinburgh (/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh) simple shape. Unlike most other United States universities, there is no velvet trim. Rank is indicated by the hood length: master's hoods are 42", doctors 48". Harvard bachelors do not wear hoods. The hood was actually the same hood of the Oxford MA (/wiki/Oxford_MA) that became fossilized in Harvard before the hood shape changed in Oxford, to either the Oxford simple-shape [s1] or the Burgon simple-shape [s2] in the Groves classification system (/wiki/Groves_classification_system) . Masters of Harvard Houses wear tippets embroidered with the House shield. Caps [ edit ] Bachelors and master's degree candidates, as well as candidates for the professional doctorates (MD, Ed.LD and JD) wear the standard black mortarboard (/wiki/Mortarboard) , while research doctoral candidates wear a black square velvet tam. Under the gown [ edit ] Tradition holds that full dress with white tie be worn under the gown, although in recent years this is rarely observed among students. In the past, when Harvard gowns were worn open, this meant that black tailcoats and white ties were worn under the gown. This tradition is similar to the Oxford University (/wiki/Oxford_University) concept of subfusc (/wiki/Subfusc) . It is also similar, but not the same, as formal white tie (/wiki/White_tie) dress. In 1892, the first year gowns were worn to Class Day, the Class Day Committee established that: No senior will wear ribbons, badges or medals of any description on the gown. The cap will not be removed for the purpose of greeting acquaintances, but will be removed indoors. Black coats and waistcoats with white ties, and dark trousers will be worn under the gown. There must be no violation of this rule. The cap and gown will be retained in the evening, unless removed to facilitate dancing. [6] (#cite_note-6) An acceptable variant was full formal dress, white tie, but without the coat, the gown being worn in its place. Today, formal morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) including top hats, and often gloves and canes, is worn by officials at Commencement who are not wearing gowns. The ceremony [ edit ] William Lyon Mackenzie King (/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King) in his Harvard doctoral robes, 1919. When academic dress is worn [ edit ] Academic dress at Harvard is most often worn at a Commencement, as well as on Class Day, and for Harvard University graduands, academic dress is required for admittance to the Commencement ceremony. Before the 1950s, tradition also held that Harvard College seniors as well as members of the graduate schools would wear gowns after May 1. In 1906, however, College Seniors, and graduate students of "other Cambridge departments of the University [were] especially urged to wear caps and gowns, as it is only in this way that many of these men will become known to other members of the class whose daily work has heretofore prevented acquaintanceship" as had been the custom for many years. Officials at Commencement [ edit ] Today, the Sheriff of Middlesex County (/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts) , Former Class Marshals, and other officials present at Commencement wear formal morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) , including top hats (/wiki/Top_hats) , canes, and gloves. It is one of the few occasions in the United States where morning dress is consistently worn. Harvard aides and marshals, at commencement, wear black top hats, white four-in-hand ties (/wiki/Necktie#Four-in-hand) and cutaway coats (/wiki/Morning_coat#Morning_coat) for men, and black dresses and crimson rosettes for women. This is a uniform based on formal morning dress (/wiki/Morning_dress) . At various times in history, dress at Commencement has been the subject of controversy, such as the occasion, printed on June 10, 1970, in The Harvard Crimson , when the Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Massachusetts) reportedly appeared in ancient dress some 35 years prior: Gov. James Michael Curley (/wiki/James_Michael_Curley) appeared in silk stockings, knee britches, a powdered wig, and a three-cornered hat with flowing plume. When University marshals objected to his costume, the story goes, Curley whipped out a copy of the Statutes of the Massachusetts Bay Colony which prescribed proper dress for the occasion and claimed that he was the only person at the ceremony properly dressed. See also [ edit ] History and traditions of Harvard commencements (/wiki/History_and_traditions_of_Harvard_commencements) Academic dress (/wiki/Academic_dress) Academic regalia in the United States (/wiki/Academic_regalia_in_the_United_States) Academic regalia of Columbia University (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University) Academic regalia of Stanford University (/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Rossano, Cynthia W. (May 1999). "Reading the Regalia: A guide to deciphering the academic dress code" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110711150629/http://harvardmagazine.com/1999/05/ner.reading.html) . Harvard Magazine . Archived from the original (http://harvardmagazine.com/1999/05/ner.reading.html) on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Boatner, E.B. "Pumps and Circumstance: A Guide to Academic Garb" (http://www.harvard.edu/guide-to-academic-garb) . Harvard University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111123115931/http://www.harvard.edu/guide-to-academic-garb) from the original on 23 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Commencement 2011 Harvard Regalia Information" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101231140658/http://store.thecoop.com/coopstore/images/HarvardCapGown.pdf) (PDF) . Harvard-MIT Coop. Archived from the original (http://store.thecoop.com/coopstore/images/HarvardCapGown.pdf) (PDF) on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Rosenberg, John S. (May 24, 2017). "Something New, Something Old" (https://harvardmagazine.com/2017/05/harvard-commencement-regalia-new-2017) . Harvard Magazine . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190518191532/https://harvardmagazine.com/2017/05/harvard-commencement-regalia-new-2017) from the original on May 18, 2019 . Retrieved May 18, 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Commencement 2010: History of Harvard Academic Regalia" (http://hds.harvard.edu/news/commencement/history-harvard-academic-regalia) . Harvard Divinity School. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141102123722/http://hds.harvard.edu/news/commencement/history-harvard-academic-regalia) from the original on 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Notice to Seniors" (http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1892/6/23/notice-to-seniors-since-the-cap/) . The Harvard Crimson . The Harvard Crimson, Inc. 23 June 1892. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150619201535/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1892/6/23/notice-to-seniors-since-the-cap/) from the original on 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Further reading [ edit ] Nicholas A. Hoffmann, "Crow's Feet and Crimson: Academic Dress at Harvard," Transactions of the Burgon Society (/wiki/Burgon_Society) 9 (2009), pp. 38–58. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Academic regalia of Harvard University . Harvard Commencement Guide to Academic Garb (https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/guide-to-academic-garb) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190426183137/https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/guide-to-academic-garb) 2019-04-26 at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) Harvard Magazine : Reading the Regalia, A guide to deciphering the academic dress code (https://archive.today/20130125003304/http://www.harvardmag.com/mj99/ner.reading.html) Harvard Magazine : These Festive Rites (https://archive.today/20130125041156/http://www.harvardmag.com/mj97/ner.rituals.html) The Correct Forms for Each Degree Stated by the Corporation. (https://web.archive.org/web/20071006193009/http://www.theharvardcrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=366079) Harvard Crimson : Caps and Gowns (October 20, 1876) (https://web.archive.org/web/20071006192824/http://www.theharvardcrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=320124) Harvard Crimson : Wearing of Caps and Gowns Begins Today (Tuesday, May 01, 1906) (http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=163806) Harvard Crimson : Notice to Seniors (June 23, 1892) (http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=326774) Harvard Crimson : The Faculty have decided to appear in gowns. 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British shoe and accessories designer (born 1985) Sophia Webster Sophia Webster Born ( 1985-03-18 ) 18 March 1985 (age 39) South Africa Nationality British Education London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) Label Sophia Webster Sophia Grace Webster (born 18 March 1985) is a British shoe and accessories designer who launched her eponymous footwear line in September 2012. [1] (#cite_note-elle13-1) [2] (#cite_note-CompaniesHouse-2) She is renowned for a feminine, bold yet playful design approach which has led to distribution at over 200 retailers worldwide. [3] (#cite_note-swDistribution-3) As a teenager, Webster was a competitive dancer. She attended The Rochester Grammar School (/wiki/The_Rochester_Grammar_School) before going on to study art and sculpture at Camberwell College of Arts (/wiki/Camberwell_College_of_Arts) in London. [4] (#cite_note-scmp-4) Realising she wanted to create shoes, Webster went on to Cordwainers (/wiki/Cordwainer) ' College at the London College of Fashion (/wiki/London_College_of_Fashion) , and then studied for her MA at Royal College of Art. [4] (#cite_note-scmp-4) Afterwards she worked as an apprentice with Nicholas Kirkwood (/wiki/Nicholas_Kirkwood) before setting out on her own. [4] (#cite_note-scmp-4) Footwear News (/wiki/Footwear_News) named Webster the "Emerging Footwear Designer of the Year" of 2013, and she also appeared on The Times (/wiki/The_Times) 2013 New Power List as someone to watch. [4] (#cite_note-scmp-4) In 2014, Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) named Webster as one of 7 designers who represented the future of British fashion. [5] (#cite_note-5) In 2013, Sophia Webster was awarded the British Fashion Award (/wiki/British_Fashion_Awards) for Emerging Accessories Designer. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) Webster's shoes were selected as part of the Dress of the Year (/wiki/Dress_of_the_Year) ensemble for 2013 at the Fashion Museum, Bath (/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath) . Chosen by the fashion blogger Susanna Lau (/wiki/Susanna_Lau) , the pink-and-black sandals with stiletto heels accompanied a Christopher Kane (/wiki/Christopher_Kane) dress and hat by Nasir Mazhar (/wiki/Nasir_Mazhar) . [8] (#cite_note-8) In June 2015 Webster's Riri shoe went on display at the Victoria & Albert Museum as part of their 'Shoes: Pleasure and Pain' exhibition. [9] (#cite_note-9) In March 2016, Sophia Webster was the recipient of the BFC (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) Vogue Fashion Fund award. The fund helps support emerging British designers with financial support as well as mentoring from industry experts. In May later that year she opened her first official store on Mount Street Mews in Mayfair. [10] (#cite_note-10) As of September 2016, Sophia Webster products were available through over 200 retailers around the world. [11] (#cite_note-swDistribution2-11) In June 2018, Sophia Webster opened her second boutique in Chelsea, London (/wiki/Chelsea,_London) . References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-elle13_1-0) Donnelly, Erin (16 September 2013). "Sophia Webster Creates an 'Insect Slumber Party' for Spring 2014" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a23729/sophia-webster-spring-2014-interview-london-fashion-week/) . ELLE . Hearst . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-CompaniesHouse_2-0) "Sophia Webster Limited" (https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08691217/officers) . Companies House . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-swDistribution_3-0) "Sophia Webster Designer Profile" (http://www.londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers_profile.aspx?designerID=2082) . London Fashion Week . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hariella, Divia (4 March 2013). "The rise and rise of shoe designer Sophia Webster" (http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/fashion-watches/article/1166670/rise-and-rise-shoe-designer-sophia-webster) . South China Morning Post . SCMP Group . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Eden, Nellie (23 April 2014). "7 Scarily Talented Designers Who Are The Future Of British Fashion" (http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/blogs/546270/the-7-white-hot-designers-who-are-the-future-of-british-design.html) . Marie Claire . Time Inc. (UK) Ltd Fashion & Beauty Network . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Leitch, Luke (2 December 2013). "British Fashion Awards 2013: Kate Moss, Harry Styles and Christopher Kane take the crowns Bailey's double, Kane and Kate crowned, and Styles' style wins big – the 2013 British Fashion Awards results are in" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140419134320/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG10489188/British-Fashion-Awards-2013-Kate-Moss-Harry-Styles-and-Christopher-Kane-take-the-crowns.html) . The Telegraph . Archived from the original (http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG10489188/British-Fashion-Awards-2013-Kate-Moss-Harry-Styles-and-Christopher-Kane-take-the-crowns.html) on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Kate Moss, J.W. Anderson, and Harry Styles Win British Fashion Awards" (https://www.thecut.com/2013/12/moss-harry-styles-win-british-fashion-awards.html) . The Cut . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Sugar pink duct tape Christopher Kane creation is Dress of the Year at Bath Fashion Museum" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140429194547/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/design/fashion-and-costume/art476216-Sugar-pink-duct-tape-Christopher-Kane-creation-is-Dress-of-the-Year-at-Bath-Fashion-Museum) . Culture 24 . Archived from the original (http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/design/fashion-and-costume/art476216-Sugar-pink-duct-tape-Christopher-Kane-creation-is-Dress-of-the-Year-at-Bath-Fashion-Museum) on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Howarth, Dan (11 June 2015). "V&A presents extreme footwear in Shoes: Pleasure and Pain exhibition" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150803142427/http://www.dezeen.com/2015/06/11/va-shoes-pleasure-pain-exhibition-historic-contemporary-footwear/) . Dezeen Magazine . Archived from the original (http://www.dezeen.com/2015/06/11/va-shoes-pleasure-pain-exhibition-historic-contemporary-footwear/) on 3 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "The Wonderful World Of Sophia Webster" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2016/05/19/sophia-webster-first-flagship-shop-mount-street) . Vogue UK . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-swDistribution2_11-0) "Sophia Webster Designer Profile" (http://www.londonfashionweek.co.uk/designers_profile.aspx?designerID=2082) . London Fashion Week . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (https://www.sophiawebster.com/) This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Lebanese fashion writer and philanthropist Tania Fares in 2015 Tania Fares is a Lebanese (/wiki/Lebanon) fashion writer based in London with homes in Lebanon and Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , United States. [1] (#cite_note-bagley-1) [2] (#cite_note-ew-2) In 2011, she founded and co-chaired, with Sian Westerman (/wiki/Sian_Westerman) , the BFC Fashion Trust (/wiki/BFC_Fashion_Trust) , a charity supported by the British Fashion Council (/wiki/British_Fashion_Council) . [1] (#cite_note-bagley-1) [3] (#cite_note-israel-3) In 2018, she co-founded Fashion Trust Arabia (https://www.fashiontrustarabia.com) with her co-chair, Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani (/wiki/Al-Mayassa_bint_Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al-Thani) , which supports fashion designers in the MENA (/wiki/MENA) region. [4] (#cite_note-Spellings_2020-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-Mower_2019-6) In 2021, she became a co-chair of the BFC Foundation (https://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/bfcnews/4523/BFC-CHARITY-APPOINTS-CO-CHAIRS-TO-HELP-MEET-TARGET-OF-2000000-TO-SUPPORT-BRITISH-CREATIVE-TALENT) alongside Narmina Marandi. [7] (#cite_note-Theodosi_2021-7) In 2022, Tania co-founded Fashion Trust U.S (https://www.fashiontrustus.com) . alongside Laura Brown (/wiki/Laura_Brown_(fashion_journalist)) , Anne Crawford (https://www.linkedin.com/in/anne-crawford-ba694b2) , Tan France (/wiki/Tan_France) , Samira Nasr (https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/samira-nasr) and Karla Welch (http://www.karlawelch.com/about) . [8] (#cite_note-Lockwood_2022-8) Early life [ edit ] Fares was born in Lebanon but grew up in Paris, where an uncle introduced her to the city's art and museums. She held an internship with Pierre Cardin (/wiki/Pierre_Cardin) . Writing [ edit ] Fares is a frequent contributor to British Vogue (/wiki/British_Vogue) . [9] (#cite_note-vogue-9) She and Sarah Mower (/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Mower&action=edit&redlink=1) co-authored London Uprising: Fifty Fashion Designers, One City (Phaidon, 2017: ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0714873350 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714873350) ). [10] (#cite_note-week-10) She and Krista Smith (/w/index.php?title=Krista_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1) co-authored Fashion in LA (Phaidon 2019: ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0714879246 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714879246) ). [11] (#cite_note-shift-11) Personal life [ edit ] Fares resides in Los Angeles, Beirut, Paris, and London. [4] (#cite_note-Spellings_2020-4) In Lebanon, she lives in a home in the mountains above Beirut, designed by Nabil Gholam (/wiki/Nabil_Gholam) . [1] (#cite_note-bagley-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Bagley, Christopher (3 January 2018). "Inside the Lebanon Home of Tania Fares, Fashion's Well-Traveled Power Broker" (https://www.wmagazine.com/story/tania-fares-beirut-lebanon-house/) . W Magazine (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved 12 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-ew_2-0) Westernoff, Natalie (16 November 2018). "Emirates Woman sits down with Fashion Trust legend Tania Fares" (https://emirateswoman.com/fashion-trust-legend-tania-fares/) . Emirates Woman . Retrieved 13 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-israel_3-0) Israel, Katrina (21 February 2018). "Meet the fairy godmothers of the fashion world" (https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/meet-the-fairy-godmothers-of-the-fashion-world-british-fashion-council-fashion-trust-a3764396.html) . Evening Standard . Retrieved 30 March 2020 . ^ Jump up to: a b Spellings, Sarah (January 27, 2020). "An Ultimate Fashion Insider Explains Her Taste" (https://www.thecut.com/2020/01/tastemakers-fashion-trust-founder-tania-fares.html) . The Cut (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)#The_Cut) . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Lebanese designers dominate inaugural Fashion Trust Arabia Prize" (https://www.cnn.com/style/article/fashion-trust-arabia/index.html) . CNN (/wiki/CNN) . March 30, 2019 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Mower_2019_6-0) Mower, Sarah (April 1, 2019). "Fashion Trust Arabia Spotlights the Visionary Fashion Voices of the Middle East and North Africa" (https://www.vogue.com/article/fashion-trust-arabia-krikor-jabotian) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Theodosi_2021_7-0) Theodosi, Natalie (April 29, 2021). "British Fashion Council Foundation Brings On Co-chairs, Ramps Up Fundraising" (https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/british-fashion-council-foundation-brings-on-co-chairs-ramps-up-fundraising-1234812083/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 9 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-Lockwood_2022_8-0) Lockwood, Lisa (February 24, 2022). "The Fashion Trust U.S. Assembles Board of Directors" (https://wwd.com/business-news/markets/the-fashion-trust-u-s-assembles-board-of-directors-1235091910/) . WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . Retrieved 9 October 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-vogue_9-0) "Tania Fares: News and Features" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/profile/tania-fares) . British Vogue . Retrieved 13 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-week_10-0) "London Uprising: The rebirth of the UK's fashion hub" (https://www.theweek.co.uk/82005/london-uprising-the-rebirth-of-the-uks-fashion-hub) . The Week Portfolio . 27 February 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-shift_11-0) Stenson, Alice May (17 October 2019). "Fashion in LA: a manifesto of vivid California dreaming" (https://www.shiftlondon.org/fashion/fashion-in-la-a-manifesto-of-vivid-california-dreaming/) . Shift London . Retrieved 12 March 2020 . External links [ edit ] "About Fashion Trust Arabia" (https://fashiontrustarabia.com/about/about-fashion-trust-arabia) . Fashion Trust Arabia . Retrieved 13 March 2020 . "BFC Fashion Trust" (https://www.britishfashioncouncil.co.uk/business-support-awards/BFC-Fashion-Trust) . British Fashion Council . Retrieved 12 March 2020 . This biographical article related to fashion is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tania_Fares&action=edit) . v t e This Lebanese biographical article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Asian casual clothing brand NET The storefront of a NET clothing shop in Hsinchu City (/wiki/Hsinchu_City) Product type Casual lifestyle clothing Owner Ju Fu Fashion Development Corp. Country Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) Introduced 1991 Markets Taiwan Website www (https://www.net-fashion.net/) .net-fashion (https://www.net-fashion.net/) .net (https://www.net-fashion.net/) NET is a Taiwan-owned clothing company that makes mass-market casual clothing and other items, selling the bulk of its products in Taiwan. [1] (#cite_note-1) It was founded in 1991 and currently has 144 stores across Taiwan. [2] (#cite_note-2) History [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/NET_(brand)) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( April 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) In Taiwan in the 1960s and 1970s, the clothing industry was booming, and many garments were manufactured in Taiwan. However, as the volume of garments increased, some garments did not meet the requirements of foreign original manufacturers, or the garments had defects or transportation delays. However, Taiwanese OEMs must face the pressure of inventory accumulation due to returns from foreign original manufacturers. The Housewives Shopping Mall mainly sells ready-made clothing for export. In order to solve the problem of insufficient supply, it began to invest in a business model focusing on self-developed products and designed clothing. [3] (#cite_note-3) In October 1991, Taiwan's first self-created clothing brand NET was established in Housewives Mall. [4] (#cite_note-4) In 1993, Housewives Mall opened its first flagship store on Nanjing East Road (/wiki/Nanjing_Road) , Taipei City (/wiki/Taipei_City) . In 1996, the Housewife Shopping Mall was renamed Jia Fang Clothing Co., Ltd. (J-fun Corp.). In 1997, Jia Fang Clothing entered the information industry and established the large-scale information store "T.T. Station Information Plaza" on the first floor and first basement floor (Shude Building) of No. 36, Section 1, Zhongxiao West Road (/wiki/Zhongxiao_Road) , Zhongzheng District (/wiki/Zhongzheng_District) , Taipei City. In 2008, Jiafang Fashion was renamed Ju Fu Fashion Development Corp . [5] (#cite_note-5) See also [ edit ] Lativ (/wiki/Lativ) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "NET屹立不搖抵擋快時尚危機！ 連續13年行善受肯定" (https://www.ettoday.net/news/20220221/2192540.htm) . ETtoday. 2022-02-21 . Retrieved 2024-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) 方翊倩 (2024-01-03). "NET被品牌夾殺卻不倒 網紅曝3優勢：外國人來台必逛" (https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240103002658-263301?chdtv) . China Times (/wiki/China_Times) . Retrieved 2024-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "台灣本土服飾NET屹立不搖30年！從前身「主婦商場」進軍快時尚" (https://time.udn.com/udntime/story/122833/7777706) . United Daily News (/wiki/United_Daily_News) . 2024-02-19 . Retrieved 2024-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "NET 為什麼在台灣這麼多年都不倒？" (https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80392/post/201801290007/) . Business Today. 2018-01-29 . Retrieved 2024-04-09 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Keoni Everington (2023-05-05). "Taiwan's NET sells polo shirts with Ukrainian flag" (https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/4882433) . Taiwan News . Retrieved 2024-04-09 . External links [ edit ] Net Official Website (https://www.net-fashion.net/}-/) Taiwan Company Information (http://company.g0v.ronny.tw/id/70840479) NET (https://www.facebook.com/nettaiwan) on Facebook (/wiki/Facebook_(identifier)) NET (https://www.instagram.com/net_taiwan/) on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram_(identifier)) Wikimedia Commons has media related to NET (brand) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NET_(brand)) . 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Clothing portal (/wiki/Portal:Clothing) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hosiery (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hosiery) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐5795bc6b8c‐dw8n2 Cached time: 20240720165611 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.102 seconds Real time usage: 0.162 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 166/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3913/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 238/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2569/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.061/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1511774/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 145.813 1 -total 53.13% 77.466 1 Template:Commons_category 51.36% 74.892 1 Template:Sister_project 49.25% 71.820 1 Template:Side_box 33.51% 48.857 2 Template:If_then_show 32.05% 46.727 1 Template:Portal 14.49% 21.131 1 Template:Cat_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:9912714-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720165611 and revision id 1127510833. Rendering was triggered because: unknown Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. H Hosiery brands (/wiki/Category:Hosiery_brands) (33 P) S Socks (/wiki/Category:Socks) (55 P) Pages in category "Hosiery" The following 34 pages are in this category, out of 34 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Hosiery (/wiki/Hosiery) A Amazon Hosiery Mill (/wiki/Amazon_Hosiery_Mill) B Bootee (/wiki/Bootee) Boothose (/wiki/Boothose) C Churidar (/wiki/Churidar) Compression garment (/wiki/Compression_garment) Compression stockings (/wiki/Compression_stockings) D Durham Hosiery Mill No. 15 (/wiki/Durham_Hosiery_Mill_No._15) F Fishnet (/wiki/Fishnet) Fluffy (footwear) (/wiki/Fluffy_(footwear)) Fully fashioned stockings (/wiki/Fully_fashioned_stockings) G Garter (/wiki/Garter) H Hold-ups (/wiki/Hold-ups) Hose (clothing) (/wiki/Hose_(clothing)) J Jorabs (/wiki/Jorabs) K Knee highs (/wiki/Knee_highs) L Lansdale Silk Hosiery Compy-Interstate Hosiery Mills, Inc. (/wiki/Lansdale_Silk_Hosiery_Compy-Interstate_Hosiery_Mills,_Inc.) Leg warmer (/wiki/Leg_warmer) Leggings (/wiki/Leggings) Leotard (/wiki/Leotard) N Nylon riots (/wiki/Nylon_riots) P Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Pencil suit (/wiki/Pencil_suit) R The Railroad Sock (/wiki/The_Railroad_Sock) S Shannon Hosiery Mill (/wiki/Shannon_Hosiery_Mill) Sock (/wiki/Sock) Stocking (/wiki/Stocking) T Tights (/wiki/Tights) Toe tights (/wiki/Toe_tights) Treggings (/wiki/Treggings) U Ultra sheer (/wiki/Ultra_sheer) Underalls (/wiki/Underalls) W W. B. Davis Hosiery Mill (/wiki/W._B._Davis_Hosiery_Mill) Y Yoga pants (/wiki/Yoga_pants) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hosiery&oldid=1127510833 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hosiery&oldid=1127510833) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by type (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_type) Undergarments (/wiki/Category:Undergarments) Footwear (/wiki/Category:Footwear) Lingerie (/wiki/Category:Lingerie) Fashion (/wiki/Category:Fashion) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) |
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1983 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1983) 1984 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1984) 1985 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1985) 1986 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1986) 1987 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1987) 1988 1989 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1989) 1990 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1990) 1991 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1991) 1992 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1992) 1993 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1993) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f564bd77d‐btn5p Cached time: 20240718141848 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.082 seconds Real time usage: 0.162 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 38/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1906/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 11/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3073/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.063/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 933548/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 154.494 1 Template:Navseasoncats 100.00% 154.494 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:62891493-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718141848 and revision id 974952464. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 1988" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 77th Street (clothing) (/wiki/77th_Street_(clothing)) A Amartex (/wiki/Amartex) C Cividini (/wiki/Cividini) E Ebbets Field Flannels (/wiki/Ebbets_Field_Flannels) I I.T (/wiki/I.T) L LC Waikiki (/wiki/LC_Waikiki) LGR Sportswear (/wiki/LGR_Sportswear) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1988&oldid=974952464 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1988&oldid=974952464) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1980s fashion (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) Design companies established in 1988 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_1988) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 1988 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1988) Clothing companies established in the 20th century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_20th_century) |
Season of television series This article needs additional citations for verification (/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability) . Please help improve this article (/wiki/Special:EditPage/Top_Model_Curves_season_1) by adding citations to reliable sources (/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners) . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Top Model Curves season 1" (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Top+Model+Curves+season+1%22) – news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Top+Model+Curves+season+1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · newspapers (https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Top+Model+Curves+season+1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks) · books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Top+Model+Curves+season+1%22+-wikipedia) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Top+Model+Curves+season+1%22) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Top+Model+Curves+season+1%22&acc=on&wc=on) ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message (/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal) ) Season of television series Top Model Curves Season 1 No. of episodes 24 Release Original network TV3 (/wiki/TV3_(Viasat)) Original release August 30 ( 2016-08-30 ) – November 16, 2016 ( 2016-11-16 ) Top Model Curves, season 1 was the first season of Top Model Curves (/wiki/Top_Model_Curves) . The first season features eighteen plus size models, who competed together for approximately twelve weeks. The first season aired from August to November 2016 in Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) , Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) and Norway (/wiki/Norway) . The winner of the competition was 19-year-old Ronja Manfredsson from Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) . Contestants [ edit ] (ages stated are at start of contest) [1] (#cite_note-1) From Contestant Age Height Size Hometown Finish Place Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Janina Karlman 20 1.79 m (5 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 40 Arjeplog (/wiki/Arjeplog) Week 1 18 Norway (/wiki/Norway) Martine Halvorsen 18 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) 42 Nesodden (/wiki/Nesodden) 17 (quit) Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Marlene 'MC' Christensen 27 1.69 m (5 ft 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 42 Vejle (/wiki/Vejle) 16 Norway (/wiki/Norway) Linda Selmoni 18 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) 40 Jotunheimen (/wiki/Jotunheimen) Week 2 15 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Anne-Mette Tassing 25 1.69 m (5 ft 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 42-44 Aarhus (/wiki/Aarhus) Week 3 14 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Mette Elofsson 21 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) 42-44 Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) Week 4 13 Norway (/wiki/Norway) Charlotte Skogrand Bø 18 1.77 m (5 ft 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 44 Oslo (/wiki/Oslo) Week 5 12 Norway (/wiki/Norway) Guro Mangen 20 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) 43 Oslo Week 6 11 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Helena Thompson 20 1.68 m (5 ft 6 in) 42-44 Randers (/wiki/Randers) Week 7 10 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Kathleen Ladani 23 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) 40 Lyngby (/wiki/Kongens_Lyngby) Week 9 9 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Paulina Perger 19 1.71 m (5 ft 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 44 Helsingborg (/wiki/Helsingborg) Week 10 8 Norway (/wiki/Norway) Benedicte Haugaard 25 1.72 m (5 ft 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 45 Drammen (/wiki/Drammen) 7 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Lovisa Reuter 27 1.74 m (5 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 42-44 Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) Week 11 6 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Maria Esbo 21 1.84 m (6 ft 1 ⁄ 2 in) 41 Stockholm (/wiki/Stockholm) Week 12 5 Norway (/wiki/Norway) Jannie Gefle 25 1.74 m (5 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 42 Oslo (/wiki/Oslo) 4 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Aida Almquist Sowe 23 1.82 m (5 ft 11 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) 44-46 Copenhagen (/wiki/Copenhagen) 3 Denmark (/wiki/Denmark) Malene Riis Sørensen 23 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) 42 Valby (/wiki/Valby) 2 Sweden (/wiki/Sweden) Ronja Manfredsson 19 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) 42 Gräsö (/wiki/Gr%C3%A4s%C3%B6) 1 Episodes [ edit ] Week 1 [ edit ] Original airdate: August 30, 2016 & August 31, 2016 Eliminated outside of judging panel: Janina Karlman Groups Anne-Mette, Charlotte, Guro, Helena & MC Benedicte, Jannie, Kathleen, Linda, Martine & Ronja Aida, Lovisa, Malene, Maria, Mette & Paulina Best photo: Aida Almquist Sowe, Lovisa Reuter, Malene Riis Sørensen, Maria Esbo, Mette Elofsson & Paulina Perger Quit: Martine Halvorsen Bottom two: Helena Thompson & MC Christensen Eliminated: MC Christensen Week 2 [ edit ] Original airdate: September 6, 2016 & September 7, 2016 First call-out/Best photo: Malene Riis Sørensen Eliminated: Linda Selmoni Bottom two: Benedicte Haugaard & Helena Thompson Eliminated: None Week 3 [ edit ] Original airdate: September 13, 2016 & September 14, 2016 Challenge winner: Aida Almquist Sowe, Charlotte Skogrand Bø, Jannie Gefle, Maria Esbo & Mette Elofsson Pairs Safe Unsafe Aida & Maria Maria Aida Anne-Mette & Paulina — Both Benedicte & Helena Helena Benedicte Charlotte & Malene Malene Charlotte Guro & Mette Mette Guro Jannie & Lovisa Lovisa Jannie Kathleen & Ronja Both — Immune: Helena Thompson, Kathleen Ladani, Lovisa Reuter, Malene Riis Sørensen, Maria Esbo, Mette Elofsson & Ronja Manfredsson Best photo: Kathleen Ladani & Ronja Manfredsson First call-out: Ronja Manfredsson Campaign winner: Ronja Manfredsson Bottom two: Anne-Mette Tassing & Paulina Perger Eliminated: Anne-Mette Tassing Week 4 [ edit ] Original airdate: September 21, 2016 & September 22, 2016 Challenge winner: Kathleen Ladani First call-out/Best photo: Paulina Perger Bottom two: Charlotte Skogrand Bø & Mette Elofsson Eliminated: Mette Elofsson Week 5 [ edit ] Original airdate: September 28, 2016 & September 29, 2016 Challenge winner: Aida Almquist Sowe, Benedicte Haugaard, Charlotte Skogrand Bø, Kathleen Ladani, Lovisa Reuter & Malene Riis Sørensen First call-out: Guro Mangen & Maria Esbo Best photo: Helena Thompson Eliminated: Charlotte Skogrand Bø Bottom two: Kathleen Ladani & Ronja Manfredsson Eliminated: None Week 6 [ edit ] Original airdate: October 5, 2016 & October 6, 2016 Challenge winner: Benedicte Haugaard First call-out/Best photo: Kathleen Ladani Bottom two: Guro Mangen & Paulina Perger Eliminated: Guro Mangen Week 7 [ edit ] Original airdate: October 12, 2016 & October 13, 2016 Challenge winner: Aida Almquist Sowe First call-out: Malene Riis Sørensen & Ronja Manfredsson Best photo: Aida Almquist Sowe Campaign winner: Aida Almquist Sowe Bottom two: Helena Thompson & Kathleen Ladani Eliminated: Helena Thompson Week 8 [ edit ] Original airdate: October 18, 2016 & October 19, 2016 Challenge winner: Ronja Manfredsson First call-out: Ronja Manfredsson Bottom two: Benedicte Haugaard & Kathleen Ladani Eliminated: None Week 9 [ edit ] Original airdate: October 25, 2016 & October 26, 2016 Challenge winner: Lovisa Reuter First call-out: Ronja Manfredsson Best photo: Aida Almquist Sowe Bottom two: Kathleen Ladani & Paulina Perger Eliminated: Kathleen Ladani Week 10 [ edit ] Original airdate: November 1, 2016 & November 2, 2016 Eliminated outside of judging panel: Paulina Perger Challenge winner: Ronja Manfredsson First call-out/Best photo: Maria Esbo Bottom two: Benedicte Haugaard & Lovisa Reuter Eliminated: Benedicte Haugaard Week 11 [ edit ] Original airdate: November 8, 2016 & November 9, 2016 First panel [ edit ] Challenge winner: Malene Riis Sørensen First call-out/Best photo: Malene Riis Sørensen Bottom two: Aida Almquist Sowe & Lovisa Reuter Eliminated: Lovisa Reuter Second panel [ edit ] Challenge winner: None First call-out/Best photo: Ronja Manfredsson Bottom two: Aida Almquist Sowe & Jannie Gefle Eliminated: None Week 12 [ edit ] Original airdate: November 15, 2016 & November 16, 2016 First panel [ edit ] Eliminated: Maria Esbo Bottom two: Jannie Gefle & Malene Riis Sørensen Eliminated: None Second panel [ edit ] Eliminated outside of judging panel: Jannie Gefle Eliminated: Aida Almquist Sowe Final two: Malene Riis Sørensen & Ronja Manfredsson Scandinavia's Next Top Model: Ronja Manfredsson Call out order [ edit ] Order Episodes 1 [a] (#cite_note-2) 2 3 [b] (#cite_note-3) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [c] (#cite_note-4) 11 [d] (#cite_note-5) 12 [e] (#cite_note-6) 1 Aida Lovisa Malene Maria Mette Paulina Malene Kathleen Ronja Paulina Guro Maria Kathleen Malene Ronja Ronja Ronja Maria Malene Ronja Maria Ronja 2 Aida Anne-Mette Charlotte Guro Jannie Lovisa Maria Mette Paulina Ronja Benedicte Jannie Malene Aida Aida Ronja Maria Aida Ronja Malene 3 Mette Malene Lovisa Malene Benedicte Paulina Aida Jannie Ronja Maria Malene Aida 4 Guro Maria Malene Aida Jannie Benedicte Jannie Jannie Aida Jannie Jannie Malene Jannie 5 Maria Aida Helena Helena Lovisa Lovisa Malene Malene Aida 6 Aida Lovisa Jannie Ronja Jannie Maria Maria Lovisa Maria Lovisa Lovisa 7 Martine Helena Helena Aida Paulina Lovisa Paulina Benedicte 8 Benedicte Jannie Kathleen Linda Ronja Benedicte Ronja Aida Benedicte Benedicte Kathleen Paulina Paulina 9 Malene Jannie Benedicte Maria Kathleen Kathleen 10 Charlotte Kathleen Charlotte Paulina Helena 11 Lovisa Guro Kathleen Guro 12 Kathleen Jannie Charlotte Ronja 13 Guro Linda Paulina Mette 14 Charlotte Benedicte Helena Anne-Mette 15 Anne-Mette 16 Helena 17 MC 18 Janina The contestant was eliminated at judging panel The contestant won best picture of the week The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two. The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel The contestant quit the competition The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant won the competition ^ (#cite_ref-2) In week 1, Janina was eliminated after being deemed the worst in the runway challenge. Furthermore at judging, Martine decided to quit the competition. ^ (#cite_ref-3) In week 3, half of the contestants were immune from elimination after having been deemed the best in their group photos. ^ (#cite_ref-4) In week 10, Paulina was eliminated after the conclusion of the week's previous panel due to her poor behavior. ^ (#cite_ref-5) In week 11, there were two separate panels. One on Tuesday and one on Wednesday. ^ (#cite_ref-6) In week 12, there were also two separate panels. One on Tuesday and one on Wednesday. Photo shoot guide [ edit ] Week 1 photo shoot: Posing in groups with sea animals Week 2 photo shoot: Sightseeing Week 3 photo shoot: Babyliss (/wiki/Babyliss) hair campaign in pairs Week 4 photo shoots: Gymnasts; surfers Week 5 photo shoots: Eyes above water; femme fatales (/wiki/Femme_fatale) Week 6 photo shoot: Portraying David Bowie (/wiki/David_Bowie) & James Bond (/wiki/James_Bond) Week 7 photo shoot: Posing in lingerie Week 8 photo shoot: Robyn Lawley (/wiki/Robyn_Lawley) swimwear with male models Week 9 photo shoots: Posing in a little black dress (/wiki/Little_black_dress) ; recreating famous magazine covers Week 10 photo shoot: Helly Hansen (/wiki/Helly_Hansen) winter collection Week 11 photo shoots: Couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) dresses; posing with a horse Week 12 photo shoot: Cover shoot for SLiNK magazine References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Top Model 2016 Contestants (http://topmodel2016.com/blog/category/deltagarna/) External links [ edit ] Official Swedish website (http://www.topmodel2016.com) v t e Top Model (/wiki/Top_Model) National franchises United States (/wiki/America%27s_Next_Top_Model) (original) Albania Australia (/wiki/Australia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Austria (/wiki/Austria%27s_Next_Topmodel) Belgium ( Topmodel (/wiki/Topmodel_(Belgian_TV_series)) , Belgium's Next Top Model (/wiki/Belgium%27s_Next_Top_Model) ) Brazil (/wiki/Brazil%27s_Next_Top_Model) Cambodia (/wiki/Cambodia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Canada (/wiki/Canada%27s_Next_Top_Model) China (/wiki/China%27s_Next_Top_Model) Colombia (/wiki/Colombia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Croatia (/wiki/Hrvatski_Top_Model) Denmark (/wiki/Danmarks_N%C3%A6ste_Topmodel) Estonia (/wiki/Eesti_tippmodell) Finland (/wiki/Suomen_huippumalli_haussa) France (/wiki/Top_Model_(French_TV_series)) Georgia (/wiki/TOP_gogo) Germany (/wiki/Germany%27s_Next_Topmodel) Greece (/wiki/Greece%27s_Next_Top_Model) Hungary (/wiki/Topmodell_(Hungarian_TV_series)) India ( India's Next Top Model (/wiki/India%27s_Next_Top_Model) , Top Model India (/wiki/Top_Model_India) ) Indonesia (/wiki/Indonesia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Israel (/wiki/HaDugmaniot) Italy (/wiki/Italia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Kazakhstan (/wiki/Ya_krasivaya) Malta Mexico (/wiki/Mexico%27s_Next_Top_Model) Mongolia (/wiki/Mongolia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Netherlands (/wiki/Holland%27s_Next_Top_Model) New Zealand (/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_Next_Top_Model) Norway (/wiki/Top_Model_Norge) Peru (/wiki/Peru%27s_Next_Top_Model) Philippines (/wiki/Philippines%27_Next_Top_Model) Poland (/wiki/Top_Model_(Polish_TV_series)) Romania (/wiki/Next_Top_Model_(Romanian_TV_series)) Russia ( You are a supermodel (/wiki/You_are_a_supermodel) , Top Model po-russki (/wiki/Top_Model_po-russki) , You are a Top Model (/wiki/You_are_a_Top_Model) ) Serbia (/wiki/Srpski_Top_Model) Slovakia Slovenia (/wiki/Slovenski_Top_Model) South Korea (/wiki/Korea%27s_Next_Top_Model) Sweden (/wiki/Top_Model_Sverige) Switzerland (/wiki/Switzerland%27s_Next_Topmodel) Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan_Supermodel_No._1) Thailand (/wiki/Thailand%27s_Next_Top_Model) Turkey (/wiki/Top_Model_T%C3%BCrkiye) Ukraine (/wiki/Top_Model_po-ukrainsky) Vietnam (/wiki/Vietnam%27s_Next_Top_Model) Multinational franchises Africa (/wiki/Africa%27s_Next_Top_Model) Asia (/wiki/Asia%27s_Next_Top_Model) Benelux (/wiki/Benelux%27_Next_Top_Model) Caribbean (/wiki/Caribbean%27s_Next_Top_Model) Scandinavia ( Top Model (/wiki/Top_Model_(Scandinavian_TV_series)) , Top Model Curves (/wiki/Top_Model_Curves) ) United Kingdom & Ireland (/wiki/Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model) Italics indicate inactive or cancelled franchise NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐9fpwt Cached time: 20240712200223 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.717 seconds Real time usage: 0.903 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4429/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 51946/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4473/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 23032/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.392/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6354905/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 762.110 1 -total 21.09% 160.759 1 Template:Infobox_television_season 18.48% 140.841 1 Template:Top_Model 18.44% 140.520 18 Template:Height 18.08% 137.752 1 Template:Navbox 15.66% 119.345 1 Template:Infobox 14.15% 107.812 2 Template:Short_description 12.15% 92.567 1 Template:More_citations_needed 11.96% 91.145 18 Template:Convert 11.35% 86.522 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:58750684-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712200223 and revision id 1217718910. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1950s fashion (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1950s_fashion) . 1950s portal (/wiki/Portal:1950s) Fashion that was popular in the 1950s (/wiki/1950s) . Brightly colored clothes and accessories became fashionable in the 1950s and the bikini was developed. The main article for this category (/wiki/Help:Categories) is 1945–1960 in Western fashion (/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion) . See also: Category:1950s clothing (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1900s (/wiki/Category:1900s_fashion) 1910s (/wiki/Category:1910s_fashion) 1920s (/wiki/Category:1920s_fashion) 1930s (/wiki/Category:1930s_fashion) 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_fashion) 1950s 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_fashion) 1970s (/wiki/Category:1970s_fashion) 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_fashion) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_fashion) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) 15th (/wiki/Category:15th-century_fashion) 16th (/wiki/Category:16th-century_fashion) 17th (/wiki/Category:17th-century_fashion) 18th (/wiki/Category:18th-century_fashion) 19th (/wiki/Category:19th-century_fashion) 20th (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 21st (/wiki/Category:21st-century_fashion) 22nd 23rd 24th 25th Contents Top (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1950s_fashion) 0–9 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=0) A (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=A) B (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=B) C (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=C) D (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=D) E (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=E) F (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=F) G (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=G) H (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=H) I (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=I) J (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=J) K (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=K) L (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=L) M (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=M) N (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=N) O (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=O) P (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=P) Q (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=Q) R (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=R) S (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=S) T (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=T) U (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=U) V (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=V) W (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=W) X (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=X) Y (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=Y) Z (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&from=Z) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6f54559974‐scqzd Cached time: 20240720180443 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.188 seconds Real time usage: 0.307 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 558/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 30862/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3028/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 25/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 11511/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.118/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2018788/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 287.827 1 -total 42.04% 120.996 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_centuries_below_decade 25.35% 72.959 1 Template:Commons_category 24.49% 70.481 1 Template:Sister_project 23.78% 68.455 1 Template:Side_box 11.20% 32.232 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 10.63% 30.589 2 Template:Category_other 10.58% 30.458 2 Template:If_then_show 9.24% 26.603 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 8.94% 25.743 1 Template:Category_main Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:4676978-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720180443 and revision id 1131804128. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total. C Clothing companies established in 1950 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1950) (4 P) Clothing companies established in 1951 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1951) (2 P) Clothing companies established in 1952 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1952) (11 P) Clothing companies established in 1953 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1953) (5 P) Clothing companies established in 1954 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1954) (7 P) Clothing companies established in 1955 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1955) (3 P) Clothing companies established in 1956 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1956) (5 P) Clothing companies established in 1957 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1957) (4 P) Clothing companies established in 1958 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1958) (9 P) Clothing companies established in 1959 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_1959) (6 P) Pages in category "1950s fashion" The following 118 pages are in this category, out of 118 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . Hairstyles in the 1950s (/wiki/Hairstyles_in_the_1950s) 0–9 1945–1960 in Western fashion (/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion) A Aboyne dress (/wiki/Aboyne_dress) Aloha shirt (/wiki/Aloha_shirt) American fiber helmet (/wiki/American_fiber_helmet) Murray Arbeid (/wiki/Murray_Arbeid) B Barkcloth (/wiki/Barkcloth) Jean Barthet (/wiki/Jean_Barthet) Beanie (seamed cap) (/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)) Biblical sandals (/wiki/Biblical_sandals) Bicycle clip hat (/wiki/Bicycle_clip_hat) Blouse (/wiki/Blouse) Bobby sock (/wiki/Bobby_sock) Bobby soxer (subculture) (/wiki/Bobby_soxer_(subculture)) Bolo tie (/wiki/Bolo_tie) Breton (hat) (/wiki/Breton_(hat)) Browline glasses (/wiki/Browline_glasses) Brush cut (/wiki/Brush_cut) Bucket hat (/wiki/Bucket_hat) Burberry (/wiki/Burberry) C Car coat (/wiki/Car_coat) Cartwheel hat (/wiki/Cartwheel_hat) Cat eye glasses (/wiki/Cat_eye_glasses) Chelsea boot (/wiki/Chelsea_boot) Chuck Taylor All-Stars (/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars) Nudie Cohn (/wiki/Nudie_Cohn) Conk (/wiki/Conk) Coonskin cap (/wiki/Coonskin_cap) Coronation gown of Elizabeth II (/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II) Cream Dior dress of Princess Margaret (/wiki/Cream_Dior_dress_of_Princess_Margaret) Charles Creed (/wiki/Charles_Creed) Crew cut (/wiki/Crew_cut) Crinoline (/wiki/Crinoline) D Deerstalker (/wiki/Deerstalker) Angele Delanghe (/wiki/Angele_Delanghe) Michael Donnellan (fashion designer) (/wiki/Michael_Donnellan_(fashion_designer)) Double-breasted (/wiki/Double-breasted) Ducktail (/wiki/Ducktail) F Fedora (/wiki/Fedora) Flattop (/wiki/Flattop) G Gamine (/wiki/Gamine) Garter (/wiki/Garter) Gattinoni (/wiki/Gattinoni) Girdle (/wiki/Girdle) Gomesi (/wiki/Gomesi) H Half hat (/wiki/Half_hat) Harlequin print (/wiki/Harlequin_print) Hip-huggers (/wiki/Hip-huggers) Hobble skirt (/wiki/Hobble_skirt) The Hodson Shop (/wiki/The_Hodson_Shop) Homburg hat (/wiki/Homburg_hat) Horn-rimmed glasses (/wiki/Horn-rimmed_glasses) Hush Puppies (/wiki/Hush_Puppies) I John Michael Ingram (/wiki/John_Michael_Ingram) ISKO (clothing company) (/wiki/ISKO_(clothing_company)) Ivy League (clothes) (/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)) Ivy League (haircut) (/wiki/Ivy_League_(haircut)) K Kahala (apparel) (/wiki/Kahala_(apparel)) Keds (/wiki/Keds) Anne Klein (fashion designer) (/wiki/Anne_Klein_(fashion_designer)) L Lachasse (/wiki/Lachasse) Lacoste (/wiki/Lacoste) Lampshade hat (/wiki/Lampshade_hat) Lee (brand) (/wiki/Lee_(brand)) Levi Strauss & Co. (/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.) Longchamp (company) (/wiki/Longchamp_(company)) Otto Lucas (/wiki/Otto_Lucas) M MA-1 bomber jacket (/wiki/MA-1_bomber_jacket) Mackinaw cloth (/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth) Mackinaw jacket (/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket) Mainbocher (/wiki/Mainbocher) Mary Jane (shoe) (/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)) Mattli (/wiki/Mattli) Gerald McCann (fashion designer) (/wiki/Gerald_McCann_(fashion_designer)) Digby Morton (/wiki/Digby_Morton) Mushroom hat (/wiki/Mushroom_hat) N New Balance (/wiki/New_Balance) Newsboy cap (/wiki/Newsboy_cap) P Pageboy (/wiki/Pageboy) Pantyhose (/wiki/Pantyhose) Peach basket hat (/wiki/Peach_basket_hat) Peacock revolution (/wiki/Peacock_revolution) Pedal pushers (/wiki/Pedal_pushers) Pencil skirt (/wiki/Pencil_skirt) Perfecto motorcycle jacket (/wiki/Perfecto_motorcycle_jacket) Fred Perry (/wiki/Fred_Perry) Petticoat (/wiki/Petticoat) PF Flyers (/wiki/PF_Flyers) Pixie cut (/wiki/Pixie_cut) Pompadour (hairstyle) (/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)) Poodle skirt (/wiki/Poodle_skirt) Pork pie hat (/wiki/Pork_pie_hat) Lilly Pulitzer (/wiki/Lilly_Pulitzer) Q Quiff (/wiki/Quiff) R Regular haircut (/wiki/Regular_haircut) Rickrack (/wiki/Rickrack) Peter Russell (fashion designer) (/wiki/Peter_Russell_(fashion_designer)) S Saddle shoe (/wiki/Saddle_shoe) Claude Saint-Cyr (/wiki/Claude_Saint-Cyr) Emilio Schuberth (/wiki/Emilio_Schuberth) Seersucker (/wiki/Seersucker) Michael Sherard (/wiki/Michael_Sherard) Strapless dress (/wiki/Strapless_dress) Sweater girl (/wiki/Sweater_girl) T Teddy Boys (/wiki/Teddy_Boys) Aage Thaarup (/wiki/Aage_Thaarup) Tiffany & Co. (/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co.) Training bra (/wiki/Training_bra) Trilby (/wiki/Trilby) U Underwire bra (/wiki/Underwire_bra) V Varsity jacket (/wiki/Varsity_jacket) Venetian-style shoe (/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe) W Wedding dress of Grace Kelly (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Grace_Kelly) Wedding dress of Jacqueline Bouvier (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier) Western wear (/wiki/Western_wear) White floral Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn (/wiki/White_floral_Givenchy_dress_of_Audrey_Hepburn) Winklepicker (/wiki/Winklepicker) Women's Home Industries (/wiki/Women%27s_Home_Industries) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&oldid=1131804128 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1950s_fashion&oldid=1131804128) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s) 20th-century fashion (/wiki/Category:20th-century_fashion) 1950s in art (/wiki/Category:1950s_in_art) Fashion by decade (/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_decade) Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) Category series navigation decade and century (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_decade_and_century) Template Category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 101–200 pages (/wiki/Category:Template_Category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_101%E2%80%93200_pages) Automatic category TOC generates standard Category TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_standard_Category_TOC) |
French designer; son of Louis Vuitton Georges Ferréol Vuitton Born ( 1857-07-13 ) 13 July 1857 Asnières-sur-Seine (/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine) , France Died 26 October 1936 (1936-10-26) (aged 79) Asnières-sur-Seine, France Occupation(s) Designer and head of Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) Predecessor Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_(designer)) (father) Successor Gaston Vuitton (son) Spouse(s) Josephine Vuitton, née Patrelle Children 5 Georges Ferréol Vuitton (13 July 1857 – 26 October 1936) was the only child of Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_(designer)) (1821–1892; French designer and trunk maker for Empress Eugénie de Montijo (/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo) [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) ) and Clemence-Emilie Vuitton, [3] (#cite_note-:8-3) who succeeded his father as head of the Louis Vuitton brand, which is now a brand under the umbrella of the parent company LVMH (/wiki/LVMH) . Georges is commonly known for his creation of the widely-used LV monogram canvas print, created as an homage to his father and to combat counterfeits. He is also known for making Louis Vuitton products available to purchase internationally. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) After Georges Vuitton's death in 1936, his son Gaston Louis Vuitton (1883–1970) succeeded him as head of the Vuitton brand. [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) Early life [ edit ] When the French designer Louis Vuitton (son of Trunk maker Xavier Vuitton and Corrine Gaillard from the Jura (/wiki/Jura_(department)) region of Eastern France [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) ) was 35 years old, his wife Clemence-Emilie Vuitton gave birth to their first son and child Georges Ferreol Vuitton on 13 July 1857 in Asnières-sur-Seine (/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine) where the brand Louis Vuitton was based, [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) until the end of the Franco-Prussian War (/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War) when the original Vuitton main trunk manufacturing workshop was completely destroyed forcing the young family to move to Paris in 1871 where Georges subsequently lived. [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) Georges was the only child of Louis and Clemence-Emilie Vuitton and quickly began learning the trade his Father practiced- Trunk making for Louis Vuitton. [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) Louis and Clemence-Emilie sent Georges to school in Jersey to learn to speak English as Louis was not comfortable speaking English to his wealthy clients. [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) After Louis Vuitton died aged 70 years old on 27 February 1892, and then his son Georges took over as the head of the luxury trunk and bag making business and was the first Vuitton man to bring the brand out of France and onto the global stage by showing it off at the Chicago World Fair (/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition) in 1893. [2] (#cite_note-:4-2) Career [ edit ] Throughout Georges Ferréol Vuitton's life as the head of Louis Vuitton, he created and changed many aspects of the brand. His work aided the brand in becoming one of the most popular French luxury brands and one of the most successful companies owned by parent company LVMH. Georges was the first to bring the brand to the global scene. [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) He created the LV monogram canvas, [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) the Car trunk, innovated on locks that became the Tumbler lock, [3] (#cite_note-:8-3) started the Le Voyage book series, and began giving VIP trunk Vuitton gifts to Louis Vuitton's most loyal customers. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) LV Monogram Canvas [ edit ] Due to the popularity of the brand, many counterfeit products appeared in France and were sold at much lower prices that reflected their poor craftsmanship. In 1896, in response to counterfeiters, Georges created a complicated pattern that would cover his trunks [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) and reduce counterfeits due to the difficulty in creating the pattern. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) This resulted in the creation of the LV monogram canvas, which was both a response to counterfeits and a homage (/wiki/Homage_(arts)) to his father Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) . [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) This canvas is covered with diamonds, the LV logo, flowers and quatrefoils [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) and other shapes that have become a key part of the brand's image. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Despite its creation in 1896, it was not until 1905 that the patent for the LV monogram canvas was granted. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Georges' father Louis Vuitton, founder of the luxury brand. 1897– Car Trunk [ edit ] The LV monogram canvas was developed by Georges Vuitton both as a tribute to his father and the brand and to curb the production of counterfeits. A large part of Georges Ferréol Vuitton's life was his love of automobiles and traveling in them. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) His interest became an essential point of the Louis Vuitton trunks and how the brand created and innovated on them. Georges saw many trunks that were being made without the idea of them being put into automobiles in mind. He wanted to innovate and change this. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) He decided that a traveller should be able to travel in a car with the same amount of cargo one could take on a boat or a train, so he created a more sturdy and space-efficient trunk than was previously manufactured. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Georges' solution was to use new materials he had not previously used to create his trunks, including a black waterproof cloth that coated every trunk to ensure durability. [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) Louis Vuitton also decided to bevel each closure of the trunk rendering the new trunks not as susceptible to issues caused by rain and dust. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Georges understood that in traveling in a car, the trunks need to be stacked on top of each other to use space efficiently, so he revolutionized the creation of trunks by squaring the edges and with flat tops and bottoms, [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) making them perfect for stacking rather than the typical rounded edges that were common at the time. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) In doing so, Vuitton bought the frame of an automobile (car chassis) [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) so that he could create his own car and he entrusted this mission to multiple different bodybuilders of cars such as Labourdette, Rothschild and Janteaud. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) He commissioned them to create an automobile that he could then use to match and design his own car trunks. [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) In the year of 1897, Georges Ferréol Vuitton presented the first prototype of the new trunk that he created—the Car trunk. [8] (#cite_note-:10-8) He presented his prototype and ideas at multiple automobile trade shows. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) During George Ferréol's reign over Louis Vuitton, he also created many other trunks such as the 'Perfect Trunk' for men's changing rooms, and the Louis Vuitton Aero Trunk [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) in 1921 to accompany the creation of Helicopter prototypes by his twin sons Jean and Pierre. [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) The Tumbler Lock [ edit ] In the late 1800s and early 1900s, most travelers used trunks which were the main produce of Louis Vuitton. [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) Unfortunately trunks mostly had an easy lock to pick by burglars who recognized the expensive Louis Vuitton trunks and what may possibly be kept inside by its wealthy owner. [3] (#cite_note-:8-3) To combat this, Georges and his father Louis in 1886 decided to innovate on the lock and create a brand new one. [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) After many years Georges was finally able to patent a lock that was so difficult to pick him and Louis Vuitton invited Harry Houdini [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) to attempt to escape from a Louis Vuitton trunk which had been made with the new lock. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) Despite Houdini not accepting the challenge, the lock is still effective at its job and the same patented lock is used by Louis Vuitton today in all its trunks. [7] (#cite_note-:0-7) The new lock was coined the revolutionary new 'Tumbler Lock' and contains two spring buckles [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) VIP Gifts – Trunk Vuitton [ edit ] As with most luxury brands, Louis Vuitton does not offer discount prices or rebates to its customers, whether they be new or regular customers. Rather than offering discounts, Georges and his eldest son Gaston-Louis chose to be more generous by gifting loyal and continuing customers with mini Louis Vuitton trunks. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) The trunks could not be bought or ordered but were gifts given at the choosing of Georges and were delivered to the client's home. The trunks were covered in the typical LV monogram canvas and began around 1910. Inside the canvases, Vuitton would put a bouquet of fresh flowers. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) The inside of the trunk would contain a zinc tray so as to prevent any damage from water or moisture from the flowers. Receiving these gifts was considered an honor as they were exclusive and could not be bought. [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) After the flowers died, Georges allowed the recipient of the gift to choose how the trunk would be recycled—whether it be for sewing material or as a cigarette box he did not care. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Louis Vuitton no longer practices this as the brand has a much larger clientele and continuing to do this would be expensive. Flower trunks, however, are still available as part of their hard-sided collection which can be purchased in-store. [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) Louis Vuitton Book- Le Voyage [ edit ] During George's tenure at the helm of Louis Vuitton, he began what is now a large part of Louis Vuitton's marketing: Le Voyage books. Georges created the first travel book published by Louis Vuitton, which has now turned into a 30-city collection of travel guides, including San Francisco, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Cape Town, Berlin and Amsterdam. [10] (#cite_note-10) A matching mobile app has also been created. [11] (#cite_note-11) Georges' book was published only in French in 1901 and centered on Paris, with three original editions existing each at a length of 294 pages. [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) It is incredibly rare, has dimensions of 165mm x 255mm, and has a preface written by French Journalist and Anarchist, Émile Gautier (/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gautier) . Its caption translated into English means: "From the most remote times to the present day". [12] (#cite_note-:5-12) The cover of the book was illustrated and signed by French painter and illustrator Charles Henri Pille (1844–1897) depicting a nineteenth-century love of the Middle Ages, and showing Vuitton as trunk makers. [12] (#cite_note-:5-12) This Champs-Elyseés store was opened under the reign of Georges Vuitton. Coco Chanel was a patron of the store. Personal life [ edit ] Despite a busy work life heading the now global luxury leather goods brand Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Georges Vuitton married Josephine Patrelle (1863–1964) [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) [1] (#cite_note-:7-1) and they were married until his death in 1936. [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) Their children (in chronological order) were Marie Louise, Gaston Louis, the twins Jean and Pierre, and their youngest son Marcel Vuitton. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) In 1893, a year after founder Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_(designer)) died, Georges and a relative Henry traveled to the United States (/wiki/United_States) by boat passing through Ellis Island (/wiki/Ellis_Island) immigration [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) to travel to the Chicago World Fair (/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition) to show off their luxury leather goods, [5] (#cite_note-:9-5) making it the first time that Louis Vuitton products were to be displayed and sold outside of France (/wiki/France) . Records show that Georges and Henry travelled multiple times to the United States passing through the Ellis Island Immigration stop entering the country again in 1897. [14] (#cite_note-:3-14) Whilst he was still alive, Georges' middle children, who are twins, Jean and Pierre took their love of flying to a new level by creating 3 prototypes for helicopters, [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) naming them Vuitton-Hubert, Vuitton II and Vuitton III [9] (#cite_note-:6-9) all after their father's famous family name. The helicopters were never formally used but were a display of the Vuitton family's creativity. [6] (#cite_note-:1-6) Death [ edit ] On 26 October 1936, in Asnières-sur-Seine (/wiki/Asni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine) in France, Georges Ferréol Vuitton died at the age of 79 years old. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) His wife, Josephine Vuitton (née Patrelle) outlived him and died many years later in 1964 in France. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) All their children outlived them, with Gaston, the eldest of their sons, taking over the brand after his father's death in 1936, until his own death in 1970 ending the three-generation lead of the Louis Vuitton brand by Vuitton men. [13] (#cite_note-:2-13) [4] (#cite_note-:11-4) Sources [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Contemporary fashion . Martin, Richard (Richard Harrison) (1st ed.). New York: St. James Press. 1995. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 1558621733 . OCLC (/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)) 32746769 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32746769) . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: others ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c Holborow, Olivia (21 June 2012). "Louis Vuitton" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/louis-vuitton) . British Vogue . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c "History of Louis Vuitton" (http://www.fashionintime.org/history-louis-vuitton/) . History of Fashion . 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Mason, Fergus (6 January 2015). Vuitton: A Biography of Louis Vuitton . BookCaps Study Guides. ASIN (/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)) B00RY8OT08 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00RY8OT08) . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Leonforte, Pasols, Pierre, Paul-Gerard (2012). Louis Vuitton: The Birth of Modern Luxury Updated Edition: The Birth of Modern Luxury Updated Edition . Harry N. Abrams, 2012. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1419705564 . {{ cite book (/wiki/Template:Cite_book) }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link (/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list) ) ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "History louis Vuitton a family of malletier" (http://www.malle2luxe.com/trunk-louis-vuitton/) . Trunk Louis Vuitton . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vuitton, Louis. "A Legendary History | LOUIS VUITTON" (https://au.louisvuitton.com/eng-au/la-maison/a-legendary-history) . au.louisvuitton.com . Retrieved 7 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Bellu, Sergu (2008). Louis Vuitton: The Art of the Automobile . Harry N. Abrams; 1st Edition. edition (1 April 2008). ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0810995512 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Louis Vuitton Aero trunk – Travels, fly" (http://www.malle2luxe.com/louis-vuitton-aero-trunk-travels-fly-des-voyages/) . Trunk Louis Vuitton . 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "{{ ($root.post && $root.post.id) ? $root.post.translations[$root.lang].socialTitle : $root.seo.pageTitle | translate }}" (https://www.nowness.com/brand/107245/louis-vuitton-city-guide) . www.nowness.com . Retrieved 13 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Louis Vuitton Launches City Guides Mobile App" (https://www.elitetraveler.com/features/louis-vuitton-launches-city-guides-mobile-app) . Elite Traveler . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b "History louis Vuitton a family of malletier" (http://www.malle2luxe.com/trunk-louis-vuitton/) . Trunk Louis Vuitton . Retrieved 13 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Family tree of Georges VUITTON" (https://gw.geneanet.org/qdshombre?lang=en&n=vuitton&oc=0&p=georges) . Geneanet . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . ^ Jump up to: a b myheritage.com https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10512-15460924/georges-vuitton-in-ellis-island-other-new-york-passenger-lists?s=609307351 (https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10512-15460924/georges-vuitton-in-ellis-island-other-new-york-passenger-lists?s=609307351) . Retrieved 6 May 2019 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000391919479) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/4641149108580168780007) National Norway (https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4107593) France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10422649r) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10422649r) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/161161618) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐65c7cb9d7f‐6fgtd Cached time: 20240626230835 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.425 seconds Real time usage: 0.611 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2685/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33824/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1692/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 66210/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.258/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6931754/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 564.733 1 -total 27.21% 153.646 1 Template:Reflist 24.73% 139.646 1 Template:Infobox_person 22.23% 125.542 1 Template:Short_description 18.25% 103.036 17 Template:Main_other 16.33% 92.208 4 Template:Cite_book 15.52% 87.649 1 Template:Authority_control 15.35% 86.673 1 Template:SDcat 7.81% 44.124 4 Template:Br_separated_entries 6.29% 35.549 10 Template:Cite_web Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:60440914-0!canonical and timestamp 20240626230835 and revision id 1153168338. 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Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) 2000 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2000) 2001 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2001) 2002 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2002) 2003 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2003) 2004 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2004) 2005 2006 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2006) 2007 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2007) 2008 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2008) 2009 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2009) 2010 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2010) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5fdc497c9b‐h6mht Cached time: 20240718011536 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.123 seconds Real time usage: 0.192 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 50/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2594/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 12/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4114/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.092/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 947624/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 178.461 1 -total 77.52% 138.344 1 Template:Navseasoncats 22.36% 39.907 1 Template:Portal Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:52279251-0!canonical and timestamp 20240718011536 and revision id 914451695. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Clothing companies established in 2005" The following 20 pages are in this category, out of 20 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . 0–9 2wink (/wiki/2wink) 2XU (/wiki/2XU) A Affliction Clothing (/wiki/Affliction_Clothing) Alanic (/wiki/Alanic) B Barker Black (/wiki/Barker_Black) Billionaire Boys Club (clothing retailer) (/wiki/Billionaire_Boys_Club_(clothing_retailer)) Malan Breton (/wiki/Malan_Breton) D Đại Cát Tường (/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%C3%A1t_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng) DBApparel (/wiki/DBApparel) F FEIT (/wiki/FEIT) Forth & Towne (/wiki/Forth_%26_Towne) J The Jessica Simpson Collection (/wiki/The_Jessica_Simpson_Collection) K Kustom (footwear) (/wiki/Kustom_(footwear)) M Maverik Lacrosse (/wiki/Maverik_Lacrosse) R Rebecca Minkoff (company) (/wiki/Rebecca_Minkoff_(company)) Red Dress Boutique (/wiki/Red_Dress_Boutique) Rodarte (/wiki/Rodarte) T Tom Ford (brand) (/wiki/Tom_Ford_(brand)) V Valentino Fashion Group (/wiki/Valentino_Fashion_Group) Vanskere (/wiki/Vanskere) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005&oldid=914451695 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2005&oldid=914451695) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : 2000s fashion (/wiki/Category:2000s_fashion) Clothing companies established in the 21st century (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_the_21st_century) Design companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Design_companies_established_in_2005) Clothing companies by year of establishment (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_by_year_of_establishment) Manufacturing companies established in 2005 (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_established_in_2005) |
1986 1987 (/wiki/Category:1987_clothing) 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 (/wiki/Category:1994_clothing) 1995 (/wiki/Category:1995_clothing) 1996 1940s (/wiki/Category:1940s_clothing) 1950s (/wiki/Category:1950s_clothing) 1960s (/wiki/Category:1960s_clothing) 1970s 1980s (/wiki/Category:1980s_clothing) 1990s (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) 2000s (/wiki/Category:2000s_clothing) 2010s (/wiki/Category:2010s_clothing) 2020s (/wiki/Category:2020s_clothing) 2030s 2040s NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.canary‐84d4f5c9db‐lt9g6 Cached time: 20240719054450 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.126 seconds Real time usage: 0.190 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 145/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4106/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 105/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 37/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5517/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.084/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1025024/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 177.704 1 -total 86.00% 152.822 1 Template:Navseasoncats_with_decades_below_year 9.24% 16.414 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 6.06% 10.775 1 Template:Category_other 4.79% 8.507 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 3.46% 6.147 2 Template:Title_year 1.11% 1.979 1 Template:DECADE 1.05% 1.861 1 Template:Template_other 0.95% 1.681 1 Template:Clear Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55030892-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719054450 and revision id 982830654. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "1991 clothing" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . R Red Versace dress of Cindy Crawford (/wiki/Red_Versace_dress_of_Cindy_Crawford) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1991_clothing&oldid=982830654 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1991_clothing&oldid=982830654) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Clothing by year (/wiki/Category:Clothing_by_year) 1991 works (/wiki/Category:1991_works) 1990s clothing (/wiki/Category:1990s_clothing) Hidden categories: Category series navigation year and decade (/wiki/Category:Category_series_navigation_year_and_decade) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( September 2017 ) Mineral cosmetics are forms of make-up (/wiki/Make-up) that are composed of compressed minerals (/wiki/Mineral) . [1] (#cite_note-health-1) Most of these products are pure mineral, and do not contain any oil or wax additives (/wiki/Oil_additive) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Some kinds of minerals can have beneficial health results for the skin, combining health effects with cosmetic results. [1] (#cite_note-health-1) The claim that applying minerals directly to the skin in the form of cosmetics has health benefits, however, has inspired some scientific controversy. [3] (#cite_note-3) Historically some mineral additives have proven to be poisonous to the skin, such as lead (/wiki/Lead_poisoning) . [4] (#cite_note-4) and the mineral Bismuth that can cause a negative skin reaction. However the kinds of minerals used in modern products are not harmful to the skin. [1] (#cite_note-health-1) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Kristin Ma (2001). Beauty Pure and Simple: The Ayurvedic Approach to Beautiful Skin . Shambhala Publications. p. 102. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780834827523 . Retrieved March 15, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Kat James, Oz Garcia (2003). The Truth About Beauty: Transform Your Looks And Your Life From The Inside Out . Simon and Schuster. p. EBook, page not given. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781416577423 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Maria Ricapito (November 2006). "Is it Really Healthily, Prettier, Better--The Dirt on the Mineral Make-up Craze" (https://books.google.com/books?id=EMYDAAAAMBAJ&dq=mineral+cosmetics&pg=PA111) . Women's Health. p. 111 . Retrieved March 15, 2012 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Jerome O. Nriagu (1983). Lead and Lead Poisoning in Antiquity . Wiley. pp. 23, 131, 299. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐59d4f5b5d9‐fkj6w Cached time: 20240710170056 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.225 seconds Real time usage: 0.276 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 281/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10366/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 95/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17594/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.152/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3686838/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 255.132 1 -total 65.54% 167.207 1 Template:Reflist 50.92% 129.901 3 Template:Cite_book 32.85% 83.820 1 Template:Undisclosed_paid 24.63% 62.849 1 Template:Ambox 3.30% 8.424 1 Template:Cite_news 0.93% 2.363 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:35085928-0!canonical and timestamp 20240710170056 and revision id 1087879393. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mineral_cosmetics&oldid=1087879393 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mineral_cosmetics&oldid=1087879393) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Cosmetics chemicals (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics_chemicals) Cosmetics (/wiki/Category:Cosmetics) Hidden category: Wikipedia articles with undisclosed paid content from September 2017 (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_undisclosed_paid_content_from_September_2017) |
American women's clothing retailer This article may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments , a violation of Wikipedia's terms of use (https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use/en#paid-contrib-disclosure) . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies (/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Content) , particularly neutral point of view (/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view) . ( December 2020 ) BHLDN Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Retail (/wiki/Retail) Founded 2011 Headquarters Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) , U.S. Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) (2011–present) Website www.bhldn.com (http://www.bhldn.com) BHLDN ( disemvowelment (/wiki/Disemvoweling) of "beholden") [1] (#cite_note-1) is an American women's clothing retailer (/wiki/Retail) that specializes in wedding (/wiki/Weddings_in_the_United_States) dresses (/wiki/Contemporary_Western_wedding_dress) , bridesmaid dresses, bridal accessories, and wedding décor. Headquartered in Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Pennsylvania (/wiki/Pennsylvania) , BHLDN is owned by Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) , and is a sister brand to Anthropologie (/wiki/Anthropologie) . [2] (#cite_note-2) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) History [ edit ] BHLDN launched its website on Valentine’s Day (/wiki/Valentine%E2%80%99s_Day) 2011, and opened its first brick-and-mortar (/wiki/Brick-and-mortar) store in Houston (/wiki/Houston) in August 2011. [5] (#cite_note-5) [6] (#cite_note-6) The retailer has since expanded to operating additional brick-and-mortar stores in Chicago (/wiki/Oak_Street_(Chicago)) and New York (/wiki/New_York_(state)) , and shop-in-shop (/wiki/Store-within-a-store) locations in Anthropologie stores in Atlanta (/wiki/Atlanta) , Bethesda, Boston (/wiki/Boston) , Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California) , Carlsbad, Century City, Chestnut Hill, Denver (/wiki/Denver) , Newport Beach, New York City, Palo Alto, Portland, Philadelphia (/wiki/Philadelphia) , Seattle (/wiki/Seattle) , Walnut Creek, Washington D.C. (/wiki/Washington,_D.C.) , and Westport. [7] (#cite_note-7) [8] (#cite_note-8) [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) As of 2019, there were seventeen shops within Anthropologie stores and three standalone stores. [11] (#cite_note-11) Products [ edit ] BHLDN has carried gowns and accessories from fashion designers including Catherine Deane, Tracy Reese (/wiki/Tracy_Reese) , and Fleur Wood. [12] (#cite_note-12) BHLDN also has collaborated with Wedding Paper Divas, a subsidiary of photo publishing service Shutterfly (/wiki/Shutterfly) , for a collection of wedding stationery. [13] (#cite_note-13) [14] (#cite_note-14) In April 2016, BHLDN launched a party dress collection, offering dresses for special events. [15] (#cite_note-15) In August 2016, BHLDN partnered with Indiana jewelry brand ILA to create a collection of nine engagement rings (/wiki/Engagement_ring) and wedding bands (/wiki/Wedding_band) to be sold through the BHLDN website. [16] (#cite_note-16) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "BHLDN" (https://www.bhldn.com/about-us/?cm_sp=LEFTNAV-_-HELP-_-ABOUTUS) . BHLDN . Retrieved 2018-08-08 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Company Overview of BHLDN.com LLC" (http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=141489139) . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-3) "BHLDN" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150316191946/http://urbn.com/profile/bhldn.html) . Archived from the original (http://urbn.com/profile/bhldn.html) on 2015-03-16 . Retrieved 2015-01-15 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) "Getting Married? Urban Outfitters Has Your Dress" (https://money.cnn.com/2011/02/11/pf/urban_outfitters_wedding_dresses/index.htm) . ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Bhldn, Urban Outfitters' Bridal Brand, To Launch February 14" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/08/bhldn-urban-outfitters-bridal_n_820309.html) . HuffPost (/wiki/HuffPost) . 8 February 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "BHLDN Opens its First Brick-and-Mortar Store at Highland Village" (http://racked.com/archives/2011/08/19/bhldn-opens-its-first-brickandmortar-store-at-highland-village.php) . 19 August 2011. ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Stores" (https://www.bhldn.com/stores/) . BHLDN . Retrieved 23 May 2019 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Anthropologie to Open BHLDN Bridal Boutique on Upper East Side" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140504004436/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140120/upper-east-side/anthropologie-open-bhldn-bridal-boutique-on-upper-east-side) . Archived from the original (http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20140120/upper-east-side/anthropologie-open-bhldn-bridal-boutique-on-upper-east-side) on 2014-05-04. ^ (#cite_ref-9) Kuczynski, Alex (June 2006). "Peter Pan Collars in a Vintage Never-Never Land" (https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/01/fashion/thursdaystyles/01CRITIC.html?_r=2&) . The New York Times . ^ (#cite_ref-10) "BHLDN bridal brand debuts inside Philly's Anthropologie store" (http://www.philly.com/philly/business/20161121_BHLDN_bridal_brand_debuts_inside_Philly_s_Anthropologie_store.html) . Philly.com . Retrieved 2017-06-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Urban Outfitters wedding brand, BHLDN, sets up shop inside Fashion Island store" (https://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/13/urban-outfitters-wedding-brand-bhldn-sets-up-shop-inside-fashion-island-store/) . Orange County Register . 2017-09-13 . Retrieved 2018-07-02 . ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Anthropologie Launches Bridal Site BHLDN.com" (http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2011/02/14/anthropologie-launches-bridal-site-bhldn-com/) . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "THE BHLDN COLLECTION FOR WEDDING PAPER DIVAS" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215247/http://www.weddingpaperdivas.com/featured-designers/bhldn.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.weddingpaperdivas.com/featured-designers/bhldn.htm) on 2015-01-12. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Shutterfly, Inc. - About" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150223170258/http://www.shutterflyinc.com/about.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.shutterflyinc.com/about.html) on 2015-02-23 . Retrieved 2015-02-19 . ^ (#cite_ref-15) "BHLDN Gets Into the Prom Dress Biz" (http://www.racked.com/2016/5/18/11701834/bhldn-party-dress-collection-photos) . Racked . 2016-05-18 . Retrieved 2017-04-18 . ^ (#cite_ref-16) "National bridal boutique BHLDN debuts line of engagement rings designed by Houston duo" (http://houston.culturemap.com/news/fashion/08-03-16-national-bridal-boutique-bhldn-debuts-line-of-engagement-rings-designed-by-houston-duo/#slide=0) . CultureMap Houston . Retrieved 2017-04-18 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://www.bhldn.com/) v t e Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) Brands Urban Outfitters (/wiki/Urban_Outfitters) Anthropologie (/wiki/Anthropologie) Free People (/wiki/Free_People) BHLDN People Richard Hayne (/wiki/Richard_Hayne) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69f74dcdf6‐g4v7l Cached time: 20240722002358 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.369 seconds Real time usage: 0.476 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1866/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 36631/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1589/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67944/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.259/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6941473/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 445.864 1 -total 36.43% 162.410 1 Template:Reflist 26.03% 116.052 12 Template:Cite_web 18.96% 84.531 1 Template:Infobox_company 17.46% 77.847 1 Template:Urban_Outfitters 17.05% 76.035 1 Template:Navbox 16.57% 73.892 1 Template:Infobox 14.51% 64.692 1 Template:Short_description 11.08% 49.406 1 Template:Undisclosed_paid 9.92% 44.250 1 Template:Ambox Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45062447-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722002358 and revision id 1226510952. 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Submission declined on 12 April 2024 by KylieTastic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KylieTastic) ( talk (/wiki/User_talk:KylieTastic) ). This draft's references do not show that the subject qualifies for a Wikipedia article (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability) . In summary, the draft needs multiple published sources that are: in-depth (/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability#General_notability_guideline) (not just passing mentions about the subject) reliable secondary independent of the subject Make sure you add references that meet these criteria before resubmitting. Learn about mistakes to avoid (/wiki/Wikipedia:Common_sourcing_mistakes_(notability)) when addressing this issue. If no additional references exist, the subject is not suitable for Wikipedia. If you would like to continue working on the submission, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you have not resolved the issues listed above, your draft will be declined again and potentially deleted. 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Add tags to your draft Editor resources Find sources: Google (https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22) ( books (https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22+-wikipedia) · news (https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1) · scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22) · free images (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org) · WP refs (https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22) ) · FENS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources) · JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22925+Silver+Shine%22&acc=on&wc=on) · TWL (https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22925+Silver+Shine%22) Easy tools : Citation bot (https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Draft:925_Silver_Shine) ( help (/wiki/User:Citation_bot/use) ) | Advanced: Fix bare URLs (https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/result.php?page=Draft:925_Silver_Shine&defaults=y) Declined by KylieTastic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:KylieTastic) 3 months ago. Last edited by KylieTastic (/wiki/User:KylieTastic) 3 months ago. Reviewer: Inform author (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Kellogsphone&action=edit&editintro=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_editintro_declined&preload=Template:AfC_submission/user_talk_preload_declined&preloadtitle=Your+submission+at+%5B%5BWP%3AAfC%7CArticles+for+creation%5D%5D§ion=new) . Resubmit Please note that if the issues are not fixed, the draft will be declined again. 925 Silver Shine a global wholesaler of sterling silver jewelry which situated in Jaipur (India) 925 Silver Shine , a global platform for jewelry, was established by Mr Govind Soni in 2014 (/wiki/2014) . 925 Silver Shine, Produces and Exports Silver /Gemstone Jewelry. The brand operates a store in the pink city, Jaipur (/wiki/Jaipur) , India (/wiki/India) . Brand operates a leading jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) , wholesale , and export unit in Jaipur. Historical background [ edit ] The Inspiration behind the 925 Silver Shine has a rich history. Late Mr Sh. Radhey Shyam Soni , Grandfather of Mr Govind Soni, was a Skilled Craftsman. He used to craft Jewelry for the royal family of Jaipur (/wiki/Man_Singh_II) . Mr. Kailash Chand Soni, an exceptional silver jewelry artist, has taught his son(Govind Soni) his generational craftsmanship (/wiki/Generation_ship) . With all his skills (/wiki/Skill) and talent (/wiki/Talent) Mr. Govind Soni established an astonishing jewelry (/wiki/Jewellery) brand 925 Silver Shine in 2014. He further extended (/wiki/Extended) his skill to get a global brand by using expertise in craftsmanship with modern tools and techniques to get exceptional quality products for international markets. Functionality of Brand [ edit ] The brand is GJEPC-approved and Sources Raw Metals (/wiki/Raw_material) and Gemstones (/wiki/Gemstone) to craft jewelry. 925 Silver Shine works with an in-house manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) unit. The brand has advanced machine (/wiki/Machine) and skilled craftsmen, they forge all raw materials into a vibrant piece of jewelry. After creating the jewelry brand do jewelry promotions, analytical surveys (/wiki/Surveys_in_Differential_Geometry) , and jewelry authentication. 925 Silver Shine, then exports (/wiki/Export) all the products on a global scale, making them a leading jewelry company. Brand’s Vision [ edit ] The brand has been operating (/wiki/Operating) for over a 2014. As a leading jewelry brand wants to be an established (/wiki/Established) company. 925 Silver Shine is prompting native craftsmen and their generational skills. The brand mostly focuses on handcrafted jewelry, and the fine detailing (/wiki/Detailing) of handcrafted jewelry is extravagant (/wiki/Extravagantes) . 925 Silver Shine wants to show the world the astonishing craftsmanship and fine detailing of Indian-style jewelry. Localization (/wiki/Localization_(commutative_algebra)) before Globalization (/wiki/Globalization) is the brand's motto (/wiki/Motto) . Global Presence [ edit ] As a Jaipur (/wiki/Jaipur) -based brand, 925 Silver Shine has established its presence in the global market (/wiki/Global_marketplace) . The brand works with prominent wholesalers (/wiki/Wholesalers) and exporters, which are the medium between the Brand and the Customer (/wiki/Customer) . Continued efforts in better craftsmanship, reliability (/wiki/Reliability) , and customer satisfaction have made 925 Silver Shine a global brand (/wiki/Global_Branding) . References [ edit ] NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐6c79c7fcbd‐zrbm8 Cached time: 20240722022820 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐user, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.231 seconds Real time usage: 0.437 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1397/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79706/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7207/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6502/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.096/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2440786/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 336.282 1 -total 83.66% 281.327 1 Template:AFC_submission 79.25% 266.516 1 Template:AfC_submission/declined 76.97% 258.849 1 Template:Ombox 34.70% 116.706 1 Template:AfC_submission/helptools 33.80% 113.657 4 Template:Hidden 12.99% 43.687 1 Template:Find_sources 9.22% 31.014 1 Template:Short_description 7.06% 23.746 1 Template:Columns-list 6.81% 22.910 1 Template:Find_sources/top_proj Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76595343-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722022820 and revision id 1218541665. Rendering was triggered because: api-purge esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:925_Silver_Shine&oldid=1218541665 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:925_Silver_Shine&oldid=1218541665) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : AfC submissions by date/12 April 2024 (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_by_date/12_April_2024) Draft articles on business and economics (/wiki/Category:Draft_articles_on_business_and_economics) AfC submissions on other topics (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_on_other_topics) Hidden categories: AfC submissions declined as non-notable (/wiki/Category:AfC_submissions_declined_as_non-notable) Declined AfC submissions (/wiki/Category:Declined_AfC_submissions) |
NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐rcbcc Cached time: 20240714170949 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.002 seconds Real time usage: 0.003 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 1/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:76414981-0!canonical and timestamp 20240714170949 and revision id 1216798545. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Subcategories This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. U Defunct fashion magazines published in the United States (/wiki/Category:Defunct_fashion_magazines_published_in_the_United_States) (1 C, 8 P) W Defunct women's fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_women%27s_fashion_magazines) (3 C, 31 P) Pages in category "Defunct fashion magazines" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . G Gadis (/wiki/Gadis) K Kawanku (magazine) (/wiki/Kawanku_(magazine)) R Remaja (magazine) (/wiki/Remaja_(magazine)) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Defunct_fashion_magazines&oldid=1216798545 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Defunct_fashion_magazines&oldid=1216798545) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Defunct cultural magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_cultural_magazines) Fashion magazines (/wiki/Category:Fashion_magazines) Defunct professional and trade magazines (/wiki/Category:Defunct_professional_and_trade_magazines) History of fashion (/wiki/Category:History_of_fashion) |
This article's lead section (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length) may be too short to adequately summarize (/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style) the key points . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview (/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview) of all important aspects of the article. ( January 2024 ) Edeline Lee is a London-based, Canadian British fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) of Korean descent. Early life and education [ edit ] Edeline Lee was born and raised in Vancouver (/wiki/Vancouver) , British Columbia (/wiki/British_Columbia) , Canada and completed a Bachelor of Arts degree with First Class Joint Honors at McGill University (/wiki/McGill_University) . She then completed her Foundation in Arts and Design at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design) and graduated with a First from Central Saint Martins (/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins) with a BA (Honours) Fashion Design Womenswear. [1] (#cite_note-1) Career [ edit ] In between her degrees, Edeline Lee apprenticed in the studios of Alexander McQueen (/wiki/Alexander_McQueen_(brand)) in London and John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) in Paris. She also trained at Conock & Lockie under the former Head Cutter of H. Huntsman & Sons of Savile Row in traditional methods of bespoke tailoring (/wiki/Bespoke_tailoring) . She dropped out of Central Saint Martins to work as an Assistant Designer to Zac Posen (/wiki/Zac_Posen) in New York. She returned to Central Saint Martins to finish her degree and then worked as Head Designer for Rodnik in London. She then consulted for various companies. Label [ edit ] Lee was commissioned by jeweller Cora Sheibani to design a collection on which to display her jewellery. This accidental soft launch led to a flurry of private orders and the birth of her eponymous collection. It was discovered by Hamish Bowles, reviewed in Vogue and Women’s Wear Daily, written up by the New York Times and chosen as one of Harper’s Bazaar’s 10 Favorite Things and one of Vogue Italia’s Talents. Her work has been covered extensively in the press since. Edeline Lee has received strong support from the women of the art world, who naturally gravitate towards her aesthetically sophisticated signature of structured, feminine shapes, clean modernist lines, and precise attention to craftsmanship. She has gained international recognition for her fashion presentations which have the immersive quality of film and live performance. Her work was exhibited by the curators of the Fashion Space Gallery to represent the "Future of Fashion Presentation". Edeline Lee has been a regular contributor to Style.com’s Video Fashion Week and Guest Editor for Stiletto Magazine. Edeline Lee was awarded a New Fashion Pioneer by the Centre for Fashion Enterprise and is twice a Finalist for the prestigious Samsung Fashion & Design Fund. In 2016, Edeline was nominated for Breakthrough Womenwear Designer of the Year by WGSN. In 2017, Edeline was awarded a British Fashion Council Fashion Trust grant and was a finalist for the Mercedes Benz Etoiles prize. She has been showing on the official calendar of London Fashion Week since Spring Summer 2018. All Edeline Lee pieces are made by hand in England of fabrics woven in Italy, France and Austria. Her work has been worn by HM Queen Rania of Jordan, HRH Crown Princess Rajwa Al Hussein of Jordan, HRH the Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton, Olivia Colman, Sally Hawkins, Gemma Chan, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Helen Mirren, Cynthia Nixon, Alicia Vikander, Taylor Swift, Ciara, Amy Fine Collins, Ellie Goulding and Solange Knowles. You can find her collections at the following stores: Harvey Nichols (/wiki/Harvey_Nichols) , Bloomingdales, Stanley Korshak, Moda Operandi (/wiki/Moda_Operandi) , Browns (/wiki/Browns_(fashion_boutique)) , Fenwick, Harrods, Angela's, Jane Davidson, Club Designer, Gallery 9, So Susu and Costume Dublin. References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Lee, Edeline. "About" (http://edelinelee.com/about/) . Edeline Lee . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://edelinelee.com/) Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/Edelineleefashion) Instagram (https://instagram.com/edelinelee) Harpers Bazaar- My Life My Style: Edeline Lee (https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/culture/lifestyle_homes/a39952022/edeline-lee-designer-home/) Edeline Lee AW19 at London Fashion Week (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTMxA7G_6p0) Edeline Lee SS22 Film at London Fashion Week (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXSjzjRo0IY) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐5bcbm Cached time: 20240713133013 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.259 seconds Real time usage: 0.390 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 198/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5548/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 87/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 5996/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.187/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2939448/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 308.988 1 -total 49.56% 153.143 1 Template:Reflist 41.69% 128.812 1 Template:Cite_web 34.74% 107.332 1 Template:Lede_too_short 25.21% 77.908 1 Template:Ambox 15.00% 46.358 1 Template:Authority_control 0.70% 2.156 1 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:45285153-0!canonical and timestamp 20240713133013 and revision id 1195954653. 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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Female models from Taiwan (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Female_models_from_Taiwan) . NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐fb8q6 Cached time: 20240721220206 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.062 seconds Real time usage: 0.106 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 142/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 2799/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 346/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1202/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.037/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1004116/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 98.918 1 Template:Commons_category 100.00% 98.918 1 -total 88.20% 87.246 1 Template:Sister_project 85.64% 84.718 1 Template:Side_box 42.70% 42.238 2 Template:If_then_show Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:15170835-0!canonical and timestamp 20240721220206 and revision id 914218765. Rendering was triggered because: page-view Pages in category "Taiwanese female models" The following 40 pages are in this category, out of 40 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . A Amber An (/wiki/Amber_An) B Bianca Bai (/wiki/Bianca_Bai) Larisa Bakurova (/wiki/Larisa_Bakurova) C Andrea Chen (/wiki/Andrea_Chen) Annie Chen (/wiki/Annie_Chen) Ili Cheng (/wiki/Ili_Cheng) Lyan Cheng (/wiki/Lyan_Cheng) Belle Chuo (/wiki/Belle_Chuo) H Jeannie Hsieh (/wiki/Jeannie_Hsieh) Sharon Hsu (/wiki/Sharon_Hsu) Vivian Hsu (/wiki/Vivian_Hsu) Hsu Wei-ning (/wiki/Hsu_Wei-ning) Terry Hu (/wiki/Terry_Hu) J Janel Tsai (/wiki/Janel_Tsai) Lorene Jen (/wiki/Lorene_Jen) K Nono Ku (/wiki/Nono_Ku) Kuo Bea-ting (/wiki/Kuo_Bea-ting) Puff Kuo (/wiki/Puff_Kuo) L Lene Lai (/wiki/Lene_Lai) Megan Lai (/wiki/Megan_Lai) Lin Chi-ling (/wiki/Lin_Chi-ling) Kelly Lin (/wiki/Kelly_Lin) Alicia Liu (/wiki/Alicia_Liu) Annie Liu (/wiki/Annie_Liu) P Angela Pan (/wiki/Angela_Pan) Q Hannah Quinlivan (/wiki/Hannah_Quinlivan) S Ivy Shao (/wiki/Ivy_Shao) Shu Qi (/wiki/Shu_Qi) Sonia Sui (/wiki/Sonia_Sui) W Jocelyn Wang (/wiki/Jocelyn_Wang) Mandy Wei (/wiki/Mandy_Wei) Annie Wu (actress) (/wiki/Annie_Wu_(actress)) Anya Wu (/wiki/Anya_Wu) Maggie Wu (actress) (/wiki/Maggie_Wu_(actress)) Y Cheryl Yang (/wiki/Cheryl_Yang) Cindy Yang (actress) (/wiki/Cindy_Yang_(actress)) Faith Yang (/wiki/Faith_Yang) Yinling (/wiki/Yinling) Z Rima Zeidan (/wiki/Rima_Zeidan) Aviis Zhong (/wiki/Aviis_Zhong) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_female_models&oldid=914218765 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Taiwanese_female_models&oldid=914218765) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Taiwanese models (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_models) Female models by nationality (/wiki/Category:Female_models_by_nationality) Taiwanese women by occupation (/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_women_by_occupation) Hidden category: Commons category link from Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata) |
Part of a series (/wiki/Category:Sikhism) on Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) People (/wiki/Sikhs) Topics (/wiki/Category:Sikhs) Outline (/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism) History (/wiki/History_of_Sikhism) Glossary (/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism) Sikh gurus Guru Nanak (/wiki/Guru_Nanak) Guru Angad (/wiki/Guru_Angad) Guru Amar Das (/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das) Guru Ram Das (/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das) Guru Arjan (/wiki/Guru_Arjan) Guru Hargobind (/wiki/Guru_Hargobind) Guru Har Rai (/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai) Guru Har Krishan (/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan) Guru Tegh Bahadur (/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur) Guru Gobind Singh (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) Guru Granth Sahib (/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib) (/wiki/Bhagat) Selected revered saints Bhagat Kabir (/wiki/Kabir) Bhagat Ravidas (/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas) Bhagat Farid (/wiki/Bhagat_Farid) Bhagat Ramanand (/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand) Bhagat Beni (/wiki/Bhagat_Beni) Bhagat Namdev (/wiki/Namdev) Bhagat Sadhana (/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana) Bhagat Bhikhan (/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan) Bhagat Parmanand (/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand) Bhagat Sain (/wiki/Bhagat_Sain) Bhagat Dhanna (/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna) Bhagat Pipa (/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa) Bhagat Surdas (/wiki/Surdas) Bhagat Jaidev (/wiki/Jayadeva) Bhagat Trilochan (/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan) Bhatt Kalshar (/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar) Bhatt Balh (/wiki/Bhatt_Balh) Bhatt Bhalh (/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh) Bhatt Bhika (/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika) Bhatt Gayand (/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand) Bhatt Harbans (/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans) Bhatt Jalap (/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap) Bhatt Kirat (/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat) Bhatt Mathura (/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura) Bhatt Nalh (/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh) Bhatt Salh (/wiki/Bhatt_Salh) Baba Sundar (/wiki/Baba_Sunder) Satta Doom (/wiki/Satta_Doom) Balvand Rai (/wiki/Balvand_Rai) Philosophy Naam Japo (/wiki/Naam_Japo) Kirat Karō Vand Chakkō Charhdi Kalā Guru Maneyo Granth (/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth) Five Thieves (/wiki/Five_Thieves) Five Virtues (/wiki/Five_Virtues) Practices Sikh Rehat Maryada (/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada) Prohibitions (/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism) Ardās (/wiki/Ard%C4%81s) Kirtan (/wiki/Kirtan) Amrit Velā (/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81) Dasvand (/wiki/Dasvand) The Five Ks (/wiki/The_Five_Ks) Langar (/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)) Sewa (/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)) Simran (/wiki/Simran) Nitnem (/wiki/Nitnem) Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) (Turban) Naam Karan (/wiki/Naam_Karan) Amrit Sanskar (/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar) Anand Karaj (/wiki/Anand_Karaj) Antam Sanskar (/wiki/Antam_Sanskar) Scripture Guru Granth Sahib (/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib) Dasam Granth (/wiki/Dasam_Granth) Sarbloh Granth (/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth) Five Banis (/wiki/Five_Banis) Places and Takhts Gurdwara (/wiki/Gurdwara) Harmandir Sahib (/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib) Akal Takht (/wiki/Akal_Takht) Keshgarh Sahib (/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib) Damdama Sahib (/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib) Patna Sahib (/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib) Hazur Sahib (/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib) General topics (/wiki/Category:Sikhism) Ik Onkar (/wiki/Ik_Onkar) Khalsa (/wiki/Khalsa) Waheguru (/wiki/Waheguru) Panj Pyare (/wiki/Panj_Pyare) Nirgun and Sargun (/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)) Khanda (/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)) Literature (/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature) Music (/wiki/Category:Sikh_music) Names (/wiki/Sikh_names) Nanakshahi calendar (/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar) Criticism (/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism) Jathedar of Akal Takht (/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht) War (/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)) Sects (/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism) Sikhism and other religions Sikhism and Hinduism (/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism) Sikhism and Islam (/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism) Sikhism and Jainism (/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism) Religion portal (/wiki/Portal:Religion) v t e Thatha or Thathi (English - Beard Band) is a type of cloth (/wiki/Cloth) used by some Sikhs (/wiki/Sikh) to fix their beards (/wiki/Beard) [1] (#cite_note-1) after spraying them with hair spray such as Taft, Fixo, Swift or with water or oil. Many orthodox (/wiki/Orthodoxy) Sikhs prefer to keep an open beard as a sign of respect, but some modern Sikhs prefer tying beards for neatness and appearance or even for the nature of the job such as Defence or Policing. This consists of spraying the beard with hair spray (/wiki/Hair_spray) or beard spray, then tying it with rubber or beard pin. A thathi is tied on the chin This process takes 30 minutes to an hour. [2] (#cite_note-2) Trimming /cutting of hairs is strictly not allowed in Sikhism. Hence cutting of beard is also not allowed. Currently most of the Sikhs who do not trim beard use hair rubberband or hair gel to tug/set their beard hairs. In essence only cutting/trimming of hairs (hence beard) is prohibited. How uncut beard and uncut hairs are kept needs to be wisely decided. As of now keeping a hair rubberband or hair gel tugged beard is accepted as a standard. Why I mentioned “How uncut beard and uncut hairs are kept needs to be wisely decided.”is because a Sikh male who keeps his hairs on head uncut may say that I am keeping my hairs uncut but I want to go for pony tail. Accepted way of keeping uncut hairs in Sikhism is Turban for males and for females they may choose to go for braids and /or turban. Same way as of now keeping a hair rubberbanded or hair gel tugged beard is accepted as a standard.The question of open versus fixed beard is not seen as worthy of debate, according to some Sikhs; they contend that Guru Gobind Singh Ji (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh_Ji) told Sikhs to keep uncut hair (/wiki/Hair) and they very well maintain their beards by sporting uncut beards References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Singh Trehan, Manjeet (19 July 2018). "Don't die like a fool on the road..." (https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/don%E2%80%99t-die-like-a-fool-on-the-road-622696) The Tribune . Retrieved 21 January 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) McLean, Tanara (5 October 2018). "The lengths one man went to for a beautiful beard" (https://www.cbc.ca/radio/docproject/raising-hair-1.4796906/the-lengths-one-man-went-to-for-a-beautiful-beard-1.4797667) . CBC . Retrieved 21 January 2020 . This Sikhism-related (/wiki/Sikhism) article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . 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Petunia Pickle Bottom Industry Women's accessories Founded 2000 ; 24 years ago ( 2000 ) in Ventura, California (/wiki/Ventura,_California) Founder Braden Jones DeNai Jones Korie Conant Headquarters Thousand Oaks, California (/wiki/Thousand_Oaks,_California) , United States (/wiki/United_States) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) Thrive International, Inc. Website Official website (http://www.petunia.com) A Petunia Pickle Bottom bag, worn 2006 Petunia Pickle Bottom is an American manufacturer of diaper bags (/wiki/Diaper_bag) , handbags (/wiki/Handbag) (branded only as "Petunia") and other women's accessories. The company was founded in 2000 in Ventura, California by DeNai and Braden Jones together with Korie Conant. [1] (#cite_note-1) Its products became fashionable in the U.S. after being featured on Oprah Winfrey (/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey) 's talk show. [2] (#cite_note-2) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) McKinnon, Lisa. "In the bag: Ventura-based Petunia Pickle Bottom Branches Out" (http://www.vcstar.com/news/2013/jul/13/in-the-bag-ventura-based-petunia-pickle-bottom/?partner=RSS) . VCStar.com. ^ (#cite_ref-2) Sterling, Matt (25 November 2005). "Your diaper bag is making a fashion statement" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y9IvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nqIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6004,6399149) . Reading Eagle (/wiki/Reading_Eagle) . WikiMiniAtlas 34°16′36″N 119°17′14″W / 34.276783°N 119.287161°W / 34.276783; -119.287161 This article related to a manufacturing (/wiki/Manufacturing) company is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petunia_Pickle_Bottom&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐557d6f8488‐f5ppz Cached time: 20240712194639 Cache expiry: 1656803 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.286 seconds Real time usage: 0.366 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1296/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15999/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1216/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14888/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.189/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4081463/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 341.043 1 -total 41.42% 141.243 1 Template:Infobox_company 37.92% 129.307 1 Template:Infobox 32.17% 109.727 1 Template:Reflist 25.43% 86.711 1 Template:Cite_web 19.67% 67.067 1 Template:Manufacturing-company-stub 19.16% 65.341 1 Template:Asbox 5.56% 18.955 1 Template:Unbulletedlist 5.05% 17.233 1 Template:Coord 3.98% 13.558 1 Template:Official_website Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:41229918-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712194639 and revision id 987274605. Rendering was triggered because: unknown esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petunia_Pickle_Bottom&oldid=987274605 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petunia_Pickle_Bottom&oldid=987274605) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Luggage manufacturers (/wiki/Category:Luggage_manufacturers) Fashion accessory brands (/wiki/Category:Fashion_accessory_brands) Manufacturing companies based in California (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_companies_based_in_California) Companies based in Ventura County, California (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Ventura_County,_California) American companies established in 2000 (/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_2000) Clothing companies established in 2000 (/wiki/Category:Clothing_companies_established_in_2000) 2000 establishments in California (/wiki/Category:2000_establishments_in_California) Manufacturing company stubs (/wiki/Category:Manufacturing_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas (/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas) Coordinates not on Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
Greek women who worked as fashion designers (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . Biography portal (/wiki/Portal:Biography) Fashion portal (/wiki/Portal:Fashion) Greece portal (/wiki/Portal:Greece) This is a non-diffusing subcategory (/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization#Non-diffusing_subcategories) of Category:Greek fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Greek_fashion_designers) . It includes Greek fashion designers that can also be found in the parent category, or in diffusing subcategories of the parent. NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.eqiad.main‐dc899b7cc‐drhvr Cached time: 20240720204857 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.089 seconds Real time usage: 0.158 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 137/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3953/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 297/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3351/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.051/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 937584/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 142.534 1 -total 37.89% 54.011 1 Template:CatAutoTOC 36.00% 51.306 2 Template:Category_other 34.57% 49.267 1 Template:Automatic_category_TOC/core 32.49% 46.306 1 Template:Portal 29.48% 42.025 1 Template:Non-diffusing 24.60% 35.061 1 Template:Cmbox 2.38% 3.397 1 Template:Single_namespace 1.24% 1.766 1 Template:Clear 1.20% 1.707 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:72292796-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720204857 and revision id 1177798018. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse Pages in category "Greek women fashion designers" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?) . B Maria Bakodimou (/wiki/Maria_Bakodimou) D Kiki Divaris (/wiki/Kiki_Divaris) K Mary Katrantzou (/wiki/Mary_Katrantzou) Sophia Kokosalaki (/wiki/Sophia_Kokosalaki) Celia Kritharioti (/wiki/Celia_Kritharioti) Eleni Kyriacou (/wiki/Eleni_Kyriacou) esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Greek_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798018 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Greek_women_fashion_designers&oldid=1177798018) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Greek fashion designers (/wiki/Category:Greek_fashion_designers) Greek women artists (/wiki/Category:Greek_women_artists) Women fashion designers by nationality (/wiki/Category:Women_fashion_designers_by_nationality) Hidden categories: Wikipedia non-diffusing subcategories (/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_non-diffusing_subcategories) Automatic category TOC generates no TOC (/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_no_TOC) |
Rive Gauche Fragrance (/wiki/Perfume) by Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Released 1971 Label Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Tagline (/wiki/Tagline) "Ce n'est pas un parfum pour les femmes effacées" Rive Gauche is a women's perfume (/wiki/Perfume) launched by Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) in 1971. The fragrance was composed in 1969 by perfumers Jacques Polge (/wiki/Jacques_Polge) and Michael Hy at Roure. [1] (#cite_note-1) It was reformulated by Daniela Andrier (/wiki/Daniela_Andrier) and Jacques Hy at Givaudan (/wiki/Givaudan) in 2003. [2] (#cite_note-2) The all-aluminium silver and cobalt blue striped bottle was designed by Pierre Dinnand (/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Dinnand&action=edit&redlink=1) . [3] (#cite_note-3) The perfume was named after Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) 's newly opened boutique in Saint-Germain-des-Prés (/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s) , the first ready-to-wear (/wiki/Ready-to-wear) store opened by a couturier. [4] (#cite_note-Beaulieu2012-4) Perfume critic Luca Turin (/wiki/Luca_Turin) considered Rive Gauche as the "best floral aldehydic of all time". It is a classic aldehyde (/wiki/Aldehyde) with a floral heart and woody base notes. [5] (#cite_note-5) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Herman, Barbara (2013). Scent and Subversion: Decoding a Century of Provocative Perfume . Globe Pequot. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781493002016 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Turin, Luca; Sanchez, Tania (2008). Perfumes : The Guide . Profile Books. p. 303. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781846681028 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Pierre Dinand: A Living Legend ~ Columns" (http://www.fragrantica.com/news/Pierre-Dinand-A-Living-Legend-4296.html) . www.fragrantica.com . Retrieved 2016-01-05 . ^ (#cite_ref-Beaulieu2012_4-0) Beaulieu, Denyse (2012). The Perfume Lover: A Personal Story of Scent . Harper Collins. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9780007411832 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Groom, Nigel (1992). The Perfume Handbook . Chapman & Hall. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 0412463202 . v t e Parfums Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Parfums_Yves_Saint_Laurent) pour femme Y (/w/index.php?title=Y_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1964) Rive Gauche (1971) Eau Libre (/w/index.php?title=Eau_Libre_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1975) Opium (/wiki/Opium_(perfume)) (1977) Paris (/w/index.php?title=Paris_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1983) Yvresse (/w/index.php?title=Yvresse&action=edit&redlink=1) (1993) Baby Doll (/w/index.php?title=Baby_Doll_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1999) Cinéma (/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A9ma_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (2004) Elle (/w/index.php?title=Elle_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (2007) Parisienne (/wiki/Parisienne_(perfume)) (2009) Belle D'Opium (/wiki/Opium_(perfume)#Belle_d.27Opium) (2011) pour homme YSL pour Homme (/w/index.php?title=YSL_pour_Homme&action=edit&redlink=1) (1971) Eau Libre (/w/index.php?title=Eau_Libre_(perfume)&action=edit&redlink=1) (1975) Kouros (/wiki/Kouros_(perfume)) (1981) Jazz (/wiki/Jazz_(perfume)) (1986) Opium pour Homme (/wiki/Opium_(perfume)#Opium_pour_Homme) (1995) Live Jazz (/wiki/Jazz_(perfume)) (1998) M7 (perfume) (/wiki/M7_(perfume)) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐8645764cd7‐25pzl Cached time: 20240712173304 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.294 seconds Real time usage: 0.342 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 480/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 16085/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 248/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 28417/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.208/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4053016/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 317.406 1 -total 47.42% 150.509 1 Template:Reflist 36.60% 116.182 4 Template:Cite_book 31.37% 99.559 1 Template:Parfums_Yves_Saint_Laurent 30.45% 96.665 1 Template:Navbox 19.58% 62.160 1 Template:Infobox_fragrance 18.38% 58.341 1 Template:Infobox 2.30% 7.295 1 Template:Cite_web 0.95% 3.027 1 Template:Main_other 0.90% 2.845 1 Template:Template_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:38400412-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712173304 and revision id 1160213910. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_(perfume)&oldid=1160213910 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_(perfume)&oldid=1160213910) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : Perfumes (/wiki/Category:Perfumes) Yves Saint Laurent (brand) (/wiki/Category:Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) Products introduced in 1971 (/wiki/Category:Products_introduced_in_1971) |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mode_Illustr%C3%A9e) in Swedish . (March 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL (https://deepl.com) or Google Translate (https://translate.google.com/) , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution (/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia) in the edit summary (/wiki/Help:Edit_summary) accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link (/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links) to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at [[:sv:La Mode Illustrée]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|sv|La Mode Illustrée}} to the talk page (/wiki/Talk:La_Mode_Illustr%C3%A9e) . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation (/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation) . Defunct fashion magazine in France published between 1860 and 1937 La Mode Illustrée , was a French fashion magazine (/wiki/Fashion_magazine) , published between 1860 and 1937. [1] (#cite_note-1) Its subtitle was Journal de la famille . [2] (#cite_note-ruxl-2) The magazine was founded by Emmeline Raymond (/wiki/Emmeline_Raymond) , headquartered in Paris and published by the Didot brothers. [2] (#cite_note-ruxl-2) It was known for its high quality illustrations by Adele-Anaïs Colin Toudouze (/wiki/Adele-Ana%C3%AFs_Colin_Toudouze) and Héloïse Leloir (/wiki/H%C3%A9lo%C3%AFse_Leloir) . It was one of the biggest fashion magazines in the world as well as in the French fashion history during the second half of the 19th-century. It has been called the first weekly fashion magazine. It was the French equivalent of the British The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine (/wiki/The_Englishwoman%27s_Domestic_Magazine) (1852–1879). Alongside its main rival Le Follet (/wiki/Le_Follet) (1829–1892), La Mode Illustrée was particularly successful internationally, with many foreign subscribers in Britain and the United States. A reason for its success was that it was directed toward the middle and working class and offered patterns to the clothes it illustrated, as well as other subjects such as music reviews, household tips and recipes. In 1937, the magazine merged and was absorbed into rival magazine La Mode Pratique (/wiki/La_Mode_Pratique) , [3] (#cite_note-3) which continued to be published until 1951. Gallery [ edit ] La Mode Illustrée, 1870. La Mode Illustrée, Journal de la Famille, 1882. La Mode Illustrée, 1886. La Mode Illustrée, Mai 1898. Fashion Plate 1904 References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Kate Nelson Best (2017). The History of Fashion Journalism . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-1-4742-8517-9 . ^ Jump up to: a b Ruxandra Looft (Winter 2017). "Unseen Political Spaces: Gender and Nationhood in the Berlin and Paris Fashion Press during the Franco-Prussian War" (https://doi.org/10.21825/jeps.v2i2.4812) . Journal of European Periodical Studies . 2 (2): 45. doi (/wiki/Doi_(identifier)) : 10.21825/jeps.v2i2.4812 (https://doi.org/10.21825%2Fjeps.v2i2.4812) . ^ (#cite_ref-3) Werner, Françoise (1984). "Du Ménage à L'art Ménager:L'évolution Du Travail Ménager Et Son écho Dans La Presse Féminine Française De 1919 à 1939" (https://doi.org/10.2307/3778860) . Le Mouvement Social (in French) (129): 63 . Retrieved 2022-11-19 . This fashion magazine or journal-related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Mode_Illustr%C3%A9e&action=edit) . See tips for writing articles about magazines (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Magazines/Writing_guide) . 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Organization Color Marketing Group Company type Association (/wiki/Public_company) Industry Marketing (/wiki/Marketing) Founded 1962 United States (/wiki/United_States) Headquarters United States (/wiki/United_States) Number of locations International Area served Worldwide (/wiki/World) Website www.colormarketing.org (https://colormarketing.org/) The Color Marketing Group ( CMG ) is an international association for color design professionals which identifies the direction of color and design trends and translates them into salable colors for manufactured products. Composed of nearly 1,000 members in 20 countries, CMG forecasts color trends from one to three years in advance for color-related products and services. These products and services include: Action/Recreation, Consumer Goods, Technology, Home, Visual Communications, Transportation, Juvenile Products, Fashion, and environments for Office, Health Care, Retail, Hospitality/Entertainment and Institutional/Public Spaces Color conferences [ edit ] On average, 400 members gather at CMG's semi-annual Conferences, to work with fellow professionals on producing a Color Mandate. Each Conference is a global forum for the exchange of non-competitive information on all phases of color marketing. Workshops held at CMG Conference mandate trends and their influences on design and color. These "influences" run the gamut from social issues to politics, the environment, the economy and cultural diversity. Colors are inter-industry related. As such, one industry influences another, causing color to be dynamic. While the result of each semi-annual Conference is the development of a Color Forecast, a key part of these Conferences is the exchange and sharing of information that takes place among members. Knowing what forces and factors are influencing shifts in color directions, as seen through the eyes of their CMG colleagues, is as important to the Color Designer as the Forecast itself. Other color organizations [ edit ] Color forecasting trade associations [ edit ] The Color Marketing Group (CMG) The Color Association of the United States (/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States) (CAUS) The International Colour Authority (/wiki/International_Colour_Authority) (ICA) Color matching/management organizations [ edit ] Pantone (/wiki/Pantone) International Color Consortium (/wiki/International_Color_Consortium) (ICC) International Commission on Illumination (/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination) See also [ edit ] Graphic design (/wiki/Graphic_design) Interior design (/wiki/Interior_design) Textiles (/wiki/Textile) External links [ edit ] Color Marketing Group (https://colormarketing.org/) The Color Association of the United States official site (https://www.colorassociation.com/) International Color Consortium official site (https://www.color.org/) Sensational Color (https://www.sensationalcolor.com/) Pantone official site (https://www.pantone.com/) 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Association (/wiki/International_Colour_Association) Names Lists (/wiki/Lists_of_colors) List of colors: A–F (/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F) List of colors: G–M (/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M) List of colors: N–Z (/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z) List of colors (compact) (/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)) List of colors by shade (/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade) List of color palettes (/wiki/List_of_color_palettes) List of color spaces (/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses) List of Crayola crayon colors (/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors) history (/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons) Color chart (/wiki/Color_chart) List of RAL colors (/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors) List of web colors (/wiki/Web_colors) Shades of: (/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade) Red (/wiki/Shades_of_red) Orange (/wiki/Shades_of_orange) Yellow (/wiki/Shades_of_yellow) Green (/wiki/Shades_of_green) Cyan (/wiki/Shades_of_cyan) Blue (/wiki/Shades_of_blue) Violet (/wiki/Shades_of_violet) Purple (/wiki/Shades_of_purple) 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The Webster Industry Luxury Fashion & Retail (/wiki/Fashion) Founded 2009 Founder Laure Hériard-Dubreuil Headquarters Miami (/wiki/Miami) , FL (/wiki/Florida) , U.S. (/wiki/United_States) Area served Worldwide Key people Laure Hériard-Dubreuil (/wiki/Laure_H%C3%A9riard-Dubreuil) ( Founder (/wiki/Organizational_founder) and CEO (/wiki/CEO) ) Michiel Maes ( Chief Operating Officer (/wiki/Chief_Operating_Officer) ) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) Fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) Website thewebster (http://thewebster.us/) .us (http://thewebster.us/) The Webster (also known as The Webster Miami ) is a luxury multi-brand fashion house operating ten physical boutiques in the U.S. and an online store. [1] (#cite_note-Elle01-1) The multi-brand boutique sells designer brands ( Balmain (/wiki/Balmain_(fashion_house)) , Celine, Chanel, Dior (/wiki/Dior) , Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent (/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)) ) and many others. [2] (#cite_note-WMag02-2) The Webster has collaborated with worldwide major retailers such as Le Bon Marche (/wiki/Le_Bon_Marche) , Target (/wiki/Target_Corporation) , Ritz Paris (/wiki/Ritz_Paris) , and most recently, Lane Crawford (/wiki/Lane_Crawford) . History [ edit ] The Webster Miami storefront. The Webster was founded in 2009 by Laure Hériard-Dubreuil (/wiki/Laure_H%C3%A9riard-Dubreuil) who serves as the company founder and CEO. [1] (#cite_note-Elle01-1) [3] (#cite_note-HP01-3) [4] (#cite_note-Interview-4) The Webster sells women’s, men’s, and children's ready-to-wear and luxury accessories such as shoes, bags, jewelry and watches. [5] (#cite_note-HB-5) [6] (#cite_note-DepartureMageOC14-6) The South Beach flagship is a 20,000-square-foot, three-level store in South Beach’s Art Deco District. [7] (#cite_note-Art-7) The Webster now has nine locations across the United States in South Beach and Bal Harbour, Florida, New York City, New York, Houston, Texas, Miramar, Los Angeles, Palm Springs, and Costa Mesa, California, and Toronto, Canada. Measuring approximately 12,000 square feet, the building, which dates to 1878, features six floors, including a penthouse and a David Mallet salon. [8] (#cite_note-8) The Webster has collaborated with brands on exclusive products such as Pierre Hardy, Calvin Klein, Anthony Vaccarello, Proenza Schouler, Berluti, and Balenciaga. [9] (#cite_note-Racked01-9) In January 2015, The Webster collaborated with Le Bon Marché Paris on a capsule collection for the store’s annual “Month of White.” [10] (#cite_note-Style-10) Laure Heriard-Dubreuil helped design and organize the collection alongside 50 designers, including Louis Vuitton. The collection was sold exclusively at The Webster Miami and Le Bon Marché in Paris. [10] (#cite_note-Style-10) The Webster has recently collaborated with luxury Chinese department store Lane Crawford on an exclusive collection. Over 20 brands, including Coach, Courrèges, Maison Michel, Proenza Schouler, Sonia Rykiel and Thom Browne, have created exclusive products for the collaboration, all inspired by The Webster’s flamingo logo. [11] (#cite_note-11) Products [ edit ] The Bon Marché x The Webster Over the course of its existence, The Webster has featured brands and designers including Azzedine Alaïa, Balenciaga, Balmain, Berluti, Celine, Chanel, Delpozo, Marc Jacobs, Margiela, Off-White, Pierre Hardy, Sacai, Stella Jean, and Yves Saint Laurent. [1] (#cite_note-Elle01-1) [6] (#cite_note-DepartureMageOC14-6) [12] (#cite_note-R293-12) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b c Brazilian, Alexa (18 August 2009). "The Webster Opens in South Beach" (http://www.elle.com/fashion/a10363/the-webster-opens-in-south-beach-339053/) . Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-WMag02_2-0) Limnander, Armand (January 2013). "Miami Nice" (http://www.wmagazine.com/culture/travel/2013/01/laure-heriard-dubreuil-miami/) . W (/wiki/W_(magazine)) . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-HP01_3-0) Polla, Ada (17 June 2014). "Laure Hériard Dubreuil: Stylish Advice for Effortless Chic" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ada-polla/laure-heriard-dubreuil-st_b_5500504.html?) . The Huffington Post (/wiki/The_Huffington_Post) . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-Interview_4-0) "Laure Heriard Dubreuil" (http://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/the-curators-laure-heriard-dubreuil#_) . Interview (/wiki/Interview_(magazine)) . January 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-HB_5-0) Blasberg, Derek (25 March 2011). "Laure Heriard Dubreuil Interview: Personal Style" (http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/a690/laure-heriard-dubreuil-interview/) . Harper's Bazaar (/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar) . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Queen of Collins Avenue". Departures Magazine. October 2014. ^ (#cite_ref-Art_7-0) Goldstein, Andrew M. (5 December 2013). "Laure Heriard Dubreuil, of South Beach's Exclusive Webster Boutique, Connects Art and Fashion" (http://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/laure_heriard_dubreuil) . Artspace Magazine . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "About | the Webster" (http://thewebster.us/history/) . ^ (#cite_ref-Racked01_9-0) Brozic, Ashley (26 February 2015). "The Webster to Open Its First Store Outside of Miami" (http://miami.racked.com/2015/2/26/8114595/the-webster-galleria-houston) . Racked.com . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b Tice Studeman, Kristin (9 January 2015). "Exclusive: A First Look at The Webster x Le Bon Marché Designer Capsule Collection" (http://www.style.com/trends/industry/2015/the-webster-le-bon-marche-designer-capsule-collection) . Style.com (/wiki/Style.com) . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) "News Bites | First Look at Givenchy Childrenswear, Flowerbx Funding, the Webster x Lane Crawford" (https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-bites/first-look-at-givenchy-childrenswear-flowerbx-funding-the-webster-x-lane-crawford) . ^ (#cite_ref-R293_12-0) Novo, Nikki (12 January 2012). "Target Taps Miami's The Webster To Be Part Of Its Specialty Store Collab" (https://www.refinery29.com/the-webster-target-stores-collaboration) . Refinery29 (/wiki/Refinery29) . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . External links [ edit ] Official website (http://thewebster.com/) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Webster . 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Dress worn by Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia at her wedding to Prince Arthur in 1879 This article needs attention from an expert in Fashion . The specific problem is: This topic may be covered by offline, inaccessible sources, which may be found in, primarily. libraries. WikiProject Fashion (/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fashion) may be able to help recruit an expert. ( May 2018 ) Wedding dress of Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia, later the Duchess of Connaught (1860-1917) in her wedding dress. Year 1879 Material White satin and lace The wedding dress of Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia) was worn by her at her wedding to Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn) , at St. George's Chapel (/wiki/St._George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle) , Windsor (/wiki/Windsor_Castle) , on 13 March 1879. Prince Arthur was the seventh child and third son of Queen Victoria (/wiki/Queen_Victoria) and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha) . Description [ edit ] The bride wore a heavy white satin (/wiki/Satin) dress, with a band of lace ten centimeters wide encircling the waist. [1] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-1) The skirt was sewn with lace 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and decorated with myrtle-leaves, the emblem in Germany of the bridal state. The train was 4 metres (13 ft) long and surmounted by a lace flounce (/wiki/Flounce_(fabric)) one meter in width made in Silesia (/wiki/Silesia) , in which a sprig of myrtle was fixed. The bridal veil was about 3 metres (9.8 ft) square, made of point d' Alençon lace (/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on_lace) , the design representing orange blossoms, roses, and myrtle-leaves intertwined. [1] (#cite_note-RoyalDress-1) The veil was fastened to her hair with five diamond stars, the gift of the bridegroom. The handkerchief was made of the same material as the veil and showed the same design, one corner being embellished with the princess's monogram, the other with a Prussian eagle (/wiki/Prussian_eagle) . The Princess carried a bouquet of white flowers. The bridesmaids wore dresses of white satin duchesse (/wiki/Duchesse) , faille (/wiki/Faille) and mousseline de soie (/wiki/Mousseline_de_soie) , embroidered with wild rosebuds and foliage: the flowers representing England, Scotland, Ireland and Germany. See also [ edit ] List of individual dresses (/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses) References [ edit ] Victorian era portal (/wiki/Portal:Victorian_era) ^ Jump up to: a b "Royal Wedding Dresses throughout history" (https://www.royal.uk/wedding-dresses) . The Royal Family. 11 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 October 2018 . External links [ edit ] Wedding Dresses & Gowns (https://www.betancy.com/) v t e Wedding dresses (/wiki/Wedding_dress) worn at British (/wiki/British_royal_family) royal weddings (/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings) 19th century Princess Charlotte of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales) (1816) Queen Victoria (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Queen_Victoria) (1840) Victoria, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal) (1858) Princess Alice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1862) Princess Alexandra of Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Denmark) (1863) Princess Helena (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1866) Princess Louise (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1871) Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1879) Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Helen_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont) (1882) Princess Beatrice (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1885) Princess Louise of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Louise_of_Wales) (1889) Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein) (1891) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Victoria_Mary_of_Teck) (1893) Princess Maud of Wales (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Maud_of_Wales) (1896) 20th century Princess Alice of Albany (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alice_of_Albany) (1904) Princess Margaret of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_Connaught) (1905) Princess Alexandra (/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_2nd_Duchess_of_Fife#Marriage) (1913) Princess Patricia of Connaught (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught) (1919) Princess Mary (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Mary_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1922) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon) (1923) Princess Maud (/wiki/Maud_Carnegie,_Countess_of_Southesk#Marriage) (1923) Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Marina_of_Greece_and_Denmark) (1934) Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Alice_Montagu_Douglas_Scott) (1935) Wallis Warfield (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Wallis_Warfield) (1937) Princess Elizabeth (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1947) Princess Margaret (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Margaret_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1960) Katharine Worsley (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Katharine_Worsley) (1961) Princess Alexandra of Kent (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Alexandra_of_Kent) (1963) Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Birgitte_van_Deurs_Henriksen) (1972) Princess Anne (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1973) Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Baroness_Marie_Christine_von_Reibnitz) (1978) Lady Diana Spencer (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Lady_Diana_Spencer) (1981) Sarah Ferguson (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sarah_Ferguson) (1986) Anne, Princess Royal (/wiki/Wedding_dresses_of_Princess_Anne_of_the_United_Kingdom) (1992) Sophie Rhys-Jones (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Sophie_Rhys-Jones) (1999) 21st century Camilla Parker Bowles (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Camilla_Parker_Bowles) (2005) Catherine Middleton (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Catherine_Middleton) (2011) Meghan Markle (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Meghan_Markle) (2018) Princess Eugenie of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Eugenie_of_York) (2018) Princess Beatrice of York (/wiki/Wedding_dress_of_Princess_Beatrice_of_York) (2020) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐58c7647fd9‐bfwj4 Cached time: 20240712170718 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.465 seconds Real time usage: 0.614 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 733/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 26715/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1953/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 17113/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.356/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19802692/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 577.699 1 -total 23.93% 138.233 1 Template:Lang 17.09% 98.728 1 Template:Reflist 15.11% 87.289 1 Template:Cite_web 14.85% 85.779 1 Template:British_Royal_wedding_dresses 14.25% 82.329 1 Template:Navbox 13.04% 75.344 1 Template:Short_description 12.25% 70.785 1 Template:Expert_needed 8.84% 51.075 1 Template:Ambox 7.53% 43.498 2 Template:Pagetype Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:31711447-0!canonical and timestamp 20240712170718 and revision id 1152521859. 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A mattucashlass is a type of dagger worn concealed in the armpit and primarily used for close combat, part of traditional Scottish male Highland dress (/wiki/Highland_dress) . [1] (#cite_note-Duane-1) It is also referred to as an armpit dagger [1] (#cite_note-Duane-1) or a sleeve dagger in English. In Scots (/wiki/Scots_language) , the alternative name skene-ochil or skene-occles can also be found. [2] (#cite_note-2) Etymology [ edit ] The term mattucashlass derives from Scottish Gaelic (/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language) : biodag-achlais [3] (#cite_note-3) ( Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [pit̪akˈaxl̪ˠɪʃ] (/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic) , biodag meaning "dagger" and achlais "armpit") presumably via the dialectal by-form miodag , which is attested in Shaw's 1788 Galic and English Dictionary . [4] (#cite_note-4) It is also known in Gaelic as the sgian-achlais ( sgian meaning "knife"), [5] (#cite_note-5) from which the Scots term skene-ochil or skene-occles is derived. See also [ edit ] Sgian-dubh (/wiki/Sgian-dubh) References [ edit ] ^ Jump up to: a b Duane, William A Military Dictionary Philadelphia, 1810 ^ (#cite_ref-2) "skean" (http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/skean) . Dictionary of the Scots Language . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Dagger" (http://www.faclair.com/?txtSearch=dagger) . Am Faclair Beag . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Shaw, William Galic and English Dictionary 1780 ^ (#cite_ref-5) "Sgian-achlais" (http://www.faclair.com/?txtSearch=sgian-achlais) . Am Faclair Beag . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . v t e Knives (/wiki/Knife) and daggers (/wiki/Dagger) List of daggers (/wiki/List_of_daggers) List of blade materials (/wiki/List_of_blade_materials) Kitchen (/wiki/Kitchen_knife) and table (/wiki/Table_knife) knives Boning (/wiki/Boning_knife) Boti (/wiki/Boti) Bread knife (/wiki/Bread_knife) Butcher knife (/wiki/Butcher_knife) Butter knife (/wiki/Butter_knife) Caidao (/wiki/Caidao) Cheese knife (/wiki/Cheese_knife) Chef's knife (/wiki/Chef%27s_knife) Cleaver (/wiki/Cleaver) Electric knife (/wiki/Electric_knife) Fillet knife (/wiki/Fillet_knife) Grapefruit knife (/wiki/Grapefruit_knife) Lame (/wiki/Lame_(kitchen_tool)) Mezzaluna (/wiki/Mezzaluna) Parmesan knife (/wiki/Parmesan_knife) Pizza cutter (/wiki/Pizza_cutter) Splayd (/wiki/Splayd) Steak knife (/wiki/Steak_knife) Tomato knife (/wiki/Tomato_knife) Japanese kitchen knives (/wiki/Japanese_kitchen_knife) Deba bōchō (/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Maguro bōchō (/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Nakiri bōchō (/wiki/Nakiri_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Santoku (/wiki/Santoku) Sashimi bōchō (/wiki/Sashimi_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Udon kiri (/wiki/Udon_kiri) Unagisaki hōchō (/wiki/Unagisaki_h%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Usuba bōchō (/wiki/Usuba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Yanagi ba (/wiki/Yanagi_ba) Other knives (/wiki/Knife) Aircrew Survival Egress Knife (/wiki/Aircrew_Survival_Egress_Knife) Athame (/wiki/Athame) Balisong/Butterfly (/wiki/Butterfly_knife) Ballistic (/wiki/Ballistic_knife) Ballpoint pen knife (/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife) Bayonet (/wiki/Bayonet) Boline (/wiki/Boline) Bolo (/wiki/Bolo_knife) Boot knife (/wiki/Boot_knife) Bowie (/wiki/Bowie_knife) Cane knife (/wiki/Cane_knife) Ceramic knife (/wiki/Ceramic_knife) Clip point (/wiki/Clip_point) Combat knife (/wiki/Combat_knife) Commander (/wiki/Commander_(knife)) Corvo (/wiki/Corvo_(knife)) CQC-6 (/wiki/CQC-6) Deba bōchō (/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D) Diving knife (/wiki/Diving_knife) Drop point (/wiki/Drop_point) Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife (/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife) Gerber Mark II (/wiki/Gerber_Mark_II) Ginsu (/wiki/Ginsu) Golok (/wiki/Golok) Gravity knife (/wiki/Gravity_knife) Guna (/wiki/Guna_(knife)) Hacking knife (/wiki/Hacking_knife) Higonokami (/wiki/Higonokami) Hunting knife (/wiki/Hunting_knife) Husa knife (/wiki/Husa_knife) Ivan's Knife Jacob's ladder (/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder_(knife)) Karambit (/wiki/Karambit) Kard (/wiki/Kard) Kirpan (/wiki/Kirpan) Kitchen knife (/wiki/Kitchen_knife) Kukri (/wiki/Kukri) Laguiole knife (/wiki/Laguiole_knife) Machete (/wiki/Machete) Mandau (/wiki/Mandau_(knife)) Marking knife (/wiki/Marking_knife) Misericorde (/wiki/Misericorde_(weapon)) Mora knife (/wiki/Mora_knife) Multi-tool (/wiki/Multi-tool) Navaja (/wiki/Navaja) Neck knife (/wiki/Neck_knife) Nontron knife (/wiki/Nontron_knife) Opinel knife (/wiki/Opinel_knife) Palette knife (/wiki/Palette_knife) Pantographic knife (/wiki/Pantographic_knife) Parang (/wiki/Parang_(knife)) Penknife (/wiki/Penknife) Penny 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X-Acto (/wiki/X-Acto) Yarara Parachute Knife (/wiki/Yarara_Parachute_Knife) Yatagan (/wiki/Yatagan) Daggers (/wiki/Dagger) Anelace (/wiki/Anelace) Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife (/wiki/Applegate%E2%80%93Fairbairn_fighting_knife) Arkansas toothpick (/wiki/Arkansas_toothpick) BC-41 (/wiki/BC-41) Bagh nakh (/wiki/Bagh_nakh) Balarao (/wiki/Balarao) Baselard (/wiki/Baselard) Bichuwa (/wiki/Bichuwa) Bollock dagger (/wiki/Bollock_dagger) Cinquedea (/wiki/Cinquedea) Dha (/wiki/Dha_(sword)) Dirk (/wiki/Dirk) Ear dagger (/wiki/Ear_dagger) Emeici (/wiki/Emeici) Facón (/wiki/Fac%C3%B3n) French Nail (/wiki/French_Nail) Gunong (/wiki/Gunong) Hunting dagger (/wiki/Hunting_dagger) Janbiya (/wiki/Janbiya) Jile (/wiki/Jile) Kabutowari (/wiki/Kabutowari) Kaiken (/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)) Kalis (/wiki/Kalis) Katar (/wiki/Katar_(dagger)) Khanjali (/wiki/Khanjali) Khanjar (/wiki/Khanjar) Kris (/wiki/Kris) Kunai (/wiki/Kunai) Liaoning dagger (/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture) Mark I trench knife 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American clothing company SnorgTees Industry Apparel (/wiki/Apparel) Founded 2004 ; 20 years ago ( 2004 ) in Atlanta, Georgia (/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia) Founders Matt Walls Bryan Walls Headquarters Atlanta, Georgia (/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia) , United States Website snorgtees (http://snorgtees.com) .com (http://snorgtees.com) SnorgTees is an American company based in the US (/wiki/United_States) state of Georgia (/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)) , specializing in T-shirt (/wiki/T-shirt) designs that reference popular culture (/wiki/Pop_culture) or make humorous assertions about the wearer. Auburn University (/wiki/Auburn_University) student Alice Fraasa became a minor internet celebrity (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) after modelling for the company's online advertisements. [1] (#cite_note-1) History [ edit ] The company was started during 2004 by two brothers in Atlanta, Georgia (/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia) . Matt Walls is the president of the company, and his brother Bryan Walls is in charge of the designs. [2] (#cite_note-2) The business grew rapidly, becoming profitable within a year, and earning SnorgTees the number 6 rank on the Bulldog 100, which is a list of the fastest growing companies owned by University of Georgia (/wiki/University_of_Georgia) alumni. [3] (#cite_note-retireat1-3) See also [ edit ] Busted Tees (/wiki/Busted_Tees) Headline Shirts (/wiki/Headline_Shirts) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Reeves, Jay (2008-01-17). "Auburn student's good looks lure T-shirt buyers" (https://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2008-01-17-snorg-tees-girl_N.htm) . Usatoday.Com . Retrieved 2013-10-23 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Long Sleeve T Shirts and Women's T Shirts Collection" (https://www.eatsleeppizza.com/collections/long-sleeve-t-shirts) . Retrieved 2024-03-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-retireat1_3-0) "Matt Walls Interview – Co-Founder Of SnorgTees" (http://www.retireat21.com/interview/interview-with-matt-walls-snorgtees-co-founder) . Retireat21.com . Retrieved 2013-10-23 . External links [ edit ] Official Website (http://www.snorgtees.com) This United States manufacturing company–related article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snorg_Tees&action=edit) . v t e This United States retail business article is a stub (/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub) . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snorg_Tees&action=edit) . v t e NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐ff98d5cb5‐n4dbh Cached time: 20240722171201 Cache expiry: 802080 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.246 seconds Real time usage: 0.342 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1412/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 17837/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1329/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 20686/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.171/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4630191/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 323.453 1 -total 36.74% 118.841 1 Template:Infobox_company 31.18% 100.862 1 Template:Infobox 23.90% 77.316 3 Template:Cite_web 18.66% 60.363 1 Template:US-manufacturing-company-stub 18.64% 60.304 2 Template:Asbox 18.19% 58.828 1 Template:Short_description 10.61% 34.322 2 Template:Pagetype 7.61% 24.615 6 Template:Main_other 3.99% 12.913 1 Template:Ubl Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:17324167-0!canonical and timestamp 20240722171201 and revision id 1216873226. Rendering was triggered because: page-view esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snorg_Tees&oldid=1216873226 (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snorg_Tees&oldid=1216873226) " Categories (/wiki/Help:Category) : T-shirts (/wiki/Category:T-shirts) Clothing brands of the United States (/wiki/Category:Clothing_brands_of_the_United_States) Companies based in Roswell, Georgia (/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Roswell,_Georgia) United States manufacturing company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_States_manufacturing_company_stubs) United States retail company stubs (/wiki/Category:United_States_retail_company_stubs) Hidden categories: Articles with short description (/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description) Short description matches Wikidata (/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata) All stub articles (/wiki/Category:All_stub_articles) |
Norwegian model Frida Aasen Born ( 1994-12-05 ) 5 December 1994 (age 29) Kristiansand (/wiki/Kristiansand) , Norway Occupation Model Years active 2011–present Spouse Tommy Chiabra ( m. 2022) Modeling information Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Hair color Blonde Eye color Blue Agency The Lions (/wiki/The_Lions_(agency)) (New York) Women Management (/wiki/Women_Management) (Paris) Monster Management (Milan) Select Model Management (/wiki/Select_Model_Management) (London) View Management (Barcelona) Le Management (Copenhagen) Modellink (Gothenburg) Modelwerk (/w/index.php?title=Modelwerk&action=edit&redlink=1) (Hamburg) [1] (#cite_note-1) Frida Aasen (born 5 December 1994) is a Norwegian (/wiki/Norway) model. She is best known for walking in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) in 2017 and 2018. Early life [ edit ] Aasen is from Kristiansand (/wiki/Kristiansand) , a seaside city in Norway (/wiki/Norway) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Aasen has won several ribbons in horseback riding competitions. [3] (#cite_note-vogue-3) At the age of 14, Aasen was discovered by Donna Ioanna, a model agent (/wiki/Model_agent) , while she was shopping at a mall for Christmas presents. [3] (#cite_note-vogue-3) [4] (#cite_note-4) Her parents did not allow her to model until two years later. [5] (#cite_note-5) Career [ edit ] In 2012, she was featured on the first edition of Carine Roitfeld (/wiki/Carine_Roitfeld) 's magazine CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) . [6] (#cite_note-6) In 2013, she was referred to as a face to watch by Vogue , alongside Martha Hunt (/wiki/Martha_Hunt) and Kelly Gale (/wiki/Kelly_Gale) . [7] (#cite_note-7) She has appeared in adverts and catalogues for Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) , Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , H&M (/wiki/H%26M) , Nasty Gal (/wiki/Nasty_Gal) , [8] (#cite_note-8) Dsquared² (/wiki/Dean_and_Dan_Caten) and Saks Fifth Avenue (/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue) . She walked the runways of Prada (/wiki/Prada) , Loewe (/wiki/Loewe,_S.A.) , Louis Vuitton (/wiki/Louis_Vuitton) , Fendi (/wiki/Fendi) , Blumarine (/wiki/Blumarine) , Just Cavalli (/wiki/Just_Cavalli) , Salvatore Ferragamo (/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo) , DKNY (/wiki/DKNY) , Derek Lam (/wiki/Derek_Lam) , Carolina Herrera (/wiki/Carolina_Herrera_(fashion_designer)) , Anna Sui (/wiki/Anna_Sui) , Cushnie et Ochs (/wiki/Cushnie_et_Ochs) , Tory Burch (/wiki/Tory_Burch) and Jeremy Scott (/wiki/Jeremy_Scott) . She has been featured on the cover of fashion magazines, including Dazed and Confused (/wiki/Dazed_%26_Confused_(magazine)) , Elle (/wiki/Elle_(magazine)) and Madame Figaro (/wiki/Madame_Figaro) , as well as editorials for Numéro (/wiki/Num%C3%A9ro) , Vogue Deutschland (/w/index.php?title=Vogue_Deutschland&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Deutschland) ] , Vogue.com , V (/wiki/V_(American_magazine)) , LOVE (/wiki/LOVE_(magazine)) , Marie Claire (/wiki/Marie_Claire) , Flair (/w/index.php?title=Flair_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1) [ fr (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flair_(magazine)) ] , CR Fashion Book (/wiki/CR_Fashion_Book) , Exit (/wiki/Exit_(magazine)) , 10 Magazine (/wiki/10_Magazine_(UK)) and Russh (/wiki/Russh) . She often poses for Victoria's Secret (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret) , and has walked for the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show) in both 2017 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2017) and 2018 (/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret_Fashion_Show_2018) . [9] (#cite_note-9) [10] (#cite_note-10) Personal life [ edit ] In August 2021, Aasen became engaged to Italian businessman, Tommaso "Tommy" Chiabra, chairman and co-founder of Neat Burger, as well as founder and chairman of Royal Yacht Brokers. [11] (#cite_note-11) [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) The couple married in Portofino (/wiki/Portofino) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , on 14 July 2022. [13] (#cite_note-13) [12] (#cite_note-:0-12) The couple resides in Monaco. [14] (#cite_note-14) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "StackPath" (https://models.com/models/frida-aasen) . ^ (#cite_ref-2) Nekstad, Vegard (21 November 2017). "Første norske kvinne på Victoria's secrets catwalk" (https://trdby.adressa.no/livsstil/i/KzLrm5/forste-norske-kvinne-pa-victorias-secrets-catwalk) . trd.by . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Jump up to: a b "Model Wall: Frida Aasen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140809175655/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/model-wall-frida-aasen/#1) . Vogue . 24 August 2012. Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/model-wall-frida-aasen/#1) on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Harris, Taylor (18 June 2018). "Victoria's Secret Model Frida Aasen on That Time She Almost Joined the Army" (https://fashionweekdaily.com/daily-summer-frida-aasen-model-military/) . The Daily Front Row . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-5) Hartz, Kine B. (6 April 2021). "Frida Aasen: – Hvis du tror på deg selv, kommer du veldig mye lenger i denne bransjen" (https://costume.no/mote/intervju/frida-aasen-hvis-du-tror-pa-deg-selv-kommer-du-veldig-mye-lenger-i-denne-bransjen) . COSTUME MAGAZINE . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) Cowles, Charlotte (26 June 2012). "Exclusive Video: The Making of Carine Roitfeld's New Magazine, CR Fashion Book" (https://nymag.com/thecut/2012/06/exclusive-video-the-making-of-cr-fashion-book.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) Bernard, Katherine (7 January 2013). "Freshman Model Class of 2013: The New Faces to Watch" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140809175653/http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/model-freshman-class-of-2013/#1) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.vogue.com/vogue-daily/article/model-freshman-class-of-2013/#1) on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Role Model : Frida Aasen" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140716223504/http://blog.nastygal.com/style-o-rama/role-model/2014/03/frida-aasen/#more-53159) . nastygal.com . Nasty Gal (/wiki/Nasty_Gal) . 4 March 2014. Archived from the original (http://blog.nastygal.com/style-o-rama/role-model/2014/03/frida-aasen/#more-53159) on 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "La fiesta de Victoria's Secret 2017" (http://www.vogue.es/celebrities/victoria-secret/galerias/fiesta-victorias-secret-2017-shanghai/14009/image/1322153) . Vogue . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-10) Aspeli, Ingeborg (9 November 2018). "Se norske Frida gå for Victoria's Secret" (https://www.minmote.no/#!/artikkel/24488558/se-norske-frida-gaa-for-victoria-s-secret) . Minmote (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 9 November 2018 . ^ (#cite_ref-11) Forsberg, Josefin (17 August 2021). "Norwegian supermodel Frida Aasen is engaged" (https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/norwegian-victorias-secret-model-frida-aasen-is-engaged) . Vogue Scandinavia . ^ Jump up to: a b Mulquiney, Vanessa (22 July 2022). " (https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/norwegian-beauty-frida-aasen-stuns-in-elie-saab-gown-to-wed-tommy-chiabra) "Tommy's speech had everyone teary-eyed": Norwegian supermodel Frida Aasen on having the Portofino wedding of her dreams" (https://www.voguescandinavia.com/articles/norwegian-beauty-frida-aasen-stuns-in-elie-saab-gown-to-wed-tommy-chiabra) . Vogue Scandinavia . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ (#cite_ref-13) "Supermodell Frida Aasen har giftet seg" (https://www.tv2.no/a/14938680/) (in Norwegian). TV2.no. 14 July 2022 . Retrieved 14 July 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Norsk Victoria's Secret-modell fikk klar beskjed: - Du vil ikke være den jenta" (https://www.tv2.no/underholdning/god-kveld-norge/norsk-victorias-secret-modell-fikk-klar-beskjed-du-vil-ikke-vaere-den-jenta/11757590/) . TV2.no . 6 November 2020 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . External links [ edit ] Frida Aasen (https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/frida_aasen/) at Fashion Model Directory (/wiki/Fashion_Model_Directory) Frida Aasen (https://models.com/models/frida-aasen) on Models.com NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐vd2ct Cached time: 20240719204851 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.731 seconds Real time usage: 1.014 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3388/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41529/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5510/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 56006/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.482/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10662210/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 970.880 1 -total 43.92% 426.459 1 Template:Infobox_model 24.93% 242.053 1 Template:Reflist 20.08% 194.988 12 Template:Cite_web 12.28% 119.198 1 Template:Short_description 9.22% 89.557 1 Template:Models.com 7.91% 76.755 1 Template:Marriage 7.52% 73.012 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age 7.50% 72.808 1 Template:Infobox 7.30% 70.894 22 Template:Main_other Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:43383543-0!canonical and timestamp 20240719204851 and revision id 1221897969. 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Film and television history museum Hollywood Museum The Hollywood Museum in the Max Factor Building Location 1660 North Highland Avenue Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) 90028 Coordinates (/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 34°06′04″N 118°20′18″W / 34.10111°N 118.33833°W / 34.10111; -118.33833 Founder Donelle Dadigan [1] (#cite_note-1) President Donelle Dadigan Curator Steve Nycklemoe [2] (#cite_note-2) Website thehollywoodmuseum (http://thehollywoodmuseum.com/) .com (http://thehollywoodmuseum.com/) The Hollywood Museum is a museum located at North Highland Avenue in the Hollywood (/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles) neighborhood of Los Angeles (/wiki/Los_Angeles) , California (/wiki/California) , United States, houses a collection of memorabilia from the history of American motion pictures and television. It is housed in the historic Max Factor Salon (/wiki/Max_Factor_Sr.) on Highland Avenue (/wiki/Highland_Avenue_(Los_Angeles)) [3] (#cite_note-3) [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) designed by American architect Simeon Charles Lee (/wiki/Simeon_Charles_Lee) . The collection of the Hollywood Museum contains over 11,000 items, including costumes, props, stop motion figures, photographs, scripts, and other artifacts. [5] (#cite_note-5) Among the exhibits are the original four makeup rooms used by pioneering Hollywood makeup artist Max Factor—one for redheads, one for blondes, one for brownettes, and one for brunettes (/wiki/Brunette) . [6] (#cite_note-6) The museum is connected to a branch of Mel's Drive-In (/wiki/Mel%27s_Drive-In) restaurant. [7] (#cite_note-7) History [ edit ] This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Museum&action=edit§ion=) . ( March 2020 ) The building that houses the museum (/wiki/Max_Factor_Salon) was initially purchased in 1928 by legendary make-up artist to the stars Max Factor. [4] (#cite_note-:0-4) The building was sold to the Hollywood Museum in 1994. After nine years of renovations, the museum opened to the public in 2003. In June 2016, during LGBT Pride Month (/wiki/LGBT_Pride_Month) , the museum hosted an exhibition called "Reel to Real: Portrayals and Perceptions of Gays in Hollywood". [8] (#cite_note-reeltoreal-8) The museum was closed for 17 months in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in California (/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California) . It reopened in August 2021. [9] (#cite_note-9) References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollywood Museum (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hollywood_Museum) . ^ (#cite_ref-1) Hollywood Museum website. (http://thehollywoodmuseum.com/about/presidentspage/) Retrieved May 18, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-2) King, Susan. Hal Roach's film legacy explored in Hollywood Museum exhibition. (http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/classichollywood/la-et-classic-hollywood-hal-roach-hollywood-msueum-20140727-story.html) Los Angeles Times . July 26, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-3) King, Susan. Hollywood on parade in two new exhibits. (http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/classichollywood/la-et-mn-classic-hollywood-20150208-story.html) . Los Angeles Times . February 7, 2015. Retrieved May 18, 2015. ^ Jump up to: a b Hollywood Museum website. (http://thehollywoodmuseum.com/about/our-history-vision/) Retrieved May 18, 2015 ^ (#cite_ref-5) Flomberg, Deb. Explore Movie-Making History At The Hollywood Museum. (http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2013/07/03/explore-movie-making-history-at-the-hollywood-museum/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181015080300/https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2013/07/03/explore-movie-making-history-at-the-hollywood-museum/) October 15, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (/wiki/Wayback_Machine) CBS Los Angeles. July 3, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-6) Stein, Sadie. Makeup Forever. (http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2014/02/24/makeup-forever/) The Paris Review. February 24, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ (#cite_ref-7) Draughorne, Kenan (August 4, 2021). "Mel's Drive-In Reopens Hollywood & Highland Location" (https://patch.com/california/hollywood/mels-drive-reopens-hollywood-highland-location) . Hollywood, CA Patch . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ (#cite_ref-reeltoreal_8-0) "Reel to Real" (http://bhcourier.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/061716Fissue.pdf) (PDF) . The Beverly Hills Courier . Vol. LI, no. 25. June 17, 2016. p. 10 . Retrieved June 18, 2016 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) Draughorne, Kenan (August 4, 2021). "Hollywood Museum Reopens After 17 Month Closure" (https://patch.com/california/hollywood/hollywood-museum-reopens-after-17-month-closure) . Hollywood, CA Patch . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . 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Bulldog Izzy the Frenchie Other name(s) Isabel Species (/wiki/Species) Dog (/wiki/Dog) Breed (/wiki/Breed) French Bulldog (/wiki/French_Bulldog) Sex Female Born ca. 2017 California Nation from United States Notable role Internet celebrity (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) Years active 2017–present Owner Shane Jordan www (http://www.izzythefrenchie.com) .izzythefrenchie (http://www.izzythefrenchie.com) .com (http://www.izzythefrenchie.com) Izzy the Frenchie is a French bulldog (/wiki/Bulldog) , known as an internet celebrity (/wiki/Internet_celebrity) . Izzy was born in northern California and moved with her owner Shane Jordan to the Hamptons (/wiki/Hamptons) in New York. The Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee (/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee) , in 2020 issued an executive order and proclamation declaring August 26 "Izzy The Frenchie Day" in the city. [1] (#cite_note-1) As of 2021, Izzy had over one million followers on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and currently lives in East Hampton, New York (/wiki/East_Hampton,_New_York) . [2] (#cite_note-2) Popularity [ edit ] Izzy the Frenchie's notoriety began when she was a 5-week-old pup in a bath video. [3] (#cite_note-RTM-3) [4] (#cite_note-NBC_News-4) [5] (#cite_note-5) Izzy's owners created an Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) page to share her adventures with their family and friends; the Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) account has over 1 million followers. The bath video was shared on Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) and became an immediate viral sensation around the world, with over 12 million views within 24 hours. [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-auto2-7) [8] (#cite_note-vogue-8) Izzy's video was shared or watched by nearly a half a billion views from multiple shares on social media platforms. Izzy the French was listed in People 's "21 Adorable Instagrams in 2017". [9] (#cite_note-auto3-9) She has been featured in Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) and asked to appear in her feature for the annual who's who of pop cultures Paper 's "Break the Internet" in their November 2018 issue as one of the most viral icons of 2018. [10] (#cite_note-papermag.com-10) [8] (#cite_note-vogue-8) Izzy became an ambassador for the luxury hotel The Plaza Hotel (/wiki/The_Plaza_Hotel) in New York City in 2018. [8] (#cite_note-vogue-8) Izzy's dresses are made by a former Dior (/wiki/Dior) designer. Izzy's engagement to Filmore was announced on January 10, 2019, by Izzy's soon-to-be grandmother-in-law, actress Whoopi Goldberg (/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg) , in an Instagram (/wiki/Instagram) post. [11] (#cite_note-Entertainment_Tonight-11) Filmore's owner is Alex Martin (/wiki/Alex_Martin_(actress)) , Goldberg's only child. [12] (#cite_note-12) The announcement prompted positive comments about the social significance of such a large over-the-top ceremony. Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) called it "the wedding of 2019," Brides Magazine (/wiki/Brides_(magazine)) said it set the stage for modern canine weddings and the new Lady and the Tramp (/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp) . [11] (#cite_note-Entertainment_Tonight-11) [13] (#cite_note-13) The news of the engagement was announced on the TV show and website of TMZ (/wiki/TMZ) and Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) and was called "the wedding of our times." [ citation needed ] The wedding was in a top secret location, with a private guest list. Celebrity photographer Timothy White (/wiki/Timothy_White_(photographer)) photographed the couple. [14] (#cite_note-14) New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) reported that a reception was to be held at the estate of Whoopi Goldberg (/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg) outside of New York City. [15] (#cite_note-15) Izzy is owned by Rick Hendrix. [16] (#cite_note-16) Izzy was signed to Simon & Schuster (/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster) for the book "Wear the Damn Mask", released on November 17, 2020. [17] (#cite_note-17) During the 2021 Tokyo Olympic, a diver gold medallist, Tom Daley (/wiki/Tom_Daley) , was seen knitting a pink and purple material in a viral photo that kept his fans wondering about what he was doing. Days later, Daley revealed on his "knitting" Instagram page that he was stitching a jumper sweater gift for Izzy the Frenchie. [18] (#cite_note-18) [19] (#cite_note-19) [20] (#cite_note-20) Izzy in New York City Award [ edit ] In 2021, Izzy was named the Top Social Media Animal of the year by Webby People's Voice Awards (/wiki/Webby_Awards) . [21] (#cite_note-21) [22] (#cite_note-22) She was previously nominated in same Social Animal category for the 2020 edition alongside The Dodo (/wiki/The_Dodo_(website)) ,and was conferred the 2020 Webby Awards Honouree. [23] (#cite_note-23) See also [ edit ] Tuna (/wiki/Tuna_(dog)) List of individual dogs (/wiki/List_of_individual_dogs) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Izzy The Frenchie Gets Her Own Holiday in Her Hometown of Nashville" (https://www.tennessean.com/story/life/2020/08/25/izzy-frenchie-gets-own-holiday-in-nashville/3412489001/) . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2020-08-25 . ^ (#cite_ref-2) "Izzy the Frenchie – the viral dog Tom Daley was knitting a jumper for" (https://teamdogs.co.uk/articles/izzy-the-frenchie-the-viral-dog-tom-daley-was-knitting-a-jumper-for) . teamdogs.co.uk . Retrieved 17 August 2021 . ^ (#cite_ref-RTM_3-0) "Adorable French Bulldog Puppy Takes Bath In Sink" (http://www.rightthisminute.com/post/adorable-french-bulldog-puppy-takes-bath-sink) . Right This Minute (/wiki/Right_This_Minute) . April 5, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-NBC_News_4-0) "his French bulldog blissfully bathing is perfectly cute" (https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/this-french-bulldog-blissfully-bathing-is-perfectly-cute-937342531896) . NBC News (/wiki/NBC_News) . May 5, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-5) "French bulldog puppy 'grins' during bath" (https://www.9news.com.au/good-news/2017/05/07/08/10/french-bulldog-puppy-grins-during-bath) . 9News Australia . May 7, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Hard for a Pet Influencer" (http://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/hard-pet-influencer-223612009.html) . Yahoo News (/wiki/Yahoo_News) . December 20, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-auto2_7-0) "Instagram Famous Dogs" (https://www.buzzfeed.com/sydrobinson1/instagram-famous-my-dog) . BuzzFeed (/wiki/BuzzFeed) . December 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b c "It's Hard Out There for a Pet Influencer" (https://www.vogue.com/article/its-hard-out-there-for-a-pet-influencer) . Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) . December 21, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-auto3_9-0) "21 Adorable Animal Instagrams for When You Need a Good 'Awww' (http://people.com/pets/cutest-animal-instagrams/) " (http://people.com/pets/cutest-animal-instagrams/) . People (/wiki/People_(magazine)) . June 20, 2017. ^ (#cite_ref-papermag.com_10-0) "Meet Izzy: The Joan Rivers of Instagram Pets" (http://www.papermag.com/izzy-pawpular-pets-2622393241.html) . Paper (/wiki/Paper_(magazine)) . December 4, 2018. ^ Jump up to: a b "Entertainment Tonights Spotlight on Wedding of the Year" (https://www.etonline.com/whoopi-goldberg-announces-her-granddogs-getting-married-and-its-the-cutest-117216) . Entertainment Tonight (/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight) . January 10, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-12) "Whoopi Goldberg Announces Dog Wedding" (https://www.tmz.com/2019/01/10/whoopi-goldberg-dog-wedding-filmore-dean-izzy-hendrix-dress-tux-cake) . TMZ (/wiki/TMZ) . January 10, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-13) "The New Lady and the Tramp and the Wedding of Our Times" (https://www.brides.com/story/whoopi-goldberg-grand-dog-wedding) . Brides (/wiki/Brides_(magazine)) . January 11, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-14) "Vanity Fair Izzy The Frenchie Will Have Nothing to Envy to the Splendid Marriage of Priyanka Chopra" (https://www.vanityfair.fr/actualites/articles/cest-officiel-le-chien-de-whoopi-goldberg-va-se-marier/71904) . Vanity Fair (/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)) . January 11, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-15) "New York Magazine Entertainment News The Canine Wedding and Everything You Need to Know" (https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/whoopi-goldbergs-dogs-wedding-everything-you-need-to-know.html) . New York (/wiki/New_York_(magazine)) . January 11, 2019. ^ (#cite_ref-16) "That dog you love so much on Instagram? His owner is probably making thousands of dollars a post" (https://www.marketplace.org/2018/11/22/life/how-pet-dog-pig-instagram-celebrity-money-petcon) . Marketplace (/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)) . November 22, 2018. ^ (#cite_ref-17) Frenchie, Izzy the; Hendrix, Rick; Jordan, Shane (17 November 2020). Simon & Schuster – 2020 . ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781982171223 . Retrieved August 15, 2020 . ^ (#cite_ref-18) "Tom Daley reveals what he was knitting at the Olympics in those viral photos" (https://ew.com/tv/tom-daley-what-he-was-knitting-at-olympics-photos/) . EW.com . Retrieved 2021-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-19) "Izzy the Frenchie – the viral dog Tom Daley was knitting a jumper for" (https://teamdogs.co.uk/articles/izzy-the-frenchie-the-viral-dog-tom-daley-was-knitting-a-jumper-for) . teamdogs.co.uk . Retrieved 2021-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-20) "Famous IG Dog Plans To Wear Tom Daley's Knitted Jumper For Fashion Week!" (https://www.tmz.com/2021/08/03/izzy-the-frenchie-tom-daley-diver-olympics-knitting-sweater-fashion-week/) . TMZ . Retrieved 2021-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-21) Baker, Emily (2021-04-25). "Farm Sanctuary Receives Acclaimed Award Nomination Against Social Media Stars" (http://plantbasednews.org/culture/ethics/farm-sanctuary-nominated-for-award-against-social-media-stars/) . Plant Based News . Retrieved 2021-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-22) "NEW Webby Gallery + Index" (http://winners.webbyawards.com/2021/social/general-social/animals/167914/izzy-the-frenchie) . NEW Webby Gallery + Index . Retrieved 2021-08-28 . ^ (#cite_ref-23) Desk, Digital (2021-05-20). "THE POWER DUO IN THE MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY: SHANE JORDAN AND DR. RICK HENDRIX – News Live TV – Entertainment" (https://newslivetv.com/the-power-duo-in-the-music-entertainment-industry-shane-jordan-and-dr-rick-hendrix/) . News Live TV . Retrieved 2021-08-28 . 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German fashion designer (born 1971) Eva Gronach, 2019 Eva Gronbach (born 1971, in Cologne (/wiki/Cologne) , West Germany (/wiki/West_Germany) ) is a German fashion designer (/wiki/Fashion_designer) . [1] (#cite_note-1) Literature [ edit ] Patricia Brattig (Hrsg.): Ausstellungskatalog, In: femme fashion 1780–2004: die Modellierung des Weiblichen in der Mode, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-89790-215-X (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89790-215-X) Eva Gronbach und Susanne Anna: Generation Mode (the Fashion Generation), Hatje Cantz Verlag, Ostfildern 2005, ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 3-7757-1614-9 (/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7757-1614-9) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) Burbach, Karolina M. (2012). "Schwarz Rot Gold is 'The New Black': Producing National Identity in German Fashion". In Berry, Jess (ed.). Fashion Capital: Style Economies, Sites and Cultures . Brill. pp. 169–186. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 9781848881433 . External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eva Gronbach (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eva_Gronbach) . Eva Gronbach Homepage (http://www.evagronbach.com) Goethe Institute: [Versatile and Political – Eva Gronbach and her Collections] [1] (http://www.goethe.de/KUE/des/prj/mod/dsg/abc/en4084364.htm) Zeche Zollverein (/wiki/Zeche_Zollverein) [2] (http://zollverein.de/service/english-page) Eva Gronbach as the fashion design referee at the Berliner Akademie der Künste (/wiki/Berliner_Akademie_der_K%C3%BCnste) . Fashion@society - fashion design, youth culture, social identity. Organized by Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung [3] (http://www.bpb.de/die_bpb/ZN5VKT,0,0,FASHION%40SOCIETY%3A_Mode_trifft_Politik.html) Authority control databases (/wiki/Help:Authority_control) International ISNI (https://isni.org/isni/0000000058869172) VIAF (https://viaf.org/viaf/24366685) WorldCat (https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRXdGjQHXkRYMRkYBkjC) National France (https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16008708m) BnF data (https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16008708m) Germany (https://d-nb.info/gnd/1014567513) United States (https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006130240) Netherlands (http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p296611182) Other IdRef (https://www.idref.fr/110030095) NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57d74c944b‐x7spj Cached time: 20240720173936 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.324 seconds Real time usage: 1.085 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 847/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12930/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1028/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15376/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.210/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4320838/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 906.317 1 -total 29.41% 266.529 1 Template:Short_description 28.72% 260.283 1 Template:Commonscat 28.14% 255.080 1 Template:Sister_project 27.89% 252.737 1 Template:Side_box 25.93% 234.984 1 Template:Authority_control 25.29% 229.219 2 Template:If_then_show 23.25% 210.747 5 Template:Main_other 22.93% 207.805 1 Template:SDcat 8.30% 75.262 2 Template:ISBN Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:25818009-0!canonical and timestamp 20240720173936 and revision id 1194261761. 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See also: Dastar (/wiki/Dastar) A Nihang Sikh in the 1860s with a characteristically elaborate turban Dastar bunga , or "towering fortress", [1] (#cite_note-1) is a style of turban used by a specific sect within the Sikhs (/wiki/Sikhs) , the Akali Nihangs (/wiki/Nihang) (Immortal Crocodiles). As an essential part of their faith the warriors used the turban as a store for their expansive range of weapons. "Their turban (/wiki/Turban_(Sikhism)) was tied in a unique way, which with time, was established as a norm. Its method and style of tying was not aimed towards pleasing the Almighty, but was in accordance with the rank. The first form of the turban of the Singhs had a thick bamboo stick in the centre and was raised to a measure of nine inches or as long as a hand. And by circling step by step around the bamboo stick, that turban became similar to a tapering tube. When the last section of the turban reached the end of the wooden stick, abreast with the tip of the stick, a part, to the measure of a hand, was left flying loose. While riding or on foot, the flying movement of the loose end of the turban was like a flag, demonstrating their magnificence." Mufti 'Ali ud-Din, Ibratnamah (1854), 1:364-66. [2] (#cite_note-aman-2) : 66 Personification [ edit ] Sikhs with chakrams (/wiki/Chakram) , inscribed "Nihang Abchal Nagar" ( Nihang (/wiki/Nihang) from Hazur Sahib), 1844 The dark blue tunic ( chola (/wiki/Sikh_chola) ) and turban (dumalla) surmounted with quoit and dagger were first worn in 1699 at the time of the first Khalsa initiation ceremony of the double-edged sword (khanda-pahul). Next came the turban-flag (farra or farla), which was introduced by Guru Gobind Singh (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) in 1702 during a clash with a Rajput hill king in the vicinity of Anandpur. The Khalsa's battle standard was cut down when its bearer, Akali Man Singh Nihang, fell wounded. Henceforth, the Guru decided that the dark blue flag should be worn as a part of Man Singh's turban, fluttering from its peak for as long as its bearer had life in him. It is said that the full magnificence of the Akal-Nihang uniform emerged the following year. Guru Gobind Singh (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) set a challenge to his gathered Khalsa warriors to reveal to him the perfect form of Maha Kal (Great Death). After a while, his youngest son, four–year–old Fateh Singh (/wiki/Sahibzada_Fateh_Singh) swaggered into court in mesmerising dark blue apparel. Though a child, his uncommon and overpowering bearing was greatly admired, especially by his father. On his head was bound a large dark blue 'turban fortress' (dastar bunga) intricately decorated with an array of sharpened steel daggers as well as a series of quoits and crescents descending in size towards its mountain like peak. A piece of blue cloth—the farla—was distinctively tied so that it sprouted from the turban's apex. Fateh Singh (/wiki/Sahibzada_Fateh_Singh) 's manner was fiercer even than that of seasoned Akali-Nihangs (/wiki/Nihang) such as his mentor, Man Singh. As he stood broad–chested, his eyes blood–red with effortful rage, he inspired awe as well as gentle laughter. With folded hands, the Guru (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) bowed reverentially in front of the child. When his perplexed warriors asked the reason for doing so, the Guru explained that he had paid his respect not merely to his son but to the true personification of Maha Kal as worn by the inspired child. The Guru declared that the uniform thus revealed was eminently suitable for the Akali-Nihangs (/wiki/Nihang) to adopt. It was then that the Singhs also bowed to Fateh Singh (/wiki/Baba_Fateh_Singh) . Since he possessed a spirit most like Maha Kal, Baba Fateh Singh (/wiki/Sahibzada_Fateh_Singh) (as he came to be known) was acknowledged as the foremost Akali-Nihang Singh (/wiki/Nihang) . [2] (#cite_note-aman-2) : 27 Origin [ edit ] Akali (/wiki/Khalsa) Turban Cotton over a wicker frame, Steel overlaid with gold. Lahore. Mid-19th century. "A tall conical turban provided convenient transportation for a number of sharp steel quoits - edged weapons hurled to lethal effect by the practised hand of the Akalis." "First introduced by Akali Naina Singh Nihang, this example of the towering turban bristles with miniature blades and a series of war quoits (/wiki/Chakram) made from brightly polished, razor-sharp steel. The totemic gajgah bound at the front is secured with braided steel wire (tora) and the blue turban cloth; this is meant to cover the stem, leaving only the topmost double-edged dagger or bhagauti and multiple crescents visible. Literally 'grappler of elephants', the gajgah is thought to have been worn in ancient times as an emblem of distinction by powerful warriors, like Bhim of the epic Mahabharat (/wiki/Mahabharat) fame, who were capable of single-handedly defeating war elephants. The gajgah is also intimately connected with Shiv's (/wiki/Shiva) trident, an instrument of both destruction and grace. Its series of crescents climb towards the mountain like peak out of which emerges the flag (farla), representing the Khalsa's battle standard. To achieve this effect, an under-turban (keski) was twisted around the long hair and carefully wound to give the peaked appearance with the end forming the farla. To provide thickness and support at the base a second turban was tied. Quoits (/wiki/Chakram) and braided wire secured everything in place. The farla was introduced in 1702 after Guru Gobind Singh (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) saw the Khalsa's standard cut down in the thick of battle. He was prompted to tie the flag in the turban of his standard bearer, Akali Man Singh Nihang (/wiki/Nihang) . Henceforth, a wearer of the farla held a position of utmost respect amongst the Khalsa, so much so that it became the supreme insignia of the warrior brotherhood. Only a Nihang (/wiki/Nihang) warrior of the Akali rank was permitted to display this mark of the Guru's honour." [2] (#cite_note-aman-2) : 66 Etymology [ edit ] The Dastar Bungha consists of a number of weapons some of which are [3] (#cite_note-3) listed below (https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/uk_tours_and_loans/sikh_fortress_turban.aspx) . The word dumalla is a term given to the turban worn by Nihangs (/wiki/Nihang) that combines a small under-turban (*keski*) and a large over-turban (*dastar*); thought to have been adopted by Sikhs in the times of Guru Har Gobind (/wiki/Guru_Har_Gobind) . [4] (#cite_note-4) The Bungha directly translate to a Tower, fort or residence; a structure specially attached to a Sikh shrine to house pilgrims that also served as a seat of classical learning, a place where weapons are stored. [2] (#cite_note-aman-2) : glossary Nihang (/wiki/Nihang) has various meanings including 'sword', 'without care for life or death', and 'alligator'. All Sikhs who were willing to fight under Guru Gobind Singh (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) were called Nihangs (/wiki/Nihang) , and collectively they were known as the 'ladlian fauja'. Nihang (/wiki/Nihang) was the synonymous term used for the Akalis. They are now considered by some a sect of Sikhism (/wiki/Sikhism) . [5] (#cite_note-nihang2009-5) An Akali is a staunch believer in 'Akal', the Timeless One; an 'Immortal'. The original Sikh warriors raised by Guru Hargobind (/wiki/Guru_Hargobind) at the ' Akal Takht (/wiki/Akal_Takht) '. They are also known as Akali Nihangs and are distinguishable by the blue dress, weaponry and speech of Guru Gobind Singh's (/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh) times, which they have always maintained. [2] (#cite_note-aman-2) : glossary A Farla worn by some Akalis it signifies the rank of general amongst the Nihangs (/wiki/Nihang) , dependent on rank represents a 'Flag'. The loose cloth that comes out of the top of the Akali Nihang turban, the dastaar boonga. [5] (#cite_note-nihang2009-5) Weapons and ornaments [ edit ] Quoits in ascending order ( Chakar (/wiki/Chakram) ) Elephant grapler (Gajgah) [2] (#cite_note-aman-2) : image 202 Wrapping cord (Tora) Bagh Nakha (/wiki/Bagh_nakh) (tiger claws) Katar also known as a push dagger Crescent (Adh chand) Chainmail covering the Keski but under the Dastaar A Dhal or shield Spear tip usually Tir or Nangini Barcha Pharla or turla and Shamla Small curved daggers at least 10 to 15 ones Two Kirpans representing Miri-Piri (/wiki/Miri_piri) Double-edged sword ( Khanda (/wiki/Khanda_(sword)) ) Single-edged dagger (Bhagauti) Rattray badge (Specific to Rattray's battalion) Known examples [ edit ] List of physical examples of the Dastar Bunga and gajgah's within the UK: V&A Dastar Bhunga (London) [6] (#cite_note-6) [7] (#cite_note-7) BM Dastar Bhunga (London) [8] (#cite_note-8) Royal Armouries (Leeds) [9] (#cite_note-9) Stonyhurst College, UK – gajgah wrapped in turban cloth (Lancashire) [10] (#cite_note-10) Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Gajgah (search under "Sikh emblem" in catalogue), (Downing Street, Cambridge) [11] (#cite_note-11) Toor private collection (Gajgah) See also [ edit ] Nihang (/wiki/Nihang) Turban (/wiki/Turban) Sikh (/wiki/Sikh) Rumāl (/wiki/Rum%C4%81l) Patka (/wiki/Patka) Thatha (/wiki/Thatha) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Sikh fortress turban" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/uk_tours_and_loans/sikh_fortress_turban.aspx) . British Museum . Retrieved 2013-08-06 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Amandeep, Singh Madra; Parmjit, Singh (2013). Warrior Saints: Four Centuries of Sikh Military History (Vol:1) . Kashi House. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9560168-5-0 . ^ (#cite_ref-3) "Sikh fortress turban" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/uk_tours_and_loans/sikh_fortress_turban.aspx) . British Museum. 2013-05-03 . Retrieved 2013-07-31 . ^ (#cite_ref-4) Nihang, Nidar Singh; Parmjit, Singh (2009). In The Master's Presence The Sikhs of Hazoor Sahib (Vol:1) . Kashi House. p. glossary. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9560168-0-5 . ^ Jump up to: a b Nihang, Nidar Singh; Parmjit, Singh (2009). In The Master's Presence The Sikhs of Hazoor Sahib (Vol:1) . Kashi House. p. glossary. ISBN (/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-0-9560168-0-5 . ^ (#cite_ref-6) "Quoit turban | V&A Search the Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O72384/quoit-turban-unknown/) . Collections.vam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2015-02-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-7) "Quoit turban | V&A Search the Collections" (https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O39553/quoit-turban-unknown/) . Collections.vam.ac.uk. 2015-02-02 . Retrieved 2015-02-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-8) "Turban" (https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1573299&partId=1&searchText=akali&page=1) . British Museum. 2015-02-16 . Retrieved 2015-02-20 . ^ (#cite_ref-9) "Royal Armouries collections" (http://collections.royalarmouries.org/index.php?a=wordsearch&s=item&key=WYTozOntpOjA7czo1OiJha2FsaSI7aToxO3M6MToiMSI7aToyO2I6MDt9&pg=1) . Retrieved July 31, 2013 . [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-10) http://www.stonyhurst.ac.uk/page/?title=The+Collections&pid=224 (http://www.stonyhurst.ac.uk/page/?title=The+Collections&pid=224) . Retrieved July 31, 2013 . {{ cite web (/wiki/Template:Cite_web) }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help (/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title) ) [ dead link ] ^ (#cite_ref-11) "Catalogue | MAA Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002512/http://maa.cam.ac.uk/maa/category/collections-2/catalogue/) . Maa.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original (http://maa.cam.ac.uk/maa/category/collections-2/catalogue/) on 2015-02-21 . 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French fashion house Maison Margiela Formerly Maison Martin Margiela Company type Subsidiary (/wiki/Subsidiary) Industry Fashion (/wiki/Fashion_industry) Founded 1988 ; 36 years ago ( 1988 ) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Founder Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) Jenny Meirens Headquarters Paris (/wiki/Paris) , France (/wiki/France) Area served Worldwide Key people Stefano Rosso (Chairman) Gaetano Sciuto (CEO) John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) (Creative Director) Products Clothing (/wiki/Clothing) fashion accessories (/wiki/Fashion_accessory) footwear (/wiki/Footwear) jewelry (/wiki/Jewelry) perfumes (/wiki/Perfumes) homewares (/wiki/Homewares) Parent (/wiki/Parent_company) OTB Group (/wiki/OTB_Group) Website www (https://www.maisonmargiela.com) .maisonmargiela (https://www.maisonmargiela.com) .com (https://www.maisonmargiela.com) Maison Margiela , formerly Maison Martin Margiela , is a French luxury (/wiki/Luxury_goods) fashion (/wiki/Fashion) house founded by Belgian designer Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) and Jenny Meirens (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Meirens) [1] (#cite_note-1) in 1988 and headquartered in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) The house produces both haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) -inspired artisanal collections and ready-to-wear collections, with the former influencing the designs of the latter. [3] (#cite_note-Vogue_Yotka_Steff_2016-3) Product lines include womenswear, menswear, jewellery, footwear, accessories, leather goods, perfumes [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) and household goods. [4] (#cite_note-FashionLaw_Margiela_2016-4) Known for deconstructive (/wiki/Deconstructivism) and avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) designs with unconventional materials, [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) Maison Margiela has traditionally held live shows in unusual settings, for example empty metro stations [5] (#cite_note-Vogue_Yotka_2015-5) and street corners. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) Models' faces are often obscured [7] (#cite_note-CartnerMorley_2015-7) by fabric or long hair to direct attention to the clothes and design. [8] (#cite_note-youtube.com-8) Margiela resigned as creative designer in 2009 [9] (#cite_note-Drapers_Oxberry_2009-9) and John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) was appointed to the role in 2014. [10] (#cite_note-WWD_Socha_2014-10) History [ edit ] Formation and early years [ edit ] Maison Margiela was founded by Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) , a Belgian (/wiki/Belgians) fashion designer, in 1988. Earlier, Margiela had studied fashion at the Royal Academy of Antwerp (/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)) , [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) and although he actually graduated a year earlier, in 1979, [4] (#cite_note-FashionLaw_Margiela_2016-4) he is often mistaken for a member of the university's Avant-garde (/wiki/Avant-garde) fashion collective the Antwerp Six (/wiki/Antwerp_Six) . [11] (#cite_note-Vogue_Laid_2015-11) [8] (#cite_note-youtube.com-8) Among other influences, during the 1980s Margiela and other Belgian designers such as the Antwerp Six (/wiki/Antwerp_Six) were inspired by deconstructive (/wiki/Deconstructivism) fashions introduced by Japanese avantgardists (/wiki/Avant-garde) such as Rei Kawakubo (/wiki/Rei_Kawakubo) —creator of the label Comme des Garçons (/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons) . [12] (#cite_note-Dazed_2016-12) Margiela began utilizing the deconstructive style in the 1980s [13] (#cite_note-another-13) while a freelance designer in Milan (/wiki/Milan) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , [14] (#cite_note-Icon_Agerman_2009-14) and early on his work would often reveal the garments’ structure, for example intentionally exposed linings and seams. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) In 1984 he became Jean Paul Gaultier (/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier) ’s design assistant in Paris (/wiki/Paris) , a role he held until 1987. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) In 1988, Martin launched his own self-titled design label Maison Martin Margiela [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) with business partner and fellow designer Jenny Meirens (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Meirens) . [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) [14] (#cite_note-Icon_Agerman_2009-14) Initially working out of a Paris apartment, [3] (#cite_note-Vogue_Yotka_Steff_2016-3) they opened their first store in an unmarked white space in Paris, [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) also opening a small studio on 12 Leopoldstraat in Antwerp. [14] (#cite_note-Icon_Agerman_2009-14) New York Magazine (/wiki/New_York_Magazine) wrote that "the designer quickly defined a deconstructed look [with his new label]… Vaguely Dadaist (/wiki/Dadaist) , as if Marcel Duchamp (/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp) were reincarnated as a fashion designer, Margiela questioned every tenet of fashion and luxury." [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) Vogue would later write that his early ideas "provoked shock and intrigue" in the fashion industry. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) On the label's garments, simple blank white labels with four white tacks [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) were sewn to signify the brand. [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) Distinct product ranges were given numbers as signifiers, in no particular chronological order. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) Early shows and anonymity [ edit ] Previous Maison Margiela logo With New York Magazine describing the label's early shows as "perhaps more like art happenings than the thematic and operatic productions ‘80s Paris fashion is known for," [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) in 1988, Maison Martin Margiela presented its debut womenswear collection [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) in Paris (/wiki/Paris) . [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) for the spring of 1989. [16] (#cite_note-Independent_Magic_2009-16) Refusing to take bows at his live shows, [7] (#cite_note-CartnerMorley_2015-7) Margiela began avoiding pictures [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) and began handling all media via fax, [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Mag_2008-17) [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) with interviews taken collectively by the entire design team [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Mag_2008-17) [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) and correspondence signed with "we." [13] (#cite_note-another-13) Many in the fashion media contended that the anonymity was a publicity stunt, although Maison Martin Margiela asserted that Margiela's anonymity was a reaction to an overly commercialized fashion industry [13] (#cite_note-another-13) [ failed verification ] and a genuine attempt to return the focus of fashion to the clothing, and not the personas behind it. [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Mag_2008-17) The press dubbed Margiela the Greta Garbo (/wiki/Greta_Garbo) of fashion as a result, a reference to Garbo's similar avoidance of the spotlight, [11] (#cite_note-Vogue_Laid_2015-11) [9] (#cite_note-Drapers_Oxberry_2009-9) and in 2008 the New York Times called Margiela "fashion's invisible man." [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) Purchase by OTB [ edit ] Maison Margiela boutique in Beverly Hills (/wiki/Beverly_Hills) , CA In 1994 the New York Times commented on the company's influence by writing that its "made-over flea-market clothes put an end to the conspicuous consumption [of the fashion industry] of the 1980s." That year Maison Martin Margiela debuted its first period pieces. [19] (#cite_note-NYT_Menkes_2009-19) In 1998, Maison Martin Margiela debuted a menswear collection, known as line 10. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) Maison Martin Margiela oversaw creative direction of womenswear for the French design house Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) from 1997 [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) until 2003, [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) with the design team [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) working under Hermès chairman Jean-Louis Dumas (/wiki/Jean-Louis_Dumas) . [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) In 2002, Maison Martin Margiela was acquired by the OTB Group,a holding company led by Renzo Rosso, also owner of the Italian fashion label Diesel. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) [19] (#cite_note-NYT_Menkes_2009-19) In December 2004, Maison Martin Margiela moved into a new headquarters in an eighteenth-century convent (/wiki/Convent) in Paris' 11th arrondissement (/wiki/11th_arrondissement_of_Paris) . The interior of the headquarters and furniture were painted entirely white with emulsion (/wiki/Emulsion) , creating an aged look. In addition to the white surroundings, employees all wear "blouse blanche", white coats traditionally worn by couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) craftsmen. The white coats are both a nod to history and aesthetics, as well as an equalizer, as all employees wear them, regardless of title. [13] (#cite_note-another-13) By the summer of 2008 there were 14 Margiela boutiques. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) New design team and collections [ edit ] In October 2009, it was announced that Martin Margiela (/wiki/Martin_Margiela) had resigned as creative director of Maison Martin Margiela, to varied speculation about the reasons. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) Following Margiela's departure, the anonymous design team continued to design the label, with no single creative director in place. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) CEO Giovanni Pungetti stated that "we want to stay avant-garde, and provocative, but without a new creative director. It’s a challenge. We know this. We will probably make mistakes, but the most important thing is to learn from them." The company expanded its homewares and interior design business in 2010, [9] (#cite_note-Drapers_Oxberry_2009-9) and in July 2011 the house designed several concept hotel suites for La Maison Champs-Élysées in Paris. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) By the fall of 2014, sources estimated that the brand generated about $126 million in annual revenues, with around 50 directly owned stores. In October 2014 it was announced that John Galliano (/wiki/John_Galliano) would take the position of creative director, [10] (#cite_note-WWD_Socha_2014-10) after having previously served in that position at Givenchy (/wiki/Givenchy) , Dior (/wiki/Dior) , and his eponymous line, John Galliano. [20] (#cite_note-Newsweek_Galliano_2015-20) As reported by the Guardian, Margiela's only directions to the new director were "make it your own." [21] (#cite_note-Guardian_Cochrane_Turvy_2016-21) Giving rare interviews in the interim, [22] (#cite_note-Fashion_Luxury_2016-22) Galliano presented his debut collection for Maison Margiela in January 2015, to broadly positive reviews. [20] (#cite_note-Newsweek_Galliano_2015-20) Coinciding with Galliano's debut collection, it was revealed that the house had dropped "Martin" from its name, in favor of "Maison Margiela." A spokesperson for Maison Margiela said that the name change "represented an evolution of the house." [23] (#cite_note-Vogue_Loses_2015-23) With Galliano focusing on the haute couture element of the company, by the end of 2015 revenues were up 30%. [21] (#cite_note-Guardian_Cochrane_Turvy_2016-21) In April 2024, Maison Margiela extends its Replica fragrance collection with vegetable garden notes. [24] (#cite_note-24) Stores [ edit ] A Maison Martin Margiela store in Paris, France, 2012 Prior to the brand's acquisition by OTB Group (/wiki/OTB_Group) in 2002, its stores were not listed in the phone directory, and Margiela's name did not appear outside the shops. [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) By the summer of 2008 there were 14 Margiela boutiques operating internationally, with expansion in Dubai (/wiki/Dubai) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Moscow (/wiki/Moscow) and Munich (/wiki/Munich) taking place over the subsequent six months. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) In late 2009 the brand opened a "pop-up store" at the Art Basel Miami Beach (/wiki/Art_Basel_Miami_Beach) art fair. [19] (#cite_note-NYT_Menkes_2009-19) The number of standalone stores had grown to 17 by 2010, with 21 "shop-in-shops" internationally. [9] (#cite_note-Drapers_Oxberry_2009-9) As of 2017, Maison Margiela has stores in countries such as France (/wiki/France) , the United Kingdom (/wiki/United_Kingdom) , Belgium (/wiki/Belgium) , China (/wiki/China) , Germany (/wiki/Germany) , Hong Kong (/wiki/Hong_Kong) , Italy (/wiki/Italy) , Japan (/wiki/Japan) , South Korea (/wiki/South_Korea) , Taiwan (/wiki/Taiwan) , the United States (/wiki/United_States) , and Thailand (/wiki/Thailand) . [25] (#cite_note-Stores_MMM-25) Products [ edit ] Maison Margiela assigns each of its product ranges a number from 0 to 23 as a reference code, with no particular chronological order. Examples include fine jewelry (12), footwear (22), eyewear (8), objects (13) and fragrance (3). [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) The house produces both artisanal collections and ready-to-wear collections, with the former inspiring the designs of the latter. [3] (#cite_note-Vogue_Yotka_Steff_2016-3) With formal allegiance to no particular fashion movement, [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Mag_2008-17) Maison Margiela's designs are famous for deconstructionist (/wiki/Deconstructivism) traits [11] (#cite_note-Vogue_Laid_2015-11) such as exposed seams, being oversized and upcycling (/wiki/Upcycling) garments. [26] (#cite_note-NYT_Menkes_1994-26) Other deconstructionist tactics Maison Margiela has utilized include using traditional fabric linings as the outer layers of garments, [16] (#cite_note-Independent_Magic_2009-16) and the label's 1988 debut womenswear collection [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) included what The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) described as "a leather butcher's apron reworked into a seductive evening gown," and an old tulle (/wiki/Tulle_(netting)) dress worked into several tailored jackets. [16] (#cite_note-Independent_Magic_2009-16) Other work with unconventional materials has included clothes fashioned of plastic carrier bags and wire coat hangers, [7] (#cite_note-CartnerMorley_2015-7) trouser suits made from 1970s upholstery (/wiki/Upholstery) fabrics, tops made with leather gloves, and jewelry made of colored ice such that clothes are dyed as the jewelry melts. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) Trompe-l'œil (/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il) print jersey dresses by Maison Martin Margiela, Spring/Summer 1996 (left) and 2012 H&M reissue (right) First shown in 1989 [27] (#cite_note-BusinessofFashion_2016-27) and introduced in 1992, [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) one of the company's more recognized pieces [12] (#cite_note-Dazed_2016-12) is the Tabi (/wiki/Tabi) boot, an interpretation of the traditional split Japanese tabi sock which separates the large toe. [27] (#cite_note-BusinessofFashion_2016-27) In 1994 Maison Margiela debuted its first period pieces, with a line of "complete reproductions," after building its previous collection entirely from its archives. [19] (#cite_note-NYT_Menkes_2009-19) Maison Margiela debuted a menswear collection in 1998, known as line 10. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) Martin Margiela was creative director for womenswear of the French design house Hermès (/wiki/Herm%C3%A8s) from 1997 [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) until 2003, [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) with the Maison Martin Margiela team's [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) designs for Hermès unveiled twice a year in Hermes’ rue St-Honoré (/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9) store. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) called the collections "understated," with both "loose-fitting masculine tailoring" and "black crêpe evening dresses," among other items. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) New York MAgazine in turn described the designs as "quiet explorations of luxury that focused on classic clothes with subtle but masterful twists." [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) Maison Martin Margiela debuted its first haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collection in 2006. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) In November 2008 the brand launched a small jewelry and eyewear collection including its first pair of sunglasses, described as "an impenetrable black band that wraps right around the face." [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) The house's first fragrance was created in collaboration with L’Oreal (/wiki/L%E2%80%99Oreal) , debuting in 2009. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) Maison Margiela debuted a capsule collection for H&M (/wiki/H%26M) in 2012, consisting largely of reissued pieces from the Margiela archives. [28] (#cite_note-GQMartin_2012-28) The company collaborated with Converse (/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)) on shoe designs in 2013, [29] (#cite_note-Esquire_Converse_2013-29) and has also worked with the watch brand G-Shock (/wiki/G-Shock) [30] (#cite_note-Bloomberg_Gshock_2016-30) and collaborated with Swarovski (/wiki/Swarovski) on ready-to-wear jewelry in 2013. [31] (#cite_note-swarovski-31) Launching in 1997, MM6 is a diffusion line (/wiki/Diffusion_line) for the label offering styles at a lower price point. [32] (#cite_note-32) MM6 is aimed at the contemporary fashion market as opposed to the avant garde high fashion positioning of mainline Maison Margiela. As of 2023, MM6 is still showing runway collections during Milan fashion week. [33] (#cite_note-33) On 26 September 2018, after the spring/summer 2019 show, Maison Margiela's new fragrance, Mutiny was launched. Nose Dominique Ropion took six years to come up with a fragrance that reflects Galliano's vision of the Maison Margiela women. Willow Smith (/wiki/Willow_Smith) , Teddy Quinlivan (/wiki/Teddy_Quinlivan) , Hanne Gaby Odiele (/wiki/Hanne_Gaby_Odiele) , Sasha Lane (/wiki/Sasha_Lane) , Princess Nokia (/wiki/Princess_Nokia) and Molly Bair (/wiki/Molly_Bair) are the chosen “Mutinist” ambassadors, who will be representing the diversity and individuality of the fragrance. [34] (#cite_note-34) Live shows [ edit ] Maison Margiela is known for showcasing collections in atypical settings and manners, [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) with The New York Times describing the shows as "alternately electrifying or humorous or sexy or just plain weird." [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) According to New York Magazine , early shows were "perhaps more like art happenings than the thematic and operatic productions ‘80s Paris fashion is known for," as well as "radically personal and humanistic expressions about clothes [at a time] when fashion otherwise seemed estranged from everyday realities." [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) Maison Margiela's runway shows are notable in that the models' faces are often obscured by hoods, [7] (#cite_note-CartnerMorley_2015-7) fabric or long hair, in an attempt to direct attention to the clothes and away from the models themselves. [8] (#cite_note-youtube.com-8) In 1989 Maison Margiela staged a collection on a playground in the outskirts of Paris. With local children interacting with the models in an unrehearsed way [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) and a first-come, first-served seating arrangement, according to Business of Fashion, "the critics loathed it. The industry loved it." [27] (#cite_note-BusinessofFashion_2016-27) Continuing to stage catwalks in unusual places, in spring 1992 a show in an abandoned Paris metro station featured models walking down staircases lined with candles, [5] (#cite_note-Vogue_Yotka_2015-5) and according to The Independent, other settings have included round dining tables arranged in neglected warehouses, stairwells of old town houses, and disused subway cars. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) Although the house has a reputation for avoiding booking celebrity models, [7] (#cite_note-CartnerMorley_2015-7) for spring of 1993 models such as Cecilia Chancellor (/wiki/Cecilia_Chancellor) and Kate Moss (/wiki/Kate_Moss) showcased "minimalism paired with Victoriana." [11] (#cite_note-Vogue_Laid_2015-11) 1993 also saw a show with models weaving among a brass band (/wiki/Brass_band) on the runway, [15] (#cite_note-NYMagazine_Lewis_2015-15) and in 1994 the label staged a collection based on what Barbie (/wiki/Barbie) ’s wardrobe would look like full size. [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) Models sat amongst the audience in 1995, [11] (#cite_note-Vogue_Laid_2015-11) and on another occasion, in 1997 the company used a map to invite the fashion press to a street corner in France, and then had the models and a Belgian brass band showcase the newest collection after disembarking from an AEC Routemaster (/wiki/AEC_Routemaster) bus. [6] (#cite_note-Independent_2008-6) Vogue also related that "one show challenged editors and buyers to seat themselves according to their perceived importance, while another saw models wheeled out on trolleys." [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) According to Vogue, for two seasons in 1998 the label made do without live models, in one case instead using marionettes by Jane How (/wiki/Jane_How) . [11] (#cite_note-Vogue_Laid_2015-11) Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) wearing a mask and wardrobe by Maison Margiela on his 2013 Yeezus (/wiki/Yeezus) tour Maison Martin Margiela was invited to show their first haute couture (/wiki/Haute_couture) collection in Paris by The Chamber Syndicale (/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_couture) in May 2006. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) The house then held its 20th anniversary show in September 2008 [35] (#cite_note-Vogue_MonAmour_2015-35) in Paris, [10] (#cite_note-WWD_Socha_2014-10) featuring a catwalk with a walking birthday cake and "an oom-pah band surrounded by Margiela's lab-coated assistants." [16] (#cite_note-Independent_Magic_2009-16) Clothing was described as "coats made of synthetic wigs, bodysuits that fused parts of trench coats and tuxedo jackets, and mirrored tights made to look like disco balls." [18] (#cite_note-NYT_Wilson_2008-18) The house designed Kanye West (/wiki/Kanye_West) ’s tour wardrobe in 2013 for his Yeezus (/wiki/Yeezus) tour. [36] (#cite_note-Vogue_NewsKanye_2013-36) The spring show of 2014 "melded sweet, pioneer styles like floral house dresses with edgier fare like nude bodysuits and oversize Willy Wonka sunglasses." [10] (#cite_note-WWD_Socha_2014-10) In early 2015 the house premiered its first two collections with Galliano as head designer, initially the brand's "artisanal" collection. The second collection comprised 30 outfits including neon accessors, "Mary-Jane shoes and fake-fur slippers, short skirts, long coats, patent finishes." [20] (#cite_note-Newsweek_Galliano_2015-20) Galliano upheld house tradition by not taking a post-show bow, although he was in attendance at the shows. [37] (#cite_note-TheGuardian_Morley_2016-37) The July 2016 show by the house featured items such as military coats, a parachute dress, neon face paint, [38] (#cite_note-Standard_Dacre_2016-38) and 19th-century garments. [39] (#cite_note-NationalPost_2016-39) In September 2016, Maison Margiela partnered with Barneys New York (/wiki/Barneys_New_York) for its fall windows on Madison Avenue (/wiki/Madison_Avenue) , creating four vignettes to reflect the house's recent artisans and ready-to-wear collections. [3] (#cite_note-Vogue_Yotka_Steff_2016-3) The spring summer 2024 couture presentation has been praised by critics. The collection was inspired by the work of Hungarian-French photographer Brassaï (/wiki/Brassa%C3%AF) , and focused on an aesthetic of the night-time underbelly of Paris with themes of corsetry, beadwork, and 1930's inspired silhouettes. [40] (#cite_note-40) For the show, Galliano collaborated with makeup artist Pat McGrath (/wiki/Pat_McGrath_(make-up_artist)) to achieve a moonlit porcelain doll effect for the models. [41] (#cite_note-41) Gwendoline Christie (/wiki/Gwendoline_Christie) closed the show in a fit and flare white latex dress, one of several mid or plus size models in the presentation. [42] (#cite_note-42) In his review for WWD (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) , Miles Socha says the collection "will surely be remembered in history books, collected by museums, pored over by design students" and emphasizes its "litany of new techniques developed over the last year" re-focusing couture on its research and development origins. [43] (#cite_note-43) Retrospectives and exhibits [ edit ] The Fashion Museum Province of Antwerp (/wiki/ModeMuseum_Provincie_Antwerpen) (MoMu) held a retrospective on the label's work in 2008, [17] (#cite_note-Interview_Mag_2008-17) moving the exhibit to Somerset House (/wiki/Somerset_House) in London (/wiki/London) two years later. [2] (#cite_note-vogue.co.uk-2) In 2017, MoMu showcased the 12 collections the label had produced while Margiela was appointed by Jean-Louis Dumas (/wiki/Jean-Louis_Dumas) to work with Hermès. [44] (#cite_note-Another_Olivia_2015-44) Documentaries [ edit ] In early 2015 filmmaker Alison Chernick (/wiki/Alison_Chernick) released The Artist is Absent , a short biopic on Martin Margiela that launched at the Tribeca Film Festival (/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival) . [45] (#cite_note-Style_Tribeca_2015-45) In October 2017, director Menna Laura Meijer released We Margiela through the Dutch production company Mint Film Office. [46] (#cite_note-46) The documentary retrospectively explores the early days of the house and features interviews with members of the original Maison Margiela team, including the house’s co-founder Jenny Meirens (https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Meirens) . [47] (#cite_note-47) In November 2019, director Reiner Holzemer premiered the documentary Martin Margiela: In His Own Words . Co-produced by Aminata and Holzemer (who had previously worked on a documentary by Dries Van Noten (/wiki/Dries_van_Noten) ), it was called "the definitive study of this elusive, technically gifted designer" in Hollywood Reporter . [48] (#cite_note-48) He notably explained his withdrawal from the public eye and his desire to remain a designer, rather than "a creative director who directs his assistants". As with most media related to the designer, only Margiela's hands are shown on screen. See also [ edit ] List of fashion designers § Belgium (/wiki/List_of_fashion_designers#Belgium) List of grands couturiers (/wiki/List_of_grands_couturiers) References [ edit ] ^ (#cite_ref-1) "Jenny Meirens" (https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Meirens&oldid=59491052) , Wikipedia (in Dutch), 2021-07-12 , retrieved 2022-10-20 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Leaper, Caroline (October 15, 2012), "Martin Margiela" (https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/martin-margiela) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , retrieved 25 September 2015 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Yotka, Steff (September 2, 2016), "The Designer Is Present! John Galliano Discusses His Maison Margiela Window Collaboration at Barneys New York" (http://www.vogue.com/13471809/john-galliano-maison-margiela-interview-barneys-new-york/) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , retrieved February 15, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b "About Margiela, the Man Behind the Brand" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064619/http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/about-margiela-the-man-not-the-brand) . www.thefashionlaw.com . The Fashion Law. November 21, 2016. Archived from the original (http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/about-margiela-the-man-not-the-brand) on February 18, 2017 . Retrieved February 17, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: a b Yotka, Steff (November 10, 2015), "The Sound of Margiela: Frédéric Sanchez Remembers Creating the Soundtracks for Martin Margiela's First Shows" (http://www.vogue.com/13369724/martin-margiela-frederic-sanchez-90s-soundtracks/) , Vogue (/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)) , retrieved February 17, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Martin Margiela: Fashion's invisible superstar" (https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/martin-margiela-fashions-invisible-superstar-868562.html) , The Independent (/wiki/The_Independent) , 16 July 2008 , retrieved February 12, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Cartner-Morley, Jess (April 27, 2015), "Margiela documentary: The Artist is Absent – what do we learn about the Greta Garbo of fashion?" (https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2015/apr/27/margiela-documentary-the-artist-is-absent-what-do-we-learn-about-the-greta-garbo-of-fashion) , The Guardian (/wiki/The_Guardian) , retrieved February 15, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c The Artist Is Absent: A Short Film On Martin Margiela . YouTube . 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to: a b c d Oxberry, Eve (December 9, 2009), "Martin Margiels Exits Margiela" (https://www.drapersonline.com/news/martin-margiela-exits-margiela) , Drapers Online (/wiki/Drapers) , retrieved February 15, 2017 ^ Jump up to: a b c d Socha, Miles (6 October 2014). "John Galliano Joins Maison Martin Margiela" (http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/john-galliano-joins-maison-martin-margiela-7968581?src=twitter) . Women's Wear Daily (/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily) . New York . 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Retrieved 2024-01-30 . ^ (#cite_ref-Another_Olivia_2015_44-0) Singer, Olivia (April 27, 2015), "The Artist is Absent: Martin Margiela" (http://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/7356/the-artist-is-absent-martin-margiela) , Another Magazine (/wiki/Another_Magazine) , retrieved February 12, 2017 ^ (#cite_ref-Style_Tribeca_2015_45-0) "Martin Margiela Documentary - Tribeca Film Festival Shorts, Yoox - Vogue" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150814110746/http://www.style.com/culture/entertainment/2015/martin-margiela-film-online) . Vogue . Archived from the original (http://www.style.com/culture/entertainment/2015/martin-margiela-film-online) on 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . ^ (#cite_ref-46) "We Margiela" (https://squareeyesfilm.com/features/wemargiela/) . Square Eyes Films . Retrieved 2024-04-21 . ^ (#cite_ref-47) Mallon, Jackie (19 April 2018). "Film Review: We Margiela" (https://fashionunited.uk/news/culture/film-review-we-margiela/2018041929178) . Fashion United . Retrieved 21 April 2024 . ^ (#cite_ref-48) "New Martin Margiela Documentary Chronicles Fashion's Most Elusive Designer" (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/new-martin-margiela-doc-chronicles-fashions-elusive-designer-1255020) . The Hollywood Reporter . 15 November 2019 . Retrieved 2019-11-17 . 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